nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling climate change impacts at the science-policy boundary

Climate change is a daunting policy challenge, where decision-makers must respond to a highuncertainty and high-risk problem in an environment with a diverse multitude of stakeholders and unresolved ethical questions. For the past 25 years, integrated assessment models (IAMs) of global climate change have become standard tools for informing climate policy. IAMs are computer models that combine representations of biophysical systems and socioeconomic systems; they are used to simulate the causes, dynamics, and impacts of climate change. While IAMs are typically developed by scientists, their explicit purpose is to generate policy-relevant information. In this paper-based dissertation, I use a pragmatic model of science-policy relations as a theoretical and normative framework to examine the production and application of IAMs. My research contributes conceptually and empirically to the existing scholarship on the role of scientific models in policymaking. Together, the three articles included in this dissertation advance our understanding of the various inputs and outputs of policy-relevant scientific models, using climate change IAMs as a case study. In Article #1, my co-author and I investigate the sources and consequences of the numerous difficult modeling choices that IAM developers are required to make as a result of the pervasive uncertainty—both scientific and ethical—surrounding this topic. We argue that these choices are made in particular epistemic, ethical, and social contexts. Correspondingly, we illuminate the epistemic, ethical, and political consequences of these choices. Finally, adopting a co-productionist approach, we suggest that past modeling choices may constrain future model development by setting epistemic benchmarks, establishing ethical norms, and creating biases in academic publishing and policy application. We review and build on findings from various literatures to unpack the complex intersection of science, ethics, and politics that IAMs occupy. This leads us to suggest avenues for future empirical and theoretical research that may enable an integrated epistemicethical-political understanding of IAMs. Such transparency is necessary to judge the usefulness of IAMs in supporting climate change policymaking that is scientifically sound, ethically fair, and politically acceptable. Articles #2 and #3 extrapolate practical consequences from the conceptual groundwork established in Article #1. In Article #2, I apply a narrative research approach to examine how values and beliefs embedded in modeling choices may influence policy. I draw on research on the role of storytelling in scientific modeling, as well as a growing literature in policy studies investigating the
Behind the Closed Door: Exploring Teacher Bullying and Abuse of Students, Characteristics of the Teacher, and Impact

The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent of teacher abuse of elementary students, the characteristics of teachers who abuse, the types of behaviours abusive teachers engage in, the reasons for teacher abuse, and the impact on victims and witnesses. Two samples participated in the study: 1) pre-service teachers (n = 99) completed the study questionnaire regarding abusive teacher behaviours they witnessed while on practicum placement and 2) undergraduate students (n = 290) reflected on their own elementary school teachers’ behaviours. Verbal and emotional abuse was most often reported; however, physical and sexual abuses were also indicated. Differences were found between teachers who were and were not perceived to abuse students on types of behaviours engaged in and job performance. Pre-service teachers reported being impacted by the abusive behaviours they witnessed and undergraduate students recalled negative impact on them. Male undergraduate students reported greater impact if they were ever abused by a male teacher whereas female students were equally impacted regardless of whether a male teacher was involved or not. Barriers to reporting included fears of future employment, not wanting to question another teacher’s practice, and uncertainty regarding the reporting process. In consideration of these results, a number of recommendations to address teacher abuse are provided including mandatory reporting of teacher abuse, alterations to the current protocol for investigating abusive teachers, and content and criteria for continued education for teachers. Based on the results, a workshop to address the likely causal factors of teacher abuse is provided as well as detailed lessons for teaching students about their rights and freedoms in the classroom. Overall, results of the study show that teacher abuse is an issue in Ontario’s elementary schools, the impact of the abuse is apparent, and that strategies must be undertaken in order to address the problem.
Response to Alcoff, Ferguson, and Bergoffen

This paper responds to comments, queries, and criticisms offered by Alcoff, Bergoffen, and Ferguson at a scholar's session on my work held at the annual meeting of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy in October 2001. Responding to Alcoff, I highlight my understanding of liberation in the context of a Nietzschean and a Latin American feminism and the politics of conceptualizing "resistance" in postcolonial theory. Responding to Ferguson, I address, among other issues, the often misunderstood distinction between postcolonialism and postmodernism, as well as related implications regarding some postcolonial feminists' qualified appeals to universals and women's rights. Responding to Bergoffen, I advocate on behalf of cultural formations supportive of the feminist affirmation of life and of radical subjectivities that challenge gender orthodoxies.
A Formalism for the Definition of Graphical Formulas

This paper describes a new formalism (the <italic>typed holistic formula definition</italic>) which enables to define two dimensional formula grammars very easily by just drawing a prototype of the desired formula. The formalism is used in a tool called <italic>G<supscrpt>2</supscrpt>F</italic> (An Editor Generator for Two Dimensional Graphical Formulas) the properties of which are also sketched (its main advantage is the possibility to use the editors as interfaces for symbol manipulating systems).
Outsourcing transportation infrastructure maintenance : a theoretical approach with application to JR East

In transportation agencies, how to reduce maintenance and operation cost is one of the biggest and most common concerns, because their revenue is not expected to increase drastically in the future. One of the solutions undertaken nowadays is contracting out and utilizing contractors' efficiency for cost cutting and performance improvements. Actually, highway agencies in the US have already tried several pilot programs, employing performance-based contract, aiming at reducing their cost of maintenance and rehabilitation of their assets. It has been reported that these agencies achieved huge cost-reduction and performance improvement at the same time by implementing these strategies. Railway infrastructure maintenance is not outsourced as much as highway maintenance in the US. However, a theoretical discussion about outsourcing and contracting shows that railway track maintenance can be outsourced to enhance operating efficiency. Exploring the cases in several railway organizations and highway agencies, fixed-price contract with incentive schemes turn out to be mainly utilized. Evaluating maintenance contractor's performance by several comprehensive performance metrics is also a useful tool to manage and control the contractor's performance, which is linked to reward or penalty payments. Considering the lessons learned in the discussions above, applications for railway maintenance in JR East is discussed. Its maintenance contract structure is in the midst of transition, but still imbues a traditional style. Instead, a long-term, performance-based contract with incentive scheme is suggested to improve the efficiency of infrastructure maintenance and adjust the future environmental changes JR East faces.  JR East Professor Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Systems
The formation of cobalt and nickel complexes on clay surfaces

Treatment of hectorite exchanged with cobalt or nickel with various ligands is investigated. Basic ligands such as 2,2′-bipyridyl,1,2-diaminoethane (ethylenediamine, en) and ammonia readily afford complexes of nickel(II) and cobalt(III). In the case of ammonia, evidence is obtained for the isolation of an oxidation intermediate on the clay. More quantitative studies including some typical groundwater ligands such as pentanoic and butanoic acids reveal that the weak acid ligands are effective in displacing significant quantities of exchanged cobalt and nickel to solution; by contrast, some basic ligands can “stabilize” the more labile ion pair sorbed fractions of the metal on the clay surface. Although [Ni(en) 3 ] 2+ is much more strongly sorbed than Na + or Ca 2+ , copper(II) ions release large quantities of nickel(II) to solution when aqueous [Cu(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ contacts [Ni(en) 3 ] 2+ —hectorite. Tracer studies using 60 Co show that similar behaviour pertains at microscopic concentration levels to that observed with macroscopic concentrations.
Deep Projective 3D Semantic Segmentation

Semantic segmentation of 3D point clouds is a challenging problem with numerous real-world applications. While deep learning has revolutionized the field of image semantic segmentation, its impact on point cloud data has been limited so far. Recent attempts, based on 3D deep learning approaches (3D-CNNs), have achieved below-expected results. Such methods require voxelizations of the underlying point cloud data, leading to decreased spatial resolution and increased memory consumption. Additionally, 3D-CNNs greatly suffer from the limited availability of annotated datasets. 
In this paper, we propose an alternative framework that avoids the limitations of 3D-CNNs. Instead of directly solving the problem in 3D, we first project the point cloud onto a set of synthetic 2D-images. These images are then used as input to a 2D-CNN, designed for semantic segmentation. Finally, the obtained prediction scores are re-projected to the point cloud to obtain the segmentation results. We further investigate the impact of multiple modalities, such as color, depth and surface normals, in a multi-stream network architecture. Experiments are performed on the recent Semantic3D dataset. Our approach sets a new state-of-the-art by achieving a relative gain of 7.9 %, compared to the previous best approach.
Software Engineering in the Twenty-First Century

There is substantial evidence that AI technology can meet the requirements of the large potential market that will exist for knowledge-based software engineering at the turn of the century. In this article, which forms the conclusion to the AAAI Press book Automating Software Design, edited by Michael Lowry and Robert McCartney, Michael Lowry discusses the future of software engineering, and how knowledge-based software engineering (KBSE) progress will lead to system development environments. Specifically, Lowry examines how KBSE techniques promote additive programming methods and how they can be developed and introduced in an evolutionary way.
'Supergenes' drive evolution.

Male ruffs, mountain honey bees, zebra finches, and several other organisms have a secret weapon to help them be successful—a flipped piece of DNA known as a "supergene" that has enabled them to quickly evolve a winning set of qualities. Biologists are beginning to recognize the power of these DNA hiccups to drive evolution by freeing whole segments of the genome, containing multiple genes, from certain evolutionary constraints. As researchers discussed last month at the 16th Congress of the European Society of Evolutionary Biology in Groningen, the Netherlands, these evolutionary drivers have diverse and far-reaching roles in adaptation and evolution across many groups of organisms.
The high-temperature work function behavior of polycrystalline osmium

The thermionic emission behavior of randomly oriented polycrystalline osmium was investigated. Osmium exhibited a low thermionic work function of 4.68 eV at 1800 K which increased rapidly to 5.21 eV at 2600 K. The high temperatures and low pressures of these tests were designed to minimize any residual gas interactions with the sample surface. Still, the possibility that residual gases had some effect on the measured work function was not altogether ruled out. An allotropic phase transformation was considered as a possible explanation for the varying work function; however, X-ray diffraction experiments could not substantiate a new high-temperature phase.
The Separation and Estimation of Microbial Populations Using Biochemical and Biophysical Techniques.

Investigation of the adsorption of micro-organisms to ion exchange resins revealed two types of interaction. In the approximate range pH 1 - 5 adsorption was not related to the ionogenic groups of the resin. At higher pH values (5 - 9) a more specific interaction occurred which was dependent upon the ionogenic groups of the resin and the ionic composition of the suspending medium. The specific adsorption of Staphylococcus aureus and of yeasts to strongly basic anion exchange resin was progressively inhibited by increasing salt concentration. A large proportion of the adsorbed organisms was recovered in a viable condition by elution with salts solutions (0.2 - 0.6M). The specific adsorption of micro-organisms to cation exchange resins did not occur from distilled water but organisms were strongly adsorbed from dilute salt suspensions (0.05M). Adsorbed organisms were eluted in a viable condition by alteration of the pH and ionic composition of the medium. Novel methods were demonstrated for the chromatographic resolution of mixtures of Staph, aureus and E. coli by differential adsorption or elution using small columns (lg) of cation exchange resin. The mechanism by which cells adhere to ion exchange resins was investigated. Two major cell surface components, teichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide, were shown not to be involved in the adsorption of cells to anion exchange resin. Cell surface protein was implicated in the adsorption of Staph, aureus to both types of resin. The blockage of cell surface cationic groups (e.g. amino) inhibited adsorption to cation exchange resin whilst the blockage of anionic groups (e.g. carboxyl) promoted adsorption. The separation of micro-organisms from foods was demonstrated using both anion and cation exchange resins. The recovery of raw meat flora from anion exchange resin (20%) was much lower than that from cation exchange resin (75%). Two rapid methods for the estimation of micro-organisms in foods were investigated. An inverse linear relationship was found between numbers of micro-organisms and impedimetric response which permitted the rapid estimation of micro-organisms in two foodstuffs. The rapid estimation of micro-organisms in meat by the photometric estimation of microbial ATP was achieved only after separation of the microorganisms from the meat.
Structural and optical properties of annealed Ga2O3 films on Si(111) substrates

AbstractAn investigation has been made into the structural and optical properties of gallium oxide Ga2O3 films grown on Si(111) substrates by the metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) technique, and annealed in the temperature range 750–1050°C. Post-deposition annealing of amorphous Ga2O3 was found to generate b phase grains. Photoluminescence spectra indicated that the annealed Ga2O3 films had a blue-green emission at 470 nm and an ultraviolet emission at 365 nm.
A Marble Embryo: Meanings of a Portrait from 1900

Portraits of scientists use attributes of discovery to construct identities; portraits that include esoteric accessories may fashion identities for these too. A striking example is a marble bust of the anatomist Wilhelm His by the Leipzig sculptor Carl Seffner. Made in 1900, it depicts the founder of modern human embryology looking down at a model embryo in his right hand. This essay reconstructs the design and viewing of this remarkable portrait in order to shed light on private and public relations between scientists, research objects and audiences. The bust came out of a collaboration to model the face of the composer Johann Sebastian Bach and embodies a shared commitment to anatomical exactitude in three dimensions. His’s research agendas and public character explain the contemplative pose and unprecedented embryo model, which he had laboriously constructed from material a midwife supplied. The early contexts of display in the His home and art exhibitions suggest interpretive resources for viewers and hence likely meanings. Seffner’s work remains exceptional, but has affinities to portraits of human embryologists and embryos produced since 1960. Embryo images have acquired such controversial prominence that the model may engage us more strongly now than it did exhibition visitors around 1900.
For the Issue of Olympic Movement History in Georgia

For its geographical location Georgia represents the part of old cultural world situated on the border of two continents-Europe and Asia. Such location always provided Georgia’s cultural and agricultural promotion during its long history. As it is well-known, from VIII century of old era, on the south-east of the Black Sea and later on the east (Georgian today) coast Greek settlements appeared. First settlements were Sinopi, Pazisi, Gienosi, Dioskuria, etc. Greek settlements also appeared on the west and north coasts of the Black Sea in the VII-VI centuries of the old era. Greek settlements played an important role in the process of cultural-economic development of the Black sea population with the antique world. Keeping in mind the history of old Greece and Georgia’s military-political, economical and cultural relations, it should not be surprising that these relations revealed in sport life that made the basements of Olympic movement in Georgia.
Variations in Medical Oncology Utilization for Pancreatic Cancer Patients in Nova Scotia

Population studies have shown that only the minority of pancreatic cancer patients receive cancer directed therapy.  Primary aim of this study was to evaluate the referral rate for systemic chemotherapy, as a proxy for the quality of health care delivered to patients with pancreatic cancer in the province of Nova Scotia (Canada). The study population included a cohort of all patients older than 18 years of age who had the diagnosis of PC over a ten year period (April 1, 2001-March 31, 2011). Diagnostic codes of the International Classification of Disease for Oncology, 3rd edition were used to select patients with pancreatic cancer from the Nova Scotia Cancer Registry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess characteristics associated with the likelihood of receiving cancer directed therapy in the form of adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy.  A total of 1,161 patients were included with mean age of 72 years. Elixhauser comorbdity score >1 was present in 41% of the cohort with 31% of patients living in rural areas and 40% belonging to low income groups. Surgical therapy was performed in 11.7%. Among patients who underwent resection, 60% were referred to medical oncologists for adjuvant chemotherapy vs. 36% for patients who were not surgical candidates (P<0.0001). Medical oncology consultations were completed only in 46% of patients who underwent surgical therapy vs. 31% of patients who were not surgical candidates (P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis of factors associated with referral to medical oncology services were younger age and low comorbidity status.  In Nova Scotia, cancer directed therapy in the form of surgery or chemotherapy for PC is offered only to a minority of patients. Rates of cancer directed therapy may reflect appropriate considerations of patients' preferences and functional status, however, other factors, including physicians' attitudes, may play a significant role.
MAD: a flexible system for authoring mathematical documents

MAD (Mathematical Abstract Document) is a document preparation system integrated with MAPLE. MAD provides a simplified model for describing a collection of logically structured documents with mathematical content. MAD also provides routines for manipulating the data structure that represents such documents and for exporting this data structure into standard formats, such as IbTEEX, PostScript, PDF and HTML. Integrating MAD into a computer algebra system such as MAPLE brings the following original features: 1) the automation of the computation and of the typesetting of mathematical formulae, graphs and tables; 2) the automation of the building of documents thanks to the underlying programming language. The system MAD was created in order to generate the interface of the Encyclopedia of Special Functions (ESF, h t t p : / / a 1 go . i n r i a . f r / e s f) . The ESF is an automatically generated encyclopedia, where all mathematical formulae and graphs are computed by generic algorithms. The ESF can be compared up to some extent with the Abramowitz and Stegun's Handbook of Mathematical Functions  and the DLMF project 2. This kind of mathematical document sets the following requirements for it to be easily used: pretty display (human readable format) and semantics (machine understandable format) of the mathematical formulae, cross references for browsing and quoting, paper version in several formats. The system MAD is designed to automate the edition and the production of such mathematical documents.
Cartografía textual de Ambrosio O ́Higgins. La valoración geográfica del reino de Chile en su proyecto de 1767

In 1767 Ambrosio O Higgins wrote a Project title “Description of the realm of Chile. Its products, commerce and people. Considerations towards its current state, and some dispositions regarding the reduction of the heathen Indians and the overtaking of his Majesty domains”. In this document, O Higgins describes a textual cartography about the resources, prospects and territorial threats to the colony of Chile. In his discourse, O Higgins integrates and classifies the geographic elements regarding their economic and geostrategic utility. The main aim of the article is to analyze O’Higgins’ representation and interpretation of the colonial Chilean territory, and to understand how the elements of the Enlightenment helped to build these representations. It is argued that O Higgins used the rhetoric of progress to describe and represent the Chilean landscape, building a new discourse by taking the traditional elements of the colonial geographic discourse, with the new narrative of the Enlightenment thought, in order to promote the security and Hispanic imperial sovereignty towards the south of the American continent. To complete this task, O Higgins proposes a course of action to control the territories of Araucania, Patagonia and the South Pacific sea. The analysis of the document will enlighten the way in which O Higgins builds a narrative that focuses on the relevance of Chile in terms of its geographical and strategic value. Building on these ideas, the article proposes that geography and the development of the geographical thought were more significant in the Hispanic American illustration of what has hitherto been recognized by the historiography.  Geography, territory, Enlightenment, Chile, pro- ject.