nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Value of the Four Values

In his well-known paper “How computer should think” Belnap (1977) argues that four-valued semantics is a very suitable setting for computerized reasoning. In this paper we vindicate this thesis by showing that the logical role that the four-valued structure has among Ginsberg's bilattices is similar to the role that the two-valued algebra has among Boolean algebras. Specifically, we provide several theorems that show that the most useful bilattice-valued logics can actually be characterized as four-valued inference relations. In addition, we compare the use of three-valued logics with the use of four-valued logics, and show that at least for the task of handling inconsistent or uncertain information, the comparison is in favor of the latter.
Low-energy gluon to the vacuum polarization of heavy quarks

We calculate a correction to the effective electromagnetic current at low energies, induced by a heavy-quark loop, and determine the analytic structure of the vacuum polarization function at small q2, for which an explicit expression is given to the O(αs3) order of perturbation theory. Implications to the high-precision analysis of experimental data on heavy-quark production in e+e− annihilation are discussed.
A crash course on patents for engineers

Most engineers are aware of the existence of patents. Indeed the preparation of patent disclosures is an important aspect of most research engineering job functions. Yet for many engineers the world of patents remains shrouded in a cloud of mystery. In this paper we try to dispel some of the mystery surround the quasi-technical, quasi-legal nature of patents and provide a set of practical, hand-on, guidelines to the patent literature from an engineer's perspective.
REBEL YELL: The politics of The Celebration/Festen (1998)

AbstractThe Celebration/Festen (Thomas Vinterberg, 1998, Denmark) was the first film to have been certified under the rigours of the Dogme95 Vow of Chastity (von Trier and Vinterberg, 1995). It is also notable as a political film that presents a rebellion against an abusive patriarchal regime on the microcosmic bourgeoisie estate during the titular birthday celebration. In fashioning a comprehensive treatment of The Celebration's text and its context, I open with an account of ideology that is indebted to the materialist emphases of Louis Althusser (1994) and Terry Eagleton (1991). Next, I briefly address the trajectory of Denmark's national film history out of which Dogme and The Celebration emerge. With respect to Dogme, I cross-examine assumptions about realism by positing it as irreducibly a style and artistic strategy (Stam 2000); in turn, I shift the accent from the quest for realism to whether The Celebration meets the looser standard of being surface-plausible. In detail, I discuss the film's styl...
Eleanor B. Morris Wu, From China to Taiwan. Historical, Anthropological and Religious Perspectives. Sankt Augustin, Steyler Verlag, Collectanea Serica, 2004, 274 p.

Le titre du volume n’est pas tres clair – et son intention ne l’est guere davantage. Pour autant que la courte introduction nous renseigne, il s’agit de voir comment la religion populaire taiwanaise s’inscrit dans un contexte anthropologique et historique d’ensemble. S’appuyant en particulier sur Agricultural Involution de Clifford Geertz (1963), le premier chapitre brosse un portrait de l’evolution d’ensemble de la societe taiwanaise – cette derniere offrant un modele de modernisation qui a ...
Effect of carbon addition on the microstructure of Si3N4–Cfiber composites using semiconductor-waste Si sludge

Si 3 N 4 –C fiber composites using waste-Si sludge were fabricated by hot pressing at 1850 °C for 2 h with and without the addition of carbon powder. The composites were composed of small amounts of β-Si 3 N 4 , O′SiAlON, SiC and Y 2 SiO 5 regardless of carbon powder addition. In the composite without the addition of carbon powder, most of the carbon fibers were graphitized with fine particles. Furthermore, many cavities were observed in the interior regions of C-fibers as well as at the interfaces of Si 3 N 4 /C fiber caused by the decomposition of them. However, in the composite with 3 wt.%C powder added, the core regions of C-fibers still existed in an amorphous. The average size of a matrix grain in the composite using 3 wt.%C powder was slightly finer than that of composite fabricated without using carbon powder, which was caused by the existence of nanometer-sized SiC particles.
The non-existent controversy: Puritan and anglican attitudes on work and wealth, 1600-1640

George Herbert was a devotional poet in the early part of the seventeenth century; he was also an Anglican minister. Like his friends, John Donne and Lancelot Andrewes, he loved the Church of England, and his faith was a source of creativity. In the later part of his life Herbert had a hobby; he liked to collect simple proverbs. Herbert's sayings, which he published as Outlandish Proverbs , had little to do with religion. Compared with the themes of his poetry, in fact, they were surprisingly secular.
Keeping it in the family? The creative collaborations of Sophie and Dorothea Tieck

This essay explores the nature and extent of the collective aesthetic practices of the creative writer Sophie Tieck-Bernhardi-Knorring (1775-1833) and the literary translator Dorothea Tieck (1799-1841), primarily in relation to their collaborative ventures with the 'king of German Romanticism' Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853). The study addresses the politics of family and sibling creative partnerships, as well as the group dynamics of late eighteenth and early to mid-nineteenth century writers' circles and literary salons, inasmuch as they comprised individuals who shared and pooled ideas, values and visions and committed to similar poetic processes.
An Innovative Program of University/Industry Cooperation in Microprocessor Education

The need for a university to provide high quality microprocessor education to a constituency consisting of undergraduate and graduate students, university faculty and staff, and engineers in industry requires substantial resources in the form of state-of-the-art equipment and experienced instructors. This paper describes a unique, ongoing, joint effort between the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stony Brook and Intel Corporation that has allowed both Stony Brook and Intel to accomplish their goals in the area of microprocessor education.
Martialing Machiavelli: Reassessing the Military Reflections

In Chapter 14 of The Prince Machiavelli advises his protege to “never lift thought” from the exercise of war. Yet he says in Chapter 19 that the people are now more formidable than the military and must be attended more energetically. This essay resolves what seems to be a contradiction of priorities. The resolution first requires an extraction of Machiavelli from two concepts of humanism, both of which oversimplify his reflections on war. The essay then demonstrates that Machiavelli so thoroughly integrates military and civil concerns that they become indistinguishable. To “think about the exercise of war” demands thinking about things outside conventional military affairs. Thus, rather than unsettling departures, Machiavelli's military reflections are helpful complements to his civil discourse.
Beyond the 'information rich and poor': Futures understandings of inequality in globalising informational economies

Much of the debate about inequality in globalising informational economies has focused on the future role of information in social development processes. This paper argues that there are five key erroneous assumptions about the nature of inequality in globalising informational economies which underpin much of this debate-both on an academic and popularist level. The paper argues that it is of fundamental importance that these assumptions are critically examined if the futures of communications policy and planning are to adequately address questions of inequality in relation to information, knowledge and communications. Indeed, failure to examine these assumptions may lead futurists and social scientists (particularly in the West) to become complicit in distracting attention away from the very 'real' global economic, social and cultural inequalities, to 'virtual' inequalities which merely hide an unwillingness to address the core failings of the 'development' paradigm.
Learning real-time object detectors : probabilistic generative approaches

This dissertation is a computational investigation of the task of locating and recognizing objects in unconstrained images in real-time, and learning to do so with minimal supervision. We take a probabilistic generative modeling approach, which involves formulating analytical models of several real-world vision problems, studying how optimal inference would proceed under such models, developing techniques for learning parameters under these models, and evaluating the performance of the optimal inference algorithms in realistic data. 
We begin by developing a novel generative model of images under which an image is a collection of sets of pixels which are generated by different object categories. This provides a novel definition of "object" as a set of pixels that are co-dependent, but conditionally independent of the other sets of pixels in the image. We then develop an algorithm for optimal inference (i.e., detection of objects) and maximum likelihood learning when the segmentation of training images is known. We point out a computational tradeoff between robustness of object detection and precision of localization, and propose context dependent detectors as a way to solve the problem. These techniques are used to develop a state-of-the-art, real-time head, eye, and blink detector. We predict that similar context-dependent detectors may be found in the brain. 
We develop an algorithm for optimal inference and maximum likelihood learning when the segmentation of training images is unknown. We test this on image datasets labeled with the identity but not the location of objects, and achieve state-of-the-art performance in discovery of object categories. We then test the algorithm in a fully unsupervised context, in which a real-time person detector is learned from just a few minutes of visual information self-labeled through multi-modal contingency detection. This suggests that early face (and other) preferences in humans infants may be evidence for rapid statistical learning rather than innate biases. We develop software for learning robust, real-time object detectors from both labeled and unlabeled examples, including a real-time head, eye, and blink detector available to the public.
A Room of Our Own: Rodinsky, Street Haunting and the Creative Mind

Drawing on Virginia Woolf's 'Street Haunting', Rachel Lichtenstein and Iain Sinclair's Rodinsky's Room and on autobiography, this essay explores place, memory and artistic vision. Just as a room of her own provided Woolf with the solitude necessary to write, rambling through the streets of London fed her imagination. In Rodinsky's Room , Rachel Lichtenstein and Iain Sinclair explore both these creative spaces. Their book gives testimony to the creative mind and to the role that memory, history and place play in creating story, mythology and identity. The author also discusses her personal and family history in relation to place.
TOWARD AN ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY OF WORK

This introductory essay to an edited volume proposes possible contributions from economic sociology to the study of work broadly defined. Weber had a vision of economic sociology as a study of not only economic phenomena but also economically relevant and economically conditioned phenomena. Work, in its market and nonmarket variety, falls in all these categories and thus presents a fruitful research arena for economic sociologists who have thus far primarily studied markets and corporations. 
 
 The essay provides an analytic review of literature in economic sociology, uses information from the content analysis of recent publications in sociology of work, and provides an overview of chapters included in this edited volume. 
 
Value of paper – Applying economic sociology to work means: (a) investigating its embeddedness in social structures, culture, and politics; and (b) uncovering the socially constructed nature of what constitutes paid market work. This article also proposes that economic sociologists can expand the boundaries of work by examining such activities as care work, work in the informal economy, and prison work.
Particle physics explanations for ultra-high energy cosmic ray events

The origin of cosmic ray events withE ≳ 1011 GeV remains mysterious. In this talk I briefly summarize several proposed particle physics explanations: a breakdown of Lorentz invariance, the ‘Z-burst’ scenario, new hadrons with masses of several GeV as primaries, and magnetic monopoles with mass below 1010 GeV as primaries. I then describe in a little more detail the idea that these events are due to the decays of very massive, long-lived exotic particles.
Applying U.S. Employment Discrimination Laws to International Employers

The question of whether U.S. employment discrimination laws apply to international employers is complex and involves multiple sources of legal authority including U.S. statutes, international treaties, and the laws of non-American host countries. This article provides detailed and simplifying guidance to assist employers in working through that complexity. Based on an examination of 98 federal courts cases, this article identifies and explains 8 general guidelines for determining when U.S. laws apply to international employers (e.g., U.S. employees working abroad or “foreign” employees working in the United States). These guidelines are incorporated into an organizing framework or “decision tree” that leads employers through the various decisions that must be made to determine whether U.S. discrimination laws apply in a wide range of international employment situations. Guidance for industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists who advise international employers is provided and summarized in terms of general recommendations and conclusions.
Industrial software training opportunities for computer professionals

Industrial software training is becoming big business. The magnitude of the problem of producing a sufficient number of well-trained software engineers has led to a proliferation of internal corporate training divisions and programs in software education. Such programs are becoming an added incentive in the hiring and retention of software professionals. Industry is no longer limiting its efforts to developing and teaching specific skill-related courses. Individual corporations are offering a software education the equivalent of a bachelor and/or master's degree, sometimes with university credit. While many of these programs involve cooperation between industry and university, others are obvious attempts to provide education felt lacking in the university setting. Each decade finds new contributions to the computer science education literature on the gap between university education and industrial needs for trained software producers [1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10]. A capitulation statement on the part of one educator recently appeared in the Open Channel forum of the IEEE Computer:
 &ldquoUniversities should expose students to modern technologies but leave training in the use of these technologies to industry, which should expect to provide months of training to new employees.] Not all corporations can afford such intensive training programs. In view of our collective software personnel needs, the lack of personnel qualified to develop, package and lead training programs, and the economic investment such programs require, a collective effort should be established. Minimally, we need a vehicle for inter-corporate sharing of training products and direct incentives for universities and colleges to educate productive software engineers.
The Baroque Formulation of Consciousness - Bridging the "Unbridgeable Gap" through Indicational Representation

Creative and innovative phenomenological research projects are rare and do not appear frequently among contemporary philosophical and sociological investigations. Fred Kersten's opus Galileo and the Invention' of Opera, A Study in the Phenomenology of Consciousness presents without any doubt a challenging and thrilling research program. He develops an original, innova? tive phenomenological project with roots in Edmund Husserl's phenomenol? ogy, in particular following concepts developed by Alfred Schutz and Aron Gurwitsch; Kersten combines Schutz's theory of "multiple realities" with Gur? witsch's reflections on "formulations of consciousness" in order to analyze the "invention" of Baroque phenomena such as "modern sciences" and "opera" on the basis of a specific Baroque formulation of consciousness. The author himself has a specific, amusing baroque style of scientific analysis and with his bizarre writing style, adorned with flourishes, he transfers the reader into a Baroque world of the arts, music, painting, modern sciences, philosophy and above all, the world of everyday life. Kersten tells us what Galileo has in common with Monteverdi and Kepler and Copernicus with Rossini and Descartes, and why all of them are related to Rilke 's Nikolai Kusmitch and the everyday life of a lonesome Harley-Davidson rider (who is supposedly represented by the author himself).
Political Discussion, Views of Political Expertise and Women’s Representation in Italy:

Italy is one of the advanced industrial democracies with the smallest number of women elected to public office. Current literature has focused on several structural, institutional and cultural factors to explain such a gender gap in political participation and representation. However, one of the most basic forms of political participation, political discussion, has not received a thorough investigation. This article analyses gender differences in the attitudes and the habits of talking about politics with relatives, friends and social acquaintances during the Italian 2006 electoral campaign. The main argument is that the analysis of political discussion may shed new light on how Italian women approach politics and help explain their reluctance to be involved in political activities in terms of elected office and party membership.
Radical Behavior of CO2 versus its Deoxygenation Promoted by Vanadium Aryloxide Complexes: How the Geometry of Intermediate CO2 -Adducts Determines the Reactivity.

The reactivity of carbon dioxide with vanadium(III) aryloxo complexes has been investigated. The formation of either carbon monoxide or incorporation into the ligand system with the ultimate formation of organic ester was observed depending on the overall electron donor ability of the ligand field. DFT calculations were carried out to investigate the proposed mechanism for carbon dioxide coordination and reduction.
Hydrothermal assisted growth of CdSe nanoparticles and study on its dielectric properties

In this work, we have synthesized cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles by using cadmium chloride (CdCl2) as cadmium ion and sodium selenosulfate (Na2SeSO3) as selenium ion sources through a simple, convenient and cost-effective hydrothermal route at 180 °C temperature for 24 h. Aqueous ammonia was employed as a complex reagent to adjust the pH of the solution. Structural analysis of the obtained product was carried out by using x-ray diffractometer, which revealed that the final product has a cubic structure of CdSe with average crystallite size 13.15 nm. The cauliflower-like CdSe nanostructures were confirmed from the scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. EDS analysis indicates that the obtained product has a good elemental stoichiometric ratio. The electron diffraction pattern reveals the polycrystalline nature of CdSe. From UV–visible absorption spectral analysis, the optical energy bandgap of CdSe nanoparticles was found to be 1.90 eV. XPS spectra presented Cd 3d3/2, Cd 3d5/2 and Se 3d3/2 peaks at 411.04, 404.29 and 53.52 eV respectively. The CdSe nanoparticles exhibit photoluminescence with two distinct emission bands at 632 nm and 720 nm. FTIR study was used towards the understanding of the formation mechanism and bonding on the surface of the resulting nanoparticles. The dielectric properties of a pelletized sample of CdSe nanoparticles were carried out at room temperature.
Integrated geologic and geophysical studies of north unstable shelf seismicity, Egypt

The large impact of moderate earthquakes in unstable shelf of north Egypt on human society provides a strong motivation to study and understand the systematics of their occurrence. In this study, we examine the correlation of north Egypt unstable shelf earthquakes using five geologic and geophysical data sets: a newly compiled age-province map, Bouguer gravity data, aeromagnetic anomalies, tectonic stress field, and GPS velocity rate measurements. Based on the qualitative and quantitative interpretation of these five data sets, we inferred that (1) although surface features disappeared of unstable shelf crust, Phanerozoic crust shows clear correlation of crustal age and earthquake frequency. (2) The seismic ages are during Precambrian and Paleozoic unstable shelf crust. (3) Seismicity is correlated with the major tectonic events in the geologic history of Egypt. Unstable shelf seismicity mainly (1) follows the NW–SE lineaments and (2) forms clusters at what have been termed stress concentrators (e.g., intersecting faults and igneous intrusions) at EN–WS and E–W structural trends. The correlation of seismicity with NW–SE-oriented lineaments implies that the unstable shelf seismicity is related to the accretion and rifting processes that have formed the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez which still records active rifting. An analysis of hypocentral depths for unstable shelf earthquakes shows that the frequency and moment magnitude of events are nearly uniform for the entire 5–30 km depths over which crustal earthquakes extend. We appreciate that the deep structure of the crust, in particular the existence of deeply penetrating faults, is the controlling parameter, rather than lateral variations in rheology or high pore pressure. We conclude that the distribution of the unstable shelf earthquakes in north Egypt is consistent with the existence of deeply penetrating crustal faults that have been reactivated in the present stress field. Future earthquakes may occur anywhere along the geophysical lineations that we have identified. This implies that seismic hazard is more widespread in the Nile Delta Basin and Cairo province of north Egypt than indicated by the distribution of limited and inaccurate historical seismicity.