nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Specialization of functional logic programs based on needed narrowing

Many functional logic languages are based on narrowing, a unification-based goal-solving mechanism which subsumes the reduction mechanism of functional languages and the resolution principle of logic languages. Needed narrowing is an optimal evaluation strategy which constitutes the basis of modern (narrowing-based) lazy functional logic languages. In this work, we present the fundamentals of partial evaluation in such languages. We provide correctness results for partial evaluation based on needed narrowing and show that the nice properties of this strategy are essential for the specialization process. In particular, the structure of the original program is preserved by partial evaluation and, thus, the same evaluation strategy can be applied for the execution of specialized programs. This is in contrast to other partial evaluation schemes for lazy functional logic programs which may change the program structure in a negative way. Recent proposals for the partial evaluation of declarative multi-paradigm programs use (some form of) needed narrowing to perform computations at partial evaluation time. Therefore, our results constitute the basis for the correctness of such partial evaluators.
Through, against and beyond the racial state: the transnational stratum of race

Though race is most commonly associated with domestic politics, the concept itself was born in the transnational realm. This article conceptualizes race as a system of global power relations that has changed over time, manifests differently across space and exists on multiple analytical levels. Drawing from the insights of international relations, comparative politics and critical race theory, it argues that race is a transnational norm or idea that can independently affect both domestic policy outcomes and international relations among nation-states. The article explores several promising avenues of research in the examination of the varied manifestations of race in international and domestic realms and ends with a brief discussion of continuing challenges and future research agendas in the comparative and international study of race.
Marine Protists Are Not Just Big Bacteria

The study of marine microbial ecology has been completely transformed by molecular and genomic data: after centuries of relative neglect, genomics has revealed the surprising extent of microbial diversity and how microbial processes transform ocean and global ecosystems. But the revolution is not complete: major gaps in our understanding remain, and one obvious example is that microbial eukaryotes, or protists, are still largely neglected. Here we examine various ways in which protists might be better integrated into models of marine microbial ecology, what challenges this will present, and why understanding the limitations of our tools is a significant concern. In part this is a technical challenge - eukaryotic genomes are more difficult to characterize - but eukaryotic adaptations are also more dependent on morphology and behaviour than they are on the metabolic diversity that typifies bacteria, and these cannot be inferred from genomic data as readily as metabolism can be. We therefore cannot simply follow in the methodological footsteps of bacterial ecology and hope for similar success. Understanding microbial eukaryotes will require different approaches, including greater emphasis on taxonomically and trophically diverse model systems. Molecular sequencing will continue to play a role, and advances in environmental sequence tag studies and single-cell methods for genomic and transcriptomics offer particular promise.
Religion and Democracy: International, Transnational and Global Issues

Growing attention is given in IR theory and diplomatic circles to the ambivalent role of religion in world politics. However, there is a need for more analytical clarity, identifying at least four different domains: religions and inter-state relations; religions and internationalism; religions and trans-nationalism; and religions and globalism. The most promising approach is the one that concentrates on the transnational projection of religions, connecting it to the way religions address global issues to influence international actors.
[Population trends and population theory in the past and present: German Society for Demography twenty-first conference]

This publication contains 16 papers presented at the twenty-first meeting of the German Society for Demography held in 1987 in Berlin Federal Republic of Germany. Four main topics are covered: the practical significance of the historical development of population theory; the beginnings of demography and population statistics in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; demography and population statistics at the beginning of the twentieth century; and the tasks and concepts of demography today. The geographic focus is on Germany and other European countries. One of the papers is in English.
Intensities, preferences, and electoral politics

In several papers on electoral behavior authors have come to the conclusion that the mid-point of the distribution of preferences on each issue is dominant political strategy. These papers also claim that under certain conditions and assumptions a median-like strategy maximizes a society's well-being. This paper presents an alternative model and set of assumptions which contradicts the conclusions about the power and importance of the median. The alternative model is then used to make some observations about electoral behavior and the performance of various political institutions.
The Implementation Of ICT In Public Sector Organisations. Analysing Selection Criteria For eGovernment Projects

Taking as a starting point the recent approval of 138 co-financing proposals put forward by numerous Italian public bodies within the context of a national e-government plan, the article poses the question of whether these types of initiatives are really likely to unleash mechanisms capable of improving organisational performance. The evaluation criteria adopted in the course of the selection process are analysed on the basis of a model elaborated by Soh and Markus (1995). The aims are: to carry out a general assessment of the role attributed to information and communication technology (ICT) in the modernization of the public sector and to draw some conclusions from this progress towards the realization of e-government.
Elementary proofs of (relatively) recent characterizations of Eulerian graphs

Apart from the classical characterization of Eulerian graphs by Eulerian trails and cycle decompositions, there are other characterization theorems due to Toida and McKee, and to Shank respectively. However, while the proof of the Toida-McKee characterization theprem uses, partly, matroid theory, the proof of Shank's characterization theorem is based on considerations of binary vector spaces. In this paper, elementary graph theoretical proofs of these characterization theorems are presented.
Computing Igusa class polynomials

We give an algorithm that computes the genus-two class polynomials of a primitive quartic CM-eld K, and we give a running time bound and a proof of correctness of this algorithm. This is the rst proof of correctness and the rst running time bound of any algorithm that computes these polynomials. Our algorithm is based on the complex analytic method of Spallek and van Wamelen and runs in time e O( 7=2 ), where is the discriminant of K.
Sex Differences in the Rate, Timing, and Principal Diagnoses of 30-Day Readmissions in Younger Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Young women (<65 years) experience a 2- to 3-fold greater mortality risk than younger men after an acute myocardial infarction. However, it is unknown whether they are at higher risk for 30-day readmission, and if this association varies by age. We examined sex differences in the rate, timing, and principal diagnoses of 30-day readmissions, including the independent effect of sex following adjustment for confounders.



We included patients aged 18 to 64 years with a principal diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Data were used from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-State Inpatient Database for California (07-09). Readmission diagnoses were categorized by using an aggregated version of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Condition Categories, and readmission timing was determined from the day after discharge. Of 42,518 younger patients with acute myocardial infarction (26.4% female), 4775 (11.2%) had at least 1 readmission. The 30-day all-cause readmission rate was higher for women (15.5% versus 9.7%, P<0.0001). For both sexes, readmission risk was highest on days 2 to 4 after discharge and declined thereafter, and women were more likely to present with noncardiac diagnoses (44.4% versus 40.6%, P=0.01). Female sex was associated with a higher rate of 30-day readmission, which persisted after adjustment (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-1.30). There was no significant interaction between age and sex on readmission.



In comparison with men, younger women have a higher risk for readmission, even after the adjustment for confounders. The timing of 30-day readmission was similar in women and men, and both sexes were susceptible to a wide range of causes for readmission.
Realizations of behavior for generalized chain-scattering representations

This paper introduces a notion of realization of behavior which is shown to be a generalization of the classical concept of a realization of transfer function. By using this approach, the input-output structures of the generalized chain-scattering representations (GCSRs) and the dual generalized chain-scattering representations (DGCSRs) are investigated in a behavioral theory context. Subsequently the corresponding autoregressivemoving-average (ARMA) representations are proposed and are proved to be realizations of behavior for any GCSR. Realization of behavior is particularly suitable for situations in which the coefficients are symbolic rather than numerical due to the fact that no numerical computation is involved in this approach.
Peer-to-peer over ad-hoc networks: (re)configuration algorithms

A peer-to-peer network over an ad-hoc infrastructure is a powerful combination that provides users with means to access different kinds of information anytime and anywhere. In this paper we study the (re)configuration issue in this highly dynamic scenario. We propose three (re)configuration algorithms especially concerned with the constraints of the environment presented. The algorithms aim to use the scarce resources of the network in an efficient way, improving the performance and the network lifetime. The algorithms were simulated and used a simple Gnutella-like algorithm as comparison. The results show that the algorithms achieved their goals, presenting a good cost-benefit relation.
Comparative safety of cardiovascular medication use and breast cancer outcomes among women with early stage breast cancer

Breast cancer tends to occur in an older age group of women also burdened with comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Numerous medications used to manage CVD (e.g., statins and antihypertensives) are hypothesized to alter breast cancer risk, but there are few studies on breast cancer outcomes. The COmmonly used Medications and Breast Cancer Outcomes (COMBO) cohort was developed to study how medications and co-morbidities influence breast cancer prognosis. Cohort study among adult women, diagnosed with incident early stage breast cancer, and enrolled in an integrated health plan. Data sources included health plan administrative databases, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor registry, and medical records. Statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), beta blockers (BB), calcium blockers, and diuretics were the exposures of interest. The outcome was second breast cancer events (SBCE) defined as recurrence or second primary breast cancer. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for SBCE, and components of SBCE. 4,216 women were followed for a median of 6.3 years, and 13.2 % experienced a SBCE (first of: n = 415 recurrences and n = 143 s primary breast cancers). Compared to non-users, we observed an increased risk of second primary breast cancer with ACEI use (HR = 1.66; 95 % CI, 1.06–2.58) and an increased risk of recurrence with BB use (HR = 1.29; 95 % CI, 1.01–1.64). There was suggestion of a reduced risk of SBCE with statin use (HR = 0.82; 95 % CI, 0.62–1.08) and second primary breast cancer with BB use (HR = 0.77; 95 % CI, 0.50–1.19). No differences in outcomes were observed by duration of medication use. A majority of CVD medications evaluated in this study appear safe with respect to SBCE, but ACEI and BB use warrant further evaluation. The study presented is one example of the questions that can be addressed using the COMBO cohort.
On Consistent Approximations of Belief Functions in the Mass Space

In this paper we study the class of consistent belief functions, as counterparts of consistent knowledge bases in classical logic. We prove that such class can be defined univocally no matter our definition of proposition implied by a belief function. As consistency can be desirable in decision making, the problem of mapping an arbitrary belief function to a consistent one arises, and can be posed in a geometric setup. We analyze here all the consistent transformations induced by minimizing Lp distances between belief functions, represented by the vectors of their basic probabilities.
Development of industrial ecology based on the forest engineering

Forest engineering is an unique ecological economy system,which requires using the theory and the methodology of industrial ecology to solve the complex problem of ecology and engineering fields.The research has focused on the fields of logging engineering ecology and road environment ecology.The two fields are of particular engineering study subjects and complex study methodology.In the fields of ecological logging theory and technology,the research must be deepened to the material flow and industrial metabolism within logging systems and widened to cover the area of life cycle assessment,cleaner production,dematerialization,decarbonization and ecological efficiency of logging systems.In the field of road environment,the research needs to cover the material flow and migrating mechanism of pollutants,the separation and subduction technique of pollution,and the life cycle analysis of road engineering.The research characteristics and achievement in the field of logging engineering ecology were introduced including material flow analysis,industrial metabolism,life cycle assessment,dematerialization,cleaner production and ecological efficiency.The study results and the future research in road environment were analyzed,covering the pollution mechanism,the spread mode and the governing measure of pollution to wetlands,water,air and soil by the building and use of roads.
Logic-Free Reasoning in Isabelle/Isar

Traditionally a rigorous mathematical document consists of a sequence of definition --- statement --- proof. Taking this basic outline as starting point we investigate how these three categories of text can be represented adequately in the formal language of Isabelle/Isar. 
 
Proofs represented in human-readable form have been the initial motivation of Isar language design 10 years ago. The principles developed here allow to turn deductions of the Isabelle logical framework into a format that transcends the raw logical calculus, with more direct description of reasoning using pseudo-natural language elements. 
 
Statements describe the main result of a theorem in an open format as a reasoning scheme, saying that in the context of certain parameters and assumptions certain conclusions can be derived. This idea of turning Isar context elements into rule statements has been recently refined to support the dual form of elimination rules as well. 
 
Definitions in their primitive form merely name existing elements of the logical environment, by stating a suitable equation or logical equivalence. Inductive definitions provide a convenient derived principle to describe a new predicate as the closure of given natural deduction rules. Again there is a direct connection to Isar principles, rules stemming from an inductive characterization are immediately available in structured reasoning. 
 
All three categories benefit from replacing raw logical encodings by native Isar language elements. The overall formality in the presented mathematical text is reduced. Instead of manipulating auxiliary logical connectives and quantifiers, the mathematical concepts are emphasized.
Yb2O3-fluxed sintered silicon nitride: Part I Microstructure characterization

Microstructural development and crystallization behaviour of Yb 2 O 3 -fluxed sintered silicon nitride materials was investigated using CTEM and HREM. The materials contained 5 and 10 vol % Yb 2 O 3 as sintering additives. After densification, both compositions were subsequently heat treated to crystallize the residual amorphous secondary phases present at triple-grain regions. In the material doped with 5 vol % Yb 2 O 3 , only an amorphous secondary phase was observed after sintering, which was about 80% crystalline (Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 ) after the post-sintering heat treatment.
Human abilities in cultural context

Preface Acknowledgements Part I. Human Abilities in Theoretical Cultures Section 1. Holistic Theories: 1. The abilities of mankind: a revaluation S. H. Irvine and J. W. Berry 2. A triatchic view of intelligence in cross-cultural perspective Robert J. Sternberg Section 2. Biometric Fundamentalism: 3. The biological basis of intelligence H. J. Eysenck 4. Speed of information processing and population differences Arthur R. Jensen Section 3. Structural Psychometrics: 5. The factor model as a theoretical basis for individual differences Joseph R. Royce 6. The meaning of item bias in ability tests Ype H. Poortinga and Henk van der Flier Part II. Cultural Responses to Ability Measurement Section 4. Europe and North America: 7. The British 'cultural influence' on ability testing Paul Kline 8. Cultural influences on patterns of abilities in North America Philip Anthony Vernon, Douglas N. Jackson and Samuel Messick 9. Human abilities in the Eastern Mediterranean Cigdem Kagitcibasi and Isik Savasir 10. The Norwegian tests and measurements in cultural context Knut A. Hagtvet and Johan O. Undheim Section 5. Africa, Asia, and Australia: 11. Human assessment in Australia Daphne M. Keats and John A. Keats 12. Test performance of blacks in Southern Africa I. M. Kendall, Mary Ann Vester, and J. W. Von Mollendorf 13. Individual differences among the peoples of China J. W. C. Chan and Philip E. Vernon 14. Japanese abilities and achievements Saburo Iwawaki and Philip E. Vernon Part III. Cultural Limits Upon Human Assessment Section 6. Minorities and Enclaves: 15. Native North Americans: Indian and Inuit abilities Damian McShane and J. W. Berry 16. Aboriginal cognition and psychological nescience L. Z. Klich 17. Testing Bushmen in the Central Kalahari Helmut Reuning 18. Caste and cognitive processes J. P. Das and Amulya Kanti Satpathy Khurana 19. Educational adaptation and achievement of ethnic minority adolescents in Britain Gajendra K. Verma 20. The diminishing test performance gap between English speakers and Afrikaans speakers in South Africa J. M. Verster and R. J. Prinsloo Author index Subject index.
Rewriting in Varieties of Idempotent Semigroups

We consider rewriting as a tool for solving identity problems in varieties of idempotent semigroups. It is known that there exist finite canonical term rewrite systems and finite canonical word rewrite systems for only a very limited number of those varieties. We present a finite canonical conditional word rewrite system for a particular variety in which the classical approaches cannot be applied. Moreover, we obtain infinite single letter deleting rewrite systems for each join-irreducible variety.
Business history and the history of work – a contested relationship

In historical discourse business history and the history of work are most often treated as two separate fields of enquiry, with different agendas, theoretical fundaments and sometimes also methodologies. This paper argues that this is a misnomer. Although division of labour in the social sciences is only a natural consequence of the growth of knowledge, there are many reasons why business history and history of work should cooperate more in the future. As a consequence, new insights could be found and novel ways to understand both the organisation of work and of business could be explored. The aim of this paper is to present some stylised examples connected with the three industrial revolutions occurring since the middle of the eighteenth century in order to argue for such joint ventures.
Fiscal Policy in a Model with Financial Frictions

What are the effects of fiscal policy in the presence of financial frictions? This question is particularly relevant given the great recession of 2008–2009, how forcefully some governments have resorted to fiscal stimulus over the last two years to fight it, and the widespread view that financial markets have played a decisive role in our current economic problems. To analyze this topic, I build a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with financial frictions and fiscal policy, calibrate it to observations of the US economy, and compute the response of output to several fiscal shocks.
Prioritizing Technical Debt in Database Normalization Using Portfolio Theory and Data Quality Metrics

Database normalization is the one of main principles for designing relational databases. The benefits of normalization can be observed through improving data quality and performance, among the other qualities. We explore a new context of technical debt manifestation, which is linked to ill-normalized databases. This debt can have long-term impact causing systematic degradation of database qualities. Such degradation can be liken to accumulated interest on a debt. We claim that debts are likely to materialize for tables below the fourth normal form. Practically, achieving fourth normal form for all the tables in the database is a costly and idealistic exercise. Therefore, we propose a pragmatic approach to prioritize tables that should be normalized to the fourth normal form based on the metaphoric debt and interest of the ill-normalized tables, observed on data quality and performance. For data quality, tables are prioritized using the risk of data inconsistency metric. Unlike data quality, a suitable metric to estimate the impact of weakly or un-normalized tables on performance is not available. We estimate performance degradation and its costs using Input/Output (I/O) cost of the operations performed on the tables and we propose a model to estimate this cost for each table. We make use of Modern Portfolio Theory to prioritize tables that should be normalized based on the estimated I/O cost and the likely risk of cost accumulation in the future. To evaluate our methods, we use a case study from Microsoft, AdventureWorks. The results show that our methods can be effective in reducing normalization debt and improving the quality of the database.
The Effects of Multinational Production on Wages and Working Conditions in Developing Countries

following sections are included:IntroductionPolitical Economy IssuesThe Anti-Sweatshop Campaign in the United StatesComparison of the FLA and WRCThe Living WageThe Right of Association and Collective BargainingThe ACIT and SASL InitiativesSocial Accountability of Multinational FirmsThe Role of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)Conceptual ConsiderationsMotivations for FDIEffects of International Capital FlowsEffects of Technology FlowsFragmentationImperfect CompetitionPayment of Above-Market WagesEffects on Wages and Working  What are the Facts?Foreign Ownership and WagesForeign Direct Investment and Labor RightsConclusionsStudy QuestionsReferencesSuggested Further Reading