nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of electrical characteristics of zinc oxide and cadmium sulfide films covered with 8-hydroxyquinoline for diode applications

In the present work, n-ZnO/p-8HQ and n-CdS/p-8HQ thin film heterojunctions were fabricated using spin coating and chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniques, respectively. The letter “n” indicates that the film is an n-type semiconductor, and the letter “p” is a p-type semiconductor. The thin films of ZnO covered with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) and CdS covered with 8HQ were investigated for electrical characteristics. The crystal structure of the films was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The optical properties of the films were investigated through a ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis spectrometer). The experimental results show that the conduction mechanism in the films is ohmic. The experimental results also reveal that ZnO thin films have diode properties with 8HQ while CdS does not have diode properties with 8HQ.
Eclogite inclusions from subducted metaigneous continental crust (Malpica-Tui Allochthonous Complex, NW Spain): Petrofabric, geochronology, and calculated seismic properties: Eclogite Petrofabric NW Spain

This study describes the strain geometry, crystal-plastic deformational features, isotopic age of metamorphism, and calculated seismic properties of two medium-temperature eclogite types from the Malpica-Tui Allochthonous Complex of Variscan NW Iberia. The eclogite types are eclogites with coronitic garnets and eclogites with a planolinear fabric. Both of them were buried, deformed and recrystallized under maximum P and T of 2.6 GPa and 610-640 °C, and subsequently exhumed in a late Devonian subduction channel. The metamorphic peak of the subduction-exhumation cycle occurred ca. 375 Ma ago. Omphacite petrofabric ties eclogites with coronitic garnet to non-coaxial constrictional strain and eclogites with planolinear fabrics to non-coaxial flattening strain and stretching along the lineation. We also used omphacite crystallographic preferred orientations to calculate and constrain the seismic properties of the eclogites. The slight variations in petrophysical properties observed are interpreted to result from variations in the strain regime recorded by pristine eclogites, or from variations in the modal proportions of the constituent high-pressure minerals. We foresee that eclogite in subduction metamorphic complexes might be either seismically undetectable or detected as planar features with high impedance contrasts relative to their host rocks.
Conversion of Collegiate EPICS to a K-12 Program

The Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) Program is nationally recognized for teaching engineering design in a service-learning context that brings students and community organizations together through long term partnerships. The tremendous potential for K-12 programs and their own positive undergraduate experience motivated EPICS alumnae to approach a local high school with the concept of starting a high school EPICS program in Bedford, Indiana with support from Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center and the American Society of Naval Engineers. The first year resulted in a working prototype and a provisional patent in the second year along with a 3rd place finish in the Idea to Product Competition at Purdue University. This paper will describe how the EPICS model has been modified to fit the high school environment, results to date and plans for the future, including possible integration into the high school curriculum
Nanomaterials fabrication and physics

We have studied growth of carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition and zinc oxide nanowires by physical vapor deposition on carbon cloth with iron sulfate or stainless steel as a catalyst, and various combinations of carbon source and carrier gases. The field emission of these nanostructures shows a combined result of field enhancement from carbon nanotubes or Zinc oxide nanowires and carbon cloth. An emission current density of 1 mA/cm 2 was obtained at 0.4 V/μm and 0.7 V/μm for nanotubes and nanowires, respectively. Field enhancement factor of ~4x10 4 has been observed. Moreover, electron transport characteristics and structural studies of carbon nanotubes have been investigated. Microscopic observations of electric wall-by-wall breakdown imply that transport in the nanotubes is not ballistic and that a significant scattering occurs as carriers traverse nanotubes length.
A Sense of Place: The Political Landscape in Late Medieval Japan by David Spafford (review)

A Sense of Placedefiesexpectations.� Thebook'sprimarysubjectsare� thelandandwarriorsofeasternJapanduringthemedievalage,�astory� thatreadersmightimaginewouldrevolvearoundbattlefieldtactics,� politicalintrigue,� andchangeinspiredbysocialfragmentation. The� authorinsteaddeliversabeguilingstudyofattachmenttoplace,� of� movement,� ofpoetryinmotion,� andofakindofpoliticalinertia—all� ofwhichSpaffordlabels� "thepersistentmedieval."� Themonographis� wide-rangingbutboundedalwaysbytheKantō, progressingfromthe� grassesofMusashinotothelexiconofwordsdescribingboundaries,� andfromthepartitioningofeasternestatestotheregularrelocation� ofwarriorencampments.� Witty,� complex,� andattimesambiguous,� the� writingcanbefrustrating,� butreaderlyperseverancepaysoff.� Thebook� endsupbeingthemostcompellingEnglish-languagestudyinthefield� ofmedievalJapanesehistoryinmanyyears.  Gradually,� asmorepoetsspentmoretimein� thesegrassymeadows,� andindeedindialecticalpoeticexchangeswith� the� "rustic"� locals,� the� "stockportrayal"� (p.� 55)�gavewaytoanincreas - inglynuancedrepresentationoftheregion;� asSpaffordputsit,� "We� canseesomeoftheunrulinessofactualexperience—oratleastthe�
Sorption and Direct Electrochemistry of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C on Hematite Surfaces

The interaction of cytochromes (heme proteins) with mineral surfaces is important from an environmental perspective (e.g. heavy metal remediation and reductive dehalogenation reactions), for designing biosensors and bioanalytical systems, and for emerging photovoltaic applications. In addition, the cytochrome studied here shares properties with some cytochromes from Fe-reducing bacteria and its general behavior sheds light on how other cytochromes might behave during Fe(III) reduction. The objectives of this study were to characterize the direct electrochemistry and sorption mechanism of horse heart ferricytochrome c (a mitochondrial cytochrome referred to as Hcc) on hematite surfaces as a function of pH, time of sorption and ionic strength. Hcc sorption on hematite mainly occurs between pH 8 and 10, the pH range in which hematite surfaces and Hcc are oppositely charged. Calculated net attractive forces correspond closely with the pH range of peak sorption, suggesting that sorption is mainly electrostatically controlled. Hcc sorption with ionic strength is consistent with this conclusion. The pH-dependent conformation of Hcc sorbed on hematite appears to be different from that in solution as indicated by UV-visible spectroscopy and its more negative reduction potential compared to native Hcc. Sorption kinetics were rapid and pH-independent across the pH range 3–10 with slow conformational changes occurring at >60 h. Our results suggest that the electrostatic attraction of the cytochrome towards the surface orient the cytochrome for favorable electron transfer between the heme group of the cytochrome and hematite.
Lorentz-Violating Electromagnetostatics

In this talk, the stationary limit of Lorentz-violating electrodynamics is discussed. As illustrated by some simple examples, the general solution includes unconventional mixing of electrostatic and magnetostatic effects. I discuss a high-sensitivity null-type measurement, exploiting Lorentz-violating electromagnetostatic effects, that could improve existing limits on parity-odd coefficients for Lorentz violation in the photon sector.
Mineral facies in pelitic rocks, with particular reference to the Buchan type metamorphism of north-eastern Scotland

The Dairadian rocks of Aberdeenshire and Banffshire have been affected by a regional metamorphism giving rise to andalusite, cordierite, staurolite and garnet in pelitic rocks (Bu.cha.n. Type Metamorphism). Four zones are recognised in which the following assemblages (with muscovite and quartz) first appear: Biotite Zone (chlorite—biotite, B.1; Cordierite Zone (eordierite.-chloritebiotite, CA); Andalusite Zone (andalusite.-côrdierite -biotite A.1); Stauroli.tc Zone (staurolite.andalusite-"biotite, The biotite zone separates two N.E.—S.W. trending sets of higher grade zones, The staurolite zone is absent from the eastern set, Both sequences pass into sillimanite bearing rocks at higher grade.. Theabove distribution of assemblages along wit.' , he trend. of upgrade Mg enrichment indicated by analyses of coexisting cordIorite-biotite (in A.1) and staurolite-'biotite (in s.) suggest the :foj.lowing isograd forming reactions: Cordierite Isograd: chlorite + muscovite cordierite +biotite Andalusite Isograd: cordierite + muscovite and.alusite + biotite 2 Staurolite Isograd: andalusite -V biotite staurolite + muscovite 3 These reactions are dior multi— variant in nature and isograds in the field mark lines where the reactions occur for the most Fe rich bulk compositions present. Mineral analyses suggest that this is close to lOOMgO/MgO+FeO = 40, whilst bulk rock analyses suggest N/FM of 38.
Additivity properties of topological diagonalizations

In a work of Just, Miller, Scheepers and Szeptycki it was asked whether certain diagonalization properties for sequences of open covers are provably closed under taking flnite or countable unions. In a recent work, Scheepers proved that one of the prop- erties in question is closed under taking countable unions. After surveying the known results, we show that none of the remain- ing classes is provably closed under taking flnite unions, and thus settle the problem. We also show that one of these properties is consistently (but not provably) closed under taking unions of size less than the continuum, by relating a combinatorial version of this problem to the Near Coherence of Filters (NCF) axiom, which as- serts that the Rudin-Keisler ordering is downward directed.
What Is Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest disciplines of engineering, although it gained separate identity in the nineteenth century. The word engineer itself means the constructor of military engines, which falls in the scope of modern day mechanical engineers. Scope of mechanical engineering is quite wide. It finds applications in many fields. Mechanical engineers perform a variety of tasks starting from design to management of machines and equipment. They also perform supportive role in other engineering disciplines. Several engineering disciplines have undergone successful marriage with mechanical engineering. A number of disciplines have emerged as offspring of mechanical engineering, e.g., production engineering, industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, automobile engineering, aerospace engineering, and mechatronics. Mechanical engineering education has been continuously evolving with the changing level of technology.
Neutron Star Structure and the Equation of State

The structure of neutron stars is considered from theoretical and observational perspectives. We demonstrate an important aspect of neutron star structure: the neutron star radius is primarily determined by the behavior of the pressure of matter in the vicinity of nuclear matter equilibrium density. In the event that extreme softening does not occur at these densities, the radius is virtually independent of the mass and is determined by the magnitude of the pressure. For equations of state with extreme softening or those that are self-bound, the radius is more sensitive to the mass. Our results show that in the absence of extreme softening, a measurement of the radius of a neutron star more accurate than about 1 km will usefully constrain the equation of state. We also show that the pressure near nuclear matter density is primarily a function of the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy, while the nuclear incompressibility and skewness parameters play secondary roles. In addition, we show that the moment of inertia and the binding energy of neutron stars, for a large class of equations of state, are nearly universal functions of the star's compactness. These features can be understood by considering two analytic, yet realistic, solutions of Einstein's equations, by, respectively, Buchdahl and Tolman. We deduce useful approximations for the fraction of the moment of inertia residing in the crust, which is a function of the stellar compactness and, in addition, the pressure at the core-crust interface.
Myth, dream and poetry

In spite of general claims about British Surrealism's purportedly more moderate adoption of Surrealist tenets, the interest in occultism was not dimmed in Britain, even if it was not shown as openly as in the spiritist seances of Andre Breton. Rather, British Surrealist poetry involves a more internal apprehension of the occult in its access to the collective unconscious through myth and dream. The lure of the esoteric a l'anglaise is performed through the analysis of three key 1930s British Surrealist texts: Hugh Sykes Davies's Petron (1935), David Gascoyne's Man's Life is this Meat (1936) and Roland Penrose's The Road is Wider than Long (1939). In these works, the occult is revealed in a variety of forms. These range from Sykes Davies's algolagnic and gratifyingly painful experience of fate in relation to unconscious desire, to Gascoyne's apocalyptical prophecies and cosmogonic visions and Penrose's recovery of a pre-industrial collective past and the myth of the primitive. Through incantatory rhythms a...
A note on the Harris-Kesten Theorem

A short proof of the Harris-Kesten result that the critical probability for bond percolation in the planar square lattice is 1/2 was given in [B. Bollobas, O.M. Riordan, A short proof of the Harris-Kesten Theorem,  (2006) 470-484], using a sharp-threshold result of Friedgut and Kalai. Here we point out that a key part of this proof may be replaced by an argument of Russo [L. Russo, An approximate zero-one law, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheor. Verwandte Geb. 61 (1982) 129-139] from 1982, using his approximate zero-one law in place of the Friedgut-Kalai result. Russo's paper gave a new proof of the Harris-Kesten Theorem that seems to have received little attention.
Getting ready for the next century: A Canadian success story

“Our generation is being called upon to bury the past,” said Léonce Montambault, chairman and chief executive officer of Bell Canada, as he started his keynote address at the 1989 conference of the Canadian Society for Electrical and Computer Engineering in Montreal last September. “In just a few years we have cast aside most of the technologies that served us well in a previous age… and served us well for decades on end.”
Complex phase separation of ternary Co–Cu–Pb alloy under containerless processing condition

The macrosegregation and solidification processes of ternary Co 43 Cu 40 Pb 17 alloy have been investigated under the containerless processing condition in drop tube. The addition of Pb element is found to be quite effective to promote the phase separation of Co–Cu alloy, resulting in a macroscopic segregation pattern in ternary Co 43 Cu 40 Pb 17 alloy. The rapidly solidified alloy droplets are characterized by core–shell structures due to the combined effects of reduced gravity and containerless state during free fall. When the droplet diameter is smaller than 450 μm, a kind of three-layer core/shell structure is formed, which consists of a Co-rich core, a Cu-rich intermediate layer and a Pb-rich surface shell. EDS analyses show that the Pb solute has a stronger affinity with Cu-rich liquid and a repulsive interaction with Co-rich liquid. The solidification process of Co 43 Cu 40 Pb 17 ternary alloy involves two successive phase separation events, a subsequent peritectic transformation and a final monotectic transformation.
RELOCATE CITY: VIOLENT CONFLICT AND PEACE

This paper deals with the City to demonstrate its uniqueness as a producer of violence and its connection with the dynamics of the conflict. In its first part, the text displayed increasing urbanization of the object that is now Colombia, noting the extent of their violence. After facing the linkages between armed conflict and city. After contextualizing addresses the urban with the dynamics of conflict in the national and regional levels. Once practiced the two-way travel between city conflict and discusses a first look at the uniqueness of urban violent conflict in Colombia. Finally, in the epilogue, versus multi ple narrowings of the city which is the subject, we suggest the notion of violent conflict as a kind of antidote to the reduction and oblivion.
Painting Religion in Public: John Singer Sargent's Triumph of Religion at the Boston Public Library.

A brilliant painter of society portraits, John Singer Sargent also devoted many years at the height of his career to a project of an entirely different order: an ambitious, multi-media decoration titled "Triumph of Religion" (1890-1919) for the Boston Public Library. The library cycle Sargent imagined as his most important work, however, would ultimately remain unfinished, quietly abandoned in the face of religious opposition, one critical painting short of completion. Truncation dramatically altered possible readings of "Triumph," redirecting its narrative energies and generating new meanings in tension with the idea Sargent had proposed. In "Painting Religion in Public," Sally Promey tells the story of an artist of international stature and the complex and consuming pictorial program he pursued in Boston. Highly celebrated in its day, with individual panels retaining immense popularity even in the years of discord, this artistic project and its constituent images tell us much about broad cultural and political exchanges concerning the public representation of religious content in the United States.Sargent's library decoration attracted the attention of multiple audiences and engaged concurrent debates about class, race, art, and religion. Representatives of various religious and cultural backgrounds hailed portions of the cycle as indicative of the strength of their own positions, and reproductions of the images appeared in everything from books and encyclopedias to stained glass and public pageantry. Promey analyzes the conception and production of the cycle, persuasively demonstrating that "Triumph of Religion," far from promoting a narrowly sectarian version of religious practice, represented instead Sargent's public recommendation of the privacy of modern belief. The artist recast contemporary religion as spirituality, she argues, linking it not with institutions and dogma but with personal subjectivity. For Sargent, this ideal was a sign of Western, especially American, progress. Carefully reconstructing patterns of reception in an increasingly diverse religious climate, and exploring the extent and character of Sargent's personal and artistic investment, Promey boldly illuminates the work Sargent hoped to make his masterpiece. At the same time, she enriches understanding of religious images in public places and popular imagination.
Disciplinary Norms and the Failure of US Constructivism

The Failures of American and European Climate Policy: International Norms, Domestic Politics, and Unachievable Commitments. By Loren R. Cass Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006. 273 pp., $70.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-7914-6855-0), $22.95 paper (ISBN13: 978-0-7914-6856-2).

In The Failures of American and European Climate Policy , Loren Cass attempts to achieve two goals. First, he provides an historically organized account of the development of climate policy in the United States and the European Union (in particular the United Kingdom and Germany). Second, he attempts to use this history to illustrate the usefulness of constructivist IR theory for explaining broad patterns of climate change politics and to advance debates within constructivism—in particular regarding the embedding of norms in national policy.

The central aim of The Failures of American and European Climate Policy is to provide a means for measuring the political salience of norms concerning responses to climate change in the countries studied. In the introductory chapter, Cass outlines a typology that distinguishes the degree of the political salience of norms, ranging from “irrelevance” to “taken for granted” (pp. 9–10). The rest of the book shows how these norms developed—from the early framing of climate change as a political issue in the mid-1980s through the Marrakech Accords of 2001 (which first contained the detailed rules that were the basis for the Kyoto Protocol).

The Failures of American and European Climate Policy has many strong qualities. Cass’ attempt to combine an empirical analysis with a new theoretical framework is laudable. His argument is also exceptionally well structured and clearly written. For the novice to climate politics, the …
On Conditional Branches in Optimal Decision Trees

The decision tree is one of the most fundamental programming abstractions. A commonly used type of decision tree is the alphabetic binary tree, which uses (without loss of generality) "less than" versus "greater than or equal to" tests in order to determine one of n outcome events. The process of finding an optimal alphabetic binary tree for a known probability distribution on outcome events usually has the underlying assumption that the cost (time) per decision is uniform and thus independent of the outcome of the decision. This assumption, however, is incorrect in the case of software to be optimized for a given microprocessor, e.g., in compiling switch statements or in fine-tuning program bottlenecks. The operation of the microprocessor generally means that the cost for the more likely decision outcome can or will be less - often far less -than the less likely decision outcome. Here we formulate a variety of O(n3)-time O(n2)-space dynamic programming algorithms to solve such optimal binary decision tree problems, optimizing for the behavior of processors with predictive branch capabilities, both static and dynamic. In the static case, we use existing results to arrive at entropy-based performance bounds. Solutions to this formulation are often faster in practice than ";optimal"; decision trees as formulated in the literature, and, for small problems, are easily worth the extra complexity in finding the better solution. This can be applied in fast implementation of decoding Huffman codes.
Positive characteristic Manin-Mumford theorem

We prove a version of the Manin-Mumford conjecture for semiabelian varieties over fields of positive characteristic. The proof presented here contains the details of the proof sketched by the author in the article "Diophantine geometry from model theory," BSL 7 (2001)  using the model theory of difference fields along the lines of Hrushovski. Algebraic proofs have been presented by Pink & Roessler and Pillay.
Transparency and Distressed Sales under Asymmetric Information

We analyze price transparency in a dynamic market with private information and correlated values. Uninformed buyers compete inter- and intra-temporarily for a good that is sold by an informed seller suffering a liquidity shock. We contrast public versus private price offers and show that equilibria coincide only if offers are infrequent. All equilibria with private offers Pareto-dominate the equilibrium with public offers. If not trading by a deadline imposes an efficiency loss, public offers induce a market breakdown for some time before the deadline; in contrast, trade never stops with private offers, creating a further benefit of opacity.