nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Provenance-Based Trust Model for Delay Tolerant Networks

Managing trust efficiently and effectively is critical to facilitating cooperation or collaboration and decision making tasks in tactical networks while meeting system goals such as reliability, availability, or scalability. Delay tolerant networks are often encountered in military network environments where end-to-end connectivity is not guaranteed due to frequent disconnection or delay. This work proposes a provenance-based trust framework for efficiency in resource consumption as well as effectiveness in trust evaluation. Provenance refers to the history of ownership of a valued object or information. We adopt the concept of provenance in that trustworthiness of an information provider affects that of information, and vice-versa. The proposed trust framework takes a data-driven approach to reduce resource consumption in the presence of selfish or malicious nodes. This work adopts a model-based method to evaluate the proposed trust framework using Stochastic Petri Nets. The results show that the proposed trust framework achieves desirable accuracy of trust evaluation of nodes compared with an existing scheme while consuming significantly less communication overhead.
Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Environmental Change in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem of South Ecuador

An interdisciplinary research unit consisting of 30 teams in the natural, economic and social sciences analyzed biodiversity and ecosystem services of a mountain rainforest ecosystem in the hotspot of the tropical Andes, with special reference to past, current and future environmental changes. The group assessed ecosystem services using data from ecological field and scenario-driven model experiments, and with the help of comparative field surveys of the natural forest and its anthropogenic replacement system for agriculture. 
 
The book offers insights into the impacts of environmental change on various service categories mentioned in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005): cultural, regulating, supporting and provisioning ecosystem services. Examples focus on biodiversity of plants and animals including trophic networks, and abiotic/biotic parameters such as soils, regional climate, water, nutrient and sediment cycles. The types of threats considered include land use and climate changes, as well as atmospheric fertilization. In terms of regulating and provisioning services, the emphasis is primarily on water regulation and supply as well as climate regulation and carbon sequestration. With regard to provisioning services, the synthesis of the book provides science-based recommendations for a sustainable land use portfolio including several options such as forestry, pasture management and the practices of indigenous peoples. In closing, the authors show how they integrated the local society by pursuing capacity building in compliance with the CBD-ABS (Convention on Biological Diversity - Access and Benefit Sharing), in the form of education and knowledge transfer for application.
Eukaryotes and Multicells: Origin

Among the most important evolutionary events of all time are the origins of eukaryotic cells and of multicellularity. Both the evolution of eukaryotes and the origins of multicellularity (convergently evolved in numerous taxa) can be studied using insights from both palaeontology and molecular biology. 
 
 
 
 
archaea; 
endosymbiosis; 
acritarchs; 
metazoa; 
algae
The Locke Marital Adjustment Test and Social Desirability

MARITAL happiness or marital satisfaction measures have been criticized on many  One criticism suggests that since failure or unhappiness in marriage is such a deplorable occurrence in our society, respondents would be loath to admit it. This tendency to conceal marital unhappiness would not likely be uniformly distributed in the population. Probably it would be especially prominent in persons with a strong need for being socially approved or presenting themselves in a socially desirable light. The discovery of the social desirability response set among others has threatened an otherwise sophisticated testing movement with the charge that its tests all measure the same thing. Unfortunately, methodological studies of marital satisfaction instruments have been few in number. Thus, it is not known whether these instruments too are open to the charge that the subject, compelled by a social desirability response set, informs the researcher not of his actual happiness but instead informs him of the degree of happiness thought to be socially appropriate. This note supplies some data on such criticism of one marital happiness test, the Locke Short Marital Adjustment Test.2
The Philippine Duck Industry: Issues and Research Needs

The Philippine duck industry is dominated by balut (partially hatched embryos) production and by smallholder production that accounted for more than 75 percent of the total duck production. However, the commercial sector is gaining momentum in moving towards a higher degree of vertical integration and contract farming and there appears to be some increase in the demand for duck meat. At present, almost all of the demand for duck eggs is met by domestic production while about two percent of duck meat consumption is imported. As such, imports appear not to be a serious threat to the domestic supply at present. However, it is envisaged that as trade liberalisation continues, the Philippine duck industry will face increasing competition from overseas and other food products. Continuing survival and future growth of the industry depend on its ability to compete in a free trade environment, which, in turn, depends on efficiency of the production and marketing systems relative its competitors. The objectives of this paper are to provide an overview of the industry, identify industry issues and suggest areas for further research. The key issues identified in this paper include (1) a possible declining demand for duck products; (2) the absence of product standards and market information; and (3) the collection and consistency of BAS data. One suggestion is that expert opinions are needed to reconcile discrepancies in the published data. In addition, more research is needed on several areas, including identifying issues facing the smallholders, including the emergence of large scale commercial duck farms; better understanding of consumer demand; defining and establishing product standards, and generating more reliable market intelligence.
Study on Cambrian Sedimentary Facies and Reservoir in the Area of YingMai 32

Yingmaili upper cambrian qiulitage lower subgroup is the largest area of denudation exposed section of Yingmai32 area.Rock is dolomite rock.Analysis of sedimentary facies indicate that the area is mainly in a semi-restricted platform desks in the region of sedimentary facies.Middle cambrian AWaTaGe formation denude close to YingMai 36.Analysis of sedimentary facies indicate the formation located in the restricted platform tidal-flat facies.Cambrian dolomite rock burial hill reservoir component with hole-type cracks and holes.The main type of storage space in the reservoir are solution cavity,solution hole,dissolved fracture and tectoclase.The reservoir's physical property is better.
Antibiotic use by indication: a basis for active antibiotic policy in the community.

The aim of this study was to survey current treatment practices for common infections in primary care as a basis for implementation of recently released evidence-based guidelines for community-acquired infections. A point-prevalence survey was conducted in 30 health centres in the Finnish primary care system with a population base of 819,777. All patients consulting the health centres for an infection during a 1-week period were included in the study. The main outcome measures were the prevalence of antibiotic prescription and the selection of drugs by infection diagnosis. Of the 7777 recorded consultations, 85% were with a physician and the rest with a nurse. The most common cause for a visit was respiratory tract infections (74%), followed by skin/wound infections and urinary tract infections (both 6%). The infection panorama varied markedly according to age: in the youngest children (< 5 y) 84% of the infections were respiratory tract infections whereas the corresponding figure for patients > 65 y was 50%; the proportions of visits for urinary tract infections in these age groups were 7% and 26%, respectively. Of the patients with acute bronchitis, 70% were treated with antimicrobial agents, mostly macrolides (39%) and doxycycline (36%). Of the otitis media patients, 53% were treated with amoxicillin, 16% with macrolides and 16% with sulphatrimethoprim. Macrolides were mostly used to treat otitis media (31%), acute bronchitis (26%) and sinusitis (20%). In conclusion, antimicrobial agents are still used excessively in Finland, particularly for the treatment of acute bronchitis. Moreover, the selection of drugs for treating sinusitis and otitis media is non-optimal; macrolides and cephalosporins are frequently chosen unnecessarily. Knowledge of the indication-based prescription practices for antimicrobial agents is essential in order to improve the treatment habits of primary care physicians. The data obtained in this study provide a unique tool for the active and targeted implementation of evidence-based guidelines for primary care physicians.
The heretical political discourse : a discourse analysis of the Danish debate on basic income

Acknowledgements  Citizen's Income as a Heretical Political Discourse: the Danish Debate about Citizen's Income The Rhetoric of Rights and Obligations in Denmark from a Labour History Perspective Feminist Arguments in Favour of Welfare and Basic Income in Denmark Welfare Discourses in Denmark from a Basic Income Perspective A Global Ecological Argument for a Basic Income Basic Income on the Political Agenda: between Inclusion and Exclusion
Relating ion binding by fulvic and humic acids to chemical composition and molecular size. 2. Metal binding.

Binding of Cu(II) and Pb(II) to a soil fulvic acid, humic acid, and two different size fractions of the humic acid was investigated with metal titration experiments at pH 4, 6, and 8. Proton and free metal ion activities in solution were monitored after each titration step using pH and ion selective electrodes (ISE), respectively. The amounts of base required to maintain constant pH conditions were recorded and used to calculate stoichiometric proton-to-metal ion exchange ratios. Despite clear differences in chemical composition and protonation behavior, the fulvic acid and all humic acid fractions exhibited very similar metal binding behavior. Binding of Cu(II) and Pb(II) generally increased with increasing pH and total metal concentration. At low to moderate metal ion concentrations, Cu(II) was bound more strongly to the humic substances than Pb(II). Only at high free metal concentrations, the amounts of metal ions sorbed were higher for Pb(II) than for Cu(II). The molar proton-to-metal ion exchange ratios ranged from 1.0 to 1.8 for Cu(II) and from 0.6 to 1.2 for Pb(II), suggesting that Cu(II) was bound as monodentate and bidentate complexes, while Pb(II) was bound predominantly as monodentate complexes. The metal ion binding data were quantitatively described with the consistent NICA-Donnan model. The best description of an entire multicomponent data set consisting of proton titration, Cu(II), and Pb(II) binding data was achieved when the entire data set was fitted simultaneously. To reduce the number of fitting parameters, results from size exclusion chromatography and solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to estimate two of the NICA-Donnan model parameters. The values of the remaining NICA-Donnan parameters for the humic substances are within a narrow range, suggesting that generalized model parameters may be useful in geochemical modeling involving humic substances.
Shakespeare and War: a reflection on instances of dramatic production, appropriation, and celebration

This article draws on a range of literary, theatre, and printed news sources in order to explore the portrayal of Shakespeare and some of his plays in relation to war. This exploration is timely, given the anniversary of the playwright’s birth and of the start of the First World War. Particular attention is given to the society of Elizabethan England, to nineteenth and twentieth century theatre and film productions of Henry V, and other events during the early years of the 1914-1918 war, revealing the many diverse ways in which the man and his work has been appropriated.
Soil acidification monitoring in the Netherlands

The last decades of the 20th century are characterized by a vast increase in activities developed 
and measures taken by the authorities to accommodate the fear of environmental problems 
that boomed since the late 1960s. The growing environmental awareness and the subsequent 
incorporation of environmental values and arguments in the social discourse and practice has 
been multifaceted and complex. Within this diverse context, the present study took shape; a 
shape that reflects the socio-political aspects tied in with environmental attention in general 
and environmental research in specific. 
Essential to this study is the increased need for the authorities to monitor the development 
of the quality of the environment. Policy makers need monitoring systems to identify 
problems, to list priorities, and to check whether measures taken have the desired effects on 
environmental quality. For these purposes not only monitoring systems are needed, also 
reference values for environmental quality are required to judge the values measured within 
the monitoring setting. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the scientific foundation of 
environmental quality management in general and that of soil quality and soil acidification 
monitoring specifically.
A profile of family medicine scholarship 1978-1995: an analysis of national presentations.

Presentations at the annual meetings of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine were analyzed to determine trends in the content of the work and the types of work represented.



All program presentations from 1979, 1986, and 1993-1995 were analyzed. Content classifications were based on historic analyses of family medicine literature. Classifications of types of scholarship came from a 1990 Carnegie Foundation report, Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate.



Results showed that a wide variety of scholarly activities were presented, but application of educational work was predominant. Many presentations crossed interdisciplinary boundaries, including behavioral science, faculty development, and health services.



Contributions of family medicine scholarship may be applicable to other medical fields. The variety of family medicine scholarship may warrant a redefinition of reward systems for faculty.
MONTESQUIEU: POSSIBILISTIC POLITICAL GEOGRAPHER

The writings of Charles Louis Joseph de Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu, eighteenth century French nobleman, concerning the effects of the physical environment upon societies and the political systems produced by it, have been widely interpreted as being environmentalistic or deterministic. This paper examines the portions of his work which treat of the roles played by the physical environment and the non-physical societal attributes such as customs, manners, morals, and tradition, which, when combined, produce a particular political or governmental system. From the comparison of Montesquieu's political-geographic views with the basic tenets of possibilism comes the finding that his theory of political geography is more properly interpreted as being possibilistic rather than environmentalistic or deterministic.
A Benes Based NoC Switching Architecture for Mixed Criticality Embedded Systems

Multi-core, Mixed Criticality Embedded (MCE) real-time systems require high timing precision and predictability to guarantee there will be no interference between tasks. These guarantees are necessary in application areas such as avionics and automotive, where task interference or missed deadlines could be catastrophic, and safety requirements are strict. In modern multi-core systems, the interconnect becomes a potential point of uncertainty, introducing major challenges in proving behaviour is always within specified constraints, limiting the means of growing system performance to add more tasks, or provide more computational resources to existing tasks. We present MCENoC, a Network-on-Chip (NoC) switching architecture that provides innovations to overcome this with predictable, formally verifiable timing behaviour that is consistent across the whole NoC. We show how the fundamental properties of Benes networks benefit MCE applications and meet our architecture requirements. Using SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA), formal properties are defined that aid the refinement of the specification of the design as well as enabling the implementation to be exhaustively formally verified. We demonstrate the performance of the design in terms of size, throughput and predictability, and discuss the application level considerations needed to exploit this architecture.
Deciding and Axiomatizing ST Bisimulation for a Process Algebra with Recursion and Action Refinement

Due to the complex nature of bisimulation equivalences which express some form of history dependence, it turned out to be problematic to axiomatize them for non trivial classes of systems. Here we introduce the idea of “compositional level-wise renaming” which gives rise to the new possibility of axiomatizing the class of history dependent bisimulations with slight modifications to the machinery for standard bisimulation. We propose two techniques, which are based on this idea, in the special case of the ST semantics, defined for terms of a process algebra with recursion. The first technique, which is more intuitive, is based on dynamic names, allowing weak ST bisimulation to be decided and axiomatized for all processes that possess a finite state interleaving semantics. The second technique, which is based on pointers, preserves the possibility of deciding and axiomatizing weak ST bisimulation also when an action refinement operator P [ a Q ] is considered.
Increased binding of thiophene-based ligands to mercury(II) with water solubilizing functional groups

Although the soft sulfur atom of thiophene could selectively coordinate to soft Lewis acids such as mercury(II), sulfur-coordination of thiophene has rarely been observed. The effect of electron donating group and position on the interaction of mercury(II) with thiophene is investigated for a set of dipyridylthiophene-based ligands. The influence on the optical response of ligands functionalized at either the 3,4-position of the thiophene or at the 3-position of the distal pyridines with alcohol, methoxy, octaethylene glycol monomethyl ether, or amine groups in the presence of mercury(II) was investigated. These groups increase both the water solubility of the ligands and optical sensitivity of these ligands in response to mercury(II). These ligands show a ratiometric optical response to mercury(II) in mixed aqueous media as well as in organic solvent. Notably increasing concentrations of mercury(II) result in several distinct products dependent on the concentration of mercury(II). The addition of water solubilizing functional groups also red-shifts the absorption and emission spectra further into the visible region. Herein, we report on the photophysical properties of these ligands in aqueous media and organic solvents, and the change in emission and absorption in response to mercury(II).
Metal binding to yeast aminopeptidase I.

Binding of Zn(II) and Co(II) to homogeneous dodecameric aminopeptidase I from yeast was studied. Apparent binding constants were estimated from the dependence of enzyme activity on metal levels in solution as established by metal buffer systems. The binding curves were sigmoidal with Hill coefficients of 1.2-1.6, depending on the metal and on pH. Metal concentrations at half-saturation were 28 nM with Zn(II), and 390 nM with Co(II) at pH 7.0, they increased with decreasing pH. Equilibrium binding studies yielded binding stoichiometries of 0.5-0.6 mol metal/mol subunit for both Zn(II) and Co(II). However, after oxidation of Co(II)-substituted enzyme with H2O2 almost stoichiometric amounts of cobalt (greater than 0.9 mol/mol subunit) were found. The oxidized enzyme was inactive and did not exchange cobalt with the solvent. Native aminopeptidase I was also affected by H2O2, however only after prolonged incubation and at a much lower rate. Apoenzyme modified by ethoxyformic anhydride could not be reconstituted by Zn(II) or Co(II). On the other hand, either metal afforded full protection against ethoxyformic anhydride. This finding, and the pH dependence of stability constants suggest that histidine residues are involved in metal binding. Both the reconstitution of active enzyme from apoprotein and metal and its inactivation due to loss of metal are slow processes with half-times in the minute range. The rate of reconstitution did not depend on Zn(II) concentration. The rates of metal loss were not enhanced by chelating agents containing carboxylate functions. In contrast, chelators coordinating via nitrogen atoms and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol accelerated dissociation. A model is proposed that accounts for the substoichiometric metal contents of aminopeptidase I and for the slow time course of reconstitution. It is assumed that reconstitution involves a slow, monomolecular transition, leading to an active enzyme conformation with lower affinity for metal ions.
The Formalization of Scientific Languages - Part I: The Work of Woodger and Hull

The extent to which scientific languages can be formalized is an important problem, especially if it is assumed that a theorem-proving machine will deal most effectively with formal systems. In Part I, the axiomatic attempts of Woodger in genetics and of Hull in the theory of rote learning are examined. In Parts II and III, to be published later, the more prominent efforts to formalize physical theory will be considered and a general study will be made of related questions.
Моральная несостоятельность и правовая утопия юридического (этатического) позитивизма

The article is devoted to the study of the subject and the methodological principles of the legal (etatic) positivism. We study the history of the development of this scientific law school as an example of legal concepts such famous scientists as Y. Bentam, J.S. Mill,  The article draws attention to the pursuit of legal positivism simplify issues related to the nature of law and law-making, in order to achieve a minimum social justice, which leads to a number of serious contradictions in the legal concept.
Structure development in oriented polyethylene films and microporous membranes as monitored by sound propagation

Microporous membranes of high-density polyethylene were prepared by melt-extrusion followed by annealing and uniaxial extension. Crystallization at a high melt flow rate and subsequent annealing of the spun films with fixed ends led to the formation of oriented hard-elastic materials with a high modulus of elasticity and a considerable work recovery. Uniaxial stretching of such systems along the orientation direction induced the formation of microscopic pores due to the specific structure of the hard-elastic material. At some critical values of the processing parameters, throughflow channels were formed, converting the film into a microporous membrane permeable to liquids and vapors. Sound propagation, tensile measurements, and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize the structure and properties of the samples at individual stages of the process as a function of the processing parameters. In particular, it was shown that polar diagrams of the sound propagation velocity reflect sensitively the structural changes in the process of porous structure formation.