nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Proof by Consistency

Advances of the past decade in methods and computer programs for showing consistency of proof systems based on first-order equations have made it feasible, in some settings, to use proof by consistency as an alternative to conventional rules of inference. Musser described the method applied to proof of properties of inductively defined objects. Refinements of this inductionless induction method were discussed by Kapur, Goguen, Huet and Hullot, Huet and Oppen, Lankford, Dershowitz, Paul, and more recently by Jouannaud and Kounalis as well as by Kapur, Narendran and Zhang. This paper gives a very general account of proof by consistency and inductionless induction, and shows how previous results can be derived simply from the general theory. New results include a theorem giving characterizations of an unambiguity property that is key to applicability of proof by consistency, and a theorem similar to the Birkhoff's Completeness Theorem for equational proof systems, but concerning inductive proof.
Professions et engagement public

Florent Champy, charge de recherche au CNRSLiora Israel, maitre de conferences L’etude des professions a travers le prisme des engagements publics de leurs membres avait pour double objectif de renouveler la representation que nous avons des professions et d’enrichir la comprehension des phenomenes d’engagement. Prendre en compte les logiques d’engagement permet tout d’abord de desenclaver la sociologie des professions, pour insister sur la maniere dont les professionnels interagissent avec l...
Exposure to Light: Virginia Woolf's Work in Illuminating Women's Complex Interiority as Conforming to and Deviating from Notions of Traditional Femininity

In A Room of One’s Own (1929), Woolf faults male authors for depicting women solely in terms of their relationships with men, rather than giving them a three-dimensional, full subjectivity. This thesis posits that Woolf’s characters contrast with the male author model and that through her novels, she attempts to discover women in all of their complexities, which often contrast, but still sometimes conform, to normative notions of femininity. These normative notions include those in which women are not generally thought of as psychologically or philosophically attuned, as being closely intimate with other women, or as existing well, or at all, in metaphorical or literal spaces without men. I argue that women in Woolf’s novels encompass all three of these traits, and that she purposefully creates subversive characters in order to show that women are much more multi-faceted and elaborate than stereotypes of womanhood and femininity would suggest. Simply put, I argue that Woolf creates women characters as complex, yet who still sometimes conform to normative notions of femininity. By focusing on three of Woolf’s novels, briefly on A Room of One’s Own and more deeply in chapters on Mrs. Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927), I will use close readings of several female characters in order to show Woolf’s practice of creating a new genre of complex women in literature. In Mrs. Dalloway, Clarissa Dalloway is a wife and society woman, yet sustains an incredibly active psychological life, and dreams of a past love with another woman. In To the Lighthouse, Lily Briscoe temporarily longs for a traditional family life, and reveres Mrs. Ramsay, a pinnacle of traditional femininity, and yet is a budding artist who ultimately rejects marriage and chooses a life of individuality and creativity. These women are thus most complex in their intimacies with other women and in spaces without men, who systemically serve to limit them in each novel. Significantly, Woolf does not provide an easy or explicit answer to what, exactly, these women are, if they are not normatively feminine: she refuses to label them. When these women characters do not conform to traditional notions of femininity, Woolf resists labeling them, because, as Judith Butler theorizes, Woolf refuses to introduce new normalizing categories that would in turn participate in new or further oppressive structures. CONTENTS Short Titles ......................................................................................................
Laser-clad Ni70Al20Cr7Hf3 alloys with extended solid solution of Hf: Part II. Oxidation behavior

Ni-Al-Cr-Hf coatings with an extended solid solution of Hf were fabricated by laser cladding a premixed powder with a Ni-Al-Cr-Hf ratio of 70∶20∶7∶3 onto a substrate of RENÉ 80. Isothermal oxidation tests in slowly flowing air reveal that the claddings have a lower weight-gain rate than the substrate itselt. Microchemistry and microstructures of the oxidized samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The improvement in oxidation resistance is believed to be at least partially due to the formation of large numbers of hafnium-rich oxide spikes penetrating the unoxidized sample.
Effect of Grain Size on the Microwave Dielectric Characteristics of High‐Energy Ball‐Milled Zinc Magnesium Titanate Ceramics

Using solid-state reaction route and high-energy ball milling technique Zn1−xMgxTiO3 (x = 0–0.5) compositions were synthesized. These ball milled samples were sintered at 1100°C for 2 h and microwave dielectric properties such as dielectric constant (e’), quality factor (Q), and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) were studied. Significant improvement in quality factor of ~ 65% was observed for x = 0.3. To understand the effect of sintering duration on the microwave dielectric properties, single phase Zn0.7Mg0.3TiO3 samples were sintered at 1100°C for different durations from 2 to 20 h. The grain size increases with sintering duration and it influences to enhance the microwave dielectric properties and as a result, the quality factor further improved by three times. The dielectric constant and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency showed a slight improvement of ~ 10%–15% with sintering duration.
Understanding of some problems in development of water conservancy and water conservancy science

The historic difficulties of major rivers in China as well as the important relationships which might be encountered in the development of water conservancy were discussed.It was put forward that the water conservancy science should include water science,water projects and water management,and it should a highly comprehensive subject system and also the scientific basis for the water conservancy industry.A new growing point of the water conservancy science was proposed by analyzing the new changes of flood control concepts,flood control measures,basic theories and research methods.
A Study of Trade Marks, Symbols and Logotypes of Japanese Corporations

Customer’s impression for corporate logos is very important on management strategy. Building up strong VI produces a large amount of profit to corporations. This study considers what impression the customer has, based on a questionnaire survey data. We focused on the logo evolution of Japanese corporations. We used 3 Japanese corporations’ logos as stimulus. These logos are categorized into 3 typical Japanese logo designs. We proposed a questionnaire to the university students to investigate what the impressions of the logos of the 3 Japanese corporations. As the result of Factor analysis, 2 factors were gained. Factor 1 was named F1 Reliability-confidence and Factor 2 was named Innovation-invention. And we gave consideration on the combination of the logo designs and participants’ impressions. The combination of (1) figurative designs and (3) logotype has the tendency that both F1 Reliability-confidence and F2 Innovation-invention. The results of our study are useful in VI strategy.
Simulating Natural Phenomena for Computer Graphics

Level set methods have gained popularity in a number of research areas from computational physics to computer vision to computer graphics. They provide for a robust representation of geometry that can be dynamically evolved by solving partial differential equations in a manner that has been fine tuned by a community of researchers over a number of years. Traditionally, simulation of natural phenomena has been the focus of the computational physics community, but more recently computer graphics researchers have become interested in these methods in part because water, smoke and fire are exciting elements in high demand for special effects in feature films. Although computer graphics is the “inverse problem” to computer vision and this chapter is genuinely more concerned with synthesis than acquisition, understanding the application of level set methods to the physics problems that motivated their invention should enable computer vision researchers to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of these methods and the related underlying mathematics.
[Risk factors for death after a first-ever stroke].

An aim of the present study is to evaluate the risk factors for death after a first-ever stroke within one year after stroke onset in the Kaunas population. The patient's group consisted of 331 men and women with a first-ever stroke who were treated in two Kaunas hospitals during 1997-1998. The data were collected using a "hot pursuit" approach. The methods used were those applied for the EC BIOMED-2 study. All stroke patients were followed up for one year. The end-point of the present study was death due to any cause. The relative risk estimates were based on the Cox model. Age at disease onset, impaired consciousness and incontinence were the only independent predictors of death during the first 12 months after a first-ever stroke. An increase of the patient's age by one year increased the risk of death by 4%. The impaired consciousness was associated with a 3-fold (relative risk (RR) = 2.76; p = 0.004) and incontinence with a 4-fold (RR = 3.56; p < 0.0001) risk of death during the first year after initial stroke. In addition to the factors relating to the severity of stroke, only age was a predictor of a poor outcome after a first-ever stroke.
National Museum of Gallery Visitors and Museum Workers

A new manifesto 'National Museum of Gallery Visitors and Museum Workers' was developed for the summer programme at Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art. The work was commissioned to accompany the 'Wilderness Way' exhibition that takes as its departure point Margaret Thatcher’s visit to Teesside in 1987 to reflect on a decade that transformed the way we live. The manifesto operates as mini-dictionarium which describes key phrases that connect art and politics. The manifesto choir was performed collectively at Mima during teh exhibition. The manifesto choir is designed as a mechanism for the action of agreeing or disagreeing. Participants are requested to read the given text and make their own minds up about what part of it they subscribe to. When present at the group reading, the participants only read out the words of the manifesto they agree with.
Degeneracies in trapped two-component Fermi gases.

We report on previously unobserved intersystem degeneracies in two-component equal-mass Fermi gases with interspecies zero-range interactions under isotropic harmonic confinement. Over the past 10 years, two-component Fermi gases consisting of n1 spin-up and n2 spin-down atoms with interspecies zero-range interactions have become a paradigm for modeling condensed matter systems, nuclear matter, and neutron matter. We show that the eigenenergies of the (n1 + 1, n2 - 1) system are degenerate with the eigenenergies of the (n1, n2) system for any s-wave scattering length a(s), including infinitely large, positive, and negative a(s). The existence of the intersystem degeneracies is demonstrated explicitly for few-body systems with n1 + n2 = 4, 5, and 6. The degeneracies and associated symmetries are explained within a group theoretical framework.
Using temporal patterns of interactions to design effective automated searching assistance

We b search engines effectively support searching of short queries, with session durations of typically 15 minutes , while providing limited searching assistance to the user. However, Web search engines are less effective in the more complex searching situations in which users lack the domain knowledge or contextual awareness to use the system effectively. User uncertainty about the information needs, the content space, or the system's capabilities typify these types of searches. The interactions among searcher, system, and content are more multifaceted. Current research indicates that approximately 15% of user sessions on the Web are more complex searching episodes . Assistance from the search engine can improve the searching experience for the user. There has been considerable work on developing contextual help and recommender systems to aid searchers. However, prior work has noted that searchers seldom utilize this support , resulting in ineffective or inefficient searches. Issues hindering the use of these automated assistance systems may result from a lack of understanding, on the part of the system , about the information task, and when users desire assistance. The negative aspects of task interruption for searchers may negate whatever benefits the assistance provides. Prior research indicates there are typical patterns of interactions between searchers and systems . It would seem reasonable to leverage these patterns to provide searching assistance to aid the user, with the goal of improving the outcome of the search process. However, beyond simple assistance (for example , spelling corrections for query terms), the results have been mixed . Certainly, the cognitive load of information seeking in these contextual situations is high. The interjection of assistance into the search process may be too much of a cognitive load, requiring a task switch from focusing on the search process to mentally processing the assistance. Therefore, searchers ignore or improperly implement the assistance. Some researchers are investigating an approach that is more synergistic with the search process. Assistance is offered when the searcher is most receptive to it. This is in contrast to system intervention at every step in the search process or when the system deems there is a need for assistance. Assistance synchronized with the user's searching process helps reduces the cognitive effort required for task
Super Rough Semantics

In this research a new algebraic semantics of rough set theory including additional meta aspects is proposed. The semantics is based on enhancing the standard rough set theory with notions of 'relative ability of subsets of approximation spaces to approximate'. The eventual algebraic semantics is developed via many deep results in convexity in ordered structures. A new variation of rough set theory, namely 'ill-posed rough set theory' in which it may suffice to know some of the approximations of sets, is eventually introduced.
The validity of theology as an academic discipline

An analysis of relevant aspects of the history of science shows that theology's loss of credibility in an increasingly science-oriented age can be attributed to unresolved disputes from the past over metaphysical, epistemological and methodological issues. In Chapters 1 and 2, an attempt is made to show that the basic disagreements between science and theology can be traced to the ongoing quest for the principles of knowing shared by all disciplines. In Chapters 3 to 6, an attempt is made to identify these principles. Firstly, the processes and principles by which science acquires its knowledge and deems it to be objective are examined. Secondly it is argued that these same processes and principles are not the special property of science but are used by the humanities as well. Thirdly, it is contended that these principles are "empirico-critical." They enable us to bridge the gap between thought and reality and gain access to knowledge of the external world. A more comprehensive model for knowing is proposed. Chapters 7 to 9 examine whether it is possible to apply empirico-critical principles to theology. From a study of relevant aspects of Austin Farrer's thought, it is argued (i) that the processes of knowing in theology are the same as those in the sciences and the humanities, (ii) that, though theology's procedures and techniques are necessarily different from, say, the sciences because of its subject matter, these are capable of adhering to the same principles of objectivity, and (iii) that, in principle, theological decision-making is possible, even in the most controversial debates. The conclusion is that since the same processes and principles of trustworthy knowing in the sciences and humanities are fully applicable to theology, theology's viability as a source of trustworthy knowing should no longer be held in doubt.
Information security policies: Investigation of compliance in universities

Information security awareness (ISA) is signified as a state of consciousness and acquaintance about the potential security issues/breaches and is found to have an association with security policies compliance in organizations. Many information security incidents occur due to the negligence and unintentional behavior of internal employees resulting in a serious internal threat to the safety of organizational assets. The compliance with security rules and regulations significantly depends upon the realization of threat and skills to cope with the situations. Universities in Malaysia are operating in either public or private domain; comprise of International and National students and employees. These universities accommodate ample amount of confidential personal and educational information of international and national students, faculty and staff. This paper intends to identify the provision of policies and acquaintance of universities employees on information security policies (ISP) defined by their institution. A quantitative study has been conducted in public and private universities of Malaysia to identify employees' perceptions towards their acquaintance of ISPs. Results indicate that end users of information security policies understand the importance of awareness and compliance with institutional policies.
Laurentian and Amazonian sediment sources to Neoproterozoic–lower Paleozoic Maryland Piedmont rocks

Several terranes of variable tectonic affinity and history underlie the central Appalachian Piedmont Province (eastern United States). These terranes mostly consist of widespread metasedimentary and lesser metavolcanic rocks. Intense and pervasive deformation and metamorphism have made the depositional ages and provenance of sediment in these rocks difficult to determine. The lack of tight constraints on such basic information led to a century-long debate about the tectonic significance of these rocks, particularly how they correlate to similar rocks along and across strike in the Appalachian orogen. We address these issues using U/Pb isotopic ages from single spots in 2433 zircon grains from 18 metasedimentary rock samples distributed across the Maryland Piedmont.

The resulting age signatures indicate that the Marburg Formation and Prettyboy Schist, heretofore assigned to the Westminster terrane, actually belong to the Potomac terrane, making the Hyattstown thrust the contact between the two terranes. Ediacaran Laurentia could have supplied all Potomac terrane sediment except for the detritus in one sample from the northern part of the terrane that likely came from Amazonia. This is one of the first recognitions of a Gondwana-derived terrane between Carolinia to the south and Ganderia to the north. Maximum depositional ages for Potomac terrane suprasubduction zone sedimentary rocks are latest Neoproterozoic or early Cambrian, and some may have been deposited ca. 510 Ma. Continental rifting ended ca. 560 Ma at the longitude of our study, so the transition from rifting to subduction at this location in eastern Laurentia may have lasted only 50 M.y. Lower Ordovician arc intrusions into these rocks demonstrate that the transition lasted no longer than 90 M.y. The Iapetan margin of central-eastern Laurentia was one of the shortest lived passive margins that formed in Neoproterozoic time.
Literacy and Mass Media: The Political Implications

M rUCH HAS BEEN WRITTEN about the effects of mass media, especially television, on literacy and learning in the United States, but the momentous political implications of these effects have not been adequately explored. I will make a case here that the restricted cognitive patterns induced by media in audiences also induce predominantly conservative attitudes, not in the sense of a reasoned conservative ideology but in the sense of an uncritical conformity that reinforces the social status quo and precludes oppositional consciousness. I will not deal systematically here with the political implications of other aspects of media such as subject matter, structural features including formats, formulas, and organization of time and space, or the makeup of producing institutions and personnel, but I have argued elsewhere, in refutation of neoconservative critics who claim to find a left-wing bias pervading American media, that in spite of some liberal elements, each of these aspects too has, on balance, a conservative complexion.1 My own political leanings are socialistic, and part of the agenda of this essay-by no means a hidden part of it-is a concern that media induced illiteracy is contributing toward the kind of one dimensional society that Herbert Marcuse warned about, in which the capacity to imagine alternatives to the status quo, especially alternatives of a socialistic nature, has been systematically destroyed. I do not expect more conservative readers to share this concern or to agree with all of my arguments in its support, but I do hope to gain their assent to the ultimate thrust of my argument, which is that the low level of cognitive development to which the discourse of American mass media and politics is presently geared is woefully inadequate for the effective functioning of a democracy, and that scholars of literature and language, whatever their own political convictions might be, have a responsibility to work toward raising our public discourse to a more reasoned level of dialogue between the ideologies of the right and left. Part of this responsibility lies in reorienting our theoretical concerns, research, and curricula to include the topics that are surveyed, in a very tentative way, in this essay.
O TEATRO DO PODER E O CONTRATEATRO DO CAMPESINATO PARAIBANO: NEGOCIAÇÃO, TÁTICAS E RESISTÊNCIAS (1935-1945)

This article discusses the relationship between theatricality state policy and receptions held by the field workers, in Paraiba, between 1935-1945. It starts with the idea that governments Argemiro and Ruy de Figueiredo Carneiro, respectively, stimulated the invention of a political culture of the spectacle as part of the search for political legitimacy. However, this spectacle was part of the official political power relations between state and taken classes, a process mediated by resistance and negotiations in the context of the New State.