nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Discussion of David Freedman's “Some issues in the foundations of statistics”

While results from statistical modelling too often receive blind acceptance, we question whether there is any real alternative to use of modelling. This does not diminish the main point of Professor Freedman, which is that healthy scepticism towards models is needed. While agreeing with many of Professor Freedman’s points concerning the “objectivist” debate, we argue that there is a Bayesian school of objectivists that possesses considerable advantages over the classical objectivist school. At the least, the “debate” needs to be enlarged to include this school.
Research and Practices on Open Innovation: Perspectives on SMEs

Innovation has become a recognized driver of economic prosperity of a country through sustained growth of its entrepreneurships. Moreover, recently coined term open innovation is increasingly taking a lead in enterprise management in terms of sustained profitability. Foci of researchers and practitioners are revolving around innovation methods, processes, and strategies. This chapter seeks to find out open innovation researches and practices that are being carried out circumscribing development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through a longitudinal study. Along this context the study is investigating into researches that are being carried out by leading researchers and research houses across the globe, and at the same time, it also investigates open innovation practices that are being carried out for the development of SMEs. Before its conclusion, the chapter attempts to develop a framework for future research practices.
History's Value?

This issue of HWJ carries two features which spring directly or indirectly from the work of two founding editors, Tim Mason and Gareth Stedman Jones. Together these show how the study of British and European history has changed in the past forty or so years. On German and Italian fascism and modern British history respectively, they remind us of the value of historical thinking as a means to comprehend political and cultural change. The questions they raise about historical method and approach have a particular salience given the threat to the humanities in British Universities of the Conservative Coalition Government’s cuts to research and teaching. In a third feature in this issue, contributors respond directly to the cuts and their potential impact, addressing the general health of archives, and of medieval history; the Oxford University campaign against the cuts; and history teaching in schools. Further discussion of these and other themes will be found on the website of the Raphael Samuel Centre (www.raphael-samuel.org.uk) which is organizing a conference in 2012 on ‘History, the Nation and Schools’, as well as at historyworkshoponline.org, of which more below.
Is There an Association Between Patient Safety Indicators and Hospital Teaching Status

We compared discharges from teaching and nonteaching hospitals for relative rates and likelihood of potentially preventable adverse events.  We applied Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) to adult male patient discharges from Veterans Health Administration (VA) and non-Federal hospitals, calculated risk-adjusted PSI rates, and compared the likelihood of incurring a PSI event, controlling for case-mix and hospital characteristics.  PSI rates were higher in major teaching hospitals than in nonteaching hospitals for iatrogenic pneumothorax and selected infections due to medical care in both VA and non-Federal hospitals and for postoperative pulmonary embolism or deepvein thrombosis in non-Federal hospitals. In non-Federal hospitals, likelihood of a PSI event was higher in major teaching hospitals for decubitus ulcer and postoperative wound dehiscence in addition to those PSIs with higher stratified rates.  Further research is needed on the relationship of residency programs to adverse events. Differences between VA and non-Federal hospitals suggest that if residency programs increase risk to patients, the causes may be actionable at the organizational level.
Appeals to social norms as policy instruments to address consumption externalities

We consider appeals to social norms as a policy instrument to address consumption externalities. We explore whether appeals to social norms can be an efficient policy instrument and compare the efficiency of such appeals to the efficiency of taxation in addressing consumption externalities. We find that when the existing norm helps to shift consumption towards the socially optimal level of consumption, taxation welfare dominates appeals to social norms as a policy tool. While previous studies have found that economic instruments are superior to information in other contexts, we arrive at a different conclusion for situations where the norm shifts behavior away from what is socially optimal. In such cases appeals to social norms can be a better policy instrument than taxation.
Risk factors and morbidity of infantile haemangioma: preterm birth promotes ulceration.

We identified the characteristics of an infantile haemangioma (IH) that predispose children to complications, interventions and long-term morbidity and examined perinatal risk factors for IH.



We studied children with IHs admitted to Helsinki University Hospital's paediatric vascular anomaly clinic in Finland in 2004-2007 and registered perinatal records, IH characteristics, complications and interventions. These patients received a questionnaire on perinatal data and long-term morbidity resulting from IH. We analysed factors related to complications, interventions and morbidity and compared our cohort's perinatal data to the Finnish Medical Birth Register (FMBR) figures.



We approached 185 families, of which 136 replied to the questionnaire. Children with facial, segmental and indeterminate IHs showed more complications, interventions and higher long-term morbidity. Preterm birth predisposed infants to ulceration of IHs, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.02-5.14 and odds ratio (OR) of 2.29. In addition to earlier known risks, maternal gestational diabetes mellitus rate was higher in our IH cohort than the rate in the FMBR (95% CI 1.39-4.95, OR 2.62).



Physicians treating IHs should consider the elevated ulceration risk in preterm infants. The association between gestational diabetes mellitus and child's risk for an IH is uncertain and requires further research.
Oxidative degradation studies of an oxazolidinone-derived antibacterial agent, RWJ416457, in aqueous solutions.

The rates of oxidative degradation of a new antibacterial drug, RWJ416457, in aqueous solutions were investigated over the pH-range of 2 to 10. Two oxidative degradates were identified and the influences of pH, buffer concentration, metal ions, metal chelating agents, and temperatures were studied. The pH, metal chelating agents, and metal ions significantly changed the product distribution in addition to the degradation rate. Oxidative degradation is believed to follow a hydrogen abstraction (HAT) pathway. One degradate was the major product under acidic conditions and its predominance is attributed to a resonance-stabilized intermediate. The importance of the resonance structure was diminished under neutral and basic conditions. The product distribution changed and two degradates were formed in equal amounts. The study results guided the formulation development to minimize oxidation.
Marxist critiques of Slobodan Jovanovic’s study on Marx and Marxism praxis and dialectic

Slobodan Jovanovic’s study on Marx (1935) has been interpreted and evaluated 
 in every history of Serbian philosophy written after the Second World War 
 (1968, 1972, 2002, 2009). This paper discusses Marxist responses to this 
 study and the influence its evaluations had on the post-war reception and 
 critique of Jovanovic’s writings. The treatise on Marx, which came as a 
 result of years of studying and keeping close track of the evolution of 
 Marxism, Socialist thought and the labour movement, may also be seen as a 
 Problem oriented history of Marxism. Jovanovic suggests that essential to 
 understanding Marx’s teaching is its philosophical contents because Marx’s 
 findings in other areas were based on his philosophical insights. The paper 
 also tackles the issue of interwar and post-war interpretations of the 
 concept of praxis. Unlike his critics, what Jovanovic understands by Marxism 
 is not dialectical materialism. The paper shows that Marxist critiques of 
 Jovanovic’s study substantially influenced the philosophical reception of 
 that work in the post-war period.
Health behaviors and risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease in Korean patients with diabetes: the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey.

The purpose of this study was to identify health behavior and risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Korean patients with diabetes.



This study was a secondary analysis of the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2007-2009). Of the 24,871 participants, 1,239 aged over 19 years with diagnosis of diabetes were included. Stratified and cluster variables in the analysis-plan file for a weighted, complex sample were analyzed. CKD was confirmed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate level of 15.0-59.9 mL/min/1.732 m(2). Odds ratios between the variables and CKD were calculated using logistic regression analysis with adjustment for gender, age, educational background, income, and duration of diagnosis.



The results showed that 14.7% of participants with diabetes were accompanied with CKD. The risk of developing CKD in those who made efforts to take proper nutrition but failed was 1.76 times higher than those taking nutrition properly. In those who used to smoke compared to their nonsmoking counterparts, the risk was 2.06 times higher; in those who did not do vigorous exercise compared to those who did, the risk was 2.12 times higher; in those with hypertension than those without, the risk was 2.4 times higher; and in those with anemia compared to those without, the risk was 2.32 times higher. Only 19% of the participants received health education for diabetes, which did not affect the incidence of CKD.



Since renal functions are affected by lifestyle factors, it is critical for healthcare professionals to provide diabetic patients with health education focused on changing their behavior so that it is conducive to health. It is also necessary to consider that diabetes education should be made more available and provided more effectively to these patients.
Implementation of the British Thoracic Society recommendations for organising the care of patients with lung cancer: the surgeon's perspective.

The British Thoracic Society (BTS) recognises that it is of paramount importance to ensure that all patients with a working diagnosis of lung cancer have access to first class care [The Lung Cancer Working Party of the British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. BTS recommendations to respiratory physicians for organising the care of patients with lung cancer. Thorax 1998; 53 (Suppl 1): S1-81.



A retrospective audit of the time involved in the management of patients with lung cancer referred for consideration of surgery at the Royal Brompton Hospital was carried out. Our performance was compared with the BTS recommendations.



The notes from 194 patients were analysed, accounting for 93.7% of patients referred with lung cancer in a 1-year period. A total of 90 patients fulfilled the criteria for analysis as they had potentially resectable disease at referral; 59 (65.5%) underwent thoracotomy, and 31 (34.5%) were considered inoperable. The median interval between the onset of symptoms and their first chest radiograph was 39 days, and between the onset of symptoms and referral to a surgeon by a chest physician was 112 days. The median interval between referral by a respiratory physician and surgical out-patient attendance was 14 days, and between referral by a respiratory physician and the surgical procedure was 32.5 days. The median length of time from surgical out-patient attendance to the surgical procedure was 17 days. There was no association between the interval between the onset of symptoms and the surgical procedure with advanced tumour stage at surgery.



There are a number of sources of delay in the referral process for a patient with potentially resectable lung cancer. Most patients referred to our unit were treated within the time scale recommended by the BTS. Our survey has shown that there are cumulative delays in the overall investigation and management of lung cancer patients, which are not covered by the BTS guidelines, and which result in unacceptable delays for most patients.
Sonochemical preparation of amorphous nickel

A method for the preparation of amorphous Ni powder with particle size of about 10 nm is reported. The sonolysis was performed on neat Ni(CO) 4 and on its solution in decane. The nickel nanoparticles were subjected to scanning and transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and SQUID magnetization measurements. These measurements confirm the amorphous state of the particles.
A Letter From the Editorial Assistant

Gifted education is a multifaceted area with relevance Pin a number of other fields. This interdisciplinary nature makes it essential that we examine issues from multiple perspectives, in order to fully understand the gifted individual and how to serve him or her. In this vein, this final issue of the Journal of Secondary Gifted Education deals not only with research perspectives, but also with practitioners' perspectives. We hear from a number of different stakeholders, including a practicing psychiatrist, classroom teachers, school personnel, students, and professors from various research institutions. Yet, among these authors from differing backgrounds, there is a tremendous overlap of themes. Overexcitabilities, emotional development, achievement issues, diverse populations, including gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender and African American students, are all interwoven in and across articles. Through this overlap of ideas across different outlooks, we get a true sense of the versatile nature of gifted education. In "Underachievement in Exceptionally Gifted Adolescents and Young Adults: A Psychiatrist's View," Dr. Jerald Grobman, a practicing psychiatrist, reflects upon his experiences and observations from clinical work with highly gifted patients. He discusses the traits that emerged within this group, including perfectionism and motivation, among others, and explains how these traits developed and manifested as underachievement and self-destructive behavior. Weaving in corresponding gifted research, Dr. Grobman offers clinical insight that supports much of the research in gifted education. Finally, Dr. Grobman discusses how the process of psychodynamic psychotherapy helped many of these patients reverse their underachievement. Whereas Dr. Grobman examines the psychological underpinnings of underachievement, Dr. Joshua Smith deals with an external contributor: educational transition. In "Examining the Long-Term Impact of Achievement Loss During the Transition to High School," Dr. Smith uses data from a national longitudinal study to determine how achievement loss at one educational transition affected first-year college retention. In light of continuity concerns in gifted education, Dr. Smith's findings regarding the potential long-term effects of education transition extend our understanding of underachievement considerably. This theme of achievement is further explored in Dr. Gilman Whiting's "From At Risk to At Promise: Developing a Scholar Identity Among Black Male Adolescents." Dr. Whiting suggests promoting scholar identity, or an academic sense of self, within an underserved population (African American males) in order to help mitigate under-representation of this population in gifted programs. As serving diverse populations also has been a significant concern in gifted education, Dr. Whiting's proposed model can inform practice in ensuring equal representation, service, and opportunity to all students. Another diverse population addressed within this issue is gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) gifted students. …
CHAPTER 10 APPLIED GEOGRAPHY IN 20TH CENTURY NORTH AMERICA: A PERSPECTIVE

Applied geography in North America, especially in the United States, experienced a resurgence during the last quarter of the 20th century. After being well established pre-1955, its visibility within academic geography declined after 1955, resulting in confusion over its purpose and practice. Prominent North American academic geographers practiced geography during the 1920s–1950s as government employees and consultants. Applied geography was recognized within the formal literature of the discipline as a key dimension of the subject. Also, prior to 1955, applied geography had become institutionalized as worthwhile practice within the private and non-academic settings.
Virtual Plan-Design-Build for Capstone Projects in the School of Architecture: CM & BIM Studios in Five-Year B.Arch. Program

Diversification in project delivery methods (PDM) over the last two decades has significantly changed the roles of architects, engineers, and contractors in the construction industry. Under the emerging alternative PDMs, the common requirements for architects include 'planning capability', 'integrated understanding of design and construction', and 'IT skills' in addition to traditional architects' qualifications. In order to meet these requirements, a novel approach to educating future architects was attempted at Myongji University as a capstone project for the 5-year architecture program. This studio was entitled CM & BIM studio focusing on three objectives in design studios; planning, life-cycle integration, and building information modeling (BIM). This paper proposes a curriculum for the CM & BIM studio with detailed teaching objectives and student deliverables. Educational requirements in the age of new architecture were identified first. The CM & BIM studio in 2012 as a case study was introduced in order to validate the adaptability of proposed curriculum. Comments from professors and architects verified and encouraged the promising educational results intended in this paper. Finally, findings and lessons learned are also briefly discussed.
Relationships between quantitative and reproductive fitness traits in animals.

The relationships between quantitative and reproductive fitness traits in animals are of general biological importance for the development of population genetic models and our understanding of evolution, and of great direct economical importance in the breeding of farm animals. Two well investigated quantitative traits--body weight (BW) and litter size (LS)--were chosen as the focus of our review. The genetic relationships between them are reviewed in fishes and several mammalian species. We have focused especially on mice where data are most abundant. In mice, many individual genes influencing these traits have been identified, and numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) located. The extensive data on both unselected and selected mouse populations, with some characterized for more than 100 generations, allow a thorough investigation of the dynamics of this relationship during the process of selection. Although there is a substantial positive genetic correlation between both traits in unselected populations, caused mainly by the high correlation between BW and ovulation rate, that correlation apparently declines during selection and therefore does not restrict a relatively independent development of both traits. The importance of these findings for overall reproductive fitness and its change during selection is discussed.
Constrained Synthesis from Component Libraries

Synthesis from component libraries is the problem of building a network of components from a given library, such that the network realizes a given specification. This problem is undecidable in general. It becomes decidable if we impose a bound on the number of chosen components. However, the bounded problem remains computationally hard and brute-force approaches do not scale. In this paper we study scalable methods for solving the problem of bounded synthesis from libraries, proposing a solution based on the CounterExample-Guided Inductive Synthesis paradigm. Although our synthesis algorithm does not assume a specific formalism a priori, we present a parallel implementation which instantiates components defined as Linear Temporal Logic-based Assume/Guarantee Contracts. We show the potential of our approach and evaluate our implementation by applying it to an industrial case study.
Focusing of magma in the upper mantle through dike interaction: DIKE INTERACTION AND MAGMA FOCUSING

We use laboratory experiments and numerical models to quantify the effects of dike interaction on the focusing of magma as it ascends in the upper mantle. Laboratory experiments involve injecting buoyant fluid into the base of a tank filled with solidified gelatin. When we initiate two dikes parallel to each other, but separated by a horizontal distance x, they tend to merge as they ascend. This behavior is also predicted by numerical models of two-dimensional dikes. The key parameters that control the maximum horizontal separation xc over which dikes will intersect are dike driving pressures, dike head lengths L (i.e., the length over which driving pressure is large), and the difference between the principal stresses of the remote stress field. When the remote differential stress is small compared to the dike driving pressure, two dikes of equal driving pressure and length will intersect over distances of xc ∼ L. This distance decreases with increasing remote differential stress. We quantify the effects on magma transport from a broad lateral distribution of magma using numerical simulations of multiple-dike interaction. When the average dike spacing prior to interaction is within ∼3L and remote differential stresses are insignificant, dike interaction can focus magma over horizontal distances many times L but at least ∼6L. Dike interaction can focus magma in the asthenosphere beneath mid-ocean ridges for low mantle viscosities (≤1019 Pa s) and if dikes initiate with average separations of a few hundred meters, or less. Such focusing is predicted to grow dikes of increasing magma flux approaching lateral separations of a kilometer.
Sheffer polynomials, monomiality principle, algebraic methods and the theory of classical polynomials

The Sheffer polynomials and the monomiality principle, along with the underlying operational formalism, offer a powerful tool for investigation of the properties of a wide class of polynomials. We present, within such a context, a self-contained theory of such familiar systems of polynomials as the Euler, Bernoulli, Bessel and other clasical polynomials and show how the derivation of some of their old and new properties is greatly simplified.
Man-made natural ecosystems in environmental management and planning

This paper has been conceived from a background of European phytosociology and plant ecology, involved in the study of the vegetation of more or less densely populated countries like the Netherlands. I want to speak on behalf of many colleagues from that field of ecology. We are in the awkward position that the changes in the natural environment of our countries are, or at least have been, so tremendously fast that until recently we were spending our time in trying to preserve the remnants of our natural heritage rather than in analysing them. Despite this effort, Europe is losing its biotic diversity at an alarming speed. Unfortunately we have ample circumstantial evidence for this decline, but we need facts and figures to persuade those people who can most effectively try to stop, or at least try to curb, this tendency. Nowadays we consider that the planning authorities are the first people to persuade.