nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Practical Decision Procedure for Arithmetic with Function Symbols

A practical procedure is presented for an extension of quantifier-free Presburger arithmetic that permits arbitrary unmterpreted predicate and function symbols This theory includes many of the formulas one tends to encounter in program venficatlon and is powerful enough to encode the semantics of array operators as well as MAX, MIN, and ABSVALUE An implementation of the procedure has proved to be of great value in a program verlficauon system developed at SRI for the United States Air Force
Machine Learning of User Profiles: Representational Issues

As more information becomes available electronically, tools for finding information of interest to users becomes increasingly important. The goal of the research described here is to build a system for generating comprehensible user profiles that accurately capture user interest with minimum user interaction. The research described here focuses on the importance of a suitable generalization hierarchy and representation for learning profiles which are predictively accurate and comprehensible. In our experiments we evaluated both traditional features based on weighted term vectors as well as subject features corresponding to categories which could be drawn from a thesaurus. Our experiments, conducted in the context of a content-based profiling system for on-line newspapers on the World Wide Web (the IDD News Browser), demonstrate the importance of a generalization hierarchy and the promise of combining natural language processing techniques with machine learning (ML) to address an information retrieval (IR) problem.
State, firms and the process of industrial upgrading: Latin America's variety of capitalism and the Costa Rican experience

This article explores the usefulness of the varieties of capitalism approach to explain Latin America's failure to secure industrial upgrading. Based on the analysis of Costa Rica's partial success in developing high-tech sectors, the article makes two arguments. First, the hierarchical market economy model discussed by Soskice and Schneider in this special issue contributes to our understanding of some of Latin America's problems. In particular, the model's accent on negative complementarities between large business groups, transnational corporations and the labour market explains the persistent lack of innovation and the maintenance of structural heterogeneity. Second, however, the recent expansion of new production activities in Costa Rica signals the limitations of the model and the need to incorporate the state as a central variable. It was bureaucratic leadership and not private-sector demands that triggered the expansion of social spending and the attraction of more dynamic foreign investo...
Evolutionary agglomeration theory: increasing returns, diminishing returns, and the industry life cycle

According to Marshall?s agglomeration theory, Krugman?s New Economic Geography models, and Porter?s cluster policies, firms should receive increasing returns from a trinity of agglomeration economies: a local pool of skilled labour, local supplier linkages, and local knowledge spillovers. Recent evolutionary theories suggest that whether agglomeration economies generate increasing returns or diminishing returns depends on time, and especially the evolution of the industry life cycle. At the start of the 21st century, we re-examine Marshall?s trinity of agglomeration economies in the city-region where he discovered them. The econometric results from our multivariate regression models are the polar opposite of Marshall?s. During the later stages of the industry life cycle, Marshall?s agglomeration economies decrease the economic performance of firms and create widespread diminishing returns for the economic development of the city-region, which has evolved to become one of the poorest city-regions in Europe.
Markets as Beneficial Constraints on the Government

We study the role of anonymous markets in which trades cannot be monitored by the government. We adopt a Mirrlees approach to analyze economies in which agents have private information and a benevolent government controls optimal redistributive tax policy. While unrestricted access to anonymous markets reduces the set of policy instruments available to the government, it also limits the scope of inefficient redistributive policies when the government lacks commitment. Indeed, the restrictions that anonymous markets impose on the optimal fiscal policy, especially on capital taxation and the history-dependence of income taxation, can have positive welfare effects in this case.
A survey on colombian agriculture during the 1990s

This survey reviews some of the key developments in Colombian agriculture during the 1990s. While economic reform and macro policy appear to largely determine the evolution of the sector throughout most of the decade, the impact of sectoral policy is not that clear. The long-run significance of changes brought about in the structure of agricultural production, trade balance, and social conditions in rural areas is unclear. Whether they are the product of a transitional period between two macro and sectoral policy perspectives, of a temporarily distorted set of incentives, or a combination of the two is an open question. Hopefully, a set of interrogations may arise that help improve our understanding of Colombian agriculture.
Politics and Philosophy in Plato's Menexenus: Education and rhetoric, myth and history

The Menexenus, its Persons, its Problems 1. Synopsis of the dialogue 2. Persons and dates of the dialogue 3. The Athenian funeral speech 4. The Menexenus as parody, as improvement Part 2: Education and Rhetoric 5. Scenes of instruction: Pericles' missed opportunities 6. Philosophical rhetoric Part 3: Myth and History 7. Myth 8. History.
Chapter 14 Puzzling questions in the simple history of a continent

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the different aspects of the geology of Africa. The kinematics of the movement of Africa, relative to Europe, since the early Jurassic, is well known being constrained by the seafloor-spreading data of the north Atlantic. Applying the back-arc basin collapse model to interpret the geology of South Africa, the Cape supergroup of the Cape folded belt can be considered the shallow marine sedimentary cover of an island arc. The African margin south of the Cape was an active, not a passive margin, during the Palaeozoic. The subduction of ocean lithosphere down a northdipping Benioff zone under the active margin caused the formation of a back arc basin north of the Cape arc. It is found that during the late Palaeozoic, the floor of that back-arc basin was subducted down a Benioff zone dipping south under the arc. The glacio-marine sediments of the Dwyka group were laid down in this initially deep basin, before it was eventually filled up by the thick flysch-molasse sequence of the Karoo supergroup.
Topological Models of Epistemic Set Theory

Epistemic theories can be used as alternative formalizations of classical mathematics in which its constructive component can be given explicit expression. By epistemic set theory we mean set theory with classical S4 as its underlying logic and with a weakened form of extensionality, so that two sets are taken to be the same iff it is necessarily the case that they have exactly the same elements. The purpose of the present paper is to show how to construct topological models for epistemic set theory very much as has become standard for intuitionistic higher-order theories
Information aggregation and manipulation in an experimental market

Prediction markets are increasingly being considered as methods for gathering, summarizing and aggregating diffuse information by governments and businesses alike. Critics worry that these markets are susceptible to price manipulation by agents who wish to distort decision making. We study the effect of manipulators on an experimental market. We find that manipulators are unable to distort price accuracy. Subjects without manipulation incentives compensate for the bias in offers from manipulators by setting a different threshold at which they are willing to accept trades.
A Group Theoretic Model for Information

In this paper we formalize the notions of information elements and information lattices, first proposed by Shannon. Exploiting this formalization, we identify a comprehensive parallelism between information lattices and subgroup lattices. Qualitativel y, we demonstrate isomorphisms between information lattices and subgroup lattices. Quantitatively, we es tablish a decisive approximation relation between the entropy structures of information lattices and the log- index structures of the corresponding subgroup lattices. This approximation extends the approximation for joint entropies carried out previously by Chan and Yeung. As a consequence of our approximation result, we show that any continuous law holds in general for the entropies of information elements if and only if the same law holds in general for the log-indices of subgroups. As an application, by constructing subgroup counterexamples we find surprisingly that common information, unlike joint information, obeys neither the submodularity nor the supermodularity law. We emphasize that the notion of information elements is conceptually significant— formalizing it helps to reveal the deep connection between information theory and group theory. The parallelism established in this paper admits an appealing group-action explanation and provides useful insights into the intrinsic structure among information el ements from a group-theoretic perspective.
The functional design of buildings for electrical education

ALL TOO OFTEN the procedure in connection with the construction of a new electrical building on a college campus includes a point at which the architects present to the electrical engineering department a set of preliminary plans of the proposed building. This is a critical time since at this instant the electrical engineers are being given their first major opportunity to see and discuss the internal arrangements with which they are going to have to live for many years, yet at the same time the architects' ideas of exterior and general building layout have been rather definitely settled. Thereafter, any point at which the electrical engineer's ideas of interior arrangement differ from the architects' ideas of exterior arrangement may lead to a clash, often settled in favor of the architects. Unlike the doctors, the architects cannot bury their mistakes, but neither do they have to live with them!
Grammar as a Foreign Language

Syntactic constituency parsing is a fundamental problem in natural language processing and has been the subject of intensive research and engineering for decades. As a result, the most accurate parsers are domain specific, complex, and inefficient. In this paper we show that the domain agnostic attention-enhanced sequence-to-sequence model achieves state-of-the-art results on the most widely used syntactic constituency parsing dataset, when trained on a large synthetic corpus that was annotated using existing parsers. It also matches the performance of standard parsers when trained only on a small human-annotated dataset, which shows that this model is highly data-efficient, in contrast to sequence-to-sequence models without the attention mechanism. Our parser is also fast, processing over a hundred sentences per second with an unoptimized CPU implementation.
Preparation of PPS-Based Nanocomposites and Delamination of Layered Titanate Fillers

Organically-modified layered titanates (OMLTs) were used as new layered fillers to prepare poly(p-phenylenesulfide) (PPS)-based nanocomposites. The melt mixing of PPS with any OMLT led to the delamination of stacked titanate layers, regardless of the miscibility between intercalants of OMLTs and PPS, and attained a nanoscale dispersion of titanate layers which is an exfoliation structure in the PPS matrix. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement confirmed that titanate layers were successfully dispersed in the PPS matrix. OMLTs had a specific delamination mechanism, which is governed by melt mixing temperatures. In the melt processing at high temperature, the delamination of stacked-layers in OMLTs was facilitated by retaining an initial interlayer spacing of the layered structure and decreasing the surface charge density of the titanate crystal.
Thermodynamics of liquid/liquid distribution

The thermodynamics of aliphatic and aromatic solute distribution between various polar and nonpolar liquid phases have been determined using a novel flow microcalorimetry approach for the enthalpy term, and conventional shake—flask procedures for the free—energy term. Data have been examined using enthalpy/entropy compensation analysis, and the origin of the thermodynamics found has been studied by examination of the corresponding enthalpies and free energies of solute solvatiom.
Review Essay on Economics for the Common Good

Every economist and economics graduate student, including the theorists, should read this fine book. It develops the basic themes of social economics: the goal should be an economics of human well-being, based on objective social values and individual self-development. A normative approach to human well-being needs to replace the conventional emphasis on economic rationality and economic efficiency. This review examines the argument chapter by chapter, with comments and criticisms, and closes with an overall evaluation. The first five chapters explore the meaning of social economic thought and the common good. The social economy is seen as an organic community that features a harmonious relationship of its various parts, with a general agreement on personal and social values, in which individual desires are modified by the need to meet the needs of others. The goal of the social economy is to provide for the basic needs of all?food, clothing and shelter?and to provide opportunity for each to achieve self-fulfillment and self-satisfaction. The economy as social relationships within the larger community, motivated by common recognition of social values, is contrasted with the view of the economy as competing individuals, motivated by materialist acquisitiveness, whose conflicts are converted to harmony by market forces. These themes are reinforced in the second chapter, which discusses the social economics of J. C. L. Simonde de Sismondi, who began his career as a follower of Adam Smith, but who became an advocate of a positive role for government in "the management of the national fortune for the happiness of all" including protection of the poor. The usual interpretation of Sismondi in the history of economic thought is simply as a contributor to the corpus of classical economics,
Political Theories of Low-Wage Work

This article explores the concept of low-wage work in America as presented in the political science literature with the goal of developing a theoretical framework. Based on traditional political theory, contemporary political perspectives, and public opinion, a modern political conceptualization of low-wage work represents a balance between policies that promote work as virtuous and those that present it as a form of social control. This balance is informed by historical notions of work, contemporary issues of racism, the economic realities of single mothers, and public perceptions of welfare and income support measures, such as the federal Earned Income Tax Credit.
Lattice-energy calculations on organometallic compounds

Lattice-energy calculations in the atom-atom approach have been performed for five organometallic compounds of previously determined crystal structure. Minimization of energy in terms of positional, orientational, torsional and cell parameters gave satisfactory results. Computation of energy as a function of torsion angle gave two-dimensional cross sections which 0108-7681/88/030259-04503.00 present minimum-energy conformations at maximum deviations of 10 ° from the experimental conformations.
DIASPORA: A highly distributed web-query processing system

Current proposals for web querying systems have assumed a centralized processing architecture wherein data is shipped from the remote sites to the user's site. We present here the design and implementation of DIASPORA, a highly distributed query processing system for the web. It is based on the premise that several web applications are more naturally processed in a distributed manner, opening up possibilities of significant reductions in network traffic and user response times. DIASPORA is built over an expressive graph-based data model that utilizes simple heuristics and lends itself to automatic generation. The model captures both the content of web documents and the hyperlink structural framework of a web site. Distributed queries on the model are expressed through a declarative language that permits users to explicitly specify navigation. DIASPORA implements a query-shipping model wherein queries are autonomously forwarded from one web-site to another, without requiring much coordination from the query originating site. Its design addresses a variety of interesting issues that arise in the distributed web context including determining query completion, handling query rewriting, supporting query termination and preventing multiple computations of a query at a site due to the same query arriving through different paths in the hyperlink framework. The DIASPORA system is currently operational and is undergoing testing on our campus network. In this paper we describe the design of the system and report initial performance results that indicate significant performance improvements over comparable centralized approaches.
Nanostructured high valence silver oxide produced by pulsed laser deposition

Among silver oxides, Ag 4 O 4 , i.e. high valence Ag(I)Ag(III) oxide, is interesting for applications in high energy batteries and for the development of antimicrobial coatings. We here show that ns UV pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in an oxygen containing atmosphere allows the synthesis of pure Ag 4 O 4 nanocrystalline thin films, permitting at the same time to control the morphology of the material at the sub-micrometer scale. Ag 4 O 4 films with a crystalline domain size of the order of tens of nm can be deposited provided the deposition pressure is above a threshold (roughly 4 Pa pure O 2 or 20 Pa synthetic air). The formation of this particular high valence silver oxide is explained in terms of the reactions occurring during the expansion of the ablated species in the reactive atmosphere. In particular, expansion of the PLD plasma plume is accompanied by formation of low stability Ag–O dimers and atomic oxygen, providing reactive species at the substrate where the film grows. Evidence of reactive collisions in the expanding ablation plume is obtained by analysis of the plume visible shape in inert and reactive atmospheres. In addition, we show how the dimensionless deposition parameter L , relating the target-to-substrate distance to the ablation plume maximum expansion length, can be used to classify different growth regimes. It is thus possible to vary the stoichiometry and the morphology of the films, from compact and columnar to foam-like, by controlling both the gas pressure and the target-to-substrate distance.
The emergent practice of governance and its implications for the concept of politics

This paper explores the implications of the disjuncture between the real-world practice of governance and the popular understanding of politics. There are two ways of addressing this disjuncture. The first is to accept the popular conception of politics and declare its relative decline, alongside the state, in the face of supra-national governance. The second is to challenge the popular conception of politics and include governance in a new, broader definition. From the view that empirical social scientific concepts are judged in terms of their utility, both to everyday discourse and to philosophical and theoretical discourses, a case is made for the second option.
Novel Materials Proper to Liquid Process

In this chapter, novel oxide materials, which are special for liquid processes, are introduced. In the liquid process, a final solid oxide is formed by the decomposition of a metal–organic compound and by the subsequent growth of metal oxide, which proceed simultaneously in a pyrolysis reaction. Because of their nature, the organic elements remain until a certain stage during the conversion process from liquid to solid. Carbon atoms thus remaining in the system strongly affect the properties of the solid oxide formed and also affect the gel-to-solid conversion. The complete elimination of carbon from the system generally requires a temperature greater than 1000 °C. Accordingly, carbon should remain in the system when annealing is conducted at 500 °C or 600 °C. In most cases, the remaining carbon tends to degrade the properties of the formed solid. In the case of an ITO film, for example, the resistivity of an ITO film prepared by the vacuum process is typically 1 × 10−4 Ωcm, whereas it increases to 1 × 10−3 Ωcm in the case of a film prepared using the liquid process. This degradation is regrettably common in liquid-processed oxide materials and has been a large drawback of the liquid process compared to the vacuum process.
Hume the Moral Historian: Queen Elizabeth I

Hume was accused of partiality as soon as the first volume of his Histories reached the public. No better test can be found for whether he was partial than by looking at how he writes of Queen Elizabeth I. If his history is biased, we would expect her sex to make a difference to the history. We shall find, however, that Hume treats Elizabeth as a rational being who is a sovereign, and that he achieves, insofar as he describes her reign, the general point of view appropriate to the impartiality demanded of historians. We shall also find evidence that he did not give up on his grand project to provide the foundations for “a compleat system of the sciences” after the Treatise failed to excite a murmur. His Histories , using the method of causal analysis common to all his works, illustrate not only his moral theory but also, for instance, his claim that we can find laws in political systems as certain as those of physics.
Charging method for preparing binary submicron metal alloy powder by using physical vapor deposition

The invention discloses a charging method for preparing binary submicron metal alloy powder by using a physical vapor deposition method. The charging method comprises the steps that saturated vapor pressure of each metal element in the metal alloy powder in a certain temperature range is calculated, a degree of metal evaporation is judged, and according to content of each element in the metal alloy powder and the Raoult's law, the charging speed ratio of each metal element is calculated; according to charging ratio of each metal element, pure metal which contains a large proportion in the metal alloy powder serves as a main metal element and is added into a crucible inside a metal evaporating device in advance, the charging speed of small proportional metal, namely a secondary metal element and the charging speed of the main metal element are adjusted, then charging is conducted, and the submicron-class binary powder is obtained. According to the method, the binary submicron metal alloy powder which is even in ingredients can be produced effectively and continuously.