nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
International Relations as Emergent Bakhtinian Dialogue

Among the many points of reference that the field of international relations shares with political science is a focus on the point of decision. The process of airing different points of view is seen as a prelude to decision. What happens after the decision is taken is treated as implementation of, or protest against, that decision, or as a prelude to a new decision. Given such a framing, dialogue tends to be treated teleologically as an instrument for reaching decision. The terms that are supposed to incite the scholarly exchange in this forum, dialogue and synthesis, point in the same direction. Dialogue is supposed to lead to synthesis and is validated by dint of this causal chain.

The philosopher of dialogue, Mikhail Bakhtin, is very much against such a reading. From his earliest writings in prerevolutionary Russia through his last unfinished manuscript in the mid-1970s, he evolved a view of dialogue as a human condition, as an ethical imperative, and even as a prerequisite for thinking. Consider what Bakhtin (1984:87–88) says when he writes:

the idea lives not in one person's isolated individual consciousness; if it remains there only, it degenerates and dies. The idea begins to live, that is, to take shape, to develop, to find and renew its verbal expression, to give birth to new ideas, only when it enters into genuine dialogic relationships with other ideas, with the ideas of others . Human thought becomes genuine thought, that is, an idea, only under conditions of living contact with another and alien thought, a thought embodied in someone else's voice, that is, in someone else's consciousness expressed in discourse.

Such a view of dialogue—or, to proceed from the two to the many, heterologue—points to a rather different conceptualization of politics and the social than the decision-focused one described …
Citizen Perspective E-Governance Model for Developing Countries: Bangladesh Context

E-governance can play a vital role in socio-economic development of a country by reducing corruption and strengthening democracy. Developing countries like are facing a lot of challenges to establish good governance. E-governance could be a good solution through which government can facilitate an efficient, speedy and transparent process for performing government administrative activities and delivery of services to the citizen and other agencies. This research aims to assess the potentialities, issues and challenges of implementing E-governance in the developing countries. The study has been conducted in context of , a most densely populated developing country in the world where good governance is badly needed. Considering the expectations of the citizens, a model for implementing a successful E-governance system has been proposed in this paper.
The Interface Structure in Graphite/Aluminum Composites,

Transmission electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy studies of the interfaces of selected graphite/aluminum composite systems revealed that generally titanium diboride, (TiB2), and aluminum oxide, (Gammer Al2O3), were present as the interfacial phases. The grain size and the crystallographic structure of these interfacial phases were studied and are discussed in terms of the transverse fracture behavior of the graphite/aluminum composites.
THE IMPACT OF MICROCREDIT ONTHE LIVELIHOOD OF THEBENEFICIARIES

Coastal community in Indonesia has got much attention, especially on the
poverty. Indonesia has abundant resources of marine and fisheries resources
(Dahuri, 2001), unfortunately people whose depend on those resources live in. One
of the effort to help poor coastal people improve their livelihood is through
capital/fund providing. Ministry of marine and Fisheries as the authorize government
unit launched PEMP in 2000 to 2008 for providing funds for coastal people by micro
credit scheme.
This research tried to analyze the impact of PEMP credit for the household
beneficiaries livelihood change. As PEMP goals, the livelihood assets should improve
after the respondents received credit. In the implementation, this study adopted DFID
Livelihood Framework as a basic theory. Livelihood change assets: Natural, human,
physical, financial and social, were analyzed, including the vulnerability context.
Then to know the impact of the credit, it used people who did not accept credit from
PEMP as a control/comparison. As a starting point of the research is a livelihood
condition on 2005 (pre-test0, then livelihood condition in 2011 (post-test) was
analyzed for knowing the change/improvement.
The results from the study show that the livelihood assets of the PEMP
beneficiaries (human capital, physical capital, financial capital, natural capital, and
social capital) have improved better than the control group. Moreover, in the control
group, two of physical assets (work equipment and housing quality) ware decreased
point.
The livelihood improvement of the PEMP beneficiaries was not as good as the
PEMP programme goals. The livelihood changes of the PEMP beneficiaries
varied. Some of them have improved, but others have not. Saving behaviour,
house quality, land ownership, and government relation were achieved
improvements. Meanwhile, work intensity, health, income, work equipment, water
and social relationship have not improved or improved but not significantly.
The declining stocks of natural resources plus fuel hike policy has clogged or
decreased the livelihood improvement of the respondent. A patron-client condition of
fisherman/ farmer to a middleman aggravates the effort of livelihood improvement.
The respondent depends on the middleman because they have debt, in the other side
the middleman does not obligate the client to pay their debt as long as they sell (with
lower price than market) their product to them. While, seasonal work of the majority
respondents affected in household financial management and social relation.
The recommendations proposed four main points. The first, proposes local
government and other stakeholders new mean or methods for enhancing the economy
of poor people such as a new credit system or capital supply. Secondly, The
government should train the people in other expertise besides what they have now.
v
Thirdly, Government should assist the marketing of the product. Fourth, encourage
conservation efforts (especially on control of illegal fishing tools) to ensure natural
the availability of the natural resource today and in the future
Protein Scission by Metal Ion–Ascorbate System

About 14 proteins were tested for specific oxidative scission catalyzed by metal ions in the presence of ascorbate and oxidizing agents (O2 or hydrogen peroxide). Only four of them were degraded by Fe3+/Fe2+- ascorbate, twelve – by Cu2+/Cu+-ascorbate and two proteins (α- and β-caseins) were degraded by Pd2+ ions. The rate and the intensity of degradation are very different for various proteins. For the most of tested proteins only a small fraction of molecules was degraded. None of them was degraded completely. Two possible reasons of protein stability against oxidative degradation may be proposed as follows: either there is no metal binding site in a protein molecule, or metal binding ligands of protein undergo a rapid oxidative modification and the metal ion is released from the binding site. Human growth hormone was cut specifically at two sites by Cu2+/Cu+-ascorbate system. At least one of amino acid residues of this protein was modified by formation of reactive carbonyl.
Contemporary Family Portrait: The Hidden Uncomfortable Truth of Family Dynamics

This thesis examines the hidden aspect of family dynamic and questions the idealized convention of family portraits. Based on Erving Goffman’s theatrical theory of community, family as a relaxing intimate group in the backstage, the underlying tensions, conflicts, and power play are discussed. This thesis draws upon the familial issues and treatments of Leon J. Saul and Rhee Dong Shick to evaluate the family dynamic present in our domestic settings. As the lineage of family portraits from history changed reflecting the differing family values and uncomfortable truths, the idealized family portraits are re-evaluated and questioned to offer a truer description of our family.  Edge of intimacy and respect We are always surrounded by people and immersed in social relationships. Such diverse relationships between individuals and the society are necessary and interdependent but repressive. As our existence requires the presence of others, Erving Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life describes the dichotomy of our everyday selves. As he applies theatrical language to state the different aspects of social life, he uses the term ‘performance’ to describe our social roles and calls society the ‘front stage’, where one “puts on his show ‘for the benefit of other people’”(Goffman 10). In the front stage, individuals wear an appropriate manner for the audience who observes the performance on stage. Goffman discusses how playing a social role places a character and defines a person. The social roles that each of us play becomes a “collective representation” (Goffman 17).
Message from T4CIA Workshop Co-chairs

A large number of applications in industrial sectors (e.g. telecom, medical, and energy) have many mission critical issues (e.g. security, reliability). How well these industry applications ensure the critical missions determines their competitive strengths in the market. On one hand, industrial companies have introduced and developed testing technologies and tools in industrial contexts, and applied them in these applications. On the other hand, academic researchers have produced and performed theoretical or experimental research on similar topics. This workshop aims to increase scientific interaction and cooperation between academic researchers and industrial practitioners in the area of critical industry applications. It provides an excellent platform for the exchange of ideas, discussion, cross-fertilization, inspiration, and co-operation. Both researchers and practitioners will present their results and experience to a broader audience.
Performance management and cost effectiveness of public services : empirical evidence from Dutch municipalities

The performance of public organizations is one of the key topics in public administration research. Cost-effectiveness as a dimension of performance has hardly been studied in this literature, however. Many governments currently are cutting budgets on an unprecedented scale after the world-wide financial and economic crisis. Reducing budgets and at the same time safeguarding the level of essential public services as much as possible, requires thorough knowledge of cost effectiveness and its determinants. This paper tries to fill this gap. First, by introducing econometric methods to measure cost effectiveness, usually not considered in public administration research. Second, by relating cost effectiveness to variables proxing performance management practices.The model has been empirically estimated using data of around 75 Dutch municipalities on output, client satisfaction, cost and organizational structure in 2008 and 2009. The data relate to the subsector of administrative local services that providespassports, driving licenses and other legal documents. The dataset is created in the context of a recently developed research program on evidence-based public management in Dutch local government.
Performance and functional enhancement of artificial market psychology simulator

Artificial Market Psychology Simulator (AMPS) is an adaptive and programmable simulation system designed to assist researchers in the study of psychology of securities traders. It forms a part of the larger system that includes the MIT Web Market-a double-auction engine for securities trading and RStudio-a physiology data acquisition software. The AMPS system controls price patterns and induces market events in an adaptive fashion. This research improves the performance and functioning of AMPS by generating realistic market scenarios in response to the trading subject's physiological feedback during the simulation process. Despite the subject's knowledge of the simulated system, AMPS generates market scenarios such that the trading subject can attach credibility to these events and respond accordingly. The adaptive nature of AMPS can be attributed to its ability to adjust market response based on observed physiological characteristics of the research subject. Another improvement is the integration of AMPS with RStudio. The simulation system uses real-time market and physiology data provided by the MIT Web Market and RStudio respectively. A prototypical scenario that represents a research subject's typical emotional states in response to market volatility during the simulation process has also been modeled. One specific software challenge is the integration of RStudio-written in C++, and AMPS-written in JAVA. Another challenge is that AMPS system needs to be modified to reflect different rule sets for different class of users based on their physiological response. The logging system for errors and events has been improved while the error and exception handling has been structured and streamlined as well. Acknowledgements I dedicate this thesis to my parents for their love, inspiration and guidance during my entire academic career; my brother for always being supportive and encouraging and finally my fiancee for being very patient and understanding with me during my graduate study while enduring many months of separation. This thesis is a culmination of my efforts and the guidance and support of several people at MIT. I extend my sincere gratitude to: Prof. Andrew Lo for providing me the wonderful opportunity to work on this research project and agreeing to supervise my thesis. Dr. Dmitry Repin for constantly guiding me through all the critical phases of the project through his insightful feedback. His invaluable guidance and support in understanding the functional requirements and design of the system were critical to the success of the project. Ms. Svetlana Sussman at the Lab for Financial Engineering for crucial …
The Friedman Rule in an Overlapping Generations Model: Social Security in Reverse

The welfare gains from adopting a zero nominal interest policy depend on the implementation details. Here I focus on a government loan program that crowds out lending and borrowing and other money substitutes. Since money can be costlessly created the resources spent on creating money substitutes are a "social waste". Moving from an economy with strictly positive nominal interest rate to an economy with zero nominal interest rate will increase consumption by the amount of resources spent on lending and borrowing. But in general welfare will increase by more than that because consumption smoothing is better under zero nominal interest rate.
A Security Architecture for Computational Grids

State-of-the-art and emerging scientific applications require fast access to large quantities of data and commensurately fast computational resources. Both resources and data are often distributed in a wide-area network with components administered locally and independently. Computations may involve hundreds of processes that must be able to acquire resources dynamically and communicate efficiently. This paper analyzes the unique security requirements of large-scale distributed (grid) computing and develops a security policy and a corresponding security architecture. An implementation of the architecture within the Globus metacomputing toolkit is discussed.
On the Meaning and Measurement of Inequality

This article offers a defence of the methods and findings of what some critics have referred to as the 'Nuffield school of class analysis'. In particular, we respond to the critique mounted by Hellevik and Ringen, whose most recent publication appeared in an earlier volume of this journal. We argue that these authors adopt an arbitrary and essentialist view of what constitutes inequality, and have either misunderstood or misrepresented the aims and methodology of the research programme they deride. Ringen, moreover, explicitly concedes all of its major substantive results.
Traumatic liver injuries in the elderly as compared to younger adults.

Comparing elderly (> 55 years) and younger (< 55 and > 15 years) traumatic liver injury patients, we evaluated differences in the need for operative intervention as well as transfusion requirements in those treated non-operatively.



This was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with liver trauma. The analyses evaluated overall adjusted differences in treatment option and packed red blood utilization in those treated non-operatively by age group.



841 patients were included. 83 were elderly. Operative management occurred in 13% and 12% of the younger adults and elderly patients, respectively. After adjustment, age group was not significantly associated with treatment option. In the non-operative setting, elderly patients had twice the red blood cell transfusion requirement as compared to younger adults.



Age does not play a role in considering the need for surgical intervention in patients with liver trauma. However, the geriatric population has twice the transfusion requirement in the non-operative setting.
Basement Structure and Implications for Hydrothermal Circulation Patterns in the Western Moat of Long Valley Caldera, California

Detailed surface mapping, subsurface drill hole data, and geophysical modeling are the basis of a structural and hydrothermal model for the western part of Long Valley caldera. Six fault zones are recognized in the western caldera with dominant orientations of north, northwest, and northeast, sub-parallel to regional fault trends in the surrounding Sierran basement. The internal structural geometry of the cores of 12 exogenous domes inside and outside the caldera suggests that the domes erupted at the intersections of these principal fault trends rather than along the axis of a single dike. Gravity modeling and subsurface data from deep geothermal wells indicate that the floor of the caldera is segmented into a number of discrete fault blocks with varying offsets. One of the northeast trending fault zones, designated Discovery fault in this paper, appears to be part of the original Sierran embayment that existed before caldera collapse. Recent hydrothermal alteration occurs along Discovery fault strands and composite vertical offset of intracaldera volcanic units across the entire fault zone may be as much as 400 m. Field relationships, geophysical interpretations, and interpretaions of drill hole data suggest that this fault is a fundamental flaw in the western caldera. The preexisting tectonic framework of the basement rocks controlled the configuration of the western caldera floor and, through it, the location of postcollapse eruptive centers. These deep basement structures may also provide the high fracture density which controls circulation in the present geothermal system of Long Valley.
Austrian economics and the analysis of labor markets

Theory and policy relating to labor markets is dominated by the mainstream labor market model, although a less well-known, socioeconomic version can also be identified. The mainstream model is methodologically flawed and forced, thereby, to relegate any (serious) investigation of labor market institutions and/or social structures to the margins of its analysis. The socioeconomic account is not so much methodologically flawed, as methodologically ambivalent. While this ambivalence does not actually prevent the investigation of institutions and/or social structures, it does promote ambiguity whenever we inquire into the precise nature of the interaction between them and labor markets. Insights from Austrian economics, when used in collaboration with critical realist methodology, can play a part in augmenting the socioeconomic account, generating a totally new approach to the analysis of labor markets.
The relationship between business unit strategy and the use of market research

A study of 42 Australian marketing managers was conducted linking strategy to the use of market research, with a measure known as USER. It was expected that the Miles and Snow strategic typology with its greater emphasis on internal organisational culture, practices and structure would be more powerful than the Porter strategic dimensions in determining the motivation and actual use of market research. The findings showed that neither strategic typology was superior in predicting market research practice. In the study, the USER characteristics most linked to strategy were “the misuse of market research for political purposes” and “internal improvements based on market research.” Two other USER factors “rational use of market research findings” and “use of market research to confirm decisionmaking” were not found to be related to marketing strategy.
Enterprise Architecture as a Tool for Managing Corporate Social Responsibility

The need for acting sustainably is one of the most urgent, but challenging topics enterprises currently face. In order to implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) on each enterprise level, companies establish dedicated management structures. Notwithstanding that several tools are already available for managing CSR, there appears to be no tool which provides an integrated and transparent overview of CSR-relevant organizational units, processes and information systems within a company. In this paper, we propose enterprise architecture (EA) as a suitable tool to fill this gap and facilitate in turn CSR reporting. By drawing on the results of a literature review and an empirical study on CSR management, we first identify CSR management’s information needs in this regard. In a second step, we map these needs using information provided by existing EA frameworks. In the outcome, we present a meta-model which provides a CSR-oriented EA view.
A Rational Theory of Socialist Public Ownership

This paper asks why socialist economies were historically centered on public ownership of industry, despite its many drawbacks, and offers an explanation founded on rational individual choice. It first shows that the Marxian program of state socialism was subject to intense competition from alternative blueprints by the turn of the 20th century. It then argues that the superiority of the Marxian program lay in the contract enforcement property of an arrangement in which a politicized bureaucracy in charge of production was accountable to a party controlled by the workers. Formally, in a setting in which all participants are selfish and rational, the workersâ€™ sole objective is redistribution, and an initial system choice has to be made. Party-state control of enterprises turns out to be the optimal contract between a principal (the workers) and its agent (the party) for a one-time transaction plagued by extreme informational asymmetry. Finally, modifications of this choice setting and implications for the decline of, and transition from, communism are discussed.
Qui docet discit

Academic economists play many roles; researchers, policy advisor, teacher, etc. While each of these roles is important for the career advancement of an economist, the most important role of academic economists is teaching future citizen economists. It is incumbent upon economists qua teacher to prepare them to make sense of the world they will inhabit. We must, therefore, not teach economics, at least at the introductory level, as if it is the first course on the way to a Ph.D., but as if it is the last class the students will ever take in economics. A consistently subjectivist economics is the best way to teach future citizen economists. When students understand economics as something that helps them make sense of the world, rather than a course in applied mathematics, they will be better citizen economists less likely to fall prey to those selling them free lunches.