nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Photochemistry of biological molecules. IV. Gaseous products from the photolysis of alanine peptides in the solid state.

— Earlier studies based on ESR measurements of the photodamage induced by 254 nm irradiation of solid state alanine peptides have been supplemented by a new mechanistic probe involving mass spectrometric and gas-solid-chromatographic analyses of the gaseous products viz., carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and ethane. Decarboxylation, a major reaction, is temperature sensitive and independent of carbon monoxide formation. Carbon monoxide does not arise from the carboxyl group but rather by peptide bond rupture, which may lead to the generation of at least some of the hydrogen gas detected. The use of N-deuterated-DL-alanyl-DL-alanine shows that the methyl radicals generated can abstract hydrogen atoms from the solid state peptide, and the formation of H2 and HD implicate an imine intermediate in the photodegradation.
Symmetry in concurrent games

Behavioural symmetry is introduced into concurrent games. It expresses when plays are essentially the same. A characterization of strategies on games with symmetry is provided. This leads to a bi-category of strategies on games with symmetry. Symmetry helps allay the perhaps overly-concrete nature of games and strategies, and shares many mathematical features with homotopy. In the presence of symmetry we can consider monads for which the monad laws do not hold on the nose but do hold up to symmetry. This broadening of the concept of monad has a dramatic effect on the types concurrent games can support and allows us, for example, to recover the replication needed to express and extend traditional game semantics.
The economics of free internet access

In this paper, we argue that the role of the Dutch State has been (a) significant in the spread of management knowledge in the Dutch management community but (b) changed dramatically during the nineteen eighties. After the World War II, the Dutch government played an important role in the development of an institutionalized network to spread management knowledge through the management community. The government stimulated the introduction of new ideas by assisting in the development of different new institutions. In the nineteen eighties, however, the position of the government changed dramatically. Its role as distributor of knowledge disappeared almost completely and was taken over by consulting agencies, commercial publisher, and conference organizers. Besides the decreasing role as distributor, the government also changed its own interest. More and more, government agencies started to use management knowledge themselves and turned into one of the largest users in the Netherlands.
Pediatric ventricular assist device use as a bridge to transplantation does not affect long-term quality of life.

The present study sought to determine the long-term quality of life (QOL) of children who required long-term ventricular assist device (VAD) support as a bridge to transplantation (BTT) compared with children who underwent heart transplantation without VAD support. Currently, 20% of children undergoing heart transplantation have required a VAD as a BTT. Few data have been published assessing how children requiring a VAD as a BTT will fair in terms of their long-term QOL.



The present study used a cross-sectional design, using the Core and Cardiac modules of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory survey. In a secondary analysis, the factors associated with worse QOL outcomes among the VAD patients were also investigated.



At follow-up (median, 4.2 years), between the 21 children who required a VAD as a BTT and 42 who went straight to transplantation, no significant differences were found in the QOL as measured using the Psychosocial Health Summary Score, Physical Health Summary Score, or Total Score in the survey's Core Module, nor were any differences found in the outcomes assessed using the survey's Cardiac Module. Of the patients who required a VAD, only the presence of a neurologic complication was associated with worse QOL, which was demonstrated by decreased Physical Health Summary and Cardiac Communication scores.



Over the long term, surviving children who required a long-term VAD as a BTT experience a similar QOL as those who went straight to transplantation.
Business Cycles and Monetary Regimes in Emerging Economies: A Role for a Monopolistic Banking Sector

This study shows that the presence of imperfect competition in the banking system propagates external shocks and amplifies the business cycle. Strategic limit pricing, aimed at protecting retail niches from potential competitors, generates countercyclical bank markups. Markup increments during recessions directly increase borrowing costs for firms and indirectly damage the financial position of firms' balance-sheets, increasing the risk perception of lenders. I use Bayesian techniques and data from Argentina to show that the inclusion of monopolistic banking improves the fit of the New Keynesian small open economy model.
On the Equivalence of Logic-Based Argumentation Systems

Equivalence between two argumentation systems means mainly that the two systems return the same outputs. It can be used for different purposes, namely in order to show whether two systems that are built over the same knowledge base but with distinct attack relations return the same outputs, and more importantly to check whether an infinite system can be reduced into a finite one. 
 
Recently, the equivalence between abstract argumentation systems was investigated. Two categories of equivalence criteria were particularly proposed. The first category compares directly the outputs of the two systems (e.g. their extensions) while the second compares the outputs of their extended versions (i.e. the systems augmented by the same set of arguments). It was shown that only identical systems are equivalent w.r.t. those criteria. 
 
In this paper, we study when two logic-based argumentation systems are equivalent. We refine existing criteria by considering the internal structure of arguments and propose new ones. Then, we identify cases where two systems are equivalent. In particular, we show that under some reasonable conditions on the logic underlying an argumentation system, the latter has an equivalent finite subsystem. This subsystem constitutes a threshold under which arguments of the system have not yet attained their final status and consequently adding a new argument may result in status change. From that threshold, the statuses of all arguments become stable.
Research paperSynthesis and field emission characteristics of W5O14 nanowires film

The W5O14 nanowires are metallic oxides with specific resistivity of 27 μΩcm and diameters bellow 100 nm. The field emission characteristics of the films composed of these nanowires have been investigated. The emitting current densities up to 6.4 mA/cm2 have been obtained at very low electric field of about 3 V/μm. The samples were allowed to emit for more than 100 h without showing significant decays of the emitting current and without substantial current oscillations. These characteristics make these nanowires very promising for the realization of large area field emitting cathodes.
Trajectories and particle creation and annihilation in quantum field theory

We develop a theory based on Bohmian mechanics in which particle world lines can begin and end. Such a theory provides a realist description of creation and annihilation events and thus a further step towards a 'beable-based' formulation of quantum field theory, as opposed to the usual 'observable-based' formulation which is plagued by the conceptual difficulties—such as the measurement problem—of quantum mechanics.
The Divine Command Theory of Mozi1

In this study, I will examine the famous ‘divine command theory’ of Mozi. Through the discussion of several important chapters of Mozi, including Fayi (law), Tianzhi (the will of heaven), Minggui (knowing the spirits) and Jianai (universal love), I attempt to clarify the arguments of Mozi offered in support of his distinctive ideas of serving heaven, knowing the spirits and loving all. The analysis shows that there are serious problems with his assumptions, hence they fail to support his conclusions as to the heaven–human relationship, and the man–man relationship. That is to say, at least in the texts covered, Mozi did not justify the moral or social relationship in society by appealing to the religious relationship.
The mechanisms of governance

This book brings together in one place the work of one of our most respected economic theorists, on a field which he has played a large part in originating: the New Institutional Economics. Transaction cost economics, which studies the governance of contractual relations, is the branch of the New Institutional Economics with which Oliver Williamson is especially associated. Transaction cost economics takes issue with one of the fundamental building blocks in microeconomics: the theory of the firm. Whereas orthodox economics describes the firm in technological terms, as a production function, transaction cost economics describes the firm in organizational terms, as a governance structure. Alternative feasible forms of organization--firms, markets, hybrids, bureaus--are examined comparatively. The analytical action resides in the details of transactions and the mechanisms of governance. Transaction cost economics has had a pervasive influence on current economic thought about how and why institutions function as they do, and it has become a practical framework for research in organizations by representatives of a variety of disciplines. Through a transaction cost analysis, The Mechanisms of Governance shows how and why simple contracts give way to complex contracts and internal organization as the hazards of contracting build up. That complicates the study of economic organization, but a richer and more relevant theory of organization is the result. Many testable implications and lessons for public policy accrue to this framework. Applications of both kinds are numerous and growing. Written by one of the leading economic theorists of our time, The Mechanisms of Governance is sure to be an important work for years to come. It will be of interest to scholars and students of economics, organization, management, and law.
On Sets of Terms: A Study of a Generalisation Relation and of Its Algorithmic Properties

Signatures, as introduced to cope with semantics of programming languages, provide an interesting framework for knowledge representation. They allow structured and recursive properties that attribute representation does not permit, and at the same time seem to be algorithmically treatable. We recall how a generalisation relation on terms can be introduced by means of the classical special symbol Ω, whose meaning is “indeterminate”, and the partial order inductively defined on the terms. This formalism can nevertheless not take into account negation or disjunction. We provide in this paper a generalisation relation on sets of terms to withdraw these restrictions. This relation has different definitions (syntactical, set-theoretic, and based on a closed world assumption) that are proved to be equivalent for specific classes of signatures. They yield an equivalence relation whose canonical form is studied. We also study the combinatorial and algorithmic issues of the generalisation relation: the following problems are proved to be decidable (on finite data) but generally at least NP-complete: Does set A generalise set B? Are sets A and B equivalent? Is set B the canonical form of set A? Compute the negation of set A.... In the case where one of the sets contains only terms maximal for the generalisation relation, the first three problems are shown to be polynomial.
Frail patients are at increased risk for mortality and prolonged institutional care after cardiac surgery.

Frailty is an emerging concept in medicine yet to be explored as a risk factor in cardiac surgery. Where elderly patients are increasingly referred for cardiac surgery, the prevalence of a frail group among these is also on the rise. We assessed frailty as a risk factor for adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery.



Functional measures of frailty and clinical data were collected prospectively for all cardiac surgery patients at a single center. Frailty was defined as any impairment in activities of daily living (Katz index), ambulation, or a documented history of dementia. Of 3826 patients, 157 (4.1%) were frail. Frail patients were older, were more likely to be female, and had risk factors for adverse surgical outcomes. By logistic regression, frailty was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.0), as well as institutional discharge (odds ratio 6.3, 95% CI 4.2 to 9.4). Frailty was an independent predictor of reduced midterm survival (hazard ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2).



Frailty is a risk for postoperative complications and an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality, institutional discharge, and reduced midterm survival. Frailty screening improves risk assessment in cardiac surgery patients and may identify a subgroup of patients who may benefit from innovative processes of care.
Precambrian Geochronology, Chronotectonic Framework and Model of Chronocrustal Structure of the Zhongtiao Mountains

The Zhongtiao Mountains, a typical exposure area of Precambrian rocks, are a concentration area of various types of copper deposit. The rocks were dated using several dating methods. Based on the age data obtained by means of three methods, several aspects are dealt with: (1) the dating results obtained by different methods and their geological implications have been compared; (2) a chronotectonic framework has been constructed by means of these reliable ages, which indicates that the ages of the rocks of the Proterozoic mobile belt fall in a time span of 2400 to 2000 Ma during which global magmatic records are lacking and reflects the ages of important events in the mobile belt; (3) according to the ages of inherited zircons, neodymium model age of the depleted mantle sources (TDM) and geochemical and geological data, a model of Precambrian chronocrustal structure has been constructed, representing a typical for the North China craton.
The Power of Local Information in Social Networks

We study the power of \textit{local information algorithms} for optimization problems on social networks. We focus on sequential algorithms for which the network topology is initially unknown and is revealed only within a local neighborhood of vertices that have been irrevocably added to the output set. The distinguishing feature of this setting is that locality is necessitated by constraints on the network information visible to the algorithm, rather than being desirable for reasons of efficiency or parallelizability. In this sense, changes to the level of network visibility can have a significant impact on algorithm design. 
We study a range of problems under this model of algorithms with local information. We first consider the case in which the underlying graph is a preferential attachment network. We show that one can find the node of maximum degree in the network in a polylogarithmic number of steps, using an opportunistic algorithm that repeatedly queries the visible node of maximum degree. This addresses an open question of Bollob{\'a}s and Riordan. In contrast, local information algorithms require a linear number of queries to solve the problem on arbitrary networks. 
Motivated by problems faced by recruiters in online networks, we also consider network coverage problems such as finding a minimum dominating set. For this optimization problem we show that, if each node added to the output set reveals sufficient information about the set's neighborhood, then it is possible to design randomized algorithms for general networks that nearly match the best approximations possible even with full access to the graph structure. We show that this level of visibility is necessary. 
We conclude that a network provider's decision of how much structure to make visible to its users can have a significant effect on a user's ability to interact strategically with the network.
Bolzano and the Analytical Tradition

In the course of the last few decades, Bolzano has emerged as an important player in accounts of the history of philosophy. This should be no surprise. Few authors stand at a more central junction in the development of modern thought. Bolzano's contributions to logic and the theory of knowledge alone straddle three of the most important philosophical traditions of the 19th and 20th centuries: the Kantian school, the early phenomenological movement and what has come to be known as analytical philosophy. This paper identifies three Bolzanian theoretical innovations that warrant his inclusion in the analytical tradition: the commitment to ‘logical realism’, the adoption of a substitutional procedure for the purpose of defining logical properties and a new theory of a priori cognition that presents itself as an alternative to Kant's. All three innovations concur to deliver what counts as the most important development of logic and its philosophy between Aristotle and Frege. In the final part of the paper, I defend Bolzano against a common objection and explain that these theoretical innovations are also supported by views on syntax, which though marginal are both workable and philosophically interesting.
Tests of general relativity in the solar system

Tests of gravity performed in the solar system show a good agreement with general relativity. The latter is however challenged by observations at larger, galactic and cosmic, scales which are presently cured by introducing ``dark matter'' or ``dark energy''. A few measurements in the solar system, particularly the so-called ``Pioneer anomaly'', might also be pointing at a modification of gravity law at ranges of the order of the size of the solar system. The present lecture notes discuss the current status of tests of general relativity in the solar system. They describe metric extensions of general relativity which have the capability to preserve compatibility with existing gravity tests while opening free space for new phenomena. They present arguments for new mission designs and new space technologies as well as for having a new look on data of existing or future experiments.
Gottsched’s Noble Lie. Moral Weeklies And The Educational Autonomy Of Women

This chapter aims to resolve the apparent tension about Johann Christoph Gottscheds real or supposed contribution. It first reviews the historical and intellectual context of Gottsheds weekly and then addresses the arguments for and against Gottscheds positive contribution. Next the chapter presents a brief statement for why we should endorse a sympathetic interpretation of Gottsheds project. In an effort to mediate the perceived tension over Gottsheds contribution to the educational autonomy of women, the author believes there are two things to keep in mind. The first involves the inevitable difficulty of isolating Gottsheds historical situation, as well as our own, that allows the question of his positive contribution to be meaningful. The second point to keep in mind when evaluating Gottscheds contribution to the educational autonomy of women is related to what the author calls his naive optimism for social reform.  educational autonomy of women; Johann Christoph Gottsched; naive optimism
Calculating Sized Types

Many program optimisations and analyses, such as array-bound checking, termination analysis, etc, depend on knowing the size of a function's input and output. However, size information can be difficult to compute. Firstly, accurate size computation requires detecting size relation between different inputs of a function. Secondly, different optimisations and analyses may require slightly different size information, and thus slightly different computation. Literature in size computation has mainly concentrated on size checking, instead of inferencing. In this paper, we provide a generic framework on which different size variants can be expressed and computed. We also describe an effective algorithm for inferring, instead of checking, size information. Size information are expressed in terms of Presburger formulae, and our algorithm utilises the Omega Calculator to compute as exact a size information as possible, within the linear arithmetic capability.
Modern Methods in Nursing

as matron in America. She, therefore, is able to combine the practice of several different schools, and give us the best of them. We have no hesitation in saying that she has given up one of the best text-books of nursing of the present da}', and one we would confidently recommend, not only to probationers, but also to those whose duty it is to lecture to nurses and others. Nothing has been omitted, and the scientific side of such subjects, as bacteriology, has been sufficiently, and simpty dealt with, to enable a nurse to realise the reasons for all the
DYNAMICS, SYMMETRIES AND HADRON PROPERTIES

We provide a snapshot of Dyson-Schwinger equation applications to the theory and phenomenology of hadrons. Exact results for pseudoscalar mesons are highlighted, with details relating to the UA(1) problem. Calculated masses of the lightest J = 0;1 states are discussed. We recapitulate upon studies of nucleon properties and give a perspective on the contribution of quark orbital angular momentum to the spin of a nucleon at rest.