nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
논문 : 관광목적지로서 도시공간의 개발방향

Recently, the demand for urban tourism has grown, but its importance has been neglected and underestimated. This paper aims to understand various issues about urban space as a tourist destination and to suggest the directions for developing urban space. According to the review of urban tourism researches, the characteristics of urban tourism as a tourist destination compared with rural tourism are as follows: 1) Major industries are related to culture or art. 2) Urban tourism is symbolized by various images and symbols. 3) Urban space is the place for tourism consumption to both tourists and citizen. 4) Many tourist sites in the city make urban space so different. Several factors that are important to develop urban space as a tourist destination are as follows: 1) Urban space as a tourist destination must be unique against the imitation among cities. 2) Developing urban space for urban tourists depends on an effective grouping of urban tourism elements. 3) Linkage among urban tourism elements that are grouped is also important. 4) City must be developed for citizen to satisfy the meaning `welfare tourism`. 5) `Sustainable urban tourism` which can satisfy not only the economic profits but also the environmental conditions should be considered in developing urban space.
Quantum Models of Black Hole Evaporation

The discovery of black-hole evaporation represented in many respects a revolutionary event in scientific world; as such, in giving answers to open questions, it gave rise to new problems part of which are still not resolved. Here we want to make a brief review of such problems and examine some possible solutions. Invited Talk at the "Workshop on String Theory, Quantum Gravity and the Unification of the Fundamental Interactions" Rome, September 21-26
Risk of GERD with Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and Bronchial Asthma - A Hospital based Retrospective Cohort Study.

The rise in Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) prevalence appears to have coincided with a simultaneous increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and bronchial asthma amongst the Indian population. Despite being evaluated extensively for their role as a risk factor for GERD, till date this relationship has remained a debatable one. Moreover, literature available on such studies conducted within Indian population remains scarce.



The aim of the present study was to examine the risk of developing GERD in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, hypertension and asthma in a Southern Indian population. The present retrospective, triple cohort and hospital based study was conducted by accessing the patient records from the medical records department of a tertiary care hospital in Southern India.



The patient's records were accessed from the year 2011 onwards. Relative Risk (RR) was calculated to determine the risk of development of GERD with every disease. Chi-square test was used to determine the statistical significance of the relationship between each disease and the development of GERD. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.



In view of the time constraints as well as the limitations of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, data pertaining to only 40, 71 and 53 patients in Cohort 1 (diabetics), 2 (hypertensives) and 3 (bronchial asthmatics) respectively could be analyzed in the present study. The relative risk of GERD development was greater than 1 for patients belonging to Cohort 2 and 3, suggesting that the risk of GERD development is higher amongst hypertensives and asthmatics. Surprisingly, the diabetics (Cohort 1) were not associated with a high risk of GERD development. However, the relationship between any of the disease and GERD development was not statistically significant.



The present study found an increased risk of GERD development amongst patients suffering from hypertension and bronchial asthma, but not with diabetes mellitus.
STRATIGRAPHY AND THE STUDY OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

In recent years many students of metamorphic rocks have become so preoccupied with minor structures, structural petrology, physical chemistry, and granitization that the stratigraphy of metamorphic rocks has been neglected. There is great danger that the younger men, indoctrinated with the idea that stratigraphy and sedimentation are unrelated to metamorphic geology, will be inadequately trained to study metamorphic rocks in the field. Geologic maps of regions characterized by different grades of metamorphism should be based on stratigraphy. The assignment of the rocks to formations should be based on the inferred lithology prior to metamorphism and should not be based directly on the present lithology. The student of metamorphic rocks should be familiar with modern concepts of stratigraphy and sedimentation, such as deposition in transgressing and regressing seas, changes in sedimentary facies, and time surfaces. Metamorphic geologists should be familiar with the textures, mineralogy, and chemical composition of sedimentary rocks. When sufficiently large areas are studied, the metamorphic geologist should think in terms of the paleogeography and climatic conditions at the time of sedimentation. Stratigraphers and students of historical geology should realize that their concepts of paleogeography will be incorrect if they neglect the wealth of data to be obtained from metamorphic rocks. These facts can be abstracted from the metamorphic rocks only by intensive investigations in the field by a host of metamorphic geologists well-trained in stratigraphy.
Internationalism, Theory and the Future of Women's History

There is a certain discrepancy between writing history and writing fiction, especially when it comes to describing the female and the feminine. In this theme issue, an attempt is made to break through the contrast between fiction and historiography. The lectures in English held by Gisela Bock, Natalie Zemon Davis, Mineke Bosch and Marjan Schwegman during the symposium ‘The Future of Women’s History’ organized by the editors of the yearbook in March 1990 to celebrate its decennial have also been included. This yearbook consists of three articles on women authors in the Middle Ages and Dutch literature 1860-1920 and four discussion pieces in English on women’s history.
Public intervention in UK small firm credit markets: Value-for-money or waste of scarce resources?

Loan guarantee schemes are used in many countries to provide financial support to small firms by guaranteeing loans from commercial banks, but questions remain about whether public intervention in private credit markets to support entrepreneurial firms is justified. This paper examines whether the UK Small Firms Loan Guarantee Scheme (SFLG) provides value-for-money to the UK tax payer, presenting a regression based performance approach which then feeds into a formal cost–benefit analysis. Specifically, we consider whether firm performance post-investment is such that it justifies the governments’ presence in the lending market and the costs associated with it. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurial firms that are able to access new finance through SFLG achieve superior performance in the form of improved sales, job creation and exports and that this justifies public intervention in private credit markets.
Stakeholder Interaction for Sustainability: The Impact of Social Media on Nigeria's Oil and Gas Industry

The wave of new media technology is sweeping across the globe. Given its speed of information dissemination and retrieval, it is relevant to explore how it can be used to manage corporate-stakeholder relations, engagement, and communication. This is because communication is an effective medium for managing relations (and crisis). In the post-conflict era in Niger delta region of Nigeria that has been described as slipping into the abyss of renewed conflict and violence following perceived failure of the amnesty deal to drive change, it is crucial to rethink the instrumentality of the new media in bringing better corporate-community relations in the region. It is expected that this process will democratise stakeholder engagement and widen discursive space following the speed, method, and multiplicity of the platforms that new media affords. The author also hopes that arguments shared here will cause a rethink on the possibility of a sustainable future in post-conflict Niger delta through new media technology.
Combining polymers with diamond-like carbon (DLC) for highly functionalized materials

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) can be effectively coated on polymer surfaces in order to modify polymers for highly functionalized materials. DLC films have been widely used for many industrial applications due to their outstanding physical properties such as high hardness, wear resistance and biological compatibility. Polymers, on the other hand, can create soft, flexible, highly absorbent and cost-effective materials by selecting or controlling their molecular structures. The DLC films coated on such polymer substrates have been investigated and extensively used because recently, quite a few applications of the polymer–DLC composites to e.g. gas barrier films and biocompatible medical devices have been proposed. In this article, we discussed the barrier properties, especially the gas barrier properties and the biocompatibility of DLC-coated polymers, after summarizing the fundamentals of DLC and polymers, followed by the explanation as to the adhesion and fracture behavior of DLC and polymers, which is crucial for the creation of a new polymer–DLC composite.
From history's rubble: On the future of the past in the work of Alexander Kluge

The central figure in Alexander Kluge's 1979 film The Patriot (Die Patriotin) is Gabi Teichert, a high school history teacher from the German state of Hesse, whose complaints about the shortcomings of her discipline guide us through the diverse collection of photographs, drawings, stories, poems, maps, and staged and documentary footage out of which the film is constructed. Gabi Teichert, we are informed by the director, is a ‘patriot’ because she takes an interest in the rubble of history—in the memories, stories and diverse materials which have been forgotten and/or discarded by the official narratives which appear in the textbooks assigned to her students. In this article I argue that, in stark contrast to these narratives, the form of historiography practised in—and cultivated by—The Patriot (and Kluge's film, literary, and television work more generally) is more akin to the extracurricular activities of Gabi Teichert, which revolve around digging up materials which complicate the highly reductive off...
The relevance of the vertex bremsstrahlung photon detection in the scattering experiments at low energy

We discuss the size of the ν e ( ν e ) e − →ν e ( ν e ) e − cross section reduction due to the rejection of the events with a vertex bremsstrahlung photon above a certain energy in the final state. In particular we analyze the effect in experiments designed to detect the low energy ν e and ν e from a nuclear reactor and from the Sun. We find that such reduction has to be considered in a relatively high statistic reactor experiment, while it is negligible for pp and 7 Be solar neutrino detection.
The Poetic Imagination of Vyacheslav Ivanov: A Russian Symbolist's Perception of Dante

Vyacheslav Ivanov, poet, philosopher and critic, played a key role in the formation of the early twentieth-century Russian literature as leader of the religious branch of the Symbolist movement and his influence spread to Europe after his emigration to Italy in 1924. Pamela Davidson explores Ivanov's poetic method, relating his art to his central beliefs (in particular his interpretation of the ancient Greek religion of Dionysus and of the teachings of Vladimir Solovyov) and considering the ways in which he attempted to embody these ideas in his own life. She focuses on Ivanov's interpretation of Dante and in so doing, opens up fresh perspectives on the wider question of Russia's relation to the Western cultural tradition and Catholicism. Detailed analyses of Ivanov's pre-revolutionary poetry and of his translations from Dante form the basis of the second part of the study and extensive use is made of unpublished archival materials from the Soviet Union and Italy.
Natural Disaster Insurance and the Equity-Efficiency Trade-Off

This article investigates the role of private insurance in the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters. We characterize the equity-efficiency trade-off faced by the policymakers under imperfect information about individual prevention costs. It is shown that a competitive insurance market with actuarial rate making and compensatory tax-subsidy transfers is likely to dominate regulated uniform insurance pricing rules or state-funded assistance schemes. The model illustrates how targeted tax cuts on insurance contracts can improve the incentives to prevention while compensating individuals with high prevention costs. The article highlights the complementarity between individual incentives through tax cuts and collective incentives through grants to the local jurisdictions where risk management plans are enforced.
Individual and Person

The human being is both an individual and a person. It seems valid to use the concept of "individuality" with emphasis on his uniqueness, and the concept of "personality" with emphasis on his representative typicality. Every entity, from atom to man, is in some measure unique and in some measure typical. But what distinguishes a man from a cow or an ant is that he is a reflectively social person, contemplating human life as a drama. He plays a conscious role in the drama. He is a farmer, architect, statesman, etc., speaking and acting as representative of a type. Or, he may be speaking and acting for the Zeitgeist. What should be thought of as "personal" is this representative human activity.
Poor Performance in Mathematics: Is there a basis for a self‐worth explanation for women?

The self‐worth theory of achievement motivation holds that in situations in which poor performance is likely to reveal low ability, certain students (known as self‐worth protective students) intentionally withdraw effort in order to avoid the negative implications of poor performance in terms of damage to self‐worth. In this study, evidence of self‐worth protection was sought where it is perhaps least likely to be seen: in women in mathematics, where the negative effects of stereotype threat are suggested. Links between self‐worth protection and performance on three maths tasks (a computational task, an algebraic task, and the Tower of Hanoi, a game‐like task tapping into mathematical skills yet devoid of mathematical signs and symbols) and a verbal task (a remote associates task) were examined in an intellectually evaluative situation (following failure) and in an intellectually non‐evaluative situation (following success). Relative to low maths self‐worth protective students, high maths self‐worth prote...
Special Issue: Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Operations Research and the Management Sciences: A Multimethod Approach for Creating New Business Models: The General Motors OnStar Project

We developed a multimethod modeling approach to evaluate strategic alternatives for GM's OnStar communications system. We used dynamic modeling to address some decisions GM faced in 1997, such as the company's choice between incremental and aggressive marketing strategies for OnStar. We used an integrated simulation model for analyzing the new telematics industry, consisting of six sectors: customer acquisition, customer choice, alliances, customer service, financial dynamics, and dealer behavior. The modeling effort had important financial, organizational, and societal results. The OnStar business now has two million subscribers, an 80 percent market share of the emerging telematics market, and has been valued at between $4 and $10 billion. The OnStar project set the stage for a broader GM initiative in service businesses that ultimately could yield billions in incremental earnings. Most important, OnStar has saved many lives that otherwise would have been lost in vehicle accidents.
Synthesis and reactivity studies of a manganese 'microperoxidase' containing b-type heme.

Mn(III)protoporphyrin IX-6(7)-gly-gly-his methyl ester (MnGGH) has been prepared by condensation of glycyl-glycyl-L-histidine methyl ester with the propionic side chains of Mn(III)protoporphyrin IX. It was characterised by mass spectrometry and UV/VIS spectroscopy. Stopped-flow spectrophotometry was used to study the reaction of the Mn 'microperoxidase' with hydrogen peroxide. The formation of active intermediates analogous to previously described metal-hydroperoxo (compound 0) and metal-oxo (compound I) intermediates of the 'natural' Fe(III) microperoxidase-8 and Mn(III) microperoxidase-8 was observed. The rate of formation of the MnGGH-based compound I analogue was found to increase dramatically with increasing pH. A steady-state kinetic analysis of the catalytic peroxidase activity of MnGGH towards K4[Fe(CN)6], L-tyrosine methyl ester, o-dianisidine, o-methoxyphenol and ascorbic acid showed that the peroxidase reaction proceeds via the formation of a microperoxidase-substrate complex followed by electron transfer from the substrate to the metal. The reactivity of MnGGH depends on the size and hydrophobicity of the substrate, and these properties appear to influence the rate of the electron transfer, which is the rate-limiting step for the whole process. MnGGH showed higher reactivity towards reducing substrates than its Fe(iii) analogue.
The Last Maverick: Ismail Merchant

Ismail Merchant was the last of the maverick film producers with taste who made films without any compromise—films with a strong literary bias which were partial to actors and crafted with fine production values. Merchant died at sixty-eight of bleeding ulcers, unable to work his legendary charm on venal German financiers who were to finance his last production: The White Countess, to be directed by his long-time partner, James Ivory. In retrospect, one can say he best illustrated the idea that artistes are a product of history They reflect a certain spirit of their times—so too with Ismail Merchant and his alter ego, the director James Ivory. They came at a turbulent moment in Western politics, culture and cinema. The French New Wave was about to peak and had already revealed the staggering possibilities of film narration. Film-makers as disparate in temperament as Alain Resnais, Jacques Tati, Robert Bresson, Jean Luc Godard, Eric Rohmer and Francois Truffaut had enriched film language and proudly declared it an art form to be taken seriously as literature, music, theatre or the plastic arts. Classical cinema was in its last throes in the Anglo-Saxon world; and its greatest master John Ford was unemployed, ignored by Hollywood. There was a niche for a different, gentler kind of storytelling; and Merchant Ivory films filled it. Merchant Ivory Productions came into being in 1961 when Ismail Merchant, a Bohra Muslim student on a scholarship in America met James Ivory, an Ivy-leaguer with art and cinema on his mind. Quite by accident, they met in a coffee shop in New York—the rest as they say, is history. Together they made over forty films in a relationship
World Cities and Global Commodity Chains: an introduction

The purpose of this special anniversary issue is to assess the possible cross-fertilization between two prominent analytical frameworks: the World City Network framework, in which researchers have studied the emergence of a globalized urban system for the provision of a host of advanced corporate services: and the Global Commodity Chain framework, in which researchers have scrutinized the inter connected functions, operations and transactions through which specific commodities are produced, distributed and consumed in a globalized economy. These two approaches have developed in parallel but have rarely been brought together. This introductory essay identifies the common roots and recent history of these two frameworks, and outlines how the six articles contribute to their theoretical and empirical cross-fertilization.
De‐reifying risk

Analysis, Perception and Management, by the Royal Society Study Group,  1992, 201 pages, pb £15.50 Social Theories of Risk, edited by Sheldon Krimsky and Dominic Golding, London/NY: Praeger, 1992, 412 pages, hb £48.50, pb £18.50 Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, by Ulrich Beck,  1992, 260 pages, hb £35.00, pb £13.00
G* studio: an adventure in graph databases, distributed systems, and software development

The e-mail from the department chair was urgent. There were several graduate students with no classes to take. "Would somebody please run an independent study?" she asked. The semester was already a few days old. Alan had to strike fast. "I'm in," he wrote, "I'll put them to work on my graph database research." With that, Alan and his new team, which would become known as the G-stars, began a two-semester adventure in graph databases, distributed systems, and software development that resulted in more than 8,000 lines of code over 520 Git commits. This is their story.
"Peculiarly happy at taking likenesses": Zoffany & British portraiture

The 18th-century painter Johan Zoffany (1733–1810) was an astute observer of the many social circles in which he functioned as an artist over the course of his long career. This catalogue investigates his sharp wit, shrewd political appraisal, and perceptive social commentary (including subtle allusions to illicit relationships)—all achieved while presenting his subjects as delightful and sophisticated members of polite society. 
 
A skilled networker, Zoffany established himself at the court of George III and Queen Charlotte soon after his arrival in England from his native Germany. At the same time, he befriended the leading actor David Garrick and through him became the foremost portrayer of Georgian theater. His brilliant effects and deft style were well suited to theatricality of all sorts, enabling him to secure patronage in England and on the continent. Following a prolonged visit to Italy he travelled to India, where he quickly became a popular and established member within the circle of Warren Hastings, the governor-general. Zoffany's Indian paintings are among his most spectacular and allowed him to return to England enriched and warmly welcomed. This volume provides a sparkling overview of his finest works.