nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The sculptural environment of the Roman Near East : reflections on culture, ideology, and power

Public sculptures were the "mass media" of the Roman world. They populated urban centers throughout the empire, serving as a "plastic language" that communicated political, religious, and social messages. This book brings together twenty-eight experts who otherwise rarely convene: text-based scholars of the Greco-Roman, Jewish, and Christian realms from the fields of classics, history, and religion and specialists in the artistic traditions of Greece and Rome as well as art historians and archaeologists. Utilizing the full spectrum of ancient sources, the book examines the multiple, at times even contradictory, meanings and functions that statues served within the complex world of the Roman Near East. Moreover, it situates the discussion of sculpture in the broader context of antiquity in order to reevaluate long-held scholarly consensuses on such ideas as the essence of Hellenism (the culture that emerged from the encounter of Greco-Romans with the Near East) and the everlasting "conflict" among paganism, Christianity, and Judaism.
Photo-catalyst CoBixFe2−xO4–Bi2O3 nanocomposite: effect of bismuth substitution in magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite

CoBixFe2−xO4 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3) powders were prepared via conventional ceramic method. Nano-crystalline cobalt ferrite doped bismuth and CoBixFe2−xO4–Bi2O3 (80–20 %) powders have been synthesized by ball milling route . The structural and magnetic properties of the samples were determined by X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer and Faraday balance. X-ray analysis showed that the samples were cubic spinel. The addition of Bi3+ ions caused a decrease in magnetization, Curie temperature and the coercivity of the samples. The observed decreases in saturation magnetization and coercivity are explained on the spin-glass-like surface layer on the nanocrystalline cobalt–bismuth ferrite and magnetic anisotropy, including magneto-crystalline and strain induced anisotropies during ball-milling processing; respectively. The photo catalytic behaviour of CoBixFe2−xO4–Bi2O3 nanocomposites was evaluated using the degradation of three various azo dyes under ultraviolet light irradiation. The results show that nanocomposites have applicable magnetic and photo catalytic performance.
SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS, FORMAL GROUP LAWS, AND LAZARD'S THEOREM

Lazard's theorem is a central result in formal group theory; it states that the ring over which the universal formal group law is defined (known as the Lazard ring) is a polynomial algebra over the integers with infinitely many generators. This ring also shows up in algebraic topology as the complex cobordism ring. The main aim of this paper is to show that the polynomial structure of the Lazard ring follows from the polynomial structure of a certain subalgebra of symmetric functions with integer coefficients. The connection between symmetric functions and the Lazard ring is provided by a certain Hopf algebra map from symmetric functions to the covariant bialgebra of a formal group law. We study this map by deriving formulas for the images of certain symmetric functions; in passing, we use this map to prove some symmetric function and Catalan number identities. Based on the above results, we prove Lazard's theorem, and present an application to the construction of certain p -typical formal group laws over the integers. Combinatorial methods play a major role throughout this paper.
Cultural Relativism and the Savage: The Alleged Inconsistency of William Graham Sumner

Judged by his political and economic writings, the 19th-century thinker William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) is a conservative, a Social Darwinist, and something of a libertarian, who looked down on members of less developed cultures. However, as a sociologist, he is remembered for formulating the distinction between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, and is considered an early contributor to multiculturalism theory. Is it simply the case that Sumner was inconsistent, or have his works perhaps been misunderstood?
Analysis of Stephen Dedalus’s search for an identity in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, by James Joyce, is considered to be one of the 
principal examples of the genre Kunstlerroman (the novel of the artist). This study analyzes 
the search of the protagonist Stephen Dedalus for an identity, which encompasses a time 
period from his infancy to his late adolescence. 
Brought up by a pious Catholic governess, Stephen Dedalus is exposed to the term ‘morality’ 
at a very young age. Due to Ireland’s turbulent political atmosphere, in which the church 
plays an important role, young Stephen becomes aware of the conflict between the secular 
front and the Irish Church. As he gradually gets disinterested in Irish politics as a result of its 
aggressive complexity and the death of a national hero, he begins to develop a sense of 
‘difference’, in relation to his realisation of his odd surname. Later on, the economic decline 
of the Dedalus family and his father’s reckless attitude prompt him to isolate himself from the 
family firstly through sex, and then through religious uprightness. However, when he finally 
realises that his surname alludes to a Greek myth of liberation, he spurns the idea of joining a 
religious order and officially recognises his inherent qualities that fit in with the definition of 
an artist.
Intramolecular interactions in chemically modified Escherichia coli thioredoxin monitored by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Site specific amide hydrogen/deuterium content of oxidized and reduced Escherichia colithioredoxin, and alkylated derivatives, Cys-32-ethylglutathionylated and Cys-32-ethylcysteinylated thioredoxins are measured, after exposure for 20 s to D(2)O/phosphate buffer (pH 5.7), by electrospray mass spectrometry. The degree of deuteration of Oxi-TRX and Red-TRX correlated with the rates of H/D exchange measured previously by NMR. The ethylcysteinyl modification was shown to minimally perturb the active site of the reduced protein, but showed more global effects on structures of alpha-helices and beta-strands distant from the site of modification. In contrast, the larger ethylglutathionyl group had little effect on the protein's overall conformation, but significantly affected the structure of loops close to the active site. A molecular model of GS-ethyl-TRX derived from molecular simulation allowed the H/D exchange results to be interpreted in terms of specific interactions between the alkyl chain and the protein surface. The specific conformation of the ethylglutathione modification was predicted to be fixed by salt bridges between the carboxylates of the gamma-Glu and Gly of glutathione and the guanidinium of Arg-73 and epsilon-amino group of Lys-90 of the protein. Specific hydrogen bonding interactions between the glutathione carbonyl oxygens and the amide protons of thioredoxin residues Ile-75 and Ala-93 were predicted. The H/D exchange studies showed low levels of deuterium incorporation at backbone nitrogens of these residues. The data also provided evidence for an unusual amide proton-amide nitrogen hydrogen bond within the ethylglutathionylated chain. These same sets of electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions were not predicted or observed for the smaller alkyl modification in Cys-ethyl-TRX.
The World Made by Human Studies

In 19791 spent the summer at a National Endowment for the Humanities sum? mer seminar at Princeton with Richard Rorty, an experience which had nu? merous consequences, including a very Rortyan paper subsequently published in Human Studies called "Social theory without wholes" (1984). Over this summer I also worked on a manuscript that grew out a long article published in Human Studies on Weber and the fact-value distinction entitled "The lim? its of reason and some limitations of Weber's morality" (Turner and Factor, 1979). The research I was doing in the Princeton library was primarily con? cerned with filling in the context in which Weber had made his famous state? ments about fact and value, and also with examining the sequelae of those writings in subsequent philosophy. This topic represents an important and dis? tinctive strand in the tradition of continental philosophy, something that has now increasingly come to be recognized (for example in Safranski's recent book on Heidegger, 1998). During that summer I came to recognize, although in a very dim way, the significance of journals as communities, and what I recognized has a great deal of bearing on my own appreciation for Human Studies. In tracking down and copying journal versions of articles in such journals as Logos, the journal of the philosophy of culture in which Rickert, Weber, and Simmel played the defining role, I entered a world of ghosts. I was well aware of the relations among these three, their relation to Jaspers, the antagonism to Scheler, and Scheler's relation to Heidegger. Something else stayed with me, however. The texts that I was looking for at Princeton not infrequently were no longer shelved in Firestone, the main library, but had been transferred across the river to a utilitarian but brightly lit storage library which one was able to browse, just as one could browse the stacks of Firestone itself. There I found, adjacent to the volumes I was looking for, a large number of exceptionally beautifully bound and produced journals, in German, on subjects that had, to use the Bismarkian expression of the German politics of the time, had their day in the sun, a day that in some cases ended abruptly in 1933. Today, only a specialist in the history of the human sciences could so much as write a long paragraph explaining what the intellectual movements that produced these impressive journals actually were about. But these shelved and
Reactions of copper macrocycles with antioxidants and HOCl: potential for biological redox sensing

A series of simple copper N2S2 macrocycles were examined for their potential as biological redox sensors, following previous characterization of their redox potentials and crystal structures. The divalent species were reduced by glutathione or ascorbate at a biologically relevant pH in aqueous buffer. A less efficient reduction was also achieved by vitamin E in DMSO. Oxidation of the corresponding univalent copper species by sodium hypochlorite resulted in only partial (~65 %) recovery of the divalent form. This was concluded to be due to competition between metal oxidation and ligand oxidation, which is believed to contribute to macrocycle demetallation. Electrospray mass spectrometry confirmed that ligand oxidation had occurred. Moreover, the macrocyclic complexes could be demetallated by incubation with EDTA and bovine serum albumin, demonstrating that they would be inappropriate for use in biological systems. The susceptibility to oxidation and demetallation was hypothesized to be due to oxidation of the secondary amines. Consequently these were modified to incorporate additional oxygen donor atoms. This modification led to greater resistance to demetallation and ligand oxidation, providing a better platform for further development of copper macrocycles as redox sensors for use in biological systems.
Innovation in Software for Systems Biology. Is There Any?

Software for systems biology has been under development since the 1950s and has accelerated considerably in the last five years. However, much of the development has been repetitive and there has been little genuine innovation. In this talk I wish to briefly discuss the history of software provision in systems biology and will try to address the question why the academic community has found it so difficult to innovate. In many cases the software developed today is little different in functionality from the first packages that were written in the 1950s. Ironically is it industry that seems to be taking the lead. In particular, Microsoft is funding new theoretical developments at their systems biology centers and MathWorks has developed a substantial dynamics software package (SimBiology 2.0) for their Matlab product.
What can we hope to accomplish in generalized Ramsey theory?

In its relatively short existence as a field of study, generalized Ramsey theory for graphs has achieved a remarkable degree of coherence. A major reason for this coherence is the presence of guiding principles and conjectures that give most results in the field a general setting. We will surveey some of these principles and conjectures here. It is hoped that considering these, as well as the illustrative results given, will help give focus to future research. We emphasize Ramsey numbers, but consider arrow relations as well.
Structuration Theory: Capturing the Complexity of Business-to-Business Intermediaries

This chapter argues that the three most commonly used perspectives in conducting research on business-to-business (B2B) eCommerce-transaction cost economics, electronic market hypothesis, and network analysis-have inadequately explained the unfolding nature of how B2B intermediaries are being employed in industry today. We argue that these perspectives are insufficient because they assume that technology is deterministic and thus not worthy of critical analysis. This chapter proposes structuration theory as an alternative perspective, which differs from the traditional perspectives in several ways: a) structuration theory examines the impact of B2B intermediaries not just on economic indicators of business success but on such process outcomes as mutual trust, coordination, innovation, and utilization of shared knowledge; b) it examines not just technology, but the alignment between technology, the interorganizational structure, and the nature of the task (e.g., basic procurement vs. collaboration); and c) it recognizes that no technology is simply installed, but rather brought into an organization through a series of adaptations that affect both the technology and the organization over time. Examples of how structuration theory can apply to research on B2B intermediaries are presented. Moreover, we use this perspective to suggest new research questions and methodologies that eCommerce researchers could
An Algorithmic Study of Deduction in Simple Conceptual Graphs with Classical Negation

Polarized conceptual graphs (PGs) are simple conceptual graphs added with a restricted form of negation, namely negation on relations. Classical deduction with PGs (in short PG-Deduction) is highly intractable; it is indeed ${\Pi}^2_P$ complete. In [LM06] a brute-force algorithm for solving PG-Deduction was outlined. In the present paper, we extend previous work with two kinds of results. First, we exhibit particular cases of PGs for which the complexity of PG-Deduction decreases and becomes not more difficult than in simple conceptual graphs. Secondly, we improve the brute-force algorithm with several kinds of techniques based on properties concerning the graph structure and the labels.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of magnetron sputtered carbon-nickel composite films

Carbon–nickel films were deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering in argon plasma at temperatures between 25 and 800 °C. The films have a composite structure, consisting of a nanocrystalline dispersed phase embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix as revealed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Based on selected area electron diffraction, the crystalline phase was assigned to hexagonal nickel carbide (Ni 3 C) for films grown below 400 °C and to face centered cubic nickel for those prepared above 400 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies verify these results. In films deposited below 400 °C the carbon 1s spectral range contains two low binding energy components at 283.2 and at 281.5 eV (± 0.2 eV). While the peak at 281.5 eV corresponds to the carbidic environment, the component at 283.2 eV, existing also in high temperature samples, is assigned to carbon atoms constituting the interface between the carbon matrix and the Ni 3 C or Ni crystallites.
Binary inspiral: finding the right approximation

In searching for and interpreting signals from binary mergers, gravitational wave detectors need information about the features of gravitational wave bursts generated by these strong field events. Numerical relativity will ultimately provide the answers, but not on the time scale needed by the first detectors. We propose here a method in which exact numerical solutions to Einstein's equations, for periodic sources and standing waves, are used as an approximation to the strong field quasistationary epoch of inspiral. We discuss how this approximation changes the mathematical nature of the computation, and we report on progress with this problem and on remaining challenges.
-Dazzling Dialectics-: Elizabeth Bishop's Resonating Feminist Reality

Although Elizabeth Bishop is often viewed as an apolitical, purely descriptive poet, her poems are much more rhetorical than they initially seem. Bishop armed her poems with paradox, oxymorons, and strangely androgynous speakers in order to invite the reader to question his or her own ideas about poetry, feminism and gender politics. Starting literally with the first poem in her first book, Bishop's work asks the reader to question not only their casual reading habits, but also the very ability of language to represent reality - a very deconstructive move for a poet who eschewed literary movements and manifestoes.
Ecommerce and market structure effects in the European retail industry

Fifteen or so years into what is said to be the game changer of our time there are many fields of science focusing their attention towards the online market in attempts to describe its implications for the traditional, offline markets. Where most of the literature on economics of ecommerce focus on pricing mechanisms and growth little attention has been directed towards more general market structure effects. This thesis adopts techniques, empirical and theoretical models from the search cost and market structure literature in order to examine the relationships between ecommerce and offline market structures in the retail industry through regional employment and establishment data. The literature reviewed and used focus only on the US market whereas this thesis shifts the attention to the European regions. The results are convincing and in general corresponding to previous research results. As ecommerce usage increase and the consumer search costs thereby gets lower inefficient firms drop out of the market resulting in a decline in local establishment counts. The opposite effect is seen for pure online retailing establishments that thrive in the presence of local ecommerce usage. The effect of ecommerce on traditional offline establishments seems to be aggregated phenomena whereas the effect on pure online firms seems to be of a more local nature. Focus of policymakers and company management therefore might consider looking at the two effects in their respective aggregation level to best sort out how to react in the presence of increased competition from ecommerce usage.
Newly identified hyperglycemia among hospitalized patients.

Earlier diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus is desirable. We studied the prevalence of newly identified diabetes among hospital inpatients.



We did a prospective observational study in a community teaching hospital.



Thirty-six patients had hyperglycemia on at least 2 days and were considered to have newly identified diabetes mellitus. They represented approximately 1% of the inpatient population. Sixteen (44%) were receiving corticosteroid treatment. Five of the patients (14%) died during the hospitalization. Twenty-four (67%) received insulin treatment during hospitalization. Of the 31 surviving patients, only 15 (48%) had documentation of discharge plans for diabetes-related treatment, 7 (23%) received instruction by a dietitian, and 5 (16%) received education about diabetes self-management from a diabetes nurse educator.



Hospitalized patients with newly identified hyperglycemia represent an opportunity for early diagnosis, education, and treatment of a substantial proportion of patients with undiagnosed diabetes.
The Historicity of the A Priori

The contemporary analysis of human existence fills us all with a sense of fragility, with the power of dark instincts, with the suffering caused by mysteries and illusions, and with the finitude shown by all that is living, even where the highest creations of communal life arise from it.—Wilhelm Dilthey Browsing in a used bookstore in Berkeley, California around the time my close collaborator, George Atwood, and I had begun working on an ambitious project tentatively entitled ‘‘The Tragic and the Metaphysical,’’ I happened upon de Mul’s (2004) book, The Tragedy of Finitude: Dilthey’s Hermeneutics of Life—a chance encounter that proved to be highly relevant to our nascent project. This chance encounter and its relevance provide an example of what is perhaps the central theme in de Mul’s interpretation of Dilthey’s philosophy—the radical finitude and factical contingency of human life and of the philosophies that seek to comprehend it. In The Tragedy of Finitude, de Mul seeks to reconstruct Wilhelm Dilthey’s life project, his uncompleted Critique of Historical Reason, from texts appearing in his Collective Writings, published more than six decades after his death in 1911. In the process, de Mul both explicates centrally important though little-known aspects of Dilthey’s hermeneutics of human life and shows how these aspects presage later ideas in hermeneutic phenomenology, including especially those developed by Heidegger, Gadamer, and Derrida. De Mul, in my view, succeeds admirably in his aim, and his book is a magnificent, invaluable piece of philosophical and historical scholarship.
Microwave Absorbing Performance of Electroless Co-Ni-P Alloy Coating on Fly Ash Hollow Microspheres

A novel lightweight microwave absorbing powder material with core-shell structure was prepared by conducting electromagnetic modification of fly-ash cenospheres(5 μm scale) via electroless plating of Co-Ni-P.The effects of electroless plating parameters on the morphology,composition and microwave absorbing performance of Co-Ni-P alloy coating were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope,an energy dispersive spectrometer and a microwave vector network analyzer.Results show that the coating on the surface of cenosphere particles consists of stacked Co-Ni-P spheres with a size of 0.5～1.0 μm.The coating was even in terms of thickness,but its composition was much different from that of the plating bath.Besides,the coated hollow microspheres were magnetic loss dielectric media and possessed strong soft ferromagnetic properties.The coating obtained from the plating bath with a Co2+/Ni2+ mass ratio of 3∶1 had a Co/Ni mass ratio of 1.34 and the best microwave absorbing performance.When the concentration of hypophosphite in the plating bath was increased to 50 g/L,resultant coating had increased content of amorphous phase and turned into two-phase soft magnetic material,showing enhanced microwave absorbing ability.Namely,it had a lowest reflectivity of-31.5 dB,and its frequency range corresponding to a reflectivity below-10.0 dB was as much as 4.5 GHz(8.2～12.7 GHz).