nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the patient with cardiac disease.

To the Editor:-We read with interest Dr. Mangano’s paradigm for preoperative assessment of patients with cardiac disease.’ We have several concerns. First, the paradigm does not differentiate major surgery from minor surgery. Obviously, preoperative evaluation and perioperative treatment are different for patients undergoing cataract surgery, cholcystectomy, or abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. Second, the only management technique that has been proven to reduce perioperative morbidity is p bl~ckade , ’~~ and this should be included in the paradigm for patients with coronary artery disease or suspected coronary artery disease who are scheduled for intermediate or major surgery (unless contraindicated). Third, there is no substantial evidence that 24 48 h postoperative hemodynamic and ischemic monitoring will benefit patients with mild to moderately positive stress test results. Intensive care unit monitoring is costly and should be reserved for patients undergoing major surgery. Fourth, most patients with coronary artery disease and impaired functional status should not bypass stress testing and automatically undergo coronary angiography. A patient may have impaired functional status as a result of previous myocardial infarction, yet have a minimal amount of residual myocardium at risk. Also, impaired functional status may result from many nonischemic causes, including obesity and emphysema. A specialized stress test, such as an adenosine thallium scan or dobutamine echocardiography, assesses functional myocardium at risk in this subset, compared with angiography, which delineates only anatomic information. IJnfonunately, a randomized study that proves whether preoperative testing improves patient outcome has yet to be performed. It is unknown whether the risk-stratification costs (delays in surgery; money for testing; complications from angiography, angioplasty, and coronary artery bypass surgery) are offset by improved patient care.
Tool-Assisted Multi-Facet Analysis of Formal Specifications (Using Alelier-B and ProB)

Tool-assisted analysis of software systems and convenient guides to practise the formal methods are still motivating challenges. This article addresses these challenges. We ex periment on analysing a formal specification from multiple aspects. The B method and the Atelier-B tool are used for formal specifications, for safety property analysis and for refinements. The ProB tool is used to supplement the study with model checking; it helps to discover errors and there fore to improve the former specifications.
Corruption-A General Review With an Emphasis on the Role of the World Bank

Societies may differ in their views as to what constitutes corruption, although the concept finds universal manifestations. Experts have different perspectives on the meaning, causes and effects of this universal phenomenon. While a few take an inter‐disciplinary approach, positions are more often influenced by the respective discipline. The literature on the subject is vast and diversified. Any attempt to summarize it here would not do it justice. It may be useful, however, to begin this paper by sharing with the reader some of the main findings based on that literature.
X-ray, thermal and dielectric studies of chemically derived lanthanum-modified lead zirconium titanate (7:65:35) ceramics

Lanthanum-modified lead zirconium titanate (PLZT) ceramics, a solid solution of PbTiO3 (ferroelectric) and PbZrO3 (anti-ferroelectrics), are considered to be attractive materials for many device applications such as non-volatile memories, transducers and photographic pick-ups. The formation of PLZT solid solution depends to a large extent on the physicochemical characteristics of the starting raw materials . It is well known  that the conventional (high-temperature solid-state reaction) method of preparing PLZT powders causes compositional fluctuations and chemical inhomogeneity, which impair the electromechanical properties of the finished products. The powders prepared by chemical methods such as coprecipitation , spray drying [4], freeze drying and liquid drying  and sol-gel  methods have gained tremendous importance because of their better purity, better homogeneity and enhanced reactivity leading to the development of improved ceramics. A recent observations of diffuse phase transition [7] and relaxor behaviour [8, 9] in PLZT have attracted more attention for thorough studies of the compounds (with different La compositions) synthesised from different methods. In this work, PLZT (7:65:35 Ti) powders were prepared by the chemical method of evaporative decomposition of nitrate solutions. Detailed studies on the structure IX-ray diffraction (XRD)] and phase transition (by thermal and dielectric methods) of the fabricated samples were made to obtain a better understanding of this material for device applications. Reagent grade nitrate salts of lead,_ lanthanum and zirconium and metal-alkoxide (tetra-isopropyl titanate) were used to prepare an aqueous solution of the PLZT compound of composition 7:65:35. Lead nitrate, lanthanum nitrate and zirconyl nitrate were first dissolved in doubly distilled water. Tetraisopropyl titanate (a liquid) was then added directly to the nitrate solution while stirring. The titanium hydrolysed to a intermediate Ti(OH)4 phase and slowly redissolved. Concentrated nitric acid (HNOfl was then added to the solution, which increased the rate at which the solution cleared. Caution was exercised in adding HNO3 to prevent a strong exothermic reaction. PLZT powder was then obtained by heating the solution at 230 °C. The dried powder was subsequently calcined at various temperatures ranging from 230 to 920 °C for 16 h in an air atmosphere. The calcined and milled powder was uniaxially cold pressed at 6 x 107 kgm -2 into pellets of diameter 11.2 mm and thickness 1-2 mm using
A modest Modula wish list

This article contains suggestions for modifying Modula II an d using the modifications to write abstract data types. I write from the experience of several months full-time programming in Modula II i n which I endeavored to follow the program design style set forth in m y book "Abstraction For Programmers"  The discussion is divided into these sections : 1) Avoiding Excessive Variable Usage and Inadvertant Memory Usag e 2) Three Language Modification s 3) Abstract Data Type s My suggestions actually require very little change to Modula II. The suggestions in section 1) would merely decrease the freedom o f implementors to make decisions. Even in section 2) where I dream of a slightly different Modula, I have restrained myself to three modes t alterations. These alterations build upon what already exists i n Modula II rather than reach for what may be seen in other languages. Only one of the three suggestions requires a change to the BN F description of Modula II and that change is miniscule. In section 3), I show how abstract data types could be implemente d if my suggestions were accepted into the language. The suggestions in this section result from deficiencies in th e Modula II implementations with which I am familiar. My intention i s to explain why these deficiencies should not be permitted. >> All Modula implementations should allow dereferenced pointe r variables to appear any place another variable of the same data typ e could appear. are disallowed, a programmer is forced to introduce temporar y variables. A program with a lot of temporary variables is like a presentation with a lot of definitions-it's confusing. (This poin t is discussed as some length in section 4 .3 of  .) To use variable s that are not germain to the topic at hand could be called "excessiv e variable usage". A language which is supposed to help programmin g abstraction and style should not force excessive variable usage .
A Numerical Optimization Approach to General Graph Drawing

Graphs are ubiquitous, finding applications in domains ranging from software engineering to computational biology. While graph theory and graph algorithms are some of the oldest, most studied fields in computer science, the problem of visualizing graphs is comparatively young. This problem, known as graph drawing, is that of transforming combinatorial graphs into geometric drawings for the purpose of visualization. Most published algorithms for drawing general graphs model the drawing problem with a physical analogy, representing a graph as a system of springs and other physical elements and then simulating the relaxation of this physical system. Solving the graph drawing problem involves both choosing a physical model and then using numerical optimization to simulate the physical system. In this dissertation, we improve on existing algorithms for drawing general graphs. The improvements fall into three categories: speed, drawing quality, and flexibility. We improve the speed using known techniques from both the many-body work in astrophysics and the numerical optimization literature. We improve drawing quality both by making our physical model more comprehensive than those in the literature and by employing heuristics in our optimization procedure to avoid poor local minima. Finally, we improve the flexibility of existing approaches both by cleanly separating the physical model from the optimization procedure and by allowing the model to include a broad class of constraints. We are able to demonstrate some of our improvements through theoretical analysis. To demonstrate the others, we use an implementation of our approach in the Java programming language.
Research Methods as a Situated Response: Towards a First Nations' Methodology: Critical Race Theory and Qualitative Studies in Ed

In this paper the author writes in retrospect about her experience of researching the creation of a culture-based curriculum in a tribal community. She is situated in the community as both an insider and an outsider, represented in this article through the use of an academic voice spliced with a narrative voice. Both her research problem and methodology emerged as a response to the community. The methodology she used was inspired by a wide range of cultural and academic traditions. Finally, rather than prescribing a particular formula for research in Native communities, she is suggesting that the model of a ''situated response,'' particular and dependent on context, would ground research in community, as well as academic, concerns.
Legal and Institutional Barriers to Optimal Financial Architecture for New Economy Firms in Developing Countries

This paper reviews the obstacles for an appropriate financial architecture of new economy firms in developing countries by reviewing the theoretical and some preliminary empirical underpinnings of the importance of legal and institutional barriers. Apart from the more conventional institutional and legal barriers, which are advanced by the recent law and finance literature, the analysis in this paper focuses on the importance of the ICT environment, as a potentially important barrier to the development of the business sector in general, and new economy firms in particular. This preliminary analysis confirms the importance of this ICT environment for asset allocation (and the creation of intangibles) for the financial structure and, ultimately, for firm growth.
Venture Capital in East Africa: Is There a Right Model?

Is there a right model for venture capital (VC) in East Africa? After working with primary and secondary sources, we concluded that such a right model does not exist at the moment. We found that the high cost of operating a fund in the region and the length of time it takes to find, evaluate, and make investments are the top concerns among fund managers. In addition, fund managers in the region are called upon to take on roles that are not typical of conventional fund management—including, in particular, getting heavily involved in their investees’ businesses. We also found that challenges related to deal flow and exit, while perhaps not in the realm of a right model for fund structures per se, inevitably have an impact on which structure works best. We propose various solutions to these and other VC challenges in East Africa that emerged from our study. We conclude that in order to succeed, VC has to adapt more effectively to suit the context and characteristics of venturing in the region.
A Difficult Marriage: American Protestants and American Politics

In the course of writing a biography about William Jennings Bryan, I began to appreciate a reality that transcends his own story. This anti-Darwinist reformer was not the relic of a benighted past that many modernist intellectuals—whether of the right or left—assumed him to be in the years from the rise of the New Deal to the rise of the Christian right in the 1970s. In fact, evangelical Protestantism has always been an integral part of American political history.
Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of Coatings with Carbonyl-iron Particles coated by Silicon dioxide Nano-powders

Silicon dioxide nano-powders prepared by gas-phase synthesis method were directly added into the solvent. The carbonyl iron particles (CIP) were partially coated by a thin layer of silicon dioxide in the solvent. Such coated particles were used as absorbent, with Aliphatic Polyurethane (APT) resin as matrix, to prepare the microwave absorbing coating. The morphology, elemental composition and electromagnetic characteristics of silicon dioxide coated and uncoated CIP were studied using SEM, EDS, and a voter network analyzer. Its electromagnetic parameters were measured in the range from 2GHz to 18GHz. The results show that the direct mixing method can effectively change the iron-based particle electromagnetic parameters, achieving the purpose of regulating the impedance matching. The minimum reflection loss of the coating shifts to the high-frequency region with increasing weight concentrations of silicon dioxide. The peak value of -31.1 dB was obtained at 16.5 GHz for the coatings with 50 wt.% CIP and 5wt.% silicon dioxide nano-powders.
The structure of perceived qualities of situations

Situations can be seen as having attributes or qualities in much the same way as people have traits. The structure of people's perceptions of these situation qualities was explored. A comprehensive list of adjectives that might describe situations was generated, and people rated situations using samples of the words. Across several samples of words and participants and several analytic methods, four factors show up regularly (positivity, negativity, productivity, and ease of negotiation). In a second study, it was shown that these factors predict the way in which people freely sort situations. The conceptual nature of these factors and of situation qualities is discussed, with particular emphasis on how people's goals and perceived outcomes influence their perceptions of situations.
Comprehensive Research on Stability of Amorphous Silicon and Alloy Materials and Devices

In this report, the authors describe the work done to improve the material and device properties of a-Si:H and a-(Si,Ge):H alloys prepared using electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma deposition and to understand the growth chemistry. Major results were obtained in the following areas: (1) Influence of plasma chemistry on properties and stability of a-Si:H single-junction solar cells; (2) Fabrication of good-quality tandem-junction cells. The authors made tandem-junction a-Si/a-Si cells with excellent voltages and fill factors using the H-ECR process; (3) Growth of high-quality a-(Si,Ge):H films using the ECR deposition process; (4) Fabrication of single-junction devices in a-(Si,Ge):H for diagnosing the material; and (5) Graded-gap cells in a-(Si,Ge):H. Good devices were produced using a graded-gap I-layer. In summary, the most important finding from this research has been that plasma chemistry plays a very important role in determining the properties of the materials, particularly the properties of the a-(Si,Ge):H alloy system. Even in a-Si:H, plasma chemistry plays a role in determining stability. This result suggests that by deliberately changing the chemistry of deposition, one may be able to further improve the a-(Si,Ge):H materials system and make its properties comparable to the properties of a-Si:H. The ECR reactor has proved to be amore » very useful chemical tool, with excellent control over growth chemistry.« less
The Cenozoic of the upper Teno River, Cordillera Principal, Central Chile: stratigraphy, plutonism and their relation with deep structures.

The Cenozoic geologic evolution of the central part of the Cordillera Principal at ~35°S, is intimately related to the geodynamic evolution of deep crustal structures, which during different stages controlled the deposition of volcanosedimentary sequences, and the ascent and emplacement of epizonal intrusions. Newly defined stratigraphy around these structures allows to confirm the Cenozoic age of a group of pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks, which conformably underlie andesitic lavas of the Abanico Formation (assigned to the Late Eocene-Early to Middle Miocene). Intrusive rocks correspond to four main phases (from oldest to youngest: diorite, granodiorite, rhyo-dacitic and dacitic porphyry), which occurs in a North - South trending belt. The granodiorite was dated at 7,80,4 Ma (K-Ar in biotite). Rhyo-dacitic porphyries, considered as a marginal lithodeme of the granodiorite, yielded 7,90,4 Ma (K-Ar in plagioclase phenocrysts). Two main structures of regional importance were observed: the El Fierro thrust, and, towards the west, the Infiernillo-Los Cipreses Fault System was defined. In the characterization of the latter, magnetic modeling of cross-sections were analyzed as a complement to the geologic information. The ascent of the different intrusive phases mentioned before, is interpreted as being controlled by the Infiernillo-Los Cipreses Fault System. This structure, as well as the El Fierro thrust, acted as a basin-margin normal fault during the Late Eocene-Middle Miocene, controlling the deposition of the Abanico Formation. These faults were reactivated as reverse faults during an episode of major tectonic contraction and magmatic-induced high fluid pressure in the Late Miocene, focusing the ascent of the intrusive bodies.
On the inevitability of death.

It was one of those weeks when it was impossible to deny the inevitability of death. Like many of us who work in palliative care, I find it necessary to protect myself from time to time by denying death, in subtle ways, so as not to be overwhelmed by death and what many of us refer to as death anxiety or death terror. But this past week was just too overwhelming. The constancy and rapidity of a series of confrontations with death shared with patients combined with a series of deaths of close friends and family forced me to look away. I could not “stare at the sun,” as Yalom (2008) wrote about the impossibility of confronting and contemplating death for too prolonged and sustained a period of time. It had been brewing for some time, but last week was the tipping point. My ability to grapple with my own death anxiety, while working day in and day out with patients who were in despair about their mortality and the “nearness” and “reality” of their deaths from cancer, was being challenged on a regular basis. Age milestones, family milestones, and work milestones all conspired to penetrate any defenses I might have employed to deal with aging and the much-too-rapid passage of time. Even the deaths of celebrities who made up the cultural context of my life shook me: Robin Williams, Garry Shandling, and Mary Tyler Moore. How could they have died? I remember turning, one day recently, to my son and half-jokingly saying out loud, “If Don Rickles [a famous American comedian] can die, that means ANYBODY can die!” That revelation included an evaluation of the reality of my own fate and the stark inescapable reality of my own mortality. I also can’t underestimate the effect of the very recent death of one of my heroes and a pioneer in death-and-dying studies. Avery Weisman, a leading Harvard psychiatrist and director of the Omega Project with Bill Worden in the 1960s, died at the age of 103. Avery taught us about “middle knowledge,” a concept related to coping with death anxiety (Weisman, 1972). The concept of middle knowledge explicates the fact that denial of death is complex and often involves two simultaneously and opposite views of the inevitability of death. We can deny death and minimize the bleakness of one’s prognosis with a terminal illness while simultaneously making plans for that death by completing a will, arranging burial plots, and planning a funeral service. This concept of middle knowledge was important for several reasons: it suggested the benefits of denial in preventing us from being overwhelmed by death terror, thus allowing us to assimilate and even accommodate the reality of our deaths at a manageable pace, and it suggested that human nature and biology utilize denial in complex ways that are not uniformly detrimental to the process of dying.
The influences of age and co-morbidities on treatment decisions for patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer.

To investigate the influences of age and co-morbidities on the use of adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer.



Thirty surgeons and 101 oncologists reviewed the profiles of 16 hypothetical patients which included details of age, tumour size/grade, nodal/ER status, and co-morbidities. Respondents viewed different patient profiles. Oncologists were asked how likely they would be to prescribe chemotherapy ± trastuzumab. Surgeons were asked whether they would refer to an oncologist.



Oncologists' treatment decisions were most affected by age and co-morbidities: 81% would prescribe chemotherapy for a high-risk patient aged 68 years, but only 47% for an otherwise identical patient aged 73 years. The majority of surgeons (84%) would still refer older patients.



National variation in the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in women aged ≥70 years with high-risk breast cancer is substantial. Practice audits or clinical trials addressing the outcomes of systemic adjuvant therapy are needed for this ever-increasing population of patients.
A model for evaluating the effectiveness of software engineering virtual labs

In modern society, software has been developed and applied to various fields such as in industry, academia as well as in everyday life. This brings a challenge of training a large number of software engineers in the undergraduate and postgraduate programs. As the real-world problems are changing rapidly, software engineers of the 21st century face new challenges. In order to cope with the situation, the Software Engineering (SE) education has to be constantly reviewed and changes must be introduced. In our work, we have developed a virtual laboratory for SE course. The virtual labs can help in improving SE education and, in turn, in preparing SE students for professional careers. It is envisaged that the virtual lab will also help the SE educators in underprivileged educational institutions having lack of teaching resources, and who are willing to improve education at their institutions. One of the important issues that should be addressed is the evaluation of the effectiveness of learning SE by using virtual labs. We have proposed a conceptual model for evaluating effectiveness of SE virtual labs course.
Thermal Properties of Nanoporous YSZ Coatings Fabricated by EB‐PVD

This study investigates the specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of ZrO 2 -4mol% Y 2 O 3 coating layers fabricated by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) in the temperature range between room temperature to 1000°C. The laser flash method and differential scanning calorimeter are used to measure the thermal diffusivity and specific heat of the coated samples, respectively. EB-PVD coatings reveal the porous columnar microstructure. Coatings are found to contain nano sized pores as well as micron sized pores. The thermal conductivities and thermal diffusivities of EB-PVD coatings decreased with increasing measuring temperature.