nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
To prehistory of a competent approach in the applied psychology

The article considers the problem of revealing and evaluation of features and qualities of the subject of professional activities, influencing the process of its performance and results; in this article are discussed traditions, formed in the national and foreign industrial psychology in this area. It represents the essence of the competency building approach, in the modern psychology, the meaning of such notions as competence, competency, professionally important feature of the organizational behavior, professionally important quality and its kinds, profession, specialty, determined work, work analysis, professional psychology, psychology of professions. It describes historical analogues and predecessors of the competency approach (“Enlightment experience”, experience of scientific management, of the industrial psychotechnique and reflexology). It considers job specification (free characteristics method, O. Lipmans checklist, observation method of labor products analysis, method of mistakes analysis, records method, work method, artificial and natural deautomation method, critical incidents method, characterological method, collective discussion method, statistic method, or intergroup differences method, comparative method, experimental & psychological method) and its use in the analysis of work, labor tasks and labor subject features. The article describes the experience of studies of professions in labor psychology, achievements and problems of professions psychology in 20-30s XX century. The reference to works of predecessors of the competency building approachis useful for experts of personnel management services from the point of view of the experience, accumulated in work psychology and psychotechnique, scientific administration. The historical and scientific reflection of the offered type is useful for the normal functioning of the modern applied psychology, for the theory and practice of assessment centers, testologists, dealing with the forecasting of professional success, career consulttants and professional orientators.
Cry "Good for history, Cambridge and Saint George"? Essay Review of Mary Jo Nye (Ed.); The Cambridge History of Science, Vol. 5. The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)

FIRST PARAGRAPH 
This volume is the third thus far published of The Cambridge history of science, planned in eight parts over the last decade by Cambridge University Press. Noting the incompleteness of George Sarton’s heroic solo endeavour on a comparably magisterial scale (Sarton, 1953–1959), Cambridge general editors David Lindberg and Ronald Numbers adopted a more pragmatic multiple author approach in devising this new series. They devote the four latter volumes to that fertile wonder ‘modern science’, its modernity construed chronologically as the post-1800 era. While Volume 6 encompasses the biological and earth sciences ( Bowler & Pickstone, forthcoming), Volume 7 deals with the social sciences ( Porter & Ross, 2003), and Volume 8 examines the sciences in national and international setting ( Livingstone & Numbers, forthcoming). Lindberg and Numbers thus circumscribe the territory of Volume 5 to be the history of physics, chemistry, astronomy and mathematics in the Euro-American world. Although this might seem a fairly conventional—even conservative—subject clustering, few historians would have felt undaunted by the heterogeneity of such material, the narrowness of the brief and the long two-century period of coverage. This volume must therefore be judged with sensitivity to the difficulties of leading thirty-seven scholars in diverse specialisms to produce a coherent product, and the sheer impracticability of Sarton’s near-Shakespearean ambitions for unitary drama. Useful comparisons can thus be made with recent works that offer a multi-perspectival view over comparably broad terrain: John Krige and Dominic Pestre’s stimulating and uncomplacent Science in the twentieth century (1997), and the more radically inclusive bibliographical essays in Arne Hessenbruch (Ed.), The reader’s guide to the history of science (Hessenbruch, 2000).
Social security and private saving: theory and historical evidence.

This article is a nontechnical presentation of the debate that has gone on during the past decade over whether the U.S. social security system has depressed private saving in the economy. The heart of the article is an assessment of economist Martin Feldstein's original evidence, presentation of the alternative evidence that concluded that currently available historical data do not support the proposition that social security reduces private saving, and an evaluation of the contradictory evidence presented by Feldstein in response to the alternative evidence. The article concludes that, although the total body of evidence is inconclusive, the historical evidence fails to support the hypothesis that social security has reduced private saving. The Office of Research, Statistics, and International Policy, as part of its ongoing research mission, investigates the interrelationship between social security and the economy. This article presents an examination of one of several aspects of this relationship relevant to public policy considerations and is intended to make previously published technical papers available to a broader audience.
The Cambridge controversies in capital theory : a study in the logic of theory development

A Brief Exposition of Reswitching and Capital Reversing 2. The Background of the Debate: Some History 3. Clouds in the Neoclassical Sky 4. Taking Methodological Stock (I) 5. Triumph and Crisis of the Neoclassical Production Model 6. Taking Methodological Stock (II) 7. From Curiosum to Issue 8. Neoclassical Reactions 9. Taking Methodological Stock (III) 10. The Role of Mathematics 11. Taking Methodological Stock (IV) 12. A Final Stock-Taking
SHRIMP U-Pb dating for zircons from pyroxene andesite of Shuiquangou Formation in western Liaoning province and its tectonic significance.

The Shuiquangou Formation, located in the Lingyuan area of western Liaoning, lays unconformably over the first thrust system formed during the Early Mesozoic and is covered by a early Yanshanian thrust. The SHRIMP age of zircons from pyroxene andesite of Shuiquangou Formation is 230.4 Ma±3.1 Ma. The result shows that the age of Shuiquangou Formation is the Late Triassic; the lithosphere in western Liaoning is in a stretching setting during the Late Triassic and the thrusting of the early Early Mesozoic in Yanshan mountains was occurred in the Early and Middle Triassic. It suggests that the early stage of Indochina movement is thrusting and the late is extension.
Field, petrophysical and carbon isotope studies on the Lapland Granulite Belt: implications for deep continental crust

The Palaeoproterozoic Lapland Granulite Belt is a seismically reflective and electrically conductive sequence of deep crustal (6–9 kbar) rocks in the northern Fennoscandian Shield. It is composed of garnet-sillimanite gneisses (khondalites) and pyroxene granulites (enderbites) which in certain thrust sheets form about 500 m thick interlayers. The structure was formed by the intrusion of intermediate to basic magmas into turbiditic sedimentary rocks under granulite facies metamorphism accompanied by shearing of the deep crust about 1.93–1.90 Gyr ago (Gal. Granulites were upthrust 1.90–1.87 Ga and the belt was divided by crustal scale duplexing into four structural units whose layered structure was preserved. The thrust structures are recognized by the repetition of lithological ensembles and by discordant structural patterns well distinguishable in airborne magnetic and electromagnetic data. Thrusting gave rise to clockwise pressure-temperature evolution of the belt. However, some basic rocks possibly record an isobaric cooling path. The low bulk resistivity of the belt (200–1000 Ωm) is caused by interconnected graphite and subordinate sulphides in shear zones. On the basis of carbon isotope ratios this graphite is derived mostly from sedimentary organic carbon. The seismic reflectivity of the belt may be caused by velocity and density differences between pyroxene granulites and khondalites, as well as by shear zones.
Virtual and Remote triggered Industrial Automation labs: Collaboration case study

Laboratory work is an integral part of science and engineering education. In this paper we describe a one-group exploratory mixed methods study carried out with final year UG engineering students from Controls and Instrumentation engineering department over a period of one semester. The Simulation and Remote Triggered Industrial Automation online labs are used to achieve the desired learning objectives for the course. The study is an excellent example of collaboration between two engineering institutes; one with the advanced industrial automation lab and the other lacking the resource and educational technology researcher in the broader interest of students.
What are the risks and benefits of temporarily discontinuing medications to prevent acute kidney injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis

To summarise evidence on temporary discontinuation of medications to prevent acute kidney injury (AKI).



Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised studies.



Adults taking diuretics, ACE inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), direct renin inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, metformin or sulfonylureas, experiencing intercurrent illnesses, radiological or surgical procedures.



Temporary discontinuation of any of the medications of interest.



Risk of AKI. Secondary outcome measures were estimated glomerular filtration rate and creatinine post-AKI, urea, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, death, clinical outcomes and biomarkers.



6 studies were included (1663 participants), 3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 3 prospective cohort studies. The mean age ranged from 65 to 73 years, and the proportion of women ranged from 31% to 52%. All studies were in hospital settings; 5 evaluated discontinuation of medication prior to coronary angiography and 1 prior to cardiac surgery. 5 studies evaluated discontinuation of ACEI and ARBs and 1 small cohort study looked at discontinuation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. No studies evaluated discontinuation of medication in the community following an acute intercurrent illness. There was an increased risk of AKI of around 15% in those in whom medication was continued compared with those in whom it was discontinued (relative risk (RR) 1.17, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.38; 5 studies). When only results from RCTs were pooled, the increase in risk was almost 50% (RR 1.48, 95% CI 0.84 to 2.60; 3 RCTs), but the CI was wider. There was no difference between groups for any secondary outcomes.



There is low-quality evidence that withdrawal of ACEI/ARBs prior to coronary angiography and cardiac surgery may reduce the incidence of AKI. There is no evidence of the impact of drug cessation interventions on AKI incidence during intercurrent illness in primary or secondary care.
WORKING PAPER SERIES POLITICAL ATTITUDES IN THE CLASSROOM: IS ACADEMIA THE LAST BASTION OF LIBERALISM?

Academia is under attack from those who believe that college professors are uniformly leftist politically, which creates an environment of bias against conservative students and professors. Advocates have proposed an “Academic Bill of Rights” that may lead to policies to achieve intellectual diversity in faculty hiring and tenure decisions. However, little rigorous scientific research has been conducted on the political attitudes of students and faculty. Based on a survey of students and professors at the State University College at Buffalo, we find evidence that the “intellectual diversity” movement is unfounded. In particular, we find that the political views of students and professors are quite diverse, and that professors do not impose their political views upon the classroom. Our research points to the need to extend our model to other universities to place our results in a larger context, and provide valid data for use in the burgeoning intellectual diversity debate.
Analysis of Investment Decision System for Oil Companies Based on System Dynamic Principles

In order to escape of risk and gain high returns, it is important for oil companies to determine the scale and structure of investment in upstream business. By introducing system dynamic principles, this paper builds a system dynamics model of upstream investment decision on basis of the oil company's practice in China. Empirical results show that total investment scale will decline and the proportion of exploration investment will also decrease as well as ascent of development investment ratio. System dynamics can be applied to analysis and forecast of upstream investment scale and structure as a new method and provide the basis for making decision.
A Hard Rain Children's Shrapnel Collections in the Second World War

Anti-aircraft shells exploding at high altitudes scattered shards of red-hot steel across the towns and cities of Britain during the Second World War. For many schoolchildren, collecting and trading this shrapnel became a popular social activity, often recalled today in oral history interviews. Drawing on testimonies collected as part of the People's War project, this article examines these curious and neglected processes of accumulation, exchange and disposal, looking at the aesthetic qualities that gave shrapnel fragments their value and attractiveness. In doing so, it attempts to locate children's shrapnel collections within their social worlds, as well as within broader discussions of material culture and modern conflict. It highlights the significant differences from other more typical forms of collecting, and some of the more subversive uses that children found for their shrapnel. The article also raises the possibility that collecting these violent objects may have been a way for children to cope w...
Microwave-Assisted One-Step Synthesis of FeCo/Graphene Nanocomposite for Microwave Absorption

A high-performance microwave absorber composed of FeCo and graphene was prepared by a simple and rapid microwave-assisted one-step method. In the process, the metal precursors (iron hydroxide and cobalt hydroxide) and graphene oxide derived from graphite were transformed into FeCo and graphene, respectively, in only 12 min. Moreover, the FeCo nanoparticles were firmly dispersed on the surfaces of graphene nanosheets. The composition and structure of the FeCo/graphene nanocomposite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that with the filling ratio of only 10 wt% and the thickness of 2.2 mm, the nanocomposite showed the wide effective absorption bandwidth (less than −10 dB) of 4.7 GHz with the minimum reflection loss of −12.56 dB. The results of microwave absorption show that the nanocomposite is a potential candidate for high-performance microwave absorption.
conley: Computing connection matrices in Maple

In this work we announce the package to compute connection and C-connection matrices. is based on our abstract homological algebra package . We emphasize that the notion of braids is irrelevant for the definition and for the computation of such matrices. We introduce the notion of triangles that suffices to state the definition of (C-) connection matrices. The notion of octahedra, which is equivalent to that of braids is also introduced.
Landlord‐tenant contracts in Sweden and the United States: A test of alternative models of housing

The landlord‐tenant environment for each nation's housing stock is affected by societal values about the concept of housing and what relationship individuals and governments should have towards housing. In this paper, we compare alternative models of housing and their attendant landlord‐tenant provisions, given the evidence found in Sweden and the United States. Housing, viewed as a pure private good, where individuals can contractually obtain various rights which are attached to the physical asset by custom or law, is compared with housing as a societal entitlement, where social justice dictates that individuals are endowed with the right to obtain adequate housing independent of its cost or individual income. In this article, we test two variants of these models by examining five of the major landlord‐tenant relationships for dwellings in Sweden and the United States. The results reveal some interesting insights and provide several implications for future research.
Mismatch of coronary risk and treatment intensity under the national cholesterol education program guidelines

To assess the match between multifactorial risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and treatment intensity under the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines for primary prevention of CHD.Methods:The multiple logistic regression equation from the Framingham Study was used to derive predicted risks for development of CHD over eight years of follow-up for different age — gender groupings, with serum total cholesterol (TC) values chosen in light of the NCEP cutoff points for both TC and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Additional risk factors — hypertension, glucose intolerance, and smoking—were considered in combination for each of these values.Controlling for the effects of age and gender, there is little difference in the ranges of absolute CHD risks for persons who would receive interventions of differing intensities (i.e., general dietary advice, dietary treatment, or drug therapy). Those who are candidates for drug treatment because of serum lipids alone are often at low levels of risk for the development of CHD when compared with those of the same age with lower TC values who have other risk factors. Discrepancies in CHD risk are wider still when age is also allowed to vary. Furthermore, in every age grouping, women with high TC levels (e.g., 6.9 mmol/L) and two other risk factors are eligible for drug treatment but have a CHD risk that is no higher, and often much lower, than that of males with one other risk factor and TC levels of 4.8 mmol/L or 5.7 mmol/L who are candidates for dietary advice or dietary therapy, respectively.Inconsistencies exist in the NCEP guidelines such that persons at low risk for the development of CHD are offered more intensive interventions than are others who actually are at much higher risks, and vice versa. Women in particular tend to be overtreated, relative to men. These findings point out the difficulties of promulgating guidelines that will appropriately match risk to preventive interventions in a complex multifactorial disease.
Benchmarks for ethically credible partnerships between industry and academic health centers: beyond disclosure of financial conflicts of interest

Relationships between industry and university-based researchers have been commonplace for decades and have received notable attention concerning the conflicts of interest these relationships may harbor. While new efforts are being made to update conflict of interest policies and make industry relationships with academia more transparent, the development of broader institutional partnerships between industry and academic health centers challenges the efficacy of current policy to effectively manage these innovative partnerships. In this paper, we argue that existing strategies to reduce conflicts of interest are not sufficient to address the emerging models of industry-academic partnerships because they focus too narrowly on financial matters and are not comprehensive enough to mitigate all ethical risk. Moreover, conflict-of-interest strategies are not designed to promote best practices nor the scientific and social benefits of academic-industry collaboration. We propose a framework of principles and benchmarks for “ethically credible partnerships” between industry and academic health centers and describe how this framework may provide a practical and comprehensive approach for designing and evaluating such partnerships.
New lattice approaches to the rule

Lattice QCD should allow a derivation of the ∆I = 1/2 rule from first principles, but numerical calculations to date have been plagued by a variety of problems. After a brief review of these problems, we present several new methods for calculating K → ππ amplitudes. These are designed for Wilson fermions, though they can be used also with staggered fermions. They all involve a non-perturbative determination of matching coefficients. We show how problems of operator mixing can be greatly reduced by using point-split hadronic currents, and how CP violating parts of the K → ππ amplitudes can be calculated by introducing a fake top quark. Many of the methods can also be applied to the calculation of two body non-leptonic B-meson decays.
Oral health and dental treatment needs in Nigerian patients with epilepsy.

We determined the prevalence of oral disorders and the dental treatment needs of outpatients with epilepsy.



A questionnaire was administered to 56 consecutive patients (35 males, 21 females) presenting to an outpatient clinic. All patients underwent dental examinations. The clinical and diagnostic features of each patient's epilepsy were also obtained.



The mean age (+/-SD) of the patients was 25.1 +/- 12.1 years (range, 12-56 years). Of 9 patients receiving phenytoin (PHT) monotherapy, 3 (33.3%) had gingival hypertrophy; 15 of 18 (83.3%) patients receiving PHT in combination with phenobarbital (PB) manifested the disorder. Traumatized anterior teeth were found in 26 (46.4%) patients with the males significantly more affected than females (p = 0.02). When the dental treatment needs were considered, 24 (42.9%) patients required dental prophylaxis with oral hygiene instruction, and an equal number required various types of restorative treatments. Only 13 patients (23.2%) had previously visited a dental clinic; the 43 (76.8%) who had never sought dental treatment claimed they did not see any need for it.



Our study showed an increased predilection to anterior dental injuries in patients with epilepsy as compared with the prevalence earlier reported for those without epilepsy in Nigeria (p = 0.00). There is a clear need for effective interaction between medical and dental practitioners in the management of epilepsy.
The isostatic state of the southern Urals crust

The Uralide orogen, in Central Russia, is the focus of intense geoscientific investigations during recent years. The international research is motivated by some unusual lithospheric features compared with other collisional belts including the preservation of (a) a collisional architecture with an orogenic root and a crustal thickness of 55–58 km, and (b) large volumes of very low-grade and non-metamorphic oceanic crust and island arc rocks in the upper crust of a low–relief mountain belt. The latter cause anomalous gravity highs along the thickened crust and the isostatic equilibrium inside the Uralides lithosphere as well as the overthrust high-metamorphic rocks. The integrated URSEIS '95 seismic experiment provides fundamentally new data revealing the lithospheric architecture of an intact Paleozoic collisional orogen that allows the construction of density models. In the Urals' lithosphere different velocity structures resolved by wide-angle seismic experiments along both the URSEIS '95- and the Troitsk profile. They can be used to constrain lithospheric density models: a first model consists of a deep subducted continental lower crust which has been highly eclogitized at depths of 60–90 km to a density of 3550 kg/m3. The second model shows a slightly eclogitized lower crust underlying the Uralide orogen with a crustal thickness of 60 km. The eclogitized lower crust causes a too-small impedance contrast to the lithospheric mantle resulting in a lack of reflectors in the area of the largest crustal thickness. Both models fit the measured gravity field. Analyzing the isostatic state of the southern Urals' lithosphere, both density models are in isostatic equilibrium.