nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Origins of Menger’s thought in French liberal economists

Carl Menger, who became regarded as the founder of the Austrian School, did not only confront the German Historical School and criticize British Classical Political Economy, he also read the French Liberal economists. The link between Say and Menger has already been asserted, but on an intuitive basis. It seemed necessary to give substantial proof of its true extent, as well as to document it with proper archival work—that is done in the present article. Menger’s reading of other French authors: Count Pellegrino Rossi, who succeeded Say at the Collège de France, Michel Chevalier, a major name of the French Industrialization, Frédéric Bastiat, the famous defender of free-trade, is less known. It is also documented here, bringing to light first-hand material, mainly from the Menger Collection located in Japan, and the Perkins Library at Duke University. Thus are acknowledged the origins of Menger’s thought in French liberal economists.
Older type 2 diabetic patients are more likely to achieve glycaemic and cardiovascular risk factors targets than younger patients: analysis of a primary care database

Older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have differential characteristics compared with middle-aged or younger populations, and require tailored management of the disease.



To evaluate how clinical characteristics, degree of control of glycaemia and cardiovascular risk factors, presence of chronic complications and treatments differ between older T2DM patients and younger adults.



Cross-sectional study using data from a population-based electronic database. We retrieved data from 318,020 patients ≥ 30 years diagnosed with T2DM, attended during 2011 in primary care centres in Catalonia, Spain. We performed descriptive and comparative analyses stratified by gender and age subgroups: ≤ 65, 66-75, 76-85 and >85 years.



Both men and women across older age subgroups (> 65 years) had longer diabetes duration than younger adults (8.0 vs. 5.6 in men and 8.4 vs. 6.9 years in women; p < 0.001), but better glycaemic control (mean glycated haemoglobin 7.1 vs. 7.7 in men and 7.1 vs. 7.4 in women; p < 0.001), and better combined control of different cardiovascular risk factors (p < 0.001). Moreover, older patients were more likely to achieve glycaemic targets irrespective of having cardiovascular disease. The use of oral antidiabetics decreased with increasing age, and insulin in monotherapy was more frequently prescribed among patients in the older age subgroups. Diabetes-related complications were more frequent in men of all group ages. In the older age subgroups, patients of both sexes had a longer duration of T2DM but better glycaemic control. In this context, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy decreased unexpectedly with increasing age.



Control of glycaemia and cardiovascular risk factors was better among older T2DM patients. There is a need for prospective studies to quantify the weight of risk factors in each complication to adapt the therapeutic and care approaches in elderly people.
Commentary - The "Tar Baby" of Computing: Performance Analysis

It looks so easy. To find the speed of a computer, just take a job and time it. To compare two speeds, or try to establish speed in some type of universal unit, well…. Reporting performance is the “tar baby” of computing, and many authors and researchers have attacked this issue only to find themselves stuck in a mess of shaky logic and shakier assumptions. The more scientific one tries to be, the more difficult the problem is. Barr and Hickman have aimed their efforts at this issue, and have generated some thought-provoking ideas.
Sustainability Strategies in Industrial Practice

Sustainable product development (SPD) is a prerequisite to meet United Nations sustainable development goals (SDG). Manufacturing companies take on different strategies and ambitions in their sustainability approach. In a case study with four manufacturing companies; two automotive suppliers and two furniture companies, it is shed light on various strategies and practices for sustainability in industrial practice. The furniture companies have sustainability as a foundation for their business strategy and every day activities. On the other hand, the automotive suppliers obey regulations and their customers’ demands. One reason for different approaches is the companies place in the value chain. A company with the product focal brand is more likely to gain from sustainability strategies and actions.
Prejudice, war and the Constitution

During World War II, 110,000 citizens and resident aliens of Japanese ancestry were banished from their homes and confined behind barbed wire for two and a half years. This comprehensive work surveys the historical origins, political characteristics, and legal consequences of that calamitous episode. The authors describe the myths and suspicions about Orientals on the West Coast and trace the influence of racial bigotry in the evacuation and in the court cases growing out of it. A theory is advanced to account for the administrative and legal decisions which initiated and concluded this calamity. Finally, the authors analyze the principal constitutional issues involved in the evacuation and their implications for the future.
Tomorrow's computers

In April 1981 the Japanese government announced a long-range program to develop computing capabilities so advanced they would be of unrivaled usefulness in helping Japanese society prepare for the future. By the end of the decade or so, Japan proposed to extend the frontiers of computer science and engineering to the point where intelligent, superpowerful computers might be capable of serving as expert consultants to the government itself. The proposed applications would run the gamut from increasing productivity and conserving energy to providing medical, educational, and other social support.
Nonlinear ferroelectric and dielectric properties of bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3-PbTiO3 perovskite solid solutions

Polycrystalline samples of Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3-PbTiO3 (BMT-PT) solid solutions exhibit high ferroelectric Curie temperatures and are promising materials for high temperature piezoelectric devices. A morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between ferroelectric rhombohedral and tetragonal phases occurs between BMT-PT ratio of 70-30 and 65-35 compositions. In the present investigation, ceramics having BMT-PT ratios in the range from 70-30 to 50-50 were prepared by a conventional solid state reaction method. The change of crystal structure as a function of composition and temperature has been studied using high temperature X-ray diffraction. Polarisation-Electric field hysteresis curves at different temperatures show antiferroelectric behaviour for x = 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 compositions while 0.45 and 0.50 show a ferroelectric behavior.
Flame synthesis of MgO nanoparticles in a FASP Reactor

The purpose of this work is the development and control of a high temperature reactor for the production of engineered nanoparticles, taking advantage from our previous studies on combustion-generated fine carbonaceous particles. The reactor consists of a laminar premixed flame, homogenously doped with monodisperse droplets of metal precursors dissolved or dispersed in volatile solvents. The droplets are generated by a vibrating orifice aerosol generator, and injected directly into the burner. Fuel-lean and stoichiometric flames allow to produce pure metal oxide particles of nanometric sizes; by changing the flame stoichiometry to fuel-rich conditions, it is possible to obtain mixtures of metal oxide and carbonaceous nanoparticles. Particles are collected by thermophoresis inserting a cold substrate in the flame by means of a pneumatic actuator. Morphological and dimensional analysis are performed on the collected particles by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SEM and AFM allow inferring both qualitative and quantitative information on many physical properties including size, morphology, surface texture and roughness. Experimental results have been obtained from a premixed stoichiometric flame of ethylene and air, doped with 75 microns droplets of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in ethanol. Roughly monodisperse magnesium oxide particles, having a desired size ranging from 50 nm down to 4 nm, have been produced by altering the precursors concentration in the solution and the residence time of the synthesis process.
When the business of healthcare overshadows the value of academic faculty: A community's loss of a residency program.

gestion amount alone. Although reported overdose cases to date have presented only mild symptoms, it is not yet known if larger doses may increase the risk of severe consequences. Until more experiences of apixaban overdose cases are at hand, we recommend careful monitoring of such patients until coagulation tests have normalized. Still, these three cases illustrate a general benign course of acute ingestions similar to other anticoagulant ingestions.
On almost-sure versions of classical limit theorems for dynamical systems

The purpose of this article is to support the idea that “whenever we can prove a limit theorem in the classical sense for a dynamical system, we can prove a suitable almost-sure version based on an empirical measure with log-average”. We follow three different approaches: martingale methods, spectral methods and induction arguments. Our results apply, among others, to Axiom A maps or flows, to systems inducing a Gibbs–Markov map, and to the stadium billiard.
Dependence of the temperature of phase transformations and of the structure of heat-resistant nickel alloys on the heating temperature of melts

Conclusions1.The temperature of onset of crystallization of the melt, the dispersity of the dendritic and eutectic structure, the distribution of the alloying elements in the dendritic cells of heat-resistant nickel alloys are determined by the degree of supercooling of the melt which in its turn depends on the heating temperature of the melt prior to solidification.2.Heating of the melt to more than 1720°C brings about the maximal lowering of the temperature of onset of crystallization (for alloy 4 by 60°C) relative to the liquidus, and increased dispersity of the structure. Yet the temperature of complete dissolution of the γ′-phase in the solid solution and the solidus of alloys in the solid state do not change.3.When the melt interacts with the material of a ceramic mold, the heating of the melt prior to crystallization does not influence the characteristics of the structure of the alloy.
The SimilarQL framework: similarity queries in plain SQL

As the variety and complexity of collected data increases, also does the need to analyze them by similarity. However, current Database Management Systems (DBMS) do not provide effective support for similarity queries, and the research on the subject has, until now, provided only a limited support through tools that are not simple to be deployed nor maintained. Thus, what to do if you need to perform a quick exploratory analysis over your data, and must do it 'now'? In this paper we show how to use the readily available support from standard DBMS to target this issue, and present the simple, yet powerful SimilarQL framework, which provides a complete and flexible set of similarity query operators. It can be readily deployed over conventional DBMS, without depending on the bulk data structures and software systems required to handle long-term standing similarity queries. We present results from a real-world dataset regarding the query execution times using SimilarQL, and show that acceptable runtimes may be achieved, while intuitively and easily exploring complex data by similarity.
On the Economic Determinants of Free Trade Agreements

The purpose of this study is to provide the first systematic empirical analysis of the economic determinants of the formation of free trade agreements (FTAs) and of the likelihood of FTAs between pairs of countries using a qualitative choice model. We develop this econometric model based upon a general equilibrium theoretical model of world trade with two factors of production, two monopolistically-competitive product markets, and explicit intercontinental and intracontinental transportation costs among multiple countries on multiple continents. The empirical model correctly predicts, based solely upon economic characteristics, 83 percent of the 289 FTAs existing in 1996 among 1431 pairs of countries and 97 percent of the remaining 1142 pairs with no FTAs.
Triumphs and Challenges for the Industrial Application of Model- Oriented Formal Methods

The “lightweight formal methods” paradigm emphasises the use of abstract modelling as an aid to understanding and design of computer-based systems. It advocates careful targeting of formal methods technology on specific system parts or aspects, rather than large-scale application. The challenge of implementing the lightweight paradigm was taken up a decade ago by the community working with the Vienna Development Method (VDM), developing its semantics, tools and encouraging industry application. This paper reports industrial successes over that period, and identifies challenges for industrial formal methods application in the near future.  Verification and Validation (ISoLA 2006). By] J. S. Fitzgerald, P. G. Larsen. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne: Computing Science, 2007. (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Technical Report Series, No. CS-TR-999)
The Roman Poets of the Republic

Preface to the second edition 1. General characteristics of Roman poetry 2. Vestiges of indigenous poetry in Rome and ancient Italy 3. Beginning of Roman literature. Livius Andronicus, Cn. Naevius, 240-202 B.C. 4. Q. Ennius, 239-170 BC 4. Life, times, and personal traits. Various works. Genius and intellect 5. Early Roman tragedy. M. Pacuvius, 219-129 BC. L. Accius, 170-about 90 BC 6. Roman comedy. T. Maccius Plautus, about 254-184 BC 7. Terence and the comic poets subsequent to Plautus 8. Early Roman satire. C. Lucilius, died 102 BC 9. Review of the first period 10. Transition from Lucilius to Lucretius 11. Lucretius. Personal characteristics 12. The philosophy of Lucretius 13. The religious attitude and moral teaching of Lucretius 14. The literary art and genius of Lucretius 15. Catullus.
Unification of multi-lingual scientific terminological resources using the ISO 16642 standard. The TermSciences initiative

This paper presents the TermSciences portal , which deals with the implementation of a conceptual model that uses the recent ISO 16642 standard (Terminological Markup Framework). This standard turns out to be suitable for concept modeling since it allowed for organizing the original resources by concepts and to associate the various terms for a given concept. Additional structuring is produced by sharing conceptual relationships, that is, cross-linking of resource results through the introduction of semantic relations which may have initially be missing.
Nonstandard Models for a Fragment of the Arithmetic and Their Decision Problem

M := {X I x , z 2 o} , where 2 is the antilexicographical ordering in which the indeterminate u becomes infinitely small. (The variable x here also denotes elements of the model); the opera. tions +, are interpreted by the usual operations of addition and multiplication in z[[u]], sx and px are interpreted as x + 1 and x 1 respectively, o is the zero power series, and the operation x A y is defined by [r-y if x z y , otherwise.
Multidimensional extension of the Morse-Hedlund theorem

A celebrated result of Morse and Hedlund, stated in 1938, asserts that a sequence $x$ over a finite alphabet is ultimately periodic if and only if, for some $n$, the number of different factors of length $n$ appearing in $x$ is less than $n+1$. Attempts to extend this fundamental result, for example, to higher dimensions, have been considered during the last fifteen years. Let $d\ge 2$. A legitimate extension to a multidimensional setting of the notion of periodicity is to consider sets of $\ZZ^d$ definable by a first order formula in the Presburger arithmetic $ $. With this latter notion and using a powerful criterion due to Muchnik, we exhibit a complete extension of the Morse--Hedlund theorem to an arbitrary dimension $d$ and characterize sets of $\ZZ^d$ definable in $ $ in terms of some functions counting recurrent blocks, that is, blocks occurring infinitely often.
Networks of Political Poetry in a Trans-Channel Literary Triangle

in their 2001 collection of essays, The Literary Channel , Margaret Cohen and Carolyn Dever locate the origins of the novel in a trans-Channel literary zone, a space where French and British transcultural networks reflected on the imagined borders of the nation-state. Poetry too was embedded in such political and formal networks. During the mid-Victorian decades, a variety of poets harnessed nationally inflected lyric forms such as the French chanson and ballade, the quasi-Shakespearean dramatic monologue, and the italian improvvisazione and sonnet to triangulate French and British exchanges with the marginalized perspective of r isorgimento i taly. thus elizabeth Barrett Browning, informed by Germaine de Stael’s Corinne (1807), voices the spirit of Young italy in her Casa Guidi Windows (1851), while Arthur Hugh Clough puts Pierre-Jean Beranger’s lewd chansons in the mouth of the Spirit as he lures the pure-minded Dipsy chus to moral capitulation in the streets of post-revolutionary Venice (Dipsychus and the Spirit [1865]). An especially lively exchange took place in the early 1870s when Louis n apoleon, once the self-styled “saviour” of a politically gridlocked France (“Foreign intelligence”), was in his third and final exile in Britain
Influence of U.S. Cryptologic Organizations on the digital computer industry

The modern electronic digital computers, beginning with the successors to ENIAC, all benefited from U.S. government financial support in their infancy. Of all involvements by government agencies in early computer developments, perhaps least known was the major role played by the National Security Agency and its predecessor organizations. This story is told for the first time. The impact was felt not only in machines built for that agency, but several commercial models reflected some of the features originated by and for NSA. Also, fundamental engineering and materials investigations were supported, beginning in 1957, in a massive 5-year research program.
The english romantic closet: Women theatre artists, Joanna Baillie, and Basil

While revisionist studies of English Romantic drama began to proliferate after 1966,' they nevertheless tended in several directions that reinforced traditional perceptions of the era as antitheatrical and therefore less important to theatre historians: they highlighted the poetic over the performative element (and thus the aesthetic over the historical) in their discussion of closet plays; and they ignored women's contributions to the theatre and dramatic literature of the period. Addressing the former problem, scholars have recently investigated the historical contexts of Romantic drama to show how these plays respond to the era's political, cultural, and theatrical  One of these contexts is the performance history of particular closet plays, a study of which has helped undermine the closet/stage dichotomy used in the past to hinder appreciation of what Marilyn Gaull has called "the apparent necessity of theatrical experience" during the Romantic age (255). Anne K. Mellor's work is indispensable for addressing the second problem, the neglect of women theatre artists. Both. Romanticism and Feminism (1988) and Romanticism and Gender (1993) show how conceptions of the English Romantic period change when its texts are read from feminist perspectives.' The same is true for the period's theatre and drama. Once we begin to look at the issues raised by women associated with early—nineteenth-century London theatre and how their ideas were framed in relation to these writers' gendered position on public and private stages, then other scenes appear that reveal the era's astonishing theatricality. The lens of gender brings into crisp focus the contours of the Romantic stage. For instance, the closet play comes into view as a genre especially well suited for providing women with a forum for dramatic experimentation within the privacy of their homes, just as the late-eighteenth-century private theatrical underscored (and capitalized upon) the theatricality of domestic life by giving women unusually intensive experiences in playwrighting, stage management, and acting/ Read in the
The development of clinical psychology in the Republic of Ireland

Although psychology has only recently become an independent field of study in Ireland, 
scholarship in the subject can be traced back to the early Christian era when philosophical 
studies flourished in Irish centres of learning (Brady, 1990; Brady & McLoone, 1992; Brock, 
2012; McKenna, 1986). In Ireland, as in Britain and elsewhere, psychology was seen as a 
philosophical discipline for many years. The word psychology first appeared in the title of an 
Irish academic post in 1909 when a Chair of Logic and Psychology was instituted at 
University College Dublin (UCD) in the newly-founded National University of Ireland.
SnOx obtaining by thermal oxidation of nanoscale tin films in the air and its characterization

Nanocrystalline films of metal tin with a thickness of 30, 100 nm were annealed in the air for 1 h at constant temperatures varying from 170 to 750 °C. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure experimental data show the dependence of phase composition not only on the temperature of treatment but also on the thickness of initial metal layer. Optical investigations of absorption show a considerable dependence of position of the fundamental edges on the thickness of the films. The observed maxima of absorption at ∼ 3.6 eV are related with the defect states, mainly, with oxygen vacancies of non-stoichiometric oxide.
Deep Predictive Coding Networks for Video Prediction and Unsupervised Learning

While great strides have been made in using deep learning algorithms to solve supervised learning tasks, the problem of unsupervised learning - leveraging unlabeled examples to learn about the structure of a domain - remains a difficult unsolved challenge. Here, we explore prediction of future frames in a video sequence as an unsupervised learning rule for learning about the structure of the visual world. We describe a predictive neural network ("PredNet") architecture that is inspired by the concept of "predictive coding" from the neuroscience literature. These networks learn to predict future frames in a video sequence, with each layer in the network making local predictions and only forwarding deviations from those predictions to subsequent network layers. We show that these networks are able to robustly learn to predict the movement of synthetic (rendered) objects, and that in doing so, the networks learn internal representations that are useful for decoding latent object parameters (e.g. pose) that support object recognition with fewer training views. We also show that these networks can scale to complex natural image streams (car-mounted camera videos), capturing key aspects of both egocentric movement and the movement of objects in the visual scene, and the representation learned in this setting is useful for estimating the steering angle. These results suggest that prediction represents a powerful framework for unsupervised learning, allowing for implicit learning of object and scene structure.