nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny of Gymnosperms: Fact and Fiction.

A review of the phylogeny of the Gymnosperms, in particular the families of Coniferales; e.g. Pinaceae including the genera Pinus and Abies. In order not to mislead readers, who are not trained cladists, only a very few cladograms are shown. Originally the author reconstructed some molecular genetic cladograms (not published) in 1999 based on the rbcL, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA genesequences from the GenBank. This paper from 2001 is based on the cladograms from 1999 together with almost all other investigations done by other scientists concerning the subject. As a result of this new material, the root of Gnetales in the 2001 edition is placed near Coniferales (but probably not inside it), whereas in the 1999 edition Gnetales was placed as a sistergroup to the Angiosperms (and not together with the other Gymnosperms), due to the cladograms of rbcL and 28S rRNA. Ordinary chemical evidence has not helped to solve any problems, while the flavour of the essential oils in the conifer-needles (estimated by biting in the needles) supports the found family relations rather good.
Hayek, social science, and politics: Reply to hill and Friedman

Hayek's case for the limits of economic agents’ knowledge does not, as Greg Hill seems to suggest, imply that government should be in the business of engaging in countercyclical fiscal policy or paternalistic corrections of people's pursuit of “imaginary goods.” In the latter case, markets have corrective learning mechanisms for consumer mistakes. In the former, public‐choice and public‐ignorance problems plague government efforts to correct the business cycle. The problem of public ignorance is, in turn, Jeffrey Friedman's topic, but he is unfair in condemning Hayek's abandonment of this problem in order to develop his thesis that a “planning mentality” was the source of the leftist ideas with which Hayek disagreed. Hayek was confronted by widely popular planning schemes that were endorsed by a great many of his colleagues, who were not ignorant of economics.
UNIFORMLY REFLEXIVE STRUCTURES: ON THE NATURE OF GODELIZATIONS AND RELATIVE COMPUTABILITY

In this paper we present an axiomatic theory within which much of the theory of computability can be developed in an abstract manner. The paper is based on the axiomatically defined concept of a Uniformly Reflexive Structure (U.R.S.). The axioms are chosen so as to capture what we view to be the essential properties of a "godelization" of a set of functions on arbitrary infinite domain. It can be shown that (with a "standard g6delization") both the partial recursive functions and the meta-recursive functions satisfy the axioms of U.R.S. In the first part of this paper, we define U.R.S. and develop the basic working theorems of the subject (e.g., analogues of the Kleene recursion theorems). The greater part of the paper is concerned with applying these basic results to (1) investigating the properties of godelizations, and (2) developing an intrinsic theory of relative com- putability. The notion of relative computability which we develop is equivalent to Turing reducibility when applied to the partial recursive functions. Applied to appropriate U.R.S. on arbitrary domains, it provides an upper-semi-lattice ordering on the set of all functions (both total and partial) on that domain. 0.  In this paper we present the axioms of an abstract theory of computability (the theory of Uniformly Reflexive Structures) and employ it to establish a number of general results on godelizations and to develop an intrinsic approach to the study of relative computability. To a first approximation, a Uniformly Reflexive Structure (a U.R.S.) is a set of functions on an arbitrary infinite domain together with a special indexing of the functions by elements of the domain. We call these indexings g6delizations; this terminology is apt in that the partial recursive functions with a "standard g6deli- zation" (such as given by Davis (1)) form a U.R.S. For each element u of the domain, the indexing gives us a 1-ary function denoted
Abstract 149: Identifying the Psychosocial Needs of New Stroke Patients: A Retrospective Chart Review of Stroke Patients with Previous Psychiatric Diagnosis

The patient experience for a newly diagnosed stroke patient can be psychologically devastating. Limited research exists on stroke patients with pre-existing psychiatric conditions, including implications on quality of life, outcomes, readmissions, compliance and utilization of resources. The majority of the research focuses on depression post stroke diagnosis or discharge. Stroke patients are known to be vulnerable to psychological issues after a stroke diagnosis. However, we are limited in understanding how the hospital experience is for new stroke patients with preexisting psychiatric illness including: whether or not sufficient support is being provided during their hospital admission; is the underlying psychiatric illness preventing them from meeting functional milestones; and are they prepared for discharge?  The study design is a retrospective chart review of newly diagnosed stroke patients with a previous psychiatric diagnosis admitted between January to June 2018. Data on soc...
Rehabilitation: Balance Between the Interests of Creditors and the Debtor

The article deals with the problems associated with the procedure of financial recovery of the enterprises in Republic of Kazakhstan. In the article, in a rather severe form, basing on the reliability of the facts the reasons why business entities do not consider the current procedures of rehabilitation as an effective mechanism to restore the solvency of enterprises-debtors. Quite rightly, the author expresses doubts about the efficiency of the existing rehabilitation procedures, its effectiveness in overcoming by businesses the temporary financial difficulties. At the same time he recommends rather elaborate way of building a new system for the businesses' to improve based on all prevailing international approaches. Building such a system should be aimed at transparency, effectiveness of the procedures of financial improvement of the enterprises and ensuring the confidence of the business entities in solving temporary financial problems.
On the convergence of the Weiszfeld algorithm

In this work we analyze the paper “Brimberg, J. (1995): The Fermat-Weber location problem revisited. ” which claims to close the question on the conjecture posed by Chandrasekaran and Tamir in 1989 on the convergence of the Weiszfeld algorithm. Some counterexamples are shown to the proofs showed in Brimberg’s paper.
Creative labour in Shanghai: Questions on politics, composition and ambivalence

This article introduces and opens discussion on some of the conditions and ambivalences encountered by the rising creative workforce in Shanghai, through engagement with theories of immaterial labour. Drawing from conversations with several Chinese creative workers, the text aims to provoke thought on the potential for political organisation and resistance within fractalised creative sectors mobilised by high levels of innovation, entrepreneurialism, competition and aspiration. By focusing on processes of subjectivation and desire, it calls for considerations of what might constitute political registers in the Shanghainese creative fields.
Characteristics of metal-gate metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitor with ZrN capping layer fabricated by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering

Metal-gate Al/TiN/ZrN/ZrO 2 /p-Si metal-insulator-semiconductor structures were fabricated. Epitaxial crystallization of a high-k ZrO 2 thin-film was induced by conventional direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) or high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) to enable the subsequent deposition of a ZrN capping layer on it. The HIPIMS-deposited ZrN samples have more favorable physicochemical and capacitance-voltage characteristics than DCMS- deposited ZrN samples. The insufficient power density and the ionization rate of the sputtered metallic atoms during ZrN thin film deposition may cause the (111) planes of t-ZrO 2 to disappear in samples with DCMS-deposited ZrN thin films. The more crystalline texture and higher interface trap density arise from the formation of silicate in the ZrO 2 films that is induced by the low pulse duration ratio under the applied target power of 500 W, which corresponds to a high peak power density in the HIPIMS system. HIPIMS samples with a higher pulse duration exhibit greater hysteresis, strongly suggesting that the structural defects, such as oxygen vacancies in ZrO 2 films, not only influence the crystallographic texture of ZrO 2 films but also degrade the hysteretic characteristics.
Studies on the reactions of selenite ion with 1,2-dimercaptoethane or thioacetic acid

The reactions are reported between selenite and 1,2-dimercaptoethane (DME) or thioacetic acid (TAA) to form moderately stable derivatives having an enhanced absorptions in the 230–360 nm region in combining molar ratios 3:2 and 4:1, respectively. Both reactions invariably yield one product corresponding to the selenium-containing derivative of DME or TAA. The formation of products is a pH dependent process. The equilibrium constants of reactions between selenite and DME or TAA were measured.
Socio-cognitive differences between Moffitt's taxonomy of life-course persistent and adolescent-limited offenders.

The study‟s findings support the hypothesis that Moffitt‟s taxonomy of life-course and adolescent-limited delinquents applies in a Black, developing, semi rural population in South Africa, using a qualitative life-story research design. While the research design did not allow for conclusive proof of early psychoneurological deficits, difficult temperament and conduct disorders, features in the infant and childhood phases of the lifecourse offender, support for Moffitt‟s taxonomy arose from many other sources. These were the earlier onset and more violent antisocial behaviour, poorer school performance and peer relationships, greater impulsivity, ineffective goal setting, retarded moral development and lower social esteem of the life-course, relative to the adolescent-limited, offender research groups. Group cognitive difference found by Moffitt did not emerge. Suggestions for a local South African pilot intervention based on Moffitt‟s principles were made. ________________________________
From classical to quantum mechanics through optics

In this paper, we revise the main aspects of the 'Hamiltonian analogy': the fact that optical paths are completely analogous to mechanical trajectories. We follow Schrodinger's original idea and go beyond this analogy by changing over from the Hamilton's principal function S to the wavefunction Ψ. We thus travel from classical to quantum mechanics using optics as a guide. Unfortunately, and despite its mathematical beauty and simplicity, the connection between classical and quantum mechanics through optics is nowadays hardly known and mostly ignored in university education. The present work tries to fill this gap.
Relativistic formalism for computation of irrotational binary stars in quasiequilibrium states

We present relativistic hydrostatic equations for obtaining irrotational binary neutron stars in quasiequilibrium states in the $3+1$ formalism. The equations derived here are different from those previously given by Bonazzola, Gourgoulhon, and Marck, and have a simpler and more tractable form for computation in numerical relativity. We also present hydrostatic equations for computation of equilibrium irrotational binary stars in the first post-Newtonian order.
A High-Temperature Engineering Ceramic (Si3N4) by Powder Metallurgical Methods

Silicon nitride has become a major structural ceramic material in the past decade. One form of this material, referred to as reaction-bonded silicon nitride, is of particular interest because it permits the production of ceramic components requiring little or not machining. The review discusses the application of powder metallurgical techniques to the fabrication of reaction- bonded silicon nitride, the nitridation process, and resultant properties.
Effect of silicon on damping capacities of pure magnesium and magnesium alloys

A new idea of using a stiffer metallic compound Mg 2 Si to enhance the damping capacities of pure magnesium and its alloys is successfully attempted. The present paper focuses on the relation between damping capacities and the addition amount of Si. The results show that damping capacities increase with increasing amount of Si. Particular emphasis is placed on the increasing dislocation density around matrix–particulate interface and the refinement of grain size promoted by big growth restriction factor of Si.
A uniform approach to constraint-solving for lists, multisets, compact lists, and sets

Lists, multisets, and sets are well-known data structures whose usefulness is widely recognized in various areas of computer science. They have been analyzed from an axiomatic point of view with a parametric approach in Dovier et al. [1998], where the relevant unification algorithms have been developed. In this article, we extend these results considering more general constraints, namely, equality and membership constraints and their negative counterparts.
Geo-Bibliometric Mapping of French Geography: An Examination of Geography Dissertations Produced in France.

French geography dissertations for the years 1985–2002 were examined for their salient characteristics in terms of degree production, dissertation type, institutional affiliation, and geographical reach. These dissertations offer a rich base of research conducted in a country known for its innovative geographical research and tradition. Particular strengths and trends were discerned and concentrations of institutional base and activity established. This study can serve as a template for other national research traditions and disciplines, and is especially useful for library science and those interested in characteristics of literature studies.
The first suicides: a legacy inherited by parasitic protozoans from prokaryote ancestors

It is more than 25 years since the first report that a protozoan parasite could die by a process resulting in a morphological phenotype akin to apoptosis. Since then these phenotypes have been observed in many unicellular parasites, including trypanosomatids and apicomplexans, and experimental evidence concerning the molecular pathways that are involved is growing. These observations support the view that this form of programmed cell death is an ancient one that predates the evolution of multicellularity. Here we review various hypotheses that attempt to explain the origin of apoptosis, and look for support for these hypotheses amongst the parasitic protists as, with the exception of yeast, most of the work on death mechanisms in unicellular organisms has focussed on them. We examine the role that addiction modules may have played in the original eukaryote cell and the part played by mitochondria in the execution of present day cells, looking for examples from Leishmania spp. Trypanosoma spp. and Plasmodium spp. In addition, the expanding knowledge of proteases, nucleases and other molecules acting in protist execution pathways has enabled comparisons to be made with extant Archaea and bacteria and with biochemical pathways that evolved in metazoans. These comparisons lend support to the original sin hypothesis but also suggest that present-day death pathways may have had multifaceted beginnings.
A Haefliger style description of the embedding calculus tower

Let M and N be smooth manifolds. The calculus of embeddings produces, for every k ?1, a best degree 6k polynomial approximation to the cofunctor taking an open V ! M to the space of embeddings from V to N. In this paper, a description of these polynomial approximations in terms of equivariant mapping spaces is given, for k ?2. The description is new only for k ?3. In the case k =2 we recover Hae! iger’s approximation and the known result that it is the best degree 62 approximation. ? 2002
Classical scalar elds and the generalized second law

It has been shown that classical non-minimally coupled scalar fields can violate all of the standard energy conditions in general relativity. Violations of the null and averaged null energy conditions obtainable with such fields have been suggested as possible exotic matter candidates required for the maintenance of traversable wormholes. In this paper, we explore the possibility that if such fields exist, they might be used to produce large negative energy fluxes and macroscopic violations of the generalized second law (GSL) of thermodynamics. We find that it appears to be very easy to produce large magnitude negative energy fluxes in flat spacetime. However we also find, somewhat surprisingly, that these same types of fluxes injected into a black hole do not produce violations of the GSL. This is true even in cases where the flux results in a decrease in the area of the horizon. We demonstrate that two effects are responsible for the rescue of the GSL: the acausal behavior of the horizon and the modification of the usual black hole entropy formula by an additional term which depends on the scalar field.
CuCl2-Mediated Hydroxylation of 2,3-Dimethyl-5-hydroxy-6-aminopyrimidine-4(3H)-one with Molecular Oxygen in Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Solutions

The catalytic hydroxylation of 2,3-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-6-aminopyrimidine-4(3H)-one in an aqueous solution in the presence of copper(II) ions and oxygen proceeds with the formation of 2,3-dimethyl-5,5,6-trihydroxy-6-aminopyrimidine-4-(3H)-one.
The Politics of Sustainability: Philosophical perspectives

Determinants of non-sustainable behavior 1. Climate change and motivation: The obstacle from conflicting perspectives Karsten Klint Jensen 2. The liberal tragedy of the commons: The deficiency of democracy in changing climate Ivo Wallimann-Helmer 3. Limitations to democratic governance of natural resources May Thorseth 4. Bernward Gesang: Is democracy an obstacle to ecological change? 2 Aspects of transition 5. Climate justice in the straitjacket of feasibility Dominic Roser 6. Climate justice, motivation and harm Kerri Woods 7. First things first: fight moral corruption! Roland Mees 8. Ideology and practice of the 'Green Economy' - world views shaping science and politics Joachim H. Spangenberg Part 3 Pathways to sustainability 9. Dieter Birnbacher: Some moral pragmatics of climate change 10. Libertarian Paternalism, sustainable self-binding and bounded freedom Ludger Heidbrink 11. The 'missing link'. Polarization and the need for 'trial by jury' procedures Adrian-Paul Iliescu 12. Parliaments and future generations - the Four-Power-Model Jorg Tremmel
Cash and the Counter: Capabilities and Preferences in the Demand for Banking Technologies

The main argument of this paper is that consumption and demand, like production, are discovery processes guided by trial-and-error and learning by consuming. The key question that is addressed is: how do consumers deal with innovation? By bringing together a number of threads within the innovation literature my claim is that consumers, akin to firms, follow routines that shape their consumption bundle, conceived here as an ensemble of activities rather than a bunch of goods. The analysis developed in the paper takes a very specific angle by elaborating on empirical evidence on the patterns of use of retail payment services in the United Kingdom to appreciate how consumption and demand can be shaped by the intertwined evolution of capabilities and preferences.
Market Power in Macroeconomic Models: New Developments

Earlier work on the market-power foundations of macroeconomics (see Silvestre, Journal of Economic Literature, 1993) adopted static or temporary equilibrium models. This paper surveys the more recent litterature, which is explicitly dynamic (models of overlapping generations, equilibrium fluctuations or neoclassical growth). The issues discussed include: (a) unemployment at low wages; (b) redistributive policies: (c) public expenditures (d) partial wage indexation, and (e) the equilibrium analysis of economic fluctuations.
Integrating Text Plans for Conciseness and Coherence

Our experience with a critiquing system shows that when the system detects problems with the user's performance, multiple critiques are often produced. Analysis of a corpus of actual critiques revealed that even though each individual critique is concise and coherent, the set of critiques as a whole may exhibit several problems that detract from conciseness and coherence, and consequently assimilation. Thus a text planner was needed that could integrate the text plans for individual communicative goals to produce an overall text plan representing a concise, coherent message. 
This paper presents our general rule-based system for accomplishing this task. The system takes as input a \emph{set} of individual text plans represented as RST-style trees, and produces a smaller set of more complex trees representing integrated messages that still achieve the multiple communicative goals of the individual text plans. Domain-independent rules are used to capture strategies across domains, while the facility for addition of domain-dependent rules enables the system to be tuned to the requirements of a particular domain. The system has been tested on a corpus of critiques in the domain of trauma care.
Probing the Brans-Dicke gravitational field by Cherenkov radiation

The possibility that a charged particle propagating in a gravitational field described by Brans-Dicke theory of gravity could emit Cherenkov radiation is explored. This process is kinematically allowed depending on parameters occurring in the theory. The Cherenkov effect disappears as the BD parameter ω → ∞, i.e. in the limit in which the Einstein theory is recovered, giving a strong signature to probe the validity of the Brans-Dicke theory.
The Hare Krishna's Transformation of Space in West Virginia

This study examines the transformative process of turning unordered space into cosmos, or place imbued with meaning. Through integration of specific physical qualities of a particular location into a traditional Hindu perspective of a sacred place and by performance of symbolic acts such as meditation, worship, founding and settling a site and the building of Prabhupada's Palace of Gold, the Hare Krishna have established a temple-oriented spiritual commune on a West Virginia landscape.
Globalisation, knowledge and the myth of the magnet economy

This article examines the dominant view of the changing relationship between education, jobs and rewards in the global knowledge economy. This asserts that the developed economies can resolve issues of individual aspirations, economic efficiency and social justice through the creation of a high‐skills, high‐wage ‘magnet’ economy. Here the authors examine four of the key dimensions of this account and argue that while there has been a fundamental change in the relationship between education, economy and society, their conclusions are far removed from the assumptions that currently inform public and policy debates.
e-Justice Implementation at a National Scale: The Ugandan Case

The use of information and communications technologies has been identified as one of the means suitable for supplementing the various reforms in convalescing the performance of the justice sector. The Government of Uganda has made strides in the implementation of e-Government to effectively utilize information and communications technologies in governance. The justice players are manifested in a justice, law and order sector which is based on the the Sector Wide Approach whose basic principle is that communication, cooperation and coordination between institutions can greatly add value to service delivery within a sector. Although a subset of e-Government, e-Justice aims at improving service delivery and collaboration between all justice players through the use of ICTs and needs to be spear-headed at a sector level. This work proposes ways of harnessing the existing opportunities and methods to implement e-Justice in Uganda that will culminate into a generic framework that can be applied in similar countries.