nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Copper complexing properties of melanoidins and marine humic material.

Melanoidins, condensation products of sugars and amino acids, represent a key link in the transformation of polysaccharides to humic material in the marine environment. We investigated the complexing capacity of melanoidins that were prepared in deionized water and seawater and separated into different molecular mass fractions. The copper complexing properties of humic material isolated from marine lagoon sediments were determined for comparison. Melanoidins prepared using condensation times longer than two days exibit complexation properties towards copper ions that appear to depend on the basicity of the amino acid precursor and the molecular mass of the product. Pseudomelanoidins, prepared from glucose only, do not complex copper ions at all, regardless of the molecular mass. The highest copper complexing capacity value among melanoidins was measured for a glucose-lysine melanoidin with molecular mass fraction >10 kD (L(T)=2.1x10(-7) molCu(2+)/L). Melanoidin prepared from glucose and glutamic acid >10 kD was similar in complexing capacity to fulvic acid (1-20 kD molecular mass) isolated from lagoon sediments. The presence of calcium and magnesium ions and other macro and microconstituents in the seawater used to prepare melanoidins influences its complexing properties towards metal ions.
Synthesis of band-gap tunable earth-abundant CXTS (X= Mn+2, Co+2, Ni+2 and Zn+2) nanorods: Toward a generalized synthesis strategy of quaternary chalcogenides

Quaternary structured Cu 2 XSnS 4 (CXTS) nanostructures are important semiconductor materials for energy applications due to their excellent properties such as being earth abundant elements, nontoxic nature and easy production. Here, we first report a general process for the synthesis of quaternary CXTS nanorods by the simple and inexpensive hot-injection method. The chemical structure, morphology, optical, and thermal properties of the CXTS were investigated by XRD, TEM, UV–Vis, FTIR and TGA techniques. These results clearly show that the obtained materials have the same crystal structure and are shaped as nanorods with an average 10–40 nm edge length. This study shows that all of the CXTS nanorods can be synthesized by the same synthesis conditions through the simple and facile hot-injection process.
GEOLOGICAL CONDITION AND PROSPECTING DIRECTION OF COPPER MINERALIZATION IN EAST ZONE OF ZHONGTIAO RIFT——WANGWUSHAN MOUNTAINS,HENAN PROVINCE

There is favorable geological condition and prospecting direction of copper mineralization in Wangwushan,Henan.It can be compared with the Tongchangyu and Hubu copper deposits in Zhongtiaoshan with respect to geological setting,host lithology,magma formation,tectonic form,and mineralization style.The perfect mineralization conditions include: the stepwise evolution of Zhongtiao rift;great mantle-connected fault supplying plenty of ore resource and place;frequent magma activity supplying heat energy and recruit ore matter;stripping fault system providing ore contain place;and mighty deformation and metamorphism reforming orebearing formation by activation and transference.The authors point out the prospecting conditions in the Wangwushan region.
Alexander Georg Supan – v Sloveniji spregledan geograf slovenskega rodu

Paper presents life and work of Alexander Supan, geographer of Slovenian origin, and his influence on global and Slovenian geography. He was one of the more important geographers of the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. His scientific work took place, in contrast to geographers who were then working in present-day Slovenian territory, in accordance with contemporary geographic approaches. He built his career abroad, but he started it in Ljubljana. Because of that and because of his origin, we can consider him one of the more important links in the history of modern geography in Slovenian territory.
The Concept Of An "Image Of The World" And Some Problems In The Ontogeny Of Consciousness

The concept an "image of the world" as construed by A. N. Leont'ev in his last works (1976, 1979) has begun to acquire the status of one of the key concepts in analyzing cognitive processes within the context of the general psychological theory of activity (Smirnov, 1981, 1985; Velichkovskii, 1983; Lomov, 1983; Petukhov, 1984). For further development of the concept of an "image of the world" and disclosure of its heuristic potential, more is necessary than merely fleshing out its definition by comparing it with other psychological categories or by seeking some empirical facts that would fit it: explication of the actual investigatory and objective-practical tasks whose resolution made it necessary to introduce this concept is also necessary (see Stetsenko, 1986, for an investigatory task as the basis for construing the object of a psychological study in the strict sense).
The Carnegie Department of Embryology at 100: Looking Forward.

Biological research has a realistic chance within the next 50 years of discovering the basic mechanisms by which metazoan genomes encode the complex morphological structures and capabilities that characterize life as we know it. However, achieving those goals is now threatened by researchers who advocate an end to basic research on nonmammalian organisms. For the sake of society, medicine, and the science of biology, the focus of biomedical research should place more emphasis on basic studies guided by the underlying evolutionary commonality of all major animals, as manifested in their genes, pathways, cells, and organs.
Management of pain and pain-related symptoms in hospitalized veterans with cancer.

Unrelieved pain continues to be a problem among hospitalized patients with cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate pain management outcomes in a group of veterans with cancer receiving inpatient care. The sample consisted of 90 veterans with cancer hospitalized in one of two large veterans medical centers in the southeastern United States. Daily pain was assessed by administering the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain three times in a 24-hour period and averaging these three scores. The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS) were administered once. The charts were audited using the Chart Audit for Pain (CAP). The sample was predominantly male (93.3%) and white (82.8%). The length of time since diagnosis ranged from newly diagnosed during this hospitalization to 16 years. Average daily pain was 32.9 on the VAS and 4 on the BPI. However, approximately one-fourth of the patients reported average daily pain above the midpoint (VAS > 50), and some patients reported average daily pain to be as high as 98. Fewer than half of charts (42%) showed evidence that a pain rating scale was used. Other assessment data also were very limited. Patients reported that pain interfered with all activities on the BPI, with highest interference scores for walking and sleep (mean, 5.5). Although 80% of the patients reported some problem with constipation, the chart audit indicated that this was recorded in only 11 patient records. No patient records indicated a problem with sedation. The findings indicate that limited attempts were made to manage pain using nonpharmacologic methods. In addition, only one of the nine charts reporting these attempts showed evidence that results from the attempt were evaluated. It may be concluded that pain management continues to be less than ideal in these veterans hospitals. Study results indicate that nurses are not documenting careful assessment of pain, not documenting evaluation of approaches to pain management, and not attending to the constipation that is inevitable when opioids are administered. Continued emphasis on nursing education related to pain management is needed. Future research should be undertaken to evaluate these outcomes.
Kinetic study of the speciation of copper(II) bound to a hydrous ferric oxide

The equilibrium distribution of metal ions over distinguishable sites of a heterogeneous complexant may be determined by monitoring the rate of reaction of the equilibrated system with a ligand capable of stripping the metal ion off the various sites. This kinetic speciation method has the advantage that it indicates not only the equilibrium distribution but also the relative lability of complexes. It may also reveal lability differences among complexes of very similar thermodynamic stability. This kinetic method has been applied to the speciation of Cu-(II) in the presence of a hydrous ferric oxide colloid using a copper-selective color-forming chelating ligand. The pH (4.5-1.0) range spans the region over which an «adsorption edge» is observed in conventional isotherm measurements
Membranes: Metaphors of Invasion in Nineteenth-Century Literature, Science, and Politics

An examination of how the image of the biological cell became one of the reigning metaphors of the 19th century. Exploring a range of scientific, political and literary writing, Otis uncovers surprising connections among subjects as varied as germ theory, colonialism, and Sherlock Holmes' adventures. At the heart of her story is the rise of a fundamental assumption about human identity: the idea that selfhood requires boundaries showing where the individual ends and the rest of the world begins. Otis focuses on the scientific and creative writing of four physician-authors: American neurologist S. Weir Mitchell; Spanish neurobiologist Santiago Ramon y Cajal, who won the Nobel prize in 1906 for proving that neurons were intact, independent cells; British author Arthur Conan Doyle; and Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzel, a contemporary of Sigmund Freud in fin-de-siecle Vienna. The book also compares the scientific and political thinking of German scientists Rudolf Virchow, the founder of cellular pathology and an active liberal politician, and Robert Koch, who discovered the bacteria that causes cholera and tuberculosis and whose studies of foreign bacteria provided a scientific veneer The work seeks to demonstrate how psychological fears of penetration have both shaped and been shaped by scientific theories and political trends, and offers a perspective on a continuing social problem. In an age of AIDS, ethnic wars and the Internet, Otis explains that belief in impermeable personal and national borders is increasingly dangerous, though we have yet to replace our need for boundaries with a more appropriate concept of identity. Otis concludes by offering ways to circumvent these fears, arguing for a notion based on relations and connections.
Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery. A review of predictive factors.

ONE potential adverse outcome from surgery is chronic pain. Analysis of predictive and pathologic factors is important to develop rational strategies to prevent this problem. Additionally, the natural history of patients with and without persistent pain after surgery provides an opportunity to improve the understanding of the physiology and psychology of chronic pain. Ideally, studies of chronic postoperative pain should include (1) sufficient preoperative data (assessment of pain, physiologic and psychologic risk factors for chronic pain); (2) detailed descriptions of the operative approaches used (location and length of incisions, handling of nerves and muscles); (3) the intensity and character of acute postoperative pain and its management; and (4) follow-up at intervals to 1 yr or more. In addition, there would be information about postoperative interventions that may influence pain, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy. At long-term follow-up visits, patient function, physical signs, and symptoms would be evaluated using a standardized algorithm, including quantitative and descriptive pain assessments. We found no studies that contain all of these data. For this review, we specifically sought population data that reflect the incidence of chronic postoperative pain or predictors (medical, physiologic, and psychologic) of chronic pain. We selected five groups of surgeries (limb amputations, breast surgery, gallbladder surgery, lung surgery, and inguinal hernia surgery). These surgeries were selected because the incidence of pain is known to be high, thus improving the probability of detecting predictive factors. They also represent a range of major surgical procedures.
Origin, Basic Design Philosophy and Evolution

leading to the Series 2 aircraft, with an Outline of its Principal Features. TO build and produce an aircraft which is cheaper than its competitors, has higher performance and sufficient market appeal to enable it to sell in large quantities, was the aim stated in the directive which heralded A. V. Roe's re‐entry into the field of civil aviation. For many years the Company (now the Avro Whitworth Division of Hawker Siddeley Aviation) had concentrated on military types of aeroplanes, but when the Sandys White Paper on Defence appeared in 1957, with its forecast of no more manned military aircraft, the Avro design team began to examine the possibility of building a civil transport.
Integrating the "Hard" and "Soft" Sides of Systems Thinking - A Case Study in New Zealand Local Government

During 1999 a medium sized City Council was faced with major challenges as a result of its Long Term Financial Strategy (LTFS). Initial work indicated that if the required developments, primarily in terms of infrastructure requirements, were to be met then the Council was going to be faced with unacceptable rises in debt and rates. As a result a major project was initiated which had as its major focus a sustainable reduction in operating expenses of $2,000,000 per annum. For a number of reasons the Council did not want to take a narrow cost-cutting approach. What it wanted to do was use the project as a mechanism for taking a fundamental look at the organisation, using the consulting team as ‘coaches’ providing staff with the knowledge and skills to undertake the work themselves. This coaching takes place within three areas; process improvement, change management and systems thinking. Faced with complex issues and a client that wanted to take a systems perspective an approach was developed which combined Soft Systems Methodology with that of System Dynamics. This paper describes the framework that was used to integrate the two approaches and the work that resulted from it.
Structural evolution of extensional basin margins

A new model for the structural development of extensional basins is outlined. The model suggests a close similarity in geometry between faults in high extension basins such as the North Sea and those in contractional zones. The geometric analogues are discussed and where necessary new terms are introduced to describe the structural style in the context of basin formation. Parallels are noted between contractional and extensional systems in deep crustal control on ramp and flat deformation zones which are now being interpreted from deep reflection work, e.g. MOIST and COCORP. The model is based on interpretation of industry seismic records particularly in the North Sea, and on field analogues of extensional faulting in the Basin and Range province of Nevada.
Conceptual problems of fractal cosmology

This report continues the recent Peebles–Turner debate ‘Is cosmology solved?’ and considers the first results for Sandage's programme for ‘Practical cosmology’. A review of conceptual problems of modern cosmological models is given, among them: the nature of space expansion; recession velocities of distant galaxies greater than the velocity of light; the cosmological Friedmann force; continuous creation of gravitating mass in Friedmaan's equation; cosmological pressure is not able to produce work; cosmological gravitational frequency shift; the Friedmann–Holtsmark paradox; the problem of the cosmological constant; Einstein's and Mandelbrot's cosmological principles; the fractality of the observed galaxy distribution; Sandage's 21st problem, the Hubble–de Vaucouleurs paradox; and the quantum nature of the gravity force.
Two-dimensional atom localization via phase-sensitive absorption-gain spectra in five-level hyper inverted-Y atomic systems

A scheme for realizing two-dimensional atom localization in the sub-wavelength domain is proposed in a microwave-driven five-level hyper inverted-Y atomic system in which the atom interacts with a weak probe field, two control fields together with two orthogonal standing-wave fields. Because of the spatially dependent atom-field interaction, the information about the position of the atom can be extracted directly from the absorption and gain spectra of a weak probe field. It has been found that the probe detuning, the intensities of two control fields, and the relative phase of the driving fields can significantly improve the localization precision. Moreover, the maximal probability of finding the atom at an expected position in the sub-wavelength domain of the standing-wave field can reach unity via properly adjusting the system parameters.
К вопросу о «системном» характере права

The present paper deals with the question about systemic properties that are attributed to law. The author criticizes the superfluous analogies between ‘systems’ in the social, biological and technical senses, and articulates the difficulties connected with application of system theory for description and explanation of the positive law. In this paper are also considered some arguments in the defence of the thesis about systemacity of law, the author provides his critical counter-arguments.
Stable Generic Structures

Hrushovski originated the study of “flat” stable structures in constructing a new strongly minimal set and a stable ℵ 0 -categorical pseudoplane. We exhibit a set of axioms which for collections of finite structure with dimension function δ give rise to stable generic models. In addition to the Hrushovski examples, this formalization includes Baldwin's almost strongly minimal non-Desarguesian projective plane and several others. We develop the new case where finite sets may have infinite closures with respect to the dimension function δ. In particular, the generic structure need not be ω-saturated and so the argument for stability is significantly more complicated. We further show that these structures are “flat” and do not interpret a group.
International medical graduates in the US physician workforce.

International medical graduates (IMGs) play a vital role in the US health care system. These graduates represent 26% of physicians in practice and 24% of residents in specialty programs. All IMGs go through US medical licensing examination and credentialing verification to receive certification from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates to become eligible to enter the US graduate medical education process. Compared with US graduates, IMGs tend to practice in primary care specialties and in underserved and rural areas. The author summarizes available data regarding IMGs in training and in practice to convey the role IMGs play in the US health care system.
100-year-old water towers of the Zielinski engineers´ bureau

In the first decade of the 20th century dr Szilard Zielinski (1860-1924) and his partners designed and built the first reinforced concrete water towers in Hungary. Some of these pioneering water towers situated outside the borders of present-day Hungary - which have not yet attracted appropriate attention - have also been considered in this study.
A formal and structural analysis shows the idiosyncracies of Zielinski´s design on the basis of which his commonly accepted authorship of the tower in the town of Szolnok is questioned. In addition, contemporary documents unequivocally prove that Zielinski indeed was one of the competitors of the tender though not the winning one. The plans submitted by his bureau clearly show the typical features of his realized water towers.
Zielinski´s and his associated architect partners´ undeniable conceptual novelty was enabling public access into the interior of some ideally situated towers which eventuated specific structural consequences.
Open source computer algebra systems: Axiom

This survey will look at Axiom, a free and very powerful computer algebra system available. It is a general purpose CAS useful for symbolic computation, research, and the development of new mathematical algorithms. Axiom is similar in some ways to Maxima, covered in the survey [J1], but different in many ways as well. Axiom, Maxima, and SAGE [S], are the largest of the general-purpose open-source CAS's. If you want to "take a test drive," Axiom can be tested without installation via the web interface [AS] or the SAGE online interface [S].
Сорокин нулевых: в пространстве мифов о национальной идентичности

The article considers Vladimir Sorokin's prose of the 2000-s, which opened a new stage in the writer's evolution. Den' oprichnika, Sakharniy Kreml, Metel', Monoklon and other texts of this period represent the models of the history of Russia that are constructed as a kind of topical political theories, trends in contemporary historiography and mythologies of mass consciousness (civilizational approach, neo-Euroasionism, imperial myth, etc). In Sorokin's literary works the semantics, symbolism and emblematics of the national identity are constructed on the basis of the methods of deconstruction and parody that are created by the writer together with chthonian symbolics and mass culture myths.
Hypertext and Structured Object Representation: A Unifying View

This paper addresses combining hypertext with knowledge representation as used in knowledge-based systems. Hypertext imposes explicit structure on text, whereas certain knowledge representation formalisms of AI are designed for structuring knowledge. We propose a way of tight integration of hypertext and structured object representation, using (AI) frames for the basic representation of hypertext nodes. Moreover, we propose to allow for the additional option of explicit representation of structure using partitions of hypertext nodes, which are realized as slots. In order to make the text more dynamic, our approach facilitates some aspects of object-oriented programming using message passing from the text in the browser.
Measuring Equilibrium Real Interest Rates: What Can We Learn from Yields on Indexed Bonds?

What does the level of real interest rates tell us about where the economy, or our portfolio, is headed? The answer depends on one9s estimate of the “equilibrium” value of real interest rates, a measure that is not directly observable in the marketplace. This article provides a brief overview of some approaches to defining and measuring equilibrium real rates, and introduces a novel method based on yields on the U.S. Treasury9s inflation-indexed securities (TIIS). A simple framework for analyzing TIIS yields illustrates how to use them to gauge the stance of monetary policy and overall economic prospects.
The Elgar Companion to Public Choice

This reference work provides a thorough account of the public choice approach to economics and politics. It conatins discussions of both old and contemporary problems, including work by the "founding fathers" of the field as well as by younger scholars. It also reviews the literature of public choice, highlighting the common ground between all rational choice approaches to politics and demonstrating the impact of the theory on economics, political science, philosophy and sociology. The work draws together the ideas, analytical methods and empirical research in the field of public choice.