nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Introducing Proofs of a Program's Termination in an Undergraduate Software Engineering Course

The author made the first attempt to introduce proofs of program correctness in an undergraduate software engineering course in Fall 2005 at the author's university. The author also noticed that existing textbooks might cover Hoare's axioms for proving partial correctness of program without touching proofs of program terminations. In this paper, we are presenting a method for proving a program's termination. After Hoare's axioms are applied to a program, the method can be applied to the program to show whether the program terminates successfully with correct outputs. Different techniques for proving program terminations in terms of different loop structures are also discussed. With the introduction of proofs of program terminations to students in a software engineering course, the students can have a full picture of proofs of program correctness. Lastly, we present our experience of teaching proofs of program correctness.
Diophantine approximations and toric deformations

1.1. Let S be a finite set of places of a finite field extension L of a number field K, containing all infinite places. Let E be a vector space over K of dimension N + 1. For v ∈ S, let lv0, · · · , lvN be linearly independent vectors in E ⊗K L. Choose a projective subvariety X defined over K, embedded into the projective space P(E∨) of lines of the dual vector space E∨. Consider the system of inequalities
Theory of point-defects, non-stoichiometry, and solute additions in SmCo{sub 5+x}-Sm{sub 2}Co{sub 17{minus}y} and related compounds

There is considerable interest in the possibility of producing Sm-Co-based nanocomposite magnets by rapid solidification and other far-from-equilibrium processing methods. Thermodynamic and kinetic models are quite valuable in understanding and optimizing such methods. This paper describes a method of estimation, utilizing tight-binding-based bond-order interatomic interaction potentials, of the thermodynamic properties of point defects such as vacancies, interstitials, antisite defects, and solute additions in the SmCo{sub 5+x} and Sm{sub 2}Co{sub 17{minus}y} phases and related rare-earth-transition metal compounds. Illustrative calculations for point defects in SmCo{sub 5} will be presented. The results suggest a unified model of the thermodynamic properties of the SmCo{sub 5+x}-Sm{sub 2}Co{sub 17{minus}y} region of the phase diagram, based on the 1-5 structure and the replacement of Sm by interacting dumb-bell interstitials to form the 2-17 structure; the model is similar in nature to theories of the thermodynamics of metal hydrides.
Naming Games in Spatially-Embedded Random Networks

We investigate a prototypical agent-based model, the Naming Game, on random geometric networks. The Naming Game is a minimal model, employing local communications that captures the emergence of shared communication schemes (languages) in a population of autonomous semiotic agents. Implementing the Naming Games on random geometric graphs, local communications being local broadcasts, serves as a model for agreement dynamics in large-scale, autonomously operating wireless sensor networks. Further, it captures essential features of the scaling properties of the agreement process for spatially-embedded autonomous agents. We also present results for the case when a small density of long-range communication links are added on top of the random geometric graph, resulting in a "small-world"-like network and yielding a significantly reduced time to reach global agreement.
Ballistic and diffusive dynamics in a two-dimensional ideal gas of macroscopic chaotic Faraday waves.

We have constructed a macroscopic driven system of chaotic Faraday waves whose statistical mechanics, we find, are surprisingly simple, mimicking those of a thermal gas. We use real-time tracking of a single floating probe, energy equipartition, and the Stokes-Einstein relation to define and measure a pseudotemperature and diffusion constant and then self-consistently determine a coefficient of viscous friction for a test particle in this pseudothermal gas. Because of its simplicity, this system can serve as a model for direct experimental investigation of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, much as the ideal gas epitomizes equilibrium statistical mechanics.
Symbolic Compositional Verification by Learning Assumptions

The verification problem for a system consisting of components can be decomposed into simpler subproblems for the components using assume-guarantee reasoning. However, such compositional reasoning requires user guidance to identify appropriate assumptions for components. In this paper, we propose an automated solution for discovering assumptions based on the L* algorithm for active learning of regular languages. We present a symbolic implementation of the learning algorithm, and incorporate it in the model checker NuSMV. Our experiments demonstrate significant savings in the computational requirements of symbolic model checking.
Needs for industrial computer standards: as satisfied by ISA's programs in this area

Never before has the relevancy of institutions been questioned as critically as today. Many of us have now learned what should have always been evident; that the key to relevance is the satisfaction of needs. The computer industry, and those technical societies that support it, should view this new emphasis on service as an opportunity to stimulate its creative talents. The implication of the "future shock" concept requires that we must anticipate problems if we are ever to have enough time to solve them.
Continuous Fraïssé Conjecture

We will investigate the relation of countable closed linear orderings with respect to continuous monotone embeddability and will show that there are exactly $\aleph_1$ many equivalence classes with respect to this embeddability relation. This is an extension of Laver’s result (Laver,  1971), who considered (plain) embeddability, which yields coarser equivalence classes. Using this result we show that there are only $\aleph_0$ many different Gödel logics.
Deposition of boron doped diamond and carbon nanomaterials on graphite foam electrodes

Boron doped diamond (BDD) has remarkable physical and chemical properties, that makes it an attractive material for electrochemical applications. In this study, deposition process of BDD on porous carbon foam electrodes was performed by HFCVD method. After depositions, the substrates were not homogenously covered by the BDD thin film only. Depending on the deposition temperature, foam porosity and distance from heated filaments, different carbon nanomaterials were synthesized. The boron doped diamond, graphite nanosheets, carbon nanowalls and its composites occurred on the foams outer and inner surfaces. Two new observed types of carbon structures, the carbon nanowalls – boron doped diamond composite and graphite nanotips are analyzed and described. Analyses were made by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of deposition conditions on the growth process is discussed.
ISDE - an integrated systems development environment for custom-computing machines implemented in FPLDs

This paper presents a system development environment for embedded applications based on custom-computing machines implemented in field programmable logic devices (FPLDs). The concept uses the fact that FPLDs enables convenient way for implementing customised and reconfigurable digital systems. The custom-computing machines are based on a flexible instruction execution unit, which is a general-purpose microprocessor that allows addition of more complex processing elements in the form of functional units. The system development environment contains a number of tools that allow high-level description of the both processor core and functional units and produces VHDL synthesisable code, which can be processed by any VHDL compiler, and automatic generation of all basic software development tools such as customised cross-assembler and C compiler.
Ethics, Politics and the Potential of Dialogism

When, in the early 1980s the ideas of post-structuralism seemed rampant within academic critical theory, the appearance of the flawed English translation of Mikhail Bakhtin's central essays on the novel seemed to offer a very promising alternative  Bakhtin's model of discursive relations promised to guard the specificity of discourse from being obscured by a web of determinations, while allowing the development of an account of the operations of power and resistance in discourse that could avoid the nullity of Derrida's hors-texte and the irresponsible semiotic hedonism of the later Barthes. Marxist theorists such as Raymond Williams, Terry Eagleton and Allon White immediately and effectively seized upon the translated work of the Bakhtin circle to bolster their arguments, but, as translations of the earlier and later philosophical material appeared, it became apparent that the relationship between work of the circle and the Marxist tradition was very problematic. With this, the American anti-Marxist Slavists – some of whom had been responsible for certain of these translations – moved onto the offensive, arguing that Bakhtin's work was fundamentally incompatible with, and in principle hostile to, Marxism. Occasionally, they went further, arguing that Bakhtin was quite unconcerned with politics and questions of power, being an ethical, or even a religious philosopher before all else. The Americans did have a point. Bakhtin certainly was not a Marxist and the Marxism of some of his early colleagues and collaborators was of a rather peculiar sort. Furthermore, the key problematic area was indeed Bakhtin's ethics which, it became ever more apparent, underlies his most critically astute and productive work and serves to blunt its political edge. Important points of contact between the work of the Bakhtin circle and Marxist theory do persist, however, as Ken Hirschkop and Michael Gardiner, among others, have continued to register. In this article, examining some of the sources of Bakhtin's philosophy, which have only just been revealed in the new Russian edition of his work, we shall analyse the features of Bakhtin's ethics that stifle the political potential of dialogic criticism, and we will suggest ways in which that potential may be liberated.
Retention behavior of amino acids and peptides on protoporphyrin-silica stationary phases with varying metal ion centers.

Various metalloprotoporphyrins (MProP) covalently linked to silica supports are examined as novel immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) stationary phases for separations of amino acids/peptides. Under reversed-phase HPLC conditions, the MProP-silicas exhibit high affinity toward L-histidine via metal-nitrogen axial ligation interactions, with an increasing degree of histidine retention highly dependent on the specific metal ion (M) in the center of the protoporphyrin (ProP) structure: Fe(III) > Ni(II) > Cu(II) > Zn (II) approximately Cd(II). Aromatic amino acids (i.e., L-trytophan and L-phenylalanine) are also retained on MProP columns through pi-pi interactions with the immobilized porphyrins, with the greatest affinity for L-trytophan observed on CuProP-silica columns. Peptides rich in L-histidine and L-tryptophan residues are selectively retained on most of the MProP-silica phases examined; however, the addition of an organic modifier and/or lowering the pH of the mobile phase can be used independently to attenuate the pi-pi and metal ion-nitrogen ligation interactions, respectively. Reproducible separations of His-Phe and trytophan releasing hormone are achieved on a FeProP-silica column even after extensive washing with 50 mM EDTA, demonstrating a fundamental advantage of the new MProP-silica over existing IMAC stationary phases, in which the metal ion is anchored weakly to the support via immobilized iminodiacetate and related ligands.
Oxyhalogen-sulfur chemistry — Kinetics and mechanism of the bromate oxidation of cysteamine

The kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of the biologically important molecule, cysteamine, by acidic bromate and molecular bromine have been studied. In excess acidic bromate conditions, cysteamine is oxidized to N-brominated derivatives, and in excess cysteamine the oxidation product is taurine according to the following stoichiometry: BrO3– + H2NCH2CH2SH → H2NCH2CH2SO3H + Br–. There is quantitative formation of taurine before N-bromination commences. Excess aqueous bromine oxidizes cysteamine to give dibromotaurine: 5Br2 + H2NCH2CH2SH + 3H2O → Br2NCH2CH2SO3H + 8Br– + 8H+, while excess cysteamine conditions gave monobromotaurine. The oxidation of cysteamine by aqueous bromine is effectively diffusion-controlled all the way to the formation of monobromotaurine. Further formation of dibromotaurine is dependent on acid concentrations, with highly acidic conditions inhibiting further reaction towards formation of dibromotaurine. The formation of the N-brominated derivatives of taurine is reversible, wit...
Factors influencing micro and small enterprise’s decision to innovate in Kenya

An enterprise’s propensity to innovate has been recognised to have an important bearing on its performance. In Kenya empirical work on micro and small enterprises (MSEs) propensity to innovate is still nascent in spite of the pivotal role played by these enterprises in the economy. The current paper used a Probit econometric model to analyse factors that influence MSE’s decision to innovate or not. Results from the analysis show that the average number of years of education for a production worker, physical capital intensity, age of an MSE, access to finance and size of an MSE are important factors influencing MSEs innovation decisions. Higher foreign ownership and manager’s experience were found to act as hindrances towards MSEs’ decision to innovate. Based on the study findings it is clear that human capital skills and an MSE’s resource endowment positively influences MSEs innovativeness.From a theoretical perspective, there is need for skills segmentation to isolate human capital skills that are most relevant for stimulating MSEs innovative activities. Firm level and policy level strategies are also needed to improve the technical skills of the average MSEs’ production workers across the country. Subsidisation of physical capital and financial services for MSEs should also be used to promote these enterprises innovativeness.
Special Issue on Business Development and Marketing in Construction

Business development and marketing are two important business functions. Business development is a concept that relates closely to strategy and is part of the business model. It is the function of growing a business through a range of activities from mergers and acquisitions, financial and performance management, and their associated revenue and profit streams. Business development includes marketing and sales as a distinct activity (Sørensen, 2012). Marketing and sales or ‘business development management’, the name given by practitioners, is an integral part of project-based firms or project businesses in general and hence for construction firms in particular. There are a number of important interfaces:
Weighted Automata in Text and Speech Processing

Finite-state automata are a very effective tool in natural language processing. However, in a variety of applications and especially in speech precessing, it is necessary to consider more general machines in which arcs are assigned weights or costs. We briefly describe some of the main theoretical and algorithmic aspects of these machines. In particular, we describe an efficient composition algorithm for weighted transducers, and give examples illustrating the value of determinization and minimization algorithms for weighted automata.
The History of Zionism

This text offers a definitive account of Zionism. The term "Zionism" was first coined at the end of the 19th century, but the idea long reflected the misery of Jewish existence in central and eastern Europe, and the longing for the ancient homeland. Updated, and with a new preface, Walter Laqueur's comprehensive history begins with a discussion of the background of Zionism since the French Revolution, covers the many decades of Zionist activities worldwide, and ends with the establishment of the state of Israel.
The catalytic properties of zeolite X containing transition metal ions: III. Propylene oxidation

The catalytic activity of X zeolites for the oxidation of 4.5% propylene in air in a flow system was enhanced by the exchange of ~20% of the sodium ions for transition metal ions. The major oxidation products were CO 2 and H 2 O; small quantities of acrolein, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde were also detected. An activity series at 630 K showed that activity depended upon the acidity of the zeolite and the nature of the transition metal ion. The reaction was subsequently studied, using 2.3% propylene in air, on 22 catalysts in which controlled variations in the acidity and the extent of replacement of Na + by Cu 2+ had been made. First-order kinetics with respect to propylene were obeyed, and over the temperature range of the experiments, 434–623 K, the products were confined to CO 2 and H 2 O. The dependence of the activity at 500 K upon copper ion content and Bronsted acidity emphasizes the importance of the combination of these two factors in determining catalytic activity.
Using GSwE2009 for the creation and evaluation of Master's degree in Software Engineering: Case study Universidad de la República

This paper presents an adoption and adaptation of the Curriculum Guidelines for Graduate Degree Programs in Software Engineering (GSwE2009) proposed by the IEEE-CS and the ACM for the creation of a curriculum for a Master's degree in software engineering at the Universidad de la República (Uruguay). The adaptation respects the reality of information technology in Uruguay and the University's regulations. A method for evaluating contents and its application is also presented. This evaluation allows us to know the coverage obtained both thematically and in depth and also provides information that enables the detection of numerous opportunities for the improvement in the implementation of the career.
Dopo il genocidio. Le rappresentazioni della storia in Rwanda

The author investigates Rwanda "history rewriting" process, in particular of precolonial period, promoted after 1994 genocide by Rwandan academics and government and by foreign historians and anthropologists, as a consequence of debates and reflections on the role that historical narratives and their manipulation had in the formation of conflictual identities related to an «histoire-ressentiment». While in Rwanda rewriting history is an important part of Unity and Reconciliation policy - inaugurated after genocide with the goal to restore a new national consciousness after "ethnic" violences and conflicts that dominated past decades -, for foreign researchers the political and ideological use of historiography led to reflect on social scientists’ role in crisis areas and in delineating the relationship between past, present and the construction of the future.
CBD ZnIn2Se4 AS buffer layer for CuInGaSe2 thin film solar cells

Tin sulfide (SnS) is receiving increasing interest for its potential application as an absorber layer in thin film solar cells. In this work, a novel method for the formation of SnS layers on soda-lime glass substrates was investigated. The layers were formed by first sputtering tin onto glass followed by annealing in a 5% H2S and Ar gas environment over the temperature range of 300-450°C for 2 hours. The structural properties of the layers synthesized, including the crystal structure, phases present, crystallite size, strain and dislocation density are reported.
Socio-demographic area of Delhi.

This paper evaluates statistically and displays cartographically previously untabulated and unpublished data from the 1971 Census of India for the entire population of Delhi. Data pertain to Delhis census charges (wards) and were originally tabulated in the form of 348 variables relating to occupational distribution migration and non-worker status--each classified separately by gender. Although these data are subject to multiple reporting errors and fallacious ecological inferences they constitute the largest database yet assembled for comparative analysis of Indian intra-metropolitan patterns and structures. Socio-demographic patterns and areas are identified reflecting the traditional-modern formal-informal familistic and ethnic constituents of the national capital of India.
Stratigraphic, structural, and metamorphic relationships in the Dansey Pass area, Otago, New Zealand

In the Dansey Pass area, greywacke, semischist, and schist on the north-eastern margin of the Otago schist arc show a progressive increase in metamorphic grade from prehnite-pumpellyite to greenschist facies, or in terms of textural development, from non-foliated greywacke of textural zone 1 to laminated schist of textural zone 3B. Locally a stratigraphic sequence some 15000 m thick can be recognised, in which the metamorphic grade increases towards the top. The rocks have been affected by four periods of folding. The earliest phase, probably initially penecontemporaneous with the later stages of sedimentation, resulted in steeply dipping strata, overturned throughout extensive areas. Phase II folding may have commenced as the early phase progressed, as early Phase II structures show evidence of soft sediment deformation, although other evidence indicates that Phase II continued until well into the metamorphic event. Isograds and isotects are not folded by Phase II structures, however, indicating...
Empirical criteria of superconductivity for some oxides

一些氧化物的超导性的性质被结构的参量的图或模式识别与结构的化学参数调查。为一些氧化物的超导性的必要标准被作为特征把 109 氧化物用作训练集合和七个参数获得了；说明的结果电镀物品否定性差别是在七个参数之中的最重要的因素。而且，为复杂氧化物的超导的转变温度 Tc 的整齐被部分最小平方讨论(请) 方法。
New constraints upon the structural and isotopic age of the Oughterard Granite, and on the timing of events in the Dalradian Rocks of Connemara, Western Ireland

A Lower Ordovician age for the Oughterard Granite is established by Rb–Sr dating of magmatic white micas from pegmatites cutting two of the satellite bodies found 12–15 km west of the main granitic intrusions. These micas give a minimum age of c. 473 Ma for the emplacement of the satellite bodies, and for the completion of the D3 deformation in the Dalradian host rocks. The main granite intrusions are post-D4 in age, but some of the small outlying sheet-like intrusions are either deformed by D4 folds, or were present during this deformation and were responsible for the development of locally disharmonic D4 minor folds. The correlation of the smaller granite bodies with the main bodies of Oughterard Granite is supported by their similar field appearance, petrography and trace element geochemistry. 
 
 
 
In common with other late orogenic granites, such as the 470 Ma Aberdeen Granite in NE Scotland, the Oughterard Granite is thought to have been part of a discontinuous magmatic arc, which formed along the southern margin of the Dalradian outcrop in Connemara and in NE Scotland in the early Ordovician. Members of the Oughterard Granite suite were emplaced during the final stages of the Grampian orogeny, from post-D3 to post-D4, while the country rocks were still at an elevated temperature (>500°C) following the peak of the regional metamorphism. The new minimum age of intrusion of c. 473 Ma, together with existing radiometric data, confirms that emplacement of the metagabbro and gneiss complex in southern Connemara, followed by the D3 structural and metamorphic events, all took place during a period of less than 20 Ma.