nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Sparse modeling of volatile financial time series via low-dimensional patterns over learned dictionaries

Financial time series usually exhibit non-stationarity and time-varying volatility. Extraction and analysis of complicated patterns, such as trends and transient changes, are at the core of modern financial data analytics. Furthermore, efficient and timely analysis is often hindered by large volumes of raw data, which are supplied and stored nowadays. In this paper, the power of learned dictionaries in adapting accurately to the underlying micro-local structures of time series is exploited to extract sparse patterns, aiming at compactly capturing the meaningful information of volatile financial data. Specifically, our proposed method relies on sparse representations of the original time series in terms of dictionary atoms, which are learned and updated from the available data directly in a rolling-window fashion. In contrast to previous methods, our extracted sparse patterns enable both compact storage and highly accurate reconstruction of the original data. Equally importantly, financial analytics, such as volatility clustering, can be performed on the sparse patterns directly, thus reducing the overall computational cost, without deteriorating accuracy. Experimental evaluation on 12 market indexes reveals a superior performance of our approach against a modified symbolic representation and a well-established wavelet transform-based technique, in terms of information compactness, reconstruction accuracy, and volatility clustering efficiency.
Bernstein-type operators in Chebyshev spaces

We prove that it is possible to construct Bernstein-type operators in any given Extended Chebyshev space and we show how they are connected with blossoms. This generalises and explains a recent result by Aldas/Kounchev/Render on exponential spaces. We also indicate why such operators automatically possess interesting shape preserving properties and why similar operators exist in still more general frameworks, e.g., in Extended Chebyshev Piecewise spaces. We address the problem of convergence of infinite sequences of such operators, and we do prove convergence for special instances of Müntz spaces.
Bicomplexes and conservation laws in non-Abelian Toda models

A bicomplex structure is associated with the Leznov-Saveliev equation of integrable models. The linear problem associated with the zero-curvature condition is derived in terms of the bicomplex linear equation. The explicit example of a non-Abelian conformal affine Toda model is discussed in detail and its conservation laws are derived from the zero-curvature representation of its equation of motion.
Outline of a proposal responding to E.U. and U.S. calls for trustworthy global-scale IdM and CKM designs

In 2007, the E.U. FP6 SecurIST called  for trustworthy international identity management (IdM) that was usercentric. In 2009, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) called [28] for trustworthy [70] global-scale IdM and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) called [13] for new cryptographic key management (CKM) designs. In this paper we outline the core architecture for (apparently) the first globally scalable, post quantum secure, symmetric key based platform for provisioning IdM, key distribution/agreement and inter-enterprise CKM services. Our proposal employs a decentralised trust model that exploits compartmentalisation, redundancy and diversification simultaneously across service provider, software developer, hardware vendor, class of cryptographic primitive, and protocol axis. It employs behavioural analysis techniques and supports the collaborative management of international name spaces, management of client transactions using public identifiers and supports user-centric cross-cutting control mechanisms. Our proposal is suitable for use with commercial off the shelf hardware and is designed to wraparound and protect the output of existing security deployments. The platform addresses the U.S. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program (NITRD) call [56] to create a digital immune system (multilayered protection, decentralised control, diversity, pattern recognition), the DHS call [28] for combating insider attacks and malware, achieving survivability and availability, and NIST managers’ call for a CKM design supporting billions of users without the use of public key technologies [13]. This proposal has been designed as part of our Trustworthy Resilient Universal Secure Infrastructure Platform project [38].
Assessment of acquired hemophilia patient demographics in the United States: the Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Society Registry

The Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Society (HTRS) Registry was used to monitor the postapproval use of recombinant factor VIIa. The objective of this manuscript is to provide key insights on the demographics of patients with acquired hemophilia in the HTRS Registry. Acquired hemophilia patient registration in HTRS captured age; sex; comorbidities and predisposing conditions; first bleeding location; laboratory parameters; exposure to blood products, factor, and bypassing agents; and initiation of immune suppression/tolerance therapy. Overall, 166 patients with acquired hemophilia were registered in HTRS (83 women, 73 men, median age 70 years); the majority were non-Hispanic whites (61.4%). The most common comorbidities were autoimmune disease (28.4%) and malignancy (14.5%). The most common first site of bleeding was subcutaneous (27.1%); this was more common in whites (29.1%) than blacks (12.5%) and in non-Hispanics (26.4%) than Hispanics (11.8%). Blood product exposure was reported for 33.1% of patients; the most commonly reported product was packed red blood cells (28%). Of the 57 patients with outcome data available for immune tolerance therapy, 26 patients (46%) reported successful treatment, 13 reported unsuccessful treatment (23%), and 18 (32%) were receiving active treatment at the time of registration. The HTRS Registry final analysis provides the only current comprehensive look at acquired hemophilia in the US population, including details on underlying autoimmune diseases and malignancies. Pertinent to recognition and diagnosis of the disease, subcutaneous bleeding as a presenting bleeding symptom was more common in white and non-Hispanic individuals.
Invertebrate relationships : patterns in animal evolution

Part I.  1. Approaches to animal phylogeny 2. Morphological patterns and traditional divisions Part II. Sources of Evidence in Invertebrate Phylogeny: 3. Evidence from the fossil record 4. Evidence from chemistry and genetics 5. Evidence from embryology and larvae 6. Evidence from cell ultrastructure Part III. Phylogeny of Major Groups: 7. The origin of the Metazoa 8. Acoelomates and other lowly worms 9. The pseudocoelomates 10. The phylogenetic position of molluscs 11. Arthropod phylogeny 12. The deuterostomes 13. The Iophophorates 14. A phylogenetic overview of invertebrates References Index.
The Visual Image of Chemistry: Perspectives from the History of Art and Science

In this paper we investigate the most important visual stereotypes of chemistry as they occur in current portraits of chemists, depictions of chemi- cal plants, and images of chemical glassware and apparatus. By studying the historical origin and development of these stereotypes within the broader con- text of the history of art and science, and by applying aesthetic and cultural theories, we explore what these images implicitly communicate about the chemical profession to the public. We conclude that chemists, along with commercial artists, have unknowingly created a visual image of chemistry that frequently conveys negative historical associations, ranging from imposture to kitsch. Other elements of this image, however, aestheticize chemistry in a positive manner by referring to classical ideals of beauty and borrowing from revered motifs of modern art.
Review of Nie Minli’s Being and Substance: On Aristotle’s Metaphysics Z1–9

In his new book Being and Substance: A Study of Aristotle’s Metaphysics Ζ1–9, Nie Minli, taking a holistic perspective, argues that the primary substance—that is, the individual in Categories—is identical to form, which is the primary substance in Metaphysics Ζ, and that Ζ3 has finished arguing what the real candidate of substance is and the inserted Ζ7–9 texts are the “core and key” of the entire book. In spite of his excellent scholarship and masterful interpretation of Metaphysics Ζ4–6, Ζ7, Categories 1–5 and Physics Α, Nie offers insufficient textual support for his interpretation of the primary substance in Metaphysics Ζ and the content of Ζ3. Although substance is the subject (hypokeimenon) and a “this” (tode ti) in Categories, it is the ultimate subject (hypokeimenon eschaton) and a “this” (tode ti) and separable (choriston) in Metaphysics. As the ultimate subject, substance is form and matter but not the individual. As a “this” (tode ti) and separable (choriston), substance is form; moreover, the primary substance is form. In my view, that form is substance in Ζ3 serves more as a plan or outline needed to prove in the following than as a definite conclusion. This article also points out that tode ti in Ζ8, 1033b21 refers to the individual but not the form. Homōnuma in Ζ9 cannot be understood as “sharing the same name but with different meaning,” but, rather, simply as “having the same name.”
Zur Evolution der organismischen Autonomie. Teil 1: Begriffsbestimmung und das Beispiel der Entstehung der Metazoen

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Theorie vorgestellt, nach der die Entstehung der mehrzelligen Tiere in der frühen Evolution zu einer Emanzipation von der Umwelt und zu einer Zunahme organismischer Autonomie geführt hat.  Autonomie wird definiert als evolutive Verschiebung der individuellen Organismus-Umwelt-Relation, sodass die direkten Einflüsse der Umwelt graduell reduziert werden und eine Stabilisierung sowie Flexibilisierung der intrinsischen Funktionen erfolgt. Dies wird als eine relative Autonomie beschrieben, da gleichzeitig vielfältige Interdependenzen und Abhängigkeiten von der Umwelt bestehen. Elemente einer zunehmenden Autonomie sind räumliche Abgrenzungen, Zunahme homöostatischer Funktionen, Internalisationen und Zunahme physiologischer Flexibilität und Verhaltensflexibilität. Teil eins dieses Beitrags enthält zunächst einen kurzen Überblick über das Konzept der Autonomie in der Literatur. Anschließend wird eine neue Definition des Begriffs der organismischen Autonomie vorgestellt. Als ein Beispiel werden die dabei charakterisierten Prinzipien dann für den Übergang von Einzellern zu Metazoen beschrieben. Teil zwei, der im nächsten Elemente-Heft erscheinen wird, enthält eine detaillierte Diskussion der heutigen ursprünglichen Metazoen in Bezug auf die Evolution von Autonomie. Zum Abschluss werden die Theorie und einige ihrer Konsequenzen diskutiert.
Study on the Legal Protection of Marine Ecological System

Facing the increasingly serious problem on the decline of the marine resources, pollution of the marine environment and destruction of the marine habitat, the law to solve these problems is concerned in all over the world, which relate to the protecting marine resources, preventing pollution of the marine environment and establishing marine nature preserve. In this paper, we hold that we should follow the ecological regular in the marine ecological system legislation in order to protect marine resources and prevent pollution of the marine environment. It is need to pay attention to study the marine ecological regular and the feature of the marine ecological system in establishing scientific marine ecological law system that is formed of three grade marine ecological law.
On World Historians in the Sixteenth Century

This essay looks at a set of possible genealogies for the notion of ““world history”” by reading histories that were written on a world scale in the sixteenth century. It argues that such works were far more widely dispersed than has been hitherto suspected, and they were by no means a strictly European phenomenon; examples from Mexico, the Mughal empire, the Ottoman domains, and Poland all find their place in the discussion. Further, such histories formed part of a sphere of circulation of textual and visual materials on the scale of the planet. Finally, the relationship between such histories and the earlier tradition of ““universal histories”” is explored, showing the distinctions between them.
Historical interpretation, intentionalism and philosophy of mind

Historiographic debates keep returning to issues of authorial intention in the interpretation of texts. This paper offers a response to these debates by differentiating between two versions of intentionalism, termed 'substantive intentionalism' and 'formal intentionalism', according to two different senses of 'identity' in the thesis that assigned meaning is identified with authorial intention, such that these two versions of intentionalism imply different ontological commitments to what are construed as the relevant authorial intentions. These distinctions and arguments are then related to the 'historical intentionalism' of Quentin Skinner and Mark Bevir. The paper argues that in practice historical intentionalism ends up reproducing the arguments of formal intentionalism, and it concludes by raising questions about the value of intentionalism for historians.
Clinico-epidemiological profile and predictors of severe illness in young infants (0-59 days) in Ghana.

Young infant mortality has remained high and relatively unchanged compared with deaths of older infants. Strategies to reduce infant mortality, however, are mostly targeted at the older child.



To describe the clinical profile of sick young infants presenting to a hospital and to define important signs and symptoms that will enable health workers to detect young infants with severe illness requiring hospital admission.



Young infants aged 0-59 days presenting to a paediatric out-patient clinic were evaluated by a nurse using a standardised list of signs and symptoms. A paediatrician independently evaluated these children and decided whether they needed hospitalisation.



A total of 685 young infants were enrolled, 22% of whom were <7 days of age. The commonest reasons for seeking care were jaundice in the 0-6-day group, skin problems in the 7-27-day group and cough in the 28-59-day group. The primary clinical diagnoses for admissions were sepsis in the 0-6- and 7-27-day groups and pneumonia in the 28-59-day group. Clinical signs and symptoms predicting severe illness requiring admission were general (history of fever, difficult feeding, not feeding well and temperature >37.5 degrees C) and respiratory (respiratory rate > or =60/min, severe chest in-drawing).



General and respiratory signs are important predictors for severe illness in young infants. Training peripheral health workers to recognise these signs and to refer to hospital for further assessment and management might have a significant impact on young infant mortality.
Second chance learning and the contexts of teaching: a study of the learning experiences of further education students with few qualifications

This thesis examines the learning experience of a group of students in a further education college. This group, mainly adult returners, (there was a small cohort of school leavers) with few academic qualifications, succeeded in gaining Higher National awards and some went on to complete a degree. Students from 1995-2002 on one course in a college of further education were surveyed and interviewed. Findings from 95 questionnaires and 60 interviews on what factors they considered important to their success, how they learned best, and what elements of the learning experience were important to them, were all used to examine the learning of this group of students, both with Highers and without Highers, adult returners and school leavers, with a view to designing a teaching model for both sets of students. The initial hypothesis that those without Higher qualifications required something radically different from those with Highers, was disproved. Three case studies were used to give a more chronological and holistic picture of the student experience. The study shows that discussion, group communal learning and the trust and reciprocity exhibited within the dynamics of this particular FE classroom contributed to the efficacy of the learning experiences. Concepts of learner identity, discourse, student and teacher identities and pedagogical traditions were explored in the light of the data. Social capital was used as a heuristic device to examine the mechanics of classroom activity, the bonding of the group and how the small world of an FE classroom related to the larger networks of the workplace, the community and higher education. The final outcome, the model, was presented as a broad set of principles based on the students’ comments, the teacher/researcher’s experience and education theories. It was to be “learning focused” rather than “training focused” (Eraut et al. 2000: 240). Relationships between staff and students, students and students, modes of thinking linked to critical discourse and collaborative activity were the key factors in their successful achievement. The workplace context and the use of the practical setting were seen as important in making the learning link to “real life” but were not seen as the pivotal force. This combination of social and cognitive forces was translated into a model. The principles contained in the model were an expression of the way the students changed in their thinking, and in themselves, and what classroom dynamics brought these changes about.
The Trouble with Salmon

C H O I C E S Winter 2001-2002 FOR decades the Pacific Northwest has been immersed in debate regarding the state of salmon runs in general — and lately, of wild salmon runs in particular. Since enactment of the Northwest Power Act in 1980, an estimated $4 billion has been spent to restore diminished Columbia River fish runs. Most observers consider the results disappointing. Except for a spasmodic burst of record-level runs last year and this year, many species of wild fish continue to decline or remain significantly below target levels of recovery. Columbia River salmon runs once were reckoned the largest in the world. Before 1850, an estimated 10-16 million wild adult salmon returned from the ocean to the Columbia Basin each year. Today’s runs are significantly reduced, something on the order of one-fifth to oneeighth of historic levels. Furthermore, only 20 percent or so of the present diminished runs are considered “wild fish;” the remainder come from hatcheries. Declining fish runs in the Columbia Basin are not a recent phenomenon. Estimates indicate that 60 to 90 percent of the decline in salmon runs since the mid19th Century occurred before the 1930s when Bonneville Dam, the first major dam across the Columbia River, was constructed. There are many stakeholders — Indian tribes, industries, state and federal agencies, cattle grazers, power producers, industrial power customers, navigation interests, environmentalists, irrigators, sport and commerThe Trouble with
Analysis of Socio-Economic Well-Being of Population in Khirthar National Park, Sindh: A Geographical Study

Pakistanâ€™s two-third population lives in rural areas where the dependence on natural resources is foremost. National parks are protected areas where the natural environment is preserved for the future generations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the socio-economic aspects of the people living in such areas. For this a comparative study has been designed by selecting two areas of Kirthar National Park (KNP), Sindh, one within the boundary of park; Core and the other at the transition zone of the park. The data have been collected through extensive field survey and analyzed using correlation technique. The study can be helpful in assessing the interaction that exists between humans and dry natural environment. The results indicate a clear difference in the standard of living of the people living in these two selected areas. Such studies are very important from the point of view of rural development of local communities.
Stage factors relating alienation and self-role diffusion

A study, controlling for age, sex, and vocational commitment of 290 adolescents (ages 17–19 and 20–22), was conducted to determine the relationship between self- and social alienation attitudes and the identity-role crisis of the adolescent stage. Specific subscale differences due to age and sex for social alienation were found. Younger adolescents expressed greater self-alienation than older males, who were significantly more self-satisfied than both younger and older females and younger males. The hypothesis suggesting that self-alienation reflects conflict and dissatisfaction emerging from identity-role discrepancies during the adolescent stage of psychosocial development, and would decrease with vocational commitment was supported for males but not females.
[Diagnosis and management of chronic renal failure in the elderly].

The incidence of chronic renal failure in the elderly is rising due to the ageing of the general population. Its management, and notably nephroprotective therapies, must be adapted to the elderly person who is often frail and with multiple pathologies. The decision to start extra-renal purification does not depend on the patient's chronological age but on their physiological age and requires dialogue between the patient and their family, the geriatrician and the nephrologist.
Combining Supervaluation and Degree Based Reasoning Under Vagueness

Two popular approaches to formalize adequate reasoning with vague propositions are usually deemed incompatible: On the one hand, there is supervaluation with respect to precisification spaces, which consist in collections of classical interpretations that represent admissible ways of making vague atomic statements precise. On the other hand, t-norm based fuzzy logics model truth functional reasoning, where reals in the unit interval [0,1] are interpreted as degrees of truth. We show that both types of reasoning can be combined within a single logic SL, that extends both: Lukasiewicz logic L and (classical) S5, where the modality corresponds to...is true in all complete precisifications'. Our main result consists in a game theoretic interpretation of SL, building on ideas already introduced by Robin Giles in the 1970s to obtain a characterization of L in terms of a Lorenzen style dialogue game combined with bets on the results of binary experiments that may show dispersion. In our case the experiments are replaced by random evaluations with respect to a given probability distribution over permissible precisifications.
Task-Oriented Query Reformulation with Reinforcement Learning

Search engines play an important role in our everyday lives by assisting us in finding the information we need. When we input a complex query, however, results are often far from satisfactory. In this work, we introduce a query reformulation system based on a neural network that rewrites a query to maximize the number of relevant documents returned. We train this neural network with reinforcement learning. The actions correspond to selecting terms to build a reformulated query, and the reward is the document recall. We evaluate our approach on three datasets against strong baselines and show a relative improvement of 5-20% in terms of recall. Furthermore, we present a simple method to estimate a conservative upper-bound performance of a model in a particular environment and verify that there is still large room for improvements.