nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Homage to Taverner in Byrd's masses

Byrd's settings of the Ordinary of the Mass are a special phenomenon in 16th-century music. For one thing, there are only three of them: set beside the dozens of Mass settings by each of his Continental peers, these works take on extra significance as the single response of a great composer to the traditionally most important genre. For another thing, they are the only 16th-century English works of any consequence to have been published without any identification-no title-page, colophon or dateother than the composer's name. Not until Peter Clulow made his definitive bibliographical study of the original editions did we know for sure that they belong to the years 1592 (or early 1593) to 1595, the four-part mass being issued first, followed by the three-part and then finally the five-part.' Observers with stylistic sensibilities have always wanted to place the publication of the masses closer to Gradualia (1605 and 1607), whose musical characteristics they certainly prefigure. But Joseph Kerman has reconciled stylistic considerations with bibliographical facts in an eloquent and convincing way by linking the appearance of the masses with Byrd's removal to Stondon Massey, where at last he was able to enjoy the benefits offered by a comparatively secure Roman Catholic community headed by his old friend and patron, Sir John Petre.2 This move, as Kerman points out, marks a new phase in Byrd's Latin music, a phase which the masses inaugurated. In place of the exuberant conquering of difficult musical problems in the 1575 Cantiones sacrae, and the intense and often extravagantly poignant expression of a 'political' and personal point of view as a Catholic in a Protestant country that characterizes the 1589 and 1591 collections, this last phase marks the realization of an ambitious plan to set major portions of the Roman liturgy to music-music that is as restrained in style as it is profoundly spiritual in content. In comparing the dissonance-laden and anxious dona nobis pacem of the four-part mass with the serene setting of its five-part successor, Kerman has furthermore symbolically pin-pointed Byrd's
Teaching 'Transition' in Central and Eastern Europe through Fieldwork.

Since 1989 the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been in a state of 'transition' to a market economy and pluralist democracy. However, despite the increasing academic interest in the region, teaching about transition to undergraduates is a subject which has received little attention. This paper identifies some of the particular challenges and problems of teaching about transition in post-communist countries, particularly the lack of awareness of the region's communist past among many students. It also reports the development of a module designed to teach about transition in Romania primarily through fieldwork. The content of the module and examples of teaching activities are presented.
The oldest Mo porphyry mineralization in the Yangtze Valley Metallogenic Belt of eastern China: Constraints on its origin from geochemistry, geochronology and fluid inclusion studies at Matou

The Matou Mo(-Cu) deposit, located in the Yangtze Valley Metallogenic Belt of central-eastern China, is a typical porphyry-type Mo deposit. The orebodies at the deposit are hosted by Matou porphyritic granodiorite, which is the largest intrusive in the area. Quartz vein-type and disseminated sulfide mineralization are well developed in the porphyry and near its contact with Silurian sandstone. Crosscutting relationships indicate that porphyritic granodiorite is the oldest phase in the pluton, which is crosscut by a porphyritic diorite containing traces of chalcopyrite, and later dolerite dykes. These phases have U-Pb zircon dates of 147 ± 3, 140 ± 1 and 135 ± 1 Ma, which confirms the cross-cutting relationships observed in the field. A Re-Os molybdenite isochron age of 147 ± 4 Ma indicates that the porphyritic granodiorite is the source of the oldest Mo mineralization in the metallogenic belt and was formed during a change of the tectonic setting in the area, from an intracontinental orogeny to extensional tectonics. From 147 to 135 Ma, crust-mantle interaction played an important role in the formation of magmatic rocks at Matou. Systematic petrological and geochemistry investigations reveal that the three phases have a crust source with minor input from the mantle. Investigation of ore-forming fluid, H-O isotopes, S isotopes, and the Re content of molybdenite indicate that the ore-forming fluid and metals were derived from the lower crust. During the evolution of fluid from initial magmatic fluids (stage I) to ore-forming fluids (stage II), fluid boiling accompanied by the input of relatively cooler meteoric water led to the deposition of the Mo mineralization.
Fabrication of Graded WC-Co Cemented Carbides by a Lamination Method

WC-Co tapes with different Co contents were prepared by rolling the mixtures of WC-Co powders and polymer binders, and layered WC-Co green compacts with discontinuous distribution of Co contents were obtained by laminating the green WC-Co tapes together. After burning off the binders and other organic composition in H2 atmosphere, the green compacts were sintered in vacuum. Microstructure of both the green and the sintered tapes were observed by scanning electron microscope. An electron probe microanalyser was used to measure the linear distribution of Co element in the layered WC-Co cemented carbides. Sintering densification and mechanical property of the multilayered WC-Co alloys were also investigated and compared with those of conventional WC-Co alloys with nominal Co contents of 8% and 12%, respectively. It was shown that by controlling sintering temperature and time, a continuous graded distribution of Co composition can be realized in the laminated WC-Co alloys, with more Co-rich phase in the original high Co content side (12%). Furthermore, the graded WC-Co cemented carbides can realize a combination of high hardness and high strength.
Selectively Social Politics: The Differing Roles of Media Use on Political Discussion

In the modern media environment, people are afforded a variety of options for political information. In addition, people now use multiple media sources (e.g., television, radio, blogs) to obtain information about all aspects of politics (Eveland, 2004; Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2009). The purpose of this study was to examine how use of particular media sources influenced the frequency of political discussion with people from the same political party (political in-group members) and people from a different political party (political out-group members). Guided by a uses and gratifications perspective, which emphasizes the role of the user in media effects, we examined how specific user background characteristics (e.g., age, sex, political opinion leadership, political social identity, political content affinity), motives for using traditional and social media for political information, and use of different media sources work together to influence discussion with political in-group an...
Light: replay via tightly bounded recording

Reproducing concurrency bugs is a prominent challenge. Existing techniques either rely on recording very fine grained execution information and hence have high runtime overhead, or strive to log as little information as possible but provide no guarantee in reproducing a bug. We present Light, a technique that features much lower overhead compared to techniques based on fine grained recording, and that guarantees to reproduce concurrent bugs. We leverage and formally prove that recording flow dependences is the necessary and sufficient condition to reproduce a concurrent bug. The flow dependences, together with the thread local orders that can be automatically inferred (and hence not logged), are encoded as scheduling constraints. An SMT solver is used to derive a replay schedule, which is guaranteed to exist even though it may be different from the original schedule. Our experiments show that Light has only 44% logging overhead, almost one order of magnitude lower than the state of the art techniques relying on logging memory accesses. Its space overhead is only 10% of those techniques. Light can also reproduce all the bugs we have collected whereas existing techniques miss some of them.
On the Goursat classification problem

In the paper, the Goursat problem—classification of nonlinear hyperbolic differential equations possessing two characteristic invariants—is considered. An algorithm for finding the characteristic invariants is described. On the basis of the algorithm implemented in REDUCE, the characteristic invariants of two Laine’s equations are verified. One of them is shown to have invariants of the second and third orders. This equation shows that the Goursat problem, apparently, is still open. Computer calculations show that the characteristic invariants of the second Laine’s equation given in his paper are incorrect.
Annealing Effects on Toughened Intra-Type Nanocomposites

Intra-type nanocomposites, in which nanosized second-phase particles are embedded within matrix grains, generate dislocations around the dispersed nanoparticles. The intra-type nanostructure induces a thermal expansion mismatch between the matrix and the dispersed particles, which will yield nanoscale stress distribution around the particles and generate lattice defects, such as dislocations. The dislocations of ceramics can be generated at elevated temperatures, become sessile dislocations at room temperature, and serve as nanocrack nuclei in highly stresses fields, e.g. at a main crack tip. The frontal process zone size ahead of a crack tip is expanded due to creation of nanocracks and hence the fracture toughness is improved. Annealing after sintered nanocomposites is important in controlling the dislocation activities. Appropriate annealing will disperse dislocations into the matrix grains. However, dislocations are sensitive to temperature, and higher temperature or longer annealing time result in dislocation disappearance and cause the reduction of the strength and fracture toughness of nanocomposites. In this study, commercially available γ-alumina agglomerated powder with high porosity was used to create the intra-type nanostructure. Nickel nitrate solution was infiltrated into nanopores of the γ-alumina agglomerates in vacuum. The alumina/nickel composite powder following reduction in hydrogen atmosphere was sintered using a pulse electric current sintering method. The volume fraction of nickel was about 3 vol %. After appropriate annealing, the highest fracture toughness was obtained to be 7.6 MPam1/2, which is two times higher than that of monolithic alumina.
What Is Social Software?

The first third (roughly) of the XXth century saw two important developments. One of these was Ramsey's tracing of personal probabilities to an agent's choices. This was a precursor to the work of de Finetti, von Neumann and Morgenstern, and Savage. The other one was Turing's invention of the Turing machine and the formulation of the Church-Turing thesis according to which all computable functions on natural numbers were recursive or Turing computable. Game theory has depended heavily on the first of these developments, since of course von Neumann and Morgenstern can be regarded as the fathers of Game theory. But the other development has received less attention (within Game theory itself). This development led to the design of computers and also to fields like logic of programs, complexity theory and analysis of algorithms. It also resulted in much deeper understanding of algorithms, but only computer algorithms. Social algorithms remain largely unanalyzed except in special subfields like social choice theory or fair division . These fields do not tend to analyze complex social algorithms as is done in computer science. This paper illustrates the different ingredients that make up social software: logical structure, knowledge and incentives.
Acute Limb Ischemia in Pediatric Population Secondary to Peripheral Vascular Cannulation: Literature Review and Recommendations.

In this article, we discuss published literature on the management of pediatric patients with acute limb ischemia and also present our center's experience.



Literature review suggests that in the absence of imminent risk of limb loss, noninterventional management with anticoagulants and systemic thrombolysis is preferable and associated with better clinical outcomes than surgery such as reduced per operative morbidity and mortality. In selected more severe cases, surgery may be required. We propose an algorithm for improved clinical outcomes based on the published literature and the American College of Chest Physicians' recommendations for antithrombotic management in the pediatric population.



Literature review suggests an inverse relationship between age and surgical success, particularly in preschool pediatric population. Conservative management as a preliminary strategy seems most beneficial. It is hoped that the proposed intercalated algorithm of medical and surgical management of these patients can further improve clinical outcomes.
Measurement of remanent magnetization of borehole samples and its significance in geological interpretation.

Magnetic properties of core samples in stratigraphic test wells are presented in an attempt to apply to comprehensive geological interpretation. Stability parameter of magnetization of igneous basement cores in MITI “Kesennuma-Oki” and “Goto-nada” indicates that rock magnetic property is essential for reliable interpretation of geomagnetic anomaly in sedimentary basins. Sedimentary core samples from MITI “Kesennuma-Oki”, “Soma-Oki”, “Joban-Oki” are described to obtain information on core-orientation. Magnetic cleaning for them shows that drilling-induced secondary magnetization is common in deep borehole samples. After careful rock magnetic cleaning, a site-mean direction of primary remanent magnetization for the Cretaceous sample in MITI “Soma-Oki” has large westerly declination. Together with other paleomagnetic data, the present result suggests a differential tectonic movement and reorganization of sedimentary basins in northeast Japan since the Cretaceous. Thus rock magnetic study of borehole samples contributes to understand the origin of basement, tectonic history, and regional basin evolution.
Recognition and sensing properties of a quinazolinylaminothiourea-based anion receptor in non-aqueous and aqueous CH3CN–DMSO medium

Quinazolinylaminothiourea 1 selectively recognized AcO − , F − and H 2 PO 4 − over other anions in CH 3 CN–DMSO (99:1, v/v), which was accompanied with a visible color change from colorless to yellow. Interestingly, the selectivity of receptor 1 for AcO − over F − and H 2 PO 4 − could be obviously improved in aqueous CH 3 CN–DMSO medium. UV–vis and 1 H NMR titration experiments showed that intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between receptor 1 and guest anions were responsible for the observed recognition behaviors.
Inventing polemic: religion, print, and literary culture in early modern England

The disorder of books 1. Foxe's Books of Martyrs: printing and popularizing the Actes and Monuments 2. Martin Marprelate and the fugitive text 3. 'Whole Hamlets': Q1, Q2, and the work of distinction 4. Printing Donne: poetry and polemic in the early seventeenth century 5. Areopagitica and 'The True Warfaring Christian' 6. Institutionalizing polemic: the rise and fall of Chelsea College Epilogue: Polite learning.
Returning mail-order goods: analyzing the relationship between the rate of returns and the associated costs

Mail-ordering, particularly on the internet, has continually grown in importance over the last few years. This trend is expected to continue with no apparent end in sight. Liberal return policies have significantly contributed to this development by strengthening trust in both the individual retailers and the sales channel in general, but they do come at a price. This article is the first to systematically analyze the relation between the rate of returns and the associated costs. A circular model for the sales and returns process reveals a disproportionate relation between the two, which is further amplified once depreciation is considered. The model may serve decision-makers as an easy-to-use tool to systematically evaluate preventive returns management measures such as avoidance and gatekeeping.
Efficient On-Demand Connection Management Mechanisms with PGAS Models over InfiniBand

In the last decade or so, clusters have observed a tremendous rise in popularity due to the excellent price to performance ratio. A variety of Interconnects have been proposed during this period, with InfiniBand leading the way due to its high performance and open standard. At the same time, multiple programming models have emerged in order to meet the requirements of various applications and their programming models. To support requirements of multiple programming models, InfiniBand provides multiple transport semantics, ranging from unreliable connectionless to reliable connected characteristics. Among them, the reliable connection (RC) semantics is being widely used due to its high performance and support for novel features like Remote Direct Memory Acesss (RDMA), hardware atomics and Network Fault Tolerance. However, the pair wise connection oriented nature of the RC transport semantics limits its scalability and usage at the increasing processor counts. In this paper, we design and implement on-demand connection management approaches in the context of Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming models, which provided shared memory abstraction and one-sided communication semantics, leading to the development of multiple languages (UPC, X10, Chapel) and libraries (Global Arrays, MPI-RMA). Using Global Arrays as the research vehicle, we implement this approach with Aggregate Remote Memory Copy Interface (ARMCI), the runtime system of Global Arrays. We evaluate our approach, ARMCI-On Demand Connection Management (ARMCI-ODCM) using various micro benchmarks and benchmarks (LU Factorization, Random-Access and Lennard Jones simulation) and application (Subsurface transport over multiple phases (STOMP)). With the performance evaluation for up to 4096 processors, we are able to have a multi-fold reduction in connection memory with a negligible degradation in performance. Using STOMP at 4096 processors, reduces the overall connection memory by 66 times with no performance degradation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first design, implementation and evaluation of on-demand connection management with InfiniBand using PGAS models.
John Forbes Nash Jr. (1928–2015)

John Forbes Nash Jr. was born in Bluefield, West Virginia, on June 13, 1928 and was named after his father, who was an electrical engineer. His mother, Margaret Virginia (née Martin), was a school teacher before her marriage, teaching English and sometimes Latin. After attending the standard schools in Bluefield, Nash entered the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh (now Carnegie Mellon University) with a George Westinghouse Scholarship. He spent one semester as a student of chemical engineering, switched momentarily to chemistry and finally decided to major in mathematics. After graduating in 1948 with a BS and a MS at the same time, Nash was offered a scholarship to enter as a graduate student at either Harvard or Princeton. He decided for Princeton, where in
Is Money Supply the Cause of Inflation in India? An Alternative Postulate to Understand Inflation

‘Inflation is always a monetary phenomenon’ say some economists and policymakers and attempt to arrest rising inflation with policies aimed at reducing the money supply in the economy. The theory is true in countries which have reached the full employment level, but in developing and underdeveloped countries this may not always be true. Advanced countries facing severe recession try to bring about inflation by raising money supply, and other advanced countries with high inflation pressure are able to successfully curtail inflation by reducing money supply. However, the entire inflation dynamics playing out in developing economies are different and it's necessary to re-visit and re-examine the relevance of the belief that inflation is always a monetary phenomenon, especially with respect to developing economies. The present research paper attempts to test the validity of the quantity theory of money in Indian situation and provide an alternative postulate.
Context-awareness in CCML based web service composition

With the rapid development of computer technology, programming methods have changed a lot. Nowadays, software developing based on SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) is more and more popular due to its autonomous, distributed and reusable. And at the same time, user requirements are also changing, they are anxious for the information they want from the vast data, regardless of the time and space. Thus, using the context that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity in the service composition is a significant and promising method. In fact, the usage of context is widespread in pervasive computing raised by Weiser in 1990s. But in service composition, the usage is less relatively, and researches in this field also have some common problems. For example, in these researches, the contexts are fixed to a few predefined contexts. In this paper, a web service composition modeling language (CCML) supporting context-awareness was proposed, and we also gave an composition Interpreter for this language. Finally we introduced an application case to show how to describe context-awareness using this language.
Economic reform to stimulate growth and reduce poverty: The Latin American experience

A method to prepare a catheter locking formulation, comprising in a first step, dissolving trimethoprim in propylene glycol at a temperature greater than room temperature, and in a final step, adding absolute ethanol at about room temperature to a solution of trimethoprim, propylene glycol, EDTA Calcium Disodium Hydrate, phosphate buffered saline, and glycerin.
NEEDS, RATIONALE AND CONCEPTUAL ALTERNATIVES FOR COMBATTING AIRCRAFT POLLUTIONS

Depletion of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere has the potential to change its chemistry and the Earth's environment. Various pollutants affect this depletion, which started as early as in the 1930's. High altitude aircraft bring pollution to a fairly quiet range of the atmosphere, closer to the ozone layer than ground pollution. The aircraft pollution problem represents a large scale integrated system engineering problem where many requirements conflict and must be traded off. The system engineering principles have been applied to a conceptual study of the aircraft transportation system, its interface with the global environment and the social structures in the society and to the analysis and conceptual design of plans to combat the pollution effects from civil jet aircraft.
Understanding Locally Competitive Networks

Recently proposed neural network activation functions such as rectified linear, maxout, and local winner-take-all have allowed for faster and more effective training of deep neural architectures on large and complex datasets. The common trait among these functions is that they implement local competition between small groups of computational units within a layer, so that only part of the network is activated for any given input pattern. In this paper, we attempt to visualize and understand this self-modularization, and suggest a unified explanation for the beneficial properties of such networks. We also show how our insights can be directly useful for efficiently performing retrieval over large datasets using neural networks.