nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Religion Gap

As the 2004 presidential election approached, journalists discovered an apparently new political phenomenon: the “religion gap,” or the tendency of the most religious Americans to espouse conservative political beliefs and prefer Republican candidates. As a typical news story put it, “Want to know how Americans will vote next Election Day? Watch what they do the weekend before. If they attend religious services regularly, they probably will vote Republican by a 2-1 margin. If they never go, they likely will vote Democratic by a 2-1 margin” (Thomma 2003 ). The religion gap was illustrated frequently and clearly by public opinion polls. A Pew Research Center (2003) study, for example, found the American public sharply divided between the Republicans and Democrats on the eve of the 2004 campaign, with frequency of worship attendance emerging as a powerful predictor of party preference. In fact, most evidence of the religion gap was linked to differences in worship attendance.
What's the Problem with Religion?

The study of religion at tertiary and secondary levels of education in Australia has undergone significant challenge and change in the last 15 years. There has been some analysis of this phenomenon during this time, but also, lament and disappointment at the loss of religious studies as an academic discipline. In particular, the growth of religious studies as an examinable secondary subject has not articulated to increased numbers in religious studies at tertiary level. This paper explores this situation and argues that the study of religion has become a problem for discipline-based discourse, and is located in fragmentary discussions across multiple discourses. As well, in a post-Sept 11th society, the study of religion has become highly politicized. The consequences are numerous, including funding issues for researchers and the derailment of religious studies forums at a time when analysis is needed more than ever.
On α ∗ -ψ-Contractive Multi-Valued Operators in b-Metric Spaces and Applications

In this paper, we will prove some existence and uniqueness theorems for α∗-ψ contractive type operators defined over b- metric spaces. In particular, we will provide results relat ed to Ulam-Hyers stability, well-posedness and limit shadowing. The theorems presented will extend, generalize or unify several statements currently exist in the literature on those topics. We wil l also give examples to illustrate the applications our results.
Deploying lightweight processes (poster session)

2. Why lightweight processes? Lightweight processes arise due to the need to speed up delivery, coupled with the desire to follow a disciplined development process. Although large teams might need lots of process, smaller teams can get away with less process. A key aspect that all lightweight processes have to balance is controlling programmers tendencies to “code first and ask questions afterwards” a Cowboy Coder approach that is often incorrectly labeled “Hacking”.
A Structuralist Framework for the Logic of Theory Change

Ever since the 1980s, the dominant trend in the field within philosophical logic concerning the logic of theory change has been to work with models lying rather close to the well-known AGM approach. In particular, most of the (normative, formal) theories on the subject of theory change that can be found in the literature seem to be in relatively close agreement on how to represent theories; roughly, it is assumed that theories are representable as sets of statements. In this paper, I will try to draw the outlines of a model for theory change in which this assumption is revised: instead of the usual representation of theories, the foundation of the model will be based on the structuralistic notion of a theory net. Structuralism proceeds from the idea that scientific theories have what we may call a deep structure, and aims to provide a formal representation of theories that respects this structure and describes it in as much detail as possible. The result is a formal notion of “theory” which is considerably more fine-grained than the AGM-style representation in terms of logically closed sets of sentences, and my hope is that it will help shed some new light on the problems studied in the preexisting frameworks for theory change, as well as open up new and interesting research problems in the field.
Geochemical evidence for the tectonic setting of early Proterozoic metavolcanic sequences in southern Lake Superior region.

Samples of metabasaltic dikes and lavas from early Proterozoic rock units in the southcentral Lake Superior region were analyzed for major and selected trace elements in order to compare their chemical composition with those of rocks from modern, known tectonic environments. The rocks exhibit a relatively wide compositional range in which the least evolved samples show a chemical composition similar to that of T-type MORB. Based on geochemical characteristics and tectonic discrimination diagrams, I conclude that the rock suites were emplaced in an extensional regime. The geochemical patterns of these rocks are similar to those of British Tertiary Volcanic Province and continental tholeiitic basalts from Rdendeka. which ernnted in more recent rift environments.
"Are There Any Right or Wrong Answers in Teaching Philosophy?": Ethics, Epistemology, and Philosophy in the Classroom

This article assesses undergraduate teaching students’ assertion that there are no right and wrong answers in teaching philosophy. When asked questions about their experiences of philosophy in the classroom for primary children, their unanimous declaration that teaching philosophy has ‘no right and wrong answers’ is critically examined across the three sub-disciplinary areas to which they were generally referring, namely, pedagogy, ethics, and epistemology. From a pedagogical point of view, it is argued that some teaching approaches may indeed be more effective than others, and some pupils’ opinions less defensible, but pedagogically, in terms of managing the power relations in the classroom, it is counter-productive to continually insist on notions of truth and falsity at every point. From an ethical point of view, it is contended that anti-realist approaches to meta-ethics may represent a viable intellectual position, but from the point of view of normative ethics, notions of right and wrong still retain significant currency. From an epistemological point of view, it is argued using Karl Poppers’ work that while it may be difficult to determine what constitutes a right answer, determining a wrong one is far more straightforward. In conclusion, it is clear that prospective teachers engaging in philosophy in the classroom, and also future teachers in general, require a far more nuanced philosophical understanding of the notions of right and wrong and truth and falsity. In view of this situation, it we wish to promote the effective teaching of philosophical thinking to children, or produce educators who can understand the conceptual limits of the claims they make and their very real and often serious practical and social consequences, it is recommended that philosophy be reinstated to a fundamental, foundational place within the pre-service teaching curriculum.
Eclecticism, Restoration and Retrogression

Chien-ming Chung-kuo che-hsueh shih [A Short History of Chinese Philosophy] (revised edition) compiled by Yang Yung-kuo is a good product of the Campaign to Criticize Lin Piao and Confucius and it is a book widely read by workers, peasants and soldiers. Philosophical struggle is closely linked to political struggle, a given philosophical thought is the theoretical basis of a given political line, and philosophy is a tool for class struggle. Ever since class society has existed, part of the history of philosophy has simply been the reflection of the class struggle in philosophy in various historical periods. In the preface to the book, the compiler points out that "one of the common characteristics of the revisionist bosses within our Party has been to tamper with Marxism from the reactionary Confucian viewpoint for the sinister purpose of creating public opinion calling for the restoration of capitalism." An understanding of the many instances and the general laws of the philosophical struggles in Chinese...
Variations on the Stochastic Shortest Path Problem

In this invited contribution, we revisit the stochastic shortest path problem, and show how recent results allow one to improve over the classical solutions: we present algorithms to synthesize strategies with multiple guarantees on the distribution of the length of paths reaching a given target, rather than simply minimizing its expected value. The concepts and algorithms that we propose here are applications of more general results that have been obtained recently for Markov decision processes and that are described in a series of recent papers.
β-Ti(M) solid solution formation and its thermal stability in a NiAl–Cr(Mo)–(Hf,Ti) near eutectic alloy

The effects of combined additions of Ti and Hf to NiAl-Cr(Mo) eutectics on the as-cast microstructure and its thermal stability are investigated through SEM, EDS and TEM, with focus on the formation mechanism of beta-Ti(M, M = Hf,Cr,Ni) solid solution phase and its thermal stability after short-term heat treatment. The results show that, due to the presence of large concentrations of beta-phase forming and stabilizing elements dissolved into the Ti solid solution phase during solidification, the thermodynamically metastable beta-phase was preserved at room temperature. With respect to its thermal stability, within the experimental range examined, the beta-Ti(M) solid solution phase, is not influenced. From the practical application point of view, this beta-Ti(M) solid solution phase may offer application as a strengthening phase for the design of NiAl-Cr(Mo)-Hf based alloys.
Towards Error Handling in a DSL for Robot Assembly Tasks

This work-in-progress paper presents our work with a domain specific language (DSL) for tackling the issue of programming robots for small-sized batch production. We observe that as the complexity of assembly increases so does the likelihood of errors, and these errors need to be addressed. Nevertheless, it is essential that programming and setting up the assembly remains fast, allows quick changeovers, easy adjustments and reconfigurations. In this paper we present an initial design and implementation of extending an existing DSL for assembly operations with error specification, error handling and advanced move commands incorporating error tolerance. The DSL is used as part of a framework that aims at tackling uncertainties through a probabilistic approach.
The effect of pH, temperature, and organic solvents on the kinetic parameters of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase.

A study of the effect of pH on kinetic parameters of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, in presence and in absence of organic solvents, has shown that a cationic acid group with a pK of 7.4 at 25.5° is implicated in catalysis and that a neutral acid group with a pK of 9.2 at 25.5° is involved in enzyme-substrate binding. From the change in pK with temperature, values of 6,500 and 11,000 cal per mole, respectively, have been calculated for the heats of ionization of these two groups. These data are consistent with the proposal that the imidazolium group of a histidine residue participates in catalysis, and that a water molecule coordinated to the zinc atom functions in enzyme-substrate binding.
Reproduction in fungi: Genetical and physiological aspects

It is now ahnost one hundred years since Klebs (1986)laid the foundation of a scientific approach to the study of reproduction in fungi. Since then an extensive literature has accumulated on reproduction in fungi. To present this information ill terms of principles and concepts and to highlight the immediate problems for study is a daunting task. C. G. Elliott has made a commendable attempt in presenting an overview of the genetical and physiological aspects of fungal reproduction. Fungi are remarkable for producing many kinds of reproductive structures in many ways. They produce spores both asexually and sexually. A single fungus produces a single kind of sexual spore: oospores in phycomycetes, ascospores in ascmnycetes and basidiospores in basidiomycetes. The underlying genetical and physiological mechanisms in the formation of spores are complex and we are only beginning to discern them. The introductory chapter examines the advantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction and the persistence of sex in the face of the apparent advantage of asexual reproduction. The reader is reminded that sexual reproduction in fungi not only serves to generate variability, but also provides a means of repairing damaged DNA. Moreover, it can give rise to propagules resistant to unfavourable environmental conditions. In the chapters that follow, one learns that superimposed on the basic event of nuclear fusion are a variety of regulating medhanisms, the effects of which are to determine a successful mating. Examples of some ascomycetous fungi illustrate the concepts of mating types and heterothallism. The division of individuals into two mating types, A and a, is determined by distinct gene sequences and is an incompatibility system. Each mating type is bisexual but self-incompatible. Perhaps the products of mating-type genes are involved in the attraction of the trichogyne to a cell of the opposite mating type by a diffusible mating-type-specific hormone. Ill the basidiomycetes, the situation is very complex--the mating-type determinants appear as multiple alleles at one (bipolar) or two (tetrapolar) loci, A and B. Mycelia are compatible only when both As and Bs differ, thus making :for a highly efficient outbreeding system ill the higher fungi. The A and B factors control several aspects o f dikaryon fornlation (nuclear migration, conjugate nuclear division and clamp connections) leading to the t'ormation of tile familiar agaric/mushroom fruit bodies. The most detailed insight into the mating process has come from studies with yeast. One chapter is devoted to the control of the mating-type phenotypes ill this organism. Tile reader is also introduced to tile mating systems in some basidiomycetes which allow mating cells to recognize self from nonself and to regulate a pathway of sexual development that leads to ineiosis and sporulation. Since tile writing of this book, molecular characterization of tile mating-type loci ill some of these fungi has been undertaken. These studies give some ideas on how in tile multiple-allelic
Evidence for a mechanism that involves secondary electron capture in the liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry beam-induced dehalogenation of organic compounds

The effect of the analyte electron affinity on the liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry beam-induced dehalogenation of simple bromoaromatic compounds in a glycerol matrix was investigated. The results show a definite trend of decreasing dehalogenation with increasing analyte electron affinity. At high analyte electron affinity (≥ 1.0 eV), no dehalogenation was observed. These results are consistent with electrochemical and pulse radiolysis studies where one electron reduction was shown to be responsible for dehalogenation. A chloroaromatic compound with high electron affinity, 4-(4-chloro-benzoyl)pyridine, exhibited reduction by hydrogen addition but not dehalogenation. The radiation chemistry of alcohols was used to elaborate a scheme of the reactive species generated in the glycerol matrix by kiloelectronvolt particle bombardment. The possible role of those species in reduction processes such as dehalogenation was evaluated. The observation that dehalogenation decreases with analyte electron affinity is mechanistically consistent with the proposition that secondary electron production is an intrinsic part of the bombardment process.
Quantitative Domains and Infinitary Algebras

We describe a class of models of the lambda calculus that generalize and simplify the quantitative domains of Girard (1988). Their salient feature is that these domains “do not have enough points”, in the sense that a map of domains is not entirely determined by its value on the points, i.e. the morphisms from the terminal object of the category. We construct a universal domain whose structure is particularly simple, and describe some of the features of the untyped lambda calculus associated to it. Finally, we show how linear logic can be interpreted in these domains, and construct another category of domains that supports linear logic.
Phase field modeling of heterogeneous microcrystalline ceramics

Diffuse interface models and simulations capture deformation and failure of polycrystalline ceramics with multiple phases. Two heterogeneous ceramic solids are investigated. The first consists of a boron carbide matrix phase embedded with titanium diboride grains. Boron carbide may undergo cleavage fracture, twinning, and amorphization under sufficient mechanical loading. Titanium diboride demonstrates cleavage fracture and limited plastic slip. The second ceramic composite consists of diamond crystals with a smaller fraction of silicon carbide grains, where the latter may encapsulate the former in a micro- or nano-crystalline matrix and/or may be interspersed as larger micro-crystals among the diamond grains. Diamond may undergo cleavage fracture while the cubic phase of silicon carbide may fracture and twin. A general constitutive framework suitable for representing behaviors of all phases of each material system is reported. This phase field framework is implemented in three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) simulations of polycrystalline aggregates under compressive loading. Numerical results demonstrate effects of grain and phase morphology and activation or suppression of slip or twinning mechanisms on the overall strength and ductility of each material system. Efforts to inhibit localization and cleavage in boron carbide crystals, including addition of titanium diboride, promote increases in strength of the first composite, though residual stresses may be necessary to realize toughness improvements observed experimentally. In the second composite, layers of softer silicon carbide nanocrystals along grain boundaries (GBs) improve overall strength and ductility relative to addition of larger bulk silicon carbide grains.
Terranes, early faults, and pre-Late Jurassic amalgamation of the western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt, California

The western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt is subdivided into six tectonic terranes, which are juxtaposed along mostly cryptic, pre-Late Jurassic faults. The Northern Sierra terrane contains a basement of imbricated and locally chaotic lower Paleozoic quartz sandstone, mafic rocks, chert, argillite, and other rocks, overlain unconformably by Upper Devonian-Middle Jurassic volcanic and siliceous strata. The Feather River terrane is a Paleozoic, possibly polygenetic ophiolite. The Red Ant terrane is a small terrane with an early Mesozoic blueschist-facies overprint. The Calaveras terrane is a chaotic assemblage of upper Paleozoic-Triassic argillite, chert, volcanic rock, and limestone contained in two regionally mapped melange units. The Tuolumne River terrane is a stratigraphic assemblage of disrupted Paleozoic ophiolite overlain by Middle Triassic-Lower Jurassic siliceous and volcanic strata, both intruded by 200 Ma (Lower Jurassic) plutons. The Slate Creek terrane is a 200 Ma pseudostratigraphic sequence of cumulate ultramafic, plutonic, and volcanic rocks. The Northern Sierra and Calaveras terranes contain Permian McCloud fossils, whereas the Tuolumne River terrane contains Permian McCloud and Tethyan fossils in olistoliths within lower Mesozoic deposits. These terranes are bounded mostly by steeply dipping faults of the Late Jurassic Foothills fault system but locally are juxtaposed along earlier, highly deformed, low-angle faults that are remnants of major terrane-bounding faults. A system of early, mostly cryptic, east-dipping faults juxtapose, in descending structural order, the Northern Sierra, Feather River, Red Ant, Calaveras, and Tuolumne River terranes. Each of the four boundaries that separate these five terranes have three or more independent pre-Late Jurassic upper age brackets, including crosscutting plutons, sedimentary provenance, and shared structural fabrics. The Slate Creek terrane tectonically overlies the Tuolumne River, Calaveras, and Red Ant terranes along an isoclinally folded, west-dipping fault that is cut by a 165 Ma pluton. Callovian-Kimmeridgian strata and coeval intrusive rocks, including the 155-165 Ma volcanic rocks, sheeted dikes, and zoned mafic plutons of the Smartville Complex, are deposited on and intruded into the older, previously juxtaposed terranes and constitute an overlap sequence. The well-known faults of the Foothills fault system, including the Melones fault, cut Kimmeridgian strata of the overlap sequence and thus cannot include ancient sutures. These faults reactivated many of the earlier terrane-bounding faults. Pre-Late Jurassic amalgamation of the Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt rules out previous models of Late Jurassic arc-continent collision; earlier collisions and/or noncollisional tectonic processes must be invoked to explain strong contractional deformation in the western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt.
CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL ORIENTATION:CONCEPTUALIZATION AND THE CASE OF ANDEAN EXPORTERS

As more consumers, firms, and governments become aware of environmental degradation and take measures to abate their negative contribution, green practices will play a more prominent role in corporate management. This paper conducts a literature review of firm greening modes, the proposed benefits of firm greening, implementation approaches, and green marketing in order to propose a framework for analyzing firm greening in the international arena, paying particular attention to behavior within developing countries. A survey administered to general managers of three hundred and seventeen small and medium sized Colombian, Ecuadorian, and Venezuelan firms determines the managerial perceptions of greening activities in Andean firms. Though Andean managers are environmentally aware, they do not conduct adequate levels of measurement, auditing, and reporting. Also, the concept of stakeholders and peer corporations may limit Andean firms responsiveness.
Prediction of Objective Child Motivation Test Scores from Parents' Reports of Child-Rearing Practices

The mothers and fathers of 310 junior high school children completed a child-rearing questionnaire and the children completed the School  Test. The mothers' and fathers' data were factor analyzed separately and factor scores computed and employed as predictor variables in separate sets of multiple regression analyses employing the childrens' school motivation scores as criteria. Of the 40 possible full model R2s 29 were significant. The pattern of variable interrelationships is discussed, with some of the most consistent results being a significant positive relationship of the children's integrated and unintegrated assertiveness scores with the fathers' late authoritative discipline and the mothers' high family-adjustment scores. Among numerous other relationships discussed were significant positive relationships of fathers' low use of discipline and mothers' low physical punishment vs high use of reason with the childrens' integrated self-sentiment and superego.