nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The mathematical work of S. C. Kleene

§1. The origins of recursion theory . In dedicating a book to Steve Kleene, I referred to him as the person who made recursion theory into a theory. Recursion theory was begun by Kleene's teacher at Princeton, Alonzo Church, who first defined the class of recursive functions; first maintained that this class was the class of computable functions (a claim which has come to be known as Church's Thesis); and first used this fact to solve negatively some classical problems on the existence of algorithms. However, it was Kleene who, in his thesis and in his subsequent attempts to convince himself of Church's Thesis, developed a general theory of the behavior of the recursive functions. He continued to develop this theory and extend it to new situations throughout his mathematical career. Indeed, all of the research which he did had a close relationship to recursive functions. Church's Thesis arose in an accidental way. In his investigations of a system of logic which he had invented, Church became interested in a class of functions which he called the λ-definable functions. Initially, Church knew that the successor function and the addition function were λ-definable, but not much else. During 1932, Kleene gradually showed1 that this class of functions was quite extensive; and these results became an important part of his thesis 1935a (completed in June of 1933).
High in the Hierarchy, Rich in Diversity: Asian Domestic Workers, Their Networks and Employers' Preferences in Yemen'

The Republic of Yemen, situated on the southwestern edge of the Arabian Peninsula, is the least economically developed country in West Asia. While it is well known that migrant domestic workers are employed in neighboring countries such as Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States, there is little awareness that most domestic work in Yemen is also done by migrant women. The majority of migrant domestic workers come from Somalia and Ethiopia, but women from Asian countries, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Sri Lanka also fill this role. These Asian women are positioned at the top of Yemeni employers’ hierarchy of domestic workers: they have a high status, are employed by the upper classes, and receive the highest salaries. Ethiopian and Somali women have a lower status: they are employed by the middle and upper middle classes and receive lower salaries. Yet, women from Asian countries do not constitute a homogeneous category: important differences are evident among them and, as well, in the preference...
Multimethod characterization of the interaction of aluminum ion with alpha-ketoglutaric acid in acidic aqueous solutions.

It has recently been reported that aluminum plays a very important role in reducing the activity of Krebs-cycle enzymes and glutamate dehydrogenase in rat brain homogenate. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the aluminum binding ability with the pivotal substrate alpha-ketoglutarate in biological systems. The interactions of aluminum with alpha-ketoglutarate were studied with pH-potentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis, 1H, 27Al-NMR and Raman spectra multi-analytical techniques in acidic aqueous solution to measure the stoichiometries and stability constants of the complexes and its keto-enol tautomerism. The alpha-ketoglutarate was found to bind Al in a bidentate manner at the carboxylate and carbonyl moieties. The mononuclear 1:1 (AlLH(-1), AIL+, AlHL2+) and 2:1 (AlL2-, AlL2H(-2)3-) species, and dinuclear 2:1 (Al2L4+) species were found in acidic aqueous solution. Meanwhile, Al can promote alpha-KG tautomerize to its enolic-structure compounds in solutions. These findings may help to further understand the influence of Al on GDH enzyme reactions in biological systems.
Uranium Series Chronology of the Late Pleistocene Basalt from the Longgang Volcanoes, Jilin Province

The Longgang volcanic cluster located in Jilin Province belongs to one of the active volcanic regions in northeast China, and has been active in modem times. In view of the multiple eruptions in history, it is very important to determine the age of each eruption for evaluating the volcanic hazards. Two alkaline basalt samples taken from Dayizishan and Diaoshuihu were analyzed with the U-series component dating after magnetic separation. The ages of the two samples are (71±9) ka and (106±13) ka B.P., respectively. These data indicate that there existed intensive eruption activities during the late Pleistocene.
EINSTEIN AND HILBERT: THE CREATION OF GENERAL RELATIVITY ∗

todorov@inrne.bas.bgABSTRACTIt took eight years after Einstein announced the basic physical ideas behind therelativistic gravity theory before the proper mathematical formulation of general relativitywas mastered. The eﬀorts of the greatest physicist and of the greatest mathematician ofthe time were involved and reached a breathtaking concentration during the last month ofthe work.Recent controversy, raised by a much publicized 1997 reading of Hilbert’s proof-sheets of his article of November 1915, is also discussed.
Global-scale scenarios and modelling as tools for managing large-scale nitrogen pollution

UNEP's GEO Yearbook 2003 (UNEP, 2004) characterizes problems related to reactive nitrogen (nitrogen overloads in some areas and nitrogen deficiencies in other areas of the globe) as an emerging global environmental issue. Global modelling and scenario analysis may help to investigate linkages and feedbacks between global change and water pollution, and to identify appropriate management options. To get an overview of the present-day global situation of nitrogen input and fate and to derive scenarios of the future that simulate the impact of global change (climate, population, agriculture, waste water treatment, etc.), the global model WaterGAP-N is being developed. WaterGAP-N will simulate the input and fate of terrestrial nitrogen, including the input from diffuse (industrial fertilizer and manure, biological fixation, and atmospheric deposition) and point sources, and the transport of dissolved N and its loss by denitrification in soil and groundwater as well as in surface waters (rivers, lakes, wetlands). With a spatial resolution of 0.5°, the model computes the N loads in each cell as well as the input to the oceans. Here we present first results of WaterGAP-N and show how the model will be used to derive management options for large-scale nitrogen pollution on the background of the SRES scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The Power of Introspection for Executive Development

This article advocates that psychologists help coach senior executives through introducing the appreciation of introspection. Introspection is not a topic that is in vogue, but has a 100 year history in psychology. Helping executives understand and capture the power of introspection is based upon a cornerstone of leadership development … objective, accurate self-awareness leads to emotional maturity. Maturity is an essential characteristic of “C” suite executives. With introspection, the majority of the effort is done solely by the executive him/herself with guided instruction from the psychologist/coach. This makes the process low cost and convenient. Mature judgment is most called for when a decision is “51–49.” If the executive is aware of his/her unconscious biases it can positively tip the scales in favor of making the right call. Through asking and reflecting on critical personal leadership questions, understanding the nature of positive introspection, and removing the bias of the ego, executives ca...
Breast cancer management in the elderly

The increase in life expectancy in the western world means that we are faced with patients diagnosed with breast cancer in old age with increasing frequency. The management of these cases is a challenge for the oncologist, who must take into account the conditions associated with advanced age and the lack of trials in this population. In this review, we addressed the incorporation of geriatric assessment methods that may be useful in making decisions, the particular biological characteristics of breast cancer in elderly patients and their treatment in both localized and advanced disease. Finally, we collected recommendations based on scientific evidence regarding the monitoring and life-style after finishing treatment.
Gravitation, Quantum Mechanics and the Least Action Electromagnetic Equilibrium States

The century old challenge of fundamental physics has been to reconcile quantum mechanics (QM) that deals with submicroscopic interactions between elementary particles from the quantization perspective, with relativistic mechanics that deals with gravitation at the macroscopic level from the infinitesimally progressive perspective, mainly embodied by the theory of general relativity (GR). The ease with which infinitesimally progressive sequences of motion can be mathematically represented by means of an indefinite number of instantaneous momentary excited states of a postulated underlying neutral energy quantum vacuum field, which is the foundation of quantum field theory (QFT), has naturally privileged this quantization perspective in all past attempts at reconciling QM with gravitation. But, given that all scatterable elementary particles identifiable within atomic structures have an electrical charge, and are thus electromagnetic in nature, this article explores the possibility of reconciling quantum mechanics with relativistic mechanics from the electromagnetic perspective, by means of reconciling the wave function with the least action electromagnetic resonance states into which elementary charged particles become captive within atomic and nuclear structures, and ultimately, with gravitation.
Software engineering as a business

Increasingly, system functional-ity is implemented in software. Where we used to split hardware from software, the business case entirely determines such boundaries now—what we best package at which level in which component , be it software or silicon. For example, a TV set in the 1970s had no software, whereas today its competitive advantages and the majority of engineering efforts are software-driven. The software business, however , has manifold challenges, ranging from the creation process and its inherent risks to direct balance sheet impacts. For example, the Standish Group found in its survey (2000 edition of the Chaos Report) that only 26 percent of the projects finished on time and within budget and a staggering 28 percent were canceled before deN o matter what business you are in, you are also part of the software business. Software makes the world go round—at ever increasing speeds. Computer-based, software-driven systems pervade today's society. From avionics flight control to the ubiquitous computers in personal digital assistants and cellular phones, to automotive and consumer electronics , software provides features and functions in daily use.
Stronger Nations Stronger Relations -New Prospects for Asia Pacific Regional Integration - Section on Social and Cultural Issues - Panel B Rediscovery of Social and Cultural Development

As we are engaging in the Asia-Pacific, the position of Taiwan as an early linguistic factor in the dispersal of languages is important to observe. The region is seeking collaboration and partnership with its associates of heritage. Taiwan from Neolithic prehistory has ushered in the Austronesian languages that became about 1,200 in number spreading across ocean settlements. For most of the region of Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, the Austronesian speaking peoples have prevailed for several thousand years, extending from archaic origins, with examples found in Formosan languages, through the Malayo-Polynesian languages of the islands of Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Micronesia, Melanesia to Polynesia, and across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. These languages are valuable, regardless of their extent, influence, or number of speakers, as part of the basic richness of humanity - a far-reaching legacy of communication and worldviews.
Corrosion behavior of Ni-based coating containing spherical tungsten carbides in hydrochloric acid solution

A Ni-based alloy coating with 30 wt.% spherical tungsten carbide particles was prepared through plasma transferred arc welding on 42CrMo steel. The composition and microstructure of the coating were examined through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry. The corrosion behaviors of the coating compared to the Ni coating without tungsten carbide particles and to the bare substrate in a 0.5 mol/L HCl solution were presented through polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and long-term immersion tests. The results demonstrated that the composite coating microstructure comprised Ni matrix, Ni-rich phase, tungsten carbide particles, W-rich phase and Cr-rich phase. The polarization curves and EIS measurements presented that a passivation film, which mainly included Ni, Cr, Fe and W oxides, was formed in the composite coating that protected the substrate from corrosion by HCl solution. In the immersion tests, a micro-galvanic reaction at the new-formed phases and Ni matrix interface caused severe pit corrosion and Ni matrix consumption. The debonding of Ni-rich and W-rich phases could be observed with the immersion time extension. The tungsten carbide particles and Cr-rich phase were still attached on the surface for up to 30 days.
Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy.

In the Randomized Evaluation of Normal versus Augmented Level (RENAL) Replacement Therapy Study (Oct. 22 issue),1 investigators compared low-intensity versus high-intensity renal-replacement therapy. One of the secondary outcomes was the development of new organ failure. However, the criteria for “nonrenal organ failure” were not provided. Second, in subgroup analyses, the RENAL study showed that there was no mortality benefit with high-intensity treatment in patients with sepsis, cardiovascular dysfunction, or failure of at least one nonrenal organ. In a study involving 1847 critically ill patients receiving renal-replacement therapy, we recently reported that the number of failed organ systems at the time of such therapy had a significant effect on the rate of death in the intensive care unit, ranging from 38% in patients with one organ failure to 85.6% in patients with more than three failed organ systems.2 The RENAL study was not designed to perform subgroup analyses in patients with three or more associated failed organ systems. The question remains whether renal-replacement therapy should be individualized in patients with acute kidney injury and multiorgan failure and whether there is a role for high-intensity renal-replacement therapy in this group.
A Methodology for Analyzing Political Speech: Western Approaches to Rhetorical Theory

Rhetorical scholars have long been interested in studying the internal dynamics of political speech − not summarizing what is said, but rather describing how a speech works as a rhetorical  In so doing, of course, one naturally examines the content of the discourse (its goals and strategies) in order to understand how the speaker seeks to influence an audience and to evaluate both the effectiveness of the speech as a rhetorical appeal and its ethical and political implications. In contemporary pluralistic societies such as Germany, Great Britain, and the United States—where political voices have access to multiple forms of communication, including television, radio, newspapers, scholarly journals, and Internet driven social media—it is expected that any national level political event will be commented upon and analyzed by both adherents and opponents. Never is this more true than when the leader of a nation, or a candidate to become that leader, speaks in any public forum. Speeches by American political leaders are routinely subjected to intensive rhetorical criticism. Just within the past few years, for instance, The Quarterly Journal of Speech has published rhetorical criticism focusing on speeches by Barack Obama (twice), Franklin Roosevelt, and Mohammad Ali. In this paper, which is aimed at presenting Western methods of rhetorical analysis to students and teachers in Russia, we have chosen to apply those methods to the most recent inaugural address given by the newly elected President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, on the assumption that most readers will be familiar with that speech.
Intergenerational Place-based Education: where schools, communities and nature meet

The research collected evidence from two case studies. 1. The first case we researched was a small primary school in an urban area with considerable experience in this work that engaged with their parents and community members to develop a community garden. 2. The second case was a secondary school in the Highlands who sought to experiment with outdoor 'journeying' in their local National Park with one 'year group'. These cases provide a useful platform for readers to consider what may be possible across the school system if the resources found in local communities are to be harnessed for learning in, about and for local outdoor natural environments in Scotland and beyond.  This research was commissioned by the Scottish Centre for Intergenerational Practice. The research is an exploration of the synergies (existing and possible) between intergenerational practice, formal school-linked provisions, and the field of place-focused approaches to education. The focus of the research was to consider intergenerational educational programmes that were connected to schools and at the same time, were concerned with making community-wide connections to some local, outdoor and natural places through outdoor experiences of different kinds. Thus, the key aim of the research was to consider what were the opportunities and issues for intergenerational place-based education, what its effects might be, and what the consequences are for schooling.
What are nurses' views on expanding practice?

In order to explore nurses' views on broadening their scope of practice, a study was undertaken using semistructured interviews. The themes to emerge were training/education, certification, legal aspects, and the conflict between the roles of patient carer and patient advocate. It was concluded that many nurses would be happy to broaden their role. However, some were concerned that nurses may be used as cheap labour and that the role of the nurse was becoming increasingly fragmented.
Dynamics of two-sign point vortices in positive and negative temperature states.

Dynamics of two-sign point vortices in two-dimensional circular boundary is examined by numerical simulations with MDGRAPE-2. The vortex system is characterized by the inverse temperature beta as determined from the density of states of the microcanonical ensemble of numerically generated 10(7) states. The massive simulation shows that different configurations appear in the time-asymptotic state depending on the sign of beta. Condensation of the same-sign vortices is observed when beta<0, while the both-sign vortices tend to be uniformly neutralized when beta>0. During the condensation, a part of the vortices gains energy to form clumps (patches), and the other part of the vortices loses energy to keep the total energy constant and mixes with vortices of the other sign. This observation demonstrates a characteristic feature of negative beta states that the system energy concentrates into the clumps of the same-sign vortices.
Global Civil Society and Democratization of World Politics: A Bona Fide Relationship or Illusory Liaison?

For over a decade, scholars have been studying and debating the role and influence of non-state actors in democratizing global politics. The sheer volume of studies calls for assessing the current state of this area of research. It also invites systematic analysis of differences in the collected evidence on outcomes of the democratizing efforts of global civil society associations. In this review, I (1) expound the concept of global civil society and point to definitional dilemmas surrounding this term; (2) propose a new analytical framework for examining an association between global civil society and democratization; (3) apply the proposed framework for assessing the findings of empirical studies; (4) discuss the nature of differences and the sources of discord in the analysts’ conclusions; and (5) make recommendations for advancing our knowledge in this important area of research. A principal theme that runs throughout this essay is that the field of global civil society and democratization has ample avenues for further conceptual, theoretical, and empirical work. Our ability to speak credibly of global civil society as a viable democratizing force would be improved with the development of empirical theory, conceptual elaboration, and more rigorous methodologies of research.
Cloud Computing Keeps Financial Metric Computation Simple

Cloud computing—implemented by tool suites like Amazon S3, Dynamo, or Hadoop—has been designed to overcome classical constraints of distributed systems (i.e. poor scale out, low elasticity, and static behaviour) and to provide high scalability when dealing with large amounts of data. This paper proposes the usage of Hadoop functionalities to efficiently (1) process financial data and (2) detect and correct errors from data repositories; in particular, the work is focused on the database SABI. There is a set of operations that performed with the distributed computation paradigm may increase the calculation performance.
Angular analysis of bremsstrahlung in α-decay

A new quantum electrodynamical method of calculations of bremsstrahlung spectra in the α-decay of heavy nuclei taking into account the angle between the directions of α-particle motion (or its tunneling) and photon emission is presented. The angular bremsstrahlung spectra for 210Po have been obtained for the first time. According to calculations, the bremsstrahlung in the α-decay of this nucleus depends extremely weakly on the angle. Taking into account nuclear forces, such dependence is not changed visibly. An analytical formula of the angular dependence of the bremsstrahlung spectra is proposed and gives its harmonic behavior. The extremal values of the angle, at which the bremsstrahlung has maximal and minimal values, have been found.
Church-based Work with the Homeless

This article explores the theological underpinnings of “hospitality” in one London Churches’ Cold Weather Shelter [CCWS]. This ecumenical initiative consists of seven churches in a local area offering shelter to homeless people for one night a week during the winter months. interview transcripts from seven team leaders are reflected upon using a “theology in four voices” approach. Despite different theologies of mission in operation, volunteers and guests are unified in their identification of hospitality as triggering four types of human transformation, which can be rooted in a living Christian tradition: transformation through seeing, conversing, eating together and discovering joys and abundance. This operant theology is brought in to conversation with a significant formal voice: Karl Barth’s surprisingly practical “theo-anthropology.” This theological methodology used with and for homeless people can benefit other Church shelters, church practitioners and theological academy.