nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Caledonian upgrading of Proterozoic low-grade base-metal deposits in Northern Sweden

SummaryProterozoic sulfide deposits within the basement of northern Sweden have lead isotopic compositions that fall on a mixing line in the206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb diagram. These deposits contain a highly radiogenic Phanerozoic lead component that was leached from the Proterozoic basement at around 0.4 Ga during the Caledonian orogeny. Within the Proterozoic deposits, the less radiogenic lead isotopic compositions occur in undeformed and little deformed sections, while the more radiogenic lead isotopic compositions are observed along fault, fracture, and shear zones. These zones with radiogenic Phanerozoic lead also have higher contents of lead, zinc, and gold, respectively, than the other parts of the deposits, which suggests that these metals were introduced together with the radiogenic lead at a much later event than the metals in the unaltered Proterozoic deposit. The Proterozoic deposits acted as traps for metal additions along Caledonian reactivated fault and shear zones in the Proterozoic basement.ZusammenfassungProterozoische Sulfidvererzungen im proterozoischen Grundgebirge weisen Bleiisotopenzusammensetzungen auf, die auf eine Mischungslinie im206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb Diagramm fallen. Die proterozoischen Vererzungen enthalten eine Komponente radiogenen Bleis, welches im Verlaufe der kaledonischen Orogenese aus dem proterozoischen Grundgebirge ausgelaugt wurde. Wenig oder nicht deformierte Abschnitte in den proterozoischen Sulfidvererzungen weisen weniger radiogene Bleiisotopenzusammensetzungen auf, als Bruch- und Scherzonen in denselben Vererzungen. Diese Zonen mit radiogenem, kaledonischem Blei weisen auch höhere Blei-, Zink- und Gold-Gehalte auf als die übrigen Teile der Vererzung, was andeutet, daß diese Metalle zusammen mit dem radiogenen Blei zu einem viel späteren Zeitpunkt in die Vererzung eingebracht worden sind. Die proterozoischen Vererzungen bewirkten die Metallausfällung aus Fluiden, die entlang von kaledonisch mobilisierten Verwerfungen und Scherzonen flossen.
Devonian–Carboniferous slivers within the basement area of north-east Oscar II Land, Spitsbergen

Formed during an early compressional period in the opening of North Atlantic Ocean, a Tertiary fold-thrust belt extends along the mid-to- southern part of the western coast of Spitsbergen. Complex thrust structures involve the basement (Caledonian and older) and many shallow dipping thrust faults dissect the overlying cover rocks (Devonian and younger) in Oscar II Land in the northern part of the belt. Some of these faults occur within the basement rocks with slivers or fault blocks of the cover rocks from south-western Broggerhalvoya to innermost St. Jonsfjorden in north-eastern Oscar II Land. Six of the slivers contain Carboniferous rocks and one is a fault-bounded block with Devonian rocks. These steeply west-dipping faults form a complex fault system- EOFC (Engelskbukta-Osbornbreen Fault Complex) - within the basement area. The lithological units of the basement are separated by faults within the EOFC, which is structurally continuous with the Broggerhalvoya fold-thrust zone to the north and is thought to continue to the fold-thrust zone on the south-eastern coast of St. Jonsfjorden. Some previous authors considered that the two lithologically contrasting Vendian diamictites and intervening Moefjellet Formation are stratigraphically continuous and defined two separate tilloid successions in the present area. This interpretation has been extended over the whole of western Spitsbergen. However, the present study indicates that these two tilloid formations and the Moefjellet Formation are separated by the faults, probably thrusts, within the EOFC and are not in a continuous stratigraphic relation. Therefore, the two-stage history of Vendian glaciation seems questionable.
Organic matter interactions with natural manganese oxide and synthetic birnessite.

Redox reactions of inorganic and organic contaminants on manganese oxides have been widely studied. However, these reactions are strongly affected by the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) at the surface of the manganese oxide. Interestingly, the mechanism behind NOM adsorption onto manganese oxides remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of different NOM isolates to synthetic manganese oxide (birnessite) and natural manganese oxide (Mn sand) were investigated. Natural manganese oxide is composed of both amorphous and well-crystallised Mn phases (i.e., lithiophorite, birnessite, and cryptomelane). NOM adsorption on both manganese oxides increased with decreasing pH (from pH7 to 5), in agreement with surface complexation and ligand exchange mechanisms. The presence of calcium enhanced the rate of NOM adsorption by decreasing the electrostatic repulsion between NOM and Mn sand. Also, the adsorption was limited by the diffusion of NOM macromolecules through the Mn sand pores. At equilibrium, a preferential adsorption of high molecular weight molecules enriched in aromatic moieties was observed for both the synthetic and natural manganese oxide. Hydrophobic interactions may explain the adsorption of organic matter on manganese oxides. The formation of low molecular weight UV absorbing molecules was detected with the synthetic birnessite, suggesting oxidation and reduction processes occurring during NOM adsorption. This study provides a deep insight for both environmental and engineered systems to better understand the impact of NOM adsorption on the biogeochemical cycle of manganese.
A Stock Market Decision Support System with a Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm for Many-Core Graphics Processors

This paper proposes a computational intelligence approach to stock market decision support systems based on a hybrid evolutionary algorithm with local search for many-core graphics processors. Trading decisions come from trading experts built on the basis of a set of specific trading rules analysing financial time series of recent stock price quotations. Constructing such trading experts is an optimization problem with a large and irregular search space that is solved by an evolutionary algorithm, based on Population-Based Incremental Learning, with additional local search. Using many-core graphics processors enables not only a reduction in the computing time, but also a combination of the optimization process with local search, which significantly improves solution qualities, without increasing the computing time. Experiments carried out on real data from the Paris Stock Exchange confirmed that the approach proposed outperforms the classic approach, in terms of the financial relevance of the investment strategies discovered as well as in terms of the computing time.
Geochemistry of Mississippian tuffs from the Ouachita Mountains, and implications for the tectonics of the Ouachita orogen, Oklahoma and Arkansas

The Ouachita orogeny was the result of plate convergence at the southern margin of the North American continent, although the nature of the converging southern plate and the direction of subduction remain uncertain. The presence of areally extensive tuff layers interbedded with shale in the Mississippian Stanley Group of the Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma and Arkansas, provides the potential to define the tectonic environment of volcanism from the geochemistry of the tuffs and thereby delimit the subduction configuration. The tuffs contain relic primary magmatic quartz, plagioclase, and alkali feldspar and range from crystal- to vitric-rich. Mineralogical sorting and diagenetic effects have caused chemical variability within individual tuff units, but overall the tuffs have retained their primary igneous geochemical characteristics. The Beavers Bend and Hatton tuffs are geochemically very similar and are more evolved (higher SiO2, Rb, Th, REE; lower Sr, Ba) than the Mud Creek tuff. The stratigraphically equivalent Sabine Rhyolite is geochemically distinct from the tuffs, having less fractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns and different trace element ratios. Both the Ouachita tuffs and Sabine Rhyolite have the geochemical characteristics of subduction-related magmas (for example, strong depletion of Nb and Ta relative to other incompatible trace elements). Consideration of trace element systematics in the tuffs compared to those of modern high-silica volcanic rocks from different subduction-related tectonic settings suggests a continental arc origin and implies southward subduction beneath a southern continent during Carboniferous ocean basin closure.
A Few more Words about the Geographical Environment

AbstractIn reply to Yu. G. Saushkin [Soviet Geography, February 1966], the author contends that even major man-induced changes in the natural landscape, such as the creation of oases in deserts, do not produce “radical” changes in the structure of the landscape by affecting “all” its components. Kalesnik also differentiates between the man-altered natural environment and the man-created artificial, technological environment.
Talking About Joan Robinson: Geoff Harcourt in Conversation with John King

The article records a conversation in December 1992 between G. C. Harcourt and John King about Joan Robinson. The topics covered include: the mystery as to why Keynes did not include imperfectly competitive model economies in The General Theory; Joan Robinson's own major criticisms of The Economics of Impefect Competition- its static method was a “shameless fudge”; the influence of Marx and Kalecki on her thought; the development of capital and growth theory in Cambridge; the banana diagram; the relationship between Joan Robinson, Kaldor and Cambridge “internal” politics; her final assessment of Sraffa's work; why she did not get the Nobel Prize; her lasting contributions.
Practical Code Inspection for Object- Oriented Systems

This paper describes a series of three empirical studies devoted to the development of a rigorous approach for effective inspections of object-oriented (OO) code. Since the time that inspections were developed they have been shown to be powerful defect detection strategies. However, little research has been done to investigate their application to OO systems, which have very different structural and execution models compared to procedural systems. This suggests that inspection techniques may not be currently being deployed to their best effect in the context of large-scale OO systems. The studies reveal three significant issues that need to be addressed-the identification of chunks of code to be inspected, the order in which the code is read, and the resolution of frequent non local references. The sequence of experiments builds up a complement of three techniques: one based on a checklist, one focussed on constructing abstract specifications, and the last centred on the route that a use-case takes through a system. It is demonstrated that the checklist is the most effective approach but that the other techniques also have strengths and so for the best results in a practical situation a combination of techniques is recommended.
سرمایه فرهنگی و شادی جوانان

In recent decades, the concept of cultural capital has created a lot of scientific studies over the world in the sociology of education. These studies mainly based on the two models: Bourdieu's Cultural reproduction and DiMaggio's cultural mobility. These have achieved different results. This Study aimed at evaluating the theoretical models in an empirical condition. Middle and high school students in Jovein Township were the population of the survey. Four hundred students were selected by proportional stratified sampling and their parents were interviewed. The results indicate that the family's cultural capital has a significant impact on children's educational success. However, the findings of this study do not support the hypothesis of the two theoretical models. 
 
 
Cultural capital, Educational success, Bourdieu's cultural reproduction, DiMaggio's cultural mobility, Cultural Convergence
Impact of interactions between metal oxides to oxidative reactivity of manganese dioxide.

Manganese oxides typically exist as mixtures with other metal oxides in soil-water environments; however, information is only available on their redox activity as single oxides. To bridge this gap, we examined three binary oxide mixtures containing MnO(2) and a secondary metal oxide (Al(2)O(3), SiO(2) or TiO(2)). The goal was to understand how these secondary oxides affect the oxidative reactivity of MnO(2). SEM images suggest significant heteroaggregation between Al(2)O(3) and MnO(2) and to a lesser extent between SiO(2)/TiO(2) and MnO(2). Using triclosan and chlorophene as probe compounds, pseudofirst-order kinetic results showed that Al(2)O(3) had the strongest inhibitory effect on MnO(2) reactivity, followed by SiO(2) and then TiO(2). Al(3+) ion or soluble SiO(2) had comparable inhibitory effects as Al(2)O(3) or SiO(2), indicating the dominant inhibitory mechanism was surface complexation/precipitation of Al/Si species on MnO(2) surfaces. TiO(2) inhibited MnO(2) reactivity only when a limited amount of triclosan was present. Due to strong adsorption and slow desorption of triclosan by TiO(2), precursor-complex formation between triclosan and MnO(2) was much slower and likely became the new rate-limiting step (as opposed to electron transfer in all other cases). These mechanisms can also explain the observed adsorption behavior of triclosan by the binary oxide mixtures and single oxides.
Synthesis of ZnO/CuO Composite by The Electrochemical Method in The Acetat Acid Solution

The metal oxide composite is used to the microelectronic circuit, piezoelectric, fuel cell, sensor, catalyst, coating for preventing corrosion, and solar cell. The ZnO/CuO is one of the metal oxide composites. The combination of ZnO and CuO is the potential composite used to the catalyst and the anti-bacterial agent. The method used in this research was the electrochemical method in the acetate acid solution. The acetate acid solution used in this research is cheaper than the succinite acid used in the previous research. The electrochemical method has advantages due the easy to control and cheap. The composite resulted was analyzed by the XRD and the FTIR. The aims of this analysis are to know the crystallite phase, structure, and the functional groups of the particle resulted. The analysis showed that the ZnO-CuO composite can be resulted by the electrochemical method.
Chapter Three. Explanations Of International Differences In Religion That May Apply To China

This chapter presents variety of sources and theoretical approaches to identify key variables that could have a significant impact on religious change in China. It also presents a particular variable that has received significant attention within the literature on religious change. The author discusses the ways in which these concepts might be applied by scholars in analyzing the current and near-future situation of religion in China. The most important difference among theories of religious change originates in assumptions concerning the demand for religion. Secularization theories focus on the causes of the changing demand for religion. The author diverges from the treatment of religious regulation within the religious economies literature in proposing that the notions of subsidies and restriction be expanded within the theories of religious change to include the analogous non-state positive reinforcements of and negative sanctions on religious behavior, practices, and religiously-legitimated rules and policies.  China; religious change; secularization theories
Batchawana Bay, Lake Superior: late Quaternary sedimentary fill and paleomagnetic record

The lake-bottom sediments of the shelf area of Batchawana Bay are composed of sands, and the basinal sediments grade from silts to coarse-grained clay basin ward. There is a significant relationship of decreasing mean grain size to increasing water depth for the sediments of the basinal areas. Although the sediments of Batchawana Bay would appear to be formed by the variable mixing of sand and clay, hydraulic action probably removed the clay end member and ultimately deposited it in the lake proper.Grains of magnetic minerals deposited on a lake bottom tend to align in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field at the time of deposition, imparting a remanent magnetic direction to the sediments. The late Holocene sedimentary sequence of Batchawana Bay provides a record of the secular changes of the Earth's magnetic field. "Type" paleodeclination and paleoinclination logs plotted against time can be utilized to date the sedimentary sequence of Batchawana Bay. This paleomagnetic time scale indicates that gl...
European (Virtual) Team-Building: From Optimism to Efficiency

Statistics on intra-EU trade show that the intra-European interpenetration of national economies continues (Cristallo 2003, p. 2). In a situation of an ongoing process of integration and interconnection of countries, markets, and technologies (Roberts/Kossek/Ozeki 1998; Barkema/Baum/Mannix 2002), companies face increasing competition with respect to costs and prices, product quality, and time-to-market.
An X‐ray method for determination of crystallinity as a function of depth from a polymer surface

Manufactured articles of semicrystalline polymers usually have a variation in texture (degree of crystallinity and crystal orientation) as a function of the depth from the external surface. This is often due to the fact that the crystallization process near the surfaces occurs at different conditions and rates relative to the bulk of the material. In this report we present an X-ray diffraction technique to elucidate the changes in the degree of crystallinity as a function of depth from the surface. Changes in the scheme of X-ray diffractometer (reflection or transmission, slit width, etc.), the linear material absorption coefficient (using different wavelengths) and the diffraction angle have different effects on the scattering from layers at different depths. It is thus possible to define the material heterogeneity as a function of depth. This method is demonstrated using a film of vinylidene fluoride–tetrafluoroethylene (5 mol%) copolymer that has been crystallized asymmetrically by quenching on one side. The increase in crystallinity from a negligible value on the quenched side to the bulk value is presented.
Making sense: A reconstruction of people’s understandings of the European constitutional referendum

This article investigates how voters made sense of the Dutch EU constitutional referendum. Based on a series of focus group interviews, it identifies what information people based their understandings on, and traces the relations they draw between concepts in their own accounts of their vote choices. Applying a cognitive connectionist perspective on the construction of meaning, it models people’s considerations as paths across semantic networks. It finds that people shared considerable parts of the knowledge underlying their constructions, but used this information quite differently. They strategically selected frames from their information environment, and reframed contrary arguments to fit their constructions. Yes- and No-voters drew in systematically different additional information, while simultaneously engaging idiosyncratic concerns to personalize their accounts. People’s understandings are thus informed and constrained, but by no means determined, by public discourse. Highlighting people’s activity and creativity, this paper calls for a stronger audience perspective in political communication research.
Laughter through the ages in Classical and European culturesLaughter Down the Centuries 1, 2, 3, Siegfried Jäkel and Asko Timonen (Eds.) : review article

There are times when certain special topics in the humanities attract international attention. It is certainly not by chance that during the last few years the phenomenon of laughter has been discussed at a couple of conferences. The Salzburg Symposium in 1993 analysed 'Die lustige Person auf der Buhne'. In the same year the splendid series of symposia on Seili Island in Suomi started, followed by the symposia on 'Laughter Down The Centuries'. It was also not by chance that the three Finnish meetings took place in Turku. Here, Siegfried Jakel has held the chair of Classics since 1972, combined with an appointment in German Language and Literature; the comparative aspect of this arrangement is obvious. Indeed Jakel has organised conferences under comparative aspects for many years: Literature and Philosophy in Antiquity (1985, 1986); Sprachaspekte als Experiment (1988, 1989); History, Literature and Philosophy In Classical Antiquity and in the Modern World ( 1991).
The Educational Course in the Acquisition of the Autonomy of Associazone Italiana Persone Down

The Associazione Italiana Persone Down is an association of families which acts as a reference point for the parents of children and adults affected by Down syndrome. To stimulate and sustain the growth of the autonomy of persons with Down syndrome, the first educational course aimed at developing a capacity for autonomy was introduced in the AIPD in Rome in 1989. The course, which was designed for boys and girls from 15 to 20 years, has been repeated every year with an ever greater participation and replicated in many other cities. The educational objectives proposed by the programme are grouped into five areas: communication, orientation, road behaviour, using money, shopping and more generally making use of services. All the youngsters involved exhibit change; at the end of the course all are able to cross roads by themselves, use a public telephone, ask information in order to resolve their difficulties and know how to go shopping. Furthermore, there are aspects of each persons personality, such as confidence in self, self-esteem, and the capacity to establish relations with others, which have undergone great changes in the direction of a greater knowledge. There is also structural development of their own identities, first and foremost as adolescents, and then as adolescents with certain limitations but nevertheless as adolescents able to do a wide variety of things.
Entropy bounds and CardyVerlinde formula in YangMills theory

Using gauge formulation of gravity the three-dimensional SU (2) YM theory equations of motion are presented in equivalent form as FRW cosmological equations. With the radiation, the particular (periodic, big bang – big crunch) three-dimensional universe is constructed. Cosmological entropy bounds (so-called Cardy–Verlinde formula) have the standard form in such universe. Mapping such universe back to YM formulation we got the thermal solution of YM theory. The corresponding holographic entropy bounds (Cardy–Verlinde formula) in YM theory are constructed. This indicates to universal character of holographic relations.
A framework to enable the semantic inferencing and querying of multimedia content

Cultural institutions, broadcasting companies, academic, scientific and defence organisations are producing vast quantities of digital multimedia content. With this growth in audiovisual material comes the need for standardised representations encapsulating the rich semantic meaning required to enable the automatic filtering, machine processing, interpretation and assimilation of multimedia resources. Additionally generating high-level descriptions is difficult and manual creation is expensive although significant progress has been made in recent years on automatic segmentation and low-level feature recognition for multimedia. Within this paper we describe the application of semantic web technologies to enable the generation of high-level, domain-specific, semantic descriptions of multimedia content from low-level, automatically-extracted features. By applying the knowledge reasoning capabilities provided by ontologies and inferencing rules to large, multimedia data sets generated by scientific research communities, we hope to expedite solutions to the complex scientific problems they face.