nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
55-Word Stories About Medical Student's Clerkship Experiences.

reporting on events in San Luis Obispo County, California. Since then, the medium (also referred to as “shorties”) has been used for many purposes by different communities. In the medical community, 55-word stories have chiefly been used as a tool for reflection and have been printed in publications including JAMA and Family Medicine, among others. Writing these über-short stories allows authors to distill their narrative down to its fundamental essence, enhancing its power with each progressive edit. 55-word stories are an excellent tool for reflection on challenging topics, and are being incorporated into many health care curricula. As one example Colonel Alyssa McManamon, MD, from the Uniformed Services University, and Captain Moira McGuire, BSN,RN-BC, CSC, from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, collaborated to teach a 3-hour seminar in which third-year medical students used 55-word stories to explore “The Hidden Curriculum” of medical school. Below are four of those 55-word stories, describing an array of experiences by students during their core clerkship year of medical school. I think you will find them both thought provoking and poignant. — Adam K. Saperstein, MD, FAAFP
Technology Trust and E-Banking Adoption: The Mediating Effect of Customer Relationship Management Performance

The electronic revolution in the Malaysian banking sector has started in the 1970's. The first visible form of electronic innovation in the Malaysian banking industry was the introduction of Automated Teller Machines in 1981. Finally, on June 1, 2000, the Malaysian Central Bank gave the green light for locally owned commercial banks to offer Internet banking services. Due to the drastic changes in the business environment, it leads financial institutions to revise their marketing strategies to stress long-lasting relationships with customers. Relationships is important criteria in the selection of private bank. In many conditions, customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between antecedent’s factors and marketing performance. Hence, CRM performance is about maintaining good relationship and repurchases behavior, word-of-mouth and customer retention. Trust has been studied in traditional physical commercial environments. In the marketing and management literatures, trust is strongly associated with attitudes toward products, services, and purchasing behaviors. So that, the main objective of this research paper is to investigate the role of CRM performance as the mediator in the relationship between trust and E-Banking adoption. Hence, this empirical paper confirmed the role of customer relationship management performance as the mediators in the relationship between trust and electronic banking adoption.
Music, Modernity, and the Global Imagination: South Africa and the West

How do Western images of Africa and African representations of the West mirror each other? In this study, Veit Erlmann seeks to illuminate the complex issues involved in the making of modern identities in Africa, Europe, and the United States, through an examination of two striking episodes in the history of black South African music: the tours of two black South African choirs in England and America in the 1890s, and a series of engagements with the international music industry by South Africa's premier choral group Ladysmith Black Mambazo after the release of Paul Simon's Graceland album in 1986.
VIP systems in partial semigroups

A VIP system is a polynomial-type generalization of the notion of an IP system, i.e., a set of finite sums. We extend the notion of VIP system to commutative partial semigroups and obtain an analogue of Furstenberg's central sets theorem for these systems which extends the polynomial Hales–Jewett Theorem of Bergelson and Leibman. Several Ramsey theoretic consequences, including the central sets theorem itself, are then derived from these results.
On the Urgency of Wants

IN HIS BOOK, The Affluent Society,' Professor Kenneth Galbraith argues for a better balance between private and social production. In a lucid and convincing manner he voices a judgment in favor of increased social expenditures at the expense of private spending. More should be invested in people and less in goods, and a radical change must be introduced into our economic system which tends to prefer gadgets of marginal usefulness to social goods of high value. In the long run, claims the author, such a reversal of priorities will lead to increased happiness all around. In developing his case Galbraith deals a sharp blow to the accepted theory of consumer demand, and to the economist's preoccupation with production as a goal of economic activity and as a criterion for human welfare. It is with this portion of his argument that the present note is exclusively concerned. Preoccupation with production, claims Galbraith, was appropriate when expanded output was necessary to satisfy such basic needs as food, clothing and shelter. It is obsolete in our affluent society. Expanded output in contemporary United States is not designed to meet "urgent" wants, and cannot therefore be regarded as a vital addition to human welfare. Moreover, production today is not even geared to satisfy pre-existing wants. Demand must be artificially created by social pressures, advertising, and other techniques either following or concurrent with the supply of goods. If, continues the argument, newly-produced commodities add little to human welfare, then losses of production are virtually inconsequential. There is therefore no justification to focus on the problem of economic efficiency, and economists should divert their attention to more important maximands.2 In other words, the argument states that the principle of diminishing marginal utility should be applied to wants in general and not merely to satisfaction obtained from individual commodities. There exists
Profiling for primary-care presentation, investigation and referral for liver cancers: evidence from a national audit.

The incidence of liver cancer across Europe is increasing. There is a lack of evidence within the current literature on the identification and investigation of liver cancer within primary care. We aimed to profile liver cancer recognition and assessment as well as the timeliness of liver cancer diagnosis from within the primary-care setting in the UK.



Data were obtained from the National Audit of Cancer Diagnosis in Primary Care 2009-2010 and analysed. We calculated the patient interval, the primary-care interval and the number of prereferral consultations for liver cancer. We then compared these data with prior data on the respective indicators for other common cancers.



The median patient interval was 9 days (interquartile range 0-31 days), and the median primary-care interval for liver cancer was 11 days (interquartile range 0-40 days). Of the 90 patients, 21 (23.3%) had three or more consultations with their general practitioner before specialist referral. For the three metrics (patient interval, primary-care interval and number of prereferral consultations), liver cancer has average or longer intervals when compared with other cancers. The most common symptomatic presentation of liver cancer within the primary-care setting was right upper quadrant pain (11%), followed by decompensated liver failure (9%). Of the patients, 12% were diagnosed with liver cancer on the basis of an incidental finding of an abnormal liver function test.



This study provides a detailed and thorough overview of the recognition of liver cancer and the promptness of liver cancer identification in an English context, and should inform strategies for improving the timeliness of diagnosis.
When Knowledge is an Asset: Explaining the Organizational Structure of Large Law Firms

We study the economics of employment relationships through theoretical and empirical analysis of an unusual set of firms, large law firms. Our point of departure is the "property rights" approach that emphasizes the centrality of ownership's legal rights to control important, non-human assets of the enterprise. From this perspective, large law firms are an interesting and potentially important object of study because the most valuable assets of these firms take the form of knowledge - particularly knowledge of the needs and interests of clients. We argue that the two most distinctive organizational features of large law firms, the use of "up or out" promotion contests and the practice of having winners become residual claimants in the firm, emerge naturally in this setting. In addition to explaining otherwise anomalous features of the up-or-out partnership system, this paper suggests a general framework for analyzing organizations where assets reside in the brains of employees.
Flexible Command Interpretation on an Interactive Domestic Service Robot

In this paper, we propose a system for robust and flexible command interpretation on a mobile robot in domestic service robotics applications. Existing language processing for instructing a mobile robot often make use of a simple, restricted grammar where precisely pre-defined utterances are directly mapped to system calls. This does not take into account fallibility of human users and only allows for binary processing; either a command is part of the grammar and hence understood correctly, or it is not part of the grammar and gets rejected. We model the language processing as an interpretation process where the utterance needs to be mapped to a robot’s capabilities. We do so by casting the processing as a (decision-theoretic) planning problem on interpretatory actions. This allows for a flexible system that can resolve ambiguities and which is also capable of initiating steps to achieve clarification.
Safety of Intra-arterial Catheter Directed Thrombolysis: Does Level of Care Matter?

The aim was to assess whether the level of care influenced the safety related outcomes of catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) for patients presenting with limb ischaemia and dialysis access thrombosis.



This was a retrospective cohort study. All consecutive patients at two tertiary referral centres for vascular surgery undergoing CDT for limb ischaemia and dialysis access thrombosis (N = 252) between 2012 and 2014 were included. Patients at Centre 1 were cared for on a general vascular ward and patients at Centre 2 were kept on a post-operative recovery unit with an increased level of care including invasive haemodynamic monitoring. Patient medical records were retrospectively scrutinised and data collected on comorbidities, anti-thrombotic medication, indications for CDT, technical success of CDT, bleeding and non-bleeding related complications, and transfer to a higher level of care.



There were no differences in the frequency of non-bleeding related complications between Centre 1 and Centre 2. Patients on the vascular ward had a higher frequency of minor bleeding (p = .002) but there was no difference in major bleeding (p = .12). Eleven patients on the ward required an increased level of care for medical reasons and six were moved for a lack of resources. The presence of cardiac disease was an independent risk factor for patient transfer (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.04-9.8, p = .04).



CDT may be undertaken outside of a high dependency setting without a significantly increased risk of complications. Pre-existing cardiac disease was an independent risk factor for transfer to a higher level of care. These findings could have an implication for the clinical cost-effectiveness of CDT.
Secretive ciliates and putative asexuality in microbial eukaryotes.

Facultative sexuality is assumed to have occurred in the ancestor of all extant eukaryotes, but the distribution and maintenance of sex among microbial eukaryotes is still under debate. In this paper, we address the purported asexuality in colpodean ciliates as an exemplary lineage. Colpodeans are a primarily terrestrial clade thought to have arisen up to 900 MYA and contain one known derived sexual species. We conclude that the putative asexuality of this lineage is an observational artifact. We suggest that the same might hold for other microbial eukaryotes, and that many are secretively sexual as well. Theoretical work from the distantly related plants and animals suggests that both the evolutionary success of ancient asexuals and the reversal of the loss of sex are highly unlikely, further suggesting that colpodeans are secretively sexual. However, it remains to be seen to what extent sexual theories and predictions derived from macro-organismic lineages apply also to microbial eukaryotes.
Assessment of Leadership in Children, Youth and Adults.

Current theories of leadership are reviewed. Eleven leadership measures, six for children and youth and five for adults, are reviewed in the context of these theories and with psychometric standards for test use. In general, the measures are normed inadequately and lack information about reliability and validity. The use of short subscales embedded within other scales, which themselves often are inadequate, should be avoided. Currently, we lack the assessment technology to measure leadership adequately in children and youth. Leadership measures for adults are more promising, especially the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire, the Supervisory Behavior Description Questionnaire, and the Campbell Leadership Index.
Система концептов в структуре языковой личности В. Цоя

V. Tsoi, is considered as one of Russia’s brightest local rock po-ets of the 20 century. Literary scholars, linguists and cultural experts have re-peatedly paid attention to the problems of life and work of V. Tsoi. They exam-ined questions of poetic, style and personality of the poet. It is important to un-derstand that the artistic text is not only a real biography of the poet, but also linguistic identity. In the texts of V. Tsoi, it is easy to distinguish the following symbols of concepts: the hero, warrior, romantic, the night (black colour), sun (yellow colour), war, star, day. These symbols of concepts are distinguished by me on the principles of their frequent usage in texts of the poet. A several sym-bol of concepts in one text may appear. So, we have a unified hypertext, which is created Victor Tsoi. To carry out a deep, clear, coherent analysis of the crea-tive legacy of V. Tsoi is possible only by the realization of a complex approach, which is based on qualitative peculiarities of the linguistic identity of V. Tsoi.
The Business Cycle: A Georgist-Austrian Synthesis.

Conventional macroeconomics lacks a warranted explanation of the major business cycle, while the Austrian and geo-economic Georgist) schools have incomplete theories. A geo-Austrian synthesis, in contrast, provides a potent theory consistent with historical cycles and with explanations about the root causes. The geo-economic and Austrian schools have had little interaction in the past, despite many similarities (Yeager, 1954 and 1984). Though the theories of the schools are largely complementary, each providing content the other lacks, so far a synthesis has not been forthcoming; although some geo-economists have incorporated elements of Austrian capital theory (e.g., Gaffney, 1994).
Chapter 5.6 Syn- to Post-Orogenic Magmatism

Syn- to post-tectonic intrusive rocks occur in the Kaoko Belt, but only west of the Purros Lineament and in the Southern Kaoko Zone. In the Damara Belt, granites occur almost exclusively in the Central Zone with some extending into the Northern Zone. The Donkerhuk Granite forms a major batholith along the northern edge of the Southern Zone and a few small plugs of alkali-feldspar granite intruded the eastern Southern Marginal Zone. Syn-tectonic granites are absent in the Gariep Belt, where only post-tectonic plutonic rocks occur along the Kuboos-Bremen line. In the Saldania Belt, however, a whole range from syn- to post-tectonic intrusive and extrusive rocks exists.
Value withdrawal explanations: a theoretical tool for programming environments

Constraint logic programming combines declarativity and efficiency thanks to constraint solvers implemented for specific domains. Value withdrawal explanations have been efficiently used in several constraints programming environments but there does not exist any formalization of them. This paper is an attempt to fill this lack. Furthermore, we hope that this theoretical tool could help to validate some programming environments. A value withdrawal explanation is a tree describing the withdrawal of a value during a domain reduction by local consistency notions and labeling. Domain reduction is formalized by a search tree using two kinds of operators: operators for local consistency notions and operators for labeling. These operators are defined by sets of rules. Proof trees are built with respect to these rules. For each removed value, there exists such a proof tree which is the withdrawal explanation of this value.
Eighteen problematic propositions in the analysis of the growth of government

Economists, public choice analysts, political scientists, and other scholars, especially during the past 10 to 15years, have made many studies of the growth of government. As the literature has grown, a number of conventions have become established with respect to concepts, measures, assumptions and modes of analysis. Certain contributions have been viewed as paradigmatic and hence have served as models for subsequent contributors. No analytical consensus has emerged. Indeed, one can perceive the outlines of several competing "schools"a Chicago school, a Washington school (see Proposition 16),a mainstream economics school, a libertarian school, several distinct positions within the public choice community of scholars, and others. Despite the diversity of approaches and conclusions, much of the work has been premised, implicitly if not explicitly, on the acceptance of propositions that are questionable at best. In what follows, I shall state these propositions and criticize them. Although I shall provide citations and examples of scholars who have advanced or accepted the flawed propositions, my aim is not to compile a catalog of sinners. The examples are intended only to provide concrete illustrations of how various analysts have proceeded and to demonstrate that I am not quarreling with phantoms. The discussion that follows pertains mainly to the growth of government as it has occurred in the countries of Western Europe and their overseas offshoots during the past two centuries, especially
The duality theorem for min-max functions

The set of min-max functions F : ℝ n → ℝ n is the least set containing coordinate substitutions and translations and closed under pointwise max, min, and function composition. The Duality Conjecture asserts that the trajectories of a min-max function, considered as a dynamical system, have a linear growth rate (cycle time) and shows how this can be calculated through a representation of F as an infimum of max-plus linear functions. We prove the conjecture using an analogue of Howard's policy improvement scheme, carried out in a lattice ordered group of germs of affine functions at infinity. The methods yield an efficient algorithm for computing cycle times.
Contributions of sense of place to sustainability in agricultural landscapes

Place became a focus in natural resource management in the 1990s, with the concept used to improve our understanding of forest, national park and farm management and in managing resource uses such as recreation and tourism (Moore 1997). But what is ‘place’? There is a substantial literature on place in environmental psychology, human geography, anthropology and landscape architecture. Place has also been widely considered in the literary world. Current researchers talk of place creation, place attachment, sense of place and place identity. The most commonly used term is sense of place, one increasingly used to cover two or more components, such as place attachment and place familiarity.
Ferroelectric, dielectric and electrical behavior of two-dimensional lead sulphide nanosheets

Two-dimensional pure cubic phase lead sulphide (PbS) nanosheets were synthesized using solid state reaction method at ambient pressure and low temperature ~190 °C. From 210 K–300 K, small polaron hopping conduction mechanism was found to be dominant in PbS nanosheets at frequencies 20 Hz–2 MHz. High values of dielectric constant (~200) and electrical conductivity (of the order of 10−3 S m−1 at 300 K) of PbS nanosheets were extracted suggesting that it is a proficient material for capacitive storage devices. A high value of density of states of the order of 1032 eV−1 cm−3 was obtained for PbS nanosheets. The capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements of PbS nanosheets resulted in a stable butterfly loop due to switching of ferroelectric polarization at 300 K. The permittivity calculated at 0 V capacitance was ~150 and the dielectric loss remained below ~0.50. The polarization-voltage (QV) measurements showed a remnant polarization 23 µC cm−2 in PbS nanosheets. The leakage current density was below 0.5 mA cm−2 in the range ±5 V.
Unidirectional solidification and single crystal growth of Al-rich Ti–Al alloys

To investigate the basic mechanical and thermomechanical properties of TiAl alloys with high Aluminium content sufficiently large single crystalline domains are required. To fabricate these samples undirectional solidification in Bridgman Stockbarger furnaces and optical floating zone devices were used. Focus of investigation were grain selection and impurity contamination. Both processes allow for growth of single crystal domains of some millimetres diameter and a few centimetres length. However in a Bridgman Stockbarger furnace the long contact times with the crucible proved detrimental to oxidation issues whereas in the optical floating zone device oxidation is negligible due to containerless processing.
Some Preliminary Experiments with the Financial "Toy-Room"

We describe some preliminary experiments realized with Financial "Toy-Room" (a micro-founded simulation environment for decentralized trade in a homogeneous financial asset). The experiments are aimed at testing the system, and exploring its flexibility in depicting specific contexts as sub-cases. For this purpose, we selected an issue that has been widely investigated in the literature: the existence and characterization of markets in which prices are (or are believed to be) "quality signals" passing information from informed to uninformed traders. In our out-of-equilibrium simulation analysis, we take agents to trade based on a \f2spread rule\f1, and introduce \f2dis-synchronization\f1 in agents' updating processes. Thus, we investigate how dis-synchronization, updating paces and spreads affect persistence of trade and the time-path of prices in extreme regimes (i.e. when all agents are informed, or all agents are uninformed).