nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
State Ranking in International Society and the Spread of Norms: Women’s Suffrage, National Women’s Bureaus, and Legislature Sex Quotas

Women and States: Norms and Hierarchies in International Society. 

How can we account for the emergence and spread of women's suffrage, national women's bureaus, and legislature sex quotas? How do these three areas relate to states' rankings and status in the international system? How can we understand the process of stratification and differentiation among states in the international system through the lens of women's rights?  Norms and Hierarchies in International Society , provides the answers to these questions and others, offering an important contribution to the literature in international relations (IR) through the application of a constructivist approach and the use of a gender analysis.

As Towns asserts, in seeking “to understand and explain the spread of certain state practices towards women, this book points to the importance of the status of women as a standard of rank in international society” (p. 1). Its contribution to the field of IR, therefore, is through an examination of state behavior, particularly state behavior toward women within the state. Challenging the conventional wisdom “that the political empowerment of women is a practice stemming from Europe or North America,” her evidence shows that these practices have sometimes originated from countries in other regions (p. 9).

Towns explores the connection between a state's rank in the international hierarchy of states and the state's treatment of women, issues not well addressed by IR scholars (p. 4). She examines the changes and transformations in three areas that deal with states' treatment of women: women's suffrage, establishment of national women's bureaus (or NWM, national women's machinery), and legislature sex quotas. In looking at the development and evolution of the treatment of women within states, Towns argues that we can discern how states rank in the international hierarchy of states. She also …
EFFICIENT VIRTUAL MODEL WITH CONFIGURABLE VIEWS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Rachik Elmaraghy is the founder and CEO of SAFI Quality Software Inc., Quebec, Canada. He earned his B.Sc. from Cairo University in 1969 and his M.A.Sc. from Toronto University in 1973. He is presently working towards a Ph.D. at the Ecole de technologie superieure in Montreal. For several years, he worked for leading industries on projects involving dynamics, stress analysis, structural design and testing. Mr. Elmaraghy founded SAFI in 1986. He is the main author of the company’s suite of structural engineering computer programs and holds several patents, industrial awards, distinctions such as the AISC 2000 Merit Award for the Steel CalculatorTM and an AISC 2004 Honorable mention for the Steel Wood BridgeTM, as well as trademarks like the new Virtual Steel BuildingsTM software. His current area of interest is in the full integration of the design/fabrication technologies for the construction and steel industries.
Comparing risk-prediction methods using administrative or clinical data in assessing excess in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

To compare results of statistical process-control analyses of in-hospital deaths of patients with acute myocardial infarction by using either administrative or clinical data sources and prediction models, and to assess variation in results according to selected patient characteristics.



Retrospective, cross-sectional study comparing variable life-adjusted display (VLAD) curves derived by using administrative or clinical prediction models applied to a single patient sample.



Data from 467 consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Queensland, between 1 July 2003 and 31 March 2006, with a coded discharge diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.



Statistical estimates of cumulative lives gained or lost in excess of those predicted at the end of the study period.



The two prediction models, when applied to all patients, generated almost identical VLAD curves, showing a steadily increasing excess mortality over the study period, culminating in an estimated 11 excess deaths. Risk estimates for individual patients from each model were significantly correlated (r = 0.46, P < 0.001). After exclusion of misclassified cases, out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and deaths within 30 minutes of presentation, replotting the curves reversed the mortality trend and yielded, depending on the model, a net gain of three or seven lives. After further exclusion of transfers in from other hospitals and patients whose care had a palliative or conservative intent, the net gain increased to seven or 10 lives.



Appropriate patient selection is more important than choice of dataset or risk-prediction model when statistical process-control methods are used to flag unfavourable mortality trends suggestive of suboptimal hospital care.
English maps : a history

This is an introductory volume on the history of English maps. The authors adopt the revisionist perspectives of the "new" history of cartography, and review a broad range of maps, ranging in date from about 700 AD to the beginning of the 20th century. Their principle objective is to explore the ways in which maps have interacted with society in England's past, to analyze the roles that maps have played and the uses to which they have been put. The authors recognize many connections across the centuries, at the same time seeking to avoid to insular a view, noting the influence of ongoing intellectual and cartographic developments in the rest of Europe.
The globalization of addiction: A study in the poverty of spirit

Review essay. Bruce Alexander, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, is probably best known for his â?~Rat Parkâ?T experiments (Alexander, Beyerstein, Hadaway, & Coambs, 1981): experiments which confirmed cleverly and imaginatively the inadequacy of research which purports to explain psychoactive drug use and dependence solely in pharmacological terms, while ignoring environmental factors. His latest book, The Globalisation of Addiction, may be seen as a synthesis of his lifelong study of this topic, reaffirming and summarizing his convictions about the limitations of biomedical models of addiction.
Drivers of Success for Market Entry into China and India

China and India are the fastest-growing major markets in the world and the most popular markets for foreign entrants. However, no study has examined the success or failure of these entries. Using a new definition of success and a uniquely compiled archival database, the authors analyze whether and why firms that entered China and India succeeded or failed. The most important findings are rather counterintuitive: Smaller firms are more successful than larger firms, and firms entering more open emerging markets have less success. Other findings are that success is greater with earlier entry, greater control of entry mode, and shorter cultural and economic distances between the home and the host countries. Importantly, with or without control for these drivers, firms have less success in India than in China. The authors discuss the reasons for and implications of these findings.
Quantum coherent spaces and linear logic

Quantum Coherent Spaces were introduced by Girard as a quantum framework where to interpret the exponential-free fragment of Linear Logic. Aim of this paper is to extend Girard's interpretation to a subsystem of linear logic with bounded exponentials. We provide deduction rules for the bounded exponentials and, correspondingly, we introduce the novel notion of bounded exponentials of Quantum Coherent Spaces. We show that the latter provide a categorical model of our system. In order to do that, we first study properties of the category of Quantum Coherent Spaces.
HIV, multidrug-resistant TB and depressive symptoms: when three conditions collide

Management of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is highly challenging. Such patients are subject to long and potentially toxic treatments and may develop a number of different psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety and depressive disorders. A mental health assessment before MDR-TB treatment initiation may assist in early diagnosis and better management of psychiatric illnesses in patients already having two stigmatising and debilitating diseases.



To address limited evidence on the baseline psychiatric conditions of HIV-infected MDR-TB patients, we aimed to document the levels of depressive symptoms at baseline, and any alteration following individualized clinical and psychological support during MDR-TB therapy, using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) tool, among HIV-infected patients.



This was a retrospective review of the medical records of an adult (aged >15 years) HIV/MDR-TB cohort registered for care during the period of August 2012 through to March 2014.



A total of 45 HIV/MDR-TB patients underwent baseline assessment using the PHQ-9 tool, and seven (16%) were found to have depressive symptoms. Of these, four patients had moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Individualized psychological and clinical support was administered to these patients. Reassessments were carried out for all patients after 3 months of follow-up, except one, who died during the period. Among these 44 patients, three with baseline depressive symptoms still had depressive symptoms. However, improvements were observed in all but one after 3 months of follow-up.



Psychiatric illnesses, including depressive symptoms, during MDR-TB treatment demand attention. Routine administration of baseline mental health assessments by trained staff has the potential to assist in determining appropriate measures for the management of depressive symptoms during MDR-TB treatment, and help in improving overall treatment outcomes. We recommend regular monitoring of mental health status by trained counsellors or clinical staff, using simple, validated and cost-effective tools.
ATNoSFERES revisited

ATNoSFERES is a Pittsburgh style Learning Classifier System (LCS) in which the rules are represented as edges of an Augmented Transition Network. Genotypes are strings of tokens of a stack-based language, whose execution builds the labeled graph. The original ATNoSFERES, using a bitstring to represent the language tokens, has been favorably compared in previous work to several Michigan style LCSs architectures in the context of Non Markov problems. Several modifications of ATNoSFERES are proposed here: the most important one conceptually being a representational change: each token is now represented by an integer, hence the genotype is a string of integers; several other modifications of the underlying grammar language are also proposed. The resulting ATNoSFERES-II is validated on several standard animat Non Markov problems, on which it outperforms all previously published results in the LCS literature. The reasons for these improvement are carefully analyzed, and some assumptions are proposed on the underlying mechanisms in order to explain these good results.
DISTANCE MATTERS: LIABILITY OF FOREIGNNESS, INSTITUTIONAL DISTANCE AND OWNERSHIP STRATEGY

The costs of doing business abroad (CDBA) is a well-known concept in the international business literature, measuring the disadvantages or additional costs borne by multinational enterprises (MNEs) that are not borne by local firms in a host country. Recently, international management scholars have introduced a second concept, liability of foreignness (LOF). There is confusion in the two literatures as to the relationship between CBDA and LOF, as evidenced in a recent special issue on liability of foreignness (Journal of International Management, 2002). We argue that LOF stresses the social costs of doing business abroad, whereas CDBA includes both economic and social costs. The social costs arise from the unfamiliarity, relational, and discriminatory hazards that foreign firms face over and above those faced by local firms in the host country. Because the economic costs are well understood and can be anticipated, LOF becomes the core strategic issue for MNE managers. We argue that the key driver behind LOF is the institutional distance (cognitive, normative, and regulatory) between the home and host countries, and explore the ways in which institutional distance can affect LOF. We operationalize our arguments by showing how institutional distance and liability of foreignness can provide an alternative explanation for the MNE’s ownership strategy when going abroad.
KINETIC STUDIES ON METHYL-BIS-β-CHLOROETHYLAMINE: V. THE REACTIONS IN VARIOUS ACID SOLUTIONS

The hydrolysis of the quaternary ammonium salts of methyl-bis-β-chloroethylamine is inhibited by both hydrogen ions and chloride ions. I he kinetics of hydrolysis in various anion solutions suggest that reaction occurs by direct attack at the β-chlorine atoms by hydroxyl ion.
Business Process Re-engineering (BPR): A Tool for Improved Customer Service in Municipalities

This Paper attempts to identify the theoretical and conceptual concepts regarding the appropriateness of a private sector change management tool known as business process re-engineering (BPR) in local government. It will provide the reader with an understanding of the issues that may be involved in implementing business process re-engineering, a process originally developed in a private sector business context, in a public sector municipal context. Based upon an analysis of secondary and primary research, the Paper has identified evaluation criteria that can be used to measure the success or failure of business process re-engineering in the municipal context. Next the writer examines the relevancy and adaptability of business process re-engineering to local government based on case study findings. Given the primary and secondary research collected this Paper has drawn several conclusions about the factors that may contribute to the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of business process re-engineering in Ontario municipalities. A survey of 26 municipalities has shown that no clearly defined process or format exists for conducting re-engineering in Ontario municipalities. Although much of the secondary research pointed towards the failure of business process re-engineering at the public sector level, this writer could find little primary research evidence to support this theory. More research is required to determine if in fact the change processes that have occurred to date in municipalities that are perceived as having undergone a BPR are in fact a version of the traditional BPR. The analysis of whether the BPR model works in local government is still inconclusive and requires more research. One key finding from the four case studies was that the BPR processes resulted in a process improvement or process redesign rather than an organizational / transformation. Mississauga were using a similar process for conducting their BPR project. The challenges experienced by these municipalities were very similar to the issues identified in the private sector. Those municipalities who had completed the BPR identified numerous cost savings, efficiencies and improved customer service. The structure of this paper is as follows: Chapter 1 provides the research objectives and methodology; and the context, rationale and relevancy of the research topic to local government. Chapter 2 investigates the theoretical origins and definitions of BPR. Chapter 3 presents an overview of the BPR process, and it includes case studies and evaluation criteria to determine the success or failure of BPR project. Chapter 4 provides an analysis of the …
The Alignment of Interests of the “Private Sector” and the Citizens During a Transition Period in Transition Economies

The ownership of over 1600 firms in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic has been transferred to the private sector in the early 90’s. Twelve years later, less than 5% of the firms are still public companies and it is estimated that the assets of over 90% of the firms have been stripped and sold to various operators [1-5]. When governments decided to privatize state owned enterprise and distribute shares to the citizens, it needs to solve two problems. The first is how to level the playing field for the disadvantaged citizens, who are less sophisticated and too diverse to organize against expropriation by others. The second is to obtain new financing for the privatized firms. We propose an original scheme in which the less sophisticated citizens make ‘sidecar’ investment along side the sophisticated, but with a right to redeem their shares. The scheme assures the citizens do not misallocate funds to less valuable firms, or pay more than what the sophisticated pay. It also align the interests of the citizens and the sophisticated investors such as investment funds.
A Critical Review on Obstetric Follow-up of Women Affected by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

To review the existing recommendations on the prenatal care of women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), based on currently available scientific evidence.



 An integrative review was performed by two independent researchers, based on the literature available in the MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and The Cochrane Library databases, using the medical subject headings (MeSH) terms "systemic lupus erythematosus" AND "high-risk pregnancy" OR "prenatal care." Studies published in English between 2007 and 2017 were included; experimental studies and case reports were excluded. In cases of disagreement regarding the inclusion of studies, a third senior researcher was consulted. Forty titles were initially identified; four duplicates were excluded. After reading the abstracts, 7 were further excluded and 29 were selected for a full-text evaluation.


Systemic lupus erythematosus flares, preeclampsia, gestation loss, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction and neonatal lupus syndromes (mainly congenital heart-block) were the major complications described. The multidisciplinary team should adopt a specific monitoring, with particular therapeutic protocols. There are safe and effective drug options that should be prescribed for a good control of SLE activity.


Pregnant women with SLE present an increased risk for maternal complications, pregnancy loss and other adverse outcomes. The disease activity may worsen and, thereby, increase the risk of other maternal-fetal complications. Thus, maintaining an adequate control of disease activity and treating flares quickly should be a central goal during prenatal care.
The Boxmaker's Revenge: Orthodoxy, Heterodoxy and the Politics of the Parish in Early Stuart London

Part 1 Stephen Denison: introduction - the occasion the puritanism of Stephen Denison i the puritanism of Stephen Denison ii. Part 2 John Etherington: Denison and Etherington or was John Etherington a familist? another pair of initials? T.L., H.N. and the ideological formation of the young Etherington what Etherington really thought - the 1620s. Part 3 The London puritan scene: the London puritan underground William Chibald and the strange case of "a trial of faith" doctrinal dispute and damage limitation in the London puritan community. Part 4 Denison and Etherington again: heading for the high ground - Denison and Etherington on order, authority and orthodoxy the Laudian style and the politics of the parish pump retrospective - Denison and Etherington position themselves for posterity.
The Capitalist State and Education The Case of Restructuring the Nordic Model

This article discusses the transforming capitalist welfare state and its education system, and focuses especially on the Nordic model of welfare state and education in Finland. It shows how restructuring processes towards the competition state are proceeding on both policy and institutional levels. Nevertheless, the basic structures of the Nordic model or pattern and especially the principles of public education and the comprehensive and local school are left intact. By applying an institutional approach in the analysis, a new path generation and institutional patterns are emerging, but their legitimization and establishment will take a long time. Changes in policy and organization are much faster to occur than those in sociocultural settings. Such success stories as the Danish labour market reform and the rise of the Finnish knowledge-intensive ICT cluster have paved the way for this transformation. There is still a possibility that a welfare state strategy and a competition state strategy will coexist.
Effect of Ionic Strength on the Kinetics of Trypsin and Alpha Chymotrypsin

The kinetic effects resulting from changes in the medium ionic strength on reactions involving trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin are different. The reaction rate increases continuously as the ionic strength increases with alpha-chymotrypsin. With trypsin, the rate increases at low ionic strengths but as the ionic strength further increases a gradual inhibitory effect is observed. The effects produced by different salts of various valence types (from uni-univalent to uni-trivalent or tri-univalent) are essentially the same, and they are a function of the square root of the ionic strength. The quantitative differences among the various salts may be accounted for on the basis of individual properties of the ions, such as the size of the hydrated ion, "association," etc. The effects of salts on the enzymic reactions described herein are amenable to the same electrostatic treatment applicable to non-enzymatic reactions. By applying Brönsted's basic kinetic concepts and the Debye-Hückel law of electrolyte activity, it appears that the salt effects are mainly due to changes in the dissociation of ionizable groups. This appears to be a general method for analyzing the effect of inorganic ions on enzymic reactions.
Electron microscopy study of pure and Sr-substituted LaCoO3

Two related perovskite material systems were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d was studied with emphasis on phase stability and its suitability as cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells. The high efficiency of the investigated cells is attributed to an optimized microstructure and the formation of Co3O4 precipitates during fabrication. Furthermore, the microstructure and its effect on the magnetic properties of epitaxial strained LaCoO3 were studied.
Information Systems Outsourcing, Towards Sustainable Business Value

This book attempts to synthesize research that contributes to a better understanding of how to reach sustainable business value through information systems (IS) outsourcing. Important topics in this realm are how IS outsourcing can contribute to innovation, how it can be dynamically governed, how to cope with its increasing complexity through multi-vendor arrangements, how service quality standards can be met, how corporate social responsibility can be upheld and how to cope with increasing demands of internationalization and new sourcing models, such as crowdsourcing and platform-based cooperation. These issues are viewed from either the client or vendor perspective, or both. The book should be of interest to all academics and students in the fields of Information Systems, Management and Organization as well as corporate executives and professionals who seek a more profound analysis and understanding of the underlying factors and mechanisms of outsourcing.