nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring the relativistic regime with Newtonian hydrodynamics II. An effective gravitational potential for rapid rotation

We present the generalization of a recently introduced modified gravitational potential for self-gravitating fluids. The use of this potential allows for an accurate approximation of general relativistic effects in an otherwise Newtonian hydrodynamics code also in cases of rapid rotation. We test this approach in numerical simulations of astrophysical scenarios related to compact stars, like supernova core collapse with both a simplified and detailed microphysical description of matter, and rotating neutron stars in equilibrium. We assess the quality of the new potential, and demonstrate that it provides a significant improvement compared to previous formulations for such potentials. Newtonian simulations of compact objects employing such an effective relativistic potential predict inaccurate pulsation frequencies despite the excellent agreement of the collapse dynamics and structure of the compact objects with general relativistic results. We analyze and discuss the reason for this behavior.
Commodity Price Fluctuations and Monetary Policy in Small Open Economies

Increased volatility in the world prices of commodities such as oil and food, which are basic imports for many countries, has rekindled interest on the question of how monetary policy should best adjust to external commodity price movements. Recent studies have analyzed the issue in the New Keynesian framework of Woodford (2003) and Gali (2008), adapted and extended to an open economy. As emphasized by Corsetti, Dedola, and Leduc (2010), optimal monetary policy then must balance at least two considerations. The first one is to counteract domestic distortions related to nominal price rigidities and price setting behavior. This is most critical in closed economies and, as emphasized by Woodford (2003), often results in a prescription that the monetary policy should aim at stabilizing of a producer price index (PPI). The second consideration is that it can be beneficial for a small economy to use monetary policy ∗Much of the analysis here draws on joint work with Luis Catao, to whom I am heavily in debt. I also thank Rodrigo Caputo and Andres Fernandez for useful comments and suggestions. This paper was prepared for the 2014 Annual Conference of the Central Bank of Chile. The Central Bank of Chile’s financial support is acknowledged with thanks. Of course, I am solely responsible for the views expressed here and any errors or omissions.
The effect of natural organic matter on the adsorption of mercury to bacterial cells

We investigated the ability of non-metabolizing Bacillus subtilis, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, and Geobacter sulfurreducens bacterial species to adsorb mercury in the absence and presence of Suwanee River fulvic acid (FA). Bulk adsorption and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments were conducted at three pH conditions, and the results indicate that the presence of FA decreases the extent of Hg adsorption to biomass under all of the pH conditions studied. Hg XAS results show that the presence of FA does not alter the binding environment of Hg adsorbed onto the biomass regardless of pH or FA concentration, indicating that ternary bacteria–Hg–FA complexes do not form to an appreciable extent under the experimental conditions, and that Hg binding on the bacteria is dominated by sulfhydryl binding. We used the experimental results to calculate apparent partition coefficients, Kd, for Hg under each experimental condition. The calculations yield similar coefficients for Hg onto each of the bacterial species studies, suggesting there is no significant difference in Hg partitioning between the three bacterial species. The calculations also indicate similar coefficients for Hg–bacteria and Hg–FA complexes. S XAS measurements confirm the presence of sulfhydryl sites on both the FA and bacterial cells, and demonstrate the presence of a wide range of S moieties on the FA in contrast to the bacterial biomass, whose S sites are dominated by thiols. Our results suggest that although FA can compete with bacterial binding sites for aqueous Hg, because of the relatively similar partition coefficients for the types of sorbents, the competition is not dominated by either bacteria or FA unless the concentration of one type of site greatly exceeds that of the other.
Euclidean formulation of diffractive scattering

After a brief review (in the first part) of some relevant properties of the high-energy parton-parton scattering amplitudes, in the second part we shall discuss the infrared finiteness and some analyticity properties of the loop-loop scattering amplitudes in gauge theories, when going from Minkowskian to Euclidean theory, and we shall see how they can be related to the still unsolved problem of the s-dependence of the hadron-hadron total cross-sections.
Foreign Know-How, Firm Control, and the Income of Developing Countries

Managerial know-how shapes the productivity of firms by defining the set of available technologies, production choices, and market opportunities. This know-how can be reallocated across countries as managers acquire control of factors of production abroad. In this paper, we construct a quantitative model of cross-country income differences to study the aggregate consequences of international mobility of managerial know-how. We use the model and aggregate data to infer the relative scarcity of this form of know-how for a sample of developing countries. We also conduct policy counterfactuals and find that on average, developing countries gain up to 23% in output and 9% in consumption when they eliminate all barriers to foreign control of domestic factors of production.
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHAFERROCENE AND CHARGE-DENSITY DISTRIBUTION AT LOW TEMPERATURE

While the chemical reversibility of the oxidations of (TPP)ZnL in EtCl, seen here is interesting, it is a t variance with previously reported work in acetonitrile. I t is surprising that no measurable quantity of the (8-py) derivative is formed and suggests that the solvent system plays an important role in the intermediate stablization of two possible oxidative pathways. Since the isolation of the (p-py) derivative was easily repeated and the [(TPP)ZnL]+ titration showed mixed species spectra, this solvent effect must indeed be operative. It should be noted, however, that even with the 500-ms time scale of our spectral acquisitions we cannot determine the exact nature of the intermediates in these pathways. Spectral changes were instantaneous with ligand addition.
Kinetics of crystal nucleation of poly(L-lactic acid)

The kinetics of crystal nucleation of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) has been analyzed by fast scanning chip calorimetry in a wide temperature range between 313 and 383 K, that is, between temperatures about 30 K below and 40 K above the glass transition temperature. The relaxed melt was rapidly cooled to the analysis temperature and subsequently aged between 10 −1 and 10 4  s, to permit formation of nuclei. The number of formed crystal nuclei has been probed by analysis of the crystallization rate at 393 K. The nucleation rate is maximal at 370–375 K and decreases monotonously with decreasing temperature in the analyzed temperature range. The observation of a monomodal dependence of the nucleation rate on temperature points to predominance of a single nucleation mechanism in the analyzed temperature range, regardless nucleation occurs in the glassy or devitrified amorphous phase. The collected data suggest that nuclei formation at ambient temperature requires a waiting time longer than about 10 8  s. The performed study is considered as a quantitative completion of nucleation-rate data available for PLLA only at temperatures higher than 360 K, suggesting that the nucleation mechanism is independent on temperature in the analyzed temperature range between 313 and 383 K.
Evidencing ‘Tight Bound States’ in the Hydrogen Atom: Empirical Manipulation of Large-Scale XD in Violation of QED

In this work we extend Vigier’s recent theory of ‘tight bound state’ (TBS) physics and propose empirical protocols to test not only for their putative existence, but also that their existence if demonstrated provides the 1 empirical evidence of string theory because it occurs in the context of large-scale extra dimensionality (LSXD) cast in a unique M-Theoretic vacuum corresponding to the new Holographic Anthropic Multiverse (HAM) cosmological paradigm. Physicists generally consider spacetime as a stochastic foam containing a zero-point field (ZPF) from which virtual particles restricted by the quantum uncertainty principle (to the Planck time) wink in and out of existence. According to the extended de Broglie-Bohm-Vigier causal stochastic interpretation of quantum theory spacetime and the matter embedded within it is created annihilated and recreated as a virtual locus of reality with a continuous quantum evolution (de Broglie matter waves) governed by a pilot wave a ‘super quantum potential’ extended in HAM cosmology to be synonymous with the a ‘force of coherence’ inherent in the Unified Field, UF. We consider this backcloth to be a covariant polarized vacuum of the (generally ignored by contemporary physicists) Dirac type. We discuss open questions of the physics of point particles (fermionic nilpotent singularities). We propose a new set of experiments to test for TBS in a Dirac covariant polarized vacuum LSXD hyperspace suggestive of a recently tested special case of the Lorentz Transformation put forth by Kowalski and Vigier. These protocols reach far beyond the recent battery of atomic spectral violations of QED performed through NIST.
Methods of exploring emotions

1.  Methods of Exploring Emotions, Helena Flam Part 1: Emotions - A legitimate object of study 2. Using  How to analyze emotions with the help of novels, Helmut Kuzmics 3. "It's all in the Plot" - Narrative explorations of work-related emotions, Yiannis Gabriel and Eda Ulus 4. "Studying Up" - Emotions and finance decisions, Jocelyn Pixley 5. Exploring Emotion Discourse, Tamar Katriel 6. The Rhetoric of Emotions, Barbara Czarniawska Part 2: Eliciting Emotions Through Interviews 7.  Eliciting Stories of Envy, Ishan Jalan 8.  Emotions and the expert interview, Jochen Kleres 9. Dialogic Introspection - A method for exploring emotions in everyday-life and experimental contexts, Thomas Burkart and Jenny Weggen Part 3: Observing Emotions in Self and Others 10.  The discovery of an object and the development of a method, Denise Van Dam and Jean Nizet 13. Emotional Alliances in Bureaucratic Encounters, Alberto Martin Perez 14. Can You Feel Your Research Results? How to deal with and gain insights from emotions generated during oral history interviews, Benno Gammerl 15. When Your Data Make You Cry, Deborah Gould 16.  Categorizing Data From a Fieldwork Diary, Julien Bernard 17. Researching "Emotional Geographies" in Schools: The value of critical ethnography, Michalinos Zembylas Part 4: Speaking Emotions 18. Linguistic Affect as Methodological Lens: The micro and macro of finding affect in language, H. Julia Eksner 19. Emotion and Conceptual Metaphor, Cristina Soriano 20. The Intensification and Commodification of Emotion: Declarations of intimacy and bonding in college fieldtrips to the global south, Gada Mahrouse Part 5: Emotions in Visuals 21. Visuals and Emotions in Social Movements, Helena Flam and Nicole Doerr 22. Evoking Emotions. The visual construction of fear and compassion, Francesca Falk Part 6: Documented Emotions 23. "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" - Emotion and narration in early modern self-narratives, Claudia Jarzebowski 24.  The cancer taboo and its challenge to a history of emotions, Bettina Hitzer 25. The Geography and Temporality of Emotions, Helena Flam Part 7: Surveying Emotions 26. Triangulation as Data Integration in Emotion Research, Sylvia Terpe 27. Missing Values: Surveying Protest Emotions, Dunya van Troost
Evolution of porous structure and free-volume entities in magnesium aluminate spinel ceramics

Porous structure evolution in functional humidity-sensitive MgAl 2 O 4 spinel ceramics prepared at different sintering temperatures is studied. It is shown that the increase in sintering temperature from 1100 to 1400 °C results in the transformation of the pore size distribution in ceramics. It is established that porous ceramics with tri-modal pore size distribution including open macro-, meso- and micropores up to a few nanometer is humidity sensitive in the 25–95% relative humidity range. It is demonstrated that positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy supported by four-component fitting procedure is a promising tool for nanostructural characterization of MgAl 2 O 4 spinel-type ceramics. Microstructure of these materials is improved with the increase in sintering temperature; the effect mainly results in the decrease of the additional near grain boundaries phases amount. These phase extractions and free-volume entities in ceramic structure serve as specific trapping centers for positrons penetrating ceramics. It is demonstrated that Tao–Eldrup model can be adequately used for the calculation nanopores size in MgAl 2 O 4 ceramics using o-Ps lifetimes of the third and the fourth components.
Bridge Aesthetics for Reconstruction of System Interchange at 1-25 and 1-40: New "Big I," Albuquerque, New Mexico

The interchange reconstruction project at I-25 and I-40 will be used as a case study to show that aesthetic enhancements that are simple yet have significant visual impact can be developed and implemented for bridges. The history of the planning process is traced, and the vision and goals for the aesthetic enhancements are described. Attention is then turned to the way recommendations were developed into reality from the design and public consultation process through to the implementation of the design of aesthetic features. The New Mexico Department of Transportation and the city of Albuquerque had the foresight to plan the aesthetics for their Interstate reconstruction program in a corridorwide fashion well ahead of the actual design and construction. That planning allowed the stakeholders to agree on a vision of what the reconstructed Interstate should look like and provide to the surrounding community. This vision was continued in the final design of the new bridges. Designers chose bridge aesthetic t...
Stroke: Morbidity, Risk Factors, and Care in Taiwan

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the most common cause of complex disability in Taiwan. The annual age-standardized mortality rate of stroke is steadily decreasing between 2001 and 2012. The average years of potential life lost before age 70 for stroke is 13.8 years, ranked the fifth in the cause of death. Its national impact is predicted to be greater accompany aging population. The most common type of stroke was ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Small vessel occlusion was the majority of ischemic strokes subtype. Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes hyperlipidemia, obesity, atrial fibrillation, and smoking were important contributory factors to stroke morbidity. The standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke in Taiwan is providing the intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) therapy for ischemic stroke patients within 3 hours of symptom onset. However, the rate of IV tPA therapy for patients with acute ischemic stroke is still low in Taiwan. Therefore, improving the public awareness of stroke warning signs and act on stroke and improving in-hospital critical pathway for thrombolysis would be the most important and urgent issues in Taiwan. To improve acute stroke care quality, a program of Breakthrough Series-Stroke activity was conducted from 2010 to 2011 and stroke centers were established in the medical centers. For the prevention of stroke, it was successful to increased annual smoke cessation rate through the 2009 Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act and decreased obesity rate through a nationwide weight-loss program conducted by Health Promotion Administration from 2011 to 2013 in Taiwan.
Beyond GDP: The Quest for a Measure of Social Welfare

Part I The first part of the paper is devoted to the monetary indicators of social welfare. It is shown which methods of quantitative estimating the aggregate wealth and well-being are available in the modern economic theory apart from the traditional GDP measure. The limitations of the methods are also discussed. The author shows which measures of welfare are adequate in the dynamic context: he considers the problems of intertemporal welfare analysis using the Net National Product (NNP) for the sustainability policy and in the context of concern for well-being of the future generations.
Oxygen binding properties of haemocyanin from Levantina hierosolima.

The oxygen binding properties of haemocyanin from Levantina hierosolima in the absence and in the presence of calcium ions were studied. A fluorometric method for the determination of saturation curves, based on the difference in emission intensities of the reduced and oxygenated protein, was developed. In divalent ion-free solutions, the binding was found to be of the simple type. In the presence of calcium ions interaction between the binding sites takes place. Thermodynamic quantities for the oxygen binding reaction in the two cases were determined. Corresponding values for the interaction among the oxygen binding sites were also calculated. The binding behaviour of the oxygenated haemocyanin in calcium-containing solutions was found to be identical to that of haemocyanin in the absence of the ion. The findings show that, as is the case in the haemoglobin system, deoxyhaemocyanin has a lowered affinity towards oxygen; oxygenation returns the molecule to the high affinity characteristic of the calcium-free protein.
Instantons and Saturation in the Colour Dipole Picture

We pursue the intriguing possibility that larger-size instantons build up diffractive scattering, with the marked instanton-size scale hi ≈ 0.5 fm being reflected in the conspicuous "geometrization" of soft QCD. As an ex- plicit illustration, the known instanton contribution to DIS is transformed into the intuitive colour dipole picture. With the help of lattice results, the q¯-dipole size r is carefully increased towards hadronic dimensions. Unlike pQCD, one now observes a competition between two crucial length scales: the dipole size r and the sizeof the background instanton that is sharply localized around hi ≈ 0.5 fm. For r > ∼ hi , the dipole cross section in- deed saturates towards a geometrical limit, proportional to the areahi 2 , subtended by the instanton.
Indefinite Reasoning with Definite Rules

In this paper we present a novel explanation of the source of indefinite information in common sense reasoning: Indefinite information arises from reports about the world expressed in terms of concepts that have been defined using only definite rules. Adopting this point of view, we show that first-order logic is insufficiently expressive to handle important examples of common sense reasoning. As a remedy, we propose the use of circumscribed definite rules, and we then investigate the proof theory of this more expressive framework. We consider two approaches: First, prototypical proofs, a special type of proof by induction, which yields a sound proof theory. Second, we describe cases in which there exists a decision procedure for answering queries, a particularly significant result because it shows that it is possible to have decidable query processing in circumscribed theories that are not equivalent to any first order theory.
U/Pb dating of detrital zircons from late Palaeozoic deposits of Bel’kovsky Island (New Siberian Islands): critical testing of Arctic tectonic models

Detrital zircon U/Pb ages provide new insights into the provenance of Upper Devonian–Permian clastic rocks of Bel’kovsky Island, within the New Siberian Islands archipelago. Based on these new data, we demonstrate that Upper Devonian–Carboniferous turbidites of Bel’kovsky Island were derived from Grenvillian, Sveconorwegian, and Timanian sources similar to those that fed Devonian–Carboniferous deposits of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and Wrangel Island and were probably located within Laurentia–Baltica. Detrital zircon ages from the lower Permian deposits of Bel’kovsky Island suggest a drastic change in provenance and show a strong affinity with the Uralian Orogen. Two possible models to interpret this shift in provenance are proposed. The first involves movement of these continental blocks from the continental margin of Laurentia–Baltica towards the Uralian Orogen during the late Carboniferous to Permian, while the second argues for long sediment transport across the Barents shelf.
A semantic grid-based e-learning framework (SELF)

E-learning can be loosely defined as a wide set of applications and processes, which uses available electronic media (and tools) to deliver vocational education and training. With its increasing recognition as an ubiquitous mode of instruction and interaction in the academic as well as corporate world, the need for a scaleable and realistic model is becoming important. In this paper, we introduce SELF; a semantic grid-based e-learning framework. SELF aims to identify the key-enablers in a practical grid-based e-learning environment and to minimize technological reworking by proposing a well-defined interaction plan among currently available tools and technologies. We define a dichotomy with e-learning specific application layers on top and semantic grid-based support layers underneath. We also map the latest open and freeware technologies with various components in SELF.
Dynamic specifications in optimizing trend-deviation macro models

As noted in surveys by Goodfriend and King (1997) and Walsh (1998) and exemplified by models analyzed in Taylor (1999), there is encouraging progress in developing optimizing trend-deviation macro models that provide useful insights into the transmission and design of monetary policy. Several controversial features of a minimalist trend-deviation model, with optimizing households, firms, and bond traders, are examined. Dynamic specifications are suggested to improve the data-based realism, while preserving the simplicity, of the minimalist model.
Pollution Sources and Potential Impacts—Next Steps

The paper presents the propositions that there is much to learn about what determines the magnitude and variability of pollutant loads in urban runoff; and with the exception of nutrient enrichment, experts cannot agree whether or not the pollution loads carried to receiving waters by urban runoff are of sufficient magnitude and duration to adversely affect the aquatic ecosystem of the receiving waters. It then goes on to summarize the findings of previous papers and the discussion that followed their presentation. Opinions of why things are where they are and what should be done about it are addressed. Subjects covered include a review of other papers presented at the meeting, runoff quality control devices, and others.