nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of a Virtual Environment for Education on the Construction Process of the Colosseum of Rome

The education of engineering in the classroom has relied on increasingly advanced technologies throughout the years, up to and including modern computer graphics and digital simulation. One of the most valuable innovations for both education and engineering has been the field of virtual environments, which are defined as simulations of data and methods created and presented in a wholly or partially digital space. A virtual environment is an ideal tool for students to observe engineering techniques and concepts with minimal expense and in relative safety. For this research, the project being demonstrated is not a modern construction project, but an ancient one, the Colosseum of Rome. For this particular simulation, the virtual environment was rendered using a graphics pipeline representing the components of the structure as individual pieces which could, in theory, be assembled into a complete structure in a specific order based on how the walls, support piers, concrete arches, and floors of each story were in the two decades during which the actual structure was built, starting from ca. 79 AD. From there, these digital assets were compiled in a virtual environment which was presented to a sample student test body via a virtual reality simulation employing a personal computer and the Oculus Rift headset. Each student would navigate through the erection process of the Colosseum, level by level, including infographics describing specific engineering aspects and methodologies used throughout the construction of the monument. The results of this simulation were graded based on both the historical accuracy of the simulation and the clarity of the presentation, although a more immersive simulation may be possible with improvements to the graphics processing unit (GPU) processing power, framerate, and display resolution. These surveys are a clear demonstration that virtual environments can be a powerful educational tool in terms of instructing students about both construction and computer simulation. It is hoped that virtual environments can be employed for many future simulations in construction engineering, history, and architecture.
Теоретико-методологические проблемы формирования отечественной системы знаний о феномене конфликта

The paper refers to the problem of formation of domestic knowledge system concerning the notion of conflict aroused in the situation of social changes in 1980-1990-s in comparison with western tradition. The authors focus on the similarities and differences in domestic and western approach to the phenomenon of conflict and its interpretation in Russian and foreign conflict management studies. The authors come to the conclusion that domestic science demonstrates the tendency to admit the existence of deep historical and logical foundation of interrelation of social development and the theory of conflict. The authors prove the efficiency of methodological plurality and risoma-like images in conceptual studies of the conflict.
The Effects of Therapeutic Touch on Pain Responses in Infants Receiving Immunizations

This study explored the use of therapeutic touch as a prophylactic intervention to minimize the pain experienced by infants receiving multiple immunization injections. The history, philosophy, and practice of the modality and its physiological effects on the body’s energy field were discussed in a review of the literature. Seventeen infants, from a small rural immunization clinic, participated in the study. Each of the infants received multiple immunization injections, ranging from two to four injections, with the goal of preventing communicable diseases. One group of infants received therapeutic touch and one group, who served as the control, did not receive therapeutic touch. The treatment of therapeutic touch was provided by the researcher and observed by clinic nurses who were unaware of which group, either treatment or control, that the infants were assigned to. The infant’s pain response was recorded utilizing the PAIN (Pain Assessment in Neonates) scale. Scores were compared using t-tests. The results of the analysis were not significant, potentially due to numerous factors discussed under limitations of the study, although there was a statistical significance within the treatment group, when the preand post-treatment heart rates and oxygenation saturation levels were analyzed.
Oriental Responses to the West: Comparative Essays in Select Writers from the Muslim World

Modern writers and scholars from the Islamic East have represented actual or fictional encounters with the West in a surprising variety of ways. Far from constituting a mono- lithic approach to the West, as Western "Orientalism" often tended to, these writings reveal an interest in and sometimes acute perception of cross-cultural conflict and synthesis. The very difficulties experienced by writers and critics immersed in two or more cultures have led to new creative and innovative forms of response to the West. By shifting focus in East-West relations towards the East, it initiates further interdisciplinary discussions.
Geography, political economy and the ‘personality of Britain’

This paper engages with the historical archaeology of the British Isles (With one or two exceptions, I follow the usage of Kearney 2006 in preferring the term ‘British Isles’ to ‘Atlantic archipelago’, preferring the more ideologically loaded, but familiar, term over the arguably more neutral but obscure term.) as a whole. It advocates an approach that foregrounds geography and political economy, via quite simple and traditional ways of mapping variation, for example the work of Cyril Fox. It seeks to play to archaeology’s strengths: rather than seeking abstract origins, it examines how practices later labelled as ‘colonial’ emerged from an intersection of concrete material practices.
The revolutionary aesthetics of the second Russian avant-garde’s 'cynic' terror: the subversive art of Mikhail Grobman

The text is focused on the Second Russian Avant-Garde stiobby and subversive aesthetic praxis. In particular, it analyses Mikhail Grobman’s oeuvre sub specie various irreverent techniques which include left-wing politics and cynic tradition, drawing a conceptual parallel between Avant-Garde’s life-creational epatage and Surrealist patterns of discursive terror. 
The paper reflects on a characteristic synthetic nature of the Avant-Garde which puts equal emphasis on visual art and verbal poetry. The analysis goes further into radical artistic gestures that contributed to a unique stance offered by formation of this cultural paradigm.
Heavy Particles from Inflation

We describe a simple and efficient mechanism by which very heavy particles are copiously created from a primordial inflationary epoch. It works for scalar fields which are massless or very light during inflation and acquire a large mass right after the end of inflation. Such particles can exist in realistic scenarios, as we illustrate with several examples in the context of both field and string theory. Long-wavelength fluctuations of these fields are generated during inflation with an almost scale-invariant spectrum and may give the dominant contribution to the energy density of the heavy fields at late times. Applications of our results to superheavy dark matter and leptogenesis are discussed.
Towards Secure Two-Party Computation from the Wire-Tap Channel

We introduce a new protocol for secure two-party computation of linear functions in the semi-honest model, based on coding techniques. We first establish a parallel between the second version of the wire-tap channel model and secure two-party computation. This leads us to our protocol, that combines linear coset coding and oblivious transfer techniques. Our construction requires the use of binary intersecting codes or $q$-ary minimal codes, which are also studied in this paper.
The effect of cupric ion on the reaction inactivation of ascorbic acid oxidase.

The reaction inactivation of functioning ascorbic acid oxidase has been found to be greatly increased in the presence of free cupric ion, whereas the incubation of nonfunctioning enzyme with Cu ++ results in no apparent inactivation. 2. 2. Other bivalent metal ions (Fe ++ , Co ++ , Ni ++ , Zn ++ ) have been found to produce no significant retardation of the enzyme's action. 3. 3. It has been demonstrated that the increased enzyme inactivation in the presence of Cu ++ cannot be attributed to the formation of H 2 O 2 resulting from cupric ion catalysis of the aerobic oxidation of ascorbic acid. 4. 4. The significance of the Cu ++ effect in respect to the possible role of —SH group participation in the enzyme's function is briefly discussed.
Intrusive tuffs of west Cork, Ireland

Minor intrusions in west Cork include pipes and dykes believed to have originated by a process of fluidization. These bodies are described, emphasis being placed on features known to be characteristic of fluidization. The intrusions are pipes or dykes with sharp contacts with the country-rock, which plunge vertically or at high angles. Some show a zonal form based on the xenolith content; xenoliths moved upwards in the central zones but there is evidence of downward movement in some of the outer zones. Matrices are devoid of igneous material. The west Cork bodies are distinctive in occurring between phases of deformation of a fold-belt and in having their positions controlled by pre-existing structures. Petrologically they are distinguished by having a carbonate content that is variable but attains a maximum of 95 per cent. The bodies are compared with certain carbonatites that are held to be high-level developments of kimberlite pipes.
A new mathematical model of tunnelling and the Hartman effect puzzle

In this paper we develop and refine our recent model of a one-dimensional completed scattering, which gives an individual description of the transmission and reflection subprocesses at all stages of scattering. We show that the group, dwell and Larmor characteristic times, introduced in this model for the subprocesses, are in a full agreement with special relativity and allow us to solve the Hartman effect puzzle.
Political Behavior in the Coffee Agreement

In recent decades, international commodity agreements have been proposed as a way of promoting "development." Behrman, McNicol, and others have analyzed them from a purely economic point of view.' Fisher, Krasner, and others have adopted a more political  In this article, we seek to advance the political analysis of such agreements. We do so by studying the allocation of export entitlements in the International Coffee Organization (ICO). In the ICO, as in other international organizations, political processes replace markets in the allocation of scarce resources. In the case of the ICO, allocational decisions are made by majority rule. Given the possibility of strategic behavior in such political environments, game theory should provide a useful set of tools for the analysis of such institutions. A particular interest of this article is the appropriateness of a specific solution concept-the Shapley value-to the analysis of politically contrived allocations under the ICO.3
A Calculus of Transformation

This paper presents the concepts and the semantics of a transformation calculus TC that is generic w.r.t. concrete object languages (see also [WS 94]). Built upon an object language description given by an algebraic specification, TC provides context-sensitive rules in which requirements can be imposed on the context of a redex, and integrates a restricted form of extended rewriting (see [DJ 90], [SW 94]) to express schematic rules. Furthermore, rules may be higher-order in order to represent "parametric transformations" and to focus on particular redeces. This work provides a specification of transformation systems and a foundation for correctness proofs of transformations in TC following the lines of [CIPּ85] and [HK 93].
Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of in vitro interphase transfer of tetracyclines II: influence of divalent metal salts.

With a two-phase in vitro model composed of an aqueous pH 5.5 buffer and 1-octanol, the kinetics of the interphase transfer of tetracycline derivatives were examined in the presence and absence of calcium and magnesium salts, and the contribution of some functional group substituents to the "apparent" free energy changes for partitioning of tetracyclines was evaluated. Only small changes were observed in kf, kb, K0w, and apparent functional group free energy changes, deltaFG deltaF, in the presence of divalent metals as compared to values observed in the absence of these metals. Introduction of the C-6beta hydroxyl group on the tetracycline nucleus decreased the apparent K0w because of a positive apparent deltaFG deltaF contribution, whereas introduction of C-5 hydroxyl, C-6alpha methyl, or C-7 chloro groups increased the apparent K0w through negative apparent deltaFG deltaF contributions.
Going Public – Going Private: The Case of VC-Backed Firms

We investigate the decisions of listed firms to go private once again. We start by revealing that while a significant number of firms which go public is VC-backed, an overproportional share of these VC-backed firms go private later on (they stay on the exchange for an average of 8.5 years). We interpret this very robust pattern such that IPOs of VC-backed firms are to a large extent a temporary rather than a permanent feature of the corporate governance of these firms. We investigate various potential hypotheses why VCs actually seem to be able to bring marginal firms to the exchange by relating the going-private decisions to various characteristics of the IPO market as well as to VC characteristics. We find strong support for the certification ability of VCs: more experienced and reputable VCs are more able to bring marginal firms to public exchanges via an IPOs. These marginal firms backed-by more reputable and experienced VCs are more likely to go private later on. Hence, our analysis suggests that IPOs backed by experienced VCs are most likely to be a temporary rather than the final stage in the life of the portfolio firm. We find no support that reputable VCs underprice their IPO-exits more implying that they have no need to leave more money on the table to take the marginal firms public.
Undecidability and incompleteness in classical mechanics

We describe Richardson's functor from the Diophantine equations and Diophantine problems into elementary real-valued functions and problems. We then derive a general undecidability and incompleteness result for elementary functions within ZFC set theory, and apply it to some problems in Hamiltonian mechanics and dynamical systems theory. Our examples deal with the algorithmic impossibility of deciding whether a given Hamiltonian can be integrated by quadratures and related questions; they lead to a version of Gödel's incompleteness theorem within Hamiltonian mechanics. A similar application to the unsolvability of the decision problem for chaotic dynamical systems is also obtained.
Plants compared to animals: the broadest comparative study of development.

If the last common ancestor of plants and animals was unicellular, comparison of the developmental mechanisms of plants and animals would show that development was independently invented in each lineage. And if this is the case, comparison of plant and animal developmental processes would give us a truly comparative study of development, which comparisons merely among animals, or merely among plants, do not-because in each of these lineages, the fundamental mechanisms are similar by descent. Evidence from studies of developmental mechanisms in both kingdoms, and data from genome-sequencing projects, indicate that development evolved independently in the lineages leading to plants and to animals.
Repackaging Android Applications for Auditing Access to Private Data

One of the most important threats for Android users is the collection of private data by malware put on the market. Most of the proposed approaches that help to guarantee the user's privacy rely on modified versions of the Android operating system. In this paper, we propose to automatically detect when an application accesses private data and to log this access in a third-party application. This detection should be performed without any modification to the operating system. The proposed methodology relies on the repackaging of a compiled application and the injection of a reporter at bytecode level. Thus, such a methodology enables the user to audit suspicious applications that ask permissions to access private data and to know if such an access has occurred. We show that the proposed methodology can also be implemented as an IPS, in order to prevent such accesses. Experimental results show the efficiency of the methodology on a set of 18 regular applications of the Android market that deal with contacts. Our prototype detected 66% of the accesses to the user's contacts. We also experimented the detection of privacy violations with 5 known malware that send premium-rate SMS.
The Effect of Regulation on Innovation in the Postal Sector

Postal regulators around the world are currently confronted with the question which regulatory regime maximizes social welfare. Economists have developed theoretical models to compare the welfare e¤ects of di¤erent regulatory scenarios (De Donder et al. 2005, Panzar 2002, Billette de Villemeur et al. 2003, Dietl and Waller 2002, Dietl et al. 2005). Although innovation is regarded as the driving force of social progress, economic development and welfare gains, relatively little is known about the e¤ect of regulation on innovation in the postal sector. Proponents of market liberalization often cite more innovations as the major benet when confronted with arguments such as the graveyard spiral and delivery economies of scale. To date, economists have not explicitly modelled the e¤ect of market liberalization, work sharing and other forms of postal regulation on innovation. We try to ll this gap by presenting a game-theoretic model that predicts the e¤ect of regulatory decisions on innovation incentives in letter markets. Our model focuses on process innovations which are by large the major innovations within the postal sector. We compare four di¤erent regulatory scenarios: postal monopoly, endto-end competition, and access regulation with and without bypass. These regulatory regimes represent the current and/or planned regulatory environment of developed countries. Quantitative results based on model parametrization will allow us to compare the innovation incentives, and the e¤ects of innovation on welfare. The paper is organized as follows. In the next section we present our model for each of the di¤erent regulatory scenarios. In section 3 we calibrate the model with Swiss data. Section 4 contains the main results,
"The lady of the jewel necklace" and "The lady who shows her love"

King Harsha, who reigned over the kingdom of Kanauj from 606 to 647 CE, composed two Sanskrit plays about the mythical figures of King Udayana, his queen, Vasava*datta, and two of his co-wives. The plays abound in mistaken identities, both political and erotic. The characters masquerade as one another and, occasionally, as themselves, and each play refers simultaneously to itself and to the other. Co-published by New York University Press and the JJC Foundation For more on this title and other titles in the Clay Sanskrit series, please visit http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org
The oxidative degradation of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole at the interface of beta-MnO2 and water.

To investigate the oxidative degradation of organic pollutants at the interface of manganese oxides and water, beta-MnO2 was prepared and its crystal structure and the specific surface area were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) methods, respectively. 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) as a model chemical was used to study its oxidative degradation reaction in beta-MnO2 suspension. The experimental results showed that MBT was effectively degraded and mineralized into SO4(2-) and NO3- by beta-MnO2. In the meantime, it was found that beta-MnO2 could be reductively dissolved, and aqueous and adsorbed Mn2+ was generated. The kinetics of MBT degradation by beta-MnO2 is a function of initial MBT concentration, beta-MnO2 dosage and pH value. At pH 4.6, apparent reaction orders with respect to initial MBT concentration and beta-MnO2 dosage were determined to be 0.88 and 0.27, respectively. The initial reaction rate (rinit) is of pH dependence with a reaction order of -0.36. The thermodynamics of MBT degradation by beta-MnO2 was also investigated, and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 5.62 kJ/mol. The inhibited effect of carboxylic acids (oxalic, citric, tartaric, and malic acids) or metal ions (Ni2+, Ca2+, Mn2+ and Cr3+) on the oxidative degradation of MBT by beta-MnO2 was also investigated. This investigation will give some new insights for understanding the interaction of organic pollutants with manganese oxides in natural soils and sediments.
Intellectual capital in organizations

Information and knowledge can be defined as today's thermonuclear weapons. Knowledge is stronger and more valuable than the natural sources, huge factories or swollen bank accounts. Organizations perform by using three types of capital: Physical Capital, Financial Capital and Intellectual Capital. When we examine the successful firms, we see that they tend to use a stronger way of Intellectual Capital that is formed by Human Capital, Organizational Capital, and Customer Capital. Intellectual Capital is an organization's registered knowledge value and it functions as a composition of knowledge, skill, experience, and information, that influence the present and future success of the business and establish its rank in comparison with the other firmsA complementary research study has been added to this study to examine the importance of the Intellectual Capital at the implementation level. This case study has been designed and fulfilled to measure the level of Intellectual Capital performance of the personnel of Turkish Airlines Ground Handling Unit. According to the findings of the study, senior executive personnel have perceived a lower degree of Intellectual Capital performance. To achieve a more efficient and effective organizational structure and management, personnel of the organizations should be trained and supported to increase their use of Intellectual Capital.