nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Some Major Contributions of Landscape Ecology: Examples of Tools, Methods, and Applications

Recent decades have been witness to highly productive activities in the evolving fields of land-use capability analysis, regional landscape evaluation, ecologically based land-use planning and design, ecological management, and landscape reclamation. Major new capabilities and approaches have been developed that make possible intensive utilization of ecological insights and principles in addressing, in an integrative way, the relationship of human communities with their environment in the landscape of particular areas. The activities of leaders in several disciplines are discernible in this period of rapid evolution (Cocks and Austin, 1978; Steinitz et al., 1977; Vester, 1980; Whittaker, 1975; Walter, 1979; Whyte, 1976; Zonneveld, 1979; McHarg, 1969; Hills, 1976). Strides in developing methods and procedures that reflect a holistic viewpoint are evident in their work and writings. The interdisciplinary human ecosystem science of landscape ecology has increasingly contributed to research into, and planning and management of, our environment.
Tectonic delamination and subcrustal imbrication of the Precambrian lithosphere in northwestern Canada mapped by LITHOPROBE

Seismic reflection profiling of the Precambrian lithosphere in northwestern Canada has produced images of delamination structures (tectonic wedges) at crustal scale (to about 30 km depth) and, for the first time, at lithospheric scale (to about 100 km depth), and has further delineated subcrustal structures that were likely caused by imbrication of subducted lithosphere. Coupled with observations of similar structures in thrust and fold belts, delamination and lower plate imbrication are persistent features at many scales.
Revolutionary struggle, 1947-1958

Revolutionary Struggle 1947--1958: Volume 1 of the Selected Works of Fidel Castro is a comprehensive collection of Castro's chief statements -- letters, articles, interviews, press releases, proclamations, and decrees -- from the late 1940s to the fall of the Batista regime in 1959. An extensive editors' introduction places these statements in the context of both Castro's career and of the history of the Cuban revolutionary movement. A bibliography of Castro's works through 1958 is included as a tool for research.
The Finnish Telecom Sector Facing Next Generation Standards - Indigenous Capabilities Versus R&D Alliances

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1  The Finnish telecom sector has come to the crossroads and now faces various possible paths to follow and challenges to master. The 1990s witnessed the emergence, internationalisation and rapid growth of Nokia, which, today, has a very strong position globally (and indeed in the Finnish economy as a whole). Nokia has also contributed to an outgrowth of a broader ICT cluster of related and supporting industries especially in the field of embedded software, mobile network equipment and operation, multimedia and components. A pivotal event in this context was the early focus given to the GSM standard in the late 1980s in Finland and the capabilities which were developed to overcome the related technological and market discontinuities (Palmberg and Martikainen, 2003). After the successful global inauguration of the GSM service, the Finnish telecom sector has set out on a development path towards the commercialisation of technologies related to third generation (3G) wireless standards, and especially the UMTS (the UMTS is a European incarnation of the W-CDMA standard). This is a logical path, given that the UMTS standard often is considered as a linear European outgrowth of the GSM standard. Nonetheless, it is as of yet unclear whether the UMTS standard will achieve the same momentum as the GSM. At present there is technological and market competition between different 3G standards, where the US-and Korean-backed CDMA2000, and possible also the Chinese TD-SCDMA are serious contenders to the W-CDMA. Some commentators also identify wireless VoIP and especially WLAN/WiMax as dire competitors to 3G standards with the potential to disrupt the ICT sector as a whole. Common to these competitors to the linear GSM-UMTS path is their origin in the datacom industry following the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) that underlies the Internet (Tan et al., 2004). The Finnish telecom sector has broadened significantly both technology-and product-wise, and developed into a coherent cluster of related and supporting industries. 2 However, one might suspect that a degree of path-dependency is observable in so far as the UMTS standard is a logical extension of the GSM standard, so successfully mastered in the past. Further, Nokia is now a global firm with lesser domestic ties. A key question is therefore if, and to what degree, the Finnish telecom sector indeed is overly focused within GSM based telecom technologies, especially at the expense of Internet-related 'new' technologies that hold disruptive potential. One way …
Behavioral correlates of moral judgment

Previous research on moral development has been compartmentalized into two realms of enquiry: the study of moral judgment as a correlate of conceptual-cognitive development and the behavioral study of moral action based on social-environmental hypotheses. The present investigation addresses the relationship between cognitively based levels of moral development and overt moral behavior. Studying 72 children of approximately 7 and 11 years of age and of varying levels of moral development, I found that the manifestation of moral behavior under varying game conditions bore a direct but complex relationship to moral judgment. The study also revealed consistent differences in the influence of sex on moral judgment and behavior.
The Propensity for Irrational Beliefs Among Young Adults of Divorced Parents

Within the framework of Rational Emotive models and the Intergenerational Transmission Theory, the present study tests the hypothesis that the propensity for irrational thinking is greater among young adults of divorced parents than among their counterparts of married parents. Sixty students (30 of married and 30 of divorced parents) responded to the Propensity for Irrational Beliefs (PIB) and Measure of Intimacy questionnaires. The results reveal an opposite trend from the expected direction, that is, subjects of married parents scored higher than the control group on the PIB. Furthermore, the results show no relationship between the two dependent variables: degree of intimacy and propensity for irrational thinking. These results are discussed within the context of other demonstrated effects of parental divorce on children and possible future directions for similar research.
Disease associated time consumption in early rheumatoid arthritis.

To quantify the disease associated time consumption of normal activities of daily living and of treatment and monitoring activities in a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with followup of at least 6 years. Comparison was made with a group of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).



A prospective and retrospective inventory was carried out, by interview and record investigation, of RA related and RA unrelated items covering the period from the start of the disease. Interviews were also performed in a group of patients with asthma and COPD.



For patients with RA there was a mean disease associated time consumption of at least 1.9 h/day during the first 6 years of the disease. The time consumption was mainly due to extra time needed for activities of daily living and daily disease related activities. Patients with the greatest progression of radiographic damage, with the most severe disability, and with the greatest cumulative disease activity had the greatest time consumption. For patients with asthma and COPD the consumption of time was comparable.



RA is a time consuming disease. Recognition of the disease associated time consumption will have implications for work (dis)ability assessments in patients with chronic diseases such as RA.
New insights on the understanding of the high adsorption of bisphenol compounds on reduced graphene oxide at high pH values via charge assisted hydrogen bond.

The adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of ionic organic compounds dependent on their dissociation species are still unclear, which hindered the understanding of their environmental behavior and risks. This study compared the sorption of four bisphenol compounds (BCs) on graphite adsorbents, with a specific emphasis on the roles of charge assisted hydrogen bond (CAHB). The negative correlations between the localized orbital locator integrated π over plane index and the single point adsorption coefficient Kd of the four BCs indicated that π-π interaction was an important mechanism for BCs adsorption on graphite adsorbents. Based on the speciation distribution calculation and the modeling of pH-dependent adsorption, the apparent adsorption coefficient of different species were obtained. Except for bisphenol S, the KdHA- of BC monovalent anions was 2.6 times to one order magnitude higher than that of the neutral species. According to the density functional theory (DFT) calculation, strong CAHB is expected between BC monovalent anions and graphite adsorbents, indicating that CAHB overcame the enhanced electrostatic repulsion and became the dominant adsorption mechanism. This study highlighted the importance of CAHB in the adsorption of ionic organic compounds on carbonaceous materials, which should be carefully taken into consideration for their environmental fate studies.
Counting Species: Biodiversity in Global Environmental Politics

Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing counting species biodiversity in global environmental politics as the reading material.
Physical properties and phase transitions in sodium tartrate dihydrate

We report here on the electrical properties (resistance, dielectric constant and pyroelectric current behaviour), magnetic susceptibilityXM and differential thermal analysis (DTA) for the polycrystalline powdered samples of sodium tartrate dihydrate (STD), Na2C4H4O6·2H2O. These mentioned properties are used as a probe for the detection and the studying of the different transitions that have been found in this salt. It has been observed that the various results (electric, magnetic and thermal) strongly support each other and confirm the actual presence of the phase transformations in this compound.
Techniques for File System Simulation

Careful simulation-based evaluation plays an important role in the design of file and disk systems. We describe here a particular approach to such evaluations that combines techniques in workload synthesis, file system modeling, and detailed disk behavior modeling. Together, these make feasible the detailed simulation of I/O hardware and file system software. In particular, using the techniques described here is likely to make comparative file system studies more accurate. In addition to these specific contributions, the paper makes two broader points. First, it argues that detailed models are appropriate and necessary in many cases. Second, it demonstrates that detailed models need not be difficult or time consuming to construct or execute.
Noninvasive interventions for improving well-being and quality of life in patients with lung cancer.

The review included 15 trials of randomized and quasi-randomized clinical trials assessing the effects of noninvasive interventions in improving well-being and quality of life in patients diagnosed with lung cancer. The participants (n = 1,587) were patients of either gender and any age diagnosed with lung cancer at any stage of their illness. Types of interventions were defined as noninvasive intervention performed for the care of patients with lung cancer. Interventions were defined as any physical treatment that did not require catheterization, skin puncture, intubation, incision, drainage, endoscopy, or pharmacologic intervention. The care performed for patients with lung cancer was defined as any treatment or action, based on clinical judgment and knowledge, that healthcare professionals perform to enhance patient well-being or quality of life. The following types of interventions were included. • Well-being was defined as a subjective or objective perception of improvement in physical health, or of symptoms related to cancer, to metastases, or to side effects of treatment of the illness; and/or a subjective or objective perception of improvement of physical functioning. • Quality of life was defined as an individual’s perception of position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which he or she lives and in relation to goals, expectations, standards, and concerns. The main limitations of the studies included were the variability of the interventions assessed and the approaches to measuring the considered outcomes, and the lack of data reported in the trials regarding allocation of patients to treatment groups and blinding.
Through the Looking Glass : Photographic Art in Britain 1945-1989

This catalogue documents a major exhibition of British photography from 1945 to 1989. Badger focuses on how American modernism influenced the British photographic community. Kent considers the artist's political and social responsabilities in relation to how meaning is created in photographs. Williams emphasizes the aesthetic values of feminist photography. Ehrlich calls attention to how influences from Germany and the United States affected cultural life in Britain after World War II. Jeffrey discusses British landscape photography in terms of the impersonal and transcendental aspects of modernism. Statements by Badger and Benton-Harris, and Osman. Biographical notes. 38 bibl. ref.
Participation in physical activity : an empirical study of working women's perceptions : physical activity

As more women enter the work place and advance through the hierarchy in organisations, taking on new responsibilities and facing increased work demands, the need to balance their career, family and participation in physical activity arises. This has a direct bearing on their physical and mental well being, as well as their career performance and success. The current study empirically investigated the perceptions of working women regarding participation in physical activity and made recommendations on the findings. A quantitative research method was adopted and 350 questionnaires were administered to a purposive sample of working women. Using exploratory factor analysis seven factors, namely coping and productivity, self-esteem, mental well-being, socialising, scheduling and relaxation were extracted. It was concluded that the predicament of balancing their time between their multiple roles such as their jobs, family commitments as well as participating in physical activity proved to be an impediment to working women. Recommendations were made to address these challenges.
DISCOVERY OF OLIGOCENE MINGGUANG FORMATION AROUND THE CITY OF MINGGUANG

A suite of clastic rocks outcropped to the north of the City of Mingguang and dicordantly overlapping the Dingyuan Formation was regarded as the Miocene deposit,called the Caowan Formation.Recently,a regional geological survey of 1:50000 scale mapping in the city indicated that the clastic rocks are of Oligocene deposit by ESR dating.So the Mingguang Formation is set up to ammend the viewpoint of the lack of Oligocene deposit in the area held by many geologists.
Copper Salt-Controlled Divergent Reactivity of [Cu]CF2 PO(OEt)2 with α-Diazocarbonyl Derivatives.

Herein, we report a copper salt-controlled divergent reactivity toward α-diazocarbonyl compounds. By a simple change of the copper counteranion under identical reaction conditions, the reported method allowed an easy access to either (Z)-α-fluorovinylphosphonate or alkyl-SCF2 PO(OEt)2 derivatives in good yields. Mechanistic studies were performed and suggested two different pathways to explain the formation of these products.
The age of conglomerates in the lower part of the XiufengFormation in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains,NE China, and their tectonic implications

Field investigations into conglomerate in the lower part of the Xiufeng Formation on the southern margin of the Mohe basin have revealed that clastic materials in conglomerate also include volcanic pebbles in addition to granitic pebbles reported previously from the supposed Neoproterozoic granite batholith, and that the conglomerate and the Middle Jurassic clastic sedimentary strata are in fault contact rather than are continuously deposited. Granite as the principal source rocks of the conglomerate has zircons evaporation 207Pb/206Pb ages of 354-164 Ma, SHRIMP ages of 180-190 Ma, whole rock-feldspar-biotite internal Rb-Sr isochron ages of 177-191Ma and biotite 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 171-175 Ma, indicating that the batholith was intruded in the Early Jurassic and had not been exposed on the surface in the Middle Jurassic. The volcanic pebbles display similarities to volcanic rocks in the Late Jurassic Tamulangou Formation in respect to the petrological and petrochemical features. These data, coupled with the regional geological data, imply that the age of the conglomerate is not Middle Jurassic but possibly Early Cretaceous, and that the Mohe basin was a foreland basin related to the Mongolian-Okhotsk orogenic belt, rather than a Jurassic intracontinental down-faulted basin.
Quantifier Elimination for a Class of Intuitionistic Theories

From classical, Fraisse-homogeneous, (≤ ω)-categorical theories over finite relational languages (which we refer to as JRS theories), we construct intuitionistic theories that are complete, prove negations of classical tautologies, and admit quantifier elimination. The technique we use considers Kripke models as functors from a small category to the category of L-structures with morphisms, rather than the usual interpretation wherein the frame of a Kripke model is a partial order. While one can always “unravel” a functor Kripke model to obtain a partial order Kripke model with the same intuitionistic theory, our technique is perhaps an easier way to consider a Kripke model that includes a single classical node structure and all of the endomorphisms of that classical JRS structure. We also determine the intuitionistic universal fragments of these theories, in accordance with the hierarchy of intuitionistic formulas put forth in  and expounded on by Fleischmann in . This portion of the thesis (Chapter 1) is the result of joint work with Ben Ellison, Jonathan Fleischmann, and Wim Ruitenburg, as published (up to minor structural changes) in . Given a classical JRS theory, we determine axiomatizations of the corresponding intuitionistic theory in Chapter 2. We first do so by axiomatizing properties apparent from the behavior of the model, and discuss improvements to that axiom system. We then present another axiomatization, this time by axiomatizing the properties of quantifier elimination. We discuss improvements to this system, and show how this system and various subsystems thereof are equivalent to our first axiomatization and corresponding subsystems thereof.
Exporting and Firm Performance: Chinese Exporters and the Asian Financial Crisis

We ask how export demand shocks associated with the Asian financial crisis affected Chinese exporters. We construct firm-specific exchange rate shocks based on the precrisis destinations of firms' exports. Because the shocks were unanticipated and large, they are a plausible instrument for identifying the impact of exporting on firm productivity and other outcomes. We find that firms whose export destinations experience greater currency depreciation have slower export growth and that export growth leads to increases in firm productivity and other firm performance measures. Consistent with learning-by-exporting, the productivity impact of export growth is greater when firms export to more developed countries.
Political economy: the agrarian question and the comparative method. An inaugural lecture delivered on 27 October 1994

This is the text of an Inaugural Lecture, given at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, on 28 October, 1994. In it the case for classical political economy, and especially its Marxist variant, as a means of analysing the problems of economic development, is argued. Three major preoccupations of classical political economy are identified: accumulation, class and the state. The agrarian question is considered, and the significance of these in its analysis is posited. With the agrarian question in mind, the importance of the comparative method is urged. Some problems associated with the comparative method are considered, and, in the political economy context, the strength of the case‐oriented rather than the variable‐oriented variant of the comparative approach is stressed.
Application of Fuzzy Cluster in the Analysis of Prosperity of Power Consumption Market

By making use of the method of fuzzy cluster analysis and various data like GDP, fixed assets investment and electricity consumption of the three major industries, this paper classifies the 9 large cities of Fujian province of China similar in development into the same groups. Based on the result of fuzzy cluster analysis, the paper concludes that the general situation of power consumption affects the macro-economy indexes of the cities, and reveals the different situation of development of the 9 cities. This could provide the relevant departments with reference for making decisions in electricity planning, construction and production.
The Study Based on Cluster Analysis of Investment Value of Listed Companies in Growth Enterprise Board

As an emerging board of capital market, GEB has two important features of high-growth and high-risk levels. To fully grasp the fundamentals of listed companies have great significance for investors. In this paper, which based on the financial data which had published on September 30, 2009 of the initial 28 GEB listed companies, the penman used cluster analysis and other data mining techniques to implement an empirical study on the fundamentals of listed companies, such as profitability capacities, solvency capacities, growth capacities, expansion capabilities, operational capabilities, the level of risk and so on. With the above study, the investors can not only easily set up the investment philosophy with fundamental analysis as the main and technical analysis as the second, but also rashly find out the stocks which have real investment value for long-term investment.
Galileo's Belated Gravity Experiment: The Small Low-Energy Non-Collider

Galileo proposed a simple gravity experiment that has yet to be per- formed. Suppose we drop a test mass into a hole through the center of a larger source mass. What happens? Using a modified Cavendish balance or an orbiting satellite, modern technology could have revealed the answer decades ago. General Relativity is widely regarded as being supported by empirical evidence throughout its acces- sible range. Not commonly realized is that, with regard to gravity-induced motion, this evidence excludes the interior regions of material bodies over this whole range. If only to fill this huge gap in our empirical knowledge of gravity, Galileo's experiment ought to be performed without further delay. PACS 04.80.Cc - Experimental tests of gravitational theories.