nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Regular relations for temporal propositions

Relations computed by finite-state transducers are applied to interpret temporal propositions in terms of strings representing finite contexts or situations. Carnap???Montague intensions mapping indices to extensions are reformulated as relations between strings that can serve as indices and extensions alike. Strings are related according to information content, temporal span and granularity, the bounds on which reflect the partiality of natural language statements. That partiality shapes not only strings-as-extensions (indicating what statements are about) but also strings-as-indices (underlying truth conditions).
Le bardisme de Taliesin a Taldir : crise du chant et métamorphose du texte

As a term designating the poetic art and the doctrine of bards, bardism refers to medieval as well as contemporary Celtic literatures. The specificity of the figure of the bard and of bardic poetics will be highlighted by means of a historical panomara in the present study, which bears on the transition between the Celtic tradition and a literary tradition in France and in the British Isles on the one hand, and on the transition between an oral and a written tradition at a time of social, political crises, and therefore wavering identities on the other hand. The intertextual links connecting bardic texts to each other constitute very much a fundamental identity principle. From the songs and poems of Welsh bards in the early Middle Ages to the modern era communal mystifications (such as Macpherson’s), poems and traditional material have constantly interacted throughout the entire history of bardism. Bardic texts follow the ever-changing and permeable patterns of the art of singing. This very poetics pervades the bardic literary school created in Brittany in the year 1900 – a school which takes oral tradition and cliches to be its main composition principles.
Essence, Reflexion, and Immediacy in Hegel's Science of Logic

This companion provides original, scholarly, and cutting-edge essays that cover the whole range of Hegel's mature thought and his lasting influence.  A comprehensive guide to one of the most important modern philosophers * Essays are written in an accessible manner and draw on the most up-to-date Hegel research * Contributions are drawn from across the world and from a wide variety of philosophical approaches and traditions * Examines Hegel's influence on a range of thinkers, from Kierkegaard and Marx to Heidegger, Adorno and Derrida * Begins with a chronology of Hegel's life and work and is then split into sections covering topics such as Philosophy of Nature, Aesthetics, and Philosophy of Religion
Will The Real Family-Friendly Employer Please Stand Up: Who Permits Parents To Reduce Working Hours For Purposes of Childcare?

Balancing work and family life can be a challenge, especially when a person needs to adjust her work schedule to deal with a family crisis. If the crisis involves a long term problem, such as caring for a sick or injured child that requires several months of care, the balancing act can require major shifts in the role an employee plays in a firm. This paper examines how an employer reacts to such a family-work issue: an employee who want to move from full-time to part-time in order to care for a young child. Most empirical work in this area deals with formal policies such as maternity leave, paternity leave, or leave beyond that required by the Family and Medical Leave Act and maps the type of formal policies a firm has into some "family-friendly" index. Switching from full-time to part-time is usually an informal process and it is not obvious how a firm ranking high on an index based of formal "family-friendly" policies would respond to such a request. Indeed, organizations with codified formal policies may be precisely the kinds of employers who do not permit such a shift from full-time to part-time. This is in fact what we find. Larger organizations are much more likely to provide formal policies such as paid maternity and paternity leave, while establishments that are not part of larger organizations are more likely to permit an employee to shift to part-time in order to care for a young child. These results suggests that family-friendly indexes that are based on formal policies may be unfairly labelling smaller firms "unfriendly" towards families simply because they use informal approaches to deal with family crises.
Adsorption behaviour of copper and gold glycinates in alkaline media onto activated carbon. Part 1: Isotherms

The kinetics for the competitive adsorption of gold and copper onto activated carbon from synthetic alkaline glycine solutions was studied. The adsorption rate for both gold and copper at the initial stage was modelled using the Fleming k,n adsorption kinetic model. The coefficient of variation (R 2 ) of the model were close to unity for both gold and copper adsorption data. The effects of pH, free glycine, ionic strength, initial gold and copper concentrations and carbon concentration were assessed on the adsorption kinetics of these two metals. The results showed that >98% of gold was adsorbed onto activated carbon in 6 h or less under all studied conditions. According to the adsorption tests results, carbon concentration is the only parameter that significantly affected the initial gold adsorption rate. For all other studied parameters, the initial adsorption rate is quite robust, with a few variations in process conditions only affecting it slightly. Activated carbon was found to be very selective for gold glycinate complexes over copper glycinates, with over 99.0% gold adsorbed in 24 h and
Molecules and Ions at Very Low Temperatures

The generation and study of 'cold' gas-phase molecules characterised by very low translational temperatures T trans ≤ 1 K is an upcoming field of research in physical chemistry which has received considerable attention over the past years. A particular interesting form of cold molecules are ensembles of cold localised cations in ion traps which form ordered structures known as 'Coulomb crystals'. The present article reviews the experimental methods used for the generation of atomic and molecular Coulomb crystals and highlights recent experiments which take advantage of their intriguing properties in order to study chemical reactions at very low temperatures with single-particle sensitivity.
Surface deformation and electrical properties of HfN thin films deposited by reactive sputtering

The electrical and mechanical properties of HfN films deposited on silicon by a reactive r.f. sputtering method are examined and discussed in terms of the films' structure and deposition conditions. The structural information has been obtained by employing a thin film X-ray diffraction method, Auger electron spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The recently developed energy principle of indentation has been applied in discussing the results of thin films' indentation by means of a depth-sensing technique. The theory allows the assessment of the details of surface deformation of nitrides, including the delamination process. The electrical properties of the studied films (i.e. resistivity and Hall coefficient) and their structure are found to be related to the deposition conditions. Moreover, the variation of the resistivity (electrical properties) appears to be accompanied by differences in the residual stress level as measured by the deflection method, and by differences in the mechanism of surface deformation (mechanical properties) of the HfN films.
Internal friction and Young’s modulus of V–Ti–Cr alloy before, during and after proton irradiation

Using a composite oscillator, the Young’s modulus and the internal friction of annealed, plastically bent and bent–straightened V–4Ti–4Cr alloy specimens have been measured, in a wide amplitude range, before, during and after proton irradiation. The proton energy and flux were 8 MeV and 10 12 p cm −2  s −1 . The in situ dependencies on the proton beam current and temperature have been obtained. Softening and overheating (which looks like softening–strenghtening of the alloy) effects, which arise due to radiation damage, have been revealed. The influence of beam heating and defect accumulation–annihilation on the acoustic properties of the annealed and pre-strained samples, during and after proton irradiation, are briefly discussed.
The origin of hyperferroelectricity in LiBO3 (B = V, Nb, Ta, Os)

The electronic and structural properties of LiBO3 (B = V, Nb, Ta, Os) are investigated via first-principles methods. We show that LiBO3 belong to the recently proposed hyperferroelectrics (hyperFEs), i.e., they all have unstable longitudinal optic phonon modes. Especially, the ferroelectric-like instability in the metal LiOsO3, whose optical dielectric constant goes to infinity, is a limiting case of hyperFEs. Via an effective Hamiltonian, we further show that, in contrast to normal proper ferroelectricity, in which the ferroelectric instability usually comes from long-range coulomb interactions, the hyperFE instability is due to the structure instability driven by short-range interactions. This could happen in systems with large ion size mismatches, which therefore provides a useful guidance in searching for novel hyperFEs.
Parameterized Property Testing of Functions

We investigate the parameters in terms of which the complexity of sublinear-time algorithms should be expressed. Our goal is to find input parameters that are tailored to the combinatorics of the specific problem being studied and design algorithms that run faster when these parameters are small. This direction enables us to surpass the (worst-case) lower bounds, expressed in terms of the input size, for several problems. Our aim is to develop a similar level of understanding of the complexity of sublinear-time algorithms to the one that was enabled by research in parameterized complexity for classical algorithms.
 Specifically, we focus on testing properties of functions. By parameterizing the query complexity in terms of the size r of the image of the input function, we obtain testers for monotonicity and convexity of functions of the form f:[n]→ R with query complexity O (log r), with no dependence on n. The result for monotonicity circumvents the Ω (log n) lower bound by Fischer ( 2004) for this problem. We present several other parameterized testers, providing compelling evidence that expressing the query complexity of property testers in terms of the input size is not always the best choice.
Management of cardiovascular disease in renal transplant recipients.

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of graft loss and the leading cause of death in renal transplant recipients. Although there are robust data on the frequency of risk factors and their contributions to cardiovascular disease in this population, few trials have demonstrated the benefit of modifying these risk factors to reduce cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that the clinical acumen filtered through the best available studies in the general population be used to treat individual renal transplant recipients given their high cardiovascular mortality. Transplant task forces and the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative have created guidelines for this purpose. This review examines the data available for prevention and treatment of major risk factors contributing to cardiovascular disease in renal transplant recipients. The contribution of immunosuppressive agents to each risk factor and the evidence to support lifestyle modification as well as drug therapy are examined. Reducing cardiovascular risk factors requires an integrative approach that is best accomplished by a team of health care professionals. It creates a significant challenge but one that must be met if allograft survival is to improve.
Challenges and concerns of persistent opioid use in cancer patients.

As a result of advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, two-thirds of individuals suffering with cancer survive more than 5 years after diagnosis, resulting in a large proportion of patients with chronic cancer pain alone or associated with chronic noncancer pain. There is a paucity of literature in reference to diagnosis and management of chronic cancer pain, specifically in relation to persistent opioid use, its effectiveness, and adverse consequences.  This review covers the prevalence of chronic cancer pain and its association with multiple comorbidities, persistent opioid use and related consequences, and challenges in managing persistent chronic cancer pain patients. In addition, discussion includes therapeutic opioid use, effectiveness of opioid therapy, assessment of risk of persistent opioid use, and guidance for responsible, persistent opioid prescribing for chronic cancer pain patients.  Despite extensive availability of opioids and related common adverse consequences, including the potential for escalating use, abuse, and deaths, greater awareness is needed to counteract the present atmosphere and appropriately manage patients with chronic cancer pain. Chronic cancer pain is a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon with multiple comorbidities. Opioid therapy has become extremely complex with negative connotations related to escalating abuse and related deaths.
Low-angle normal-fault system along the range front of the southwestern Galiuro Mountains in southeastern Arizona

Neogene erosion along the southwestern flank of the Galiuro Mountains in the Basin and Range province of southeastern Arizona has exposed multiple strands of a mid-Tertiary low-angle normal-fault system that offsets Oligocene-Miocene and older strata. This fault system along the range front is overlain unconformably by onlapping Miocene-Pliocene basin fill but forms the structural boundary between the Galiuro range and the adjacent San Pedro trough, and it served as the breakaway zone for the extensional detachment system associated with the nearby Catalina-Rincon core complex. Younger high-angle normal faults of comparatively modest displacement cut various strands of the low-angle normal-fault system and locally displace basin fill. The antiquity and nature of the Galiuro range front challenge the common assumption that all morphologically prominent blocks of the Basin and Range province are young relief features bounded by high-angle normal faults.
A Survey of Programming Languages and Platforms for Multi-Agent Systems

away from the underlying programming language in favour of using graphical means of programming, such as wizards and statecharts. Platforms. Closed frameworks such as DESIRE, strongly based on a platform, provide more complete solutions than others such as Jadex or TuCSoN. They usually offer an agent architecture and a system model, very useful for novel developers, together with the communication infrasA SURVEY OF LANGUAGES AND PLATFORMS. . . Informatica 30 (2006) 33–44 41 tructure and a range of robust services, such as directory facilitators, agent management services, and monitoring facilities. As a drawback, closed frameworks limit the development. For example, the design approach of the framework may not fit certain domain problems. Perhaps that is the reason why most researchers tend to use more open solutions. Currently, the most popular solution is to use JADE as underlying agent infrastructure combined with some other (higher-level) approach to program the agents’ behaviour. When dealing with more general frameworks (rather than tied to a platform), their use (i.e., defining the agents that will run within it, together with the required services and resources) should be automated as much as possible, in part to free the developer from low-level details (e.g. location of the configuration files, their concrete syntax, etc.). Despite this, few existing frameworks have IDE support. Concerning the paradigm of communication used, there are several on offer, often being an important issue when choosing which framework to adopt. TuCSoN is representative of tuple-centred communication, JADE of message passing, and DESIRE of data flow among processes. The various approaches mentioned along this survey indicate that there is still much work to be done. Among the major challenges faced by this research community are: – The conception and development of specialised debugging tools, in particular for cognitive agent languages; – The integration of agent tools into existing IDEs, rather than starting from scratch; – The separation of MAS frameworks from agent platforms, so that each framework can be used for deploying systems on a variety of platforms. – The dissemination of the MAS programming paradigm, so that programmers have a better understanding of its foundations as well as practical characteristics. We believe that the recent developments surveyed here show a lively interest in this area of research. Despite the large number of open issues and challenges, we expect that the experience gathered in developing MAS with these tools will take us closer to a more mature programming paradigm. Arguably, this is one of the few concrete ways for allowing wider audiences to use in practice, and in a systematic way, the various techniques that the MAS research community has developed over the last two decades.
An OBJ3 functional specification for boundary representation

The use of formal techniques for specifying the behavior of data and operations dealing with boundary representation of solids is advocated. Modular building of functional algebraic specifications for generalized maps using OBJ3 system is described, going from atomic objects and operations to more complex ones. Some theoretical aspects are studied, particularly normalization, comparison and proof of properties of generalized maps. It is also shown how the qualities of the specifications and of the conditional rewriting system associated with can be proved. Extensions allow the handling of geometry as well as topology in the same framework. Based on these specifications, the project now in progress of a 3D solid modeler which uses C language is presented.
THE PROBLEM OF "RACE AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT"

reserved.  This paper was selected for publication in the AAA’s Anthropology News as part of the "Rethinking Race and Human Variation" special editions of February and March 2006. The special editions were sponsored by the Understanding Race and Human Variation project and funded by the Ford Foundation. The Understanding Race and Human Variation project is a multi-year public education effort funded by the National Science Foundation and the Ford Foundation. This paper represents the views of the author and not that of the AAA or the Understanding Race and Human Variation project.
The evolution of heritable symbionts

Symbiotic microorganisms are extremely widespread in nature, having intimate and often obligatory associations with their`host' species. Despite the near ubiquity of arthropod symbionts, their study has been constrained by their fastidious nature and inability to be cultured out of the arthropod host. Recent advances in molecular biology have provided new tools for symbiosis research and stimulated new investigations of many symbiont systems that were described many years ago but were previously difficult to investigate in detail. The term 'symbiosis' in its most general (and original) sense refers to the i ntimate 'living together' of dissimilar organisms (de Bary 1879). Symbiont interactions with hosts have been traditionally classified as mutualistic (beneficial), parasitic (harmful) or commensal (neutral). However, assigning a symbiotic association to these groupings is often problematic. The associations between symbiont and host.are complex and can shift between the different states both over time and depending upon the particular phenotype being considered (Clay 1988; Saffo 1991). Furthermore, it is not entirely clear to what extent mutualistic relationships are reciprocal. Although the benefits to the host are often clear and can be established by experimental elimination of the symbiont, it is much less clear whether mutualistic symbionts truly benefit from the association. It has been argued that such symbionts may better be considered slaves of the host than mutualists (Maynard Smith and Szatlunary 1 995), although domesticated microorganisms may be a better analogy. Regardless of the relationship between symbiont and host (whether mutualistic, parasitic, or exploitative), there is considerable scope for reciprocal manipulation by both parties.
Numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing, 3rd Edition

If you find yourself in need of a resource book for numerical computing that contains advice and solutions for many of your everyday numerical computing problems, then this may just be the book for you. The lineage of the the Numerical Recipes books goes back to the mid 1980's, when I can recall using recipes in both FORTRAN and C. This was at the advent of the internet and before the open source software movement, so having a resource such as this was valuable. Not only did the book give advice for solving numerical problems, but it was also possible to avoid a lot of typing by purchasing the companion code CD. The software alternatives were expensive and did not come with the discourse given in the Numerical Recipe book. Today, this third edition of Numerical Recipes remains a broad one volume tome for numerically solving a wide range of mathematical , statistical, and computational problems. The code for this book is done with C++. In the preface it is pointed out that several hundred pages of new material have been added. This new materi
Mechanisms for the Formulation and Implementation of Employment Policy in Argentina

The paper identifies and assesses the mechanisms used to formulate and to implement the employment policy in Argentina. Specifically, it investigates the range of factors that have had a direct or indirect effect on determining the institutional organization surrounding such policies, as well as the context in which the mechanisms of employment policy have been developed. It also reviews the structure of employment policy and how it functions, as well as the main challenges to its consolidation as a component of a development strategy. The following factors are identified and described: a) mechanisms for tripartite coordination and coordination across jurisdictions and sectors; b) pillars essential to supporting employment policy, such as inspection, vocational education and training, and public employment services, as well as information, management and assessment systems; and c) accountability mechanisms.