nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cuban Historiography in the 1960s: Revisionists, Revolutionaries and the Nationalist Past

This article examines nationalist historiography in revolutionary Cuba, focusing in particular on the relationship between pre-revolutionary ‘revisionist’ histories and the revolutionary historiography produced after 1959. Despite agreement among the revolutionaries on the need for new histories to respond to the needs of the revolutionary age, the dominant nationalist historiography of the Revolution repeated many of the myths of the ‘bourgeois’ histories of the past. In the 1960s, however, several historians working at the margins of academia emerged to challenge the nationalist myths perpetuated by both their republican counterparts and by their Marxist adversaries in the University School of History. Yet despite many significant historical re-interpretations undertaken during the Revolution, many of the sacred cows of Cuban nationalism remained firmly on their plinth.
Interactions of λ3-ScFe2 and λ2-ScFe1.8 with hydrogen

The interactions of λ 3 -ScFe 2 (MgNi 2 -type structure) and λ 2 -ScFe 1.8 (MgCu 2 -type structure) with hydrogen were studied using the following methods: differential thermal analysis in a hydrogen atmosphere, calorimetry and desorption isotherm measurements. The thermodynamic characteristics of hydrogen absorption and desorption were obtained. Different polymorphic modifications of ScFe 2 were found to have different absorption properties.
Cell Evolution and Organelle Origins: Metascience to Science

Numerous concepts and competing interests have always confronted and pushed studies of symbiosis and cell evolution to the margins of science.They include emphasis on the disease-causing nature of microbes, and on conflict and competition between species; nucleocentric views of heredity, and gene-centred views of evolution.The synthetic and interdisciplinary nature of studies of symbiosis and cell evolution defied ever-increasing specialization in the life sciences such that biologists were often unwilling to assess them.The study of organelle origins also struggled under the weight of its speculative nature.Only in recent years have some of these difficulties been over-come.
Mechanistic causes of the hydrocarbon effect on the activity of Ag–Al2O3 catalyst for the selective reduction of NO

Ag–Al2O3 
 catalyst prepared by the sol–gel method was studied for the selective catalytic reduction 
 (SCR) of NO by various hydrocarbons (HC-SCR). The rates of NO reduction and hydrocarbon conversion depend strongly 
 on the type of hydrocarbon reductant; the rates were higher for the higher normal alkanes, higher 
 for alkene than alkane, and higher for normal alkane than branched alkane. The formation and reaction of 
 hydrocarbon-derived species adsorbed on the surface were investigated by in situ FTIR spectroscopy. The 
 apparent rate of acetate formation in the hydrocarbon + O2 reaction and the rate of nitrate reaction in hydrocarbon + O2 
 also depend on the nature of the hydrocarbon with a similar activity pattern to that for the SCR 
 reaction. For the various hydrocarbons used, the rate of nitrate reaction in hydrocarbon + O2 
 was close to the steady-state 
 rate of NO reduction, indicating that the nitrate is a possible intermediate in this reaction. The reaction 
 of nitrates with oxygenated hydrocarbon species, possibly the acetate, was proposed to be a crucial step in HC-SCR. A proposed mechanism explains the hydrocarbon effect on the de-NOx activity: the NO reduction 
 activity depends on the reactivity of the hydrocarbon molecule, which affects the rate of hydrocarbon oxidation 
 to oxygenates 
 and hence the rate 
 of nitrate reaction with oxygenated hydrocarbons.
Psicologia USP, 1992-2002: uma aventura participativa

This article examines 10 years of production of the journal Psicologia USP (1992-2002), when under the editorship of Sylvia Leser de Mello. During this period, the basic policy of the journal was to publish critical essays on relevant psychological themes, as opposed to the publication of papers with empirical content. A multidisciplinar approach was adopted and led to the preparation of special issues (Memory, Unconscious, Psychology and Health, among others) and dossiers (Psychoanalysis and University, Psychology and Instrumental Reason, among others) in which researchers from the social and biological sciences took part, seeking for contrasts and convergencies. The journal contributed to scientific memory by publishing special issues on the work and influence of members of the Institute of Psychology ( Psychology and Ethology, Dante Moreira Leite, among others). This decade of participative effort and accomplishment played an important role in the determination of the course of the journal and prepared Psychology USP for new publishing challenges.
Solvent compatible cobalt ion species as additives to polyimides

A series of solvent compatible cobalt compounds have been synthesized as additives to polyimides. The resultant cobalt doped polyimide films are smooth, flexible and shiny. The doped films display lowered electrical resistivities by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude compared to the undoped polyimide. Additive migration to the surface of the film generating a cobalt oxide layer has been observed.
Bridges over Troubled Water: The Role of Faith in Creating Social Capital

This article presents a comparative case study of two faith-based community partnerships created in answer to crisis situations involving food distribution to the needy. Theoretically grounded in social capital theory it describes how two faith-based organizations built bridges with other groups to create new social capital. In both cases the foundation supporting these bridges was faith, both institutional and personal; faith that reached beyond parochialism to embrace universal humanitarian objectives. It was this faith that informed the visionary leadership and trust necessary to create an active multi-faith, multicultural partnership that withstood both internal and external challenges. The types of communal bonds that were created, crossing race, religion and ethnicity are essential in multicultural societies.
The Relations Bwetween Geography and History Reconsidered

The ideas of Sauer, Darby, Clark, and Meinig have had a formative influence on the making of modern Anglo–American historical geography. These scholars emphasized the spatial– and place–;focused orientation of geography, contrasting it with history’s concern with time, the past, and change. Historical geography was conceived as combining the spatial interests of geography with the temporal interest of history, creating a field concerned with changing spatial patterns and landscapes. This idea of historical geography avoided issues in the philosophy of history by making the historical geographer a kind of spectator to external changes in the ways things were ordered and arranged on the face of the earth. This “natural history” view of historical geography failed to deal with history conceived as an autonomous mode of understanding in which the scholar’s task is to understand human activity as an embodiment of thought. Historical geography is more adequately conceived as a Collingwoodian–type historical discipline, in which the task of the historical geographer is aimed at rethinking and displaying the thought of historical agents as their actions relate to the physical environment. The traditional subject matter of historical geography is not thereby redefined, but a change in the way geography is seen in its relation to history is necessitated.
Dynamic light scattering studies of the effects of salts on the diffusivity of cationic and anionic cavitands

Although alkali halide salts play key roles in all living systems, the physical models used to describe the properties of aqueous solutions of salts do not take into account specific ion-ion interactions. To identify specific ion-ion interactions possibly contributing to the aggregation of proteins, we have used dynamic light scattering (DLS) to probe the aggregation of charged cavitands. DLS measurements of negatively charged 1 in the presence of a range of alkali metal halides reveal no significant aggregation of host 1 as a function of the nature of the cation of the added salt. Only at high concentrations could trace amounts of aggregation be detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Contrarily, 1 was readily aggregated and precipitated by ZnCl2. In contrast, although fluoride and chloride did not induce aggregation of positively charged host 2, this cavitand exhibited marked aggregation as a function of bromide and iodide concentration. Specifically, bromide induced small but significant amounts of dimerization, whilst iodide induced extreme aggregation. Moreover, in these cases aggregation of host 2 also exhibited a cationic dependence, with an observed trend Na+ > Li+ > K+ ≈ Cs+. In combination, these results reveal new details of specific ion pairings in aqueous solution and how this can influence the properties of dissolved organics.
A Questionnaire-Based Survey of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Training in Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the three countries in South East Asia that has an active postgraduate physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) training program. College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP) offers a four-year structured training program in PM&R. It consists of clinical teaching, lectures, rotations in other specialties, and writing a research dissertation. The aim of this survey was to provide an objective analysis of the current PM&R training program, including the facilities available for training, the participation of residents in academic activities, and their participation in different PM&R procedures. Hospital ethics committee approval was obtained. The questionnaire had sections on informed consent; basic demographics; the different components of residency training; and self-assessement of competence in different procedural skills. It was approved by the dean of PM&R at CPSP. There are six accredited training centers in Pakistan. Twelve residents are undergoing residency training at four different centers (Dec 2015). Key persons were nominated at each center to facilitate data collection. All residents (100% response rate) completed the survey. Almost all had read the CPSP training manual. Most had submitted the research dissertation. Training facilities varied across different centers, with the military center being the best equipped. The self-assessed competence of residents in different PM&R procedures varied among different centers, but overall it conformed to the competency levels specified in the training manual. Overall PM&R residency training in Pakistan is satisfactory, but there is a need to strengthen the weak areas and standardize the training across all centers in the country.
GuessWhat?! Visual Object Discovery through Multi-modal Dialogue

We introduce GuessWhat?!, a two-player guessing game as a testbed for research on the interplay of computer vision and dialogue systems. The goal of the game is to locate an unknown object in a rich image scene by asking a sequence of questions. Higher-level image understanding, like spatial reasoning and language grounding, is required to solve the proposed task. Our key contribution is the collection of a large-scale dataset consisting of 150K human-played games with a total of 800K visual question-answer pairs on 66K images. We explain our design decisions in collecting the dataset and introduce the oracle and questioner tasks that are associated with the two players of the game. We prototyped deep learning models to establish initial baselines of the introduced tasks.
A Theory of Personal Budgeting

Prominent research argues that consumers often use personal budgets to manage self-control problems. This paper analyzes the link between budgeting and self-control problems in consumption-saving decisions. It shows that the use of good-specific budgets depends on the combination of a demand for commitment and the demand for flexibility resulting from uncertainty about intratemporal trade-offs between goods. It explains the subtle mechanism which renders budgets useful commitments, their interaction with minimum-savings rules (another widely-studied form of commitment), and how budgeting depends on the intensity of self-control problems. This theory matches several empirical findings on personal budgeting.
Market Structure and Innovation: A Survey

ECONOMICS, we all recite, deals with allocation of limited resources towards satisfaction of unlimited wants. Resources are typically identified as land, labor, and capital plus a technology that determines their transformation into consumer goods. Disparity between the available goods and services and the desired gives rise to scarcity and the question of what, how, and for whom to produce. The focus then shifts to description and evaluation of alternative resource allocation mechanisms for making the choices. The Pareto criterion, by which an allocation of resources is deemed efficient if any reallocation improving the position of some individual worsens the position of others, is a commonly employed gauge of a mechanism's performance. In the absence of externalities, increasing returns to scale, and uncertainty, a perfectly competitive market system yields a Pareto optimal allocation of resources; this underlies the view that individual self-interest is compatible with society's interest. The further conclusion that Pareto optimality may not be achieved via the market system in the presence of monopoly elements provides an economic rationale for antitrust laws. The objective of a resource allocation mechanism appears to be, according to the analysis described above, to make the best of available resources. The alternative objective of relaxing constraints through expanding the resource base or developing new technology seems to be beyond its scope. Thus, until rather recently, technical advance had been regarded, in the mainstream of economic theory, as unmotivated by the quest for profits and substantially unaffected by resource allocation. Instead, as J. Schmookler observed, technology had been viewed as a parameter like the weather, affecting the outcome of resource allocations but itself unaffected by them [84, 1965]. Evidence that technological progress has significantly contributed to growth in productivity, together with a substantial increase in research and development activity, largely financed by government and carried out by industry (see F. Machlup [51, 1962]), may have spurred reconsideration of this view. Once technical advance is regarded as an economic variable, it is natural to in-
Visuelle Topoi um 1600. Annibale Carracci zwischen voraussetzungsloser Innovation und Tradition

Elemente einer Topik in der sichtbaren Gesta l tung der Bildund Bauküns te der Frühen Neuzei t nachweisen zu wollen, scheint allein schon anges ich ts der Tatsa­ che wenig er fo lgversprechend , dass sich berei ts die Zei tgenossen kritisch dazu äußer ten: So e rö f fne te e twa Giovanni Andrea Gil io seine 1580 ersch ienene Topica Poetica gleich in der Einle i tung mit Spott über einen nament l ich nicht genannten Bologneser Archi tektur­Di le t tanten , der zwar Vitruv und dami t die theore t ischen loci der Baukuns t vorwär ts und rückwär t s kannte , dessen erster realisierter Ent­ wurf aber vo l lkommen verunglückt war: »nessuno sapeva dargli fo rma , ne nome, non es sendo ne palazzo, ne casa, ne chiesa , ne hosteria: ma un non nulla«. Her­ aus ragende W e r k e von Archi tekten und anderen Künst lern , aber auch Dichtern resultierten eben nicht ausschl ießl ich aus Regeln und Sys temen , sondern zu e inem Guttei l aus B e g a b u n g und Inspiration." Gegen den vorhersehbaren Einwand , wa­ rum dann Gilio selbst überhaupt sein Lehrbuch einer Topica Poetica verfasst habe (und zuvor auch schon einen Malerei t raktat : Degli errori de' pittori, 1564), ver­ teidigt sich der Autor dami t , dass er keine >strenge Topik< wie Aris tote les entwi­ ckeln wolle: »al Poeta basta solo di toccare in parte i luoghi topici« ­ die vier Bücher von Gil ios Traktat unterscheiden sich daher auch nicht grund legend von anderen Poet iken des Cinquecen to . Topik wird hier nicht als >Generalschlüssel< und u n i v e r s e l l e Wissensmasch ine r i e (der Kunst)< vers tanden, sondern als eine partielle Verfahrensmögl ichke i t neben anderen .
Local Cosmic Strings from Pseudo-Anomalous U(1)

Local cosmic strings solutions are introduced ina model with a peudo-anomalous U(1) gauge symmetry. Sucha symmetry is present in many superstringcompactification models. The coupling of those strings with the axion necessary in order to cancel theanomalies does not prevent them from being local, eventhough their energy per unit length is found to divergelogarithmically. I discuss briefly the formation of such strings and the phenomenologicalconstraints that apply to their parameters.
Do History and Geography Matter? Regional Unemployment Dynamics in a Resource-Dependent Economy: Evidence from Western Australia, 1984–2011

Conceptual and methodological differences notwithstanding, both the ‘new’ economic geography and evolutionary economic geography insist that both history and geography matter when accounting for the changing spatial distribution of economic activities. To date, discourse has been conducted largely at a theoretical level, with few attempts to evaluate the empirical validity of either of these competing claims about the dynamics of the capitalist space economy. In this paper we contribute to this evolving discourse by utilizing a dynamic econometric perspective to empirically test the key notions of path dependence, place dependence, and equilibrium dependence in the context of a ‘peripheral’ resource dependent and export-oriented economy: Western Australia, 1984–2011. We find evidence of ‘weak’ path dependence in the evolution of local unemployment rates, with a small number of local labor markets exhibiting ‘strong’ equilibrium dependence. Furthermore, we find evidence of ‘place’ dependence, particularly between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan labor markets, suggesting the existence of a ‘patchwork economy’.  unemployment dynamics, resource boom, Western Australia, regional development
Ligand-Promoted Photoreductive Dissolution of Goethite by Atmospheric Low-Molecular Dicarboxylates.

Recent evidence suggested that organic ligands in atmosphere water play an important role in the mobilization of iron from mineral aerosol. In this study, the dissolution of goethite (α-FeOOH) was investigated in the presence of three low-molecular dicarboxylates enriched in the atmosphere, as well as a reference organic acid of methanesulfonate (MSA), which is especially abundant in marine atmospheric boundary layer. Iron mobilized from α-FeOOH was promoted under the irradiation and the deaerated condition, and the soluble Fe(II) concentration was enhanced greatly in the ligand-containing suspensions exposed to light. Irrespective of the reaction conditions, the capacities of the dicarboxylates on Fe mobilization were in the following order: oxalate > malonate > succinate, which were closely correlated with the carbon chain length of dicarboxylates: n = 2 > 3 > 4. The space barrier action of carbon atoms inhibited ligand-promoted Fe dissolution by affecting the structure and stability of the complexes. MSA also acted as an organic ligand to mobilize iron and showed weak capacity to reduce Fe(III) under the irradiation. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis indicated that ·OH, O2·-, and H2O2 could be involved in the Fe(II)-Fe(III) redox circle, and the ligand-promoted photoreductive dissolution process could be an important source of ROS in atmosphere water. Both transmission electron microscopy analysis and zeta potential data supported that the adsorption of oxalate molecules onto the surface would change the aggregation state of goethite nanoparticles, which increased the effective surface area, and therefore facilitated Fe mobilization from the oxide. The data shown herein deepens our understanding on the ligand-promoted dissolution mechanisms, which could be an important formation pathway of bioavailable Fe in the atmosphere.
The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes Toward Death, 1799-1883

This fascinating book explores the changing attitudes toward death and the dead in northern Protestant communities during the nineteenth century. Gary Laderman offers insights into the construction of an "American way of death," illuminating the central role of the Civil War and tracing the birth of the funeral industry in the decades following the war. "Laderman's work is indispensable for understanding the impact of the Civil War on ideas of death-a subject practically ignored in previous studies of death in the United States. Using photographs, diaries, medical histories, art, and literature, he has produced an indispensable work for understanding the nineteenth-century nation."-Phillip Shaw Paludan, Journal of American History "A persuasive and highly readable discussion of how northern Protestants managed death from the early nineteenth century through the Civil War. An excellent book on an important topic, it marks a new high point in the study of death in American history."-Bruce Baird, H-SHEAR Book Review "A compelling portrait of the dramatic changes in the ways that Americans managed death from the late eighteenth century to the Civil War. An excellent, exciting book." -Jon Butler, Yale University "This is an invaluable work for the family historian to understand the roots of the unique American view on death and the funeral industry that still continues to puzzle, if not horrify, most of the western world!"-National Genealogical Society News Magazine
Balancing Competing Principles of Environmental Equity

Diverse and competing principles of equity are argued to be relevant to the burden-sharing problem for environmental improvement programmes. In this paper, a survey-based approach is used to reconcile this conflict, which is defined as sharing of the costs of an environmental programme among different individuals or groups. Respondents were asked to rank hypothetical individuals or groups on the basis of differences in relevant characteristic attributes. These attributes reflect the degree to which individuals are 'responsible' for the problem, 'benefit' from the policy change implemented, and are 'able to pay' for the programme. The econometric analysis of responses casts light on the magnitude of trade-offs between, for example, burden-sharing rules based on the polluter-pays principle and some of its alternatives. Our results indicate that these trade-offs do exist and, furthermore, are significant. Assessment of trade-offs in this way could be an important input into the design of mixed criteria rules for sharing burdens.
Landscapes of Desert Architecture and city around the Islamic Sahara

This paper is an excerpt of a PhD Thesis in “Architecture. Theories and project”, presented at DiAP – Department of Architecture and Project of Sapienza Universita di Roma in April 2012. Thesis’ title: “Around the Sahara desert. Enduring Topographies between Architecture, Desert and City”: supervisors: professors Ludovico Micara and Raffaele Panella. In this short text we will examine scientific premises and limits concerning a broader field of study, the settlement mechanism around the Sahara desert, deepening the processus of landscape construction, to be intended as a complex relationship between religion, geography and human adapting ability.