nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Extending ACL2 with SMT Solvers

We present our extension of ACL2 with Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers using ACL2's trusted clause processor mechanism. We are particularly interested in the verification of physical systems including Analog and Mixed-Signal (AMS) designs. ACL2 offers strong induction abilities for reasoning about sequences and SMT complements deduction methods like ACL2 with fast nonlinear arithmetic solving procedures. While SAT solvers have been integrated into ACL2 in previous work, SMT methods raise new issues because of their support for a broader range of domains including real numbers and uninterpreted functions. This paper presents Smtlink, our clause processor for integrating SMT solvers into ACL2. We describe key design and implementation issues and describe our experience with its use.
The electrical properties and quality factor of nickel electrodeposits

The quality factor Q, of the nickel electrodeposits prepared under different conditions (bath pH, current density, etc.), was measured by a Q-meter and the in-series method was utilized. The inductance (L) and ohmic resistance (R) were obtained through the resonance frequency (F) by use of appropriate equations. The measurements can be shown on C, L, R and Q against F plots. The above electrical properties of nickel electrodeposits are affected by the electrodeposition conditions and slightly by the deposits' thickness.
Safety of research into severe and treatment-resistant mood disorders: analysis of outcome data from 12 years of clinical trials at the US National Institute of Mental Health.

Placebo-controlled trials in drug-free patients have long been considered a key research component in the study of mood disorders and relevant treatment mechanisms. However, concerns have been raised about the ethics of such research, leading to an ongoing debate as to whether placebo controls are ethically acceptable. We aimed to assess the cumulative effects of research in individuals with mood disorders and to provide data to address ethical concerns regarding research in this population.



We obtained empirical data for patients screened between between Dec 13, 2001, and Jan 31, 2014, with either major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder who were enrolled in one or more of 18 clinical trials at a US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) inpatient or outpatient behavioural health research clinic. We assessed the cumulative effects of research in our patient population, including the effects of drug taper, drug washout, and placebo administration on mood state. Two subgroups were examined: patients enrolled in trials explicitly requiring treatment resistance and patients with a current or past history of suicidal ideation or behaviour. We used the percentage change from screening as the primary outcome measure for statistical analysis of change in mood over study periods. 
We obtained data for 540 patients; 360 (71%) patients were enrolled in trials requiring treatment resistance, 58 (12%) of 465 patients had suicidal ideation at screening, and 191 (60%) of 321 patients had a history of suicidal ideation. Mean mood severity at screening was in the moderate to severe range. Full participation in research, including drug tapers, drug-free periods, and placebo-controlled trials, had a low risk of symptom exacerbation. Patients undergoing drug taper had a mean increase in symptom severity of 4·2% (SD 19·56, tdegrees of freedom 96=1·85; p=0·036). We recorded modest increases in the subgroup who tapered to no medications (mean percentage change 5·1% [SD 18·10], t56=2·12; p=0·039), but increases were not significant in participants enrolled in trials requiring treatment resistance (4·3% [18·60], t72=1·96; p=0·054) and those with a current or past history of suicidal ideation or behaviour (1·8% [18·78], t51=0·68; p=0·50). Six serious adverse events were reported, including one suicide attempt that occurred during the standard treatment phase and not during the clinical trial.



In general, research participation at the NIMH was not detrimental to health and safety, and conferred benefit in many cases. This finding was true not only in our entire research population, but also in treatment-resistant subgroups and subgroups with a history of suicidality. Our study provides evidence to guide ethical analysis of issues in psychiatric research, and to support continued scientific investigation.
An Approach to Quantum Statistical Mechanics on Robertson-Walker Space-Times

We start the discussion of the free Bose gas on Robertson-Walker space-times by introducing a new state on the Weyl algebra of the free massive Klein-Gordon eld on Robertson-Walker space-times. This state approximates a thermal equilibrium state and opens the possibility to do quantum statistical mechanics on expanding universes. We explain why this state is believed to be a physically relevant state in the framework of algebraic quantum eld theory. This remains true if we introduce a chemical potential but the value of the chemical potential is restricted. We also explain how to describe the time evolution of the state. It can be shown that the inverse temperature of the state changes proportional to the scale parameter in the Robertson-Walker metric. Beyond the standard model of cosmology the innationary scenario involving phase transitions and symmetry breaking has been intensively discussed during the last years. For an investigation of such phenomena it is necessary to describe the thermal behavior of quantum elds and states. In this work we start a discussion of quantum statistical mechanics on Robertson-Walker space-times in the framework of algebraic quantum eld theory. An analysis of the free Bose gas on Robertson-Walker space-times could serve as a model for more complicated quantum eld theories. This model may show a phase transition, namely Bose-Einstein condensation. In quantum eld theory on Minkowski space-time the Poincar e group as the symmetry group and the spectrum condition determine the Minkowski vacuum. On a generic space-time the symmetry group is trivial and there is no distinguished vacuum state. In general there is a whole class of physically relevant states, the Hadamard states, which are, roughly speaking, determined by their short-distance behaviour (see the book of Wald 7 and references therein). The Hadamard states allow the renormalization of the energy-momentum tensor (see Wald 7). Hadamard states also fullll the principle of local deeniteness (see Verch 6 for details). These are the main reasons to believe that Hadamard states are physically relevant. The class of adiabatic vacuum states, deened on the Weyl-algebra of the free massive Klein-Gordon eld on Robertson-Walker space-times, is known to be a subset of the class of Hadamard states 1. Adiabatic vacua can be understood as approximate vacuum states on Robertson-Walker space-times. On the other hand on ultrastatic space-times, such as the Einstein static universe it is possible to de-ne KMS states, i.e. thermal equilibrium states, of inverse temperature. Here, we …
Society is a process of mutual coercion and governance, selectively perceived: Rejoinder to Higgs

Robert Higgs misunderstands me as suggesting that there is, in all societies, a mathematically constant level of coercion. My argument is that society and economy are fundamentally structures of coercion and governance, with selective perception being employed to choose which interests government will coercively protect. As a result coercion is ubiquitous—ideological preconceptions and material preferences to the contrary notwithstanding. Libertarianism consists of attractive sentiments but sentiments nonetheless. Higgs is participating in the process of determining the uses of government, not in its minimization; a valuable process but not the latter one.
THE PROPERTIES AND HEAT TREATMENT OF URANIUM-TITANIUM ALLOYS

The heat treatnnent and mechanical properties of three uranium-titanium alloys rargirg in composition from 8.5 to 50 at.% titanium were investigated. The hardness of heat-treated alloys was correlated with microstructure and x-ray- diffraction results. From this study the following important observations were made: (1) a direct quench of gamma uranium-titanium solid solution resulted in the formation of a hard martensitic phase in low-titanium alloys, (2) subsequent tempering increased the hardness further by the rejection of a fine dispersion of U/sub 2/Ti, (3) similar hardness levels were obtained by isothermal transformation of an 8.5 at.% titanium alloy at 400 and 500 deg C, and (4) the crystal structure of the phases present at the solutiontreating temperature, and the effect of temperature within a given equilibrium phase field, affected the hardness of both quenched and isothermally transformed alloys. (auth)
Interoperability of Service Discovery Protocols: Transparent versus Explicit Approaches

Discovering networked services in pervasive computing environments is problematic as multiple Service Discovery Protocols (SDPs), differing on their services description formats as well as advertisement and request models, have already become (de-facto) standards. This calls for a solution to SDP interoperability, enabling clients to locate networked services independent of the SDP they use to advertise their presence. In this paper, we report on our experience in developing two such solutions: the transparent approach of INDISS based on message translation, and the explicit approach of MSDA based on protocol integration. While efficient and able to support legacy clients and services, INDISS is limited by the basic service information available in existing SDPs, and assumptions about the network protocols used by the SDPs. Advanced discovery features required by pervasive environments, such as context or security management, can only be provided by more complex discovery frameworks like MSDA, but come at a price.
Spotting lemons in the PKI market: engendering trust by signalling quality

Public key infrastructure (PKI) has emerged as a critical technology for identity management in e-commerce and e-government and over a hundred Certification Authorities across the globe offer certification services. Despite the passing of legislation in many countries to give equal legal weight to electronic signatures as to handwritten ones, the overall market for digital certificates has not expanded as much as was originally thought. The literature indicates a range of possible issues holding back widescale adoption of PKI ranging from technical, policy, legal and regulatory. In this paper, we focus on the question of quality uncertainty, and hence on trust, and use an economic theory, the Lemons principle, to examine the market context for digital certificates. A review follows of three ways, namely brand names, guarantees and licensing, to signal the quality of certificates and so engender some of the trust that is required for the relying party to accept and use certificates when they are offered.
From ‘garden city precursors’ to ‘cemeteries for the living’: contemporary discourse on Krupp housing and Besucherpolitik in Wilhelmine Germany

In the Wilhelmine era (1871–1918) the Krupp steel company developed into Germany's largest industrial establishment and most famous armaments manufacturer. While the firm further cultivated its reputation as ‘Cannon Kings’, it claimed to be a leader in an entirely different area: the provision of housing. Extensively marketed through company publications, displays at international exhibitions and its Besucherpolitik (visitor policy), Krupp's housing developments in Essen generated considerable domestic and international interest. During a period when the housing question increasingly entered the political realm, high-profile individuals such as Kurt Eisner, Hannes Meyer and Alfred von Tirpitz all passionately expressed their views on Krupp's housing developments. This article assesses their historically neglected first-hand observations against the quantitative and qualitative housing achievements of the steel giant.
What drives innovation? Inferences from an industry-wide survey in Nigeria

This chapter seeks to make some contributions to the literature on firm-level innovation in Africa by attempting to identify the significant factors that explain the capability of firms in Nigeria to innovate using the results of an industry-wide study. We focused on the product and process innovation activities of firms between 2003 and 2006 and found differences in the factors that drive them at the firm level. Our results further show that interactions matter more than most innovation-related variables and that the most important actors that influence a firm’s innovation efforts are its customers and suppliers. We conclude that product and process innovations are not mutually exclusive and that a major key to successful innovation is how and with whom a firm collaborates. The implication of this for firms and policy makers is that an effectively wired innovation system where all stakeholders are active is critical for firm-level innovation capability.
'Communication containing its own critique': the Situationists contra Jean-Luc Godard

The Situationist International were no devotees of the work of Jean-Luc Godard, referring to him as a ‘representative of formal pseudo-liberty’ and ‘pseudo-critic of customs and values’, the two characteristics indicative of what they called the 'fakery of recuperated modern art'.  ‘Godardism’, as the Situationists put it, existed only to prevent Situationist expression in the cinema.  This is why, as a later article in the Internationale situationniste journal entitled ‘Cinema and Revolution’ alleges, Godard was rendered obsolete by the riots, strikes and occupations of May ’68 and heckled by those revolutionaries who encountered him on the streets. Godard’s films, so the article further contends, would be consigned to the dustbin of history.  With reference to Godard’s British Sounds and Le Gai Savoir (both 1969) and Debord’s La Societe du spectacle (1972 from the 1967 book), my paper will examine how both Godard and Situationist Guy Debord responded to the immediate post-May period on film, in order to analyse their profound divergences in their attitudes toward the political task of filmmaking. It is well worth acknowledging that the considerable vitriol meted out to Godard was in part due to his work’s apparent proximity to the theories the Situationists were putting forward themselves in the 1960s.  Convergences in cinematic technique and theoretical exposition will be examined in this paper. Conversely, philosopher Jacques Ranciere has described the Debord’s cinematic work as directly opposed to the creed of Brechtian distanciation, a concept particularly associated with Godard.  My paper will interrogate Ranciere’s claim that Debord’s cinematic detournement is ‘positive’ and ‘lyrical’ in response to the perceived of negationism of much of Godard’s work in elucidating the opposing conceptions of cinematic agency at play in these films.
Mental imagery as a strategy to enhance creativity in children

Visual imagery plays a critical role in children’s creativity. The ability to think creatively in childhood is linked to the vividness of mental images, but not the ability to transform mental images, a skill that is linked instead to logical thinking. However, a particular mental transformation, synthesis (i.e., combination of images), seems to be related with creativity. Previous research demonstrated that requiring an individual to mentally combine simple shapes can lead to creative products. This procedure, evidence shows, can also be used by children, such that training that involves combining mental shapes leads children to become more creative in making mental synthesis.
A evolução do petismo (2002-2008)

On the bases of ESEB 2002 and in LAPOP 2007, the article analyzes the evolution of the bases of the support of mass to the PT since Lula took office in 2002. Historically, only the PT has been able to build and maintain a fairly large base of partisan "identifiers" among Brazilian voters. But, since 2002, the PT became more moderate and far less concerned with ideology and with the principles the party laid out in its early years and the article investigates the impact of the moderation of the PT's leadership on the "petistas". The results suggest that it had few changes in the bases of "petismo": a slight moderation and a small change in socioeconomic profile. They also indicate that the sentiment about corruption remains unimportant as a determinant of "petismo".
Tectonic-Thermal Evolution of the Subei Basin since the Late Cretaceous

Basin thermal evolution is an immediate dominant factor for controlling source rock evolution and gas production.Two seismic profiles,g1 and g2,across the Subei Basin were studied with tectonic-thermal evolution modeling.With the aim to reconstruct the extension of the Subei Basin after Cretaceous,the thermal history was divided into three extension stages.During the first extension stage(95-83 Ma),the basement heat flows from different tectonic units in the Subei Basin were low and uniform.For the second stage(83-54.9 Ma),the basement heat flow values increased gradually,and the values started to vary between the different tectonic units.In the last stage(54.9-38 Ma),the basement heat flows increased apparently,and many heat flows reached the maximum value in this modeling,while different tectonic units revealed large differences.After the Neogene,these heat flow values of the Subei Basin were stable due to the slight tectonic inversion.
Robots, Clones and Clockwork Men: The Post-Human Perplex in Early Twentieth-Century Literature and Science

AbstractRecent commentators have located the origins of the so-called 'Post-Human era' in the literature, painting and sculpture of the early twentieth-century Modernist avant-garde. The 'post-human' expresses a powerful cultural conception, however far it falls short of scientific precision. This paper looks at both science fiction and science non-fiction from the early 1920s in the light of the alleged distinction between the human and the post-human. In the year 1923, Karel Capek's play R. U. R. gave the English language the word robot, E. V. Odle published what has been called the first cyborg novel, H. G. Wells portrayed a utopian future in Men Like Gods, and J. B. S. Haldane inaugurated the 'To-day and To-morrow' series which marks the beginning of the discipline of futurology. Haldane's Daedalus and the novel it influenced, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, foresee a future of cloned individuals who are at least neo-human if not exactly post-human. Like Wells's utopians, these products of genetic en...
Observations on temperature dependence of photoconductivity in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

It is well known that the photoconductive sensitivity is often used to roughly characterize the quality of amorphous semiconductors, because it involves not only the optical processes of carrier excitation, trapping and recombination but also the various transport mechanisms of excited carriers. The results published by many groups show that a wide range of properties can be observed in samples produced under a variety of deposition conditions.
Countertransference Bias: Self-Examination, Not Cross-Examination

In reply to T. Tippins (2007, this issue), we take issue with his claim that recognition of the biasing impact of custody evaluators' countertransference opens the door to “evidentially legitimate” fishing expeditions through evaluators' private lives on cross-examination. We clarify the distinction between self-examination for counter-transference bias as a heuristic for improving the sensitivity and objectivity of expert testimony and its use as substantive evidence. We argue that countertransference bias is a highly personal, emotionally charged kind of bias, unlike the cognitive biases more frequently discussed in the child custody literature. We conclude that recognition of the insidious emotional influences that threaten our objectivity in working with families in high conflict divorce is an important ethical responsibility.
Classification and Preprocessing in the Stock Data

In this paper we deal with the problem of assigning classes to the given market situation. We consider approach in which every market situation can be connected with one of the following decision classes: BUY, SELL or WAIT. Each of two classes: BUY and SELL can be assigned only on the basis of significant rises or drops of the given instrument. In all remaining cases WAIT class is assigned. Such approach allows to be independent of indicator values which nowadays are considered to have the significant prediction power. To achieve the goal we selected various stock instruments and with the use of the preprocessing and data discretization we generated decision tables for every considered datasets.
A Predictive Model of the Building Design Process

In a complex construction industry, such as that in the UK, the building process is predominantly that of assembling components made off-site. This requires that all the components are detailed, together with the methods of fixing, sufficiently early to ensure that the components are delivered to site at the right time. The effect of this has been to increase the number of drawings produced by the design team, for a typical project, to between 500 and 5000. Frequently this process fails because its complexity is not understood nor managed sensibly.
The child as a subject and as an object between two kinds of investigation of the sexual abuse

This article discusses the treatment which is being given to the topic of sexual abuse by contemporary society and suggests a contrast from the psychoanalytic theory, especially as it refers to infantile sexuality. Assuming that the child is a subject of desire, therefore, subject to its choices, whether conscious or unconscious, we question the current tendency to relieve it's objectalisation in the legal, psychological and, even in some texts, psychoanalytic approaches and we emphasize an important difference between the juridical discourse and the psychoanalytic one. As we know, the latter distinguishes itself by giving the child the place of the desiring subject, which may be subjectively involved in the experiences in which it`s taking part, including sexual ones. We rely for this, primarily, on the works of Freud and Lacan, but also on the observations that some psychoanalysts reaffirmed in recent years, on the ethical position of psychoanalysis facing the child as a subject, with its desire and jouissance possibilities, against a moralizing, normative and hygienist logic, which turns the child still more into an object.
Descriptive and Relative Completeness of Logics for Higher-Order Functions

This paper establishes a strong completeness property of compositional program logics for pure and imperative higher-order functions introduced in [18,16.17,19,3]. This property, called descriptive completeness, says that for each program there is an assertion fully describing the program's behaviour up to the standard observational semantics. This formula is inductively calculable from the program text alone. As a consequence we obtain the first relative completeness result for compositional logics of pure and imperative call-by-value higher-order functions in the full type hierarchy.
Finding Recursions for Multidimensional Arrays

We produce a concise description of Sakata's algorithm for finding recursion relations that are valid for an n-dimensional array. The (new) analysis extends to limit points which are excluded by previous authors. We show that under a natural hypothesis the algorithm becomes stationary below each limit point and, in particular, constructs a full set of recursion relations for a recursive array at some finite point. The method used to justify the algorithm stresses the duality between the fundamental extension operation of Sakata and the S-polynomial operation of Buchberger.