nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of physician reminders on preventive care: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

The objective of this study was to assess the clinical value of the physician reminder, an information intervention, in increasing compliance for selected preventive health care measures. Meta-analysis was used to combine the quantitative evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials meeting the eligibility criteria. The trials included in this meta-analysis were conducted in a family or internal medicine clinic. Physician reminders were used in the trials to influence utilization and compliance of preventive health care activities. The use of physician reminders for preventive health care activities resulted in a homogeneous effect for the subcategories of cervical cancer screening (test for heterogeneity X2(2) = 4.122, non-significant) and tetanus immunization (test for heterogeneity X2(2) = 3.139, non-significant). Similarly, the odds ratio from the combination of evidence from the three cervical cancer screening trials was significant (1.180, 95 percent CI: 1.020 to 1.339). The resulting odds ratio from the combination of evidence from the three tetanus immunization trials was significant (2.819, 95 percent CI: 2.664 to 2.975). The results of the meta-analyses for cervical cancer screening and tetanus immunizations indicate that physician reminders are an effective information intervention and can improve compliance for these two preventive health care procedures. Based on the results of this meta-analysis, further trials testing the effect of physician reminders on tetanus immunization would be unnecessary and probably unethical.
Extracting Program Logics From Abstract Interpretations Defined by Logical Relations

We connect the activity of defining an abstract-interpretation-based static analysis with synthesizing its appropriate programming logic by applying logical relations as demonstrated by Abramsky. We begin with approximation relations of base type, which relate concrete computational values to their approximations, and we lift the relations to function space and upper- and lower-powerset. The resulting family's properties let us synthesize an appropriate logic for reasoning about the outcome of a static analysis. The relations need not generate Galois connections, but when they do, we show that the relational notions of soundness and completeness coincide with the Galois-connection-based notions.
Binding properties of aromatic carbon-bound fluorine.

A systematic computational analysis of the ability of aromatic carbon-bound fluorine to participate in hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions has been completed. The interaction energies between the most common fluoroaromatics used in medicinal chemistry and both water, the prototypical hydrogen bond donor, and several cations have been calculated at different levels of theory (HF, MP2, DFT). Our results show that aromatic fluorine can participate in significant hydrogen bonds and can also interact with charged molecules.
Творчество «Возвратившихся»: от «Культурной революции» к новой поэзии (на материале произведений Шао Яньсяна, Лю Шахэ, Цзэн Чжо)

This article studies the main characteristics of creativity of "returned" poets. Their poems had appeared in the late 1970s and became a symbol of creative renaissance of intelligentsia after the experiments of the "cultural revolution", and also identified the development of modern Chinese poetry. The article deals with themes, historical background of the works, the attitude of Chinese intellectuals to politics, society and art.
Secrecy jurisdictions and economic development in Africa: the role of sovereign spaces of exception in producing private wealth and public poverty

This paper reviews the scope and function of secrecy jurisdictions and includes new research data on their extensive use by development finance institutions in delivering official development assistance. In order to establish what these empirical data mean in terms of economic development, the paper builds a theoretical model of secrecy jurisdictions as constructed spaces of exception and exemption. It then reviews how different economic paradigms explain, analyse and assign normative values to secrecy jurisdictions/tax havens, noting that the neoliberal account proffers ideological assumptions which cannot be empirically verified. This paper argues that the most robust evidence available indicates that secrecy jurisdictions lower ‘onshore’ rewards to national stakeholders, and critically shrink the fiscal base required for sustainable economic development. Further, the paper argues that the extensive use of secrecy jurisdictions by development finance institutions sponsors an elite financial cla...
Exit, the firm and sunk costs: reconceptualizing the corporate geography of disinvestment and plant closure

The objective of this article is to reconceptualize understanding of the economic and spatial processes of corporate restructuring and market exit. We ask what economic logic explains plant closure and firms’ exit from industries, and develop a comprehensive perspective on the nature of the exit process focused on firms in which there is a separation of ownership and control, which are rich in capital assets and that are held hostage by their history and geography. Exit is treated as a sequence of related strategic decisions made by the firm regarding the use of its inherited configuration of capital, and we argue that there is an intimate connection between sunk costs and the logic of those decisions. The broader theoretical challenge addressed by the article concerns the provision of a coherent account of the spatial configuration of the firm in the context of the evolving world of corporate finance, corporate governance and capital specificity. These are important matters for economic geography.
A World of Colors——2005 Exhibition of Oil Paintings by China＇s New Young Artists

In China, artists born in the 1970s can always be identified by the variety and individuality of their works, Unlike the earlier generations who shared simllar strong social and political beliefs,the younger generation of artists doesn't really form schools with distinctive common features, such as the “scar arts” in the late 1970s, the “neoclassic” in the 1980s and the “new generation” as well as the “political pop arts” in the 1990s.
Nanocrystallization and hydrogen storage in rapidly solidified Mg–Ni–RE alloys

Hydrogen storage in rapidly solidified magnesium based Mg–Ni–RE (RE=Y or Mm) alloys was studied. The as-quenched alloys were amorphous or nano-/amorphous, consisting of nanocrystals (with average size of 3 nm) embedded in large amounts of amorphous phase. The hydrogenation properties (hydrogen storage capacity and hydrogenation kinetics) of Mg 76 Ni 19 Y 5 and Mg 78 Ni 18 Y 4 alloys were compared mainly with those of Mg 75 Ni 20 Mm 5 (Mm=Ce, La-rich mischmetal), reported recently. Alloys with the above mentioned compositions were found to attain the best hydriding characteristics among the Mg–Ni–RE alloys. A more beneficial effect on the hydrogen storage capacity of Mm (La,Ce-rich mischmetal) than Y was detected. Crystallization of these alloys leads to a nanocrystalline material through a metastable fcc Mg 6 Ni phase, as for the Mg 78 Ni 18 Y 4 alloy the nanostructure and the intermediate phase are thermally more stable. The kinetics of crystallization was studied at non-isothermal conditions and the kinetic parameters for different magnesium alloys were compared. The results from previous and the present study show that stable nanocrystalline microstructures appropriate for hydrogen storage can be produced by controlled crystallization of amorphous or nano-/amorphous magnesium based Mg–Ni–RE precursors.
Identification of stacking faults in silicon carbide by polarization-resolved second harmonic generation microscopy

Although silicon carbide is a highly promising crystalline material for a wide range of electronic devices, extended and point defects which perturb the lattice periodicity hold deep implications with respect to device reliability. There is thus a great need for developing new methods that can detect silicon carbide defects which are detrimental to device functionality. Our experiment demonstrates that polarization-resolved second harmonic generation microscopy can extend the efficiency of the “optical signature” concept as an all-optical rapid and non-destructive set of investigation methods for the differentiation between hexagonal and cubic stacking faults in silicon carbide. This technique can be used for fast and in situ characterization and optimization of growth conditions for epilayers of silicon carbide and similar materials.
Crystalline color superconductivity

In any context in which color superconductivity arises in nature, it is likely to involve pairing between species of quarks with differing chemical potentials. For suitable values of the differences between chemical potentials, Cooper pairs with nonzero total momentum are favored, as was first realized by Larkin, Ovchinnikov, Fulde and Ferrell (LOFF). Condensates of this sort spontaneously break translational and rotational invariance, leading to gaps which vary periodically in a crystalline pattern. Unlike the original LOFF state, these crystalline quark matter condensates include both spin zero and spin one Cooper pairs. We explore the range of parameters for which crystalline color superconductivity arises in the QCD phase diagram. If in some shell within the quark matter core of a neutron star (or within a strange quark star) the quark number densities are such that crystalline color superconductivity arises, rotational vortices may be pinned in this shell, making it a locus for glitch phenomena.
Placement and outreach of group-based credit organizations

Bangladesh has witnessed major strides in providing financial services to the rural poor. These services are provided largely through innovative group-based credit programs of several nongovernmental organizations. The implicit but widespread assumption has been that they are indeed placed in special poverty-stricken areas. Is this assumption valid? If not, what factors actually affect programs' placement across communities? This paper uses an unique thana-level data set to analyze the placement of three group-based credit programs in Bangladesh. Analysis of branch placement indicates that, unlike commercial banks, nongovernmental institutions do respond to general conditions of poverty. However, it appears that NGO services are located more in poor pockets of relatively well-developed areas than in remoter, less-developed regions. Client density of the established branches, however, did not exhibit such a feature and actually tended to be better in less advantageous locations.
Thermoelectric properties and nonstoichiometry of GaGeTe

The polycrystalline samples of composition Ga1+xGe1-xTe (x = −0.03÷0.07) were synthesized from elements of 5N purity using solid state reaction. The products of synthesis were identified by X-ray diffraction. The samples for transport measurements were prepared using hot-pressing. They were characterized by the measurement of electric conductivity, Hall coefficient and Seebeck coefficient over a temperature range 80–450K and thermal conductivity over a temperature range 300-500 K. The samples show all p-type conductivity and we observe an increase in hole concentration with increasing x (content of Ga). We discuss the influence of Ga/Ge ratio on the phase purity of the samples and free carrier concentration. The investigation of thermoelectric properties shows that ZT parameter of these samples is too low at room temperature but increase distinctly with temperature.
Sulfur isotopic composition of the magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitoids in Japan

Sulfur isotopic composition has been measured on 30 granitoids and 11 gabbroids from the Cretaceous and Tertiary granitic terranes of Japan. The two series of granitoids, the magnetite-series and ilmenite-series, defined by Ishihara (1977), show two specific isotope trends. The magnetite-series granioids all have positive δ (su34)S (CDT) values from +1 to +9‰, while the ilmenite-series rocks are dominated by negative values between −11 and −1‰. The trend in the ilmenite-series is consistent with the thesis that the magma has been influenced by light biogenic sulfur from the continental crust. The inferred large scale magma-crust interaction in the ilmenite-series granitoids indicates that the emplacement of this series of magma has been governed by a stoping mechanism.In contrast, the magnetite-series granitoids have little if any evidence for significant magma-crust interaction, indicating that the intrusion of this series of magma may have been more or less of fissure-filling type. Their trend towards positive δ (su3 4)S values (average ≈ +5‰) argues for the introduction of some heavy sulfur, probably of seawater origin, into the mantle derived sulfur. This is most likely to occur in an arctrench system by the subduction of an oceanic plate which accompanies the sulfate-bearing pelagic sediments.The isotopic data of gabbroids, mostly between −1 and +3‰, are close to the commonly assumed value for mantle sulfur. Nevertheless, the gabbroids from the magnetite-series granitic terranes tend to have higher δ (su34)S value than those from the ilmenite-series belts. It is inferred that the factors controlling the isotope characteristics of the granitoid sulfur have also been operative in these grabbroids at least to some extent.
Photochemical curing of epoxies in the liquid-crystalline state

In this work the cationic photoinduced crosslinking of the diglycidylether of 4-hydroxyphenyl-4'-hydroxybenzoate was investigated in the liquid crystalline state as well as in the isotropic state. The photochemical curing technique was applied because only small amounts of the initiating species were necessary to form networks of epoxy compounds. As the photoinitiator system, a mixture of (alpha) , (alpha) '- dimethoxydeoxybenzoin and dicumyliodonium-hexafluorophosphate proved to be the most effective. FTIR-spectra of the networks were compared with those of the starting material. Only small amounts of nonreacted epoxy groups were found in the networks synthesized either in the isotropic state or in the liquid crystalline state. Furthermore, different results were obtained with DSC-measurements. Networks prepared in the liquid crystalline state showed two glass transition temperatures. In contrast, networks synthesized in the isotropic state have only one glass transition temperature. Moreover, polarization microscopy was used to find ordered structures. The networks formed in the liquid crystalline state showed frozen ordered structures. Heating of such networks above the melting point of the starting material did not lead to a change of the frozen ordered structures. Additionally, differences between the frozen ordered structure of the networks and the crystalline structure of the starting compound were observed by this method. Finally, the material properties of networks with ordered structures are different from common networks with disordered structures.
Tutorial on Admissible Rules in Gudauri

Most theorems have more than one proof and most theories have more than one axiomatization. Certain proofs or axiomatizations are preferable to others because they are shorter or more transparent or for some other reason. Our aim is to describe or study the possible proofs of a theorem or the possible axiomatizations of a theory. As the former is a special instance of the latter, by considering a theory consisting of one theorem, it suffices to consider theories.
The role of performance measurement on business performance: a comparative study of small and medium-sized internet retailers based in the United Kingdom and Indonesia

This study investigates the application of performance measurement and considers how its use might affect the business performance of small and medium-sized retail businesses in the United Kingdom and Indonesia, which are using the Internet as a channel to market. In both countries, retailers were surveyed and the study has produced some interesting results, which have theoretical, practical and managerial implications. At the outset of the study, little was known about the extent of Internet adoption by retail businesses in Indonesia and it was not surprising to find that in the United Kingdom, Internet retailing is well established but in Indonesia, it is in the early stages of development. Nevertheless, there was sufficient Internet activity by Indonesian retailers to enable comparison of the use of performance measures by retailers in a mature economy and in a developing economy. The findings revealed similarities and differences in the number and type of performance measures used by retailers and found evidence of different strategic orientations, which could be used to predict certain types of organizational behavior. More specifically, in both countries, retailers adopting a conservativeness-oriented strategy were more likely to make greater use of performance measurement than those classified as applying an aggressiveness-oriented strategy. Interestingly, level of aggressiveness, was found to be an indicator of financial performance but in the United Kingdom, low aggressiveness was an indicator of better financial performance whereas in Indonesia high aggressiveness was an indicator of better financial performance. This study has explored the complex issues of strategic orientation, performance measurement and business performance in an Internet retailing context within developed and developing countries. The findings have important managerial implications for Internet retailers about how performance measures might be used effectively to enhance business performance.
Standardization for evaluating software-defined networking controllers

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging network architecture, centralized in the SDN controller entity, that decouples the control plane from the data plane. This controller-based solution allows programmability, and dynamic network reconfigurations, providing decision taking with global knowledge of the network. Currently, there are more than thirty SDN controllers with different features, such as communication protocol version, programming language, and architecture. Beyond that, there are also many studies about controller performance with the goal to identify the best one. However, some conclusions have been unjust because benchmark tests did not follow the same methodology, or controllers were not in the same category. Therefore, a standard benchmark methodology is essential to compare controllers fairly. The standardization can clarify and help us to understand the real behavior and weaknesses of an SDN controller. The main goal of this work-in-progress is to show existing benchmark methodologies, bringing a discussion about the need SDN controller benchmark standardization.
A Matching Technique in Example-Based Machine Translation

This paper addresses an important problem in Example-Based Machine Translation (EBMT), namely how to measure similarity between a sentence fragment and a set of stored examples. A new method is proposed that measures similarity according to both surface structure and content. A second contribution is the use of clustering to make retrieval of the best matching example from the database more efficient. Results on a large number of test cases from the CELEX database are presented.
Extending Partial Deduction to Tabled Execution: Some Results and Open Issues

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Equations without Equations: Challenges on a Way to a More Adequate Formalization of Causality Reasoning in Physics

Our interest in causality reasoning in physics was enhanced by the need to formalize reasoning in physics. In medicine, geophysics, and in many other applications areas, expert systems use automated expert reasoning to help the users; see, e.g., (2). We expect that similar systems may be helpful in general theoretical physics as well. To design such systems, we must formalize physicists’ reasoning inside an automated computer system. To do this, we must be able to describe physicists’ reasoning in precise terms. Physicists’ reasoning has a clearly formalized part: indeed, physical theories are usually formulated in terms of differential equations
The Economics of Mandatory Security Breach Reporting to Authorities

Legislators in many countries enact security breach notification regulation to address a lack of information security. The laws designate authorities to collect breach reports and advise firms. We devise a principal–agent model to analyze the economic effect of mandatory security breach reporting to authorities. The model assumes that firms (agents) have few incentives to unilaterally report breaches. To enforce the law, regulators (principals) can introduce security audits and sanction noncompliance. However, audits cannot differentiate between concealment and nescience of the agents. Even under optimistic assumptions regarding the effectiveness of mandatory security breach reporting to authorities in reducing individual losses, our model predicts that it may be difficult to adjust the sanction level such that breach notification laws generate social benefit.
Absorption and Theatricality: Painting and Beholder in the Age of Diderot

With this widely acclaimed work, Fried revised the way in which eighteenth-century French painting and criticism were viewed and understood."A reinterpretation supported by immense learning and by a series of brilliantly perceptive readings of paintings and criticism alike. . . . An exhilarating book."--John Barrell, "London Review of Books"
Problems and trends in training of electrical engineers

Preparation of highly qualified electrical engineers is a key issue for the country's economy. Building specialists like these is directly related to the secondary education problems, unclear vision of university education and business. Based on the analysis of some of the most significant problems, a number of comparisons and analyses have been made with regard to the impact of some of the most important factors on the educational process of training electrical engineers in Bulgaria. Specific measures are suggested to address some of the issues related to training, funding and stabilizing the engineering education.