nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reverse epidemiology of elevated blood pressure among chronic hemodialysis black patients with stroke: a historical cohort study

BackgroundStroke is the third leading cause of cardiovascular mortality in dialysis patients. The objective of this study was to assess the extent of stroke in chronic hemodialysis patients.MethodsHistorical cohort of patients enrolled in two hemodialysis (HD) centers from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011, including 191 patients (mean age 52 years, 68% men). Incidence curves and survival time analysis between the first day of HD and the end of the study were described by the Kaplan-Meier method. Independent stroke predictors were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis. P < 0.05 defined the level of statistical significance.Results12 incident stroke were recorded during the study period, with 1622.1 person-months (PM), a stroke incidence rate of 7.4 cases per 1000 PM (95% CI = 7.35–7.44) at the point date. The incidence of stroke at 6 months, 12 months and 24 months was 9.8%, 11.9% and 13%, respectively. Only the absence of arterial hypertension (RR = 5.7, 95% CI: 1.52–21.42) emerged as an independent determinant of stroke.ConclusionThe high incidence of stroke in Kinshasa HD centers is partially explained by reverse epidemiology. Efforts must be made to understand this phenomenon in order to reduce its impact.
Hebb, Donald Olding (1904–1985)

Hebb was very well grounded in the psychological theories of the early twentieth century by his graduate training at McGill, Chicago, and Harvard before his almost unique experience of measuring the mental capacities of human patients with surgical brain lesions. This impressed upon him the importance of the brain for determining behavior. He recognized that, although the proponents of the mainstream stimulus–response theories claimed to reject neural explanations, they in fact based their theories on a ridiculously simplified brain in which sensory input went directly to motor output. He therefore developed a behavior theory that involved a more realistic model of the brain and in doing so, brought about a profound change in the course taken by psychology.
Americanization in comparative perspective: The managerial revolution in France and Norway, 1940–1990

This article proposes a comparative account of the progress of the managerial revolution in France and Norway over the post-World War Two period. This account is set and framed within theoretical discussions on and around 'Americanization'. We argue that in both the French and Norwegian cases the managerial revolution has been closely tied to a process of Americanization that has had an impact on economic institutions, organizations and philosophy. The process of Americanization has to be contextualized for each of those two countries. The nature of the process has also evolved considerably over time - from 1945 to today. Hence, we propose that the progress of the managerial revolution in France and Norway could be looked at as a non-linear process, albeit with a deep structural logic.
The differential impact of inflation on key societal interest groups and public policy implications

An inflation problem exists when there is a perceived negative imbalance in the input-output position of a particular group. In this article the inflation problem is disaggregated by type of input-output imbalance, by degree of severity of the imbalance, and by vested interest group. The disaggregated model captures the inverse relationship between price changes and the inflation problem for subgroups, and the duality of the impact of price changes on particular subgroups. The empirical specification of the model makes explicit the diverse and often conflicting impacts of inflation on various subgroups. It is argued that macroeconomic policy makers often implement the wrong type of anti-inflation measures at the wrong time. The proposed input-output model provides a rationale and a framework for implementing microeconomic, targeted policies. With targeted policies, we can attempt to remedy particular inflationary problems without adversely affecting prosperous components of the economy.
Finite State Evaluation of Logical Formulas : Jevons' Approach (1870) and Contemporary Description

In this paper, we describe a formal language for a class of logical expressions. We then present a Finite State Machine for recognition and evaluation of this language. The main interest of the language is its historical characteristic. This language invented by the British scholar W. Stanley JEVONS in 1865 is probably the earliest language in which expressions were evaluated by a Finite State Machine. The two outstanding contributions were the use of machinery to evaluate formulas and the evaluation of formulas with variables by several parallel evaluations with constants. The contribution of this paper is to present this ancient evaluation process in a contemporary framework, i.e. formal languages and finite state automata. The design of an evaluator is given in great detail.
A systematic nurse-led approach to withdrawal risk screening, prevention and treatment among inpatients with an alcohol use disorder in an ear, nose, throat and jaw surgery department-A formative evaluation.

Among patients with head and neck cancer comorbid alcohol use disorder is frequent which contributes to higher risk of developing perioperative alcohol withdrawal syndrome/delirium or delirium due to medical conditions. Although guidelines emphasize prevention and treatment of alcohol withdrawal in hospitalized patients, a validated systematic approach for management of these patients is still lacking. Our aim was to formatively evaluate our newly developed systematic approach in view of nurses' adherence to screening patients for regular alcohol consumption and managing their withdrawal symptoms using the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised.



We conducted a formative evaluation to improve the project's design and performance and used a retrospective chart review in a consecutive sample of all adult inpatients with head and neck cancer being assigned for surgery in a university hospital. Our bundle of interventions consisted of nurses' screenings for regular alcohol consumption, withdrawal risk assessment, offering patients a substitution therapy, nurses' assessments of withdrawal symptoms and symptom oriented withdrawal management. Proximate endpoints were analyzed descriptively at each component of the bundle in terms of frequencies and severity of withdrawal symptoms, frequencies of nurses' and doctors' screenings and nurses' assessments performed as required.



Between 2013 and 2014, 87 inpatients met inclusion criteria and screenings by doctors/ nurses revealed 49 alcohol consumers, where six screenings were omitted by nurses and six by doctors. Twenty-one consumers were at risk and six of them developed an alcohol withdrawal syndrome. None of the 87 showed an alcohol withdrawal delirium, but five developed a delirium due to medical conditions. Nurses correctly conducted all preventive elements of the intervention bundle in 14 (58%) patients at risk but overall, only performed 50% of the required assessments.



Although nurses safely managed patients' symptoms, nurses' adherence to the interventions was suboptimal and requires stronger leadership.
Late Hercynian–Mesozoic thinning in the Alboran domain: metamorphic data from the northern Rif, Morocco

In the Alboran domain, two crustal-thickening late-orogenic extension cycles are superposed. The importance of the late Alpine thinning of the Alpujarride-Sebtide crustal section on top of the Beni Bousera peridotites is discussed here in metamorphic petrological terms. The Alpine metamorphism operated first under a HP–LT gradient, and reached the eclogite facies in the Permian–Triassic phyllites, before retrogression under a high geothermal gradient. A contrasting, higher temperature metamorphism characterizes the pre-Permian section, reaching the HP-granulite facies at the bottom of the crustal section. By reference to the western European setting, the granulites relate to the Hercynian orogeny, as supported by the isotopic ages of the enclosed, armoured monazite crystals. Thus, thinning of an overthickened crust might have occurred there during the late Hercynian extension and Tethyan opening, before being reactivated during the late Oligocene.
Культивирование инноваций и вызовы инновационного развития

The article deals with the problems of universities’ innovation culture. Special attention is given to the analysis of the main challenges to social and economic development of Russia. New senses of knowledge and education are studied through sociological data interpretation. On the background of formation of a new technological setup and new social practices the necessity of revaluation of such routine ideological imperatives as total marketization of social and economical activity increases. Results of research let us argue that now there are two trends in interpretation of knowledge. The first one is to think about knowledge in market terms. The second is to interpret knowledge as public good and something that should be made accessible for many people. The last issue is regarded as an important condition of innovation development and «knowledge society» formation. The authors also discuss the potential and the role of the universities in innovation development. The main condition of strengthening the role of the universities in Russian society is connected with the process of innovation culture establishment.
Redefinition of the Kangxiwa Group in South Kangxiwa Area of West Kunlun and Its Geological Significance

Kangxiwa group based on mesometamorphical lithostratigraphic unit of Triassic Shaksgam River groups is newly separated from the job of four Kangxiwa 1:250000 regional geological survey works.Distributed in the southern area of the late Kangxiwa brittle faults,the strata are mainly composed of medium- deep mesometamorphical clastic rocks and little marble,and intruded by the Cambrian and Jurassic granite.Characteristics of petrology,metamorphism,deformation,trace element and rare earth element of the group were studied and compared in details with Ailiankate group.Results show that the two groups are basically identical and should be classified as the same tectonic rock strata unit.It is further demonstrated that the west Kunlun Mountain has the same basement evolution characteristics with the Tarim block.The redefinition of strata provides reliable information for material composition and evolution studies of west Kunlun.
Unemployment Insurance and Entrepreneurship

Based on administrative registers from Norway, we examine how unemployment insurance (UI) and active labor market programs (ALMP) affect the transition rates from unemployment to regular employment and entrepreneurship. We find that the entrepreneurship hazard is highly responsive with respect to UI incentives, and that the probability of starting up a new business increases sharply around the time of UI exhaustion. We also find that while participation in ALMP has a positive impact on the employment hazard, it has no effect on entrepreneurship. We speculate that this reflects the programs' one-sided focus on job search rather than job creation.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PERMIAN HYDROTHERMAL DOLOMITITE OF S SECTION OF LONGMENSHAN MT

According to the study,the Permian dolomitite,dolomitic limestone and limestone are in gradual change and transitional relationship.The zebra-like structure is developed in dolomitite.The dolomite is mostly saddle-like or in unusual form.The C,O in dolomite are lower than those in the wall rock;however,Sr higher than that in the later,which is consistent with structural hydrothermal dolomitite.The intensity is controlled evidently by the structure,which is degraded from the orogenetic zone to the basin.
Fiscal Foresight: Analytical Issues

Fiscal foresight---the phenomenon that legislative and implementation lags ensure that private agents know the tax rates they face in the future---is intrinsic to the tax policy process. Although acknowledged in empirical work, theoretical analysis of its implications is scant. This paper develops an analytical framework to study the econometric implications of fiscal foresight. A simple example shows that foresight produces equilibrium time series with a non-invertible moving average component, which misaligns the agents' and the econometrician's information sets in estimated VARs. Economically meaningful shocks to taxes, therefore, cannot be easily extracted from statistical innovations. Non-invertibility arises as a natural outgrowth of the fact that optimal decisions discount future tax obligations; non-invertibility, therefore, is likely to be endemic to the study of fiscal policy.
Making the most of conspicuous production in hospital marketing.

In today's marketplace, having an effective marketing strategy is key to changing a hospital's image as well as the nature of the product/service. To make the strategy effective, the focus of hospital administrators should be on getting the most out of the hospital's budget, and making a socially responsible decision that can maximize the contribution margin of all marketing expenditures. This article presents a model which attempts to maximize the contribution of various inputs toward a better image and conspicuousness of a hospital.
ГУМАНИТАРНАЯ КУЛЬТУРА СКВОЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ДРЕВНЕГРЕЧЕСКОЙ ПАЙДЕЙИ: ОСНОВАНИЯ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ

The article focuses on the use of the ideas of humanism in the context of humanitarian culture and tolerance. The basis reflects the works of two major thinkers of the XX century – Sartre’s «Existentialism – is a Humanism» and Heidegger’s «Letter on Humanism». Modernization of the national education system is presented through the prism of Greek paideia. The humanism ideas transformation analysis allows to determine the following substantial basis for appealing to them in modern conditions. 1) the development of the ideas of humanism is impossible without referring to the conceptual foundations of humanism in the history of their formation and development; 2) сhange the content and functions of education, the model determined by the dynamics of cultural epochs and the particular historical situation. Referring to the ideas of ancient Greek paideia is important to identify the roots of many educational traditions, interpret relevant to the person as a caregiver and educability to educational objectives, methods and means of achieving them; 3) formation of humanitarian culture personality – one of the leading national education goals can be considered as a reason to promote tolerance, relying on domestic cultural traditions and humanistic values education.
The Constructivist Tradition

The cognitive revolution in North American psychology began in the mid-1950s (Gardner, 1985).1 In the experimental scientific wing, anomalies for behaviorism were accumulating, and its adequacy in addressing language and other symbolic processes was being challenged (Chomsky, 1959; Osgood, 1956). Social learning theories, Rotter’s most notably, were contributing to a new social cognitive center. In the humanistic clinical wing, a phenomenological perspective was being advanced by the “third force” (Maslow, 1954; C. R. Rogers, 1951, 1959). The social Gestalt tradition was creating a social cognitive alternative in the work of Heider, Asch, and Lewin’s followers (e.g., Festinger, 1957). From 1954 to 1956, the constructivist and information processing traditions burst on the scene, and American psychology began to be transformed. George Kelly published his constructivist personality theory, and Gordon Allport published his category-based theory of prejudice. Herbert Simon invented his thinking machine and presented his theory of bounded rationality, and information-processing conferences were held, as covered in the next chapter. Jerome Bruner connected to European constructivism and established a constructivist research tradition in North America. He learned of Lev Vygotsky from Russian psychologists at a Montreal conference, went to Europe to cohost a conference with Frederic Bartlett and visit Jean Piaget, and published his experimental research on constructing categories (Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin, 1956). When he and George Miller established the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard, he said, “In 1960 we used ‘cognitive’ in our name defiantly. Most respectable psychologists at the time still thought cognition was too mentalistic for objective scientists. But we nailed it to the door and defended it until eventually we carried the day” (Bruner, 1983b, p. 124).
Evolution of the Bayramiç magmatic complex, northwestern Anatolia

Middle Miocene period widespread magmatic activity developed in Western Anatolia, following the continental collision between the Sakarya continent and the Tauride–Anatolide platform. This produced both intrusive and extrusive rocks, which appear to be associated in space and time, as exemplified from the Bayramic area. In the Bayramic area, the magmatic activity started with the intrusion of the Evciler granite, and the coeval lower volcanic association. This was followed by the development of the upper volcanic association. These rock groups form collectively the Bayramic magmatic complex, which was generated under an on-going north–south compressional regime. The Bayramic magmatic complex has a subalkaline composition, displaying a calcalkaline trend. Trace elements and REE contents resemble to island-arc and collision-related magmas. According to the isotope values the Bayramic magmatic complex was derived from the magmas of lithospheric mantle origin, which were later contaminated, while passing through the thick continental crust, in a post-collisional tectonic setting, during the Oligocene–Early Miocene period. The latest product of the magmatism is the Late Miocene–Pliocene basalt lavas. Their geochemical properties are clearly different from the Oligocene–Early Miocene magmatic rocks. The basalts were generated when the north–south compression gave way to the north–south extensional regime.
The Effect of Electromagnetic Stirrer on the Size and Morphology of Intermetallic Particles in Al-Si Metal Matrix Composite

The electromagnetic stirrer method was developed to overcome the problems caused by the presence of a mechanical stirrer in the slurry; this method is nowadays considered to be the most widely used and most useful method in the semi-solid processes. In this study, the structure of the intermetallic iron particles obtained in the aluminum matrix composites produced by the semi-solid method is compared with the traditional method. The results show that in semi-solid samples, the intermetallic particles are much smaller and more dispersed, so the stress concentration points in these samples are much smaller and less.
Religion and the rise of capitalism : a historical study : Holland memorial lectures, 1922

In one of the true classics of twentieth-century political economy, R. H. Tawney addresses the question of how religion has affected social and economic practices. He tracks the influence of religious thought on capitalist economy and ideology since the Middle Ages, shedding light on the question of why Christianity continues to exert a unique role in the marketplace. In so doing, the book offers an incisive analysis of the morals and mores of contemporary Western culture. Religion and the Rise of Capitalism is more pertinent now than ever, as today the dividing line between the spheres of religion and secular business is shifting, blending ethical considerations with the motivations of the marketplace.
Enzyme catalytic nitration of aromatic compounds.

Nitroaromatic compounds are important intermediates in organic synthesis. The classic method used to synthesize them is chemical nitration, which involves the use of nitric acid diluted in water or acetic acid, both harmful to the environment. With the development of green chemistry, environmental friendly enzyme catalysis is increasingly employed in chemical processes. In this work, we adopted a non-aqueous horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/NaNO2/H2O2 reaction system to study the structural characteristics of aromatic compounds potentially nitrated by enzyme catalysis, as well as the relationship between the charges on carbon atoms in benzene ring and the nitro product distribution. Investigation of various reaction parameters showed that mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature and neutral pH), plus appropriate use of H2O2 and NaNO2 could prevent inactivation of HRP and polymerization of the substrates. Compared to aqueous-organic co-solvent reaction media, the aqueous-organic two-liquid phase system had great advantages in increasing the dissolved concentration of substrate and alleviating substrate inhibition. Analysis of the aromatic compounds' structural characteristics indicated that substrates containing substituents of NH2 or OH were readily catalyzed. Furthermore, analysis of the relationship between natural bond orbital (NBO) charges on carbon atoms in benzene ring, as calculated by the density functional method, and the nitro product distribution characteristics, demonstrated that the favored nitration sites were the ortho and para positions of substituents in benzene ring, similar to the selectivity of chemical nitration.
The End of Manhood: Parables on Sex and Selfhood

In this practical follow up to Refusing to be a Man, John Stoltenberg uses a combination of case studies, autobiography, checklists and discussion points, to speak directly to men about how the social construction of manhood operates in everyday relationships and to show how these same dynamics drive the behaviour of gangs, race-hate groups, and international imperialism. Readers will find here new perspectives on intimacy, gender, and violence and be pushed to re-examine their ideas of manhood and gender identity generally. Stoltenberg's new introduction sets the book in academic context, summarising the game theory of gender which underlies all his work.
Estimation of thermal transitions in poly(ethylene naphthalate): Experiments and modeling using isoconversional methods

Thermal transitions of PEN, such as the glass transition temperature and those occurring during isothermal or nonisothermal crystallization were investigated based on careful experiments and modeling with isoconversional methods. The latter was applied to DSC data to determine the effective activation energy for the glass transition in PEN. Using the same data and different thermal methods the dynamic fragility of PEN was evaluated. The Lauritzen–Hoffman (LH) parameters K g and U ∗ were estimated using the secondary nucleation theory from both PLM and isothermal DSC after self-nucleation measurements. Regime II to I and III to II transition at about 253 °C and 243 °C were concluded. Elliptical-shaped hedrite-like morphology was observed above 253 °C. Finally, isoconversional analysis was applied to both melt and glass non-isothermal crystallization data and the combined set of activation energies was found to be described by the theoretical Vyazovkin–Sbirrazzuoli equation using a single set of LH parameters coming from PLM measurements.