nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and geochronological evidence for Early Cretaceous orogen-parallel extension of the ductile lithosphere in the northern Dabie orogenic belt, east China

The WNW-trending North Dabie dome (NDD) in the northern Dabie orogenic belt is bounded by the Xiaotian-Mozitan ductile shear zone (XMSZ) in the north and the Wuhe-Shuihou shear zone (WSSZ) in the south. Fabric geometries and kinematics of both the XMSZ and the WSSZ are similar. They both show a top-to-NW or WNW sense of shear and display similar microstructures which indicate that the deformation temperature was about 600–650 °C. 40 Ar– 39 Ar dating of hornblende and biotite from the mylonites of the XMSZ suggests that the shear zone was developed prior to 142 Ma. U–Pb zircon LA-ICPMS dating of undeformed granite dikes that cut the XMSZ suggests that the ductile shearing occurred before 130 Ma. The WSSZ was also developed in the Early Cretaceous. The interior of the NDD is dominated by top-to-NW or WNW sense of shear in the migmatitic gneiss and deformed plutons of the earliest Early Cretaceous ages. We suggest that the XMSZ, the WSSZ, and the interior of the NDD were involved in the same Early Cretaceous deformation. The XMSZ and the WSSZ were originally a single connected, more flat-lying zone, which we call the East Dabie Detachment Zone (EDDZ). It developed at a crustal level of over 18 km in depth. Kinematics of the EDDZ suggest that the ductile crust and possibly part of the lithospheric mantle in the eastern Dabie orogen underwent pervasive orogen-parallel and ESE-ward extension at the beginning of the Early Cretaceous. Large-scale magmatic intrusions following this deformation and the resultant increase in buoyancy led to the exhumation of the NDD and the warping of the EDDZ. Erosion separated the EDDZ into two zones (the XMSZ and the WSSZ) as observed today. Many metamorphic core complexes of Early Cretaceous were developed in the eastern North China Craton, most showing top-to-NW or WNW sense of shear. We suggest that such a widespread uniform shear sense reflects a uniform flow direction of the ductile lithosphere in the East China that has also been documented in the Liaonan, Yiwulushan and Yumenshan metamorphic core complexes in the northeastern part of the North China Craton.
Coequalisers of formal topology

We give a predicative construction of quotients of formal topologies. Along with earlier results on the match up between of continuous functions on real numbers (in the sense of Bishop's constructive mathematics) and approximable mappings on the formal space of reals, we argue that formal topology gives an adequate foundation for constructive algebraic topology, also in the predicative sense. Predicativity is of essence when formalising the subject in logical frameworks based on Martin-LAƒÂ¶f type theories.
Exposure-Based Therapy for Symptom Preoccupation in Atrial Fibrillation: An Uncontrolled Pilot Study.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Patients often experience a range of symptoms resulting in a markedly reduced quality of life, and commonly show symptom preoccupation in terms of avoidance and control behaviors. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been shown to improve symptom burden and quality of life in other somatic disorders, but has never been evaluated in patients with AF. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential efficacy and feasibility of an AF-specific CBT protocol in an uncontrolled pilot study. The study included 19 patients with symptomatic paroxysmal (intermittent) atrial fibrillation who were assessed pre- and posttreatment and at 6-month follow-up. The CBT lasted 10 weeks and included exposure to physical sensations similar to AF symptoms, exposure to avoided situations or activities, and behavioral activation. We observed large within-group improvements on the primary outcome AF-specific quality of life measurement AFEQT posttreatment (Cohen's d = 1.54; p < . 001) and at 6-month follow-up (d = 1.15; p < . 001). We also observed improvements in self-reported frequency and severity of AF symptoms. All participants completed the treatment and treatment satisfaction was high. This study demonstrates the potential efficacy and feasibility of a novel CBT approach to reduce symptoms and increase quality of life in AF patients.
Determining the effectiveness of three software evaluation techniques through informal aggregation

An accepted fact in software engineering is that software must undergo verification and validation process during development to ascertain and improve its quality level. But there are too many techniques than a single developer could master, yet, it is impossible to be certain that software is free of defects. So, it is crucial for developers to be able to choose from available evaluation techniques, the one most suitable and likely to yield optimum quality results for different products. Though, some knowledge is available on the strengths and weaknesses of the available software quality assurance techniques but not much is known yet on the relationship between different techniques and contextual behavior of the techniques.  This research investigates the effectiveness of two testing techniques – equivalence class partitioning and decision coverage and one review technique – code review by abstraction, in terms of their fault detection capability. This will be used to strengthen the practical knowledge available on these techniques.  The results of eight experiments conducted over 5 years to investigate the effectiveness of three techniques – code reading by stepwise abstraction, equivalence class partitioning and decision (branch) coverage were aggregated using a less rigorous aggregation process proposed during the course of this work.  It was discovered that the equivalence class partitioning and the decision coverage techniques behaved similarly in terms of fault detection capacity (and type of faults caught) based on the programs and fault classification used in the experiments. They both behaved better than the code reading by stepwise abstraction technique.  Overall, it can be deducted from the aggregation results that the equivalence class partitioning and the decision coverage techniques used are actually equally capable in terms of the type and number of faults detected. Nevertheless, more experiments is still required in this field so that this result can be verified using a rigorous aggregation technique.
Number theoretic techniques in the theory of Lie groups and differential geometry

The purpose of this article is to present a survey of our recent results on length commensurable and isospectral locally symmetric spaces. The geometric questions led us to the notion of "weak commensurability" of two Zariski-dense subgroups in a semi-simple Lie group. We have shown that for arithmetic subgroups, weak commensurability has surprisingly strong consequences. Our proofs make use of p-adic techniques and results from algebraic and transcendental number theory.
Target Organ Damage and the Long Term Effect of Nonadherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines in Patients with Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study

There was limited published data on target organ damage (TOD) and the effect of nonadherence to practice guidelines in Ethiopia. This study determined TOD and the long term effect of nonadherence to clinical guidelines on hypertensive patients.



An open level retrospective cohort study has been employed at cardiac clinic of Gondar university hospital for a mean follow-up period of 78 months. Multivariate Cox regression was conducted to test associating factors of TOD.



Of the total number of 612 patients examined, the overall prevalence of hypertensive TOD was 40.3%. The presence of comorbidities, COR = 1.073 [1.01-1.437], AOR = 1.196 [1.174-1.637], and nonadherence to clinical practice guidelines, COR = 1.537 [1.167-2.024], AOR = 1.636 [1.189-2.251], were found to be predicting factors for TOD. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis patients who were initiated on appropriate medication tended to develop TOD very late: Log Rank [11.975 (p = 0.01)].



More than forty percent of patients acquired TOD which is more significant. Presence of comorbidities and nonadherence to practice guidelines were correlated with the incidence of TOD. Appropriate management of hypertension and modification of triggering factors are essential to prevent complications.
“Anthropology-Lite”: An Education Perspective on the Ideology of Religious Studies

There has been considerable criticism of religious studies as a separate discipline, focusing on the category of religion. This article aims to develop this debate by defending the religion category but nevertheless criticizing religious studies in terms of its practical consequences for scholarship. Working on the view that scholarship aims to criticize accepted knowledge in pursuit of truth and foster a rational atmosphere for discussion, the article will argue that religious studies, as a separate discipline within the restrictions in which it often operates, potentially damages this aim. Solutions will be proposed to the religious studies problem and the article will aim to open-up a debate.
The “Reflexive Humanities”

A recent article in The New York Review of Books about affluence in America offered sobering news for today's college students and the parents funding their education. Its assessment of the value of higher education featured two tables, one documenting skyrocketing tuitions over the last thirty years and another estimating what college degrees are worth in terms of yearly income (hacker 2007, 32, 33). The news does not look good, and in particular for the humanities. So it is no surprise that rising costs of higher education have pressed the humanities into an increasingly defensive posture and prompted concerns about their ability to earn their keep among neighboring disciplines with more immediately practical applications to advertise. Such trends bespeak a cultural preoccupation with the economic bottom line and the growing perception of education as a saleable commodity whose investors have every right to expect a material return. When value is conceived in purely financial terms, the humanities are destined to fare rather poorly. It is in this defensive climate that Stanley Fish in his recent New York Times piece interjects his deliberately provocative claim: " To the question 'of what use are the humanities?', the only honest answer is none whatsoever. " Fish's small concession of the intrinsic pleasures the humanities bring to those who practice them is a slim peg on which to hang an entire tradition of intellectual inquiry and at the same time appears suspiciously cozy with the pressures of the very market forces from which he seeks to protect humanities departments. measuring the value of the humanities solely in terms of the pleasure they yield those who study them can prove a limiting proposition that, as mark Edmund-son warns, educators in the classroom have been inclined to take all too literally (Edmundson 1997). The culture of consumption has
Insurer Competition and Negotiated Hospital Prices

We measure the impact of increased health insurer competition on negotiated hospital prices using detailed 2004 California claims data. We develop a theoretical bargaining model to motivate our empirical analysis, and use the competitiveness of Kaiser Permanente, a large vertically integrated insurer, in a hospital’s market as a measure of insurer competition. We nd that increasing competition reduces hospital prices on average, but that the most attractive hospitals can leverage increased competition to negotiate higher rates. This bargaining eect creates incentives for further hospital consolidation and implies that hospital market power can impact prices even in markets with many insurers.
Nature's Suit: Husserl's Phenomenological Philosophy of the Physical Sciences

* Acknowledgments * Abbreviations * Introduction * 1. Husserl: Realist or Instrumentalist? * 2. Laws and Theories * 3. The Plan of This Study * Part One: Husserl's Phenomenological Philosophy of Science * 1: The Idea of Science in Husserl and the Tradition * 1. The Classical Idea of Science * 2. The Idea of Science in Husserl's Phenomenology * 3. The Problem of Empirical Science: Locke * 4. The Problem of Empirical Science: Husserl * 5. The Unity of the Empirical Sciences * 6. Explanation in the Empirical Sciences * 7. The Laws of Empirical Science * 8. Empirical Science as Science * 9. The Idealization of the Idea of Science * 10.  2: Husserl's Phenomenology and the Foundations of Science * 1. Pure Logic as a Wissenschaftslehre * 2. Regional Ontology * 3. Transcendental Consciousness as the Ground of the Sciences * 4. Phenomenology as the All-Embracing Foundational Science * Part Two: Evidence and the Positing of Existence in Husserl's Phenomenology * 3: Truth, Evidence, and Existence in Husserl's Phenomenology * 1. Knowledge, Evidence, and Truth * 2. Evidence as an Ideal Possibility * 3. The Fallibility of Occurrent Cases of Evidence * 4. Evidence and Justification * 5. The Rational Indubitability of the Principle of Evidence * 6.  Evidence, Rationality, and Existence in Husserl's Phenomenology * 1. Husserl's Theory of Rationality: Ideas I * 2. The Strong Formulation and Philosophical Rationality * 3. Rationality in Nontheoretical Contexts * 4. Positive Scientific Rationality * Part Three: The Problem of Theoretical Existence in Husserl's Philosophy of the Physical Sciences * 5: Physical Things, Idealized Objects, and Theoretical Entities * 1. The Physical Thing * 2. Geometry and the Physical Thing * 3. Geometry and Physical Science * 6: Consciousness, Perception, and Existence * 1. Perceptions and Existence * 2. Consciousness and Existence * 3. The "Existence-Independence" of Intentional Relations * 4. The Ontological Status of the Noema * 5.  1. Husserl's "Dogmatism" * 2. The "Ambiguity" of Husserl's Philosophy of Science * 3. Husserl's "Instrumentalism" * 4. Husserl's "Provisional Instrumentalism" * 5.  Index
Interpreting producer service suburbanization: The public accounting industry in Chicago and Minneapolis-St. Paul

For some analysts the suburban expansion of producer services is evidence that suburbs have come to replace cities as centers of highly advanced activities. Others maintain that city and suburban producer services remain distinct, with the most advanced producer services bound to the urban core by agglomeration economies. This paper examines these conflicting views of suburbanization via an analysis of the intrametropolitan location of public accounting employment, establishments, and activities in Chicago and the Twin Cities. Specifically, it seeks to determine if an intrametropolitan spatial division of labor exists within the industry and assesses the role of proximity and face-to-face contact in the location and production of public accounting services. Findings indicate both readings of producer service suburbanization are overly simplistic with respect to public accounting and illustrate that the benefits of proximity and spatial clustering are not confined to a particular district or jurisdiction b...
Überbewertung der eigenen Nation Der Anteil der eigenen Landsleute an naturwissenschaftshistorischen Lexika

Do editors of books on the history of science prefer scientists of their own country in their selection? Restricting ourselves to German, British and French scientists, a comparison of books in these languages shows that each editor takes more than half of the selected scientists from his respective nation and the remainder from the other two nations. The dictionaries of Fritz Krafft (‚Grose Naturwissenschaftler’, 21986) and Ilse Jahn et al.: (‚Geschichte der Biologie. […] Kurzbiographien’, 1982) dedicate about 60% of their articles to German scientists, Trevor Illtyd Williams (‚A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists’, 1969) about 50% to British scientists and Maurice Daumas (‚Histoire de la Science’, 1957; according to the register) about 50% to French scientists.
THE EFFECTS OF ENTRY REGULATIONS ON MOM AND POPS STORES

Entry regulations against big-box retailers have been introduced in many countries to protect smaller mom-and-pop stores. Using a new dataset from the UK I show that in fact these entry regulations have been associated with greater employment declines in mom-and-pop stores. The reason is that when large retail chains are prevented from entering a new area with a big-box store, they typically enter instead using a smaller in-town store format. These smaller format stores compete more directly with momand-pop stores. To causally identify this impact I use the changing nature of local political control in the UK from 1993 to 2003. Since local politicians directly control planning regulation in the UK, and political parties have very different views on the ideal amount of planning control, this provides exogenous variation in the ease of entry for big-box retailers.
Citizenship, nationality, and ethnicity : reconciling competing identities

Part I: The Conceptual Kit: The Search for Clarity: . 1. Introducing the Argument. 2. Rethinking Citizenship, Nationality and Ethnicity. 3. Avoiding Conflations and Subsumptions. 4. Race and Religion: Untenable Factors in Nation Formation. Part II: The Empirical Process: The Trajectory of Ethnification: . 5. Colonialism and European Expansion. 6. Proletarian Internationalism and the Socialist State. 7. The Nation--State and Project Homogenization. 8. Immigration and the Chauvinism of Prosperity. Part III: Towards a Rapproachment: Concepts and Reality: . 9. Reconceptualizing Nation and Nationality: The Cruciality of Territory and Language. 10. Class, Nation, Ethnie and Race: Interlinkages. 11. Reconciling Nationality and Ethnicity: The Role of Citizenship. Notes.
Polyhomogeneous solutions of wave equations in the radiation regime

We study the “hyperboloidal Cauchy problem” for linear and semilinear wave equations on Minkowski space-time, with initial data in weighted Sobolev spaces allowing singular behaviour at the boundary, or with polyhomogeneous initial data. Specifically, we consider nonlinear symmetric hyperbolic systems of a form which includes scalar fields with a λφ p nonlinearity, as well as wave maps, with initial data given on a hyperboloid; several of the results proved apply to general space-times admitting conformal completions at null infinity, as well to a large class of equations with a similar non-linearity structure. We prove existence of solutions with controlled asymptotic behaviour, and asymptotic expansions for solutions when the initial data have such expansions. In particular we prove that polyhomogeneous initial data (satisfying compatibility conditions) lead to solutions which are polyhomogeneous at the conformal boundary I + of the Minkowski space-time.
Correlation of Pinnacles and Neenach Volcanic Formations and Their Bearing on San Andreas Fault Problem

The Pinnacles Volcanic Formation (San Benito County, California) is an early Miocene (23.5 m.y.B.P.) sequence of calc-alkaline andesite, dacite, and rhyolite flows interbedded with pyroclastic and volcaniclastic rocks. Structurally the volcanic rocks form a west-dipping homocline which is truncated on the northeast by the Chalone Creek fault. The Chalone Creek fault is interpreted to be an early Miocene trace of the San Andreas fault. The Neenach Volcanic Formation (Los Angeles County, California) is an early Miocene (23.5 m.y.B.P.) sequence of calc-alkaline andesite, dacite, and rhyolite flows interbedded with pyroclastic and volcaniclastic rocks. Structurally the rocks form a northwest-dipping homocline which is broken by many faults. The formation is truncated on the southwest by the San Andreas fault. The Pinnacles Volcanic Formation and the Neenach Volcanic Formation lie respectively west and east of the San Andreas fault zone and are separated 315 km from each other in a right-lateral sense. Ten rock types with nearly identical field, petrographic, and chemical characteristics are present in each formation in essentially the same stratigraphic order: vitric lapilli-tuff, flow-banded rhyolite, perlite, pumice lapilli-tuff, hypocrystalline hypersthene andesite, augite-olivine andesite, andesite tuff, porphyritic dacite, agglomerate, and porphyritic rhyolite. The Pinnacles Volcanic and Neenach Volcanic Formations were contiguous across the San Andreas fault at the time of their formation and subsequently have been offset 315 km along the San Andreas fault. For several reasons the Pinnacles-Neenach correlation provides some of the most conclusive documentation of large-scale, lateral displacement on the San Andreas fault yet discovered in central California: (1) a precise distance of separation can be determined because both areas are directly adjacent to traces of the fault, thus eliminating the necessity of interpretive projection into the fault; (2) the age of the formations can be determined accurately because the rocks are volcanic and suitable for radiometric dating; (3) the correlation is based on 10 different rock types, each with distinctive petrologic features, thus reducing the likelihood of chance occurrence. Other correlations of pre-Miocene rocks along the San Andreas fault show offsets of the same magnitude as the Pinnacles-Neenach rocks suggesting that 315 km may be the maximum offset along the San Andreas fault proper.
Edgar A Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance

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A tool for enforcing system structure

Reliability considerations had little influence in the design of the first generation of computers. Notable exceptions being, on the hardware side, some circuitry incorporated into the UNIVAC I for checking purposes, and on the software side, the frequency counts employed by von Neumann and Goldstine for measurement purposes. The second generation of computers witnessed a wider interest in hardware reliability while essentially ignoring the software reliability problem. Current computer systems (e.g., IBM/370) incorporate elaborate hardware reliability considerations in their design while continuing to ignore reliable software design.