nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TRIZ: The Enlightenment of the Training Mode of Excellent Chinese Engineers

China has been the largest country in terms of the scale of higher engineering education in the world. The training plan of excellent engineers (TPEE) that launched in 2010 is to train various types of high-quality engineers and technical personnel who have strong innovative abilities and meet the need of economic and social development. The theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ), as a scientific methodology to solve innovation problems, provides a theoretical basis and practical guideline for the training of excellent engineers. This paper analyzes the teaching philosophy and methods for the training of excellent engineers within TRIZ framework from the demand perspective, and then discusses the enlightenment of disseminating TRIZ in the following aspects, such as TRIZ application in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education, faculty development, platform development of innovative education and so on.
"Stylists of the Beautiful Life": Secession Artists and Fashion in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna

Beginning in the 1870s, a far reaching call for reform spread across the Viennese middle class, infiltrating every field of interest from politics, to literature, eventually culminating in the 1890s in an extensive redefinition of the visual arts. From this nationwide sense of dissatisfaction toward the traditional flowed a new understanding of what was to be considered socially acceptable in the realm of art and architecture. This article attempts to not only identify the significant influence that revolutionary Viennese artists (including members of the Secession movement: Klimt, Hoffmann, and Moser, the Wiener Werkstatte, and architect Adolf Loos) had on early twentieth century fashion, but also to emphasize the distinction between mere clothing and the Viennese’s apt manipulation of fashion as art.
Economic Fundamentals, Market Failures and Capital Exports: Latin America and London's Capital Market, 1880-1913

This paper analyzes the mechanisms through which the structure of the market for sovereign debt in London affected borrowing costs in the period of 1880-1913. The traditional literature has emphasized the role of the economic fundamentals to explain the evolution of sovereign risk. More recent works, however, have demonstrated that economic fundamentals may be irrelevant under certain conditions, and that their effect on risk premia is dynamic in time. I use the concept of "relationship banking" to describe the relations between financial intermediaries, borrowing governments and borrowing costs, and provide a new explanation of the Baring crisis of 1890.
Quantum Gravity:the axiomatic approach, a possible interpretation

Twenty years ago, by extending the Wightman axiom framework, it has been found possible to quantize only a conformal factor of the gravitational field. Gravitons being excluded from this quantum scalar field theory, numerous attempts were done to give a valuable description of what could be quantum gravity. In this talk we present a familly of Lorentz manifolds which can be foliated by isotropic hypersurfaces and pose severe restrictions on the form of the energy-momentum tensor in Einstein's equations. They can be associated to gravitational waves "without gravitons" in a vacuum described by two cosmological functions, but not to a massless particle flow. From this cross-checking with the previous remark, a "very" primordial quantum cosmological scenario is proposed.
CRM Practices and Resources for the Development of Customer-Focused Multinational Organizations

This chapter aims to provide a complete characterization of the different perspectives of customer relationship management (CRM) and its potentialities to support knowledge management practices in a multinational context. It describes the strategic and technological dimensions of CRM and how its adoption supports the development of a learning and customer-focused organization, with special emphasis on multinational corporations. CRM strategic approach entails the adoption of customer-focused initiatives and the development of learning relationships with customers. On the other hand, its technological dimension integrates a variety of different information and communication technologies, which makes a powerful system for improving the process of knowledge acquisition. This way, different subsidiaries of a multinational corporation can develop their learning capability so that they can better identify local market demands. As a result, the corporation is able to more accurately create a global knowledge stock about its different markets in different regions of the world.
Discounts and rebates granted to public payers for medicines in European countries

The objective of this study was to provide an overview about the existence and types of discounts and rebates granted to public payers by the pharmaceutical industry in European countries.



Data were collected via a questionnaire in spring 2011. Officials from public authorities for pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement represented in the PPRI (Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information) network provided the information and reviewed the compilation.



Information is available from 31 European countries. Discounts and rebates granted to public payers by pharmaceutical industry were reported for 25 European countries. Such discounts exist both in the in- and out-patient sectors in 21 countries and in the in-patient sector only in four countries. Six countries reported not having any regulations or agreements regarding the discounts and rebates granted by industry. The most common discounts and rebates are price reductions and refunds linked to sales volume but types such as in-kind support, price-volume and risk-sharing agreements are also in place. A mix of various types of discounts and rebates is common. Many of these arrangements are confidential. Differences regarding types, the organizational and legal framework, validity and frequency of updates and the amount of the discounts and rebates granted exist among the surveyed countries.



In Europe, discounts and rebates on medicines granted by pharmaceutical industry to public payers are common tools to contain public pharmaceutical expenditure. They appear to be used as a complimentary measure when price regulation does not achieve the desired results and in the few European countries with no or limited price regulation. The confidential character of many of these arrangements impedes transparency and may lead to a distortion of medicines prices. An analysis of the impact on these measures is recommended.
Spiritual deprivation and the legacy of black fathers

insight and solutions to the African /American social dilemma . This critical examination is part of a larger, textbook-length work whose aim is to explore what an African-centered or Afrocentric examination of African American literature yields beyond the possibilities of other less culturally centered li erary approaches. To be sure, criticism of Black writers and accompanying literary productions abounds, yet most approaches-including many of those employed by Black critics-still rest upon Eurocentered criteria to assess the value and merit of a work which stands upon African-centered ground. Put differently, many literary critics still explore Black literature through the bluest of eyes; consequently, conclusions are drawn and assertions made about various works that often do not reflect their function in or contribution to African American life or literary traditions. Fortunately, however, the cry for African-centered literary analyses is finally being heard. Culturally centered concepts such as "Signifyin" (Gates, 1990) and "coolness" (Majors and Billson, 1993) are now being used as analytical tools by which to comprehend more completely the complex ideological, spiritual, and social commentary Black writers have attempted to offer for years.
‘Painting like nature’: Chance and the Landscape in Gerhard Richter's Overpainted Photographs

This essay demonstrates that Gerhard Richter's overpainted photographs make a critical intervention within the context of a return to figuration and the landscape genre in West German painting of the 1980s. It situates the overpainted photographs within an alternative understanding of chance as natural process, and argues that, by reappropriating a former tradition of randomness at a time when Germany's past was resurfacing in political and cultural discourses, Richter redefines the landscape against various ideological recuperations of the genre, from the Third Reich to neo-expressionism.
Facile fabrication of CeO2–TiO2 thin films via solution based CVD and their photoelectrochemical studies

Present work reports a single step deposition protocol for the growth of robust, durable and homogenous CeO2–TiO2 composite thin films for the investigation of their photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties. The transparent methanol solution of triacetatocerium (III) hydrate and of tetraisopropoxytitanium (IV) precursors in 1:1 mol ratio was employed in aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) on FTO substrates at temperatures of 550 and 600 °C in the ambient air. These precursors were converted into their trifluroacetates in situ, under these deposition conditions, for their compatibility in the AACVD procedure. XRD, SEM, EDX and XPS analyses verified the formation of uniformly dispersed crystalline CeO2 and TiO2 phases in spherical shaped morphologies and a direct bandgap of 2.6 eV was measured from the UV–Visible spectrophotometry. PEC studies of the composite films revealed that the heterojunction developed between n-type CeO2 and n-type TiO2 facilitated the separation and transportation of electrons and holes, leading to a promising photocurrent density of about 1.0 mA cm− 2 and prolonged photo stability measured under one-sun illumination (100 mW cm− 2) which is up to 60 min at 0.7 V versus Ag/AgCl. This behavior was further confirmed from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Bode phase angle measurements. It was also shown that the films fabricated at 550 °C has higher porosity leading to larger interface contacts and thus was able to generate higher photo activity.
Are Licensing Agreements Appropriate Instruments to Cut Through the Patent Thicket

We study whether licensing agreements can help firms to cut through the patent thicket and to prevent hold-up problems. Using a data set covering the semiconductor industry between 1989 and 1999, descriptive results reveal a puzzling picture: while the number of patents more than doubled over the time period, the number of licensing agreements followed an inverse U-shape. This relationship is surprising given the fact that licensing agreements are supposed to resolve the hold-up problem. A more detailed analysis and the distinction between ex ante and ex post licensing contracts give the following results: the degree to which firms block each other in the technology space explains firms’ licensing choices. Ex ante licensing agreements represent useful instruments for firms to avoid getting into patent races if the degree of blocking is expected to be high. The type of contracts also allows firms to avoid high investments in Research and Development. Ex post licensing agreements are more important for firm pairs which mistakenly expect blocking to matter little, and which are characterized by larger and more similar market shares. Worryingly, our empirical results show that firms’ tendency to engage in licensing deals decreases as property rights become more fragmented. Moreover, ex ante licensing agreements are characterized by significant transaction and contracting costs which diminish with experience.
Constructing Fully Complete Models for Multiplicative Linear Logic

We demonstrate how the Hyland-Tan double glueing construction produces a fully complete model of the unit-free multiplicative fragment of Linear Logic when applied to any of a large family of degenerative ones. This process explains as special cases a number of such models which appear in the literature. In order to achieve this result, we make use of a tensor calculus for compact closed categories with finite biproducts. We show how the combinatorial properties required for a fully complete model are obtained by the construction adding to those already available from the original category.
Wasteful public spending and state aid control

The conventional academic rationale for supranational intervention to curb state aids to industry appeals to transfrontier spillovers. However, competition policy practitioners often speak in terms of curbing "wasteful" spending, regardless of whether or not any international spillovers are involved. Although it is often argued that such wasteful spending calls not for supranational state aid control but rather for better domestic political accountability, this paper argues that wasteful spending may be a by-product of accountability, not a symptom of its absence. Specifically, we describe a model in which politicians fund projects that are wasteful as a way to signal their diligence, and voters rationally reward them for this. We discuss implications for the role of state aid control mechanisms.
[A 'blind' transfusion policy in patients with acute severe blood loss].

Three patients presented with acute, excessive bleeding: a 54-year-old man following trauma to the pelvis, a 34-year-old woman with postpartum blood loss and a 62-year-old man with a duodenal ulcer. Treatment consisted of surgery, the administration of blood products and haemostatic agents, in varying strategies. The men recovered but the woman died as a result of cardiac rhythm disorders. It is unclear to what extent blood products should be used in patients with acute, excessive blood loss. Also, haemostatic agents have already found a place in the treatment of these patients, but it is unclear whether they should be administered early, as prophylaxis, or later when all other treatments have failed. While official registration of the haemostatic agent recombinant activated factor VII for this indication is pending, it is important that treatment with rFVIIa be embedded in a structured protocol to prevent overuse of blood products and administration of this medication to patients who do not need it. Controlled clinical trials for validation should be carried out prior to the implementation of such a protocol.
Smithian Perspective on the Markets of Beliefs: Public Policies and Religion

This article studies the economic analysis of the religious facts present in Smith’s work from the perspective of regulation economics. This marks the starting point of a new research program that focuses on the existence of markets of beliefs and questions the secularization processes and public performances on religion. In the first part, two basic problems are tackled: (1) the rationality of the agents within this market and (2) the economic effects of the different market structures on the behavior of the agents. The second part deals with the normative consequences that are possible from the previous exposition on the regulation of the markets of religion. Overall, our approach allows us to establish the fundamental components of the economic analysis of the religious facts and their consequences on that regulation.  Pena Lopez and Jose Manuel Sanchez Santos, "Smithian Perspective on the Markets of Beliefs: Public Policies and Religion," Journal of Markets & Morality 11, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 59-76
A user's guide to the topological Tverberg conjecture

The well-known topological Tverberg conjecture was considered a central unsolved problem of topological combinatorics. The conjecture asserts that for each integers $r,d>1$ and each continuous map $f\colon\Delta\to\mathbb R^d$ of the $(d+1)(r-1)$-dimensional simplex $\Delta$ there are pairwise disjoint subsimplices $\sigma_1,\ldots,\sigma_r\subset\Delta$ such that $f(\sigma_1)\cap \ldots \cap f(\sigma_r)\ne\emptyset$. 
A proof for a prime power $r$ was given by I. Barany, S. Shlosman, A. Szucs, M. Ozaydin and A. Volovikov in 1981-1996. A counterexample for other $r$ was found in a series of papers by M. Ozaydin, M. Gromov, P. Blagojevic, F. Frick, G. Ziegler, I. Mabillard and U. Wagner, most of them recent. The arguments form a beautiful and fruitful interplay between combinatorics, algebra and topology. In this expository paper we present a simplified explanation of easier parts of the arguments, accessible to non-specialists in the area, and give reference to more complicated parts.
Conversion on the road to Damascus 2: minority report of the political (or how to have an adventure, after metaphysics)

This is the third meditation on the question of time, movement, metaphysics and art. It was enacted/installed/ read as part of a think-tank held at the Pacific Institute for Technology and Culture, Univ of Victoria where Professor Golding was invited June 2009.  Memory and Interpretation (The Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopkje). Published later in R. Garnett: Gest: Laboratory of Synthesis (Bookworks:2010). CF GALA reference.
Integrating technical communication into engineering education: a case study

The ability to communicate effectively is a critical skill for today's engineer, and the ABET 2000 curricular initiative reflects this requirement. The authors discuss how Mercer University's School of Engineering integrated technical communication into its engineering curriculum, beginning at the freshman level. We believe the level of integration of writing and speaking with traditional engineering fundamentals is unusual and is a reflection of the fact that the Department of Technical Communication resides within the engineering school. We describe how and why we changed the way we educate engineers to communicate.
Spectral functions of argon and calcium

Precise knowledge of the cross sections for neutrino interactions with nuclei is important not only for existing experiments but also for development of future detectors. When momentum transferred to the nucleus by the probe is high enough, the impulse approximation is valid, i.e. the nucleus can be described as composed of independent nucleons and the interaction happens between neutrino and a single bound nucleon. The cross section of the nucleus is then expressed as an integral of the free cross section (modified by the off-shell effect) folded with the so-called spectral function, describing the distribution of nucleon momenta and energies. 
I present results obtained for the approximate spectral functions of argon and calcium. The accuracy of the approach is verified by comparison with a broad spectrum of precise electron-scattering data for the calcium target. Some of these data lie in the kinematical region corresponding to neutrino interactions what indirectly shows that a similar level of accuracy is achieved for neutrinos. The calculated Ar(nu_mu,mu) cross section is significantly lower than the one predicted within the Fermi gas model.
Minorías étnico-culturales y derechos de las Mujeres * 1 Ethno-Cultural Minorities and Women's Rights

This article examines the foundation of a conciliatory proposal that balances the claims of equality feminism with a notion of an inclusive citizenship that consider the multicultural jurisdictions approach. We first review how equality feminism and multiculturalism agree on a critique of a traditional liberal citizenship notion. Second, we explore the possibility of building a conception that allows overcoming that ideal of citizenship. Finally, it analyses critically the thesis of the multicultural jurisdictions for conclude that it alone is not enough and it must be inserted into an adequate conception of deliberative democracy.
General Duality for Perpetual American Options

In this paper, we investigate the generalization of the Call-Put duality equality obtained in  for perpetual American options when the Call-Put payoff $(y-x)^+$ is replaced by $\phi(x,y)$. It turns out that the duality still holds under monotonicity and concavity assumptions on $\phi$. The specific analytical form of the Call-Put payoff only makes calculations easier but is not crucial unlike in the derivation of the Call-Put duality equality for European options. Last, we give some examples for which the optimal strategy is known explicitly.
Memory Interfacing and Instruction Specification for Reconfigurable Processors

As custom computing machines evolve, it is clear that a major bottleneck is the slow interconnection architecture between the logic and memory. This paper describes the architecture of a custom computing machine that overcomes the interconnection bottleneck by closely integrating a fixed-logic processor, a reconfigurable logic array, and memory into a single chip, called OneChip-98. The OneChip-98 system has a seamless programming model that enables the programmer to easily specify instructions without additional complex instruction decoding hardware. As well, there is a simple scheme for mapping instructions to the corresponding programming bits. To allow the processor and the reconfigurable array to execute concurrently, the programming model utilizes a novel memory-consistency scheme implemented in the hardware. To evaluate the feasibility of the OneChip-98 architecture, a 32-bit MIPS-like processor and several performance enhancement applications were mapped to the Transmogrifier-2 field programmable system. For two typical applications, the 2-dimensional discrete cosine transform and the 64-tap FIR filter, we were capable of achieving a performance speedup of over 30 times that of a stand-alone state-of-the-art processor.
A Case-Based Reasoning Approach for the Automatic Generation of VHDL-AMS Models

Automatic generation of analog and mixed-signal (AMS) behavioral models from specifications is an important component of top-down design methodologies. In this paper, we present an expert system solution to this challenge. Based on a representation of the model functionality, our expert system manipulates a library of previously developed models to synthesize a new model. Automatically generated VHDL-AMS behavioral models are shown to be of expert quality.
New Limits on the Production of Magnetic Monopoles at Fermilab

First results from an experiment (Fermilab E882) searching for magnetically charged particles bound to elements from the CDF and D{\O}detectors are reported. The experiment is described, and limits on magnetic monopole pair production cross sections for magnetic charges 1, 2, 3, and 6 times the Dirac pole strength are presented. These limits ($\sim1$ pb), hundreds of times smaller than those found in previous direct accelerator-based searches, use simple model assumptions for the photonic production of monopoles, as does the extraction of mass limits in the hundreds of GeV range.
Extracting the Equation of State of Nuclear Matter through Hydrodynamical Analysis

Predominantly preliminary single and double inclusive momentum spectra of 158 AGeV Pb+Pb collisions, recently measured by the NA44 and NA49 Collaborations, are reproduced using the relativistic hydrodynamical model HYLANDER-C. Two different equations of state, which both contain a phase transition to a quark-gluon plasma, can be used to reproduce the (preliminary) data. The space-time geometries in the two calculations differ strongly. However, the Bose-Einstein correlation functions of identical pion pairs do not show such a strong, but still a significant sensitivity to the effects of the equations of state.