nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic and spectroscopic characterization of the protein patterns formed in different surfactant solutions.

The complexations between catalase and the sodium perfluorooctanoate/sodium octanoate and sodium perfluorooctanoate/sodium dodecanoate systems have been studied by a combination of electrophoresis and spectroscopy measurements. The numbers of adsorption sites on the protein were determined from the observed increases of the zeta-potential as a function of surfactant concentration in the regions where the adsorption was a consequence of the hydrophobic effect. The Gibbs energies of adsorption of the surfactants onto the protein were evaluated and the results show that for all systems, Gibbs energies are negative and larger, in absolute values, at low values of surfactant concentration where binding to the high energy sites takes place, and become less negative as more surfactant molecules bind, suggesting a saturation process. The role of hydrophobic interactions in these systems has been demonstrated to be the predominant. Spectroscopy measurements suggest conformational changes on catalase depending on the surfactant mixture as well as the mixed ratio. No isosbestic point or shifts have been found showing that catalase has spectrophotometrically one kind of binding site for these surfactant mixtures.
Simulating a Small Machine for Teaching Purposes

A need exists within universities, polytechnics and other educational establishments, for computers which are specifically designed for teaching purposes, particularly in the promotion of understanding how computers can be organized to process programs. Economically, it often makes more sense to design a teaching machine and then simulate it on an existing installation than to acquire a separate purpose-built computer. This paper describes a simulation program that has been devised, and is currently in operation on the ICL 1907 at the University of Southampton, and comments on its power and use in the teaching situation.
Heidegger and Nietzsche; the Question of Value and Nihilism in relation to Education

This paper is a philosophical analysis ofHeidegger and Nietzsche's approach tometaphysics and the associated problem ofnihilism. Heidegger sums up the history ofWestern metaphysics in a way which challengescommon sense approaches to values education.Through close attention to language, Heideggerargues that Nietzsche inverts thePlatonic-Christian tradition but retains theanthropocentric imposition of ‘values’. Ihave used Nietzsche's theory to suggest aslightly different definition of metaphysicsand nihilism which draws attention to theontological parameters of human truths as astruggle between competing sets of conflictingor contradictory values (perspectives) thatopens space for rethinking and re-educatinghuman possibilities. How this openness willshow up in educational theory and practice isonly beginning to be evoked. The twophilosophers indicate an approach to issues ofmorality, decision making and knowledgeproduction which may surprise and disconcerttraditional views. As the forefathers ofpost-structuralist thinking, Nietzsche andHeidegger offer a critique of Humanism whileretaining the Renaissance tradition ofpositioning education as the well spring ofvalues in society. It is through the generationof new knowledges, the development of critiqueand the nurturing of character that societyreformulates itself in relation to the earth.The ethical evaluation of these new forms ofknowledge is crucial to the creative and caringregeneration of the human environment, asopposed to the corrosive adoption ofconsumerism and usury.
The History and Meaning of the MEGA Project from its Inception until 1990

This article treats of the history of the Marx Engels Gesamtausgabe, or MEGA, edition of Marx and Engels’ collected works. The edition began under the editorship of David Ryazonov in 1924, and the article traces the evolution of the edition from this beginning until 1990. During this time, the edition came into being as the product of a particular tension: a tension between its claim to scientific status, on the one hand, and the dogmas of Marxism Leninism, on the other. The article explores the political pressures on the MEGA that occurred in the 1930’s, the 1950’s, and the 1970’s, and also the transitional issues that occurred in the wake of 1989. The varying scope of the edition’s contents during these historical periods, and the political and editorial reasons for this variation, are explored. Special attention is given to the relationship between Berlin and Moscow in the 1950’s, 1960’s, and 1970’s, with respect to the edition. Finally, the article notes the greatly reduced support for the MEGA staff in the post 1989 period, and, in conclusion, explores the international reception of the MEGA volumes.
Preparation of Submicron and Micron Size Cr (IV) Optical Composites

Sol - gel technology is used to prepare sub-micron to micron size particles of Chromium (IV) doped materials. These materials show strong luminescence, as single crystals, in the 1-2 μm range. Such materials include; Cr (IV): (Ca 2 GeO 4 , Mg 2 SiO 4 , LiScGeO 4 ). The optically active particles are dispersed into glassy matrixes to form optical composites. Ongoing research is aimed at, a) reducing the size and the size distribution of the optically active particles, and b) finding suitable matrix materials.
Incident and long-term opioid therapy among patients with psychiatric conditions and medications: a national study of commercial health care claims.

There is growing evidence that opioid prescribing in the United States follows a pattern in which patients who are at the highest risk of adverse outcomes from opioids are more likely to receive long-term opioid therapy. These patients include, in particular, those with substance use disorders (SUDs) and other psychiatric conditions. This study examined health insurance claims among 10,311,961 patients who filled prescriptions for opioids. Specifically, we evaluated how opioid receipt differed among patients with and without a wide range of preexisting psychiatric and behavioral conditions (ie, opioid and nonopioid SUDs, suicide attempts or other self-injury, motor vehicle crashes, and depressive, anxiety, and sleep disorders) and psychoactive medications (ie, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and medications used for SUD, tobacco cessation, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Relative to those without, patients with all assessed psychiatric conditions and medications had modestly greater odds of subsequently filling prescriptions for opioids and, in particular, substantially greater risk of long-term opioid receipt. Increases in risk for long-term opioid receipt in adjusted Cox regressions ranged from approximately 1.5-fold for prior attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication prescriptions (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-1.58) to approximately 3-fold for prior nonopioid SUD diagnoses (HR = 3.15; 95% CI, 3.06-3.24) and nearly 9-fold for prior opioid use disorder diagnoses (HR = 8.70; 95% CI, 8.20-9.24). In sum, we found evidence of greater opioid receipt among commercially insured patients with a breadth of psychiatric conditions. Future studies assessing behavioral outcomes associated with opioid prescribing should consider preexisting psychiatric conditions.
Peasants and revolution: the case of Bolivia

At the beginning of Part One of this article, an approach to an explanation of the survival of serfdom in Bolivia until 1953 and of its breakdown, is made by means of the analysis of the system of social control which was maintained, in the context of the absence of strong market currents in agricultural products. The workings of the system were demonstrated with reference to the peasants' revolt of 1899, an episode which was shown to have been possible because a fraction of the elite was prepared to suspend the rules which governed the system.
On the Interpretation of Price Adjustments and Demand in Asset Pricing Models with Mean-Variance Optimization

With reference to the class of asset pricing models with a market maker and mean-variance optimization of speculative agents, the note seeks to clarify the concepts behind the price adjustment rule, which are often treated somewhat carelessly in this literature. Calling attention to the distinction between the agents? desired holding of the risky asset and the desired change in their position, the following conclusion is drawn. If market prices are said to adjust in the direction of excess demand, then the story of the maximization of expected wealth should be dropped. On the other hand, the story could be perfectly maintained if the market maker were assumed to adjust prices inversely to his accumulated inventory.
Time-Space Distribution of Tin/Tungsten Deposits in South China and Controlling Factors of Mineralization

The abundant tin and tungsten deposits in South China were formed in different geologic ages. They began to appear in the late Protereozoic, and reached their paramount development during the Yenshanian period. In regional distribution the W deposits tend to occur in the eastern part of this region, mostly in post-Caledonian uplifts, while the Sn deposits tend to occur in the western part, mostly in Hercynian-Indosinian depressions. Both of them are found either within the middle-late Pro-terozoic and lower Paleozoic basemental structure, or adjacent to the basement rocks. Genetically, they are mainly associated with continental crustal anatectic granitoids. The following factors are considered to be most important in controlling the time-space distribution of Sn/W deposits: regional existence of ore source beds of middle-late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic ages; crustal mechanism in the generation of multi-cyclic granitoids and their evolution; activities of ore-bearing hydrothermal solutions; and localization of Sn/W mineralization in close relation to structural environment and wall rock properties.
Dewey's Aesthetics and Today's Moral Education

Today we face many new issues in terms of technology, political and economic relations, humanities, and ecological environment. In addition, these complex interests are shaped by responses to globalization and multiculturalism; and they are becoming more infl uential to individual lives. Th is kind of era requires understanding of and sensitivity to diverse needs, communication, and collaboration. Th erefore, mere inculcation or transmission of knowledge has limitations in preparing students to live meaningfully in a changing world. Instead, students need embodied reasoning. A meaningful and harmonious life coupled with responding to one’s environment is always a goal of education, in particular, moral education. In a new century, we need to rethink the fundamental meaning of morality and moral education. As a few recent researchers claim, 1 obeying a society’s rules, laws, and regulations or possessing certain virtues such as knowledge does not necessarily make us moral; it may just rather cause us to benumb the virtuous consciousness. In this view of moral education, we need to examine our current system of moral education. As a contemporary and systemic eff ort, character education dominates the fi eld of practice in moral education. Philosophers and practitioners of character education convince themselves and their students that books on moral theory will tell us how we ought to behave. However, recent thinkers interested in moral education have argued about the eff ectiveness of character education. It could be argued that defi ciencies in contemporary school-based moral education have led us down this path to narrowly cognitive, character trait, or general values list approaches. It should be also questioned whether it is possible to teach virtues directly and whether indoctrination as the method of such inculcation of virtues is an appropriate method of education. 2 Th e overall problem is grounded in a misguided view of reason, following mind versus body dualism and neglecting the importance of aesthetic dimensions of experience. Consequently, moral reasoning has been regarded as consisting primarily of discerning the appropriate
Testing Lorentz Symmetry with Gravity

In this talk, results from the gravitational sector of the Standard-Model Extension (SME) are discussed. The weak-field phenomenology of the resulting modified gravitational field equations is explored. The application of the results to a variety of modern gravity experiments, including lunar laser ranging, Gravity Probe B, binary pulsars, and Earth-laboratory tests, shows promising sensitivity to gravitational coefficients for Lorentz violation in the SME.
A New Model

In this chapter Muddiman draws together the issues identified in previous Chapters and sets out to establish an alternative model for bringing together the environment and economics paying particular attention to both the concept of Ecosystem Services and the potential to embed environmental issues firmly within the financial framework. In particular, this Chapter looks critically at issues of credit provision, land ownership and property rights and the use of sound money. This Chapter presents a completely new approach to environmental valuation. It proposes the establishment of a biodiversity backed financial vehicle, as part of the Special Drawing Right system of the IMF, using blockchain technology to facilitate its use as a global means of settling international debts.
A Diagrammatic Axiomatisation for Qubit Entanglement

Diagrammatic techniques for reasoning about monoidal categories provide an intuitive understanding of the symmetries and connections of interacting computational processes. In the context of categorical quantum mechanics, Coecke and Kissinger suggested that two 3-qubit states, GHZ and W, may be used as the building blocks of a new graphical calculus, aimed at a diagrammatic classification of multipartite qubit entanglement that would highlight the communicational properties of quantum states, and their potential uses in cryptographic schemes. In this paper, we present a full graphical axiomatisation of the relations between GHZ and W: the ZW calculus. This refines a version of the preexisting ZX calculus, while keeping its most desirable characteristics: undirected ness, a large degree of symmetry, and an algebraic underpinning. We prove that the ZW calculus is complete for the category of free abelian groups on a power of two generators - "qubits with integer coefficients" - and provide an explicit normalisation procedure.
Development of an education program for digital manufacturing system engineers based on ‘Digital Triplet’ concept

In the Industry 4.0 era, cyber physical manufacturing systems (CPPS) has started to change activities of manufacturing system engineers into CPS based ones. In typical Japanese factories, manufacturing system engineers are always stationed at the shop floor and continuously improve manufacturing systems with workers. For supporting such engineers’ activities, we are developing the concept of ‘Digital Triplet’ as an extension of Digital Twin. Digital Triplet consists of intelligent activity world in addition to the cyber world and the physical world and supports manufacturing system engineers in developing engineering processes with the cyber and physical worlds. Based on this, we are developing an education program. In this paper, we first describe the concept of Digital Triplet. Next, after explaining the overview of the education program, we introduce a course in which trainees (mainly novice engineers) execute ‘Kaizen’ with a prototype CPS system of a learning factory.
Understanding the patient perspective - results of the Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights, Strategies & Expectations (RAISE) patient needs survey.

To gain insight into the management and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from the perspective of patients with moderate to severe disease.



We recruited patients with moderate-to-severe, active RA who were either biologic naïve or biologic experienced (i.e. receiving biologic therapy) and then surveyed their perceptions of their disease and its management through a questionnaire. The survey was administered by computer-assisted telephone interview of patients in 9 countries (n=586) and covered diagnosis, treatment, physician interaction, and lifestyle with RA. Mean age at onset of RA symptoms was 41 years, with an average time to diagnosis of 3 years.



Most physician-patient communication centered on symptoms and treatment rather than the impact of RA on quality of life (QoL). Biologic users had significantly more 'good' days per month than biologic-naïve patients (71% vs. 61%). Of all patients, 22% reported high levels of pain on the day of the interview. A majority of patients considered their lives to be controlled by RA, despite the fact that they were receiving the current standard of care. Although potentially eligible for biologic therapy, as defined by a broad set of criteria for this investigation, 62% of biologic-naïve patients were not aware of biologic therapies.



The Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights, Strategies & Expectations (RAISE) survey describes how patients with moderate to severe RA view their disease and which issues are critically important to them. Despite substantial impact on QoL and emotional health, a minority of patients discuss these issues with their physician. Also, despite improvements afforded by biologic therapy, continuing symptoms and pain occur in a proportion of RA patients.
The southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia: New interpretations from geological, seismic reflection, and gravity data

The southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia are characterized by voluminous plutonic and gneissic rocks of mainly Middle Jurassic to Eocene age (the Coast Plutonic Complex), as well as metamorphic rocks, folds, and thrust and reverse faults that mostly diverge eastward and westward from an axis within the present mountains, and by more localized Eocene and younger normal faults. In the southeastern Coast Mountains, mid-Cretaceous and younger plutons intrude Bridge River, Cadwallader, and Methow terranes and overlap Middle Jurassic through Early Cretaceous marine clastic rocks of the Tyaughton–Methow basin. The combination of geological data with new or reanalyzed geophysical data originating from Lithoprobe and related studies enables revised structural interpretations to be made to 20 km depth. Five seismic profiles show very cut-up and chaotic reflectivity that probably represents slices and segments of different deformed and rearranged rock assemblages. Surface geology, seismic interpretations, ph...
Constructive belief reports

The paper develops a proof-theoretic semantics for belief reports by extending the constructive type-theoretical formalism presented in Więckowski (Stud Log 100:815–853, 2012) with a specific kind of set-forming operator suited for the representation of belief attitudes. The extended formalism allows us to interpret constructions which involve, e.g., iteration of belief, quantifying into belief contexts, and anaphora in belief reports. Moreover, constructive solutions to canonical instances of the problem of hyperintensionality are suggested. The paper includes a discussion of Ranta’s (Type-theoretical grammar, 1994) constructive account of belief reports.
Note on sets of positive measure

Let Ai, A2, • , Av be p sets of positive measure lying in euclidean n space. Then there exist p n-dimensional spheres Si, 52, • • • , Sp such that for every set of p points sv, (*> = 1,2, • • • , p), belonging respectively to these spheres, there exists a set of p points av, (v = 1, 2, • • • , p), lying respectively in A\, A2, • • • , Ap, such that the sets [av] and {sv} are congruent. Moreover, there exists a set of p congruent spheres Sv satisfying the condition just stated and a positive number 8 such that for every selected {sv}, with sv belonging to Svy the associated {av} may be so chosen that a\ ranges over a set of measure >h.
Subjects and Sovereigns: The Grand Controversy over Legal Sovereignty in Stuart England

Preface 1. The shift in political thought 2. The keeper of the kingdom 3. The new age of political definition 4. That 'Poisonous Tenet' of co-ordination 5. The curious case of William Prynne 6. The idiom of restoration politics 7. Co-ordination and coevality in exclusion literature 8. The law-makers and the dispensing power Appendix Notes Bibliography Index.
Advances in Software Maintenance Management: Technologies and Solutions

Here is a new offering, now available both as a hardcover and as an e-book, in the much-neglected category of comprehensive texts on software maintenance. It is especially welcome for those of us struggling to provide our students with a text for learning the basics of software maintenance, in preparation for their inevitable first maintenance assignments as junior software engineers. This new book, Advances in Software Maintenance  Technologies and Solutions, edited by Macario Polo, Mario Piattini, and Francisco Ruiz at the University of Castilla-La Mancha in Spain, is not intended to be an academic textbook and so is lacking in some areas for that purpose. However, it has some important advantages over the few other choices in this area. It also is a useful volume for managers and others interested in getting an up-to-date understanding of some of the major issues in software maintenance.
Early Soviet Cinema: Innovation, Ideology and Propaganda

Early Soviet Cinema: Innovation, Ideology and Propaganda examines the aesthetics of Soviet cinema during its "golden age" of the 1920s, against a background of cultural ferment and the construction of a new socialist society. Separate chapters are devoted to the work of Sergei Eisenstein, Lev Kuleshov, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Dziga Vertov and Alexander Dovzhenko. Other major directors are also discussed at length. David Gillespie places primary focus on the text, with analysis concentrating on the artistic qualities, rather than the political implications, of each film. The result is not only a discussion of each director's contribution to the "golden age" and to world cinema but also an exploration of their own distinctive poetics.
Dewey, Religion, and the New Atheism

This article explores the conflict between those who find value in religious commitment and others who recommend the complete abandonment of religion. It examines John Dewey’s reflections on religion in order to assess its possible resources for addressing this specific conflict. Dewey’s discussion highlights deep human impulses that a secular perspective should address. But this should be accomplished not through his proposed broadening of religious life, but by promoting these impulses and the community life that responds to them as shared human needs and ideals that go beyond religious commitment.
Feature analysis of Turbo Prolog

This article is a companion to an earlier article o n comparative feature–analysis of microcomputer Prolo g implementations (II. Analyses of six major feature areas an d capabilities of built–in predicates are extenaed to Turbo Prolog. Turbo Prolog differs from other implementations in use of stati c type declarations and checking. Restrictions of static type s provide a safe language and contribute to efficient compilation , but they exclude important capabilities for dynamicall y modifying structures and clauses .
Anonymous Markets and Monetary Trading

We study an infinite-horizon economy with two basic frictions that are typical in monetary models. First, agents’ trading paths cross at most once due to pairwise trade and other meeting obstacles. Second, actions must be compatible with individual incentives due to commitment and enforcement limitations. We find that, with patient agents, relaxing the first friction by introducing centralized markets, opens the door to an informal enforcement scheme sustaining a non-monetary efficient allocation. Hence, we present a matching environment in which agents repeatedly access large markets and yet the basic frictions are retained. This allows the construction of models based on competitive markets in which money plays an essential role.