nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Embedded Software and Systems: Challenges and Approaches

One of the most pervasive applications of computing is information processing tightly integrated with physical processes. Embedded computing rapidly takes over the role of being a universal integrator for physical systems. This trend is based on a fundamental technical reason: digital information processing is uniquely suitable for controlling and implementing complex interactions among physical system components. The expanding integration role of computing challenges the state-of-the-art in both system and software design. First, the traditional separation of related design disciplines is not maintainable. Predictability of the design requires integrated modeling and analysis of physical processes and information processing. Second, the narrow focus of current software technology on functional composition is not sufficient. Essential physical properties of embedded computing systems, such as timing, noise or fault behavior, cut across functional boundaries, which makes software design and implementation extremely hard and expensive. Third, design technologies, which are based on the modeling and analysis of systems with static structure, are becoming inadequate. Although networked embedded computing combined with inexpensive MEMS-based sensors and actuators make the construction of large physical systems with continuously changing structure and physical interactions feasible, their design is an open challenge. 
 
The first part of the talk provides an overview of the unique challenges and new research directions in embedded system and software design. The second part of the talk describes the Model-Integrated Computing (MIC) approach to address some of these challenges. Using the design of structurally adaptive embedded processing systems as example, the following three topics will be covered: 1. Methods and tools for the specification and construction of multiple-view, domain-specific modeling languages and integrated design environments. The MIC approach is based on the application of meta-modeling, meta-programmable modeling tools and model translators that form the foundation for composable design environments. 2. Automated synthesis of processing architectures satisfying multiple functional and physical constraints. The method described is based on symbolic constraint satisfaction. 3. Application of generative programming techniques with special emphasis on model-based software generators.
Interaction between MnO2 and Oxalate: Formation of a Natural and Abiotic Lignin Oxidizing System

This paper reports for the first time the efficient modification/degradation of in situ lignin by manganese complexes formed by the association of MnO2, accumulated as black deposits during wood decay, and oxalic acid, produced by fungi or resulting from oxidative degradation of cell wall components. The Mn oxidants formed are shown to modify both the chemical and physical properties of the wood cell wall. Microscopic analysis revealed the disruption of ray cell in oxidized wood and the formation of amorphous globular material not yet characterized. Thioacidolysis analysis of the oxidized lignin showed a reduction up to 25−30% in the recovery of ether-linked guaiacyl (G) and syringyl monomers and up to 50−80% of several diarylpropane and phenylcoumarane dimers composing the polymer. Preferential oxidation of G moieties in all structures examined was observed during catalysis. The MnO2/oxalate system also appears to selectively oxidize the lignin macromolecule, as no xylose or glucose loss was observed in ...
Some physical investigations of AgInS2−xSex thin film compounds obtained from AgInS2 annealed in seleneide atmosphere

This work deals with the preparation of AgInS 2− x Se x from AgInS 2 (AIS) sprayed thin films which treated under seleneide atmosphere during 1 h at various temperatures (400, 450 and 500 °C). Previously elaborated AgInS 2 compound, which has been conceived as an absorber layer in the SnO 2 :F/AgInS 2 (p)/Al Schottky diode, has presented some generation–recombination deficiencies and tunneling effects. XRD analysis shows the incorporation of Se element in the AgInS 2 matrix especially for use of 450 °C as heat temperature. The optical band gap calculated from transmittance and reflectance spectra of the above samples show the effect of annealed temperature on the band gap energy. The refractive index and extinction coefficient of the differently sample of AgInS 2− x Se x thin films have been reached through their transmission and reflectance spectra on a wide range of wavelengths. The surface topography and the roughness parameters of AgInS 2− x Se x thin films had been studied by AFM. Finally, thermal conductivity was determinate by the mirage effect. This thermal property was decreased by the annealed temperatures.
Research on the Industrial Ecology Foundation of Ecological Management

Environmental management can temporarily alleviate the tense relationship between human and natural ecological environment, but it could not fundamentally solve the pollution problem caused by human behavior. So, a new paradigm should be created. The ecological management paradigm meets this need. This paper proves that industrial ecology theory could be the theoretic and practical foundation of ecological management paradigm. Furthermore, it points out that the development of industrial ecology theory is the key for the transition from environmental management to ecological management.
The Moral Limits of Economic Growth

In an erudite book, Harvard economist Benjamin Friedman argues that economic growth does not merely shower its beneficiaries with material goods but is also a moral blessing. Friedman readily acknowledges that his morality is hardly the same as the Christian Right's but has four cornerstones: democracy, mobility, opportunity, and tolerance. Call it liberal. Friedman presents a large variety of historical evidence to support his claim that there is a correlation between economic and moral growth, granting some exceptions, most notably the formation of the liberal New Deal in a period of negative economic growth. In the following pages, I point to a whole slew of important questions that Friedman's analysis brings to mind, and differ with him on several key points. However, I cannot stress enough that the book is full of keen historical, cultural, economic, and social observations and encompasses a large variety of qualitative and some quantitative evidence. Moreover, the hefty volume does return us to a discussion about the moral implications of capitalism and globalization that is far from over. Finally, even those who do not see the historical narrative in quite the ways Friedman does may be delighted to support the progressive social policies he advocates. Friedman grants that liberal advances may occasionally help bolster economic growth; however, in his view, causality runs primarily from economic growth to liberal growth. This preference for economic factors over values as the driving force behind liberalization is reflected in his implicit rejection of Max Weber's thesis that changes in values drive both economic
A logotherapeutic approach to the quest for meaningful old age : Religion, spirituality, and aging

This article introduces logotherapy as a meaning centered psychotherapy and its relevance to social work with the aged. According to this theory, human beings are motivated first and foremost to finding meaning in life. Ways of discovering meaning are discussed along with Frankl's tragic triad, consisting of guilt, suffering, and death. Each of these unavoidable factors in life offer opportunities for discovering meaning. The importance of spirituality in old age is stressed, and Cicero's Cato the elder is presented as a model for meaningful old age.
A compilation of information and data on the Manson impact structure

A problem for the impact hypothesis for the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) mass extinction is the apparent absence of an identifiable impact site. The Manson Impact Structure is a candidate because it is the largest recognized in the U.S.; it is relatively close to the largest and most abundant shocked quartz grains found at the K-T boundary; and its age is indistinguishable from that of the K-T boundary based on paleontological evidence, fission track dates, and preliminary Ar-40/Ar-39 measurements. The region of northwest central Iowa containing the Manson Impact Structure is covered by Quaternary glacial deposits underlain by Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks (mostly flat-lying carbonates) and Proterozoic red clastic, metamorphic, volcanic, and plutonic rocks. In a circular area about 22 miles (35 km) in diameter around Manson, Iowa, this normal sequence is absent or disturbed and near the center of the disturbed area granitic basement rocks have been uplifted some 20,000 ft (6000m). Attention was drawn to Manson initially by the unusual quality of the groundwater there. Within the structure three roughly concentric zones of rock associations have been identified: (1) displaced strata; (2) completely disrupted strata, and igneous and metamorphic rocks. Manson was established as an impact structure based on its circular shape, its central uplift, and the presence of shocked quartz within the granitic central uplift. A gravity survey identified locations of low-density brecciated rocks and high-density uplifted crystalline rocks, but the outer boundary of the structure could not be established. Aeromagnetic and ground magnetic surveys showed locations and depths of shallowly buried crystalline rock and the locations of faults. A refraction seismic survey identified the crystalline central uplift, determined that the average elevation of bedrock is 70 ft (20 m) higher outside the structure than within, and was used to map the bedrock topography within the structure. A connection between the Manson impact and the K-T boundary may be established or refuted through study of the impact energy, the impact time, and composition of host rock, possible impactors, and impact melts.
Sexuality, sport and the culture of risk

This book explores serious issues in Youth Culture across a broad range of contexts. The matters explored are not only critical in terms of being fundamental and emerging problems in Youth Culture but they are also significant in that they present ideologies, scenarios, and seminal principals of individuals lives in frameworks which are non traditional, rebellious and alternative. The chapters presented deal with subject matter that challenge ideas within theories, methodologies and lifestyles that are confrontational, post-modern in perspective and designed to question the comfortable research zones of many traditional academics working in the sociology area. This book brings together leading academics many of whom have been cross-examining traditional views about youth culture for some time. Their work is thought provoking, innovative, entertaining and at the cutting edge of contemporary sociology. Designed for both undergraduate and graduate programs it will also be accessible for parents and community members who work with youth and their families, as it will provide a context for their experiences.
Tectonic setting and regional correlation of Ordovician metavolcanic rocks of the Casco Bay Group, Maine: evidence from trace element and isotope geochemistry

Ordovician metamorphic rocks of the Casco Bay Group are exposed in an approximately 170 km long NE-trending belt (Liberty-Orrington belt) in southern and south-central Maine. Geochemical analysis of rocks within the Spring Point Formation (469 ± 3 Ma) of the Casco Bay Group indicate that it is an assemblage of metamorphosed bimodal volcanic rocks. The mafic rocks (originally basalts) have trace element and Nd isotopic characteristics consistent with derivation from a mantle source enriched by a crustal and/or subduction component. The felsic rocks (originally rhyolites and dacites) were likely generated through partial melting of continental crust in response to intrusion of the mafic magma. Relatively low initial e Nd values for both the mafic (−1.3 to +0.6) and felsic (−4.1 to −3.8) rocks suggest interactions with Gander zone continental crust and support a correlation between the Casco Bay Group and the Bathurst Supergroup in the Miramichi belt of New Brunswick. This correlation suggests that elements of the Early to Middle Ordovician Tetagouche-Exploits back-arc basin can be traced well into southern Maine. A possible tectonic model for the evolution of the Casco Bay Group involves the initiation of arc volcanism in Early Ordovician time along the Gander continental margin on the eastern side of the Iapetus Ocean basin. Slab rollback and trenchward migration of arc magmatism initiated crustal thinning and rifting of the volcanic arc around 470 Ma and resulted in the eruption of the Spring Point volcanic rocks in a back-arc tectonic setting.
Testing Lorentz violation using propagating UHECRs

Lorentz invariant violation (LIV) test is important for studying modern physics. All the known astrophysical constraints either have a very small examinable parameter space or are only suitable for some special theoretical models. Here, we suggest that it is possible to directly detect the time-delay of ultra-high-energy cosmic-rays (UHECRs). We discuss some dif fi culties in our method, including the intergalactic magnetic fi elds. It seems that none of them are crucial, hence this method could give a larger examinable parameter space and a stronger constraint on LIV.
Sulfide Breccia in Fossil Mississippi Valley-Type Mud Volcano Mass at Decaturville, Missouri, USA

The fossil sulfide and carbonate breccia of Decaturville, Missouri, is described and the structural position of the breccia mass discussed. The large and the small carbonate rock fragments show remnant textures typical of marine carbonates. The isotopic compositions of the carbonate fragments and the “flow” carbonates of the breccia compare well with those of sedimentary carbonates from the host sequence of Mississippi Valley-type stratiform lead-zinc deposits of southeastern Missouri. Therefore, an involvement of deep-seated (mantle) carbon in the process of breccia formation is not indicated.
Ultra Low Thermal Expansion Ceramics

Further exploration in the (NZP) - family was carried on-in that the systematic crystal chemistry investigation of M1Zr2P3O12 (M1 = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) and M11Zr4P6O24 (M11 = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) was completed and few more new compositions were synthesized and characterized. An effort was made to grow single crystals of Na, Sr and Ca zirconium phosphates using B2O3 as flux in order to obtain more data to confirm the results obtained on powdered samples. NaGe2P3O12 was studied as a potential candidate for the development of glass- ceramic due to its low melting behavior. It has been established that sol-gel process is superior to powder method for synthesizing (NZP)-compounds and therefore most of the compositions were prepared by this route. Dielectric measurements made on CaZr4P6O24 showed that in general, (NZP)-materials have low dielectric constant with relatively low loss. New families such as diborides and A12O3-GeO2 were investigated in order to search any new low thermal expansion composition with high dielectric constant.
Requirements engineering research: Coordination and infrastructure

This paper gives a short description of RENOIR (Requirements Engineering Network of International Cooperating Research Groups), a ‘network of excellence’ established within the Framework programme of the European Union. RENOIR will be a major vehicle for coordination and the provision of an infrastructure for requirements engineering research and technology development for organisations within the European Union (or in countries with cooperation agreements with the European Union). RENOIR can also act as a resource and an expertise broker for the wider international requirements engineering community.
Growth behavior of high k LaAlO3 films on Si by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition for alternative gate dielectric application

LaAlO 3 (LAO) is explored in this work to replace SiO 2 as the gate dielectric material in metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor. Amorphous LAO gate dielectric films were deposited on Si (0 0 1) substrates by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using La(dpm) 3 and Al(acac) 3 sources. The effect of processing parameters such as deposition temperature and precursor vapor flux on growth, structure, morphology, and composition of LAO films has been investigated by various analytical methods deeply. The film growth mechanism on Si is reaction limiting instead of mass transport control. The reaction is thermally activated with activation energy of ∼37 kJ/mol. In the initial growth stage, Al element is deficient due to higher nucleation barrier on Si. The LAO films show a smooth surface and good thermal stability and remain amorphous up to a high temperature of 850 °C. The electrical properties of amorphous LAO ultrathin films on Si have also been evaluated, indicating LAO is suitable for high k gate dielectric applications.
Implications of Public Policy Change Models for Addressing Income-Related Health Inequalities

There are differing interpretations among health researchers about how income inequality leads to health inequalities, but there is consensus that income inequality is cause for concern. Alarms have also been sounded by public policy researchers and institutes, which see income inequality as having a corrosive effect on society by hindering economic growth, dampening political participation, and eroding quality of life. This article examines how various public policy models explain and promote policy change to reduce income inequality. The focus of this article is on income inequality, but its raison d’etre is the assumption that income inequality is an important driver of the health inequalities that both diminish and prematurely end life.
The Representation of an Evolving System of Legal Concepts: II. Prototypes and Deformations

One of the principal goals of the TAXMAN project is to develop a theory about the structure and dynamics of legal concepts, using corporate tax law as an experimental problem domain In this paper we describe the "prototype* plus-deformation" model of legal conceptual structure a concept is represented here by a prototypical description plus a sequence of deformations of the prototype, where the deformations are selected from among the possible "mappmga" of one concrete description into another The paper focuses on the set of mappings, which is the most important component of the model because it makes manifest the basic coherence of the conceptual space The syntax and semantics of the mappings are described, and their role in the process of legal argument is suggested The formal modal is then illustrated by examples drawn from Eisner v Macomber, an early stock dividend case.
Diagonalization, Uniformity, and Fixed-Point Theorems

We derive new fixed-point theorems for subrecursive classes, together with a theorem on the uniformity of certain reductions, from a general formulation of the technique of delayed diagonalization. This formulation extends the main theorem of U. Schoning ( (1982), 95–103) to cases which involve infinitely many diagonal classes Ck, and which allow each Ck to contain uncountably many members. The main technical work ties the familiar concept of a witness function directly to the often-studied Cantor-set topology on languages, and provides a “delay construction” which refines those due to Schoning, S. Breidtbart, and D. Schmidt. Our “a.e.” fixed-point theorems do not require that the “programming system” for the subrecursive class in question be well-behaved; we compare them to results which do. The other theorem is similar to the “uniform boundedness theorem” of classical analysis, and extends work of J. Grollmann and A. Selman.
Synthesis and novel reactivity of halomethyldimethylsulfonium salts

Iodomethyl-, chloromethyl-, and fluoromethyldimethylsulfonium salts, 4b-d, have been synthesized and are observed to be highly reactive molecules that exhibit extraordinary diversity with respect to the nature of their reactivity, undergoing facile direct substitution (S(N)2) reactions, but also being highly susceptible to electron-transfer reactions. Cyclic voltametry experiments indicated that the iodomethyldimethylsulfonium compound, 4b, is a potent electron acceptor, even surpassing the reactivity of perfluoro-n-alkyl iodides in that capacity. The iodo- and chloromethyldimethylsulfonium salts, 4b,c, as well as the analogous iodomethyltrimethylammonium salt, 3a, are shown to be reactive SET acceptors.
The University of London Research Library for Comparative Education in the Institute of Education

The Comparative Education Library of the London Institute of Education came into being sometime after 1945. As is often the way in these matters it grew out of the personal initiative of one person-in this case Professor Lauwerys who holds the Chair in Comparative Education in the Institute. He acquired books and pamphlets on his travels and made personal contacts so that more followed in his wake. The quickly accumulating amount of material in numerous languages meant that a room, separate from the main Institute Library, had to be set aside for this and someone-at that time Miss Kathleen Usher-Smith -undertook to deal with it as part of her duties concerned with post-graduate overseas students. The important point was that it was from the very beginning looked upon as a comparative collection of reference material and accordingly was arranged by country in the first instance. If all this material had been added to the main Institute Library and had been arranged primarily by subject like the other books, the whole value of this collection would have been lost from the comparative point of view. This meant that when the writer took over the care of this Comparative Library Collection in 1954 there existed a real com-