nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pedagogies Against the State

In our everyday conversations and relations with others we treat individuals and ourselves as stable entities. We relate to each other as though we are responding to a particular person with a specific identity, if we know them or even if we do not. We tend to assume a clear distinction between people and the world in which they live. Frequently we use language as though it was a transparent medium of communication in which we express clear meaning, epitomised by phrases such as, ‘do you see what I mean,’ or ‘I see what you mean.’ Frequently we regard vision as a ‘natural’ universal process in the sense that in our cultural settings we assume we see the world in a similar way. We suppose that knowledge is neutral and associated with ideas of human progress and development. However, just about all of these ‘everyday’ suppositions that facilitate social interaction have been the subject of detailed interrogation in the worlds of philosophy, sociology, art, science, anthropology, literary theory, cultural studies, psychoanalysis and other disciplines, concerned with trying to understand how the human subject is formed. Indeed the term ‘human subject’ is indicative of a shift from viewing people as free-thinking individuals functioning independently in society towards understanding them as subjects who are largely affected and regulated as subjects by their social contexts and conditions.
Preparation of magnetically soft, highly-densified Fe cluster-assembled films by impact cluster deposition

Highly-densified Fe cluster-assembled films were obtained at room temperature by an energetic cluster deposition. Fe clusters were produced using a plasma-gas-condensation (PGC)-type cluster deposition apparatus with a high cluster productivity. Ionized clusters in a cluster beam were electrically accelerated and directly deposited onto a substrate together with neutral clusters from the same cluster source. By increasing the impact energy of the ionized clusters up to about 1 eV/atom, the obtained cluster-assemblies have packing fractions higher than 0.8 without any serious size change, and result in a soft magnetic behavior up to a frequency range of few hundred MHz.
Taking Europe to its extremes: extremist parties and public euroskepticism

This article revisits the age-old debate about elite—mass linkages in the European Union (EU) by examining the way in which political contexts shape individual differentiation in Euroscepticism. We argue that the growing uncertainties about the future of European integration among national publics are increasingly politicized by Eurosceptical elites on both the extreme right and left of the political spectrum. To analyse the cueing effects of these extremist parties, we employ a two-level hierarchical linear model which combines individual-level and contextual data. We show that Eurosceptic cues are, indeed, found on both extremes, but for different reasons. Whereas right-wing extremist parties oppose European integration with the defence of `national sovereignty' and successfully mobilize national identity considerations against the EU, left-wing extremist parties resist further integration in Europe on the basis of the neoliberal character of the project and effectively cue voters against the EU on the ...
Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Effect of ortho-Substitution to Benzoic Acid in Aqueous Phase Using Granular Activated Carbon

The phenomenon of adsorption is most widely employed for separation, treatment of waste effluent, refrigeration, environmental pollution control, etc. . Organic compounds such as aniline, benzoic acid, aldehydes, etc. are common organic pollutants, need to be removed from wastewater as these compounds posses carcinogenic characteristics [4-6]. Use of activated carbon by means of adsorption for the purpose of removal of organic pollutants are widely used [7-9]. Adsorption is a time dependent process and the knowledge of adsorbate uptake rate and equilibrium is imperative for evolution and design of batch, fixed bed fluidized bed reactor [10-17]. The knowledge of relevant reaction mechanism, interparticle micro-transport processes and reaction dynamics will afford opportunity for evolution of rational process design and optimization procedures of sufficiently wide applicability. Chemical factors associated with the adsorbates are branching and functional group. The physical factors associated with the experimental systems are temperature, initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, linear velocity and presence of suspended solids [18]. Limited literature is available regarding the adsorption of benzoic acid and its ortho-derivatives. Many a time ecological balance is not disturbed directly through the discharge of Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Effect of ortho-Substitution to Benzoic Acid in Aqueous Phase Using Granular Activated Carbon
Assertive training for low-income black parents

An assertive training program for parents is described, which was implemented in the Detroit Public Schools Region 7 by therapists from the Wayne State University Psychology Clinic. Fifty-nine parents of preschool age children were trained for 5 consecutive weeks and at one follow-up session. The major goals of the program were to increase the self-esteem of family members and to promote a happier atmosphere in the home. Parents were enthusiastic about this approach and stated that the discussions helped them feel more confident and therefore they were able to handle specific problems with their children more effectively.
Lichen as a Bio-Indicator Tool for Assessment of Climate and Air Pollution Vulnerability: Review

The study of climate change and air pollution is very important in present circumstances throughout the world. Several methods including biological methods are being used for monitoring of environment to assess the climate and air pollution vulnerability. Among the biological methods the use of lichens as a bio-indicator has been very popular for such studies. Lichen, being a natural indicator of climate change and air pollution effects, is very useful for these studies particularly in mountain region. Therefore, a review of the work done in different parts of the world to study the climate change, air pollution and heavy metals using lichen as natural indicator has been presented and the gap areas have been identified for further studies in connection to climate change and air pollution vulnerability using lichen as an indicator.
Don Segundo Sombra

Ricardo Guiraldes's great novel of the Argentine pampa, "Don Segundo Sombra", published in 1926, has been celebrated both as a national epic and as an elegy for the passing of an era. Newly translated by Patricia Owen Steiner, it is a valuable addition to the University of Pittsburgh's series of translations from 20th-century Latin American poetry and fiction. Its coming-of-age story of a young gaucho, Fabio Caceres, represented for many the essential virtues of a disappearing civilisation based on cattle raising and the strength of the gaucho in his struggle with the elements. "Don Segundo Sombra" makes a cult of solitary courage and the laws of nature. Yet it also documents a change from one way of life to another. Argentina, long before 1926, had moved away from dependence on cattle and the gaucho; life on the wide open spaces had already become part of legend. When it was first published, the book was enthusiastically received and became an instant classic, gaining more critical attention in this century than any other work published in Argentina, except perhaps for the writings of Borges. This critical edition contains a general introduction by the volume coordinator, Gwen Kirkpatrick, a glossary and six essays of background and criticism about the novel, making it ideal for classsroom use.
The Gleeson Court on Constitutional Law: An Empirical Analysis of its First Five Years

In providing a reflective comment upon the High Court’s constitutional law decisions of a single calendar year – that of 20011 – Stephen Gageler acknowledged that to do so was largely to adopt an American tradition found within the pages of the Harvard Law Review for over half a century now.2 But, as he said, in the beginning there were the statistics. The American commentary on the Supreme Court’s term began its life as a foreword to the presentation of tables and charts indicating ‘some of the more significant features of the Court’s activity’3 across that period. The practice of critiquing recent developments in constitutional law, albeit through the lens of a particular year, is one which we can adopt without much difficulty.4 The work of the High Court of Australia in this field is already subject to a healthy amount of analysis – a steady stream in fact – from the profession, academia and, to some extent, the media. Australian lawyers have, however, been largely reticent about the use of empirical studies as a means of appreciating the dimensions of judicial  Not for us, the number crunching
A prospective multicentric study of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and different clinical phenotypes.

Recently, it has been proposed that different clinical phenotypes can be recognized in patients with chronic obstructive disease (COPD), namely predominant airway disease or parenchymal destructive changes.



The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to evaluate whether these two phenotypes may influence outcomes following a pulmonary rehabilitation program (PRP).



We have prospectively evaluated 364 consecutive COPD patients (70 ± 8 years, 76.3% males) admitted to a standard hospital-based PRP in 6 Italian centers. According to their phenotype, the study cohort was divided into two groups: patients with airway obstructive (group 1, n = 208) or parenchymal destructive COPD (group 2, n = 156). Before and after PRP, values of 6-min walking distance, perceived breathlessness (Medical Research Council), health-related quality of life (St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire) and respiratory muscle function (maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure) were recorded.



PRP resulted in significant improvements in all outcome measures without any significant differences between groups.



Our study confirms that COPD patients may benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation independent of their clinical phenotype.
Ordering in cobalt-ferrous ferrites

Various cobalt-ferrous ferrites show a constricted hysteresis loop. After magnetic annealing of the samples the loop becomes rectangular. It appears that the magnetic annealing creates in each crystal a uniaxial anisotropy in a direction which is not necessarily the direction of the applied magnetic field but a crystallographic direction nearest to it. It is suggested that directional ordering is the most probable origin of the anisotropy found.
An Open Building Strategy for Converting Obsolete Office Buildings to Residential Uses

This paper reports on a study of a strategy for the conversion of obsolete office buildings to residential use. We use a case study method with an existing historic structure in Detroit, the Kales Building, designed in 1924 by the famous architect Albert Kahn. The building, typical of many in downtown urban centers in the United States, is planned for conversion into 108 residential units. We compare an open building strategy to the conventional approach. Our study involves architectural and engineering design methods, new business forms, supply chain and information management, trades, and construction management. The study is intended as a demonstration of an open building approach that can be applied to many similar multi-unit buildings as well as to new construction. The ultimate goal is the creation of an Indiana company making integrated fit-out product bundles, thus taking this innovative process into the market. This open building strategy has several elements that are congruent with lean construction principles, not the least of which is deep rethinking of supply channel management, logistics reordering, and just-in-time services.
Iron speciation in iron–organic matter nanoaggregates: a kinetic approach coupling Quick-EXAFS and MCR-ALS chemometrics

Iron–organic matter (Fe–OM) nanoaggregates are highly abundant in wetlands. Iron oxyhydroxides and natural OM are strong sorbents for metals and metalloids due to their high density of binding sites. They are thus considered as a major vector for the transport of metallic pollutants in this type of aquatic system. However, their structural organization is complex and varies under physico-chemical environmental conditions. The goal of this present study is to characterize these various iron phases and their growth processes. The formation of Fe-species was followed by Quick-EXAFS during oxidation/hydrolysis kinetics of pre-formed Fe(II)–humic acid complexes. Data were then processed using the MCR-ALS chemometric method. It demonstrated that, in the presence of OM, Fe(II) oxidation/hydrolysis leads to the synthesis of Fe-oligomers and ferrihydrite-like nanoparticles, both being bound to OM. The formation of the oligomers is the result of the inhibition of ferrihydrite polymerization by OM. Ferrihydrite and oligomers grow concomitantly during Fe(II) oxidation. When Fe(II) is completely oxidized, ferrihydrite forms at the expense of oligomers. For a given Fe/OM ratio, the ferrihydrite/oligomer ratio depends on the oxidation/hydrolysis kinetics which is strongly influenced by O2 and OH− availability. The organization of these structures constrains their binding site density and availability, which induces dramatic environmental implications regarding their capacity to trap metallic pollutants.
The Financial Crisis, the Exemption View and the Problem of the Harmless Torturer

Richard Posner avers in his A Failure of Capitalism that managers bear no moral responsibility for the financial crisis. This view has numerous supporters in economics and philosophy, and I shall call it the ‘exemption view’. In this paper, I criticise four arguments for the exemption view and propose a superior alternative, the ‘participation view’. The participation view claims that managers can be co-responsible for harm, even if their actions were not necessary or sufficient conditions for its occurrence. The paper spells out three conditions for moral responsibility according to the participation view.
An Efficient Algorithm for Grid-Based Robotic Path Planning Based on Priority Sorting of Direction Vectors

This paper presents an efficient grid-based robotic path planning algorithm. This method is motivated by the engineering requirement in practical embedded systems where the hardware resource is always limited. The main target of this algorithm is to reduce the searching time and to achieve the minimum number of movements. In order to assess the performance, the classical A* algorithm is also developed as a reference point to verify the effectiveness and determine the performance of the proposed algorithm. The comparison results confirm that the proposed approach considerably shortens the searching time by nearly half and produces smoother paths with less jagged segments than A* algorithm.
Clean Water for Our Future Environment

Proceedings of the Conference on Clean Water for Our Future Environment, held in Los Angeles, California, March 21-24, 1971. Sponsored by Sanitary Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Clean Water for Our Future Environment contains many papers covering a broad range of relevant issues in environmental engineering. Topics include clean water management, planning for clean water in terms of the ecology and social environment, youth makes waves about dirty water, regional waste water management systems, and financing water quality control on a national basis. These proceedings will be of interest to both practitioners and researchers in the field of environmental engineering.
New insights into the chemistry of ionic alkylorganic carbonates: a computational study.

A library of hydrogenated, perfluorinated aliphatic and aromatic (p-substituted) alcohols are selected together with a combination of superbases (SBs) and metal hydrides (MHs) to understand the thermodynamic parameters of the binary mixtures once serving as sorbents for the capture of CO2via ionic organic alkyl-carbonate (RCO3-) formation. Data are obtained using density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the B3LYP/6-31+G* level of theory and compared with the experimental results acquired from the literature using different spectroscopic techniques. It is found that the capturing process has a favourable enthalpic contribution and an unfavourable entropic penalty regardless the identity of the base, where the enthalpy values of alcohol/MH binary mixtures are almost two-fold higher compared to their SB-based mixtures. The utilisation of perfluorinated aliphatic alcohols instead of hydrogenated alcohols shows a negative impact on the formation of carbonate adducts, due to the less reactive alkoxide anion along the carbon skeleton, which is attributed to the low charge density of the nucleophilic oxygen atom. While perfluorinated phenol shows a higher reactivity than the parent phenol. The calculations indicate that the reactivity of phenolic compounds is highly affected by the electronic nature of the substituting groups, in which p-substituted phenols are more reactive towards CO2 capturing when electron releasing groups are utilised. A pronounced solvent effect is observed, in which the alkylcarbonate salts (RCO3- SBH+) are stabilized in solvents with high dielectric constant (e.g., DMSO and MeCN). Simulated NMR and IR spectra of RCO3- are consistent with those reported for the affiliated systems, which fortifies the results obtained for the unexplored substrate/MH mixtures, filling a gap in the literature of CO2 sequestration using CO2 binding organic liquids (CO2BOLs) and enabling a fair/quick prediction of potential substrates to be used as CO2 sorbents.
Israeli surgeons are reprimanded for allowing their names to appear on a study they had not done.

The Israel Medical Association says that in future it will take action against academic fraud by investigating complaints and discouraging the relatively widespread phenomenon of “gift authorship,” in which the names of doctors not involved in research are included in the list of authors.

Its announcement comes after a recent case where a surgeon, who was presenting details of a study to a conference, claimed that six doctors had been involved in the research when in fact he had been the sole researcher. Moreover, the surgeon claimed that it was a prospective study and that informed consent had been obtained from the participants, whereas actually it had been conducted retrospectively and without informed consent. 

Oleg Avrutis, a surgeon at the Bikur Holim Hospital, Jerusalem, was …
Ireland's child income supports: the case for a new form of targeting / by John Sweeney

The invention relates to an essentially pressure-insensitive liquid crystal cell. Electrode-equipped (5, 6) plates (1, 2) are arranged at a predetermined distance from each other and define a liquid crystal layer of a thickness d. At least a first (1) of the plates is transparent and has a thickness b not exceeding 1 mm, and a modulus of elasticity E. Spacers (11) fixed in the cavity and having a height h are distributed with a spacing L and have substantially the same modulus of elasticity E as said first plate. The spacers (11) have a width not exceeding 50 mum, at least in one direction. The degree of the surface coverage s by the supporting areas of the spacers (11) on said first plate (1) exceeds or is equal to a minimum value which is dependent on the type of liquid crystal. L is so selected in dependance on current values of d and b that, when applying a pressure P on the first plate (1), a maximum relative deflection DELTAd/d, caused by the pressure P on the first plate between the spacers satisfies condition (A): DELTAd/d=PL4/4Eb3d<=G, where G is equal to the value of expression (B), representing a relative compression of the spacers caused by the same pressure P, for a case where the degree of surface coverage s assumes the above-mentioned minimum value (B): DELTAh/h=P/sE.
The Siege of Fort Cumberland, 1776: An Episode in the American Revolution.@@@Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution.

Revolution indigenous (January to May 1776) revolution imported (June to October) the Shepody outpost (29 October to 4 November) Cumberland Creek raid (5 November to 9 November) the fort attack (10 November to 14 November) the "Vulture" reinforcement (15 November to 20 November) battle of blazing barns (21 November to 26 November) the Camphill rout (27 November to 29 November) epilogue.
The Determinants of Cross-Border Bank Shareholdings: an Analysis with Bank-Level Data from OECD Countries

TThis paper investigates which factors determine a bank's decision to expand its activities abroad and what determines its choice of the countries to invest in. The empirical analysis is conducted using firm-level data on foreign subsidiaries for a representative sample of nearly 2,500 OECD banks. The results show that the banks with cross-border shareholdings are larger and have headquarters in countries with a more developed and efficient banking market. They prefer to invest in countries where expected profits are larger, owing to higher expected economic growth and the prospect of reducing local banks' inefficiency. These factors are overall more important in banksi?½ decisions than those related to the degree of openness of the origin country and its economic integration with the destination country.
E-DELIVERY CHANNELS IN BANKS-A FRESH OUTLOOK

The present paper exhibits the growth of information technology in various bank groups. In our country in 2009, 79 percent branches are under core banking. The maximum technology is taking place in new generation private sector banks as well as foreign banks. 43.5 percent are off site ATMs in our country. Public sector banks have more on site ATMs whereas new private sector banks and foreign banks have more off site ATMs. The paper also suggests some strategies to enhance e delivery channels in banks particularly in public sector banks.
Mind your wallet's privacy: identifying Bitcoin wallet apps and user's actions through network traffic analysis

With the surge in popularity of cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin has emerged as one of the most promising means for remittance, payments, and trading. Supplemented by the convenience offered by the smartphones, an increasing number of users are adopting Bitcoin wallet apps for different purposes.
 In this paper, we focus on identifying user activities on smart-phone-based Bitcoin wallet apps that are commonly used for sending, receiving, and trading Bitcoin. To accomplish our goal, we performed network traffic analysis using machine learning techniques. Since we focus on apps of the same type/functionality, it makes our classification problem even more difficult compared to classifying apps tailored for discrete purposes. Moreover, our goal is to identify user activities even in the presence of encryption. In our experiments, we considered the worldwide most downloaded Bitcoin wallet apps on both Google Play Store and Apple's App Store. For collecting network traffic traces, we used only physical hardware and omitted any emulator to build our experiment scenario as close to the real environment as possible. We process the traffic traces in several phases before extracting the features that are utilized to train our supervised learning algorithms. We deal with the classification problem in multiple stages in a hierarchical fashion. We ran a thorough set of experiments to assess the performance of our system and attained nearly 95% accuracy in user activity identification.