nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Atom optics: Old ideas, current technology, and new results

Atom optics is the coherent manipulation of the atomic matter waves originally postulated by the developers of quantum mechanics. These pioneers also proposed the use of stimulated light forces to manipulate particles. These ideas have been combined with current technology to produce the field of atom optics. This, in turn, has shed new light on old quantum problems like the which way problem and the origins of quantum decoherence. Bose Einstein condensates combine naturally with atom optics to produce new results such as the coherent amplification of matter waves. This review of atom optics traces these connections.
Young People's Ignorance about the Topic of Taxation:

Two hundred and forty university applicants for a premier British university (mean age 18.83 years) completed an anonymous 14-item, open-response questionnaire concerning knowledge of, and attitudes to, taxation. Responses suggested considerable ignorance of facts (such as different types of taxation and the amount paid on fixed incomes) but general acceptance of taxation systems. Most knew about the government's role in taxation and what taxation revenue was spent on. They were in favour of income tax but few could list other taxes or knew precisely the percentage of taxation people at different income levels paid. Various direct quotes from the free-response items are listed to illustrate the range and richness of response. Results suggest that university students remain fundamentally ignorant about the purpose, functions and legislation concerning taxation. Implications for both education and politics are considered.
The CALCULEMUS research training network: A short overview

Calculemus research aims at the integration of systems for symbolic computation and symbolic reasoning and is related to the QPQ initiative. It is in the spirit of both projects to discuss these connections and potential collaborations. The following text sketches the structure and scientific contributions of the Calculemus Research Training Network (Calculemus RTN; see Figure 1 for the partner sites) since its start in September 2000. It has been reproduced from the networks midterm report [22] and credit is due to all researchers of the Calculemus RTN. More than 28 young visiting researchers (with a sum approx. 150 financed person-months) have been supported by the network so far and approx. 47 senior researchers are involved in the training measures at the different partner sites.
New types of intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideals of ordered semigroups

In many applied disciplines like computer science, coding theory and formal languages, the use of fuzzified algebraic structures play a remarkable role. In this paper, we introduced some new types of generalization of an intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideal, called (a, s)-intuitionistic interior ideals of an ordered semigroup S. The important milestone of this paper is to link the ordinary interior ideals and (?, ? ?qk)-intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideals. The notion of (?, ? ? qk )-intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideal is introduced and characterizations of ordered semigroups in terms of (?, ? ?qk)-intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideals and (?, ? ? qk )-intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideals are given.
Towards an Effective Regulatory and Supervisory Framework for Latin America

This paper raises fundamental questions about how banks in Latin America ought to be supervised. The concentration of wealth holders in Latin America and the equity markets` resulting illiquidity permit investors who control banks to subvert the intent of capital requirements, even when the bank itself is subject to rigorous accounting standards. A number of policy implications follow from the analysis. Three of policy recommendations derived from this analysis can be successfully implemented in the short run. Latin American supervisors should focus on: improving the markets that already work in Latin America, which currently are markets for bank liabilities; severely limiting public safety nets for bank liabilities so that risky banks face a high price for raising liabilities; and encouraging macroeconomic policies to play a much more important role in restraining bank risk in Latin America than in the industrial countries.
A Developing Synthesis@@@The Shape of Life: Genes, Development, and the Evolution of Animal Form.

In the book, "Embryos, Genes, and Evolution", Raff and co-author Thomas Kaufman proposed a synthesis of developmental and evolutionary biology. In "The Shape of Life", Raff analyzes the rise of this experimental discipline and lays out research questions, hypotheses and approaches to guide its development. Raff uses the evolution of animal body plans to exemplify the interplay between developmental mechanisms and evolutionary patterns. Animal body plans emerged half a billion years ago. Evolution within these body plans during this span of time has resulted in the tremendous diversity of living animal forms. Raff argues for an integrated approach to the study of the intertwined roles of development and evolution involving phylogenetic, comparative and functional biology. This synthesis should interest not only scientists working in these areas, but also paleontologists, zoologists, morphologists, molecular biologists and geneticists.
“On the Road” - Reflections on the security of Vehicular communication systems

Vehicular communication (VC) systems have recently drawn the attention of industry, authorities, and academia. A consensus on the need to secure VC systems and protect the privacy of their users led to concerted efforts to design security architectures. Interestingly, the results different project contributed thus far bear extensive similarities in terms of objectives and mechanisms. As a result, this appears to be an auspicious time for setting the corner-stone of trustworthy VC systems. Nonetheless, there is a considerable distance to cover till their deployment. This paper ponders on the road ahead. First, it presents a distillation of the state of the art, covering the perceived threat model, security requirements, and basic secure VC system components. Then, it dissects predominant assumptions and design choices and considers alternatives. Under the prism of what is necessary to render secure VC systems practical, and given possible non-technical influences, the paper attempts to chart the landscape towards the deployment of secure VC systems.
Theory Interpretations in PVS

The purpose of this task was to provide a mechanism for theory interpretations in PVS so that it is possible to demonstrate the consistency of a theory by exhibiting an interpretation that validates the axioms. The mechanization makes it possible to show that one collection of theories is correctly interpreted by another collection of theories under a user-specified interpretation for the uninterpreted types and constants. A theory instance is generated and imported, while the axiom instances are generated as proof obligations to ensure that the interpretation is valid. Interpretations can be used to show that an implementation is a correct refinement of a specification, that an axiomatically defined specification is consistent, or that a axiomatically defined specification captures its intended models. In addition, the theory parameter mechanism has been extended with a notion of theory as parameter so that a theory instance can be given as an actual parameter to an imported theory. Theory interpretations can thus be used to refine an abstract specification or to demonstrate the consistency of an axiomatic theory. In this report we describe the mechanism in detail. This extension is a part of PVS version 3.0, which will be publicly released in mid-2001.
Hegel’s Ideas on Education in the Philosophy of Right -- from the perspective of historical materialism

In Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, the necessity of education for men have been mentioned frequently. It is believed by Hegel that education, through which the development from origin to nature would be completed, is the key to freedom of mind by liberate people from his nature state. By looking into statements related to education in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right in perspective of Marxist historical materialism, the study found that even though Hegel has answer the questions of “what education is”, “why to educate” and “how to educate”, he has missed the material basis of mind. Hegel’s ideas on education has shown, in Marx’s words, conservative political opinion and idealism, which becomes the theoretical foundation for ruling class.
Basic Process Algebra with Iteration: Completeness of its Equational Axioms

Bergstra, Bethke and Ponse proposed an axiomatization for Basic Process Algebra extended with (binary) iteration. In this paper, we prove that this axiomatization is complete with respect to strong bisimulation equivalence. To obtain this result, we will set up a term rewriting system, based on the axioms, and prove that this term rewriting system is terminating, and that bisimilar normal forms are syntactically equal modulo commutativity and associativity of the +.
Social Preferences, Skill Segregation, and Wage Dynamics

We study the earning structure and the equilibrium assignment of workers to firms in a model in which workers have social preferences, and skills are perfectly substitutable in production. Firms offer long-term contracts, and we allow for frictions in the labour market in the form of mobility costs. The model delivers specific predictions about the nature of worker flows, about the characteristics of workplace skill segregation, and about wage dispersion both within and across firms. We show that long-term contracts in the presence of social preferences associate within-firm wage dispersion with novel "internal labour market" features such as gradual promotions, productivity-unrelated wage increases, and downward wage flexibility. These three dynamic features lead to productivity-unrelated wage volatility within firms.
A biographical dictionary of women economists

This major original reference work includes over one hundred specially commissioned articles on the lives and writings of women who made significant contributions to economics. It sheds new light on the rich, but too often neglected, heritage of women’s analysis of economic issues and participation in the discipline of economics. In addition to those who wrote in English, some notable Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Russian and Swedish women economists are included. This book will transform widely-held views about the past role of women in economics, and will stimulate further research in this exciting but underdeveloped field. It is dedicated to the memory of Michele Pujol, a pioneer in the field.
Particle Physics at the LHC Start

I present a concise review of the major issues and challenges in particle physics at the start of the LHC era. After a brief overview of the Standard Model and of QCD, I will focus on the electroweak symmetry breaking problem which plays a central role in particle physics today. The Higgs sector of the minimal Standard Model is so far just a mere conjecture that needs to be verified or discarded by the LHC. Probably the reality is more complicated. I will summarize the motivation for new physics that should accompany or even replace the Higgs discovery and a number of its possible forms that could be revealed by the LHC.
The effects of human resource practices on firm growth

Although the connection between firm growth and labour is well documented in economics literature, only recently the link between human resources (HR) and firm growth has attracted the interest of researchers. This study aims to assess the extent, if any, to which, specific HR practices may contribute to firm growth. We review a rich literature on the links between firm performance and the following HR practices: (1) job security (2) selective hiring, (3) self-managed teams (4) compensation policy, (5) extensive training, and (6) information sharing. We surveyed HR managers and recorded their perceptions about the links between HR practices and firm growth. Results demonstrated that compensation policy was the strongest predictor of sales growth. Results provide overall support for all HR practices except of job security. Eventually, selecting, training, and rewarding employees as well as giving them the power to decide for the benefit of their firm, contribute significantly to firm growth.
The effects of oil price increases on the Egyptian economy

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper on effects of petroleum price increases on economic development in Egypt - discusses energy sources and power consumption using a simulation economic model and input output analysis; examines effects of price subsidies on energy conservation and the impact of price adjustments on public finance, national income, trade, industrial development, agricultural development, employment, basic needs satisfaction, etc.; includes energy policy suggestions. Bibliography, graphs and references.
A Kinetic Study of the Reaction of Aqueous Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide with Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins

Reactions involving aqueous chlorine and ClO2 with amino acids in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 3, 6, and 9 were studied using iodometric and spectrophotometric techniques. The N,N-diethyl-p-phenylene-diamine (DPD) titrimetric technique was used to differentiate the chlorinated species formed in the reaction mixture. Chlorinated derivatives of amino acids were readily formed and then decomposed. Except in the mixtures with proline, hydroxyproline and glycine, the rate of loss of available chlorine in the reaction mixtures followed first order kinetics and was found to be pH dependent. Only a few amino acids reacted with aqueous ClO2. The reaction also followed pseudo-first order kinetics. Reactions of three peptides and two proteins with aqueous chlorine and ClO2 at pH 6.0 were also studied. Except for aspartame, they reacted rapidly with both chlorine compounds.
Chaplin: The Tramp's Odyssey

An Everyman who expressed the defiant spirit of freedom, Charlie Chaplin was first lauded and later reviled in the America that made him Hollywood's richest man. He was a figure of multiple paradoxes, and many studies have sought to unveil 'the man behind the mask'. Louvish charts the tale of the Tramp himself through his films - from the early Mack Sennett shorts through the major features ("The Gold Rush", "City Lights", "Modern Times", "The Great Dictator" et al.) He weighs the relationship between the Tramp, his creator, and his world-wide fans, and in doing so retrieves Chaplin as the iconic London street-kid who carried the 'surreal' antics of early BritishMusic Hall triumphantly onto the Hollywood screen. Louvish also looks anew at Chaplin's and the Tramp's social and political ideas - the challenge to fascism, defiance of the McCarthyite witch-hunts, eventual 'exile', and last mature disguises as the serial-killer Monsieur Verdoux and the dying English clown Calvero in Limelight. This book is an epic journey, summing up the roots of Comedy and its appeal to audiences everywhere, who revelled in the clown's raw energy, his ceaseless struggle against adversity, and his capacity to represent our own fears, foibles, dreams, inner demons and hopes.
Understanding perception of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among general practitioners, physicians, and pulmonologists in India: Results from a face-to-face survey

Challenges exist in the diagnosis, management and follow-up of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in India. Lack of awareness of the disease, its symptoms and its implications may significantly contribute in preventing individuals with symptoms from seeking advice from their primary care physicians or eliminating risk factors. This cross-sectional survey aimed to explore the attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge of doctors (general practitioners [GPs], physicians and pulmonologists) related to COPD recognition, diagnosis, and treatment in India.



Data was collated from 91 randomly selected GPs, physicians and pulmonologists through a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews, in 8 cities of India.



The response rate to the survey was 68% (61 out of 91). Majority of the doctors (90% of GPs-physicians and 82% of pulmonologists) reported that patients with COPD visit them at moderate to severe stages of the disease. 44% of the GPs and physicians reported that they had never performed spirometry to make a diagnosis of COPD. About 35% of doctors reported that COPD occurred only in smokers. The most common reported barriers to the treatment of COPD were difficulty in explaining COPD to the patients, poor patient compliance to the prescribed treatment and the inability of patients to give up smoking. Most doctors agreed that compliance with treatment is a major concern in patients with COPD due to an ageing population, existence of limited therapeutic options and presence of comorbidities.



The results of this cross-sectional survey of doctors in India, highlighted the need for increasing the awareness about COPD at both doctor and patients level to overcome the prevalent under-diagnosis and under-treatment in COPD.
Polymerization of amino acid methyl esters via their copper complexes

Polymerization of glycine methyl ester catalyzed by cupric ions in organic solvents yields oligoglycines with a degree of polymerization up to nine. With a trifunctional amino acid, the yeild and degree of polymerization were much lower. Extension of this reaction to an aqueous medium was not successful even when copper ions were complexed with substances like montmorillonite or fatty acids. The prebiotic significance of this reaction is discussed.
Some observations relating to substituent effects in halogenation. Part II. The reaction of m- and p-chloroacetanilide with chlorine in acetic acid

The rates of chlorination by molecular chlorine of m- and p-chloroacetanilide have been measured at 25° in acetic acid as solvent. The proportions of isomers obtained under these conditions have also been estimated, and enable calculation of the partial rate factors in the various positions. The results are discussed in terms of the “additivity principle,” that is by assuming that the influence of substituents is independent and additive in the free energy of activation.
Spin, statistics, and the spinor ambiguity

The spin-statistics connection is derived in a simple manner under the postulates that the original and the exchange wave functions are just added, and that the azimuthal phase angle, which defines the orientation of the spin part of each single-particle spin-component eigenfunction in the plane normal to the spin-quantization axis, is exchanged along with the other parameters. The spin factor (−1) 2s belongs to the exchange wave function when this function is constructed so as to get the spinor ambiguity under control. This is achieved by effecting the exchange of the azimuthal angle by means of rotations, and admitting only rotations in one sense. This works in Galilean as well as in Lorentz-invariant quantum mechanics. Relativistic quantum field theory is not required.  The symmetrization postulate of standard quantum mechanics, I recall, postulates that any wave function or state vector of a system of identical particles must be either symmetric or antisymmetric, that is, multiplied by either +1 or −1 when the labels or parameters referring to any two particles are interchanged. There are thus two classes of systems, with different collective behaviour of the particles: systems of bosons and systems of fermions. These two classes are connected with the spins of the particles: all particles which are known to be bosons are found to have integral spin, in units of ¯ h, while all known fermions have half-integral (i.e., half-odd-integral) spin. Within quantum mechanics the connection with spin could not be proved and had to be taken as another postulate. The first proof was provided by Pauli , who founded it on relativistic quantum field theory. This also remained the framework for the papers which in subsequent years refined and generalized Pauli's proof [2,3]. Typically, in these papers it is postulated that no negative-energy states exist , that the metric in Hilbert space is positive definite, and that the fields either
The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe by Stephen Broadberry

Unlike most existing textbooks on the economic history of modern Europe, which offer a country-by-country approach, The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe rethinks Europe's economic history since 1700 as unified and pan-European, with the material organized by topic rather than by country. This second volume tracks Europe's economic history through three major phases since 1870. The first phase was an age of globalization and of European economic and political dominance that lasted until the First World War. The second, from 1914 to 1945, was one of war, deglobalization, and depression and the third was one of growing integration not only within Europe but also between Europe and the global economy. Leading authors offer comprehensive and accessible introductions to these patterns of globalization and deglobalization as well as to key themes in modern economic history such as economic growth, business cycles, sectoral developments, and population and living standards.
Gender and the fictions of the public sphere, 1690-1755

Chapter One, "Learned Oracles, Muck-Spattered Spies, and Academic Activists: The Politics of English Publicness, 1690-1714" Chapter Two, "Neutering Addison and Steele: Aesthetic Failure and the Spectatorial Public Sphere" Chapter Three, "Gender, Ridicule, and the Satire of Liberal Reform: 'Manley,' Mandeville and the Female Tatler" Chapter Four, "Astell, Whig Publicness, and the Problem of Female Specularity" Chapter Five, "Richardson, Anti-Pamelism, and the Promise of Female Discursivity" Chapter Six, "Voyeurism, Feminist Impartiality, and Cultural Authority: Haywood and the Addisonian Periodical."
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JURASSIC BASIN IN THE WEST PART OF THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE QAIDAM PLATE AND THEIR EVOLUTION

The Jurassic distribution was controlled by NW-trending and near EW-trending structures in (the west part of the northern margin of the Qaidam Plate. Near EW-trending structures zoned the Jurassic- from north to south, and NW-trending structures divided the Jurassic into some blocks from west to east. Several thickness centers formed because of the controlling of NW-trending and near EW-trending structures. The Early-Middle Jurassic basin was an extensional faulted basin, in which major hydrocarbon source rocks were deposited. And the Late Jurassic-Cretaceous basin was a compressional basin. From the Early Jurassic to the Cretaceous, strata deposition migrated from south to north and from west to east. The deposition of the Cenozoic basin superposed on the Jurassic basin played an important role in the pre-servation of the Jurassic, and promoted oil and gas generation. Structure deformation and combination of the Cenozoic provided favorable conditions for the oil and gas pool formation of the study area.
lim+, δ+, and Non-Permutability of β-Steps

Using a human-oriented formal example proof of the (lim+) theorem, i.e. that the sum of limits is the limit of the sum, which is of value for reference on its own, we exhibit a non-permutability of beta-steps and delta+-steps (according to Smullyan's classification), which is not visible with non-liberalized delta-rules and not serious with further liberalized delta-rules, such as the delta++-rule. Besides a careful presentation of the search for a proof of (lim+) with several pedagogical intentions, the main subject is to explain why the order of beta-steps plays such a practically important role in some calculi.