nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and the Growth Mechanism of the Free-Enterprise Economies

How much credit can be given to entrepreneurship for the unprecedented innovation and growth of free-enterprise economies? In this book, some of the world's leading economists tackle this difficult and understudied question, and their responses shed new light on how free-market economies work--and what policies most encourage their growth. The contributors take as their starting point William J. Baumol's 2002 book The Free-Market Innovation Machine (Princeton), which argued that independent entrepreneurs are far more important to growth than economists have traditionally thought, and that an implicit partnership between such entrepreneurs and large corporations is critical to the success of market economies. The contributors include the editors and Robert M. Solow, Kenneth J. Arrow, Michael M. Weinstein, Douglass C. North, Barry R. Weingast, Ying Lowrey, Nathan Rosenberg, Melissa A. Schilling, Corey Phelps, Sylvia Nasar, Boyan Jovanovic, Peter L. Rousseau, Edward N. Wolff, Deepak Somaya, David J. Teece, Naomi R. Lamoreaux, Kenneth L. Sokoloff, Yochanan Shachmurove, Ralph E. Gomory, Jonathan Eaton, Samuel S. Kortum, Alan S. Blinder, Robert J. Shiller, Burton G. Malkiel, and Edmund S. Phelps.
New insight into chemical changes between dissolved organic matter and environmental nano-CuO pollutants binding experiment using multi-spectroscopic techniques

In this work, the copper oxide nanoparticles (nano-CuO) binding characteristics to dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions was investigated based on three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and two dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). According to the results, the three fluorescence components were obtained from EEM-PARAFAC; furthermore, their related expressed fluorescence intensity reduced with the increase of nano-CuO concentrations. According to the 2D-COS combined with the spectra of synchronous fluorescence, the humic-like fraction fluorescence was more susceptible than protein-like fraction, while the fluorescence changes sequentially occurred in the order as below: protein-like fraction   1057 > 1600 > 842 > 913 > 1300 cm −1 . To be more detailed, DOM binding to nano-CuO's sequential order is COO − antisymmetric stretching > polysaccharide C-O > amide I C-O > aromatic C H in cellulose > C-O stretching of phenolic and deformation of OH. Hetero 2D-COS maps further revealed the close association between the aromatic functional groups and humic-like substances, and between carboxylic groups and protein-like substances. The findings would be beneficial to understand the mechanism of the superior potential of 2D hetero spectral correlation spectroscopy in studying complex interactions with DOM at the molecular level in the soil environment.
A Simplified Stabilizer ZX-calculus

The stabilizer ZX-calculus is a rigorous graphical language for reasoning about stabilizer quantum mechanics. This language has been proved to be complete in two steps: first in a setting where scalars (diagrams with no inputs or outputs) are ignored and then in a more general setting where a new symbol and three additional rules have been added to keep track of scalars. Here, we introduce a simplified version of the stabilizer ZX-calculus: we give a smaller set of axioms and prove that meta-rules like `only the topology matters', `colour symmetry' and `upside-down symmetry', which were considered as axioms in previous versions of the stabilizer ZX-calculus, can in fact be derived. In particular, we show that the additional symbol and one of the rules introduced for proving the completeness of the scalar stabilizer ZX-calculus are not necessary. We furthermore show that the remaining two rules dedicated to scalars cannot be derived from the other rules, i.e. they are necessary.
Cationic screening of charged surface groups (carboxylates) affects electron transfer steps in photosystem-II water oxidation and quinone reduction.

The functional or regulatory role of long-distance interactions between protein surface and interior represents an insufficiently understood aspect of protein function. Cationic screening of surface charges determines the morphology of thylakoid membrane stacks. We show that it also influences directly the light-driven reactions in the interior of photosystem II (PSII). After laser-flash excitation of PSII membrane particles from spinach, time courses of the delayed recombination fluorescence (10μs-10ms) and the variable chlorophyll-fluorescence yield (100μs-1s) were recorded in the presence of chloride salts. At low salt-concentrations, a stimulating effect was observed for the S-state transition efficiency, the time constant of O2-formation at the Mn4Ca-complex of PSII, and the halftime of re-oxidation of the primary quinone acceptor (Qa) by the secondary quinone acceptor (Qb). The cation valence determined the half-effect concentrations of the stimulating salt effect, which were around 6μM, 200μM and 10mM for trivalent (LaCl3), bivalent (MgCl2, CaCl2), and monovalent cations (NaCl, KCl), respectively. A depressing high-salt effect also depended strongly on the cation valence (onset concentrations around 2mM, 50mM, and 500mM). These salt effects are proposed to originate from electrostatic screening of negatively charged carboxylate sidechains, which are found in the form of carboxylate clusters at the solvent-exposed protein surface. We conclude that the influence of electrostatic screening by solvent cations manifests a functionally relevant long-distance interaction between protein surface and electron-transfer reactions in the protein interior. A relation to regulation and adaptation in response to environmental changes is conceivable.
Effects of stress on the formation and growth of nickel silicides in Ni thin films on (0 0 1)Si

Effects of stress on the formation and growth of nickel silicides in Ni thin films on (0 0 1)Si have been investigated. Compressive stress induced by backside SiO 2 film on the silicon substrate was found to retard significantly the formation of Ni 2 Si, NiSi and NiSi 2 on (0 0 1)Si. On the other hand, tensile stress induced by backside Si 3 N 4 and CoSi 2 films was found to enhance the formation of nickel silicides on (0 0 1)Si. The thickness of growing nickel silicide thin films was found to increase and decrease with tensile and compressive stress level, respectively. The effects of stress on the formation and growth of nickel silicides are attributed to the variation in the diffusion of nickel atoms through Ni/Si and nickel silicide/Si interfaces.
Тоталитаризм в оценке французской исторической и политической мысли: особенности дискуссии 1990-х гг

The article deals with the discussion of French scientists on the problems of the study of totalitarianism in the 1990s and on the problems of transition from totalitarianism to democracy. The author notes that the criticism of the theory of totalitarianism in the French historical and political thought in this period reached the highest point. In the Soviet Union began the "Perestroika", the process of transition to democracy which revealed all the problems of society. In the pages of French newspapers and magazines plenty of "evidence of the totalitarian past" appeared. Under these conditions, the problem of the study of totalitarianism in the French historiography became even more important. Most of the discussion issues were related to the problems of transition from totalitarianism to democracy. The study and understanding of totalitarianism was carried out from different positions. In the scientific discussion researchers of different directions took part, for example, F. Lacoue-Labarthe and J.-L. Nancy who considered the origins and essence of totalitarian regimes from historical and philosophical positions and concluded that the emergence of totalitarian ideologies and movements was caused by the crisis of Western democracy of the early twentieth century. Bershtein and Milza insist on the fundamental novelty of the totalitarian phenomenon characteristic for the twentieth century. The totalitarianism is a form of modern dictatorship that uses all of the abundance of techniques and tools of modern communication. F. Furet in one of his last works, "The Past Is an Illusion", focuses on the intellectual and psychological history of communism in the twentieth century. He notes that the war of 1914 has played in relation to the history of the twentieth century the same role matrix as the French revolution in relation to the history of the XIX th century. It caused events and movements that led to the emergence of three "tyrannies" E. Halevi spoke of. At this time, French scholars not only significantly enriched and deepened the concept of totalitarianism, but also proposed a new concept for the study of the phenomenon of the twentieth century. The focus of the present work is the positions of French historians in relation to the problems and ways of overcoming the totalitarian past. It is noted that French scientists believed that communism was as criminal as Nazism. Totalitarianism, in their opinion, is not gone. Despite the fact that the advantages of the democratic form were fully substantiated and proved both in theory and in practice, the danger of the revival of this phenomenon is high due to the lack of mechanisms to counter it.
On the Recognizability of Self-generating Sets

Let I be a finite set of integers and F be a finite set of maps of the form n?k i n + ? i with integer coefficients. For an integer base k ? 2, we study the k-recognizability of the minimal set X of integers containing I and satisfying φ(X) ? X for all φ ? F. In particular, solving a conjecture of Allouche, Shallit and Skordev, we show under some technical conditions that if two of the constants k i are multiplicatively independent, then X is not k-recognizable for any k ? 2.
Magnetic evaluation of nanostructure of gold–iron composite particles synthesized by a reverse micelle method

Iron–gold nanocomposite powder was synthesized by sequential reduction of Fe 2+ and Au 3+ in reversed micelles. The UV–Vis absorption spectrometry and magnetic separation experiment indicated that the powder is composed of composite nanoparticle containing both iron and gold. XRD indicated that gold exists as metal, and X-ray absorption near edge structure showed that the magnetic phase was Fe 3 O 4 . TEM observation indicated that the nanocomposite was single-nanosized and has a sharp size distribution. The magnetization was measured with a SQUID magnetometer and found to be superparamagnetic. The magnetic moment size was evaluated by fitting the lognormal distribution function and the Langevin function to the magnetization data. These results were discussed taking account of the core–shell structure.
Using CSR to mitigate information asymmetry in the banking sector

The paper examines the power of corporate social responsibility to reduce information asymmetry and to act as a marketing instrument in the banking sector. Trust is the most important asset of a bank. Therefore, banks are motivated to use the most effective instruments to diminish information asymmetry with their stakeholders. The fact that cash disbursements in CSR actions are not directed towards shareholders makes them more valuable signals to other stakeholders regarding the financial soundness of the bank. The empirical study conducted based on limited dependent variable models supports the effectiveness of the CSR as marketing instrument in banking. It reveals the circumstances associated to a higher probability of an active CSR policy conducted by a banking institution. The results support the hypothesis that in the banking sector CSR is perceived as an instrument which helps stakeholders reduce information asymmetry. As marketing instrument, CSR contributes to increasing the tangibility of the banking products, decreasing their perceived variability and thus making them more attractive for the clients and allowing for differentiation between competitors.
Performance Cloning: A Technique for Disseminating Proprietary Applications as Benchmarks

Many embedded real world applications are intellectual property, and vendors hesitate to share these proprietary applications with computer architects and designers. This poses a serious problem for embedded microprocessor designers - how do they customize the design of their microprocessor to provide optimal performance for a class of target customer applications? In this paper, we explore a technique that can automatically extract key performance attributes of a real world application and clone them into a synthetic benchmark. The advantage of the synthetic benchmark clone is that it hides functional meaning of the code but exhibits similar performance characteristics as the target application. Unlike previously proposed workload synthesis techniques, we only model microarchitecture-independent performance attributes into the synthetic clone. By using a set of embedded benchmarks from the MediaBench and MiBench suites, we demonstrate that the performance and power consumption of the synthetic clone correlates well with that of the original application across a wide range of microarchitecture configurations
Balancing Access and the Universal Service Obligation

The situation currently faced by national post offices (POs) is quite serious in that they face competition not just from electronic media, particularly the Internet, but also pressure to open up their traditional monopoly markets to entrants. At the same time, they still face a continuing Universal Service Obligation (USO). In this situation, the problem of terms and conditions under which access should be provided to entrants is of critical importance to the future of the postal sector.
The “Both-And” Choice: The Impact of Informational, Motivational and Behavioural Skill Messages on Adolescent Dual Protection

The promotion of simultaneous condom and hormonal contraceptive use is an imperative given increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections and patterns of sexual behaviour in Canada. Previous research has shown that few adolescents engage in dual protection due to a number of barriers including attitudes and beliefs about sexual health risk. These attitudes and beliefs are shaped by key sexual health referents including parents, friends, educators, health care providers, and sexual partners. This study investigated how these sources influence information, motivation and behavioural skills (1MB) that lead to dual protection. Attitudes and beliefs are shaped by information and motivation from others as well as sexual health skills learned. In a sample of 875 first and second year undergraduate university students, 52% of students reported being sexually active. From this group, a sample (N = 333) completed three modified sexual health/behaviour surveys (Hampton, Jeffery, McWatters, & Smith, 2005; Misovich, Fisher, & Fisher, 1998; SangiHaghpeykar, Posner, & Poindexter, 2005) that assessed dual protection behaviours, sources of report (e.g., parents, friends, etc.) for 1MB messages, and 1MB scores. Forty-three percent of participants engaged in consistent dual protection, 17% engaged in inconsistent dual protection and 40% engaged in no dual protection behaviour. Three research questions were posed: 1) Does the content of 1MB messages differ among sexual health referents?; 2) Does the form of message differ among sexual health referents?; and 3) What is the impact of 1MB on dual protection behaviour? To test the research questions, chi-square tests and a multiple regression analysis were computed. Both the content and form of message were found to differ by sexual health referents. Adult referents were more likely to provide pregnancy prevention messages and informational messages than adolescent referents. Adolescent referents were more likely to provide motivational messages than adults. Only motivation scores were found to predict dual protection behaviour; both information and behavioural skills were non-significant. A significant effect was detected F (1, 318) = 59.57, p < .001 with the motivation score accounting for 16% of the variance in the dual protection
The future of modernism

The modernism of the future will not look like the modernism of the past. Over the past twenty years, W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and other major figures of the modernist movement have been subject to postmodernist critiques that have seen them as reactionary upholders of oppressive class, gender, racial, or other hierarchies; these critiques have permanently altered conceptions of the program and the canon of modernism. Today, revolutions in editing and publishing seem likely to transform them still further.The contributors to "The Future of Modernism" take these sea-changes into account, acknowledging and learning from the developments of recent years. Some interrogate the antithesis between modernism and postmodernism, showing that the former contains many features commonly claimed for the latter. Other essays dissociate modernism from the New Critical formalism with which it is often confused. Still others explore the modernist legacy of engagement with political and social events, challenging characterizations of modernism as an ahistorical, universalistic ideology.Together, these eleven essays by distinguished scholars contest facile dismissals of modernist writing and affirm an unshakable conviction of its continuing relevance and value. Although they project no unified vision or prophecy, the essays suggest a variety of lively trajectories into the next century.Hugh Witemeyer is Professor of English, University of New Mexico.
The Laplace-Jaynes approach to induction

An approach to induction is presented, based on the idea of analysing the context of a given problem into `circumstances'. This approach, fully Bayesian in form and meaning, provides a complement or in some cases an alternative to that based on de Finetti's representation theorem and on the notion of infinite exchangeability. In particular, it gives an alternative interpretation of those formulae that apparently involve `unknown probabilities' or `propensities'. Various advantages and applications of the presented approach are discussed, especially in comparison to that based on exchangeability. Generalisations are also discussed.
Precision determination of r₀ΛMS from the QCD static energy.

We use the recently obtained theoretical expression for the complete QCD static energy at next-to-next-to-next-to leading-logarithmic accuracy to determine r₀ΛMS by comparison with available lattice data, where r₀ is the lattice scale and ΛMS is the QCD scale. We obtain r₀ΛMS=0.637(+0.032)(-0.030) [corrected] for the zero-flavor case. The procedure we describe can be directly used to obtain r₀ΛMS in the unquenched case, when unquenched lattice data for the static energy at short distances becomes available. Using the value of the strong coupling α(s) as an input, the unquenched result would provide a determination of the lattice scale r₀.
An assessment of systems and software engineering scholars and institutions (1999-2003)

This paper presents the findings of a five-year study of the top scholars and institutions in the Systems and Software Engineering field, as measured by the quantity of papers published in the journals of the field. The top scholar is Khaled El Emam of the Canadian National Research Council, and the top institution is Carnegie Mellon University and its Software Engineering Institute.This paper is part of an ongoing study, conducted annually, that identifies the top 15 scholars and institutions in the most recent five-year period.
Synthesis of Metallic and Metal Oxide Particles

The diversity of applications in catalysis, energy storage and medical diagnostics utilizes unique and fascinating properties of metal and metal oxide nanostructures. Confined to the nanometer scale, materials may display properties that are different from the equivalent bulk compounds. To meet the requirements for various applications, numerous production techniques were developed to control particle size, morphology, aggregation state, crystal structure, surface charge and composition. This chapter presents an overview of the preparation of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles by bottom-up and top-down approaches. We describe basic synthetic routes for prominent cases of metals (gold, silver, platinum and copper) and metal oxides (zinc oxide, titania, and silica).
Using student-built algorithm animations as learning aids

The typical application of algorithm animation to assist instruction involves students viewing already prepared animations. An alternative strategy is to have the students themselves construct animations of algorithms. The Samba algorithm animation tool fosters such student-built animations. Samba was used in an undergraduate algorithms course in which students constructed algorithm animations as regular class assignments. This article describes Samba and documents our experiences using it in the algorithms course. Student reaction to the animation assignments was very positive, and the students appeared to learn the pertinent algorithms extremely well.
The Telecommunications Industry and Economic Growth: How the Market Structure Matters

This paper presents an endogenous growth model where, in line with the recent empirical evidence, the telecommunications industry (telecom) is an engine of growth. In such a framework, this paper analyzes the channels through which telecom contributes to economic growth and focuses on market structure analysis for telecom, in the light of the recent changes in it. This paper suggests how the market structure of telecom and the competition type in the telecom market can matter for its contribution to economic growth. It also proposes the optimal market structure for telecom from the social welfare perspective. In addition, it suggests the direction of telecom policies which can improve social welfare, and uses its theoretical results for qualitative evaluation of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and similar policies.
Signal Processing for Big Data [From the Guest Editors]

The articles in this special section delineate the theoretical and algorithmic underpinnings along with the relevance of signal processing tools to the emerging field of big data and introduce readers to the challenges and opportunities for SP research on (massive-scale) data analytics. The latter entails an extended and continuously refined technological wish list, which is envisioned to encompass high-dimensional, decentralized, parallel, online, and robust statistical signal processing as well as large, distributed, fault-tolerant, and intelligent systems engineering. The goal is to selectively sample a diverse gamut of big data challenges and opportunities through surveys of methodological advances, as well as more focused- and application-oriented contributions chosen on the basis of timeliness, importance, and relevance to signal processing.