nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ontology-based Data Management for the Italian Public Debt

In this paper we present an ontology-based data management (OBDM) project concerning the Italian public debt domain, carried out within a joint collaboration between Sapienza University of Rome and the Department of Treasury of the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance. We discuss the motivations at the basis of this project and present the main characteristics of the ontology we have built. We also describe the mechanisms we used to link the ontology to the actual data and the tools we have adopted for supporting ontology development and maintenance, as well as exploiting OBDM services. Finally, we provide a thorough evaluation of the ontology we produced and discuss in detail the role that it plays within the whole information system of the ministry department responsible for managing Italian public debt data.
The Structuring of International Economic Relations

The neo-classical models of international trade are based on almost the same assumptions as models of economic market exchange in general: only economic considerations enter the decision-making process and price is the valid expression of the exchange outcome; structural conditions of complete information and reasonable competition are assumed; instantaneous and correct investment, production, and selling adjustments can be made by each producer; no national governments, international and supranational organizations have any influence on international exchange; historical and social constraints and limitations do not structure exchange and interaction opportunities.1 However, current international economic exchange is dominated by large oligopolistic firms, multinational corporations, and state-trading organizations. Discriminating trading arrange-
MEANING IN LIFE AND SUBJECTIVE WELL - BEING: IS A SATISFYING LIFE MEANINGFUL?

The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship of meaning in life and subjective well-being among Filipino college students in both private and public institutions. It was hypothesized in this study that meaning in life and life satisfaction has a positive relationship. Three measures, namely, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were administered to 969 college students in different schools in the Philippines. This study employed a descriptive-predictive design to measure the degree of correlation between variables. The Pearson Correlation was used to assess the relationship of meaning in life and subjective well-being. Results of the study show that meaning in life and subjective well-being has a positive relationship. A better understanding of the relationship between meaning in life and subjective well-being has implications relative to developing and/or achieving a greater sense of happiness and satisfaction in living. This could be developed by tapping emotional resources to diminish negative affective conditions and optimizing meaningful life situations.
Length Scale of the Cellular Microstructure Tailoring Tensile Properties of Zn–20 wt%Sn–2 wt%Cu Solder Alloy

High temperature solder alloys are characterized by melting temperatures between 230 and 400 °C. They are commonly used as component joining material in electronics and automotive industries. Characteristics such as excellent wettability, suitable mechanical properties and oxidation resistance made lead-based Pb–Sn alloys widely used for such applications. However, the toxicity of lead, associated with environmental risks and human health caused by the undue disposal of these materials restricted the employment of these alloys. Under such circumstances, new high temperature alloys have been recently developed. Zn–Sn alloys are considered promising for the substitution. However, improvements in the mechanical properties, wettability and some other application properties are required. These are expected to be achieved with the addition of third alloying elements such as Ag or Cu. The present work aims to evaluate the addition of 2.0 wt% of Cu in the resultant microstructure constituting the Zn–20 wt%Sn alloy. Also, effects of the Cu alloying over solidification thermal parameters must be pondered. For this purpose, data from a directionally solidified (DS) Zn–20 wt%Sn–2 wt%Cu alloy will be compared with results found in literature for the DS Zn–20 wt%Sn alloy. Microstructural analyzes were performed using SEM, optical microscopies and X-ray diffraction. The microstructures consist of Zn-rich phase in the form of plate-like cells; intercellular regions containing eutectic mixture (Zn-α + Sn-β) and the CuZn5-e intermetallic phase. Experimental analysis resulted in mapping the growth variations of cell spacing against cooling rate and growth velocity. The cell spacing was shown to be vital to maximize the tensile properties of Zn–Sn–Cu solders.
A Note on Interaction and Incompleteness

The notion of interaction and interaction machines, developed by Peter Wegner, includes the comparison between incompleteness of interaction machines and Gödel incompleteness. However, this comparison is not adequate, because it combines different notions and different sources of incompleteness. In particular, it merges syntactic with two senses of semantic completeness, and results about truth (Tarski) with results about provability and their consequences (Gödel). The comparison also overlooks structural differences in the way diagonalization produces incompleteness. More generally, the comparison is unlikely because interaction incompleteness is supposed to come from a system’s involvement with its environment, whereas Gödel incompleteness comes from a system’s involvement with itself.
A note on optimal taxation in the presence of externalities

I consider the problem of optimal taxation with externalities in a general setup encompassing most of optimal taxation models found in the literature. It is demonstrated that when direct taxation of externalities is possible, optimal taxes can be expressed as the sum of the optimal Pigouvian taxes and the optimal taxes in a related problem without externalities, regardless of what other tax instruments are available. This result generalizes the so-called ‘Principle of Targeting’.
Capitalism and Imperialism: Britain and the Netherlands

In their impressive new study on British imperialism, Cain and Hopkins mention ‘the desultory negotiations sharing out the Dutch and Portuguese empires should they collapse’ between Britain and Germany at the turn of the century. In the corresponding note, however, they substantiate only the well known negotiations on the Portuguese empire and not those mysterious talks on the Dutch empire. It is one of only a few instances where Cain's and Hopkins’ 2,500 well-documented footnotes do not fully explain their 850 pages of thick description and analysis. Their suggestion of an Anglo-German understanding to divide the Dutch East Indies if necessary, however, does strike some raw nerves among Dutch contemporaries. In the official and unofficial minds of Dutch imperialism, there was a strong fear that die Netherlands could lose their large colonial empire to the great powers. In that case the Netherlands would be reduced to the ‘rank of Denmark’, to a ‘farm at the North Sea’. But this imperial fear was connected with the high hopes that the Netherlands could indeed become the ‘first among the nations of the second rank’, a real middle power, because of its vast colonial empire.
Reading Hobbes before Leviathan: The case of Philip Scot

The purpose of this paper is to provide new information about Philip Scot’s 1650 Treatise of the schism of England, in which Hobbes is discussed in surprising detail. Who was the author and why did he wish so urgently to engage Hobbes? By learning the identity of “Philip Scot” and examining the Treatise in light of it, we gain new insight into reactions to Hobbes’s political views prior to Leviathan.
Fabrication of TiC/WC ultra hard nanocomposite layers by plasma electrolysis and study of its characteristics

Ultra hard ceramic based matrix nanocomposite layers of tungsten carbide (WC) on matrix of titanium carbide were fabricated in an organic electrolyte. The dependence of WC amount in nanocomposite coatings was investigated in relation to the temperature of electrolyte, WC concentration in bath, current density and stirring rate. It was shown that volume percentage of WC in the layer can be affected by these parameters. The fabricated phases were studied with X-ray diffraction and their microhardness values were reached near to 2580 Hv 0.5 . Increasing of the WC nanoparticles concentration in the electrolyte in a constant stirring rate will lead to an increase in content of nanoparticles in the nanocomposite layers. Concentration of WC nanoparticles in the bath illustrated specific level for increasing of tungsten percentage in the nanocomposite layers. Concentration of WC nanoparticles in the bath had an optimum level around 6 g l − 1 for achieving the minimum nano-roughness on the surface of nanocomposite layer. It may vary for different current densities.
The Self and What It’s Like to Be One: Reviews of José Luis Bermúdez, The Paradox of Self‐Conciousness and Lawrence Weiskrantz, Consiousness Lost and Found

Books reviewed in this article: 
 
 
 
Jose Luis Bermu dez, The Paradox of Self-Conciousness 
 
 
 
Lawrence Weiskrantz, Conciousness Lost and  A Neuropsychological Exploration
An Analysis on the Status of Sustainable Development of Coast Management in China

Regional perspectives on the status of coastal ecosystems and management approaches for coastal resources are briefly summarized in this paper in order to give the some basic views for the forthcoming projects that is provided for the sustainable development of coastline management of China. Meanwhile,the article is divided into two components. Firstly,a depiction is for us,which is about the health of coastal ecosystems,threats from anthropogenic activities and the drivers behind these impacts. The second section offers us an overview of the key recommendations or approaches after the analysis of the issues we have.
Approximating a function by choosing a covering of its domain and ? points from its range

Suppose that we would like to compute the value of a real-valued function cp for every point 8 that might be selected from some given set E, but that this is infeasible and that we have to settle for approximation in the following manner: a finite covering’ of E, denoted C and containing j sets-to be called cells-is chosen. To each cell of C we assign a real number, called an outcome, from a k-element set A C R of possible outcomes. Given the 6 that is currently of interest we find a cell containing that 8, and we take as our estimate of q(B) the outcome assigned to that cell. We define the error of this procedure as the supremum, over all 8 in E, of the possible distances between the outcome so obtained and the true value q(B). Our objective is to minimize error by a suitable choice of C, of A, and of the assignment rule. Now given C and A, the choice of assignment rule is a simple matter, It
Neighborhood and City in Coastal Ecuador1

This study examines various dimensions of urban social organization among a poor population living in a rapidly developing city of coastal Ecuador. The differential distribution of kin, friend and ritual kin is seen as having adaptive significance with respect both to neighborhood dynamics and to wider socioeconomic change in the urban environment. A case study of a traditional fisherman who has benefited socially and materially from changing socioeconomic condi- tions is presented as illustrative of a type of adaptive strategy which is used by some to take advantage of new opportunity. some notable exceptions such as Mangin's (1967) study of squatter settlements in Peru, Peattie's (1968) analysis of a lower class barrio in Venezuela, and Leed's (1970a, n.d.) studies in Brazil. Also there are some popular accounts such as Maria de Jesus' (1962) tale of lower class life in Sao Paulo and the Brooks' (1965) description of Peace Corps work in Ecuador. Recently, coverage has been extended by Ashton's (1972) analysis of differential adaptation to relocation among blacks and mestizos in Cali, Colombia, and by Reina's (1973) examination of social structure in an Argentine city. Unfortunately, this inchoate state of South American urban studies, from an anthropological view, is not restricted simply to poor social and geographical representation, and to paucity of data generally, but extends also to the kinds of phenomena analyzed. As in other parts of the world there has been heavy emphasis placed on rural-urban migration, squatter settlements and the culture of poverty. In part these concerns are a logical outgrowth of the traditional anthro- pological focus on tribal and peasant peoples who are now caught in the sweep of wide scale social change, and in part they are popular themes reflecting deep concern over the implications of world urbanization problems. This global process is, of course, substantial and far-reaching and certainly merits much of the attention devoted to elucidating its effects on those population aggregates with which anthropologists have been commonly concerned. Yet, it should be
Mykhailo Drahomanov and the Problem of Ukrainian-Jewish Relations

Among the issues which attracted Drahomanov's attention were those of the Jewish minority in the Ukraine, and of Ukrainian-Jewish relations generally. To these he dedicated a prominent place in his writings. Drahomanov's views on the Jewish problem contain both a sociological analysis of the condition of the Jewish people in the Ukraine and a programme for action. Drahomanov's attempts to implement this programme in the course of his political life met with little immediate success. But his concepts had a long-range, formative impact on the development of Ukrainian political ideologies.
Agency Costs, Leverage, and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Test of Causality

This paper focuses on different avenues of corporate social responsibility as alternative methods for alleviating agency problems between shareholders and bondholders. Specifically, the paper documents the relationship between capital structure (leverage) and corporate social responsibility. Using agency theory, a positive causal relationship is shown between leverage and certain corporate social responsibility measures and a lower cost of debt financing for firms with strong levels of corporate social responsibility. Increasing corporate involvement in current environmental and diversity issues “Granger causes” increases in firm leverage (and vice versa). However, this is not the case for other areas of corporate social responsibility including community contributions. I.  A substantial body of literature addresses the agency problem inherent between corporate managers and shareholders. Two principle solutions to the problem exist: increasing effectiveness of monitoring the managers, and aligning incentives between shareholders and managers. Both solutions come at a non-trivial cost to equity holders who must balance the marginal benefits with marginal costs of each option. Similar resolutions can be made for other corporate agency problems, although little research has been done in these areas. In this paper, agency problems between bondholders and shareholders and potential alleviation of the problem through different avenues of corporate social responsibility are examined. Specifically, the relationship between capital structure (leverage) and corporate social responsibility is studied. Using agency theory, this paper documents a positive causal relationship between leverage and certain corporate social responsibility measures and a lower cost of debt financing for firms with strong levels of corporate social responsibility. Increasing corporate involvement in both environmental and diversity issues has an impact on firm leverage since the expropriation of wealth from shareholders to bondholders is reduced and incentives are more closely aligned as the goal becomes one of maximizing firm value rather than shareholder value when a discrepancy occurs between the two. However, this is not the case for other areas of corporate social responsibility including community and, to some extent, employee contributions. By studying the agency problem between bondholders and shareholders and by introducing corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a means to alleviate these problems, this paper contributes to the literature by offering a unique perspective on agency theory. In addition, it
The pulse of citizenship: reflections on Griffith Taylor and ‘nation‐planning‘

This exercise in a type of applied historiography begins by annotating aspects of reform in Western education from the 1880s to the 1930s, an interval which exhibits the responses of ‘new’ subjects to political and social demands for improved civics education, and encompasses the inauguration of a recognisably ‘academic’ geography in Australia. Designedly, since the nominated period also incorporates the early life and career of pioneering geographer Griffith Taylor, the discussion probes beneath the strata of obfuscatory generalisation to relate one individual's engagement with the vortex of change. More specifically, it extracts a few lessons from Taylor's approach to ‘Nation‐Planning’ to suggest an appropriate orientation to current reformism in Australian education. It is argued that, while this trend questions the civic utility of established disciplines, it has been badly served by a disturbing ignorance of the social and intellectual heritage of the subjects under challenge.
Low-Intensity Conflict: the British Experience

The precept that war is an instrument of policy has been a basic premise of military writers since Karl von Clausewitz produced his famous treatise On War almost two hundred years ago. More recently the notion that armed forces reflect the societies that create them has become a second cardinal principle of military studies. Despite the universally acknowledged veracity of the two assumptions, however, military historians far too often focus on war as a purely military phenomenon. They allow policy discussions to intrude into their campaign narratives almost as reluctantly as soldiers admit policy makers onto the battlefield. Historians are more comfortable discussing strategy, tactics, and logistics than they are considering the effect of social attitudes and cultural values on the actual conduct of operations.
On Orogeny and Epeirogeny in the Study of Phanerozoic and Archean Rocks

The retention of the original, literal meanings of "orogeny" and "epeirogeny" is recommended. Orogeny is not a short-lived, chronostratigraphic feature nor is it a synonym for rock deformation or for widespread isotopic events. The term is applicable to tectonic deformation in belts, and which produced chains of mountains in Phanerozoic (and late Proterozoic) rocks. Therefore, it maybe less appropriate in Archean rocks of the shield areas where broadly uniform isotopic events may be more appropriately considered as epeirogenetic phenomena.
Untrapping the Soul of Fanon: Culture, Consciousness and the Future of Pan-Africanism

This essay uses the occasion of the 50 th anniversary since Frantz Fanon’s transition to ref lect upon the implications of his thought and praxis to the contemporary evolution of PanAfricanism. The notion of a Fanonian Pan-Africanis m is central to the conceptual and theoretical framework for this analysis. It assume s that Fanonian thought contained within it many of the fundamental elements that have defined Pan-Africanist thinking for generations. I also explore Fanon’s practical connections to Pan-A fricanist formations across the African Diaspora. The essay’s main contribution is to refle ct on how these dimensions of Fanon’s ideas and work might inform our understanding of the rela tionship between, on the one hand, selfawareness and cultural consciousness and, on the ot her hand, Pan-African consciousness and the present-day politics of Pan-African unity.
TECHNICAL PAPERS No. 188 WHERE DOES INEQUALITY COME FROM? IDEAS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LATIN AMERICA

Differences in inequality between Latin American countries are not so much caused by globalisation as by a variety of political and economic structures and government policies. Hostile elites have made democracy fragile and are delaying the mass education and tax-driven income redistribution that democratisation and socialism produced in Europe over the past century. Trends in inequality in Latin America are governed by coups and democratic phases. Recent rising inequality in Argentina, Chile and Peru is mostly due to structural changes in the balance of political power triggered by policies of the military and the debt crisis. The demobilisation of labour and the left has led to new political coalitions that have seriously reduced the chances of democracy playing the key role it did in changing Europe. In theory, globalisation can increase inequality through its impact on prices or wages or by curbing the government’s ability to implement policies. In fact there is little evidence ... Les differences entre pays d’Amerique latine en ce qui concerne les inegalites ne sont pas tant le fait de la globalisation que de la diversite des structures politiques et economiques ainsi que des politiques publiques. L’hostilite des elites a l’egard de la democratie ont fragilise celle-ci et ont retarde la generalisation de l’education et la redistribution des revenus via l’impot, processus que l’Europe a connus au siecle dernier grâce a la democratisation et au socialisme. L’evolution des inegalites en Amerique latine reflete l’alternance de coups d’Etat et de phases democratiques. La recente tendance au creusement des inegalites en Argentine, au Chili et au Perou est due essentiellement aux changements structurels de l’equilibre politique declenches par les mesures prises par le gouvernement militaire et par la crise de la dette. La demobilisation des travailleurs et de la gauche a ouvert la voie a de nouvelles coalitions politiques qui ont serieusement reduit les chances ...
National Survey of SMEs' Use of IT in Four Sectors

This paper examines the adoption and use of information and communication technology (ICT) in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) across four sectors in the UK. In the paper we report on a survey that explores the factors facilitating or hampering the successful adoption and use of ICT by SMEs. We find that SMEs are generally satisfied with their investments in ICT but that they are concerned about the cost of such investments and are uncertain about the business benefits. Much of the investment in ICT is directed at meeting bottom line issues of cost and productivity but little use is made of potential strategic applications. A particular case in point is the diffusion of ecommerce in which firms report increased consumer interest but there is little evidence in the survey to suggest that interest is being actively managed by SMEs. One concern that emerges from the survey is the SMEs' perceived dependency upon consultants. SMEs appear to be encountering knowledge/competency gaps related to ICT. They may be too small to be able to employ a dedicated ICT expert and lack the experience to have confidence in its reliability of consultancy advice. They often have limited experience in selecting, implementing and evaluating suggested ICT solutions. To help correct this gap in the provision of services, the government has tried to provide support with mixed success. Certainly, the UK government has had a strong interest in helping and supporting the SME sector. However, State sponsored solutions to meet this competency gap appear to be failing with little awareness or take up of such solutions by the SMEs that we surveyed. Something that remains unclear is whether this failure by SMEs to avail themselves of advice and guidance made available by the State reflects the quality of solutions offered or a more basic lack of awareness by SMEs.