nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Who Believes in “Communication”?: Norman Cousins Lecture 1999

Nowadays no one doubts that behavior and neuroendocrine output are functionally connected. Most scientists will also agree that nearly every neuroendocrine mediator can modulate activity of the immune system. However, the statement that behavior can modulate the activity of the immune system and consequently influence disease susceptibility and progression still meets with skepticism (or even disbelief ). Reasons for this inconsistency are not clear, but they may, at least partly, involve an emotional response based on the idea that behavior cannot be so powerful as to interfere with ongoing immune responses or pathogenic processes. Perhaps in normal everyday life one would rather avoid the idea that one’s psyche can contribute to disease susceptibility and progression. The aim of my Norman Cousins Lecture was to present evidence that behavior and/or the neuroendocrine system can indeed fine-tune activities of the immune system. The result of this fine-tuning is that the activity of the immune system is set at a certain balance. This balance is not meant to imply that a certain type of behavior or a given neuroendocrine response pattern will automatically have negative consequences for the immune system. In contrast, fine-tuning of immune reactivity as the result of an interaction between behavior and the neuroendocrine and immune systems may well serve an adaptive or homeostatic purpose. The latter assumption implies that this fine-tuning of immune reactivity by behavioral and/or neuroendocrine processes may have important consequences in disease states. Moreover, understanding ways in which immune reactivity can be modulated by behaviorally evoked neuroendocrine signals may lead to more efficient therapeutic strategies to treat somatic diseases by using behavioral therapy and/or neuroendocrine modulating drugs.
Childhood abuse, nonadherence, and medical outcome in pediatric liver transplant recipients.

The study assessed the relationship between a history of child abuse, nonadherence to medications, and medical outcome in children who had a liver transplant.



Abuse history for children and adolescents ages 8 to 21 who underwent a liver transplantation at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York was obtained in interviews in 2002. Adherence to tacrolimus was assessed from January 1 to December 31, 2003 by computing the SD of a series of medication blood levels for each patient. Biopsy-proven rejection episodes, degree of fluctuation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and maximal ALT levels were recorded as indicators of medical outcome.



Of 72 eligible patients, 56 were evaluated. Five had documented abuse. Abused children were less adherent to their medication regimen (p = .02; 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.66 to -0.24), had poor disease control (higher maximal ALT, p <.01; 95% CI -613.72 to -249.55), had greater fluctuation in ALT levels (p <.01; 95% CI -151.19 to -65.91), and suffered more biopsy-proven rejection episodes (two episodes in the abused cohort versus none in the rest) in 2003.



A history of child abuse is a significant risk factor for poor outcome posttransplantation and should be evaluated routinely. Adherence to medications can be a target for intervention in patients with a history of abuse.
Issues in the Design of a Pilot Concept-Based Query Interface for the Neuroinformatics Information Framework

This paper describes a pilot query interface that has been constructed to help us explore a “concept-based” approach for searching the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF). The query interface is concept-based in the sense that the search terms submitted through the interface are selected from a standardized vocabulary of terms (concepts) that are structured in the form of an ontology. The NIF contains three primary resources: the NIF Resource Registry, the NIF Document Archive, and the NIF Database Mediator. These NIF resources are very different in their nature and therefore pose challenges when designing a single interface from which searches can be automatically launched against all three resources simultaneously. The paper first discusses briefly several background issues involving the use of standardized biomedical vocabularies in biomedical information retrieval, and then presents a detailed example that illustrates how the pilot concept-based query interface operates. The paper concludes by discussing certain lessons learned in the development of the current version of the interface.
The optical properties of PbTe films in the 5–20 μm wavelength region

PbTe films have been prepared by a variety of evaporation techniques using a range of substrate temperatures and source compositions. It has proved possible to prepare films exhibiting low absorption (> 25 cm −1 ) over a wide spectral range (6–20 μm) combined with a high refractive index, 5.6, with very little dispersion. The techniques used flash evaporation of tellurium rich PbTe onto unheated substrates. Although X-ray studies and Hall measurements have been performed on these samples and reveal intriguing variations, only limited correlation is possible with the detailed variation of the optical properties. A very simplified explanation is offered by the results of thermal probe measurements which indicate that the transparent films are those with very few electrical carriers present.
A vehicle that brings together industry and academia to educate the next generation of engineers

EcoCAR 2 is a three year competition sponsored by the Department of Energy, General Motors, and Argonne National Laboratories. The competition encompasses fifteen universities across North America. A 2013 Chevrolet Malibu is donated to each team where it is converted to an electric hybrid vehicle. EcoCAR 2 challenges students to reduce the Malibu's emissions, increase fuel economy, and maintain consumer acceptability. The mission of EcoCAR 2 is to educate the next generation of automotive engineers through an unparalleled hands-on, real-world engineering experience.
Debate: Racism today: a perspective from international politics

In a recent contribution, Howard Winant aligns himself with scholars who contest the possibilities of general theories of ethnic and racial relations. He defines racism in terms of its social functions in specific historical contexts. As an approach to the constituents of 'racism today', this neglects the international dimension. In considering how the conclusions drawn from studies in one place at one time may be transferred for use in analyses elsewhere, it is important to note that the situation in the USA is in many respects exceptional. Winant also advances a theory of race formation which cannot easily be tested. An alternative approach would build on recent developments within the United Nations to identify a political framework distinct from the framework needed for socio-scientific studies. Within the political framework different components of racism are separately defined as violations of human rights.
ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ КАК ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ ФОРМА МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ

The article considers the place of the notion “globalization” in the system of the terms that define it. The author substantiates the distinction of globalization from modernization: if the former is a mostly objective process, modernization has subjective nature. Two main forms of contemporary modernization – westernization and acculturation – are revealed. Contemporary modernization does not guarantee the resolution of the contradictions of globalization, engenders the fear of the future (“future-shock” on the basis of “culture-shock”). The author shares the view of modernity self-negation in postmodernity.
Precise Prediction for M_W in the MSSM

We present the currently most accurate evaluation of the W boson mass, M_W, in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). The full complex phase dependence at the one-loop level, all available MSSM two-loop corrections as well as the full Standard Model result have been included. We analyse the impact of the different sectors of the MSSM at the one-loop level with a particular emphasis on the effect of the complex phases. We discuss the prediction for M_W based on all known higher-order contributions in representative MSSM scenarios. Furthermore we obtain an estimate of the remaining theoretical uncertainty from unknown higher-order corrections.
Simulation Applications in Construction Site Layout Planning

In the planning phase of every construction project, layout of temporary facilities is a crucial task; site layout can affect safety, travel cost and time, construction productivity, and space utilization. However, site layout planning can be a complicated problem, due to the interdependency of influencing factors. Although interaction among activities is one of the major drivers of site layout planning, it has not been properly addressed in past research. In this study, simulation is presented as a promising tool to address this gap. The capability of simulation technology to model complex processes in construction projects makes use of simulation tools in site layout optimization problems effective, while existing methods are unable to perfectly model these problems, in some cases. Additionally, the advantages and challenges of implementing simulation are assessed and a generic framework for simulation application in site layout planning is proposed.
On the Insufficiency of Linear Diagrams for Syllogisms

In Volume 33:1 of the Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, a system for diagramming syllogistic inferences using straight line segments is presented by Englebretsen. In light of recent research on the representational power of diagrammatic representation systems by the authors, we point out some problems with the proposal, and indeed, with any proposal for representing logically possible situations diagrammatically. We shall first outline the proposed linear diagrammatic system of Englebretsen, and then show by means of counterexamples that it is inadequate as a representation scheme for general logical inferences (the task for which the system is intended). We also show that modifications to the system fail to remedy the problems. The considerations we present are not limited to the particular proposal of Englebretsen; we thus draw a more general moral about the use of spatial relations in representation systems. 1 Diagrammatic representation systems Diagrammatic representation systems are of increasing interest for at least two reasons. Philosophically, diagram systems interest those concerned with the nature of representation itself—in particular, those who argue that too much attention has been given to sequential symbol systems. These writers claim that diagrams represent by analogy or surrogacy—in virtue of sharing structure with the domains that they represent (see Barwise and Shimojima , Cummins , and Swoyer [21]). Practically, diagrammatic representations are frequently used in visual interfaces to databases, programming languages, and in logic teaching. Each of these domains demands careful consideration of the formal properties of the diagrammatic systems in question. For both of these reasons we propose to investigate the expressive power of one proposed diagram system and to determine its utility in reasoning tasks. 2 The diagrammatic system LD In , Englebretsen presents us with a system for diagramming syllogistic inferences. In this system, individuals are represented Received September 24, 1997; revised October 31, 1999 574 OLIVER LEMON and IAN PRATT
Predictive Pre-allocation for Low-latency Uplink Access in Industrial Wireless Networks

Driven by mission-critical applications in modern industrial systems, the 5th generation (5G) communication system is expected to provide ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) services to meet the quality of service (QoS) demands of industrial applications. However, these stringent requirements cannot be guaranteed by its conventional dynamic access scheme due to the complex signaling procedure. A promising solution to reduce the access delay is the pre-allocation scheme based on the semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) technique, which however may lead to low spectrum utilization if the allocated resource blocks (RBs) are not used. In this paper, we aim to address this issue by developing DPre, a predictive pre-allocation framework for uplink access scheduling of delay-sensitive applications in industrial process automation. The basic idea of DPre is to explore and exploit the correlation of data acquisition and access behavior between nodes through static and dynamic learning mechanisms in order to make judicious resource per-allocation decisions. We evaluate the effectiveness of DPre based on several monitoring applications in a steel rolling production process. Simulation results demonstrate that DPre achieves better performance in terms of the prediction accuracy, which can effectively increase the rewards of those reserved resources.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: racial differences in treatment patterns and prostate cancer prevalence.

• To compare prostate cancer, prostate-related surgery and acute urinary retention rates, as well as associated healthcare resource use over 11 years in African American and Caucasian men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).



• The BPH-related medical and surgical charges and events were determined for 398 African American men and 1656 Caucasian men followed for a mean of 10.2 years within a health maintenance organization. • Racial differences in clinical outcomes were evaluated using time-to-event analysis, stratifying results by baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values.



• Risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis was 2.2 times greater in African American than Caucasian men (95% CI 1.48-3.35, P < 0.001) in analyses adjusting for serum PSA level. • Although African Americans were more likely to receive medical therapy for symptoms of BPH than Caucasians (43.5% vs 37.2%, respectively; P= 0.029), there were no clinically meaningful differences with respect to subsequent acute urinary retention or BPH-related surgery between them, or BPH-related medical charges (US $407 vs US $405 per month).



• As evidenced by this analysis of 'real-world' clinical practice, African Americans with BPH have a much greater risk of developing prostate cancer than similar Caucasian men highlighting the need for education and early detection in this population.
Substrate effect on texturized microstructures in NiCr thin films

NiCr thin films with a composition of 40at.%Ni and 60at.%Cr have been sputter deposited on stainless steel and glass substrates. The microstructure and composition have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy, Rutherford-backscattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Evidence is found of the metastable σ phase and of the two terminal solid solutions α-Cr and γ-Ni. The microstructure is characterized by a cubic close-packed lattice alternating with a hexagonal one within the same grains, resulting in a stacking fault presence. Evidence is found that the films have a fibre texture with the axis tilted 20° with respect to the surface normal and that different substrates induce different fibre axis orientations: (111) for the stainless steel substrate and (110) for the glass one. This characteristic could be interpreted in terms of different relative concentrations of the two terminal solid solutions due to the different substrate temperature during thin film deposition.
Mal’tsev conditions, lack of absorption, and solvability

We provide a new characterization of several Mal’tsev conditions for locally finite varieties using hereditary term properties. We show a particular example of how a lack of absorption causes collapse in the Mal’tsev hierarchy, and point out a connection between solvability and the lack of absorption. As a consequence, we provide a new and conceptually simple proof of a result of Hobby and McKenzie, saying that locally finite varieties with a Taylor term possess a term which is Mal’tsev on blocks of every solvable congruence in every finite algebra in the variety.
Bipolar Junction Effects for High Entropy Data Harvesters

Harvesting high-entropy data from hardware generators is usually a difficult task and most of the applications will take data that is believed to contain enough entropy and use it to ldquoseedrdquo a cryptographic algorithm. The paper proposes an evaluation of such system on chip device designed to harvest high-entropy data from thermal phenomena (thermal noise and avalanche noise) and to analyze ldquowhiteningrdquo algorithms for reducing bias and correlation. Taking into account the features of system on chip devices: complete user management of analog and digital embedded resources, the possibility of creating custom peripherals and the high level of re-usability not only for the software modules but also for embedded hardware peripherals, the new design addresses the main challenges for building true random number generators and proposes a design path and a testing procedure for high-entropy generators.
Communicating Climate Change Science

Join us as USC Sea Grant and Heal the Bay host the Department of Water Resources (DWR) Climate Change Team for a day of learning about the basics of climate science, how DWR is addressing climate change impacts with regards to California's water supply, and how the interdisciplinary activities of Project WET can help you communicate about climate science and water issues in southern California. Project WET (Water Education for Teachers) activities are designed to supplement existing curriculum to promote the awareness, appreciation, and knowledge of water resources in a manner that is fun, HANDS-ON and informational for learners of all ages. Every Project WET activity was created by teachers for teachers and each incorporates nationally recognized education principles and practices. Project WET effectively supports California's new state standards, teachers, and most importantly children. By using the environment as a teaching context, this workshop builds upon science and engineering (SEPS) concepts which will support all attendees in communicating the science of climate change and its subsequent influence on water issues such as supply, availability, accessibility, and pollution. Lunch and stipend provided Each participant will receive a copy of the Project WET Curriculum & Activity Guide 2.0, a $50 stipend (for a maximum of 25 registrants), and a standing invitation to a follow-up workshop in August or October at Heal the Bay's Santa Monica Pier Aquarium.
An Experimental VLSI Prolog Interpreter: Preliminary Measurements and Results

This work presents the preliminary results of a project oriented to the design and VLSI implementation of a Prolog interpreter. Even if the interpretative approach is being considered an inefficient way to execute high level languages when compared to that of compilation, declarative languages with embedded extralogical instructions would require the use of direct execution.
Hardware interpreters have two serious problems: execution speed and lack of flexibility. Recent computer architecture and VLSI technology help us to overcome these drawbacks.
Managing for Today's Cattle Market and Beyond Retained Ownership of Cattle: Factors to Consider

Cattle producers often follow the same marketing and/or pricing pattern year after year. The dynamics of the U.S. cattle industry, however, make it necessary for cattle producers to evaluate relevant marketing alternatives. Even then, changes often are not made unless something “shocking” occurs. That shock can take many forms, not the least of which is lower prices. Then, there is a danger that producer reaction to the shock may result in inappropriate action which results in less profit, not more. Retained ownership (holding cattle longer than would “normally” be the case) is one action some producers take in response to low prices at the time they would normally sell their cattle (calves). Retained ownership practices include everything from the use of pastures and crop residues to dry lot feeding and many combinations of those alternatives. Positive returns to retained ownership are possible; so are losses. One needs only a quick look at Table 1 to prove that point. In deciding whether one should retain ownership of calves, there are some major factors to consider. The focus of this article is on some of those factors. Factors are not necessarily presented in order of importance; what may be important to one producer may not be important to another. Managing for Today’s Cattle Market and Beyond
Theoretical Robopsychology: Samu Has Learned Turing Machines

From the point of view of a programmer, the robopsychology is a synonym for the activity is done by developers to implement their machine learning applications. This robopsychological approach raises some fundamental theoretical questions of machine learning. Our discussion of these questions is constrained to Turing machines. Alan Turing had given an algorithm (aka the Turing Machine) to describe algorithms. If it has been applied to describe itself then this brings us to Turing's notion of the universal machine. In the present paper, we investigate algorithms to write algorithms. From a pedagogy point of view, this way of writing programs can be considered as a combination of learning by listening and learning by doing due to it is based on applying agent technology and machine learning. As the main result we introduce the problem of learning and then we show that it cannot easily be handled in reality therefore it is reasonable to use machine learning algorithm for learning Turing machines.
From the development of robots to the management of organizations — A discussion of the integrative approach of the Industrial Engineering discipline

This paper deals with academic undergraduate `Industrial Engineering and Management' programs. The recent evolving changes in the economy and industry must be updated and adapted to the industrial engineering curriculum, whose graduates will be integrated into the competitive market. During this study, a T-Shape dilemma had been examined in regard to curriculum in the discipline of industrial engineering and management. The T shape dilemma discussed here places the depth of the curriculum in industrial engineering as oppose to the extent of the curriculum as a widthwise multidisciplinary. In order to examine this dilemma, 16 semi-structured interviews were held with senior-level managers in industry, as well as with leading academicians in the industrial engineering discipline. The findings were divided into 77 main repeating categories that rose during the various interviews. From a content analysis of the interview findings, several principles may be deduced upon which the industrial engineering curriculum in academia should be based.
Genetic Commerce - Intelligent Share Trading

In time, it seems feasible that genetic algorithms will help to achieve similar levels of productivity gains in many service domains as has been achieved in line and, more recently, batch manufacture. And e-commerce will embody the standards and guidelines necessary to enable managers to make the most of the possibilities offered by this development. It will help them to both satisfy and retain the custom of their clients; and make it possible to operate in a highly efficient and effective manner. The paper discusses the nature of these changes and it assesses some of their implications for organisations and their management. It introduces the concept of intelligent share trading; a future manifestation of these developments. And it talks about the important role artificial intelligence, particularly genetic algorithms, will play in these systems.