nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Characterization of Iron Oxide-Aqueous Fe(2+) Redox Couples.

Iron is present in virtually all terrestrial and aquatic environments, where it participates in redox reactions with surrounding metals, organic compounds, contaminants, and microorganisms. The rates and extent of these redox reactions strongly depend on the speciation of the Fe2+ and Fe3+ phases, although the underlying reasons remain unclear. In particular, numerous studies have observed that Fe2+ associated with iron oxide surfaces (i.e., oxide-associated Fe2+) often reduces oxidized contaminants much faster than aqueous Fe2+ alone. Here, we tested two hypotheses related to this observation by determining if solutions containing two commonly studied iron oxides—hematite and goethite—and aqueous Fe2+ reached thermodynamic equilibrium over the course of a day. We measured reduction potential (EH) values in solutions containing these oxides at different pH values and aqueous Fe2+ concentrations using mediated potentiometry. This analysis yielded standard reduction potential (EH0) values of 768 ± 1 mV for the aqueous Fe2+–goethite redox couple and 769 ± 2 mV for the aqueous Fe2+–hematite redox couple. These values were in excellent agreement with those calculated from existing thermodynamic data, and the data could be explained by the presence of an iron oxide lowering EH values of aqueous Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couples.
The EEA (Electronic, Electrical and Automation Engineering) and Surface Transportation Platform: Education by Practice and Projects: The System Approach

The tutoring methodology based on the System Approach has been very successful. It has its foundation on the triangle: Education - Research - Industry. The Universities of Technologies are public university institutes for scientific, cultural and professional activities. In order to teach this "system approach", the GESC has set up a tutorial platform namely, EEA and surface transportation platform dedicated to electrical systems and particularly to those about transportation. These real systems, equipped with instruments for teaching activities, allow students to touch and understand physical phenomena of the domains of EEA. With the purpose to give engineering students a scientific and technological highly qualified education, theory and practice, much attention should be paid to the set-up of experimental rigs coming from real industrial scenarios.
Mantle Sources of Lunar Volcanism in the Ocean of Storms: Evidence from Trace-Element and Nd Isotopic Chemistry of Fine-Grained Basalts at Apollo 12

MANTLE SOURCES OF LUNAR VOLCANISM IN THE OCEAN OF STORMS: EVIDENCE FROM TRACE-ELEMENT AND Nd ISOTOPIC CHEMISTRY OF FINEGRAINED BASALTS AT APOLLO 12 -Gregory A. Snyder1, Clive R. Neal2, Lawrence A. ~ay lor l ; and Alex N. Halliday3; l~ lanetary Geosciences Institute, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; 2 ~ e p t . of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46645;  Arbor, MI 48 109. In an effort to follow the processes of mantle melting Table 1: Whole-rock ChemiSt~ ( P P ~ ) of Awllo 12 FG Basalts
Leggett-Garg Inequalities for Squeezed States

Temporal Bell inequalities, or Leggett-Garg Inequalities (LGI), are studied for continuous-variable systems placed in a squeezed state. The importance of those systems lies in their broad applicability which allows the description of many different physical settings in various branches of physics, ranging from cosmology to condensed matter physics and from optics to quantum information theory. LGI violations are explored and systematically mapped in squeezing parameter space. Configurations for which LGI violation occurs are found but it is shown that no violation can be obtained if all squeezing angles vanish, contrary to what happens for the spatial Bell inequalities. We also assess the effect of decoherence on the detectability of such violations. Our study opens up the possibility of new experimental designs for the observation of LGI violation.
The Dynamics of Income Inequality in a Representative Democracy The Case of the Netherlands

This article investigates the causes of income inequality in a representative democracy. The starting point of the analysis is Lenski's orienting statement that these dynamics can be explained by referring to political behavior that first became possible as a consequence of the institutionalization of democratic ideology. Two competing explanations are considered. The first originates from Lenski's technological-evolutionary theory of human societies, while the second is based on Downs's economic theory of democracy. Using time-series data pertaining to the case of the Netherlands, predictions derived from these theories are empirically tested. The Downsian explanation appears to be theoretically as well as empirically preferable to the Lenskian one.
Computer Engineering Design Projects in Collaboration With Industry Sponsored Competitions

Mr. John McLellan is the North American coordinator of University Programs at Freescale Semiconductor Inc., a global embedded solutions company. The program works with over 600 universities world-wide to provide the latest tools and support so that students knowledgeably enter the high-tech workforce. While at Freescale, McLellan helped to build a portfolio of academic oriented, project-based student learning kits, support curricula, and competitions to facilitate academic innovation and invigoration. McLellan holds a degree in Electrical Engineering Technology from Texas A&M University.
P-disjunctive omega-languages

An ω-language over a finite alphabet X is a set of infinite sequences of letters of X. An ω-language L is P-disjunctive if Pω, L is the equality, where Pω, L is the congruence on X* introduced by L. We prove that L contains a P-disjunctive ω-language if and only if L is P-dense. In order to determine whether a given ω-language is P-disjunctive or not, the concept of P-disjunctive domains is defined in this paper. And it is showed that P-disjunctive domains are equivalent to disjunctive domains.
The hallmarks of "green" viruses: do plant viruses evolve differently from the others?

All viruses are obligatory parasites that must develop tight interactions with their hosts to complete their infectious cycle. Viruses infecting plants share many structural and functional similarities with those infecting other organisms, particularly animals and fungi. Quantitative data regarding their evolutionary mechanisms--generation of variability by mutation and recombination, changes in populations by selection and genetic drift have been obtained only recently, and appear rather similar to those measured for animal viruses.This review presents an update of our knowledge of the phylogenetic and evolutionary characteristics of plant viruses and their relation to their plant hosts, in comparison with viruses infecting other organisms.
Effects of Long-chain Molecules on the Population and Orientation of Organic Molecules at the Air/Water Interface

The effects of penta- and hexadecanoic acids on the population and orientational structure of p-nitrophenol, at the airlwater interface at a bulk pH of 2, have been studied by using the technique of second-harmonic generation. The results indicate that, with increasing fatty acid at the interface, (1) the population of p-nitrophenol at the airlwater interface first increases and then decreases, (2) the long axis of p-nitrophenol is oriented increasingly toward the surface normal, and (3) the behavior of p-nitrophenol is not sensitive to the monolayer liquid-expanded-liquid-condensed phase transition. This indicates that the p-nitrophenol is adsorbed near the polar group of the fatty acid and thus is a good probe of the lipid head group region.
Forging Imperial and Australasian Identities: Australian Rules Football in New Zealand During the Nineteenth Century

The localised successes but geographic boundedness of Australian Rules football raise interesting questions about the relationship of sports to the regional character of the South-West Pacific. Although it is called ‘Australian’, the game has historically been restricted to roughly half of the population of the colonies and states, failing to capitalise on its initial flowering in Queensland and New South Wales. In the nineteenth century, it was better known by its urban (Melbourne) and colonial (Victorian) origins. Although sport historians have occasionally sought to explain the game's failure to win popular followings in northern Australia, the more intriguing question is why it failed to survive in New Zealand – the colony that had most in common with the game's birthplace in Victoria. This paper explores the diffusion of the code to New Zealand during the colonial era, and discusses the wider ramifications for its eventual loss of purchase across the Tasman Sea.
Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes.

Recent results from ancestral (minimally derived) protists testify to the tremendous diversity of the mitochondrial genome in various eukaryotic lineages, but also reinforce the view that mitochondria, descendants of an endosymbiotic alpha-Proteobacterium, arose only once in evolution. The serial endosymbiosis theory, currently the most popular hypothesis to explain the origin of mitochondria, postulates the capture of an alpha-proteobacterial endosymbiont by a nucleus-containing eukaryotic host resembling extant amitochondriate protists. New sequence data have challenged this scenario, instead raising the possibility that the origin of the mitochondrion was coincident with, and contributed substantially to, the origin of the nuclear genome of the eukaryotic cell. Defining more precisely the alpha-proteobacterial ancestry of the mitochondrial genome, and the contribution of the endosymbiotic event to the nuclear genome, will be essential for a full understanding of the origin and evolution of the eukaryotic cell as a whole.
Combining Theoretical Approaches: The Case of Urban Land Value and Housing Market Dynamics

This article reviews the literature on urban land value formation and spatial housing market dynamics in a cross-disciplinary spirit. By doing so, an analytical device is elaborated based on the most relevant interpretative communities (i.e. schools, streams of thought) of urban (economic) research. The point of departure is general economic theory, and the goal is innovative and middle-range approaches. The key concepts stem from three different modes of analysis: the neoclassical; the neo-Marxist; and the institutionalist (and related theories). The idea is to combine the relevant ideas of each interpretative community into one model, which subsequently may be applied for further analysis of topics related to urban land value, such as property prices, housing submarkets, locational preferences and the physical and social quality of the neighbourhood as a synthesized theoretical framework.
Structural and optical properties of ZnO films grown on ion-plated Ga doped ZnO buffer layers by atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition using Zn and H2O as source materials

Zinc oxide (ZnO) films were grown on glass substrates with ion-platedGa-doped ZnO (GZO) buffer layers at various substrate temperatures by atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition using Zn powder and water as precursors. All the X-ray diffraction patterns of the ZnO/GZO films were dominated by a ZnO(002) peak, indicating the successful growth of highly c -axis oriented films. The substrate temperature dependence of growth rate was divided into three regions with the different activation energies, i.e. re-evaporation, mass-transport controlled and surface-controlled regions. Scanning-electron-microscope observations revealed that the films grown at the substrate temperature in the mass-transport-controlled region exhibited the terrace-like surface morphology with rock-like structures. Photoluminescence spectra of the ZnO/GZO films were composed of a near-band-edge (NBE) emission at a wavelength of about 380 nm and a broad-band emission spreading over the visible wavelength region, as regardless of the substrate temperature. The visible-broad-band emissions observed on many samples could be decomposed into two or three peak emissions with the Lorentzian shapes. With increasing substrate temperature, the wavelength of the emission showing the strongest intensity, which was obtained by the decomposition of the visible-broad-band emission, shifted towards longer wavelengths together with the broadening of its width.
Additive transcriptomic variation associated with reproductive traits suggest local adaptation in a recently settled population of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

BackgroundOriginating from Northeast Asia, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas has been introduced into a large number of countries for aquaculture purpose. Following introduction, the Pacific oyster has turned into an invasive species in an increasing number of coastal areas, notably recently in Northern Europe.MethodsTo explore potential adaptation of reproductive traits in populations with different histories, we set up a common garden experiment based on the comparison of progenies from two populations of Pacific oyster sampled in France and Denmark and their hybrids. Sex ratio, condition index and microarray gene expression in gonads, were analyzed in each progeny (n = 60).ResultsA female-biased sex-ratio and a higher condition index were observed in the Danish progeny, possibly reflecting an evolutionary reproductive strategy to increase the potential success of natural recruitment in recently settled population. Using multifarious statistical approaches and accounting for sex differences we identified several transcripts differentially expressed between the Danish and French progenies, for which additive genetic basis is suspected (showing intermediate expression levels in hybrids, and therefore additivity). Candidate transcripts included mRNA coding for sperm quality and insulin metabolism, known to be implicated in coordinated control and success of reproduction.ConclusionsObserved differences suggest that adaptation of invasive populations might have occurred during expansion acting on reproductive traits, and in particular on a female-biased sex-ratio, gamete quality and fertility.
Towards a politics and art of the land : gothic cinema of the Australian new wave and its reception by American film critics

This article will drill down to the level of the reception of two examples of Australian gothic film-making by two well-known American critics. Rayner’s comparison of Australian gothic with American film noir is useful; however, it begs the question of how American critics such as Pauline Kael and Andrew Sarris influentially shaped the reception of Australian gothic in America and in other locations (such as Australia itself) where their reviews found an audience either at the time or afterwards. The significance of the present article rests on the fact that, as William McClain observes, following in Rick Altman’s footsteps, “critics form one of the key material institutions that support generic formations” (54). This article nurtures the suggestion that knowing how Australian gothic cinema was shaped, in its infancy, in the increasingly important American market (a market of both commerce and ideas) might usefully inform revisionist studies of Australian cinema as a national mode.
Civic Engagement, Social Capital, and Economic Cooperation

In Making Democracy Work and a recent article in The American Prospect, Robert Putnam argues that the same factors he believes contribute to a healthy polity—civic engagement and social capital—also foster economic prosperity. They do so, in his view, by encouraging cooperation. The author argues that Putnam is right to emphasize the value of cooperative economic behavior, but that he overstates the contribution of civic activism and social capital to both cooperation and economic success. The principal economically beneficial forms of cooperation tend to be products of institutional incentives rather than social capital. And civic engagement, although helpful in accounting for economic performance differences between Italy's north and south, is of little explanatory utility beyond the Italian case.
Economic analysis of the project of warehouse centralization in the paper production company

In the modern conditions, business requires constant rationalization of all activities and processes that occur in the logistics system. One of the preconditions for ensuring the competitiveness in the market is to manage the own performance. This paper presents research that relates to the project of centralization of the warehouse in the company of paper production. Currently, any production facility has its own warehouse that is, through executed decomposition, proved like a poor solution. Any project requires certain investment funds, which are in this case over half million EUR, because it is a large and complex logistics company that employs about one thousand workers. The focus of this paper is an economic analysis of the project of centralization of warehouse. The new centralized system gives better results in the comparison with the current system of decentralization. Considering the savings, which are realized by switching to a centralized warehouse system, and required investment funds, repayment period of the same is slightly less than five years, what is relatively a short period.
Conflict between Traditionalism and Rationalism: A Problem with Samkara

INSOFAR AS his Commentary on the Brahma Sfztra goes, Sarikara was not a rationalistic philosopher who, disregarding tradition and carrying on speculation freely and independently, set forth his own argument. He claimed, through and through, to be a faithful expositor of the purport of the scripture (authoritative texts). For him, the Veda was of utmost significance' and of absolute authority.2 Any part of the Veda can be an authority; no part can fail to be an authority." The Veda is absolute concerning what it says; it does not depend on anything else; it is like the sun which shines throughout the universe.4 (Actually, the Vedic texts which he cited were mostly the older Upanisads.) The authority of the Veda is higher than that of the gods. It is by means of the Veda that even the gods are brought to spiritual liberation.5 The Veda was not composed by men; it is authoritative in the sense of being self-revealing; it does not rely on any source.
Heat flow from eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia

Heat flows were determined at 12 sites in four distinct areas between longitude 77° and 80°W in eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia. Evidently, most of the region is underlain by mafic oceanic crust so that the crustal radiogenic component of heat flow is very small (∼ 0.1 μcal cm −2 sec −1 ). Low heat-flow values (∼ 0.7 μcal cm −2 sec −1 ) in northwestern Colombia may reflect thermal transients associated with shallow subduction. The normal values (∼ 1) at about 78°W are consistent with the mean heat flow from the western Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. At 80°W, a fairly high value of 1.8 may define the easterly limit of thermal transients due to Cenozoic volcanic activity in Central America.
Iteratively-Supported Formulas and Strongly Supported Models for Kleene Answer Set Programs - (Extended Abstract)

In this extended abstract, we discuss the use of iteratively-supported formulas (ISFs) as a basis for computing strongly-supported models for Kleene Answer Set Programs (ASP\(^{K}\)). ASP\(^{K}\) programs have a syntax identical to classical ASP programs. The semantics of ASP\(^{K}\) programs is based on the use of Kleene three-valued logic and strongly-supported models. For normal ASP\(^{K}\) programs, their strongly supported models are identical to classical answer sets using stable model semantics. For disjunctive ASP\(^{K}\) programs, the semantics weakens the minimality assumption resulting in a classical interpretation for disjunction. We use ISFs to characterize strongly-supported models and show that they are polynomially bounded.
"History Under Debate : International Reflection on the Discipline", editors C. Barros, J. L. McCrank, Oxford 2004 : [recenzja] / Jolanta Kolbuszewska.

* About the Editors * Contributors * Preface: History As a Primary Source (Lawrence J. McCrank) * PART I: THE H D FORUM AND MOVEMENT * Chapter 1. The Return of History (Carlos Barros) * History Accelerates * The Positivist Turn *  Possible Diagnosis * Narrative History * Commitment in History * Reflective History * Interdisciplinary History * Global History * Assertive History * Chapter 2. History Under Debate Manifesto (HaD Signatories) * Methodology * Historiography * Theory * Society * Attestation * PART II: DEBATE AND DISCUSSION * HISTORY IN AND OF SPAIN * Chapter 3. The Linguistic Turn and Postmodernity Among Spanish Historians (Francisco Vazquez G.) * Social History As an Academic Subject (1950-1982) * A Period of Fecundity and Empiricism (1982-1990) * The Subjectivist Turn * The Linguistic Turn and Postmodernism: Mistrust and Rejection * Chapter 4. Teaching Women's History in Spanish Universities (Cristina Segura Graino and A. C. Almudayna) * Underrepresentation of Women in History * Women's Studies: The Status Quo * Teaching Women's History * Postgraduate Programs *  Universities Teaching Women's History * Chapter 5. Centers and Peripheries: Writing and Teaching Medieval and Early Modern Spanish History (Teofilo F. Ruiz) *  Research Centers and Paradigms * Center and Periphery in Teaching and Writing About Spain * Teaching the Center from the Peripheries * The Paradigm of Center and Periphery * Local, Regional, and National Histories * Overturning Center-Based Histories *  REFLECTIVE AND COMPARATIVE VIEWS * Chapter 6. The History of Historiography: Retrospective Analysis and Research (Gonzalo Pasamar Alzuria) * Situational Overview * Conceptualization *  Chapter 7.  The Past-Future Relationships (Jerome Baschet) * Introduction * Middle Ages in Chiapas: Actuality of the Inactual * History, a Bridge Between Past and Future * Resisting the Perpetual Present * Discordant Temporalities in History * Chapter 8. Recent Trends in U.S. Social History (Hal S. Barron) *  "New" Social History * Culture and Society * Labor History * Women's History * Rural History * Immigration and Social Identity * Ethnic Identities and Social Minorities * Twentieth-Century Social History *  Chapter 9.  History in Information Information in History (Lawrence J. McCrank) * Introduction * Conceptualization and Definition *  Chapter 10. The Historian As Subject and Object (Adeline Rucquoi) * Chapter 11. Illusions About and Underestimation of the Role of Sentiment in the Historian's Work (Hubert Watelet) * From Objectivist Illusions to Initial Disillusions * Emotion in Objectivity and Misconceptions About Ranke  The Underestimated Role of Subjectivity and Sentiment * Revival of Lucidity in France on the Eve of Postmodernism * From Marrou to Ricoeur and Return to Ranke Revisited *  Chapter 12. "The End of History": Looking Back and Thinking Ahead (Israel Sanmartin) * Introduction * Looking Back * Thinking Ahead *  Chapter 13. Globalization and Historiography (Juan Manuel