nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Rights-Protection Lawyers in China: A Behavioral and Rational Choice Analysis of Lawyers in an Authoritarian State

Human rights literature has generally assumed a rational choice framework when analyzing a state’s failure to comply with human rights norms. The major principle of rational choice theory is that an actor will pursue activities that she expects will maximize her utility. Some recent scholarship has applied social science research calling this principle into question, often referred to as behavioral research, in the context of human rights. Even though much of the current literature treats these two frameworks as competitors, this Note explores how both rational choice theory and behavioral research offer insights into different aspects of a state’s decision to deviate from human rights norms. After outlining the two frameworks in Part I, Part II provides background on the development of China’s legal system and the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) recent decision to detain over 200 rights-protection lawyers. Part III utilizes both rational choice and behavioral research in order to explain why the CCP tolerated the emergence of rights-protection lawyers and why it seemingly reverted to the expected authoritarian position by cracking down on these lawyers. This Note concludes with a discussion of the distinct but complimentary strategies that rational choice and behavioral research suggest that could improve compliance with human rights norms.
The Human Inheritance: Genes, Language, and Evolution

The New Science of Life simply does not work. The author has a central idea regarding how Darwinian natural selection may be complemented by another evolutionary force, which he refers to as quantum evolution. However, this idea is hidden in the shortest chapter, near the end of the book, after more than 200 pages of wide-ranging material covering a miscellany of rather tenuously linked subjects Ð biospheric extremes, reproduction, the origin of life, muscle action, enzyme action and quantum mechanics. This results in the reader becoming progressively frustrated as the book does not get to the point and when one eventually gets there one is in no mood to take on board speculative and badly explained new mechanisms, which is how I viewed the core ideas when I ®nally reached them. So, what is McFadden's `Quantum Evolution', which he describes in his sub-title as `The New Science of Life'? Firstly, it bears no relation to G. G. Simpson's `quantum evolution' that we are all familiar with Ð indeed, and bizarrely, McFadden seems entirely unaware of this standard usage of his key term. There are no references to Simpson's work anywhere in the book. Instead, McFadden's `quantum evolution' emerges as an application of quantum mechanics to mechanisms of mutation and it becomes, among other things, a proposed way in which the controversial `adaptive mutations' described in E. coli by Cairns et al. (1988) might come about. As I have never believed that environmental conditions systematically cause mutations that are adaptive in those conditions, I was not particularly interested in a possible mechanism for the production of such mutations. Perhaps other readers with dierent preconceptions may take a more positive view. Regrettably, the recurrent errors throughout the book lead to the feeling of not being in a safe pair of hands. Some of these are trivial, yet add to the general sense of insecurity Ð for example, a tendency to get names wrong. So, for example, Margulis becomes Margolis, Eldredge becomes Eldridge and Galilei becomes Galiliei. More importantly, there are other parts of the book that are just plain wrong. For example, McFadden says (p. 133) that the second law of thermodynamics `states that everything in the universe is accompanied by an increase in entropy'. Even the author himself realises that this is not so, because he states on the following page that the second law `does not forbid processes that decrease entropy', so the ®rst statement represents careless writing rather than misconception. The lesser of two evils, to be sure, but disconcerting nonetheless. As will be clear by now, I did not like the central idea or the book as a whole. However, I was left asking myself whether I might have been prepared to consider the central idea more sympathetically if McFadden had written a much shorter book with quantum evolution up front and with greater attention to detail. I suspect the answer is no.
Gregory of Tours and Spain

Gregory’s narrative about Spain and Spanish matters is focused largely on religious issues, even when these involved diplomacy and warfare. Distinctions like these, however, were not those the bishop of Tours would have made or recognized. A good example of his approach is his description of the campaign conducted in 531 by Childebert I (ca 511–558) against the Visigothic king Amalaric (a. 526–531), prompted by the latter’s ill-treatment of his wife, Chlothild, who was the Frankish monarch’s  While recording the death of Amalaric in Barcelona in a version that conflicts with Spanish accounts, Gregory gives very few details of the military events, which are almost incidental to his narrative, but instead includes precise figures for the 60 chalices, 15 patens and 20 gold and bejeweled Gospel covers that Childebert carried off as loot to distribute amongst various episcopal and monastic churches in Francia.2 Similarly, Gregory reports on how the Arian bishop of Narbonne died of despair when he failed to prevent the inhabitants of the province of Narbonensis accepting Catholicism following the conversion of the Visigothic king Reccared in 587 (Hist. 9.15). However, the Spanish hagiographic text known as the Vitas Patrum Emeretensium indicates that this episcopal bitterness took the more concrete form of a revolt, in which Bishop Athalocus joined the Narbonese counts Granista and Wildigern in a failed rising against the king – a dimension
Hypertension in Children and Adolescents.

Hypertension is a growing problem in children and adolescents, with primary hypertension becoming the most common etiology. In addition to demonstrating that high blood pressure in children and young adults is likely to remain elevated into adulthood, this review (1) addresses important aspects of measuring blood pressure in children and adolescents, (2) defines elevated blood pressure and hypertension in this age group, (3) describes the initial evaluation and workup of abnormally high blood pressure, and (4) introduces treatment strategies for youth with sustained hypertension.
The Philadelphia Rapid Transit Plan

IN writing this article I have used literally some of the expressions of Miss Helen Marot and Dr. Charles W. Eliot, who have crystallized the thought in a way I could not improve. Mr. T. E. Mitten has been a constant inspiration to me in adjustments with wage workers. When I, as an examiner for the National War Labor Board, first met him, he was deep in his practical cobperative work with the public of the city of Philadelphia during the influenza epidemic. His remarkable effort to stop that dreadful scourge was surely the most effective local agency. His successful safety cooperative work with the school children and the general public of Philadelphia has also been an inspiration.
Protein surface mapping by chemical oxidation: structural analysis by mass spectrometry.

The solvent-accessible surface area of proteins is important in biological function for many reasons, including protein-protein interactions, protein folding, and catalytic sites. Here we present a chemical technique to oxidize amino acid side chains in a model protein, apomyoglobin, and subsequent elucidation of the effect of solvent accessibility on the sites of oxidation. Under conditions of low protein oxidation (zero to three oxygen atoms added per apomyoglobin molecule), we have positively identified five oxidation sites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that all oxidized amino acids, with the exception of methionine, have highly solvent-accessible side chains, but the rate of oxidation may not be dictated solely by solvent accessibility and amino acid identity.
Structural properties of adsorbent phyllosilicates rule the entrapping ability of intercalated iron-phenanthroline complex towards thiols

The interaction of volatile organic sulfur derivatives, such as 1-heptanethiol (C 7 H 16 S), with clay minerals treated with a μ-oxo Fe 3+ -phenanthroline 1:1 complex results strongly affected by crystal chemical properties of pristine mineral phases. In particular, two sepiolite clays with different structural features demonstrated significantly different ability to immobilize the Fe 3+ -phenanthroline complex at two pH values (pH = 5.4 and pH = 2.3). The most effective binding was obtained with sepiolite with higher structural disorder at pH 5.4. Accordingly, the resulting hybrid material showed also the greatest efficiency in removal of thiol in gas phase. A direct correlation can be established between the adsorption of the Fe 3+ -phenanthroline complex and the gas binding process at room temperature. In fact, 1-heptanethiol entrapping occurs via redox reactions between Fe 3+ and a first thiol molecule to give the reduced Fe 2+ -phenanthroline complex and disulfide, followed by the binding of further thiols to the reduced metal centre. The extremely high amount of thiol immobilized by the hybrid material also suggests the co-presence of a catalytic mechanism that guarantees the reoxidation of Fe +2 to Fe +3 and the restoration of redox reactions with thiol. Investigation and conclusions were supported by the several experimental techniques: elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction analyses, UV–Vis measurements, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analyses.
Corrosion behaviors and mechanisms of in-situ Ti-based MGMCs in chloride-containing and chloride-free solutions

The corrosion behavior of Ti 62 Zr 12 V 13 Cu 4 Be 9 metallic glass matrix composites (MGMCs) in chloride-containing (NaCl and HCl) and chloride-free (NaOH and H 2 SO 4 ) solutions was studied. As a result, Ti 62 Zr 12 V 13 Cu 4 Be 9 MGMCs exhibits better corrosion resistance in chloride-free solutions due to the formation of oxide layer. In comparison, the oxide layer formed in NaOH solution is superior to that formed in H 2 SO 4 solution according to the analysis results of XPS and EIS. The irregularity of elemental and phase distribution in this Ti-based MGMCs material is considered the driving force of the corrosion process. With the inclusion of other factors such as the different pH values and the cathodic reaction, rather reasonable interpretation about the difference of corrosion behaviors of Ti-based MGMCs samples in various media is proposed.
Geology,Geochemistry of Langao Mafic Volcanic Rocks in South Qinling Orogenic Belt and Its Tectonic Implications

To study the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Langao mafic volcanic rocks in South Qinling orogenic belt,basalts and volcanic breccias are sampled from Langao County for petrography,major elements,trace elements and REE analysis.The results show that they are classified to alkaline basalts,and characterized by strong differentiation between LREE and HREE,Rb,K depletion relative to Th,Hf and no Nb,Ta,Zr,Ti negative anomalies.All of the samples display highly consistent REE patterns and trace elements spider diagrams with OIB.Petrogenenis studies reveal that they were derived from a congenetic primitive magma which was the product of low-degree partial melting of the spinel-garnet lherzolites and garnet lherzolites.These rocks mainly underwent fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene with minor plagioclases and were not accompanied by contamination of continent crustal materials during their magmatic evolution processes.Tectonic discrimination for mafic volcanics,using trace elements,and regional geological analysis demonstrate that Langao mafic volcanic rocks were most likely formed in the ocean basin plateau or ocean island setting.
Networking Capability And 'Born Global' Exporters

This paper broadens the boundaries of international marketing, working at the interface of marketing and international business addressing the role of networking capability in the ‘born global’ firm. A special breed of small firms, ‘born globals’ are operationally defined as exporting within the first three years and deriving at least 25 percent of the sales income from exporting. Drawing on six exemplar case studies this research identifies the role of fundamental and secondary networking capabilities, how networking capability enables identification and exploitation of market opportunities, facilitates the development of knowledge intensive products and firm international market performance. Implications of findings and future research direction are discussed.
PROPAGATING COSMOLOGICAL PERTURBATIONS IN A BOUNCING UNIVERSE

Using the simplest model for a bouncing universe, namely that for which gravity is described by pure general relativity, the spatial sections are positively curved and the matter content is a single scalar field, we obtain the transition matrix relating cosmological perturbation modes between the contracting and expanding phases. We show that this case provides a specific example in which this relation explicitely depends on the perturbation scale whenever the null energy condition (NEC) is close to be violated.
The effectiveness of corporate governance: board structure and business technical efficiency in Spain

This study seeks to determine the effectiveness of corporate governance by analyzing the impact of board structure on firm technical efficiency. Resampling methods and bootstrapping techniques applied in Data Envelopment Analysis are used to evaluate firm performance. Truncated regressions are estimated to determine the effect of five board characteristics—board size, board independence, board reputation, board diversity and board activity—on efficiency. The result of this empirical study shows that business technical efficiency increases with a heterogeneous board with a limited number of directorships per director and with a limited activity specified in a reduced number of annual board meetings with a higher number of specialized committees.
Scalable multi-domain dialogue state tracking

Dialogue state tracking (DST) is a key component of task-oriented dialogue systems. DST estimates the user's goal at each user turn given the interaction until then. State of the art approaches for state tracking rely on deep learning methods, and represent dialogue state as a distribution over all possible slot values for each slot present in the ontology. Such a representation is not scalable when the set of possible values are unbounded (e.g., date, time or location) or dynamic (e.g., movies or usernames). Furthermore, training of such models requires labeled data, where each user turn is annotated with the dialogue state, which makes building models for new domains challenging. In this paper, we present a scalable multi-domain deep learning based approach for DST. We introduce a novel framework for state tracking which is independent of the slot value set, and represent the dialogue state as a distribution over a set of values of interest (candidate set) derived from the dialogue history or knowledge. Restricting these candidate sets to be bounded in size addresses the problem of slot-scalability. Furthermore, by leveraging the slot-independent architecture and transfer learning, we show that our proposed approach facilitates quick adaptation to new domains.
X: INTEGRATIVE SUMMARY.

In thismonograph, we have examined the development of a large number of adolescents from diverse socioeconomic and racial/ethnic backgrounds. Overall, these young Americans showed much stronger evidence of positive than problematic development, even at their most vulnerable times. Absolute levels of their engagement in healthy behaviors, supportive relationships with parents and friends, and positive self-perceptions and psychological well-being were much higher than their angry and depressive feelings, engagement in risky behaviors, and negative relationships with parents and peers. We did not find much evidence that adolescence is a time of heightened risk. Rather, most of these adolescents experienced relatively stable and developmentally healthy trajectories across a wide range of beliefs, behaviors, emotional functioning, and relationships, with slight increases or decreases at different points in development that varied across domains. That said, however, some developmental periods were riskier than others, depending on the outcome assessed as well as the gender and race/ethnicity of the adolescent. An examination of the entirety of adolescence (ages 12–20) allows us to pinpoint when, on average, such changes occurred.
Synthesis and properties of zirconium carbide film on graphite

In this study, synthesis and properties of zirconium carbide on graphite will be introduced. CVD temperature and H 2 flow affect properties of ZrC film. The increased temperature and increased size of crystal ZrC reduce flatness of the surface; contrarily, the increased flow of H 2 and decreased size of crystal flatten the surface of porous film. The obtained results showed that CVD condition is suitable for producing uniform, consistent and flat ZrC film: temperature 1200 o C; H 2 flow at 20 ml/min; flows of Ar, gas at 30, 80 ml/min, respectively; ZrCl 4 8 g/time, CVD time 1 hour.  Phase components of ZrC film mainly consist of two principal phases ZrC and carbon. Film thickness ranges from 10.5-15.5 mm; film coating is uniform, non-crack, and highly compact and the film’s medium hardness is 1943 kG/mm 2 .  Zirconium carbide, film, graphite, CVD.
A family's request for complementary medicine after patient brain death.

A 19-year-old woman living with relatives in the United States who was admitted for elective cranial surgery for complications related to a congenital disorder developed an acute intracranial hemorrhage 10 days after surgery. The patient was declared dead following repeat negative apnea tests. The patient's father requested that the treating team administer an unverified traditional medicinal substance to the patient. Because of the unusual nature of this request, the treating team called an ethics consultation. The present article reviews this case and discusses other cases that share key features to determine whether and when it is appropriate to accommodate requests for interventions on patients who have been declared dead.
Increasing the sensor performance using Au modified high temperature superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-delta thin films

We prepared planar, galvanically coupled gradiometers whereby the antenna structures of some of them were modified by incorporating Au nanoparticles. Gradiometers with gold modified antennas were compared with conventional ones to investigate the influence of gold induced pinning on the performance of superconducting sensor devices. We found that a local inclusion of gold nanoparticles offers the possibility of increasing the pinning of flux lines in the antenna regions, thus significantly reducing flux noise, especially in the low-frequency range. Since also the properties of grain boundary Josephson Junctions are strongly affected by Au particles, SQUID and antenna regions in gradiometric sensor devices can be separately optimized.
Evolving Yangtze River reconstructed by detrital zircon U-Pb dating and petrographic analysis of Miocene marginal Sea sedimentary rocks of the Western Foothills and Hengchun Peninsula, Taiwan: Evolving Yangtze River

The timing of the establishment of the Yangtze River, whether prior to the early Miocene (~24 Ma) or more recently (~2 Ma), has been a point of much debate. Here we applied detrital zircon U-Pb dating to Miocene sedimentary rocks from Taiwan and to estuary sands from modern rivers in SE China to trace sediment provenance and to further constrain the evolution of the Yangtze River. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from Miocene sandstones of the Western Foothills show similar age spectra to Miocene and modern sediments in the Yangtze River drainage and some similarity to the Minjiang River sediments. However, they differ significantly from ages in some sandstones from the Hengchun Peninsula accretionary prism and from the estuary sands of the Jiulongjiang River. This information, together with petrographic and sedimentary facies analysis, argues that the Jiulongjiang and Minjiang Rivers were major sources to some Hengchun Peninsula turbidites (~12 Ma), while synchronous sedimentation in the Western Foothills was supplied from the Yangtze, Minjiang (or similar river), and possibly even the Yellow River. These sediments were transported southward/eastward via rivers or channels to the marginal sedimentary basins now inverted in the Western Foothills in Taiwan. The Yangtze River must have been established prior to the middle Miocene.
Higher Education Inc.: The personal and professional dilemmas of environmental educators undertaking research with/for private corporations

We are living in an era of market-driven, globalised economies characterised by reduced public investments in what, until now, have been considered public goods and services. In Australia and elsewhere, education, and higher education in particular, has seen steady declines in government funding. This has prompted universities to become much more entrepreneurial and to seek out new funding opportunities to support their teaching and research activities. This paper reflects on the personal and professional dilemmas and challenges we faced as two early career environmental education researchers who were commissioned to undertake research for a private corporation. As a result of issues raised during this process, we engaged in a critical reflection of our perceptions and feelings about our involvement in the project. In essence, dilemmas and challenges centred around two issues: (1) control/ ownership of the research; and (2) the clash between corporate and university values. This paper explores these issues and suggests that greater mindfulness on the part of individual researchers as well as the development of better university-corporate partnership processes and protocols might provide useful starting points for overcoming such dilemmas and for moving forward with university-corporate research partnerships.
Construction and Reform of Computer Network Course for Software Engineering Major Combining Theory with Practice Against the Background of Emerging Engineering

This paper analyzes the existing problems of the computer network course of software engineering, analyzes the existing problems in the existing curriculum, and puts forward the computer network course construction and reform plan combining the theory and practice of software engineering with the new engineering education concept. In the course of curriculum content, practice link setting, curriculum form, curriculum assessment and other aspects of all-round construction and reform, and based on this, to provide experience for software engineering innovative talent training in the context of new engineering. 新工科背景下理论与实践相结合的软件工程专业《计算机网络》课程建设 与改革