nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling Cultural Barriers in International Trade

The paper presents a model that analyzes the role of cultural differences in international trade. The decision to study foreign cultures and languages is incorporated into a simple trade model, which captures basic properties of cultural and language barriers. First, cultural costs differ from physical ones in that they can be eliminated by learning. Secondly, learning a language has economies of scale, thus smaller countries tend to invest more into learning. Thirdly, learning decisions within one country impose an externality on trading partners, since learning by one party makes communication easier also for the other one. This implies that learning decisions are in general inefficient, and the paper derives the connection between the equilibrium and optimal outcomes. Finally, because of the substitutability of learning among countries, a policy where a country subsidizes learning in the other nation-"cultural protectionism"-can be rationalized. Under certain conditions, such a policy can improve the welfare of both countries, in contrast to the case of regular export subsidies.
Introducing electric power into a multidisciplinary curriculum for network industries

A qualitatively different graduate level curriculum for teaching electric power systems is needed. The motivation for such a new curriculum is outlined, and a specific program, now being implemented at Carnegie Mellon University, is described. The new curriculum: 1) provides students with a multidisciplinary introduction to the changing problems of the industry; 2) stresses the need for teaching systematic approaches to formulating power system problems; and 3) integrates teaching of the fundamentals for power systems with the fundamentals for other network industries. The program, referred to as the MS in Electric Power Systems (MSEPS) Program, is being developed as a special power-focused track within Carnegie Mellon's existing multidisciplinary Information Networking Institute (INI).
Succinct hitting sets and barriers to proving algebraic circuits lower bounds

We formalize a framework of algebraically natural lower bounds for algebraic circuits. Just as with the natural proofs notion of Razborov and Rudich for boolean circuit lower bounds, our notion of algebraically natural lower bounds captures nearly all lower bound techniques known. However, unlike the boolean setting, there has been no concrete evidence demonstrating that this is a barrier to obtaining super-polynomial lower bounds for general algebraic circuits, as there is little understanding whether algebraic circuits are expressive enough to support "cryptography" secure against algebraic circuits. 
 
 Following a similar result of Williams in the boolean setting, we show that the existence of an algebraic natural proofs barrier is equivalent to the existence of succinct derandomization of the polynomial identity testing problem. That is, whether the coefficient vectors of polylog(N)-degree polylog(N)-size circuits is a hitting set for the class of poly(N)-degree poly(N)-size circuits. Further, we give an explicit universal construction showing that if such a succinct hitting set exists, then our universal construction suffices. 
 Further, we assess the existing literature constructing hitting sets for restricted classes of algebraic circuits and observe that none of them are succinct as given. Yet, we show how to modify some of these constructions to obtain succinct hitting sets. This constitutes the first evidence supporting the existence of an algebraic natural proofs barrier. 
 Our framework is similar to the Geometric Complexity Theory (GCT) program of Mulmuley and Sohoni, except that here we emphasize constructiveness of the proofs while the GCT program emphasizes symmetry. Nevertheless, our succinct hitting sets have relevance to the GCT program as they imply lower bounds for the complexity of the defining equations of polynomials computed by small circuits.
Cross Selling Decision Support System for Private Pension and Life Insurance Systems

In private pension and life insurance systems, companies make investments on their marketing activities to manage customers and determine new prospective customers. Thus, in order to increase the sales and profitability, companies have to use marketing knowledge to support marketing decisions by determining the most-profitable customer profiles. This research proposes a cross selling decision support system which could be used to evaluate the current customers for a possible cross selling opportunity. The proposed framework integrates two methodologies: Design of Experiments (DOE) and Fuzzy Inference method. DOE is used to determine the most profitable customer types. Fuzzy Inference Method is applied in order to establish a rule based system, which could help the decision makers in deciding whether or not the current customer has a cross selling potential. The applicability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated on a Private Pension and Life Insurance company.
Surface treatment of the lithium boron oxide coated LiMn2O4 cathode material in Li-ion battery

Surface modification on the electrode has a vital impact on lithium-ion batteries, and it is essential to probe the mechanism of the modified film on the surface of the electrode. In this study, a Li2O-2B2O3 film was coated on the surface of the cathode material by solution method. The cathode powders derived from co-precipitation method were calcined with various weight percent of the surface modified glass to form fine powder of single spinel phase with different particle size, size distribution and morphology. The thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis was used to evaluate the appropriate heat treatment temperature. The structure was confirmed by the X-ray diffractometer along with the composition measured by the electron probe microanalyzer. From the field emission scanning electron microscope image and Laser Scattering measurements, the average particle size was in the range of 7-8µm. The electrochemical behavior of the cathode powder was examined by using two-electrode test cells consisted of a cathode, metallic lithium anode, and an electrolyte of 1M LiPF6. Cyclic charge/discharge testing of the coin cells, fabricated by both coated and un-coated cathode material, provided high discharge capacity. Furthermore, the coated cathode powder showed better cyclability than the un-coated one after the cyclic test. The introduction of the glass-coated cathode material revealed high discharge capacity and appreciably decreased the decay rate after cyclic test.
Boundaries of horror: Joan Miró and Georges Bataille, 1930–1939

This thesis represents an original contribution to art historical scholarship in its investigation of the overlaps between the art of the Catalan artist Joan Miro and the writings of French philosopher Georges Bataille in the period 1930–1939. I examine three series of intimate, private works undertaken by Miro in 1930, 1935-1936, and 1938-1939 through the lens of contemporary Bataillean texts in order to identify corresponding themes, imagery, and operations. I argue that not only does Bataillean thought represent a direct source of influence on Miro’s work of this time, but also that the artist deliberately turns to this more violent, un-idealised aesthetic in order to visually confront his own professional crisis, the rise of fascism in his homeland, and the Spanish Civil War and start of the Second World War. 
 
My research has uncovered that Miro and Bataille share an interest in the anti-retinal. Miro demonstrates this interest through his ‘assassination of painting’ and attacks on bodily representation, and Bataille in his obsession with blindness—which Miro references in 1930 in his use of imagery from Bataille’s Story of the Eye and through his employment of the informe. Bataille and Miro both use parody in advancing their aesthetic and political missions. Bataille parodies the transpositional nature of Surrealist image-making, while Miro mocks his own earlier artistic output. To this end, both employ ‘parodic landscapes’ that use the image of the volcano as a metaphor for political upheaval and to celebrate ‘real,’ non-transpositional base matter. I argue that the work of both figures exhibit qualities of the carnivalesque, in their interest in parody, ‘sacred’ (liberating) laughter, and excremental imagery. A further, significant, consideration in this thesis is the transgressing of taboos in Bataillean eroticism (and the overlaps between eroticism and war), of which I have identified parallels in Miro’s work. 
 
By considering Miro’s use of Bataillean themes in tandem with the artist’s passionate Catalan nationalism, I argue that the influence of Bataille’s parody, eroticism, and violence provided Miro with the tools to personally respond to the Civil War. This thesis opens a new line of inquiry into Miro in the 1930s, and invites future considerations on Bataille’s influence on Miro’s oeuvre.
The ionic hydrogen bond.

1.1.  Hydrogen bonds1,2 are one of the principal intermolecular forces. A special class are ionic hydrogen bonds (IHBs) that form between ions and molecules with bonds strengths of 5-35 kcal/mol, up to a third of the strength of covalent bonds. These strong interactions are critical, for example, in ionic clusters and nucleation, in electrolytes, ion solvation, and acid-base chemistry, in the structures of ionic crystals, surfaces, silicates, and clays, in surface adsorption, and in self-assembly in supramolecular chemistry and molecular crystals.3 IHBs are also important in bioenergetics including protein folding, enzyme active centers, formation of membranes and proton transport, and biomolecular recognition. With such wide-ranging roles, the fundamental properties of IHB interactions need to be understood. The energetics of IHB interactions cannot be isolated and quantified in the condensed phase. However, these interactions can be isolated and studied quantitatively in gas phase. These studies lead to a fundamental understanding of relations between IHB bond strengths and molecular structure, the solvation of ions, especially in the critical inner shells, and acid-based phenomena and bioenergetics. This review will present the basic insights that have been obtained in the past four decades. It will present a comprehensive review of the thermochemistry and its structural implications obtained from ab initio calculations. Relevant recent results from spectroscopy will be also illustrated. The advent of variable temperature high-pressure mass spectrometry (HPMS) introduced by Field and co-workers in the 1960s4 and pulsed high-pressure mass spectrometry (PHPMS) introduced by Kebarle in the late 1960s5 have been particularly significant. These workers realized that at pressures of several torrs and gas densities of 1016-1017 cm-3 in ion sources, ions can undergo 103-106 collisions with neutral molecules during typical residence times of 0.1-10 ms and establish thermal ion populations and * E-mail: m.mautner@solis1.com. 213  2005, 105, 213−284
Measured rates of fluoride/metal association correlate with rates of superoxide/metal reactions for Fe(III)EDTA(H2O)- and related complexes.

The effects of 10 paramagnetic metal complexes (Fe(III)EDTA(H2O)-, Fe(III)EDTA(OH)2-, Fe(III)PDTA-, Fe(III)DTPA2-, Fe(III)2O(TTHA)2-, Fe(III)(CN)6(3-), Mn(II)EDTA(H2O)2-, Mn(II)PDTA2-, Mn(II)beta-EDDADP2-, and Mn(II)PO4(-)) on F- ion 19F NMR transverse relaxation rates (R2 = 1/T2) were studied in aqueous solutions as a function of temperature. Consistent with efficient relaxation requiring formation of a metal/F- bond, only the substitution inert complexes Fe(III)(CN)6(3-) and Fe(III)EDTA(OH)2- had no measured effect on T2 relaxation of the F- 19F resonance. For the remaining eight complexes, kinetic parameters (apparent second-order rate constants and activation enthalpies) for metal/F- association were determined from the dependence of the observed relaxation enhancements on complex concentration and temperature. Apparent metal/F- association rate constants for these complexes (k(app,F-)) spanned 5 orders of magnitude. In addition, we measured the rates at which O2*- reacts with Fe(III)PDTA-, Mn(II)EDTA(H2O)2-, Mn(II)PDTA2-, and Mn(II)beta-EDDADP2- by pulse radiolysis. Although no intermediate is observed during the reduction of Fe(III)PDTA- by O2*-, each of the Mn(II) complexes reacts with formation of a transient intermediate presumed to form via ligand exchange. These reactivity patterns are consistent with literature precedents for similar complexes. With these data, both k(app,O2-) and k(app,F-) are available for each of the eight reactive complexes. A plot of log(k(app,O2-)) versus log(k(app,F-)) for these eight showed a linear correlation with a slope approximately 1. This correlation suggests that rapid metal/O2*- reactions of these complexes occur via an inner-sphere mechanism whereas formation of an intermediate coordination complex limits the overall rate. This hypothesis is also supported by the very low rates at which the substitution inert complexes (Fe(III)(CN)6(3-) and Fe(III)EDTA(OH)2-) are reduced by O2*-. These results suggest that F- 19F NMR relaxation can be used to predict the reactivities of other Fe(III) complexes toward reduction by O2*-, a key step in the biological production of reactive oxygen species.
Planning with Abstraction

Intelligent problem solvers for complex domains must have the capability of reasoning abstractly about tasks that they are called upon to solve. The method of abstraction presented here allows one to reason analogically and hierarchically, making both the task of formalizing domain theories easier for the system designer, as well as allowing for increased computational efficiencies. It is believed that reasoning about concepts that share structure is essential to improving the performance of automated planning systems by allowing one to apply previous compuational effort expended in the solution of one problem to a broad range of new problems.
Skeleton Lake, Ontariwvidence for a Paleozoic impact crater'

Skeleton Lake, Ontario (lat. 4SCI5'N, long. ?8"27'\2'), contains an approximately circular depression, 3.6 krn in diameter and 65 m maximurn depth, which appears to truncate the regional geological and physiographic trends of the local Precambiian gneisses and rnign~atites. Outcrops of breccia are present on the northern lake shore, and erratics of Ordovician limestone, evidently scoured from the lake bottom by glaciation, occur along the south shore. Aerornagnetic data indicate a field of low uniform magnetic intensity across the lake, in contrast to the variable regional magnetic pattern. A detailed gravity survey has revealed u circular gravity anomaly of -3 .3 -+ 0.7 mGal (-33 9? pm. s ?) over the depression. The anomaly has been modelled by bowl-shaped distributions of low density brecciated rocks. These observations suggest that the Skeleton Lake deprehsion is the eroded remnant of an impact crater of I'aleozoic age which has been preserved by a covering of Ordovician sediments until recently exhumed.
Rhythm Nation: Pastiche and Spectral Heritage in English Music

Peter Ackroyd's 1992 novel English Music offers a conflicted take on heritage. Appearing in the midst of debates about national heritage, the novel foregrounds legacies, both familial and cultural. The novel's allusions and intertexts suggest an ethnically restricted version of heritage; however, the novel's stress on pastiche and counterfeits suggest an alternative mode of conceiving legacy, one framed as a type of possession. This revised version of heritage offers a past open to those who might lay claim to it, a more fitting model for a multicultural society.
The impact of the quality of care and other factors on progression of chronic kidney disease in Thai patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A nationwide cohort study

The present study investigates the impact of quality of care (QoC) and other factors on chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage progression among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients.



This study employed a retrospective cohort from a nationwide Diabetes and Hypertension study involving 595 Thai hospitals. T2DM patients who were observed at least 2 times in the 3 years follow-up (between 2011-2013) were included in our study. Ordinal logistic mixed effect regression modeling was used to investigate the association between the QoC and other factors with CKD stage progression.



After adjusting for covariates, we found that the achievement of the HbA1c clinical targets (≤7%) was the only QoC indicator protective against the CKD stage progression (adjusted OR = 0.76; 95%CI = 0.59-0.98; p<0.05). In terms of other covariates, age, occupation, type of health insurance, region of residence, HDL-C, triglyceride, hypertension and insulin sensitizer were also strongly associated with CKD stage progression.



This cohort study demonstrates the achievement of the HbA1c clinical target (≤7%) is the only QoC indicator protective against progression of CKD stage. Neither of the other clinical targets (BP and LDL-C) nor any process of care targets could be shown to be associated with CKD stage progression. Therefore, close monitoring of blood sugar control is important to slow CKD progression, but long-term prospective cohorts are needed to gain better insights into the impact of QoC indicators on CKD progression.
North American spies : new revisionist essays

"North American Spies" takes a new look at the history of espionage in the United States and Canada since 1898. A new generation of scholars and journalists use the latest verifiable evidence to tackle some of the most important, yet little known, events in recent history. They argue in particular that Soviet secret agents may have been behind the theft of secret Churchill-Roosevelt correspondence in 1940; that President Truman's shadowy advisor, Admiral Souers, was the real architect of the CIA; and that Britain generated a home-bred McCarthyism similar to that of the USA. These essays also contain an attempt to apply literary criticism to American spy fiction, as well as offering an extensive introduction which gives a historiographical framework for the study of North American intelligence history. The book features a scholarly history of the Defense Intelligence Agency and concludes with a guide to further study designed to help teachers in schools, colleges, polytechnics and universities. Casting new light and interpretation on some controversial recent historical events, it opens up a subject which is often shrouded in mystery and deliberate misinformation.
Meso and microscale clad interface characteristics of hot-rolled stainless steel clad plate

Stainless steel clad plate containing corrosion-resistant 304 stainless steel cladding and Q235 carbon steel substrate has been successfully fabricated by vacuum hot rolling at 1150 °C. The interface characteristics, microstructure, alloy element distribution and precipitation phases of clad plate were investigated by SEM, EPMA and TEM analysis in detail. Due to the carbon element diffusion, a decarburized layer (60–80 μm) and a carburized layer (20–40 μm) were formed at the carbon steel substrate and stainless steel cladding beside the interface, respectively. The uphill diffusion and interface peak value of carbon element are attributed to the differences in the diffusion velocity and solubility of carbon element in the substrate and cladding. Concentration gradient and diffusion coefficient between Cr and Ni elements are different, leading to different diffusion distances. Meanwhile, the grain boundaries of carburized layer were surrounded by Cr 23 C 6 particles. The interface with a thickness of 300–400 nm contains refined grains accompanying with many Cr 23 C 6 and MnSi 2 O 4 , SiO 2 particles. The sufficient alloy element diffusion behavior and interface oxides, precipitation phases lead to a high interface bonding shear strength (389 MPa).
A Conversation About Radicalism in Contemporary Greece

B ecause of its economic issues, Greece has been often in the news during the past several years. But the news often offers only superficial accounts of what is happening in Greek society. In the summer of 2015, on a warm day in Athens, I joined Dr. Vassiliki Georgiadou (VG), (political science, Panteion University); Dr. Lamprini Rori (LR), a Marie Curie fellow (Bournemouth University); and Dr. Despina Papadimitriou (DP), (history, Panteion University) in a faculty office in Panteion University to talk about radicalism in contemporary Greek society and how various kinds of radicalism are related to economic, social, and political upheaval. As research collaborators and coauthors, their recent research, particularly that of Dr. Georgiadou, has focused on the right-wing group Chryssa Avgi, or Golden Dawn, and in the following conversation they discuss not only this group but also their broader assessment of the connections between political and economic unrest, and they offer some surprising observations about radicalism of the left and the right “on the ground” in contemporary Greece.
Automotive Mechatronic Systems : A Curriculum Outline

In this paper, a review of mechatronics is presented with emphasis on the desired qualities of university graduates as viewed by industry. A detailed description of a sequence of two new courses on automotive mechatronic systems and a specialized laboratory are discussed. The new coursework has been added to the curriculum towards the degree of systems engineer at Oakland University and will be first offered in Fall '97. The development of the courses and the laboratory has been supported by Ford Motor Company.
Career Decision-Making Factors in Gifted Young Adults

Past research has found that characteristics associated with giftedness make career decisions difficult for gifted youth. This study investigated the difficulties experienced by gifted youth and the factors they consider as they make career decisions. Interviews were conducted with 30 gifted adolescents at three strategic decision-making points. A content analysis of the interview transcripts found 20 factors that gifted adolescents identified as important to their career decisions. These factors clustered into five groups: (a) sensitivity to others' expectations, (b) perfectionism, (c) developmental issues, (d) superior intelligence, and (e) multipotentiality. Sensitivity to others' expectations and perfectionism were the factors considered most frequently. Implications of the findings include preventive work with parents and teachers of gifted youth, use of career role models and exploratory work experiences, and research into the actual expectations held for gifted youth by the adults who influence them.
Can the Private Sector Ensure the Public Interest? Evidence from Federal Procurement

We empirically investigate the effect of oversight on contract outcomes in public procurement. In particular, we stress a distinction between public and private oversight: the former is a set of bureaucratic checks enacted by contracting offices, while the latter is carried out by private insurance companies whose money is at stake through so-called surety bonding. We analyze the universe of U.S. federal contracts in the period 2005-2015 and exploit an exogenous variation in the threshold for both sources of oversight, estimating their causal effects on costs and execution time. We find that: (i) public oversight negatively affects outcomes, in particular for less competent buyers; (ii) private oversight has a positive effect on outcomes by affecting both the ex-ante screening of bidders - altering the pool of winning firms - and the ex-post behavior of contractors.