nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical synthesis and characterization of Mn 3O 4 thin films for supercapacitor application

A facile chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique has been used for the preparation of Mn 3 O 4 thin films at room temperature. The structural, morphological, optical, wettability and electrical characterizations have been carried out by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron micrograph (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), optical absorption, contact angle and electrical resistivity studies of deposited films. The XRD pattern shows the tetragonal hausmannite structure of Mn 3 O 4 thin film. The Mn 3 O 4 formation was also confirmed from FTIR studies. SEM images showed that the substrate surface is uniformly covered with spherical beads-like architecture. The Mn 3 O 4 film showed a direct optical band gap with energy 2.51 eV and hydrophilicity with water contact angle of 53°. The room temperature electrical resistivity of Mn 3 O 4 thin film was found to be 1.6 × 10 2  Ω cm. Mn 3 O 4 films when used in supercapacitor exhibited specific capacitance of 284 F g −1 in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte.
Past presents and present futures: rethinking Sweden's Moderna Museet

The island of Skeppsholmen in central Stockholm was once a naval base. It is now a much-visited cultural oasis. It therefore encapsulates the notion of historic preservation as a dynamic phenomenon in which creative transformation is not just condoned but celebrated. This issue is explored through a case study of Moderna Museet, Sweden's national museum of modern and contemporary art. Founded in 1958, for four decades it operated from a former drill-hall on that military-turned-heritage island. The museum marked its fortieth anniversary by moving into a much-expanded building devised by the Spanish architect Rafael Moneo. This emphatically unmonumental monument is designed to be as unobtrusive as possible. The nature of this structure and its role in rethinking the museum is examined and juxtaposed with an art project that imagines the museum fifty years from now—a utopian future when the marvelous changes already witnessed on that little Swedish island are foretold on a truly global scale.
Cathodoluminescence of Single Phase ZnAl2O4 and Diffusion Layer Synthesized by Coupling of ZnO and α-Al2O3

Zinc oxide (ZnO) ceramics was coupled and reacted with alpha aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3) ceramics at 1200oC for 24 h. SEM observation and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed the existence of diffusion layer of 10 μm thickness on the α-Al2O3 side of interface between ZnO and α-Al2O3. The diffusion layer is considered to consist of a ZnAl2O4, from the result of XRD. The cathodoluminescence of the diffusion layer was compared with that of zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4) ceramics synthesized by conventional solid state reaction method. The single phase ZnAl2O4 showed weak emission peaked at 4.6 eV. On the other hand, the diffusion layer showed intense emission peaked at 3.75 eV. The ZnAl2O4 on the α-Al2O3 side of the interface synthesized by coupling of ZnO and α-Al2O3 is considered to be a excellent material as an ultraviolet light emitter.
Competition, knowledge, and local government

This paper applies the insights of Austrian economics to an important issue in local political economy. Basic economic theory holds that greater competition produces superior outcomes in private goods markets. The same should be true in the “markets” for the output of local government. Brennan and Buchanan (1977, 1980) show that interjurisdictional competition may serve as a potential restraint on the monopoly powers of local Leviathan and Tiebout (1956) shows that it may help lead to the production of efficient quantities of local public goods. However, other potential virtues of competition in the market for local collective goods have been largely ignored. This paper explores those other virtues as well as the neoclassical theoretical foundations of the Tiebout (1956) model, upon which much of this literature is based. This has public policy implications for local governments, which have taken on increased importance given the recent global movement towards more decentralized government.
Transhumance among European settlers in

Until recently in Newfoundland, southern Labrador and an adjoining part of Qu6bec, many of the coastal fishing population regularly migrated to the forests or other zones for the winter. The principal motivations were: firewood, shelter, hunting, fur-trapping and fishery gear production. This was one of several forms of seasonal migration by families and communities that characterized the area for nearly three centuries. The practice, unusual among European settlers, was rooted in various environmental, economic and political features. It had important effects on the processes of adaptation and colonization in the region.
Contamination of groundwaters

International experts have contributed key chapters to this major work in groundwater contamination.  Methodology and Modeling deals with both organic and inorganic contaminants, including those from agricultural operations.  Case Studies presents contamination scenarios with both inorganic and organic chemicals, including nitrates and PCBs. This book is a welcome addition to the literature and will enhance recent information on methodology, modeling and real-world situations. It is of interest to scientists and planners in local and national government; environmental chemists, geochemists, geologists, and health and safety officers; river authorities; hydrologists; and the mining and land reclamation industries.
Ethical Dimensions of Counseling about the Clinical Management of Gestational Diabetes.

Gestational diabetes is associated with both short- and long-term adverse outcomes for the mother and the child. Glycemic control to improve perinatal outcomes is consistent with the best available evidence and should be recommended. The evidence for interventions to improve long-term outcomes is less robust. Therefore, patients need to be informed of the data, have the limitations explained, and be supported in decision-making. Theoretical risks do not need to be revealed to patients. Enthusiasm for interventions not supported by evidence should not be promoted. This article provides an ethical framework for counseling patients about the management of gestational diabetes.
A Study on the characteristics of the EUI-GUE DO and the costumes of the Royale Family

This dissertation is a study of the costume of the Yi dynasty by means of an investigation of the Ka-rae-do-gam-Eui-gue Do(嘉禮都監儀軌圖: a collection of paintings of the royal wedding ceremonies and processions issued by the royal court) and the Jung-ri Eui-gue Do(整理儀軌圖: a collection of a series of paintings showing the whole process of the royal courtesies and ceremonies on the occasion of the king's visit to Hyun-yoong Won in Hwa-sung in 1975年). The Yi dynasty period is roughly divided into two parts. The first period extends from 1392, in which the reign of the dynasty started, to 1600, when Imjin Waeran(the Japanese Invasion of Korea) ended; the second period lasts from 1600 to the last day of the dynasty in 1910. Of the "Eui-gue Do"(儀軌圖: paintings of the royal ceremonies) which were made in the first period of the dynasty, there is no extant example, the reference to which is found only in records. However, the examples of the "Eui-gue Do" belonging to the second period remain abundant in number, together with the detailed accounts about them. The followings are the conclusions deduced from this study, which tries to illuminate the pictorial characteristics as well as the traits of costume manifested in the above-mentioned two groups of paintings. Most of the costume seen in the Ka-rae-do-gam Eui-gue and the Jung-ri Eui-gue were not clad in accordance with the wearer's individual desire or taste, but in strict conformity with the norm and sense of order in the society based on the Cosfucian political and ethical principles.
Treating a Sex Addict Through Marital Sex Therapy

The treatment of sexual addiction can be viewed within the context of addiction and family therapy. A case of sexual addiction is presented and an intervention model is explicated. The application of the model emphasizes the importance of family participation in the treatment. This article describes the family treatment of a "sex addict." This term was popularized by Patrick Carnes in his highly-publicized book Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sexual Addiction (Carnes, 1983). Whether or not one can precisely define addictive sex, it is clear some people admit they cannot control their sexual behavior to the point it seriously interferes with their lives in terms of health, occupation, or family (Edwards, 1986). Others prefer to label these behavioral patterns as sexual compulsions (Quadland, 1985) or simply as problems of sexual control (Coleman, 1986). Some authorities are concerned the term is too value-laden, nonspecific, and assumes falsely that there is an accepted definition of normal sexual behavior (Coleman, 1986;  1986). Carnes (1986) responds by saying people label themselves: "The fact remains that a significant number of people have identified themselves as sexual addicts: people whose sexual behavior has become 'unstoppable' despite serious consequences" (p. 4). Before describing a particular case, the author will make a few remarks about the interface of family therapy and the addiction field generally and about the etiology of sexual addiction specifically.
A research of resource provider-oriented pricing mechanism based on game theory in Cloud Bank model

Cloud computing is becoming more and more mature, and an IaaS cloud computing model called Cloud Bank [1, 2, 3, 4, 13], which is based on commercial bank model, has been designed. Cloud Bank model can be partly distinguished from other traditional IaaS providers by the sources of infrastructure resources. Compare with traditional IaaS Clouds whose infrastructure resources are almost derived from single provider, infrastructure resources of Cloud Bank are from various types of venders. Hence, there to some extent is certain instability of composition of Cloud Bank resource providers. In order to attract either large, professional IT resources venders or myriad, small personal computer owners into Cloud Bank, it is necessary to establish a resources provider-oriented pricing model. This paper briefly introduces the architecture of Cloud Bank and then describes in detail the pricing mechanism based on dynamic game theory.
Volcanogenic Sedimentation in the Lesser Antilles Arc

Combination of deep-sea coring and land-based studies has provided a quantitative view of volcano genic sediments in and around the Lesser Antilles arc in the late-Quaternary. Of the total of $$527 km^{3}$$ of volcanics produced in the arc in the last $$10^{5}$$ years, over 80% has been deposited as volcanogenic sediments in the adjacent marine basins as ash-fall layers, pyroclastic debris flow deposits and volcanic sands. Over 70% of total volcanogenic sedimentation from the arc is received by the back-arc Grenada Basin west of the arc in the form of sediment gravity flows. The volumetric role of ash-fall layers is thus relatively small. Approximately 40% of the ash-fall in the Atlantic is dispersed in the sediment. The asymmetric distribution of volcanogenic sediments around the arc, with pyroclastic debris flow deposits predominating west of the arc and ash-fall layers in the Atlantic east of the arc, is attributed to the effects of prevailing high-altitude wind direction, different submarine arc slope...
Photon angular momentum based multidimensional quantum key distribution

In this invited paper, we describe the photon angular momentum based entanglement assisted quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, analyse their security, and determine the secure finite key fraction rates. Two types of entanglement-assisted protocols, namely two-basis and (D+1)-basis protocols (D is dimensionality of corresponding Hilbert space), have been identified as the most promising. We further analyse the implementation of the qubit gates required for these protocols. We demonstrate that photon angular momentum based QKD protocols significantly outperform corresponding two-dimensional QKD protocols in terms of the finite secret key rates.
Mechanisms and quantification of adsorption of three anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals onto goethite with/without surface-bound organic acids.

Nowadays non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often detected in surface water and groundwater. In this study, effects of environmental factors, i.e., solution pH, ionic strength, temperature and surface-bound organic acids, on bonding of three typical NSAIDs (ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac) onto goethite were systematically investigated. Column chromatography, batch experiments, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and surface complexation modeling were used to probe the adsorption mechanisms. Bonding of three NSAIDs onto goethite was totally reversible, ionic strength-dependent and endothermic (adsorption enthalpy 2.86-9.75 kJ/mol). These evidences supported H-bonding mechanism, which was further explained by ATR-FTIR observation and a triple planes model. Surface-bound organic acids (phthalic acid, trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid) by inner-sphere complexation with goethite were hard to be desorbed. Surface-bound phthalic acid increased the uptake of NSAIDs but surface-bound trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid reduced their adsorption. The reason is that the adsorbed phthalic acid can result in a more hydrophobic surface while adsorbed trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid increased the surface negative charge and polarity. Finally, adsorption of NSAIDs onto goethite with/without surface-bound organic acids was well described by a free energy model, in which contributions of interactions (e.g., H-bonding and van der Waals) were evaluated.
The Cambridge Multiple-Access System in Retrospect

This paper reports on some of the lessons that have been learned during 5 years' operation of the Cambridge Multiple-Access System. It begins by summarizing the design goals and goes on to describe the way in which on-line and off-line facilities have been integrated. There is a section on security of access and one on the maintenance and up-dating of the system. Scheduling of jobs is largely automatic and the operators receive their instructions from the system. Experience obtained in the operation of the system is discussed both from a software and a managerial point of view.
Literary objects : Flaubert

Flaubert explores the concept of the commodity as seen through the writings of Gustav Flaubert. A selection of furniture, paintings, prints, sculpture, and other objets d'art together with selected passages from Flaubert's writings refer to the overlapping worlds of the French middle class: the domestic interior, the political arena, the imagined Orient, and the historical past. The book seeks to both evoke and illuminate Flaubert's literary concerns in new and powerful visual terms, while providing a new context for 19th-century French artworks.
The allegorical text and history: J.M. Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians

This article attempts to move beyond what are perceived to be the limitations of both Lukacsian Marxist and Deconstructionist accounts of J.M. Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians. If a Lukacsian Marxism has correctly introduced the category of “history” into the analyses of the novel, it has done so only to berate Coetzee for its absence. Teresa Dovey's Deconstructionist analyses have helpfully focused attention on the novel's intertextual critique of the South African liberal novel. However, her criticism is deformed by its inability to confront the complexities of the text's meditation upon its relationship with “history”. The linguistic theory of Saussure, and Walter Benjamin's theory of allegory, are used to analyse that relationship. While the allegoric form acts as a critique of “classic realist” writing, this does not signal the text's refusal of “history”. Rather, it affirms its location as a signifying “interpretation” of the real that recognises its discursive specificity. The novel exa...
From prayer to pragmatism : a biography of John L. Childs

Lawrence J. Dennis s intellectual biography of John L. Childs, a leading figure in twentieth-century American educational philosophy between 1930 and 1960, traces Childs s influence not only on education but also on midcentury politics, economics, and social issues. A disciple of John Dewey and an associate of William Heard Kilpatrick, George S. Counts, Boyd Bode, and other key figures in modern American education, Childs laid the philosophic basis for social reconstruction and became an important contributor to and interpreter of pragmatism as a philosophy of education.Dennis describes how the Christian beliefs so central to Childs as a youth led him as a young man into a decade of YMCA missionary work in China. When he returned to the United States, Childs studied with John Dewey, later coauthoring two chapters of a book with him. Though Childs became a recognized expert on Dewey s educational theory, he eventually became more of a reconstructionist than his mentor.Dennis carefully recounts Childs s long association with Dewey as well as his political activities in the American Labor Party, the Liberal Party, and the American Federation of Teachers. He likewise traces the debate about metaphysics, democracy, and indoctrination that ensued among the foremost pragmatists of the day."
Vigo, vulgo Almereyda de Paulo Emílio Salles Gomes: a subjetividade na história do cinema

Paulo Emilio Salles Gomes (1916-1977) was a multifaceted character: a militant, critic, researcher, professor of cinema, and writer, also founding the Cinemateca Brasileira. In spite of his multiple connections to landmark institutions in the history of cinema, such as the Cinematheque Francaise and the International Federation of Film Archives (FIAF), he has been relatively neglected by academics in the field of intellectual history. The following work aims to serve as a research guide to Salles Gomes as an intellectual based on an analysis of his posthumous work “Vigo, Vulgo Almereyda” on anarchist militant Miguel Almereyda, father of French filmmaker Jean Vigo. Subjectivity, politics and religiosity are therefore revealed to play significant roles in the history of cinema.
Rural innovation chains. Two examples for the diffusion of rural innovations

A chain of innovation is social network , defined by offering or adopting and economic innovation. The main hypothesis is that diffusion of rural innovations and the changes of life-style of the peasants (generally: the growth of market economy) do not necessarily restructure or destroy local networks, but in some  case  they will be reinforced. There are two different forms of economic behaviour: that of the  innovator  and of the model imitator. The innovator is an enterpreneur in Schumpeter's sense: an economic actor implementing innovation. Other entrepreneurs do not innovate so they copy the existing economic models. The members of peasant  societies are mostly model imitators. This economic behaviour is based on peasant social networks: prestigious people are also  recognised as economic examples to be followed, so their innovations will be accepted. On the other hand, the strongly tied rural actors, who worked mostly together and represented many times their relatonships with all due solemnity, are...
Applicability of Cluster Validation Indexes for Large Data Sets

Over time, it has been found there is valuable information within the data sets generated into different areas. These large data sets required to be processed with any data mining technique to get the hidden knowledge inside them. Due to nowadays many of data sets are integrated with a big number of instances and they do not have any information that can describe them, is necessary to use data mining methods such as clustering so it can permit to lump together the data according to its characteristics. Although there are algorithms that have good results with small or medium size data sets, they can provide poor results when they work with large data sets. Due to above mentioned in this paper we propose to use different cluster validation methods to determine clustering quality, as its analysis, so at the same time to determine in an empiric way the more reliable rates for working with large data sets.
Diagonal arguments and cartesian closed categories

In May 1967 I had suggested in my Chicago lectures certain applications of category theory to smooth geometry and dynamics, reviving a direct approach to function spaces and therefore to functionals. Making that suggestion more explicit led later to elementary topos theory as well as to the line of research now known as synthetic differential geometry. The fuller development of those subjects turned out to involve a truth value object that classifies subobjects, but in the present paper (presented in the 1968 Battelle conference in Seattle) I refer only to weak properties of such an object; it is the other axiom, cartesian closure, that plays the central role. Daniel Kan had recognized that the function space construction for simplicial sets and other categories is a right adjoint, thus unique. Because this uniqueness property of adjoints implies their main calculational rules, I took the further axiomatic step of defining functor categories as a right adjoint to the finite product construction in my 1963 thesis. In 1965, Eilenberg and Kelly introduced the term closed to mean that there is a hom functor valued in the category itself. Such a hom functor is characterized in a relative way as right adjoint to a given tensor product functor; we concentrate here on the absolute case where the tensor is cartesian. Although the cartesian-closed view of function spaces and functionals was intuitively obvious in all but name to Volterra and Hurewicz (and implicitly to Bernoulli), it has counterexamples within the rigid framework advocated by Dieudonné and others. According to that framework the only acceptable fundamental structure for expressing the cohesiveness of space is a contravariant algebra of open sets or possibly of functions. Even though such algebras are of course extremely important invariants, their nature is better seen as a consequence of the covariant geometry of figures. Specific cases of this determining role of figures were obvious in the work of Kan and in the popularizations of Hurewicz’s k-spaces by Kelley, Brown, Spanier, and Steenrod, but in the present paper I made this role a matter of principle: the Yoneda embedding was shown to preserve