nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Case Studies in the North West and West Midlands of England

Government influence on industrial location is most usually defined in terms of the use made by central government of traditional devices affecting the locational decisions of firms. Within this range of devices are controls (such as industrial development certificates and office development permits) designed to counteract regional imbalances in the location of new industrial and commercial development. Other central government influence is less direct and consists of mainly financial and infrastructural incentives, together with the provision of factories. An important additional influence is in the provision of information to firms intending to locate, relocate or extend development. This is also a strong feature of local authority influence on industrial location, although local authorities also offer material incentives in, for instance, offering advantageous financial terms on industrial estates or housing for key workers. Information provision is the principal function of ad hoc bodies like the North West Industrial
Lunar maps and astronomical careers in 17th-century Iberian Peninsula

After the quick incorporation of the telescope to astronomical research practices in the first decades of the 17th century, lunar cartography (or selenography) flourished admiringly. In a short time maps of the satellite appeared incorporating the representation codes typical of earth cartography. Two decisive moments in this process were the publication, in 1647, of Selenographia, by Protestant lawyer and astronomer J. Hevelius, of Danzig, and soon afterwards, of the lunar maps by Jesuits G.B. Riccioli and F.M. Grimaldi, of Bologna (as part of the former's Almagestum Novum, published in 1651); the Jesuits' maps defined a extraordinary stable visual language and toponymic standard for the moon. Before these landmarks, however, several other proposals for lunar cartographies were made to satisfy different functions and audiences. We suggest here that they may be typologically classified under two categories, one mainly concerned with toponymics and the determination of borders (derived from the first lunar maps by Englishman T. Harriot), and the other connected with topographical representations (heir to G. Galilei's lunar illustrations). Then we examine two maps belonging to each of those traditions published in 1631 and 1645, respectively by Jesuit C. Bruno, in Lisbon (in his book Collecta astronomica ex doctrina etc.), and by Royal Cosmographer to the Spanish Crown M.F. van Langren, in Brussels (Plenilunii / Lumina Austriaca Philippica, loose-sheet). We suggest that their different cartographic strategies are intelligible through divergent paths (which nevertheless touch one another), the political context and the audiences they intended for their maps. The intellectual and professional path of Van Langren, added to his toponymic proposal baptizing 325 lunar accidents with the names of the Spanish Habsburgs and their allies, besides projecting a fantastic European geography on the moon, leaves no doubt that his map represented above all a way to conquest Philip IV's favor by symbolically extending the borders of his empire. C. Bruno also sought Habsburgs’ favor through his ideas relating to longitude determination methods. His lunar chart and the work it is inserted in, however, represent an opportunity to obtain recognition among the Society of Jesus astronomers and a wide European litterati audience not directly related to his patronage strategies.
10b5-1 Plans and Earnings Management by High-Level Executives

Using historical firm financial and insider trading information, this paper examines whether high-level insiders manipulate earnings ahead of their own 10b5-1 equity transactions. The empirical evidence suggests that high-level executives appear to manipulate earnings through real activities such as abnormal discretionary expenditures and abnormal cash flows from operations to influence equity prices ahead of their own transactions under Rule 10b5-1. Evidence also suggests that executives appear to be unlikely to engage in earnings management through highly scrutinized means such as accruals. An interpretation of these results is that high-level executives may be using 10b5-1 plans as an offensive tool to trade with the knowledge of inside information, which appears to be in direct opposition to the defensive mechanism that 10b5-1 plans are intended to represent.
Fuzzy logics with truth hedges revisited

In this paper we build upon previous works of Hajek and Vychodil on the axiomatization of truthstressing and depressing hedges as expansions of BL logic by new unary connectives. They show that their logics are chain-complete, but standard completeness is only proved for the expansions over Godel logic. We propose weaker axiomatizations that have as main advantages the preservation of standard completeness properties of the original logic and the fact that any subdiagonal (resp. superdiagonal) non-decreasing function on [0, 1] preserving 0 and 1 is a sound interpretation of the truth stresser (resp. depresser) connectives.
The Denholm landslide, Saskatchewan. Part I: Geology

The Denholm landslide, whose surface is composed of scarps, ridges, and elongated depressions, is 160 m high, 2000 m wide, and up to 100 m thick. The shear zone is in silty, montomorillonitic clay of the upper part of the Lea Park Formation and Upper Colorado Group unit. The Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation and the Quaternary Empress, Sutherland, and Saskatoon groups were affected by the landslide. Although these sediments were fractured and gravity faulted by tension when the landslide moved, they can be readily traced through the landslide, particularly the upper part. The scarps (gravity faults), ridges (horsts), and elongated depressions (grabens) are the surface expression of tension resulting from the stretching of beds during the landslide.The movement of the landslide is thought to have started when the North Saskatchewan spillway eroded to the level of the present shear zone about 11 000 years ago (established by radiocarbon dating) and is believed to have stopped in recent time. During th...
Quantitative evaluation of noncovalent interactions between polyphosphate and dissolved humic acids in aqueous conditions.

As one kind of phosphorus species, polyphosphate (poly-P) is ubiquitous in natural environments, and the potential interactions between poly-P and humic substances in the sediments or natural waters would influence the fate of poly-P in the environments. However, the mechanism of the interactions has not yet been understood clearly. In this work, the characteristics and mechanisms of the interactions between humic acids (HA) and two model poly-P compounds with various chain lengths have been investigated. Results show that a stable polyphosphate-HA complex would be formed through the noncovalent interactions, and hydrogen bond might be the main driving force for the binding process, which might be formed between the proton-accepting groups of poly-P (e.g., PO and P-O(-)) and the oxygen containing functional groups in HA. Our findings implied that the presence of humic substances in natural waters, soils and sediments would influence the potential transport and/or mobility of environmental poly-P.
Microstructure and composition of a SNS Josephson junction using CaRuO{sub 3} as the metallic barrier

Superconductor - normal - superconductor (SNS) edge junctions consisting of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-x}/CaRuO{sub 3}/YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-x} were fabricated on (001) LaA1O{sub 3} substrates. These devices display an excess interface resistance which is not well understood but is related to the SN interface and interlayer structure. High-resolution and conventional transmission electron microscopy were employed to investigate the SN interface to determine the structure and possible interface defects. Energy-loss spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis were performed on the CaRuO{sub 3} film and near interface regions to quantify the extent of interdiffusion between the CiRuO{sub 3} and YBCO films. Changes in either the interface structure or the normal layer chemistry are expected to greatly influence the junction properties.
French political science: Strengths and weaknesses

French political science has faced many obstacles. The most significant were the influence of neighboring disciplines such as law, sociology and history; the centralization of recruitment at the national level; the small number of research centers, particularly in the regions; the small number of teachers and researchers; the expatriation of young researchers to the United States and Canada; the loss of influence in certain areas, including the study of elections, the analysis of political parties and the study of public institutions; the absence of research in some sectors, including international political economy; the nature of political science journals; the small number of ‘think tanks’; the lack of international openness; the weak presence of French researchers in international congresses and the language barrier; and the absence of a true translation policy of fundamental works of Anglo-Saxon or Hispanic political science by publishing houses or university presses. Fortunately, French political science also has strengths. They include the attractiveness of the institutes of political studies; the influence of cultural areas specialists, including the Arab world and Africa; the role of major research centers oriented abroad; the research centers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the discipline’s influence in certain sectors, including public policy, European studies and international relations; the practice of foreign languages by young researchers; and the analysis of strategic and security issues.
Path Planning under Time-Dependent Uncertainty

Standard algorithms for finding the shortest path in a graph require that the cost of a path be additive in edge costs, and typically assume that costs are deterministic. We consider the problem of uncertain edge costs, with potential probabilistic dependencies among the costs. Although these dependencies violate the standard dynamic-programming decomposition, we identify a weaker stochastic consistency condition that justifies a generalized dynamic-programming approach based on stochastic dominance. We present a revised path-planning algorithm and prove that it produces optimal paths under time-dependent uncertain costs. We test the algorithm by applying it to a model of stochastic bus networks, and present empirical performance results comparing it to some alternatives. Finally, we consider extensions of these concepts to a more general class of problems of heuristic search under uncertainty.
First Steps Towards Inferential Programming

Our basic premise is that the ability to construct and modify programs will not improve without a new and comprehensive look at the entire programming process. Past theoretical research, say, in the logics of programs, has tended to focus on methods for reasoning about individual programs; little has been done, it seems to us, to develop a sound understanding of the process of programming — the process by which programs evolve in concept and in practice. At present, we lack the means to describe the techniques of program construction and improvement in ways that properly link verification, documentation and adaptability.
Historical Overview of the Economic Sociology

There exists a rich and colorful tradition of economic sociology, which roughly began around the turn of the twentieth century and continues till today. This tradition has generated a number of helpful concepts and ideas as well as interesting research results, which this article seek to briefly present and set in perspective. Economic sociology has peaked twice since its birth: in 1890-1920, with the founders of sociology (who were all interested in and wrote on the economy), and today, from the early 1980s and onward. A small number of important works in economic sociology - by economists as well as sociologists - was produced during the time between these two periods, from 1920 to the mid-1980s.
Structural imitation and genre conventions in Neo-Latin bucolic poetry

In the following the author considers the structural patterns in selected collections of neo-Latin bucolic poetry in order to sketch out a genre development. Especially important is the division originating with the commentary of Donatus of the Vergilian genres into three hierarchical levels appropriate for different phases in life, and the conception of the Eclogues as political and autobiographical allegories. Based on this, the author searches for interaction - directly invoked and formal - between the writers and the bucolic tradition, and for explicit poetological statements. Servius uses the expression bucolicum carmen in respect of how the poems stick to the conventions of humilitas, tenuitas, and rusticitas. The metaphorical reading of Galatea for Mantua and Amaryllis for Rome and the combination of a certain place with a certain age further strengthen the connection between genres, stages in life, and poetic career presented in the preface to the commentary. Amaryllis; Bucolicum Carmen; Donatus; Galatea; Neo-Latin bucolic poetry; Rome; Vergilian genres
Selecting Locking Primitives for Parallel Programming

T HE only reason to parallelize a program is to gain performance. However, the synchronization primitives used by parallel programs can consume excessive memory bandwidth, can be subject to memory latencies, can consume excessive memory, and can result in unfair access or even starvation. These problems can outweigh the performance benefits of parallel execution. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the performance implications of synchronization primitives in addition to their correctness, liveness, and safety properties. This article presents a pattern language to assist you in selecting synchronization primitives for parallel programs. The pattern language assumes you have already chosen a locking design, perhaps by using a locking design pattern language .
Thermal stability of Cr/Sc multilayers for the soft x-ray range

Cr/Sc multilayer mirrors were designed for grazing (30 and 60 degrees) and normal incidence reflection at about 3.16 nm (NKα line) wavelength. The multilayer coatings have been grown on Si-substrates using ion-assisted sputtering deposition. X-ray scattering of CuKα radiation and transmission electron microscopy were used for the characterization of the multilayer interface quality. The reflective properties of the Cr/Sc multilayers were measured with synchrotron radiation at different angles of incidence. Reflectivity values between R = 15% for near normal incidence (θ=5) and R = 29.6% or θ=60 were measured. Multilayer mirrors with periods less than 1.9 nm have amorphous Cr and Sc layers. The transition from amorphous to crystalline Cr and Sc layers takes place for multilayer periods of more than 3.1 nm and results in interface roughness development. The annealing effect in short-period Cr/Sc multilayers was studied in the temperature range from 50°C to 500°C by X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Structural and phase transformations and the corresponding changes of the optical properties are presented and discussed.
Aryans and British India

'Aryan,' a word that today evokes images of racial hatred and atrocity, was first used by Europeans to suggest bonds of kinship, as Thomas Trautmann shows in his far-reaching history of British Orientalism and the ethnology of India. When the historical relationship uniting Sanskrit with the languages of Europe was discovered, it seemed clear that Indians and Britons belonged to the same family. Thus the Indo-European or Aryan idea, based on the principle of linguistic kinship, dominated British ethnological inquiry. In the nineteenth century, however, an emergent biological 'race science' attacked the authority of the Orientalists. The spectacle of a dark-skinned people who were evidently civilized challenged Victorian ideas, and race science responded to the enigma of India by redefining the Aryan concept in narrowly 'white' racial terms. By the end of the nineteenth century, race science and Orientalism reached a deep and lasting consensus in regard to India, which Trautmann calls 'the racial theory of Indian civilization,' and which he undermines with his powerful analysis of colonial ethnology in India. His work of reassessing British Orientalism and the Aryan idea will be of great interest to historians, anthropologists, and cultural critics.
RESEARCH IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE X-RAY DIFFRACTION TECHNOLOGY

High accuracy (0.005 degree 2-theta) and high precision (0.002 degree 2-theta) for x-ray diffraction measurements at angles from less than zero to 155-160 degrees 2-theta at sample temperatures to 2600-2800C in oxidizing, neutral, reducing, or evacuated atmospheric environments are characteristics of a high-temperature x-ray diffractometer system specifically designed for research studies. Within the noble-metal thermocouple temperature range, very rapid thermal equilibrium -- 500C intervals in less than 3 seconds -- can be attained. The crystallometry of zirconium dioxide, ZrO2, has been surveyed in the range from room temperature to 1750C in normal air atmosphere at ambient pressure. Topics studied in some detail have been (a) the hysteresis of the monoclinic-tetragonal zirconia transformation, (b) the axial thermal expansion of tetragonal zirconia to 1750C, (c) the determination of axial expansion data for platinum and beryllium oxide for use as sample temperature indicators, and (d) new mathematical solutions of the classical d-value equations for lattice constants calculations. It has been shown that significant physical properties and constants can be measured for ZrO2 if the oxygen stoichiometry is established and maintained at an (unknown) equilibrium, or pseudo-equilibrium, value.
Switching Hole and Electron Transports of Molecules on Metal Oxides by Energy Level Alignment Tuning.

Charge transport at organic/inorganic hybrid contacts significantly affects the performance of organic optoelectronic devices because the unfavorable energy level offsets at these interfaces can hinder charge injection or extraction due to large barrier heights. Herein, we report a technologically relevant method to functionalize a traditional hole-transport layer of solution-processed nickel oxide (NiOx) with various interlayers. The photoemission spectroscopy measurements reveal the continuous tuning of the NiOx substrate work function ranging from 2.5 to 6.6 eV, enabling the alignment transition of energy levels between the Schottky-Mott limit and Fermi level pinning at the organic/composite NiOx interface. As a result, switching hole and electron transport for the active organic material on the composite NiOx layer is achieved due to the controlled carrier injection/extraction barriers. The experimental findings indicate that tuning the work function of metal oxides with optimum energy level offsets can facilitate the charge transport at organic/electrode contacts.
Is There a God of Human Rights?: The Complex Relationship Between Human Rights and Religion: A South African Case

This volume deals with historical, systematic and empirical questions with regard to the complex relationship between human rights and religion. It focuses on the place and function of human rights in democracies in modern society. Moreover it elaborates on the problems which are implied in the complex relationship between human rights and religion from the beginning. Lastly it investigates the positive, negative and ambivalent empirical effects of religious attitudes on human rights attitudes among some youth in South Africa.
Credible, resilient, and scalable detection of software plagiarism using authority histograms

Software plagiarism has become a serious threat to the health of software industry. A software birthmark indicates unique characteristics of a program that can be used to analyze the similarity between two programs and provide proof of plagiarism. In this paper, we propose a novel birthmark, Authority Histograms (AH), which can satisfy three essential requirements for good birthmarks-resiliency, credibility, and scalability. Existing birthmarks fail to satisfy all of them simultaneously. AH reflects not only the frequency of APIs, but also their call orders, whereas previous birthmarks rarely consider them together. This property provides more accurate plagiarism detection, making our birthmark more resilient and credible than previously proposed birthmarks. By random walk with restart when generating AH, we make our proposal fully applicable to even large programs. Extensive experiments with a set of Windows applications verify that both the credibility and resiliency of AH exceed those of existing birthmarks; therefore AH provides improved accuracy in detecting plagiarism. Moreover, the construction and comparison phases of AH are established within a reasonable time.
Just the other side of the coin? From error to insight analysis

To shed more light on data explorers dealing with complex information visualizations in real-world scenarios, new methodologies and models are needed which overcome existing explanatory gaps. Therefore, a novel model to analyze users’ errors and insights is outlined that is derived from Rasmussen’s model on different levels of cognitive processing, and integrates explorers’ skills, schemes, and knowledge (skill–rule–knowledge model). After locating this model in the landscape of theories for visual analytics, the main building blocks of the model, where three cognitive processing levels are interlinked, are described in detail. A case study illustrates how the cognitive processing efforts can be identified from triangulated eye-tracking and think-aloud data. Finally, the model’s applicability, challenges in measurement, and future research options are discussed.
Latest progress in microsporidian genome research.

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens of medical and ecological importance whose genomes have been studied extensively over the last decade. Such studies have focused on the remarkably reduced gene content that characterizes all known species, and some have unraveled the mechanisms that are involved in their extreme genome compaction. In the last year, a large number of new genome sequences from several divergent members of the group have been finally released and analyzed, and these have revealed the presence of many features that were previously unsuspected to exist within the group. This study aims to shortly review the most recent progress in the field of microsporidian genomics, highlighting the importance of the most recently released genome data for our understanding of the biology and evolution of this important group of parasites.
On temperature corrections to Einstein equations

The temperature correction to the Einstein action is considered which does not depend on the Planck energy physics. The leading correction may be interpreted in terms of the temperature dependent effective gravitational and cosmological constants. The correction to the gravitational constant appears to be valid for all temperatures T ≪ EPlanck. It is universal since it is determined only by the number of fermionic and bosonic fields with masses m ≪ T . This universal modification of the gravitational action can be used to study thermodynamics of quantum systems in condensed matter (such as quantum