nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fraud Deterrence in Dynamic Mirrleesian Economies

Social and private insurance schemes rely on legal action to deter fraud and tax evasion. This observation guides the authors to introduce a random state verification technology in a dynamic economy with private information. With some probability, an agent's skill level becomes known to the planner, who prescribes a punishment if the agent is caught misreporting. The authors show how deferring consumption can ease the provision of incentives. As a result, the marginal benefit may be below the marginal cost of investment in the constrained-efficient allocation, suggesting a subsidy on savings. They characterize conditions such that the intertemporal wedge is negative in finite horizon economies. In an infinite horizon economy, the authors find that the constrained-efficient allocation converges to a high level of consumption, full insurance, and no labor distortions for any probability of state verification.
A proof for the Blair-Hager-Johnson theorem on absolute $z$-embedding

In this paper, a simple proof is given for the following theorem due to Blair [7], Blair-Hager  and Hager-Johnson  A Tychonoff space X is z-embedded in every larger Tychonoff space if and only if X is almost compact or Lindelöf. We also give a simple proof of a recent theorem of Bella-Yaschenko  on absolute embeddings.
Supporting Sales Representatives on the Move: A Study of the Information Needs of Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives

The purpose of the current study is to understand the nature of the challenges that sales representatives face as a result of operating within a highly mobile and heterogeneous work environment. The paper also focuses on how the sales representatives manage their information needs and discusses the properties of mobile support systems that would enable them to work effectively despite their being extensively mobile. This is achieved through a case study involving the sales representatives of a medium-sized pharmaceutical company
String-like behaviour of 4d SU(3) Yang-Mills flux tubes

We present here results on the fine structure of the static q potential in d = 4 SU(3) Yang-Mills theory. The potential is obtained from Polyakov loop correlators having separations between 0.3 and 1.2 fermi. Measurements were carried out on lattices of spatial extents of about 4 and 5.4 fermi. The temporal extent was 5.4 fermi in both cases. The results are analyzed in terms of the force between a q pair as well as in terms of a scaled second derivative of the potential. The data is accurate enough to distinguish between different effective string models and it seems to favour the expression for ground state energy of a Nambu-Goto string.
Hutcheson's Theological Objection to Egoism

Francis Hutcheson's objections to psychological egoism usually appeal to experience or introspection. However, at least one of them is theological: It includes premises of a religious kind, such as that God rewards the virtuous. This objection invites interpretive and philosophical questions, some of which may seem to highlight errors or shortcomings on Hutcheson's part. Also, to answer the questions is to point out important features of Hutcheson's objection and its intellectual context. And nowhere in the scholarship on Hutcheson do we find these questions addressed. This paper addresses them. A fact that emerges is that the apparent errors or shortcomings the questions may highlight are just that – apparent errors or shortcomings; in reality they are nothing of the kind.
Quantum effects in cosmology

A review of quantum effects in cosmology is given. The main emphasis is made on physical interpretations and possible observational consequences of the effects. The paper includes the following sections: 1.  The present state of the Universe. 2. What can we expect from a complete cosmological theory? 3. An overview of quantum effects in cosmology. 4. Parametric (superadiabatic) amplification of classical waves. 5. Graviton creation in the inflationary universe. 6. Quantum states of a harmonic oscillator. 7. Squeezed quantum states of relic gravitons and primordial density perturbations. 8. Quantum cosmology, minisuperspace models and inflation. 9. From the space of classical solutions to the space of wavefunctions. 10. On the probability of quantum tunneling from 'nothing'. 11. Duration of inflation and possible remnants of the preinflationary Universe. 12. Relic gravitons and the birth of the Universe.
A Marxist precursor of energy economics: Podolinsky

This article reviews some recent work on the energy analysis of agriculture, which shows that the efficiency of ‘modern’ agriculture is inferior to that of ‘traditional’ agriculture. We consider one of the first examples of energy accounting in agriculture (published by Sergei Podolinsky one hundred years ago), and we evaluate Engels’ reaction to it, in correspondence with Marx. This article is, then, an attempt to explore whether energy analysis can be fitted into the Marxist framework, and our conclusion is that Marxism would have to be much revised since there are epistemological obstacles (the use of categories from Political Economy, such as ‘production’, ‘labour‐value’, ‘capital') and ideological obstacles (the vision of a two‐stage transition to communist abundance and equality). Although some Marxist anthropologists have used energy analysis, most Marxist economic historians and economists have not, i. e. they have not looked critically at the notion of ‘development of productive forces’. We trace...
Syntax diagrams for ISO Pascal standard

For use in a local Pascal course we have produced a new set of syntax diagrams which correspond closely to the draft proposal. They form the core of this short note. The new diagrams have been produced mechanically from a text written in some input language, using a Pascal program to compute size and relative position of all component subdiagrams. Consequently, the resulting diagrams are rather systematic and structured, with a strict and fixed meaning attached to the horizontal and the vertical direction, at the risk of loosing artisticity and homogeneity in external shape.
A Research on the Oceanic Environmental Elements for Site Selection of Coastal Heavy Chemical Industry:A Case Study of Quanhui Petro-Chemical Industrial Zone

The major oceanic environmental elements are proposed in this article for site selection of the coastal heavy chemical projects,taking into consideration the carrying capacity of the oceanic natural resources,environmental constraints and compatibility with the relative plans.In this way,the bottlenecks of oceanic resources and ecological constraints could be overcome,so that a win-win development could be realized.The economy could be developed in a sustainable way.
Emergence of Political Unionism in Economies of British Colonial Origin: The Cases of Jamaica and Trinidad

What were the circumstances under which political unionism has emerged in economies of British colonial origin, such as Jamaica and Trinidad? The hypothesis tested is that the political activities of trade unions in such economies played a role in the process of economic development, helping to achieve political independence and then economic growth. But at that stage political unionism is found to be incompatible with needed acceleration of growth rates. A significant deterioration in economic and social conditions produced a crisis and the unions traded support for the parties for some control over economic and social policy. This gave the political leaders the power they needed to negotiate for independence but, in Jamaica, it changed the focus and character of the labor movement.
Vue de Sydney 1840: Etudes De Voyages

The translation of a historical document, despite its several factual errors, the concertining and amalgam of separate historical events, and the purely fictitious and melodramatic elements, does manage to convey the point well that Sydney, by the early 1840s, was much more than a penal colony and military garrison or outpost of the British Empire. Sydney was clearly seen by the original French author Berthoud, as having developed its own identity in the South Seas. This translation provides a vividly interesting description of Sydney from a French perspective, and it demonstrates how British imperial history could be widely viewed in France in the mid-nineteenth century.
First-Principle study of H 2 adsorption on LaFeO 3 (110) surface

The adsorption of H2 molecule on LaFeO3(110) surface was studied by first-principle calculations. Based on the adsorption sites, adsorption energies, and electronic structures, it can be found that one H atom can be adsorbed on O atom and form -OH with the O atom, which is the most stable structure. One H atom can be adsorbed on one Fe atom, which makes Fe3+ turn to Fe2+. Two H atoms can form H2O molecule with O atom, which makes it possible to form oxygen vacancy on the surface.
Engineering drawings: engineers as visual technicians

In the nineteenth century mechanical drawings presented some of the most distinctive and widespread visual statements of the ‘machine dreams’ of industrialization. Distinctive styles of engineering drawing, well known from the work of various celebrated figures such as John Smeaton or James Watt, emerged within the period of ‘industrial enlightenment’ around 1800. Engineers developed various spheres of operation: in the two-dimensional world of paper where they presented ‘engineering’ in texts and images, as well as in the three-dimensional world of material structures, professional rivalry, and factory organization. Machine drawing displayed new and specific professional skills that were clearly separated from artistic and even design practices. 
 
The NMS, founded as the Industrial Museum of Scotland in 1857, was specifically conceived by its first Director George Wilson as ‘a castle stored with the ammunition and weapons of commercial warfare’. Wilson valued his stores of drawing equipment, for as he explained, all kinds of drawing instruments, from lowly pens, pencils and brushes through to untested newly invented devices were important weapons in the armoury of ‘Dynamical Industrial Art’. 
 
In this lecture, I aim to introduce various distinctive aspects of engineering drawing. Firstly I will discuss how engineers used drawing as a specialist means of communication to acquire, consolidate and defend their professional status in the nineteenth century, with close focus on the interaction of styles, materials and means of mark making. Second, through a consideration of the development of blueprinting, I will discuss the contractual and archival functions of engineering drawings. Finally, I will consider the changing relationship between engineers and draughtsmen as industrial workers during the nineteenth century and associated changes in the perceived status of engineering drawing that still reverberate in visual studies today.
De l'épargne longue à l'épargne retraite

In France, the distributive pensions’ reform, driven since twenty years, has led to a diminution of the pensions’ generosity. In parallel, the tax allowances have increased to promote the development of long-term savings, supposed to “complete” the distributive pensions. The institutionalization of these “pension savings” for the private sector employees has taken place since the middle of the 1990’s, mainly during the debates and the votes of the Thomas’ (1993-1997) and Fillon’s (2003) laws. These laws were promoted by bureaucratic, political and economical entrepreneurs of the long-term savings, who did not come from the social policy sector and who wanted to privatize the distributive pension systems in order to develop the French financial sector. Their success can be explained by their ability to politicize the long-term savings as pension savings and then to find non-financial agents who took the political responsibility to implement it. Created in and for the financial sector, where the distributive pension systems are not an issue, the pension saving systems have become a tool of the social policy, that progressively modifies the running of the French employees’ pension system.
Influence of order-disorder effects on the magnetic and optical properties of NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles

In this study, we focused on the influence of structural order-disorder effects on the magnetic and optical properties of single-phase nickel ferrite (NiFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles that, were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and subsequently calcined at 700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C for 120 min in ambient atmosphere. These results from X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles have an inverse spinel structure with high purity and crystallinity. The average particle size range between 12 nm and 42 nm depending on the calcination temperature. An analysis of the hysteresis loops revealed a ferromagnetic behavior with an increase in saturation magnetization to 13.2 emu/g from 8.2 emu/g at room temperature. At 7 K, the nanoparticles exhibited saturation magnetization of about 18.1–19.8 emu/g and change in crystallite size, as the calcination temperature increased. UV–vis diffuse spectra results showed an increase in the direct band gap in the range 1.35–1.43 eV, likely due to the increased crystallinity of the NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. Photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed a strong emission in the visible region, which can easily be attributed to the presence of structural disorders in the [FeO 6 ], [FeO 4 ], and [NiO 6 ] clusters of the NiFe 2 O 4 powders. Finally, it was found that these NiFe 2 O 4 powders as-prepared have oxygen atoms that occupy different positions and are highly disturbed in the NiFe 2 O 4 lattice. These findings provide insights into the magnetic and optical behavior of NiFe 2 O 4 spinel nanocrystals, with a significant emphasis on structural order-disorder effects, and help reveal the relationship between structure and properties at the atomic level.
IS THERE A ≪STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS≫ IN ECONOMICS?

In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions T. S. Kuhn argues that the history of the natural sciences has been marked by periodic crises, when the dominant ‘paradigm’ is challenged, rejected, and displaced by a new paradigm. Since the paradigm's functions are both regulative and cognitive, this process has sociological as well as purely epistcmological aspects. 
 
 
 
With the exception of the Keynesian revolution of the 1930's, there have been no phases of paradigm change in economics quite like those in the natural sciences. This is due mainly to the nature of economic paradigms (or ‘basic’ theories) which are less precise and less liable to falsification. ‘Critical anomalies’ and ‘crucial experiments’ do not arise in economics, as in the natural sciences; and yet the process of paradigm change may serve as an ideal type, which can be used to clarify the interrelationships between the terminological, conceptual, personal, and professional elements involved in the development of economic ideas, especially in such episodes as the emergence of classical (Ricardian) economics, the Methodenslreit, or the marginal utility revolution.
A Framework to Discover New Business Processes through Business Data Integration

It is common to see that many telecommunications businesses IT-ICT systems are hosted within large data-driven telecommunications business telecommunications companies such as Verizon, after merging with former competitive companies, such as MCI. To continue providing business services to all existing customers, after completing each business merger, most existing telecommunications business IT-ICT systems from each merged company remain the same. However, to win new and sustain current customer markets among such customer data-driven competitive companies, new and improved telecommunications business processes and services from the integrated company resulting from the merger are required. However, developing new telecommunications business processes and services on top of multiple existing telecommunications business IT-ICT systems is a challenge. In this paper, we introduce a new framework that can be used to develop customer data-driven telecommunications business IT-ICT systems on top of existing telecommunications business IT-ICT systems, supporting new business processes and services. Using this framework, the existing telecommunications business IT-ICT systems will be reused at a system level, instead of focusing on reusing processes or reusing source-codes, to support new business services. This framework also provides a simpler approach to integrate the existing telecommunications business IT-ICT systems.
Comparison of Agent-Based and Population-Based Simulations of Displacement of Crime

Within Criminology, the process of crime displacement is usually explained by referring to the interaction of three types of agents: criminals, passers-by, and guardians. Most existing simulation models of this process are agent-based. However, when the number of agents considered becomes large, population-based simulation has computational advantages over agent-based simulation. This paper presents both an agent-based and a population-based simulation model of crime displacement, and reports a comparative evaluation of the two models. In addition, an approach is put forward to analyse the behaviour of both models by means of formal techniques.
Oxygen sensing at high temperatures using Ga2O3 films

In this paper oxygen sensor based on gallium oxide thin films has been analyzed. The gallium oxide thin films were prepared by rf magnetron sputtering from a powder target using Ar as the sputtering gas. The sensing characteristics (stability, sensitivity and response time) of the oxygen sensor were investigated at 1000 °C. At high temperatures gallium oxide thin films behaves like an n-type semiconductor due to an oxygen deficit. The thin films obtained by this method have a higher electrical conductivity due to a higher oxygen vacancy concentration. Two sensors with different geometries were investigated, one using interdigital electrodes and one using a sandwich structure with a mesh type electrode on the top. Response times of about 14 s can be achieved for low oxygen concentrations using first type sensor and about 27 s for the second type. The mechanism of oxygen sensing in sputtered gallium oxide films is also discussed.
Quebec Winter Scene

And the snow trodden round the yard, Soiled with boots and fetched cordwood, Straw ravelled near the barnThe long snow of the fourfold land. At dusk, acres clamped cold, . Threshold and clearing everywhere white To the distant scribble of alders, across The frozen field railfence like a crazy Staff of music; sky only harvest Helps over, cold, the taste of tin Dipper a man drinks from, gulping, Sweat of snug barn-work a hazard Once out, door-to, headed for house.
Astronomical Tests of Relativity: Beyond Parameterized Post-Newtonian Formalism (PPN), to Testing Fundamental Principles

By the early 1970s, the improved accuracy of astrometric and time measurements enabled researchers not only to experimentally compare relativistic gravity with the Newtonian predictions, but also to compare difierent relativistic gravitational theories (e.g., the Brans-Dicke Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravitation). For this comparison, Kip Thorne and others developed the Parameterized Post-Newtonian Formalism (PPN), and derived the dependence of difierent astronomically observable efiects on the values of the corresponding parameters. Since then, all the observations have conflrmed General Relativity. In other words, the question of which relativistic gravitation theory is in the best accordance with the experiments has been largely settled. This does not mean that General Relativity is the flnal theory of gravitation: it needs to be reconciled with quantum physics (into quantum gravity), it may also need to be reconciled with numerous surprising cosmological observations, etc. It is, therefore, reasonable to prepare an extended version of the PPN formalism, that will enable us to test possible quantum-related modiflcations of General Relativity. In particular, we need to include the possibility of violating fundamental principles that un- derlie the PPN formalism but that may be violated in quantum physics, such as scale-invariance, T-invariance, P-invariance, energy conservation, spatial isotropy violations, etc. In this paper, we present the flrst attempt to design the corresponding extended PPN formalism, with the (partial) analysis of the relation between the corresponding fundamental physical principles.
Two-loop heavy top corrections to the b --> s gamma decay

We compute the two-loop corrections to the coefficient of the b --> s gamma magnetic penguin present in the limits of heavy top and/or heavy higgs. This kind of corrections affects in a significant way the observables measured at LEP. On the contrary we find that, due to a numerical accident, the correction to BR(B --> X_s gamma) is negligible (below the 1% level for any possible value of the higgs mass) when the leading order result is expressed in the usual way in terms of the semileptonic BR(B --> X_c \bar{e}\nu).
Type Theory and its Meaning Explanations

At the heart of intuitionistic type theory lies an intuitive semantics called the "meaning explanations"; crucially, when meaning explanations are taken as definitive for type theory, the core notion is no longer "proof" but "verification". We'll explore how type theories of this sort arise naturally as enrichments of logical theories with further judgements, and contrast this with modern proof-theoretic type theories which interpret the judgements and proofs of logics, not their propositions and verifications.
[Various aspects of public health system development under market economy].

Transfer from administrative methods of management to economic relationships in the public health system leads to reevaluation of the regularities in the development of the system of population health protection under conditions of marketing relations. The paper presents the logistic aspects of public health management under new conditions: positive and negative features in the development of medical insurance and offers a concept of introduction of a system of synchronous regulation of material, financial, and information streams in public health.
Interaction of Formal and Informal Financial Markets in Quasi-Emerging Market Economies

The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the interaction of formal and informal financial markets and their impact on economic activity in quasi-emerging market economies. Using a four-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with asymmetric information in the formal financial sector, we come up with three fundamental findings. First, we demonstrate that formal and informal financial sector loans are complementary in the aggregate, suggesting that an increase in the use of formal financial sector credit creates additional productive capacity that requires more informal financial sector credit to maintain equilibrium. Second, it is shown that interest rates in the formal and informal financial sectors do not always change together in the same direction. We demonstrate that in some instances, interest rates in the two sectors change in diametrically opposed directions with the implication that the informal financial sector may frustrate monetary policy, the extent of which depends on the size of the informal financial sector. Thus, the larger the size of the informal financial sector the lower the likely impact of monetary policy on economic activity. Third, the model shows that the risk factor (probability of success) for both high and low risk borrowers plays an important role in determining the magnitude by which macroeconomic indicators respond to shocks.