nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Secure program execution via dynamic information flow tracking

We present a simple architectural mechanism called dynamic information flow tracking that can significantly improve the security of computing systems with negligible performance overhead. Dynamic information flow tracking protects programs against malicious software attacks by identifying spurious information flows from untrusted I/O and restricting the usage of the spurious information.Every security attack to take control of a program needs to transfer the program's control to malevolent code. In our approach, the operating system identifies a set of input channels as spurious, and the processor tracks all information flows from those inputs. A broad range of attacks are effectively defeated by checking the use of the spurious values as instructions and pointers.Our protection is transparent to users or application programmers; the executables can be used without any modification. Also, our scheme only incurs, on average, a memory overhead of 1.4% and a performance overhead of 1.1%.
Biomembrane phospholipid-oxide surface interactions: crystal chemical and thermodynamic basis.

Quartz has the least favored surface among many oxides for bacterial attachment and for lipid bilayer or micelle interactions. Tetrahedrally coordinated crystalline silica polymorphs are membranolytic toward liposomes, lysosomes, erythrocytes, and macrophages. Amorphous silica, the octahedral silica polymorph, (stishovite), and oxides such as Al2O3, Fe2 O3, and TiO2 are less cytotoxic. Existing theories for membrane rupture that invoke interactions between oxide surfaces and cell membrane phospholipids (PLs) do not adequately explain these differences in membranolytic potential of the oxides. The author presents a crystal chemical, thermodynamic model for the initial interaction of oxide surfaces with the quaternary ammonium component of the PL's polar head group. The model includes solvation energy changes and electrostatic forces during adsorption, represented by the dielectric constant of the solid and the charge-to-radius ratio of the adsorbing solute. The nature of oxide-solute interactions compared with oxide-water, solute-water, and water-water interactions determines the membranolytic activity of the oxide, where the solute is TMA+, the quaternary ammonium moeity. Significant membrane rupture, as on quartz, requires unfavorable adsorption entropy (DeltaS(ads,TMA+)<0) to maximize disruption of normal membrane structure and requires favorable Gibbs free energy of exchange between TMA+ and the ambient Na+ ions (DeltaG(exc,TMA+/Na+) = DeltaG(ads,TMA+)-DeltaG(ads,Na+)<0) to maximize the extent of membrane affected. For amorphous silica, DeltaS(ads,TMA+) >0, so disruption of structure is limited, even though G(exc,TMA+/Na+) is <0. Stishovite and other oxides have DeltaS(ads,TMA+) <0, but now DeltaG(exc,TMA+/Na+) is>0 at the acidic to circumneutral pHs of cellular and subcellular organelle fluids. The model predicts the correct sequence of membranolytic ability: quartz > or = amorphous SiO2 >Al2O3 >Fe2O3 >TiO2. The model thus explains the relatively poor adhesion of bacterial cells to quartz and the lack of quartz as a biomineral. It is proposed that one function of extracellular polymeric substances exuded by bacteria is to render mineral surfaces more hydrophilic.
Operational Mechanism of CDIO Innovation and Practice Center and the Design of Experiment in Courses “Process of Industry Production”

In recent years, with the introduction of CDIO engineering education reform idea and the implementation of “Excellent Engineer Education and Training Plan”, the higher requirements are put forward for the construction and operational mechanism of collegiate laboratory and experiment teaching. In this paper, combining with the several years’ experience in construction of CDIO innovation and practice center in the department of mechatronics engineering, college of engineering, Shantou University, focuses on the introduction of its operational mechanism, then illustrates how to design the experiments under the current mechanism by the case of the experiment in course “process of industry production”. The case shows that the students’ comprehensive qualities have been enhanced, for example: students have wonderfully completed given teaching projects and won a number of honors in technological competitions at home and abroad.
Nonparametric determination of the equation of state of Dark Energy

We present a nonparametric method to determine the sign of w + 1 in the equation of state of dark energy. It is more tolerant to uncertainties of other cosmological parameters than fitting methods, and permits to distinguish between different classes of dark energy models even with relatively low resolution data. We apply this method to SNLS supernovae and to gold sample of re-analyzed supernovae data from Riess et al.2004 . Both data sets show strong indication of w < −1. If this result is confirmed by more extended and precise data avalable in near future, many of dark energy models, including simple cosmological constant, standard quintessence models without interaction between quintessence scalar field(s) and matter, and scaling models are ruled out. Recent observations of SuperNovae (SN), Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), and Large Scale Structures (LSS) indicate that the dominant content of the Universe is a mysterious energy with an equation of state very close to Einstein Cosmological Constant. The equation of state is defined by w, the ratio of pressure p to density ρ, w = P/ρ. For a cosmological constant w = −1. The observed mean value of w for dark energy is very close to −1. Some of the most recent estimations are the followings: From combination of 3-year WMAP and SuperNova Legacy Survey (SNLS), w = −0.97
Intracellular survival strategies of mutualistic and parasitic prokaryotes.

Endosymbiotic bacteria closely related to mammalian pathogens are widespread in invertebrates. Mutualistic and parasitic bacteria-host interactions on the various evolutionary levels apparently involve similar factors, indicating that relevant genetic information developed early in evolution. The detailed characterization of symbiotic interactions of bacteria with non-mammalian hosts should provide profound insights into the basic mechanisms of bacteria-host interactions and their evolution.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MAP ANALYSIS OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

While expert-based approaches such as ICAS 2012 conference are effective to encourage interdisciplinary communications and support innovations in difficult environments the aeronautics people currently facing, development of computer-based information management tools is also expected because a computer-based approach is compatible with the scale of information and could be an efficient complement to the expert approaches by structuring flooding information and highlighting important indicators from it. This paper reports a latest bibliometrics application conducted to support aerospace engineers’ activity for innovation.
Creativity, Automation and Technology

A multi-level test probe assembly for checking an integrated circuit chip before terminal leads are applied to the contact pads thereof which are deployed on the chip on a common plane, some pads being inwardly displaced relative to other pads. The assembly includes a planar insulation card provided with a port and having a printed circuit thereon whose traces are connected to a plurality of test terminals connectable to external testing equipment. Surrounding the port and bonded to the card is a mounting ring of dielectric material having a flat face on which is supported a first radial array of fine wires lying in a horizontal plane, the trailing end of each wire being connected to a respective trace. The wires cantilever across the port and converge toward the central region thereof below which is disposed the chip to be tested, the tapered leading end of each wire being double bent to define a needle having a shank section and a tip section terminating in a tip which engages a respective contact pad on the chip. Overlying the first layer and bonded thereto is a second layer of dielectric material having embedded therein a second radial array of fine wires whose tips engage those contact pads on the chip not engaged by the first array.
CP violation in τ→3π ν τ

We consider CP-violating effects in the decays \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(3\ensuremath{\pi})${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$ where both the ${\mathrm{J}}^{\mathrm{P}}$=${1}^{+}$ resonance ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{1}$,and ${\mathrm{J}}^{\mathrm{P}}$=${0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ resonance \ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{'} can contribute. The interference between the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{1}$ and \ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{'} resonances can lead to enhanced CP-violating asymmetries whose magnitudes depend crucially on the \ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{'} decay constant ${\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{'}}$. We make an estimate of ${\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{'}}$ with a simplified chiral Lagrangian coupled to a massive pseudoscalar field, and we compare the estimates from the nonrelativistic quark model and from the QCD sum rule with the estimate from the ``mock'' meson model. We then estimate quantitatively the size of CP-violating effects in a multi-Higgs-doublet model and scalar-leptoquark models, by assuming that the rest frame of the \ensuremath{\tau} can be reconstructed for three-prong decays. We find that, while CP-violating effects in the scalar-leptoquark models may require more than ${10}^{10}$ \ensuremath{\tau} leptons, CP-violating effects from the multi-Higgs-doublet model can be seen at the 2\ensuremath{\sigma} level with about ${10}^{7}$ \ensuremath{\tau} leptons for the maximal value of the CP-violation parameter allowed by present experiments and for the chiral Lagrangian estimate of ${\mathrm{f}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{'}}$=(1\char21{}5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ GeV.
Meson-Exchange Currents and the Strangeness Radius of 4he

Meson-exchange current contributions to the strangeness radius of $^4$He are computed in the one-boson exchange approximation. It is found that these contributions introduce a $\lapp$10\% correction to the one-body contribution. They should not, therefore, hamper the extraction of the nucleon strangeness radius from the parity-violating electron-$^4$He asymmetry.
How does Obtaining Intellectual Property Rights Impact Technology Commercialization Strategy for Start-Up Innovators? Reconciling the Effects on Licensing vs. Financing

The importance of intellectual property (IP) rights for commercializing innovation is well established. Moreover, separate streams of literature have shown a positive relationship between IP rights and both product licensing and third-party (especially VC) financing. However, since raising third-party finance enables an innovating firm to continue commercializing its innovation alone, it is not clear how obtaining IP rights will impact the choice between licensing product rights and continuing to commercialize the product alone. This paper attempts to reconcile these two alternative effects of obtaining IP rights and the implications for commercialization strategy. The paper empirically examines the relationship between the status of the primary patent covering an innovation and whether the innovating firm’s licenses its innovation or raises external finance. The results show that while filing and allowance of the primary significantly increases the likelihood of raising finance at certain stages of the firm/product’s development, and thereby enable the firm to delay licensing, obtaining patent rights has a much larger, positive effect on licensing. While it is not possible to identify the drivers of these different effects from the empirical analysis, the theory suggests that patent filing may act as a signal to financial investors that enable early-stage firms to raise finance, but ultimately they are most valuable as appropriability mechanisms for facilitating financing.
The Microscopic representation of complex macroscopic phenomena: Critical slowing down - a blessing in disguise

Many complex systems are representable as macroscopic set of elements which interact by simple rules. The complex macroscopically relevant phenomena are then the result of the generic emergence of a space-time multi-scale dynamics. Critical Slowing Down labels the emerging global features and describes their complex collective evolution. This paradigm is quite universal and extends to a very wide range of systems and disciplines.
Parameterized Telescoping Proves Algebraic Independence of Sums

Usually creative telescoping is used to derive recurrences for sums. In this article we show that the non-existence of a creative telescoping solution, and more generally, of a parameterized telescoping solution, proves algebraic independence of certain types of sums. Combining this fact with summation-theory shows transcendence of whole classes of sums. Moreover, this result throws new light on the question why, for example, Zeilberger’s algorithm fails to find a recurrence with minimal order.
Ion-Ion and ion-molecule reactions at the surface of proteins produced by nanospray. Information on the number of acidic residues and control of the number of ionized acidic and basic residues

Mass Spectra of charge states of folded proteins were obtained with nanospray and aqueous solution containing 20 µM the protein (ubiquitin, cytochrome c, lysozyme) and one of the NaA salts NaCl, NaI, NaAc (acetate) (1–10 mM). At very low collision activated decomposition (CAD), the mass spectra of a protein with charge z exhibited a replacement of zH+ with zNa+ and also multiple adducts of NaA. Higher CAD converts the NaA adduct peaks to Na minus H peaks. These must be due to loss of HA where the H was provided by the protein. The degree of HA loss with increasing CAD followed the order I<Cl<Ac. Significantly, the intensity of the ions with n (Na minus H) adducts showed a downward break past an nMAX which is equal to the number of acidic residues of the protein plus the charge of the protein. All the observations could be rationalized within the framework of the electrospray mechanism and the charge residue model, which predict that due to extensive evaporation of solvent, the solutes will reach very high concentrations in the final charged droplets. At such high concentrations, positive ions such as Na+, NH4+ form ion pairs with ionized acidic residues and the negative A− form ion pairs with ionized basic residues of the protein. Adducts of Na+, and NaA to backbone amide groups occur also. This reaction mechanism fits all the experimental observations and provides predictions that the number of acidic and basic groups at the surface of the gaseous protein that remain ionized can be controlled by the absence or presence of additives to the solution.
Density Matrix in Quantum and Statistical Mechanics at Planck-Scale

This work presents a comparison of Quantum and Statistical Mechanics at Planck scale. The statistical mechanics deformation is constructed by analogy to the earlier quantum mechanical results. As previously, the primary object is a density matrix, but now the statistical one. The obtained deformed object is referred to as a statistical density pro-matrix. This object is explicitly described, and it is demonstrated that there is a complete analogy in the construction and properties of quantum mechanics and statistical density matrices at Plank scale (i.e. density pro-matrices). It is shown that an ordinary statistical density matrix occurs in the low-temperature limit at temperatures much lower than the Plank's. The associated deformation of a canonical Gibbs distribution is given explicitly.
A comparative account of the flood basalt volcanism of the Columbia Plateau and Eastern Iceland

An introduction to the flood basalt volcanism of the Columbia Plateau and Eastern Iceland is followed by more detailed comparative notes. These stress that the volcanism in the two areas was of the same general type. In both regions sub-aerial fissure eruptions gave rise to very extensive basalt flows, particularly on the Columbia Plateau, where some individual lavas cover more than 10,000 km2. The feeding fissures were localized in swarms, and this led in each case to the development of thick, low, shield-like accumulations of flows over the source areas. Progressive (isostatic?) subsidence of the central parts of the basalt pile accentuated the natural tendency for the succession to be thickest in the neighborhood of the feeding fissure swarms. Related differentiates were erupted from the central parts of the fissure vent areas, while olivine-rich basalt flows were apparently often erupted from the edges of the main swarm.Volcanism in Iceland is clearly directly related to the tensional stresses associated with part of the world ridge-rift system. However, this does not appear to be the case on the Columbia Plateau. Consequently it is suggested that flood basalt volcanism of the type described above is simply related to tensional zones in the crust and not directly to the ridge-rift system.
Gifts and Reasons: The Contexts of Peele's Araygnement of Paris

cause it is so characteristic and compendious a production of Elizabethan court culture. The Araygnement has been made to exemplify not only hyperbolic royal entertainment but also humble pastoral retirement; it has been interpreted not only as a glorification of power but as a repudiation of ambition. These divergent critical responses point to the ideological complexity of Elizabethan culture and Peele's play. The play's setting is pastoral, its dramaturgy is spectacular, and its royal sentiments are fulsome. Its action repeatedly involves the humble and the great in rites of homage or strategies of coercion. The Araygnement of Paris recreates the culture which creates it. Acts of gift-giving and relationships of power within the fiction reproduce basic characteristics of the social world in which the play is written and performed. I shall explore some of the symbolic forms which typify Elizabethan court culture and Peele's play: pastoral conventions, myths of royal power, and acts of prestation. If my exploration of these forms appears as much concerned with the contexts of Peele's play as with the play itself, this is because "text" and "context" define and illuminate each other.
Building innovation networks : the process of partner selection by young knowledge-intensive firms

This paper addresses partner selection in innovation networks. It builds on the existing literature to develop an integrative framework that encompasses the main factors identified as influencing selection of innovation partners by young knowledge-intensive firms. It considers that both persistence and novelty are present in the network building process and that to fully understand the selection of innovation partners both aspects have to be considered. A framework is developed that integrates several arguments advanced in the literature to explain partner selection, namely social capital, imprinting and inertia for tie persistence, and network embeddedness and proximity for new tie selection. Using a rare event logit model, we estimate the likelihood of selecting a partner to access resources vital for innovation (both in aggregated terms and distinguishing between three resources knowledge, complementary assets and credibility). The model is tested using data about the partnerships established by young Portuguese biotechnology firms, purposefully collected through questionnaire-based face-to-face interviews, complemented with documentary information. The results highlight the advantages of adopting an integrated framework that takes into account a variety of complementary explanations for both persistence and novelty, that tend to be addressed separately. They also uncover different network building strategies in terms of partner selection to access the different types of resources needed for innovation.
Association of prehospitalization aspirin therapy and acute lung injury: results of a multicenter international observational study of at-risk patients.

To evaluate the association between prehospitalization aspirin therapy and incident acute lung injury in a heterogeneous cohort of at-risk medical patients.



This is a secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter international cohort investigation.



Multicenter observational study including 20 US hospitals and two hospitals in Turkey.



Consecutive, adult, nonsurgical patients admitted to the hospital with at least one major risk factor for acute lung injury.



None.



Baseline characteristics and acute lung injury risk factors/modifiers were identified. The presence of aspirin therapy and the propensity to receive this therapy were determined. The primary outcome was acute lung injury during hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit and hospital mortality and intensive care unit and hospital length of stay. Twenty-two hospitals enrolled 3855 at-risk patients over a 6-month period. Nine hundred seventy-six (25.3%) were receiving aspirin at the time of hospitalization. Two hundred forty (6.2%) patients developed acute lung injury. Univariate analysis noted a reduced incidence of acute lung injury in those receiving aspirin therapy (odds ratio [OR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.90; p = .010). This association was attenuated in a stratified analysis based on deciles of aspirin propensity scores (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel pooled OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.48-1.03; p = .072).



After adjusting for the propensity to receive aspirin therapy, no statistically significant associations between prehospitalization aspirin therapy and acute lung injury were identified; however, a prospective clinical trial to further evaluate this association appears warranted.
Call for papers: Sociology of diagnosis: Negotiation, mediation and contingency

Social Science & Medicine is calling for papers for a special issue on the sociology of diagnosis to be guest edited by Annemarie Jutel and Sarah Nettleton. Papers may focus on diagnosis as classification or as process; on professional or lay-diagnosis; on the micro and macro levels of diagnosis; or on any other aspect of the social framing or consequences of diagnosis. This special issue will provide the opportunity to crystallise discussions and forge an innovative strand of work within the sociology of health and illness, and engage pertinent sociological questions such as:
The Exemplary Career of E. O. Hoppé: Photography, Modernism and Modernity

This article critically examines the landscape and cityscape photography of E. O. Hoppe. In Picturesque Great Britain (1926), Hoppe presented a vision of the nation refracted through the prism of an older Pictorialist aesthetic, whereas his later works, Romantic America (1927) and Deutsche Arbeit (1930), offered a more enthusiastic interpretation of the urban industrial world. Indeed, the latter volume is very much in the style of Die Neue Sachlichkeit. Hoppe’s photography is, therefore, characterised by a high level of visual mutability as he shifted styles to suit publication needs, and he appears a particularly adept commercial opportunist. Elsewhere, Hoppe’s work appeared simultaneously in contexts that rejected the technological utopianism of the New Objectivity and Amerikanismus. In Germany, American Zivilisation was often understood to be a threat to a more traditional Kultur, and Hoppe’s work was also published in contexts characterised by a reactionary modernism that aimed at a reconciliation of ...