nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Saganaga Granite of Minnesota-Ontario

The oldest batholith along the Minnesota-Ontario boundary is that at Saganaga Lake. It is the only one older than the Ogishke sediments and is therefore assigned to the Laurentian. Since a still older granite gneiss has been found farther east, the Saganaga granite arose late in Laurentian time. It is a roughly oval mass about 15 X 25 miles across and has nearly vertical walls. The main rock, 85-90 per cent of the mass, has long been known and is very uniform sodic hornblende granite. The local phases, described in some detail, include syenite, shonkinite, and hornblendite. For such an old formation the rocks are very little altered. Measurements and chemical analyses give data for tables and diagrams of the differentiated series. The ratio of potash to soda increases with increasing silica toward the central part of the mass. This series resembles that in the Giants Range which is of Algomian age; also some others of later eras.
Mean-Field and Pairing Properties of Exotic Nuclei: Exploring the Nuclear Landscape

In years to come, we shall see substantial progress in our understanding of nuclear structure - a rich and many-faceted field. An important element in this task will be to extend the study of nuclei into new domains. The journey to "the limits" of isospin, angular momentum, and mass and charge is a quest for new and unexpected phenomena which await us in uncharted territories. What is extremely important from a theoretical point of view is that the new data are also expected to bring qualitatively new information about the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction and hence about the fundamental properties of the nucleonic many-body system. The main objective of this presentation is to discuss some of the challenges and opportunities for nuclear structure research with radioactive nuclear beams.
Chronology of the birth and death of a health bill.

A two-year attempt by the Clinton administration to develop and pass a health care reform bill was from the beginning destined for failure. The health care reform plan was developed in secret, leaving the plan open for special interest suspect. It was overly complex and difficult to understand. Congress and the general public initially supported the effort, but wavered under pressure and negative messages generated by special interest groups. After a year of intense debate, health care reform was declared dead, with very little hope of resurrection in the 1994 election year, which saw Republicans make significant gains in Congress.
Spectral decomposition and Gelfand’s theorem

AbstractWe consider the spectral decomposition of A, the generator of a polynomially bounded n-times integrated group whose spectrum set 
$\sigma(A)=\{i\lambda_{k};k\in\mathbb{\mathbb{Z}}^{*}\}$ 
is discrete and satisfies 
$\sum \frac{1}{|\lambda_{k}|^{\ell}\delta_{k}^{n}}<\infty$
, where ℓ is a nonnegative integer and 
$\delta _{k}=\min(\frac{|\lambda_{k+1}-\lambda _{k}|}{2},\frac{|\lambda _{k-1}-\lambda _{k}|}{2})$
. In this case, Theorem 3, we show by using Gelfand’s Theorem that there exists a family of projectors 
$(P_{k})_{k\in\mathbb{\mathbb{Z}}^{*}}$ 
such that, for any x∈D(An+ℓ), the decomposition ∑Pkx=x holds.
Albitization profiles related to the Variscan basement, a case study of the Catalan Costal Ranges and the Eastern Pyrenees (NE Iberia)

Widespread albitization has been recorded on Variscan granitoids of the Catalan Coastal Ranges (CCR) and the Eastern Pyrenees. Field observations suggest that albitization display a profile-like shape beneath Triassic, Cretaceous and Paleocene unconformities, decreasing in intensity forward the internal areas of the pristine granitoids. Petrographic, cathodoluminescence, SEM, microprobe and geochemical analyses show that albitization of Ca-plagioclase occurs as a pseudomorphic dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism and is mainly accompanied by biotite chloritization and Feoxides precipitation, giving a characteristic red-pink colour to the Na-metasomatized rock. 
Palaeomagnetic data suggest a Triassic age for the Fe-oxides and so for albitization. Triassic severe environmental conditions are characterized by high atmospheric and oceanic CO2 levels and global warming, besides acidification and salinisation of marine waters. All these features, possibly coupled with the granitoids long-lasting exposure due to smooth palaeoreliefs, could have played a major role in the development of these unusual shallow albitization profiles during Triassic times.
Mortgage Market Institutions and Housing Market Outcomes: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach

I develop a dynamic general equilibrium model of housing and mortgage markets where housing market outcomes are aected by the types of mortgages contracts available to borrowers. Supply is created in the housing market by existing owners who have to move, and demand is created by potential buyers entering the market. Buyers have limited wealth and must borrow to purchase homes. Mortgages of various types are provided by risk-neutral and competitive lenders. Whether or not an entrant decides to buy a home is determined by both house prices and the types of mortgage contracts available. Agents are forward looking, and house prices, mortgage interest rates, and contract choice are fully endogenized. The model is estimated using data from Los Angeles from 2003 to 2010, and is used to study counterfactual questions about mortgage design and availability. Specifically, I study the impact of the availability of non-agency mortgages and of mortgages designed to share housing equity between homeowner and lender.
Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865-1920

Charles Reagan Wilson documents that for over half a century there existed not one, but two civil religions in the United States, the second not dedicated to honoring the American nation. Extensively researched in primary sources, Baptized in Blood is a significant and well-written study of the South's civil religion, one of two public faiths in America. In his comparison, Wilson finds the Lost Cause offered defeated Southerners a sense of meaning and purpose and special identity as a precarious but distinct culture. Southerners may have abandoned their dream of a separate political nation after Appomattox, but they preserved their cultural identity by blending Christian rhetoric and symbols with the rhetoric and imagery of Confederate tradition."Civil religion" has been defined as the religious dimension of a people that enables them to understand a historical experience in transcendent terms. In this light, Wilson explores the role of religion in postbellum southern culture and argues that the profound dislocations of Confederate defeat caused southerners to think in religious terms about the meaning of their unique and tragic experience. The defeat in a war deemed by some as religious in nature threw into question the South's relationship to God; it was interpreted in part as a God-given trial, whereby suffering and pain would lead Southerners to greater virtue and strength and even prepare them for future crusades. From this reflection upon history emerged the civil religion of the Lost Cause.While recent work in southern religious history has focused on the Old South period, Wilson's timely study adds to our developing understanding of the South after the Civil War. The Lost Cause movement was an organized effort to preserve the memory of the Confederacy. Historians have examined its political, literary, and social aspects, but Wilson uses the concepts of anthropology, sociology, and historiography to unveil the Lost Cause as an authentic expression of religion. The Lost Cause was celebrated and perpetuated with its own rituals, mythology, and theology; as key celebrants of the religion of the Lost Cause, Southern ministers forged it into a religious movement closely related to their own churches.In examining the role of civil religion in the cult of the military, in the New South ideology, and in the spirit of the Lost Cause colleges, as well as in other aspects, Wilson demonstrates effectively how the religion of the Lost Cause became the institutional embodiment of the South's tragic experience.
Realists Divided by Epistemic Relativism: Morgan on Naturalism and Triune Christianity

In the following paper I explore various aspects of Jamie Morgan's recent review essay of my Christianity and Critical Realism. I suggest that his reading of the book is flawed on at least three counts: he misreads the book as a work of Christian apologetics rather than as an attempt to enrich debates surrounding the ‘spiritual turn’ in critical realism; his core claim that Christian theological science is closed to judgemental rationality in the public sphere is dependent on a neo-Kantian epistemology incompatible with critical realism; his substantial critique of Christian truth claims are dependent on Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment assumptions that are similarly incompatible with critical realism.
Creating markets in Kazakhstan : country private sector diagnostic

The first section identifies the overlaps between Kazakhstan's development objectives and the goals of IFC's new strategy of creating markets for the private sector. Kazakhstan's development objectives are to increase diversification, employment, and productivity. These are based on the government's 2030 Strategy and 2020 Plan, as well as World Bank Group (WBG) country assessments. Operationalizing the IFC 3.0 strategy requires identifying the markets with the greatest potential to help meet these objectives. The approach amounts to: (a) identifying those sectors with the greatest market potential which, if realized, would have the greatest impact on development objectives; (b) providing an assessment of what is preventing the realization of market potential; and (c) indicating the IFC and WB activities that should be the top priorities to help meet this double bottom-line of development impact and market creation. The assessment in the second section indicates that the sectors with the greatest unrealized development and market potential are food-grains, meat and poultry, and cross-Kazakhstan transport and logistics. The market potential assessment relies on quantitative tools (multiplier models, product space and competitiveness benchmarking), expert interviews and a survey of policy reports. The assessment in the second section indicates that the sectors with the greatest unrealized development and market potential are food-grains, meat and poultry, and cross-Kazakhstan transport and logistics. The market potential assessment relies on quantitative tools (multiplier models, product space and competitiveness benchmarking), expert interviews and a survey of policy reports. The last section summarizes the priority horizontal reforms, sector-specific policies, and promising sectors with the potential for expansion and greater firm entry. The first part of this section is intended to inform the high-level dialogue between WBG management and Kazakhstani authorities. The second part is essentially the sector-wide measures without which private sector investments will not be forthcoming, recognizing that the aim is to create markets and expand private sector development. The third part identifies promising areas where private sector actors could play a catalytic role, recognizing the ease of playing such roles differs by sector: it is greatest for grains, somewhat less for meat, and least for transport and logistics.
Antecedents of Innocence

As we have seen, Songs of Innocence and Experience grew out of Songs of Innocence, which around 1790 was a complete and self-sufficient work. Any investigation into the origins of the larger and later work, therefore, has to begin by considering the origins of the shorter and earlier one. The origins of Songs of Innocence have been much discussed by scholars and critics, the discussion taking three principal forms. First, there have been attempts to interpret the various anticipations of Songs of Innocence in Blake’s earlier writings, and in particular to determine the significance of five manuscript lyrics which were later adapted and engraved for Songs of Innocence. Second, there have been critical interpretations of Songs of Innocence and of individual poems therein as contributions to the European tradition of pastoral literature and more specifically of pastoral lyric. Third, there have been examinations of the book as a contribution to the eighteenth-century tradition of religious and didactic writing for children, especially as that tradition combined text and illustration and drew on the methods of English hymnody.
Real Options and Game Theory: When should Real Options Valuation be applied?

At a recent conference on real options, a delegate from a telecommunications company raised the following query in response to a speaker from a firm of management consultants. Paraphrasing somewhat, he said: “You’ve stressed the importance of ‘holding the option’ and delaying investment decisions. Last month a consultant from your company advised my firm, a telecoms company, to act decisively, stressing the importance of committing to the market and seizing the advantage over our rivals. Isn’t all this rather contradictory?” The reply cast little light on this apparent conflict, amounting to little more than “Well, real options can’t be applied everywhere.”
Re-considering the Field of Policing: A Review of The Policing Web

Jean-Paul Brodeur's last book, The Policing Web1was initially entitled “A Treatise on Policing.” The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (9th ed.) defines treatise as a “written work dealing formally and systematically with a subject.” The Policing Web is undoubtedly a treatise and a very significant one at that. It is a tour de force that will undoubtedly become for decades a crucial reference work and a definitive text on policing, for scholars, policy analysts, and senior police practitioners. A central feature of this work, and one that sets it apart from other texts on policing published in English, is that it systematically avoids the Anglo-American centrism that has characterized so much of this literature. This is a significant, and much needed, achievement. This book is quintessentially “Brodeur.” It is thorough, it is critical, it is deeply rooted in philosophy, it is exceptionally well researched, and it is written in a recognizably “Brodeur style” – a style that is authoritative and that does not “suffer fools gladly.” Particularly appealing is the fact that it is refreshingly personal – it is full of insights from his research and writing – while at the same time it is utterly scholarly.
Understanding in the Absence of Meaning: Coming of Age Narratives of the Holocaust.

This working paper explores recent debates about teaching the Holocaust through literary representations written for and read by adolescents, asking how we can witness this event without idealizing or mythologizing victims and without necessarily ascribing coherent meaning to their experiences. Holocaust memoirs, such as the Diary of a Young Girl, by Anne Frank and Night by Elie Wiesel, are now being supplemented by more recent works that employ different narrative strategies and call for new forms of witnessing in classrooms and for new ways of reading the Holocaust. A final version of this paper was published in The New Advocate, Vol 15, No 4, (2002) and is printed here with the permission of Christopher-Gordon Publishers, Inc.
Evidence for the protracted construction of slow-spread oceanic crust by small magmatic injections

Gabbroic cumulates drilled south of the Kane Transform Fault on the slow-spread Mid-Atlantic Ridge preserve up to three discrete magnetization components. Here we use absolute age constraints derived from the paleomagnetic data to develop a model for the magmatic construction of this section of the lower oceanic crust. By comparing the paleomagnetic data with mineral compositions, and based on thermal models of local reheating, we infer that magmas that began crystallizing in the upper mantle intruded into the lower oceanic crust and formed meter-scale sills. Some of these magmas were crystal-laden and the subsequent expulsion of interstitial liquid from them produced ‘cumulus’ sills. These small-scale magmatic injections took place over at least 210 000 years and at distances of ∼3 km from the ridge axis and may have formed much of the lower crust. This model explains many of the complexities described in this area and can be used to help understand the general formation of oceanic crust at slow-spread ridges.
Self-aggregation of surfactant protein A.

Environmental factors of physiological relevance such as pH, calcium, ionic strength, and temperature can affect the state of self-aggregation of surfactant protein A (SP-A). We have studied the secondary structure of different SP-A aggregates and analyzed their fluorescence characteristics. (a) We found that self-aggregation of SP-A can be Ca(2+)-dependent. The concentration of Ca(2+) needed for half-maximal self-association (K(a)(Ca)()2+) depended on the presence of salts. Thus, at low ionic strength, K(a)(Ca)()2+ was 2.3 mM, whereas at physiological ionic strength, K(a)(Ca)()2+ was 2.35 microM. Circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements of Ca(2+)-dependent SP-A aggregates indicated that those protein aggregates formed in the absence of NaCl are structurally different from those formed in its presence. (b) We found that self-aggregation of SP-A can be pH-dependent. Self-aggregation of SP-A induced by H(+) was highly influenced by the presence of salts, which reduced the extent of self-association of the protein. The presence of both salts and Ca(2+) attenuated even more the effects of acidic media on SP-A self-aggregation. (c) We found that self-aggregation of SP-A can be temperature-dependent. At 20 degrees C, SP-A underwent self-aggregation at physiological but not at low ionic strength, in the presence of EDTA. All of these aggregates were dissociated by either adding EDTA (a), increasing the pH to neutral pH (b), or increasing the temperature to 37 degrees C (c). Dissociation of Ca(2+)-induced protein aggregates at low ionic strength was accompanied by an irreversible loss of both SP-A secondary structure and SP-A-dependent lipid aggregation properties. On the other hand, temperature-dependent experiments indicated that a structurally intact collagen-like domain was required for either Ca(2+)- or Ca(2+)/Na(+)-induced SP-A self-aggregation but not for H(+)-induced protein aggregation.
Ideas beyond paradigms: relative commensurability and the case of Canadian trade-industrial policy, 1975–95

ABSTRACTIn light of recent interest in the theoretical foundations of policy paradigms, this paper aims to specify the qualities that differentiate paradigmatic from non-paradigmatic policy ideas. While the incommensurability thesis that underlies the concept of paradigms has been the target of much criticism, there is something intuitively appealing about the incommensurability of policy alternatives that is not yet fully understood. Hesitant to abandon completely the notion of incommensurability, this paper emphasizes the relative nature of ideational commensurability and provides an account of how the exclusivity of a paradigm may wither in relation to competing perspectives. The empirical section demonstrates this pattern of paradigmatic policy-making by examining solutions advanced to alleviate problems in Canadian trade-industrial policy between 1975 and 1995. Contrary to the popular perception that paradigmatic ideas yield policy stability, the findings suggest that even in areas where clearly arti...
Tradition, society, and the concept of honor: stories on implementation

This article tries to explore the many sides of traditional and patriarchal mentalities in Turkey regarding women and honor. It will discuss the importance of patriarchal implementations of power that construct gender and gender’s function amongst traditional or tribal communities in the southeast of Turkey. We will also examine the sovereignty of the hegemony of the male perspective in these societies’ value systems. In spite of the regional, economic and social diversity of Turkey, it is clear that religious values, regional traditions and ethnic beliefs all influence the construction of female gender roles, producing many similarities concerning the social status of women throughout Turkey’s south-eastern and eastern rural areas. These gender constructions establish very serious segregations and inequalities within the public/ private field in the name of “honor.” Through legal codes, tribal laws, customs or traditional arrangements, we can witness the patriarchal dominance that occurs in the case of malefemale relationships. The women who have suffered under these patriarchal constructions of gender tell stories of suppression and violence under the real side of honor. The women's stories presented in this article are from Kardam’s (2005) study and KAMER’s (Women’s Center) report books (2005, 2006), which provide copious real-life examples of violence against women in the name of honor.
Characterisation of the palladium-modified thermal oxidation-treated titanium

A novel and cost-effective surface modification technique, namely palladium-modified thermal oxidation (PTO), has recently been developed, which can dramatically enhance corrosion and wear resistance of titanium. The present paper reports characterisation of the surface engineered (thermal oxidation and palladium-modified thermal oxidation) titanium, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), glow discharge spectrometry (GDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The surface case of the oxidised materials comprises a surface rutile TiO 2 layer and an underlying diffusion zone (Ti-O solid solution). It has been found that the palladium treatment can decrease the grain size of the surface oxide, improve the oxide layer adherence, and delay the stratification and spallation of the surface oxide.
The Ultimate RISC: A Zero-Instruction Computer

As we enter the next millenium, wisdom dictates that we review the fundamental concepts of computer design and implementation which brought us to this place. Those concepts include theories of how best to construct computational hardware and the optimal role of program software. One of the first battlegrounds bloodied in the holy war of theoretical design was that of complex instruction set computers (CISC) versus those with a reduced instruction set (RISC). This paper seeks to examine this controversy and to achieve a reductio ad absurdum endpoint to the debate once and for all.
The Peoples of Canada: A Post-Confederation History

Understanding History Part I To 1763  The Peoples of Early North America 2. Contacts and Encounters 3. Early European Approaches 4. The Atlantic Region to 1670 5. Canada to 1663 6. Canada 1663-1763: Government, Military, Economy 7. Canada 1663-1763: Population, Society, Culture 8. The Peripheries of the Empires, 1670-1760 9. A Century of Conflict, 1660-1760 Writing about Aboriginal Peoples History Part II 1760-1840  The Expansion and Contraction of British North America, 1760-1782 11. Loyalities and Loyalists, 1775-1791 12. Colonial Politics, War, and Rebellion, 1791-1840 13. Peopling British North America, 1791-1860 14. The Colonial Economy, 1791-1840 15. Colonial Society, 1791-1840 16. Colonial Culture, 1791-1840 Writing about Women's History Part III 1840-1870   British North America and the Empire After 1840 19.  British North America and the Continent after 1840 20. The West and the North, 1821-1870 21. Early Victorian Society, 1840-1870 22. Early Victorian Culture, 1840-1870 23. Industrialization, 1850-1870 24. Unification, 1862-1867 Writing about the History of Confederation Notes Index