nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
CompactLEM2: A scalable rough set based knowledge acquisition method that generates small number of short rules

The complexity of knowledge plays an important role in the success of any types of knowledge acquisition algorithms performing on large-scale database. LERS (learning from examples based on rough sets) system is a rule based knowledge acquisition system that is characterized by excellent accuracy, but the complexity of generated rule set is not taken into account. This may cause interpretation problems for human and the classification knowledge may over fit training data. In this paper, CompactLEM2 is proposed as a scalable knowledge acquisition method that extracts rule set with easily understood rule forms, i.e., small size of rule set and short rule forms, without sacrificing classification accuracy. The main advantage of CompactLEM2 is its high efficiency. It can also produce compact rule set that fully or approximately describes classifications of given examples. We theoretically and experimentally show that CompactLEM2 exhibits log-linear asymptotic complexity with the number of training examples in most cases. We also present an example to illustrate characteristics of this algorithm. Finally, the capabilities of our method are demonstrated on eleven datasets. Experimental results are encouraging, and show that the length of extracted rule forms are short, and size of rule set is small, keeping the same level of classification accuracy of other rule acquisition methods in LERS system.
An effective Web page recommender using binary data clustering

Through growth of the Web, the amount of data on the net is growing in an uncontrolled way, that makes it hard for the users to find the relevant and required information- an issue which is usually referred to as information overload. Recommender systems are among the appealing methods that can handle this problem effectively. Theses systems are either based on collaborative filtering and content based approaches, or rely on rating of items and the behavior of the users to generate customized recommendations. In this paper we propose an efficient Web page recommender by exploiting session data of users. To this end, we propose a novel clustering algorithm to partition the binary session data into a fixed number of clusters and utilize the partitioned sessions to make recommendations. The proposed binary clustering algorithm is scalable and employs a novel method to find the representative of a set of binary vectors to represent the center of clusters—that might be interesting in its own right. In addition, the proposed clustering algorithm is integrated with the $$k$$k-means algorithm to achieve better clustering quality by combining its explorative power with fine-tuning power of the $$k$$k-means algorithm. We have performed extensive experiments on a real dataset to demonstrate the advantages of proposed binary data clustering methods and Web page recommendation algorithm. In particular, the proposed recommender system is compared to previously published works in terms of minimum frequency and based on the number of recommended pages to show its superiority in terms of accuracy, coverage and F-measure.
Movimenti popolazionistici nella comunità seanese dal 1575 al 1991 (Carmignano, Prato)

Concluding the ecological analysis, which began seven years ago, about the population of Seano (Carmignano), the Authors relate about the population movements that took place in this area from 1574 up to 1991. The study points out the rural depopulation, the social-economical transformations, the sex ratio and the capacity of the country land inhabitants during the last two centuries, as well as the population flows
Determination of the pattern of nuclear binding from the data on the lepton nucleus deep inelastic scattering

Nucleon structure function ratios r(x) = F2A(x)/F2D(x) measured in the range of atomic masses A larger or equal 4 are analyzed with the aim to determine the pattern of the x and A dependence of F2(x) modifications caused by nuclear environment. It is found that the x and A dependence of the deviations of the r(x) from unity can be factorized in the entire range of x. The characteristic feature of the factorization is represented with the three cross-over points x_i, i = 1 -- 3 in which r(x) = 1 independently of A. In the range x lager than 0.7 the pattern of r(x) is fixed with x_3 = 0.84 +/- 0.01. 
The pattern of the x dependence is compared with theoretical calculations of Burov, Molochkov and Smirnov to demonstrate that evolution of the nucleon structure as a function of A occurs in two steps, first for A less or equal 4 and second for A larger than 4. The long-standing problem of the origin of the EMC effect is understood as the modification of the nucleon structure in the field responsible for the binding forces in a three-nucleon system.
NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DESIGNERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS

In order to achieve a sustainable society new demands on product development have to be met by companies. When new products are developed their life cycle has to be taken in account in order to minimize the environmental impact. Today environmental improvements can be an advantage in competing with other companies. To meet this new demand designers have to be educated regarding environmental issues in general, but also specifically about design for environment. In this paper education for designers is discussed. A survey of former students from the environmental engineering program at the University of Kalmar was carried out to obtain their view of the education. Interviews were also held with designers/mechanical engineers working in Swedish companies regarding their environmental education. The aim of the study was to see what kind of environmental education companies provide for their employees and to what extent former students of environmental engineering have use for their education.
Spinoza and the Equality of Women1

: On the last page of A Political Treatise Spinoza denies that women are subject to men by convention only. He excludes females from participation in politics on the grounds that they are “by nature … necessarily” (that is, by the logical and causal necessity which are for him equivalent) unequal to men “in strength of mind and intellectual ability”. This claim is examined in relation to four of Spinoza's foundational principles. It is found to be in tension with all four, and with the psychological, social, political and moral deductions Spinoza makes from them, and is moreover an internally weak argument.
Changing the Nexus: The Evolution and Renegotiation of Venture Capital Contracts

We study empirically how financial contracts evolve and are renegotiated as venture capital (VC)-backed companies secure new rounds of financing. Because VC contract designs vary considerably between companies according to their economic circumstances, it is plausible to expect that the contracts governing successive financing rounds of a quickly-evolving company should often be dissimilar. The data offer little support for this intuitive hypothesis. In fact, the majority of cash flow provisions in a new round contract are recycled from the previous round contract, even when the company has evolved substantially. Such recycling may be beneficial in typical situations because it alleviates information problems in negotiations and reduces the complexity of the company’s nexus of financial contracts (Fama, 1980). However, in some situations restructuring contract design may be necessary to entice investors to provide new capital. Consistent with debt overhang arguments (Myers, 1977), we show that venture capital contracts evolve to include more investor-friendly cash flow provisions when the valuation of the company has not increased since the previous round, when new investors join the new round, or when new round investors hold larger debt-like claims. Although major renegotiations of previous round contracts are rare, minor renegotiations appear to be more common and almost uniformly result in making the previous round contract more similar to the new round contract. Overall, our findings suggest that the tradeoff relevant for changing a company’s nexus of financial contracts is different from the tradeoffs relevant for the initial structuring of this nexus.
John Mauchly's Early Years

The paper describes John W. Mauchly's experiences and experiments that led to his concept of an electronic digital computer based on mechanical desk calculators during the years he was teaching at Ursinus College (1933-1941), his interaction with John V. Atanasoff of Iowa State College, and the environment at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania that led to the eventual proposal (1943) for building the electronic ENIAC.
When Garibaldi went to Azerbaijan: A Study of British Perceptions of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Part I, 1906–07

In the early years of the twentieth century, a wave of constitutional revolutions swept over the developing world, attracting the attention of European observers. One of these was the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–11. British perceptions of this “brave new world” in Iran were more nuanced and diverse than one would expect for this era, commonly portrayed as a time of jingoism and rampant “Orientalist” racism. This study identifies four broad perspectives which shaped British perceptions: the imperialist, Europeanist, liberal idealist and local pragmatist. Within the context of these perspectives, British perceptions were further shaped by different understandings of Iran—influenced by a specifically Iranian-flavored literary Orientalism, Aryanism and history—and by understandings of what constituted an authentic reform or revolutionary movement. In October 2012, Dr Mansour Bonakdarian brought charges of academic misconduct against the author of this article. For full details of the report into...
Mobility costs and the dynamics of labor market adjustment to external shocks: Theory

We construct a dynamic, stochastic rational expectations model of labor reallocation that is designed so that its key parameters can be estimated for trade policy analysis. A key feature is the presence of time-varying idiosyncratic moving costs faced by workers. As a consequence of these shocks: (i) gross flows exceed net flows (an important feature of empirical labor movements); (ii) the economy features gradual and anticipatory adjustment to aggregate shocks; (iii) wage differentials across locations or industries can persist in the steady state; and (iv) the normative implications of policy can be very different from a model without idiosyncratic shocks, even when the aggregate behavior of both models is similar. It is shown that the solution to a particular planner’s problem yields a competitive equilibrium, thus facilitating the analysis and simulation of the model for policy purposes.
Becoming Undone: Darwinian Reflections on Life, Politics, and Art

Acknowledgments vii Introduction Part 1. Life: Human and Inhuman Becomings 1. The Inhuman in the Humanities: Darwin and the Ends of Man 2. Deleuze, Bergson, and the Concept of Life 3. Bergson, Deleuze, and Difference Part 2.  A New Kind of Feminism 4. Feminism, Materialism, and Freedom 5. The Future of Feminist Theory: Dreams for New Knowledges 6. Differences Disturbing Identity: Deleuze and Feminism 7. Irigaray and the Ontology of Sexual Difference Part 3. Animals, Sex, and Art 8. Darwin and the Split between Natural and Sexual Selection 9. Sexual Differences as Sexual Selection: Irigarayan Reflections on Darwin 10. Art and the Animal 11. Living Art and the Art of Life: Women's Painting from the Western Desert Notes Bibliography Index
When Are We Speculating on History? A Mandelbaumian Theory

This paper is a classic critique of speculative philosophies of history based on Maurice Mandelbaum’s work. Unlike the more famous invective by Karl Popper, I argue that Mandelbaum’s is a richer and more interesting approach, which reveals through exposition a deeper unity to Mandelbaum’s work than is normally evident. Because Popper’s nominalism is suspicious of all metaphysics, it loses credibility whereas Mandelbaum placed reflection on the nature of society and causality at the center of his interests. Mandelbaum’s critique then is an invitation to investigate metaphysics on realist principles and he requires that we have a robust theory of historical ontology and truth with which to judge what goes beyond the proper representation of history and becomes speculative.
Semantic and Bayesian Profiling Services for Textual Resource Retrieval

This paper presents an integrated approach to textual resource retrieval, which combines logical inference services with user profiles, in which a structured representation of the user interests is maintained. Learning is performed on documents which have been disambiguated by exploiting the WordNet lexical database, in an attempt to discover concepts describing user interests. The proposed approach relies on several additional features compared to classical lexical knowledge systems, including: structured user recommendation, numeric value management, definition of strict and negotiable constraints and keywords to retrieve potential interesting resources w.r.t. both user request and profile.
A Brief Guide to Biology

1. Science and the Real World Unit 1: Essential Parts: Atoms, Molecules, and Cells 2. Chemistry and Life 3. Biological Molecules 4. Exploring Life's Home: The Cell 5. On Life's Edge: The Plasma Membrane Unit 2: Energy and Life 6.  An Introduction to Energy 7. Supplying the Body with Energy 8. The Green World's Gift: Photosynthesis Unit 3: How Life Goes On: Genetics 9. Genetics, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis 10. Preparing for Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis 11. Mendel and His Discoveries 12. Genetic Inheritance and Health 13. DNA Structure and Replication 14.  The Origin of Species 19. The History of Life on Earth 20.  The Diversity of Life 1 21. Fungi and Plants: The Diversity of Life 2 22.  The Diversity of Life 3 Unit 5: The Living World as a Whole: Ecology 23. Populations and Communities in Ecology 24. Ecosystems and Biomes
Made for Each Other: Ascomycete Yeasts and Insects.

Fungi and insects live together in the same habitats, and many species of both groups rely on each other for success. Insects, the most successful animals on Earth, cannot produce sterols, essential vitamins, and many enzymes; fungi, often yeast-like in growth form, make up for these deficits. Fungi, however, require constantly replenished substrates because they consume the previous ones, and insects, sometimes lured by volatile fungal compounds, carry fungi directly to a similar, but fresh, habitat. Yeasts associated with insects include Ascomycota (Saccharomycotina, Pezizomycotina) and a few Basidiomycota. Beetles, homopterans, and flies are important associates of fungi, and in turn the insects carry yeasts in pits, specialized external pouches, and modified gut pockets. Some yeasts undergo sexual reproduction within the insect gut, where the genetic diversity of the population is increased, while others, well suited to their stable environment, may never mate. The range of interactions extends from dispersal of yeasts on the surface of insects (e.g., cactus-Drosophila-yeast and ephemeral flower communities, ambrosia beetles, yeasts with holdfasts) to extremely specialized associations of organisms that can no longer exist independently, as in the case of yeast-like symbionts of planthoppers. In a few cases yeast-like fungus-insect associations threaten butterflies and other species with extinction. Technical advances improve discovery and identification of the fungi but also inform our understanding of the evolution of yeast-insect symbioses, although there is much more to learn.
The crisis of representation in the postmodern era: On Barry Levinson’s film Wag the Dog

Barry Levinson’s film Wag the Dog(1997) is concerned with the technological transformation of American culture in the postmodernism which is isomorphic with the media culture of American society in the late twentieth century. By exploring three dualities illustrated in the film,this paper aims to show the insecure and uncertain categories of these oppositions under the dominant phenomena of this period: the media,so as to bring about the public’s ability to discern the postmodern world as well as a new ways of thinking and living.
Method for manufacturing composite material of metal/ceramic layer structure

The invention discloses a method for manufacturing a composite material of a metal/ceramic layer structure. The method for manufacturing the composite material of the metal/ceramic layer structure adopts the following technologies: 1, bonding alloy preparation: the bonding alloy is Al-Zn-Fe-Ti alloy and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 5%-40% of Zn, 0.5%-10% of Fe, 2%-20% of Ti, and the balance is Al; the bonding alloy is composed of a high melting point phase and a low melting point phase, is in solid phase under the normal temperature and is in solid-liquid phases with solid phase being 60%-80% and liquid phase being 40%-20%; and the melting point of the bonding alloy, the interface reaction phase and the phase composition can be adjusted by utilizing the contents of added composition elements of Zn, Ti and Fe; and 2, composite material preparation: heating ceramic and metal to a processing temperature simultaneously, then making the bonding alloy carry out a recombination reaction with the ceramic and the metal, making the ceramic and the metal be in composite molding together under the condition that the temperature is 80-120 DEG C higher than the melting point of the high melting point phase of the bonding alloy, and the composite material of the metal/ceramic structure can be formed by demoulding.
The Characteristics of the Theory of History in Ancient China

Historical studies in ancient China have left us many bountiful legacies. One of them is the theory of (objective) history, whose major characteristics can be loosely divided into the following categories: (1) a wide variety of literary forms, including theoretical remarks affixed to historical narratives and even special chapters and books on historical criticism; (2) continuity of research at many levels of historiographic theory; (3) reasoning through facts (i.e., basing theory on facts and offering arguments by following historical evidence); and (4) a wealth of masterpieces.
Ancestral genome reconstruction identifies the evolutionary basis for trait acquisition in polyphosphate accumulating bacteria

The evolution of complex traits is hypothesized to occur incrementally. Identifying the transitions that lead to extant complex traits may provide a better understanding of the genetic nature of the observed phenotype. A keystone functional group in wastewater treatment processes are polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), however the evolution of the PAO phenotype has yet to be explicitly investigated and the specific metabolic traits that discriminate non-PAO from PAO are currently unknown. Here we perform the first comprehensive investigation on the evolution of the PAO phenotype using the model uncultured organism Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis (Accumulibacter) through ancestral genome reconstruction, identification of horizontal gene transfer, and a kinetic/stoichiometric characterization of Accumulibacter Clade IIA. The analysis of Accumulibacter’s last common ancestor identified 135 laterally derived genes, including genes involved in glycogen, polyhydroxyalkanoate, pyruvate and NADH/NADPH metabolisms, as well as inorganic ion transport and regulatory mechanisms. In contrast, pathways such as the TCA cycle and polyphosphate metabolism displayed minimal horizontal gene transfer. We show that the transition from non-PAO to PAO coincided with horizontal gene transfer within Accumulibacter’s core metabolism; likely alleviating key kinetic and stoichiometric bottlenecks, such as anaerobically linking glycogen degradation to polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis. These results demonstrate the utility of investigating the derived genome of a lineage to identify key transitions leading to an extant complex phenotype.
The importance of protistan phylogeny for macroevolution.

Explicit estimates of protist phylogeny should play a key role in the development of macroevolutionary theory. Nearly half the evolutionary history of living systems involved only protists, and many trends and traits of macroevolutionary significance originated in protist groups. Special areas of research that can make use of protist phylogenies include: (1) origin of life studies, (2) biotic aspects of the evolution of the environment, (3) developmental biology and evolution, and (4) macroevolutionary trends in the diversification of life.
Conversational discourse in closed-head-injured and non-brain-injured adults

Functional communication requires proficiency in the adaptation of language to varied contexts. Recent research has demonstrated that individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience difficulty with communicative effectiveness across a variety of discourse genres. Analysis of conversation following TBI is of particular interest because of its importance in the process of socialisation. The development and maintenance of social relationships has been noted to be difficult for individuals with TBI. It has been suggested that these interactional difficulties are the result of social skills deficits which may be a reflection of impaired language use. A variety of analyses have been applied to samples of conversation from individuals with TBI. These analyses have included pragmatic rating scales, exchange structure analysis,  Analysis, as well as measures of topic initiation, topic maintenance, and response appropriateness. Overall, individuals with TBI have been noted to have d...
A gravity survey of the Cairnsmore of Fleet granite and its environs

Synopsis A regional gravity survey of part of Galloway has defined two major negative anomalies, one centred over the Cairnsmore of Fleet granite and the other over Wigtown Bay. The former indicates that the granite probably continues to a depth of 11 km, has outward dipping contacts, and a sub-surface cupola-like protruberance to the south-west of the exposed portion of the massif. The gravity low in Wigtown Bay is thought to be indicative of an unexposed sedimentary basin which has a depth between 220 and 720 m. This basin extends in a north-westerly direction at least as far as the Cree estuary.