nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Managing the integration problem in concurrent engineering

Concurrent engineering in large-scale product development generally involves multiple cross-functional teams working simultaneously on separate aspects of the overall development effort. The often complex technical coupling among such teams makes integrating their activities an essential yet difficult task for project management. We refer to this challenge of integrating teams as the integration problem in concurrent engineering. This paper presents a methodology for determining the needs for integration and coordination by studying the underlying technical structure of a project. We use a project modeling tool known as the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) to depict the patterns of required information flow in a project. This matrix representation allows us to identify where coordination is most essential and then to design integration mechanisms based on the specific technical information needs of the project. The utility of this methodology in an industrial setting is demonstrated by an application to the development of a new automobile engine at General Motors.  This research was funded by General Motors and the Leaders for Manufacturing Program, a partnership involving eleven major U.S. manufacturing firms and M.I.T.'s schools of engineering and management. I would like to thank Steven Eppinger for his patience, Chris Huber and Mark Morelli for their diversion, my mother, Louise M. McCord, for her support, and Debbie for her love.
Perspectives of South American physicians hosting foreign rotators in emergency medicine

BackgroundEmergency Medicine (EM) is increasingly becoming an international field. The number of fellowships in International EM in the USA is growing along with opportunities to complete international health electives (IHEs) during residency training. The impact on host institutions, however, has not been adequately investigated. The objective of this study is to assess the experience of several South American hospitals hosting foreign EM residents completing IHEs.MethodsAnonymous, semi-structured one-on-one interviews were conducted with physicians working in Emergency Departments in three hospitals in Lima, Peru and one hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. All participants reported previously working with EM foreign rotators. Interviews were analyzed qualitatively and coded for common themes.ResultsThree department chairs, six residents, and 15 attending physicians were interviewed (total = 24). After qualitative analysis of interviews, two broad theme categories emerged: Benefits and Challenges. Most commonly reported benefits were knowledge sharing about emergency medical systems (78%), medical knowledge transfer (58%), and long-term relationship formation (42%). Top challenges included rotator Spanish language proficiency (70%) lack of reciprocity (58%), and level of training and rotation length (25%). Spanish proficiency related directly to how involved rotators became in patient care (e.g., taking a history, participating in rounds) but was not completely prohibitive, as a majority of physicians interviewed felt comfortable speaking in English. Lack of reciprocity refers to the difficulty of sending host physicians abroad as well as failed attempts at building long-lasting relationships with foreign institutions. Lastly, 25% preferred rotators to stay for at least 1 month and rotate in the last year of EM residency. This latter preference increased knowledge transfer from rotator to host.ConclusionsOur research identified benefits and challenges of IHEs in Emergency Medicine from the perspective of physician hosts in several hospitals in South America. Our results suggest that IHEs function best when EM residents rotate later in residency training and when relationships are maintained and deepened among those involved including host physicians, rotators, and institutions. This leads to future rotators, project collaboration, research, and publications which not only benefit individuals involved but also the wider field of Emergency Medicine.
WATER VAPOUR EQUILIBRIA ON VANADIUM AND ITS OXIDES

The oxidation-reduction equilibrium of vanadium has been investigated by the dynamical method of Wartenberg and Aoyama. By the experiment it has been suggested that the chemical changes take place in the two stages under the experimental conditions, and the reactions might be expressed by the following: V+H2O\ightleftarrowsVO+H2 and 2VO+H2O\ightleftarrowsV2O3+H2. Thermodynamic calculations have been made for the above reactions, and the result of the calculated heats of formation agreed fairly well with that of the determina-tions made by other investigators.
Strategic Learning by e-Service Suppliers in Service Value Networks

This article examines strategic behavior of e-Service suppliers that offer electronic services in complex Service Value Networks (SVNs). In SVNs, consumers request a bundle of e-Services, and the SVN acts as an aggregator of single service instances, automatically configuring services from different e-Service suppliers into a complex service bundle, which is then offered to the consumers. In this context, e-Service suppliers who want to maximize their business success need to configure their services according to the (for them unknown) preferences of the consumers. Current literature, however, does not offer much guidance on how to find a fitting service offer in this situation, especially when the suppliers are faced with a changing consumer base. For this reason, we study two specific learning regimes that are able to capture and deal with the inherent complexity of the corresponding strategy space. Besides finding beneficial service offers, e-Service suppliers might also learn collusive behavior if it ...
Der holzgerechte Jäger: Forester Fictions and Annette von Droste-Hülshoff's Die Judenbuche

This article examines the forester Brandis by reading Droste-Hulshoff's preliminary drafts of Die Judenbuche alongside the published story and by regarding these texts as part of a larger discussion in the nineteenth-century German cultural and literary imagination. Forester fictions by Iffland, Achim von Arnim, and Gerhart Hauptmann share a common critique with Die Judenbuche: The corruption of forest rangers is a profound expression of skepticism toward legal and scientific administrative attempts to manage rural populations. Droste-Hulshoff's own forester fiction can be read as an inner-colonial narrative in which Brandis's murder is a crime against a new political order in Westphalia.
On the Computational Power of Spiking Neural P Systems

neural nets: Tissue P systems.  Independent agents in a globalized world modelled by tissue P systems. Conf. Artificial Life and Robotics, 2006. On the Computational Power of SN P Systems 245 15.  Computational Complexity, Addison-Wesley, 1994. 16. Gh.  Computing with membranes. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 61 (2000), 108–143. See also Turku Centre for Computer Science — TUCS Report No. 208, 1998.  Computing with membranes.  Bulletin of the EATCS, 67 (2/1999), 139–152. 18. Gh. Păun: Membrane Computing.  P systems on graphs of restricted forms. Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen, 60 (2002), 635–660. 20. Gh. Păun, M.J. Pérez-Jiménez, G. Rozenberg: Infinite spike trains in spiking neural P systems.  21. G. Păun, G. Rozenberg: A guide to membrane computing. Theoretical Computer Science, 287, 1 (2002), 73–100. 22. C. Zandron, C. Ferretti, G. Mauri: Solving NP–complete problems using P systems with active membranes. In I. Antoniou, C.S. Calude, M.J. Dinneen, eds., Unconventional Models of Computation, Springer-Verlag, London, 2000, 289–301. 23. The P systems Web page: http://psystems.disco.unimib.it/
Diversity in Spectral Learning for Natural Language Parsing

We describe an approach to create a diverse set of predictions with spectral learning of latent-variable PCFGs (L-PCFGs). Our approach works by creating multiple spectral models where noise is added to the underlying features in the training set before the estimation of each model. We describe three ways to decode with multiple models. In addition, we describe a simple variant of the spectral algorithm for L-PCFGs that is fast and leads to compact models. Our experiments for natural language parsing, for English and German, show that we get a significant improvement over baselines comparable to state of the art. For English, we achieve the $F_1$ score of 90.18, and for German we achieve the $F_1$ score of 83.38.
LANGUAGE AND ITS MODELS: IS MODEL THEORY A THEORY OF SEMANTICS?

Tarskian model theory is almost universally understood as a formal counterpart of the preformal notion of semantics, of the “linkage between words and things”. The wide-spread opinion is that to account for the semantics of natural language is to furnish its settheoretic interpretation in a suitable model structure; as exemplified by Montague 1974. The thesis advocated in this paper is that model theory cannot be considered as semantics in this straightforward sense. We try to show that model theory is more adequately understood as shining light on considerations concerning the relation of consequence than on those concerning the relation of expressions to extralinguistic objects; and that it makes little sense to use model theory for the purposes of answering such questions as what is meaning? or when is a sentence true?. The organization of the paper is the following: We start by considering various formal reconstructions of natural languages utilizing standard logic. Section 2 points out that the usual way of explicating the semantics of natural language, namely the way of Tarskian modeltheoretic interpretation, is problematic. In Section 3 we propose a more adequate way: to explicate semantics via the delimitation of the space of possible truth-valuations of sentences, especially in terms of the specification of the relation of consequence (indicating that logic, as an account for consequence, is eo ipso a theory of semantics). Section 4 demonstrates that a plausible way to account for the space of possible truth-valuations is to locate a “basis”, i.e. a class of mutually independent sentences each truth-valuation of which uniquely extends to a truth-valuation of the whole language; and it is noted that some of
Leptonic mu and tau decays: Mass effects, polarization effects and O(alpha) radiative corrections

We calculate the radiative corrections to the unpolarized and the four polarized spectrum and rate functions in the leptonic decay of a polarizedinto a polarized electron. The new feature of our calculation is that we keep the mass of the final state electron finite which is mandatory if one wants to investigate the threshold region of the decay. Analytical results are given for the energy spectrum and the polar angle distribution of the final state electron whose longitudinal and transverse polarization is calculated. We also provide analytical results on the integrated spec- trum functions. We analyze the me → 0 limit of our general results and investigate the quality of the me → 0 approximation. In the me → 0 case we discuss in some detail the role of the O(α) anomalous helicity flip contribution of the final electron which survives the me → 0 limit. The results presented in this paper also apply to the leptonic decays of polarized τ-leptons for which we provide numerical results.
Method for large-area representation of graphite/silicon/amorphous carbon composite structure silicon-carbon cathode powder body

The invention discloses a method for large-area representation of a graphite/silicon/amorphous carbon composite structure silicon-carbon cathode powder body. The method comprises the following steps: placing the graphite/silicon/amorphous carbon composite structure silicon-carbon cathode powder body in the middle of a glass sheet with two flat surfaces, and compacting and flattening the powder body; testing the powder body with a laser Raman spectrometer, adjusting the peak of an obtained common Raman single spectrum to appear at positions near to 520 cm , 1,350 cm and 1,590 cm , and obtaining a test condition; obtaining a Raman imaging spectrum according to the test condition; respectively forming Raman imaged pictures for the intensities of a silicon peak, a carbon D peak and a carbon G peak, respectively imaging a ratio of the carbon D peak to the carbon G peak and a ratio of the carbon G peak to the carbon D peak, and judging whether the components and the structures in the powder body are consistent. The representation method disclosed by the invention is simple and quick, and can realize large-area representation of the distribution of silicon-carbon cathode components and research the structure consistency, so that the method has extremely high application prospect.
Photoinduced intermolecular cross-linking of gas phase triacylglycerol lipid ions.

Complex mixtures of plant derived triglycerol (TG) lipids are commonly used as feedstock components for the production of industrial polymers. However, there remains a need for the development of analytical strategies to investigate the intrinsic intermolecular cross-linking reactivity of individual TG molecules within these mixtures as a function of their structures and physicochemical properties, and for the characterization of the resultant products. Here, to address this need, we describe a novel multistage tandem mass spectrometry based method for intermolecular cross-linking and subsequent structural characterization of TG lipid ions in the gas phase. Cross-linking reactions were initiated using 266 nm ultraviolet photodissociation tandem mass spectrometry (UVPD-MS/MS) of saturated or unsaturated TG dimers introduced via electrospray ionization into a linear ion trap mass spectrometer as noncovalent complexes with protonated 3,4-, 2,4- or 3,5- diiodoaniline (diIA). UVPD resulted in the initial formation of an anilinyl biradical via the sequential loss of two iodine radicals, which underwent further reaction to yield multiple cross-linked TG products along with competing noncross-linking processes. These chemistries are proposed to occur via sequential combinations of hydrogen abstraction (H-abstraction), radical addition and radical recombination. Multistage collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS(n)) was used to obtain evidence for the structures and mechanisms of formation for these products, as a function of both the TG lipid and diIA ion structures. The efficiency of the UVPD reaction was shown to be dependent on the number of unsaturation sites present within the TG lipids. However, when unsaturation sites were present, formation of the cross-linked and noncross-linked product ions via H-abstraction and radical addition mechanisms was found to be competitive. Finally, the identity of the anilinyl biradical (e.g., 3,4- versus 2,4-substituted) was found to significantly affect the distribution of these two types of product ions. Importantly, owing to the observed propensity for cross-linking to occur via H-abstraction-initiated processes, this novel gas-phase cross-linking reaction provides a convenient method to link two molecules covalently without the requirement of any specific functional group, and therefore could be applied to examine the gas-phase intermolecular interactions and cross-linking of a wide range of biomolecular classes.
Panel: Opportunities and pitfalls in HDL-based system design

This panel discusses the complexities of system designs using textual Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) such as Verilog and VHDL. As the proliferation of circuits and systems design using HDLs continues questions arise as to whether HDL-based programming provides any real productivity gains in the design of complex integrated hardware. Are there are any alternatives, such as graphical or visual formalisms that are perhaps better suited for the task? We start the discussion by examining the relevant features of today's complex hardware systems and the requirements these impose on the modeling language and methodologies.
Comparing Maintenance Strategies for Overlays

In this paper, we present an analytical tool for understanding the performance of structured overlay networks under churn based on the master-equation approach of physics. We motivate and derive an equation for the average number of hops taken by lookups during churn, for the chord network. We analyse this equation in detail to understand the behaviour with and without churn. We then use this understanding to predict how lookups will scale for varying peer population as well as varying the sizes of the routing tables. We also consider a change in the maintenance algorithm of the overlay, from periodic stabilisation to a reactive one which corrects fingers only when a change is detected. We generalise our earlier analysis to understand how the reactive strategy compares with the periodic one.
Polymorphic phase transformation in Ti50Zr50 binary alloy by mechanical alloying

The present study reports a reversible hexagonal close packed (hcp) to face centered cubic (fcc) polymorphic phase transformation in Ti 50 Zr 50 elemental powder blend in the course of mechanical alloying at ambient temperature in a planetary ball mill. This transformation is monitored at appropriate stages by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is suggested that structural instability due to plastic strain, increasing lattice expansion, and negative (from core to boundary) hydrostatic pressure is responsible for this reversible hcp-fcc transformation. Isothermal annealing at 1000 °C leads to partial transformation of the milled product from single phase fcc to hcp. Thus, the present study confirms that Ti 50 Zr 50 binary alloy undergoes precisely the same metastable hcp to fcc polymorphic transformation that was earlier reported in elemental Ti and Zr.
Unsupervised spectral clustering for hierarchical modelling and criticality analysis of complex networks

Infrastructure networks are essential to the socioeconomic development of any country. This article applies clustering analysis to extract the inherent structural properties of realistic-size infrastructure networks. Network components with high criticality are identified and a general hierarchical modelling framework is developed for representing the networked system into a scalable hierarchical structure of corresponding fictitious networks. This representation makes a multi-scale criticality analysis possible, beyond the widely used component-level criticality analysis, whose results obtained from zoom-in analysis can support confident decision making.
Automatic Generation of Wireless Sensor Networks Scheduling

In this paper, the Discrete Controller Synthesis (DCS) technique is applied in order to obtain a correct-by- construction automatic distributed scheduling of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Our approach starts from an abstract formal model considering that communication between nodes are instantaneous. Then, a refined model is obtained by adding a realistic communication mechanism while preserving the global controlled behavior generated initially by automatic synthesis. This communication mechanism is called a synchronization “barrier“: a software mechanism constraining a set of sensors to wait for each other before making its own local decision and before deactivation. The approach is illustrated by a WSN model with two communicating nodes.
Gerard Debreu‘s Secrecy: His Life in Order and Silence

During research seminars, it hardly ever happened that Gerard Debreu posed a question—and if he did, not without already knowing the answer. While some admired him for the tranquility of his austere rigor, others wondered how little he had to say in economics. To whatever effect, Debreu himself was committed to mathematics since he could earn recognition without exposing himself as a person. This essay presents his life and career in light of this personal need for protection by mathematical purity. My account profited from Debreu‘s personal papers as well as the memories of former colleagues, friends, and family who communicated more freely about Debreu than he himself ever could.
Transport Properties of Cation Exchange Membranes in the Presence of Ether Compounds in Electrodialysis.

Ether compounds such as ethylene glycols with different molecular weights and crown ethers have good affinity to the cation exchange membranes, sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene membrane (sodium ion form) and perfluorocarbon sodium sulfonate membrane. The impregnated amount of ethylene glycols in the membranes was higher than the water content of the membranes. After the ether compounds had been impregnated in the cation exchange membranes, electrodialysis of mixed salt solutions (1:1 mixture of alkaline earth metal ions or potassium ions and sodium ions) was carried out in the presence of the compounds to observe the change in permselectivity between two cations. Though current efficiency did not change in the presence of the compounds, transport numbers of alkaline earth metal ions relative to sodium ions decreased. Namely, sodium ions permeated through the membrane more selectively than alkaline earth metal ions. This is due mainly to a decrease in the mobility of alkaline earth metal ions in the membrane phase and partially to a decrease in the ion exchange equilibrium constant of alkaline earth metal ions to sodium ions with the membrane. This originates from the difference in ion-dipole interaction between cations and ether groups. The transport number of potassium ions relative to sodium ions also decreased in the presence of the compounds. In particular, the permeation of potassium ions relative to sodium ions remarkably decreased in the presence of 18-crown-6 in the membrane and in the solution due to the formation of a strong complex between potassium ions and 18-crown-6.
The natural foundations of religion

In the Natural history of religion, Hume attempts to understand the origin of our folk belief in gods and spirits. These investigations are not, however, purely descriptive. Hume demonstrates that ontological commitment to supernatural agents depends on motivated reasoning and illusions of control. These beliefs cannot, then, be reflectively endorsed. This proposal must be taken seriously because it receives support from recent work on our psychological responses to uncertainty. It also compares quite favorably with its main competitors in the cognitive science of religion.
Cumulative Causation in a Structural Economic Dynamic Approach to Economic Growth and Uneven Development

The Structural Economic Dynamic approach is distinguished by its simultaneous approach to demand and supply sides of economic growth. However, the idea that growth itself can transform an economy, which became known in the literature as cumulative causation, cannot be properly studied by this framework because technological progress is treated in the same manner as in the traditional Neoclassical model, that is, it is exogenous. Besides, it is the only source of economy growth with no role played by demand in the pace of economic growth but only in the sectoral composition of the economy. Here we introduce Verdoon’s Law in the Pasinetti’s model of structural change thus making it able to study cumulative causation and thus rendering structural changes endogenous in this model.
Education: Engineers with a difference: University students learn to deal with issues and problems that arise from the interaction of technology and society

A new type of hybrid engineer ¿ part engineer, part social analyst ¿ is emerging in increasing numbers from technical universities in the United States. These engineers are trained in specially designed programs to deal with issues and problems that arise from the interaction between technology and society. Such programs were developed because academia recognized that many modern sociotechnological problems ¿ technology and the environment, say, or technology and public safety ¿ require specialists to solve them. The training of these specialists blends traditional engineering disciplines with an awareness of the effects of engineering on society.