nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Family Matters: Community, Ethnicity, And Multiculturalism

Concepts which play an important role in the theoretical framework of community studies, such as community, identity, nation and nation state, ethnicity, and multiculturalism, are being discussed and questioned. It is argued that the idea of family resemblances should form the basis of any comparison, and that the circumstances in which these concepts are being expressed should be studied first, instead of using a checklist in order to establish them.
Dark margins at igneous contacts: A Critical Study with Special Reference to those in Jersey, C.I.

Megascopically dark zones may occur in rocks at the contact with granite intrusions. The zones vary in width and nature. Several explanations of their origin have been advanced, particularly for those in basic igneous rocks. Chilling of basic magma against acid magma and reaction between basic rocks and acid magma are the most common of these and the criteria by which they may be distinguished are discussed with particular reference to dark margins occurring in Jersey. Both processes are known to occur, but the tectonic setting of a particular granite mass in large measure determines which is dominant in a particular area. Chilled margins are thus found to be more common in the high-level volcanic association, whereas reaction is dominant at deeper plutonic levels, but can occur wherever there is a compositional difference between the rocks involved.
Public-Private Partnerships Versus Traditional Procurement: An Experimental Investigation

A government agency wants an infrastructure-based public service to be provided. Our experimental study compares two different modes of provision. In a public-private partnership, the two tasks of building the infrastructure and operating it are delegated to one private contractor (a consortium), while under traditional procurement, these tasks are delegated to separate contractors. We find support for the theoretical prediction that, compared to traditional procurement, a public-private partnership provides stronger incentives to make cost-reducing investments (which may increase or decrease service quality). In two additional treatments, we study governance structures which explicitly take subcontracting within private consortia into account.
Algorithms section policy

would lack the testing, simplification and good style worthy of good scientific contributions. To speak in less academic terms, either the computation would be too trivial to publish, or it probably just would not work well. To repeat, the preparation of an algorithm is an important piece of research. Like all good research, its publication is the end result of a long process involving a bright idea or two, a lot of development, a lot of attention to explaining it clearly, and a lot of sweat. Most amateur algorithm writers, like most amateur scientists, seem to think that an algorithm is ready for publication at the point where a professional should realize that the hard and tedious work is just beginning. From the above, I conclude that the choice of a particular programming language for publication of an algorithm is not a large factor,, in the development of an algorithm. The amount of work to translate an algorithm from one language to another is a very small part of the total contribution of the algorithm. The total useful information contained in a first class algoritlm~-say Wilkinson's Householder ALGOL 60 eigenvalue package in Numerische Mathe-matik-is so great that its translation front ALGOL 60 into, say, FORTRAN IV is simply a trivial addition to what would be required to rediscover everything Wilkinson put into that algorithm. Nevertheless, the language in which an algorithm is published has some importance, and we have to make choices. What arc the desirable features of a publication language for scientific algorithms? (1) Above all, the language nmst be easily read and understood by human beings. Usually an algorithm must be translated , if only into the local dialect of the publication language. More often it must be altered to adapt it to a varied problem. (2) The language must be easy to repro-duee in the intended form of publication. If it is composed in a print shop, then the copy must be easy to edit for mathematical It is the aim of the CACM Algorithms section to publish interesting algorithms of good quality which are likely to be useful to others. Unfortunately, few of the published algorithms satisfy Professor For-sythe's criteria for excellence, yet at the same time the Algorithms Section does not wish to restrict itself to publishing only such high quality algorithms. On the other hand, it is important to avoid publishing trivial algorithms, such …
Intermediation and Value Creation in an Incomplete Market: Implications for Securitization

In an incomplete market economy, all claims cannot be priced uniquely based only on arbitrage. The prices of attainable claims (those that are spanned by traded claims) can be determined uniquely, whereas the prices of unattainable claims can only be bounded. The issue we consider is whether the values of the latter claims can be enhanced by undertaking appropriate transactions in the financial markets. We investigate this question for an economy consisting of firms, investors and financial intermediaries, in the specific context of securitization of claims by the intermediary, i.e., pooling of claims issued by firms and issuance of tranches on the pool to investors. We derive conditions under which the pooling of assets creates value, and firms willingly participate in the creation of the pool. We also determine the optimal tranching strategy for the pooled claims, and show that the additional value of creating new securities depends on the degree of dissimilarity among investors. Our framework can be extended to analyze several applications in financial economics for problems ranging from the structure of venture capital firms to the valuation of real options.
THE ARTIST AS GEOGRAPHER: RICHARD LONG'S EARTH ART

The sculptor Richard Long practices a variety of art based largely on taking walks around the countryside. He documents his expeditions by making his route on a map, taking a representative photograph, or making a word “poster.”Assemblages of rocks or other materials are exhibited in galleries. His work shows a subtle understanding of esthetic aspects of the landscape in developing an artistic sense of “place”from which geographers may learn much about perception.
A Unified Renormalization Scheme for Two-Piecewise Monotonous Maps of the Interval

In this paper we study the relation between symbolic dynamics and renormalization of maps from the interval to itself, with one discontinuity and two branches of continuity and monotonicity. We introduce a symbolic formalism based on kneading theory that permits us to deal, in a unified way, with the four cases that can occur, at the same time. Using this formalism we also study properties of similarity from the four spaces of kneading invariants.
Beyond Liberal Democracy in Schools: The Power of Pluralism

In this unique union of philosophy and ethnographic research, Barbara Thayer-Bacon explains how the individualist legacy of liberal democracy, as conceived by Locke and Rosseau, ignores and excludes the needs of American students raised in cultures with strong communal traditions. Drawing upon her experience with the educational methods of other cultures as well as the work of modern educational philosophers such as Dewey, Barber, Young, and Mouffe and Laclau, Thayer-Bacon shows us how our current vision of the democratic process as revealed in school practices routinely fails minority students. She offers recommendations to help us develop learning environments for students that are culturally aware, anti-racist, and relationally focused. This radical reimagining of American schools will be beneficial to researchers and practitioners alike.This book illustrates how current educational theories marginalize students belonging to a variety of minority populations (Native American, Mexican American, African American), offers a new theory of educational philosophy that values both individuals and communities and makes room for emotion and intuition as learning tools, and envisions new ways of teaching based on the author's experiences studying and observing schools in other cultures.
Why Political Scientists Aren't Public Intellectuals

Science Forget about Politics?" the journalist Jonathan Cohn (1999) lamented the disappearance of a certain kind of academic-typified by the Harvard professors James Q. Wilson, Samuel Huntington and Stanley Hoffmannfrom contemporary political science departments. Wilson "was more than just a scholar," Cohn wrote, "he was a public intellectual" whose "byline was as apt to appear on some policy-related article in the New York Times (or The New Republic) as it was on a peer-reviewed paper in the American Political Science Review." Huntington, "arguably his generation's most influential student of international relations," helped to start a popularly read foreign-policy journal. And Hoffmann, whose scholarship spanned "political theory, comparative government and international relations," still found "time to write regularly for the New York Review of Books." While Wilson, Huntington, and Hoffmann of course continue to be
Renaissance configurations: Voices/bodies/spaces, 1580-1690

Renaissance Configurations G. McMullan - PART I: TURNING THE KEY - 'Infinite Riches in a Little Room': Marlowe and the Aesthetics of the Closet J. Knowles - Shakespeare 'Creepes into the Women's Closets about Bedtime': Women Reading in a Room of Their Own S. Roberts - 'A Book, and Solitariness': Melancholia Gender and Literary Subjectivity in Mary Wroth's Urania H. Hackett - PART II: DESIRING DIFFERENCE - Lyly and Lesbianism: Mysteries of the Closet in Sappho and Phao M. Pincombe - 'With Phoebus' Amorous Pinches Black': the Desirability of Difference in Early Modern Culture K Chedgzoy - A Rose for Emilia: Collaborative Relations in The Two Noble Kinsmen G. Kinsmen - PART III: NAMING/LOCATING - Space for the Self: Place, Persona, and Self-Projection in The Comedy of Errors and Pericles A. Piesse - Calling Things By Their Names': Troping Prostitution, Politics, and The Dutch Courtesan M. Thornton Burnett - PART IV: VOICING THE PAST - Spectres and Sisters: Mary Sidney and the 'Perennial Puzzle' of Renaissance Women's Writing S. Trill - What Echo Says in Seventeenth-Century Women's Poetry: Wroth, Behn S.J. Wiseman - Restoring the Renaissance: Margaret Cavendish and Katherine Philips R. Ballaster - Afterword A. Thompson
Корпоративная социальная ответственность в России: уроки национального Доклада о социальных инвестициях

В статье представлены основные положения и выводы национального «Доклада о социальных инвестициях в России — 2008». На основе теоретического анализа «лучших практик» корпоративной социальной ответственности, демонстрируемых ведущими российскими компаниями, сделаны выводы об особенностях интеграции КСО в их корпоративную стратегию. Формулируются основные уроки Доклада для эффективного развития корпоративной социальной деятельности отечественного бизнеса.
Chapter Ten: Vives’ Parisian Writings

The chronology of Joan Lluis Vives' sojourn in Paris has been radically revised-both regarding his studies and his tirocinium in the classroom-after the sensational discovery by Professor Enrique Gonzalez y Gonzalez of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico of a hitherto unknown edition of Vives' early works published in Lyons in 1514. Just a few years ago another important discovery of a work by Vives from this Parisian period was made by Marcus de Schepper, rare book librarian at the Bibliotheque Royale in Brussels. In all of the Paris writings Vives demonstrates that the reform of education and the systematic review of universal learning was a project which was maturing in his mind from his earliest years as a teacher. His encyclopedic interests are already evident: astronomy, natural and moral philosophy, dialectic, rhetoric, law, theology.  Juan Luis Vives; Paris writings; Parisian period; pietistic writings
Adorno and Horkheimer: Diasporic Philosophy, Negative Theology, and Counter-Education

From today’s perspective, the work of the Frankfurt School thinkers can be considered the last grand modern attempt to offer transcendence, meaning, and religiosity, rather than “emancipation” and “truth”. In the very first stage of their work, up to World War II and the Holocaust, Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer interlaced the goals of Critical Theory with the Marxian revolutionary project. The development of their thought led them to criticize orthodox Marxism and it ended with a complete break with that tradition (Gur-Ze’ev, 1996, p. 115), as they developed a quest for a religiosity of a unique kind, connected with the Gnostic tradition and emanating, to a certain extent, from Judaism. This religiosity offers a reformulated negative theology within the framework of what I call “Diasporic philosophy” (Gur-Ze’ev, 2003; Gur-Ze’ev 2004, p. 3).
Alkaline pulping of wood and lignin model compounds in aqueous DMSO ; A mechanistic study of DMSO pulping reactions of lignin model compounds

Lignin model fragmentation studies done in alkaline aqueous DMSO exhibited a high degree of β-aryl ether cleavage, a degree equal to that of a comparable soda/AQ system. Pulping studies with loblolly pine in aqueous DMSO demonstrated that DMSO accelerates delignification, but the quantities required appear Impractical. Several lignin model compounds have been heated at 150°C with alkali in aqueous DMSO to give complex product mixtures containing oxidation, reduction, and methyl sulfide addition products. Low temperature reactions of DMSO and dirasyl anion with in situ generated quinonemethides afforded unique products. Reactions attributed to DMSO were not observed when an oxidized analog, dimethylsulfone, was substituted for the DMSO.
What do medical outpatients attending a neurology clinic think about antidepressants?

To determine how medical outpatients attending a neurology clinic view antidepressant medication and whether those who present with medically unexplained symptoms have different views than those whose symptoms are explained by neurological disease.



A total of 89 consecutive outpatients attending a medical neurology clinic were interviewed.



Those who believed that antidepressants were addictive comprised 74% and those who thought that they could cause physical harm comprised 47%. Only 49% were aware that antidepressants could be used to treat symptoms other than depression. The views of patients whose symptoms were rated by the doctor as being 'not at all' only 'somewhat' unexplained by neurological disease (37% of the total) were neither substantially nor statistically different those whose symptoms were rated as 'largely' or 'completely' explained by neurological disease.



The majority of medical patients attending a neurology clinic, and not just those with medically unexplained symptoms, have largely negative beliefs about antidepressant drugs. The implications for patient adherence to these agents and for medical practice are discussed.
High resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomistic calculations of grain boundaries in metals and intermetallics

A review of grain boundary studies in metals and alloys using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomistic calculations is presented, with an emphasis on the relevance of the results to grain boundary structure and properties. While a number of studies on boundaries in both pure metals and alloys will be discussed, the paper will focus on symmetric tilt boundaries in aluminum and the determination of compositional ordering at grain boundaries in Ni 3 Al. The conclusions to be drawn from these comparisons will be discussed, and future prospects for joint experimental and theoretical studies will be presented.
How much is enough?: Data requirements for statistical NLP

Feeding training data to statistical representa-tions of language has become a popular past-time for computational linguists, but our un-derstanding of what constitutes a suﬃcientvolume of data remains shadowy. For ex-ample, Brown et al. (1992) used over 500million words of text to train their languagemodel. Is this enough? Could devouring evenmore data further improve the accuracy of themodel learnt? In this paperI explorea numberof issues in the analysis of data requirementsfor statistical NLP systems. 1 A framework forviewing such systems is proposed and a sam-ple of existing works are compared within thisframework. Finally, the ﬁrst steps toward atheory of data requirements are made by es-tablishing an upper bound on the expected er-ror rate of a class of statistical language learn-ers as a function of the volume of trainingdata. 1  Statistical approaches to natural languageprocessing are becoming increasingly popular,being applied to a wide variety of tasks. Forexample, Weischedel
On Modal Refinement and Consistency

Almost 20 years after the original conception, we revisit several fundamental question about modal transition systems. First, we demonstrate the incompleteness of the standard modal refinement using a counterexmnple due to Huttel. Deciding any refinement, complete with respect to the standard notions of implementation, is shown to be computationally hard (co-NP hard). Second, we consider four forms of consistency (existence of implementations) ibr modal specifications. We characterize each operationally, giving algorithms for deciding, and for synthesizing implementations, together with their complexities.
Backward countryside, troubled city: French teachers' images of rural and working-class families

French primary school teachers criticize both urban working-class and rural families, but often for different reasons. Their discourse about families reflects conflicting themes in French culture—the romanticization of rural life and the idealization of the bourgeois family model. Our analysis shows that the dominant ideology of the family in France is not coherent, and that teachers make use of ambiguous symbols and images of the family in order to privilege the “rationality” of the middle classes over the “irrationality” of the lower classes. We argue that more attention must be placed on such “everyday uses of domination” so that the contradictions and ambiguities inherent in dominant ideologies may be better understood. [education, ideology, France, social class]
Incentives vs. knowledge: Reply to Caplan

In the 1920s, Ludwig von Mises argued correctly that the problem of making economics calculations without market-generated prices would be an insuperable difficulty for socialist systems of production. Bryan Caplan is right to argue that there is no theoretical way to infer the magnitude of this difficulty, but he is wrong to insist that the history of poor economic performance displayed by real-world socialism should be attributed not to the "socialist calculation problem," but to inadequate work incentives. A state that had solved the calculation problem would have well within its means the solution to the incentives problem, too.
Formal methods and tools for evaluating cryptographic systems security (Scientific Advisor: Prof. Sergey M. Avdoshin)

Cryptographic system operates in an environment that imposes restrictions on the types of attacks that the system is exposed to. Classically, the research has mostly focused on information system security as a whole, whereas cryptographic tools evaluation techniques have not received as much attention. The main thread of our work is the development of formal techniques to analyze the security of cryptographic systems based on varying attacks. The second main thread is the development of software tools to facilitate the process of cryptosystem efficiency assessment by computer security specialists.
On uniqueness Theorems for Tsallis entropy and Tsallis relative entropy

The uniqueness theorem for Tsallis entropy was presented in H. Suyari,  Aug. 2004 by introducing the generalized Shannon-Khinchin axiom. In the present correspondence, this result is generalized and simplified as follows: Generalization : The uniqueness theorem for Tsallis relative entropy is shown by means of the generalized Hobson's axiom.  The uniqueness theorem for Tsallis entropy is shown by means of the generalized Faddeev's axiom
Concentration profiles in the underlying alloy during the oxidation of iron-chromium alloys

Compositional changes in Fe-27.4, 37.4 and 59.5% Cr alloys during the formation of Cr 2 O 3 -rich scales have been measured by electron probe microanalysis and calculated by solution of the appropriate transport equations. Agreement between corresponding results is within the limits of experimental error. Chromium concentration profiles have also been calculated for Fe-14.0 and Fe-18.0% Cr by a similar method, allowance being made for the formation of γ-phase at the surface of the alloy. The chromium concentration at the alloy/oxide interface never falls below the limiting value for thermodynamic stability of a Cr 2 O 3 scale. Chemical transformation of the Cr 2 O 3 scales from within is therefore not possible and the failure of such scales on Fe-14.0 and Fe-18.0% Cr is attributed to mechanical causes.
A Counting of the minimal realizations of the posets of dimension two

The posets of dimension 2 are those posets whose minimal realizations have two elements, that is, which may be obtained as the intersection of two of their linear extensions. Gallai's decomposition of a poset allows for a simple formula to count the number of the distinct minimal realizations of the posets of dimension 2. As an easy consequence, the characterization of M. El-Zahar and of N.W. Sauer of the posets of dimension 2, with an unique minimal realization, is obtained.
The relationship between observed and perceived assessments of the coach-created motivational environment and links to athlete motivation

The majority of research examining the relationship between the coach-created motivational and athlete motivation has relied on self-report measures. Grounded in Duda’s (2013) theoretically integrated model, the present study examined: (1) athletes', coaches' and observers' reports of the multidimensional motivational coaching environment in four European countries, (2) the interrelationships of these different perspectives of the motivational environment, and (3) links between the multidimensional environment and athletes' autonomous, controlled and amotivation.  We employed a cross-sectional study design and utilized mixed methods to tap the variables of interest. Both descriptive and more sophisticated multi-level statistical analyses were employed to test our hypotheses.  Seventy-four grassroots soccer coaches and 882 youth athletes from England, France, Greece and Spain were recruited. Coaches were video-recorded during a training session and observers rated the degree to which the coaching climate was autonomy supportive, controlling, task-involving, ego-involving and relatedness supportive. Athletes and coaches completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of the coach created climate in relation to the aforementioned dimensions of the environment. Athletes also completed measure of their sport-based motivation regulations.  A profile of the motivational environment and athlete motivation was presented actoss four countries. There were weak associations found between different perspectives of the multidimensional coaching environment. However, athletes', coaches' and observers' reports of features of the motivational environment emerged as significant predictors of athletes' autonomous, controlled and amotivation.  Results provide partial support for findings of previous studies examining athlete motivation correlates of the motivational environment relying solely on self-report measures. Findings also point to the value of adopting a mixed-methodological approach and including athletes', coaches' and observers' reports of the environment when time and resources allow.