nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of Grassland Disasters on the Restructuring of Western Ecosystem

By integrating different theories concerning grassland science, ecological science, earth science, resources and environment science, social science and disaster prevention science, this paper deals with the necessity of preventing grassland disasters in western regions, followed by an analysis of the major types of disasters, especially the disasters in the past few years that have caused great losses. In the latter part, it presents a study of the natural and human factors that may contribute to disasters, and proposes ways to revive the grassland and restructuring the ecosystem in the western region.
Utopin blir bara bättre ju längre vi väntar på den

”Utopia gets even better while we wait for it”. Alexander Kluge and News from Ideological Antiquity. This essay examines the film News from Ideological Antiquity (2008) by German filmmaker Alexander Kluge. Kluge has tried to fulfil the dream of Soviet filmmaker Ser- gei Eisenstein and make a film version of The Capital by Karl Marx. Kluge’s endeavour is discussed within the context of European left wing cinema, and the film analysis is intertwined with a mapping of the reception of the work in Europe and the US. News from Ideological Antiquity is interpreted as an experiment with new media, aesthetically as well as when it comes to production and distribution. The ambiguous position of the film as political statement is highlighted. One conclusion is that the open structure of the film offers a space for conclusions and thoughts by the spectator, in alignment with the dialectics of The Capital.
Core competencies, matching, and the structure of foreign direct investment: an update

We develop a matching model of foreign direct investment to study how multinational firms choose between greenfield investment, acquisitions, and joint ownership. Firms must invest in a continuum of tasks to bring a product to market. Each firm possesses a core competency in the task space, but the firms are otherwise identical. For acquisitions and joint ownership, a multinational enterprise (MNE) must match with a local partner that may provide complementary expertise within the task space. However, under joint ownership, investment in tasks is shared by multiple owners and hence is subject to a holdup problem that varies with contract intensity. In equilibrium, ex ante identical multinationals enter the local matching market, and ex post, three different types of heterogeneous firms arise. Specifically, the worst matches are forgone and the MNEs invest greenfield; the middle matches operate under joint ownership; and the best matches integrate via full acquisition. We link the firm-level model to cross-country and industry predictions related to development and contract intensity, respectively, where greater contract intensity and a relatively more developed target market yield a higher share of full acquisitions. Using data on partial and full acquisitions across industries and countries, we find robust support for both predictions.
The association between chronic pain and prescription drug abuse in Veterans.

We sought to investigate the association between chronic pain and self-reported prescription drug abuse in a large cohort of patients referred from primary care for a behavioral health assessment.



We performed a cross-sectional analysis of responses to a telephone assessment administered to patients referred for a behavioral health evaluation between April 25, 2005 and October 31, 2007. We conducted descriptive statistics and investigated multivariable associations. Multivariable analyses included age, gender, race, financial status, employment, current smoking, drinking problem, past-year illicit drug use, depression, and chronic pain.



Veterans referred from primary care (N = 6,377).



Mean age of the sample was 56.5 years with a range of 19-97. The majority of respondents was white, unmarried, and was unemployed. Nearly 5% of the sample reported past 6-month prescription drug abuse. On multivariable analysis, younger age, possible depression (odds ratio [OR] 1.9; 1.3-2.8), probable depression (OR 2.4; 1.6-3.4), smoking (OR 1.4; 1.1-1.8), illicit drug use (OR 2.8; 2.2-3.7), and chronic pain (OR 1.9; 1.4-2.5) were associated with prescription drug abuse.



We have identified specific variables associated with self-reported prescription drug abuse in primary care patients. Chronic pain is associated both with an indication for prescribing opioids and with abuse of prescription medications. Clinicians are encouraged to follow treatment algorithms when managing patients with chronic pain as a method for reducing misuse.
Genes and Genomes: A Changing Perspective

Part I: Molecular basis of heredity:  The genetic molecules Replication, maintenance, and modification of the genome The logic and machinery of gene expression Part II: The recombinant DNA breakthrough: The tools: Enzymes The tools: Host-vector systems The means: Constructing, cloning, and selecting recombinant DNA The products: Characterizing and manipulating recombinants Part III: The molecular anatomy, expression and regulation of eukaryotic genes: The structure and regulated expression of eukaryotic genes The molecular anatomy of eukaryotic genomes Genomic rearrangements Part IV: Understanding and manipulating biological systems.
Disparity of end-of-life care in cancer patients with and without schizophrenia: A nationwide population-based cohort study

Cancer patients with schizophrenia may face disparities in end-of life care, and it is unclear whether schizophrenia affects their medical care and treatment.



We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study based on the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. The study population included patients >20years old who were newly diagnosed as having one of six common cancers between 2000 and 2012 (schizophrenia cohort: 1911 patients with both cancer and schizophrenia; non-schizophrenia cohort: 7644 cancer patients without schizophrenia). We used a multiple logistic regression model to analyze the differences in medical treatment between the two cohorts in the final 1 and 3months of life.



In the 1month before death, there was higher intensive care unit utilization in the schizophrenia group [odd ratio (OR)=1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.07-1.36] and no significant differences between the groups in-hospital stay length or hospice care. The schizophrenia patients received less chemotherapy (OR=0.60, 95% CI=0.55-0.66) but more invasive interventions, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.15-1.57). Advanced diagnostic examinations, such as computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging/sonography (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.71-0.89), were used less often for the schizophrenia patients. The 1- and 3-month prior to death results were similar.



End-of-life cancer patients with schizophrenia underwent more frequent invasive treatments but less chemotherapy and examinations. Treatment plans/advance directives should be discussed with patients/families early to enhance end-of-life care quality and reduce health care disparities caused by schizophrenia.
The Cult and Representation of the Archangel Raphael in

Psalm 91:11 Today the concept of the guardian angel tends to be thought of as an ‘old’ idea, but there is little indication that the belief achieved any widespread liturgical or artistic attention before around 1600. However, the largely forgotten cult of the Archangel Raphael, to which the concept of the guardian angel is closely linked, predates it by some length. This article considers how popular devotion to one specific angel developed into a more general belief in angelic intervention, through an examination of the iconography associated with the Archangel Raphael in sixteenth-century Venice. The understanding and representation of the role of guardian angels is examined, and I show how the imagery developed from the iconography of Raphael and his relationship with his attribute Tobias. In addition, I examine how the effect of Protestant criticism of the cult of saints — of angels in particular — and the efficacy of prayer affected the cult of Raphael and the saint’s representation in Venice. The Archangel Raphael is mentioned by name only in the deutrocanonical book of Tobit. 1 There he is described as being disguised as a human and accompanies the young Tobias and his dog on a journey to reclaim some borrowed money for Tobit, Tobias’ father, who is old, blind and poor. Along the way they catch a monstrous fish and then use its heart and liver to banish a demon from Sarah, who is then given in matrimony to Tobias. Upon their return home, Raphael uses the fish’s gall to cure Tobit of blindness, before disappearing. In the early twentieth century a number of articles addressed the latefifteenth-century tradition of images featuring Raphael and Tobias in Florence. Gombrich reevaluated images such as Tobias and the Angel (c. 1470-75) by Andrea Verrocchio’s workshop. This painting, and others like it produced around the same time, had previously been understood as a votive picture intended to ensure the safe return of merchants’ sons who were venturing out on their maiden voyages. The narrative incongruities of these images meant that they came under criticism because they seemed ill designed as illustrations of the story of Tobias and the Angel. The monstrous fish is frequently represented as a perfectly normal size and still intact, despite the box carried by Raphael which contains its entrails: meanwhile, the angel supposedly disguised as a human is always shown displaying his wings and is in one example even accompanied by the other archangels. Gombrich demonstrated that
Content based access for a massive database of human observation video

We present in this paper a CBIR system for use in a psychological study of the relationship between human movement and Dyslexia. The system allows access to up to 500 hours of video and is an example of a scientific user context. This user context requires 100% accurate indexing and retrieval for a set of specific queries. This paper presents a novel use of interactive visual and audio cues for attaining this level of indexing performance. Furthermore, the issue of motion estimation accuracy in the presence of compression artifacts is explored as part of the data integrity storage problem. In addition, content based motion analysis techniques accurate enough to parse sequences on the basis of motion and objectively evaluate that motion are investigated. The tool allows Psychologists to undertake a study that would previously be impractical and the paper presents a number of lessons gained from the ongoing work
Criminal justice: The true story of Edith Thompson

Since her execution at Holloway prison in 1923, Edith Thompson has haunted the conscience of the nation. Grave doubts were expressed at the time about the extent to which she was responsible for her husband's murder in Ilford by her handsome young lover Frederick Bywaters. The Home Office files on the case were marked not to be opened for 100 years. The case against her rested largely on the evidence provided by 70 letters which she wrote to Bywaters. The truth is that these letters offer a unique insight into the workings of an overwrought romantic imagination, ultimately unable to free itself from the constraints of a suburban marriage and respectability. Through this correspondence and a painstaking reconstruction of the era, the author argues that Mrs Thompson was innocent.
Product knowledge identification and modeling for virtual collaboration environment

Knowledge sharing is an essential factor to build virtual collaboration across organizations. Therefore, from the product design point of view, identifying required product knowledge is a very important thing. This product knowledge is closely related with product requirements and functions. However the type of knowledge and information of product, needed in virtual collaboration, is still not comprehensively explored and understood. The main purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to identify generic product knowledge and information to support knowledge sharing in a virtual collaboration environment. In this paper we propose a methodology for identification and modeling of product information, based on the Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) principle. The FBS principle was then translated into classification of product information. The classification can give a comprehensive view of a product. The flexibility of classification developed in this research makes it easier to be implemented across various different type of product. It also provides a better understanding about the products and its subcomponents. The identification of product information was followed by translation of it into a model. A model of generic product information was successfully built. Further research is planned towards developing a combined graphical and ontological product information model based on FBS principles.
Design of sustainable energy systems : a new challenge for Engineering Education

This paper presents the main features of the master-level programme in “EcoEnergy” offered as a full-time one year course at “Institut National Polytechnique of Toulouse” in order to provide engineers with a state-of-the-art education in the area of advanced energy technologies and systems. It is based on an original and equilibrated combination of process systems engineering and electrical engineering disciplines, with an interdisciplinary problem-solving approach necessary for identifying sustainable solutions in the energy sector. More precisely, the students learn how to design, develop and implement energy systems and technologies in various industrial sectors for which efficient management of energy issues is vital to remain competitive.
Explorations in Physics

The article seeks to investigate several issues concerning the topics: Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and classical physics. The following issues have been investigated:1)Relativity suggesting virtual particles 2) Lorentz Transformations Suggestive of a Bypass route 3)Space getting Curved 4) On Higg’s Mechanism 5)On Tensor Equations of a Composite Nature 6) General Covariance and Tensor Equations 7) On rocket motion 8) Newton’s Law of Gravitation in the Light of GR
Composite nanoplatelets combining soft-magnetic iron oxide with hard-magnetic barium hexaferrite.

By coupling two different magnetic materials inside a single composite nanoparticle, the shape of the magnetic hysteresis can be engineered to meet the requirements of specific applications. Sandwich-like composite nanoparticles composed of a hard-magnetic Ba-hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) platelet core in between two soft-magnetic spinel iron oxide maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) layers were synthesized using a new, simple and inexpensive method based on the co-precipitation of Fe(3+)/Fe(2+) ions in an aqueous suspension of hexaferrite core nanoparticles. The required close control of the supersaturation of the precipitating species was enabled by the controlled release of the Fe(3+) ions from the nitrate complex with urea ([Fe((H2N)2C=O)6](NO3)3) and by using Mg(OH)2 as a solid precipitating agent. The platelet Ba-hexaferrite nanoparticles of different sizes were used as the cores. The controlled coating resulted in an exclusively heterogeneous nucleation and the topotactic growth of the spinel layers on both basal surfaces of the larger hexaferrite nanoplatelets. The direct magnetic coupling between the core and the shell resulted in a strong increase of the energy product |BH|max. Ultrafine core nanoparticles reacted with the precipitating species and homogeneous product nanoparticles were formed, which differ in terms of the structure and composition compared to any other compound in the BaO-Fe2O3 system.
The Energy of a Dynamical Wave-Emitting System in General Relativity

The problem of energy and its localization in general relativity is critically re-examined. The Tolman energy integral for the Eddington spinning rod is analyzed in detail and evaluated apart from a single term. It is shown that a higher order iteration is required to find its value. Details of techniques to solve mathematically challenging problems of motion with powerful computing resources are provided. The next phase of following a system from static to dynamic to final quasi-static state is described.
On Natural Deduction

1. General nature of natural deduction. For Gentzen's natural deduction, a formalized method of deduction in quantification theory dating from 1934,' these important advantages may be claimed: it corresponds more closely than other methods of formalized quantification theory to habitual unformalized modes of reasoning, and it consequently tends to minimize the false moves involved in seeking to construct proofs. The object of this paper is to present and justify a simplification of Gentzen's method, to the end of enhancing the advantages just claimed. No acquaintance with Gentien's work will be presupposed. A further advantage of Gentzen's method, also somewhat enhanced in my revision of the method, is relative brevity of proofs. In the more usual systematizations of quantification theory, theorems are derived from axiom schemata by proofs which, if rendered in full, would quickly run to unwieldy lengths. Consequently an abbreviative expedient is usually adopted which consists in preserving and numbering theorems for reference in proofs of subsequent theorems. Further brevity is commonly gained by establishing metatheorems, or derived rules, for reference in proving subsequent theorems. In natural deduction, on the other hand, proofs tend to be so short that the abbreviative expedients just now mentioned may conveniently be dispensed with-at least until theorems of extraordinary complexity are embarked upon. In natural deduction accordingly it is customary to start each argument from scratch, without benefit of accumulated theorems or derived rules. It will be seen, when we proceed to details, that the rules of natural deduction lack certain traits of elegance which grace the more usual systematizations of quantification theory. Any reader who for this reason inclines to a systematization of the more usual kind may still look upon the rules of natural deduction (hereafter to be set forth) as a set of derived rules, or metatheorems, of his own system. Their derivability, granted the completeness of his own system, is assured by the ensuing proof of soundness (?6). The rules remain notable as metatheorems, in view of the virtues previously urged; and, as we shall see (?5), they are adequate to quantification theory in its entirety. The schemata of quantification theory are built up of atomic schemata 'p', 'q', 'r', 'Fx', 'Fy', 'GOx', 'Hyz', etc., by means of truth-functional connectives ' '.', 'D', etc. and quantifiers '(x)', '(y)', '(3x)', etc. in the familiar ways. A schema is called valid if it comes out true no matter what truth values be assigned to 'p', 'q', etc., and no matter what non-empty universe be adopted as range for the variables 'x', 'y', etc., and no matter what classes and relations of objects in that universe be adopted as interpretations of 'F, 'G', 'H', etc., and no matter what objects in that universe be assigned to the free variables.
Engineering a paradox of thrift recession

We build a variation of the neoclassical growth model in which financial shocks to households or wealth shocks (in the sense of wealth destruction) generate recessions. Two standard ingredients that are necessary are (1) the existence of adjustment costs that make the expansion of the tradable goods sector difficult and (2) the existence of some frictions in the labor market that prevent enormous reductions in real wages (Nash bargaining in Mortensen-Pissarides labor markets is enough). We pose a new ingredient that greatly magnifies the recession: a reduction in consumption expenditures reduces measured productivity, while technology is unchanged due to reduced utilization of production capacity. Our model provides a novel, quantitative theory of the current recessions in southern Europe.
The Effect of M&A on Wage: Evidence from Financial Institution in Taiwan, ROC

Our empirical results provide an evidence, department merge of firms will increase the profit through the reduction of labor cost, and support why workers in horizontal mergers may share in any increases in the production surplus rather than those on vertical mergers (Horn and Wolinsky; 1988). On the other hand, the expansion of department in the firm will lead to a negative scale effect. The production cost will increase due to the higher labor cost. However, it only has significant effect on M&A within the same industry. It implies that horizontal mergers will have more chance to expansion of department in the firm because the market share of products will increase. .
Rethinking the Ottoman "Decline": Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries

In the field of Ottoman history, scholars have often advanced an int rpretation of decli e. Traditionally, the argument states that the Ottoman empire reached its peak in the sixteenth century under Suley man the Magnificent, and thereafter began an inexorable stagnation and decline lasting until the twentieth century. Historians often point to the Ottoman naval defeat at Lepanto in 1571 or the failure of the second siege of Vienna in 1683 as events marking the waning fortunes of Ottoman power and the beginning of the "decline."1 The use of the term decline as it has been applied by Middle East scholars to the Ottoman case presents several problems. Implicit in any notion of "decline" is some kind of comparison. After all, an empire
Thomas Hobbes y la geometría del estado: anotaciones sobre el estado de naturaleza desde

El articulo pretende esclarecer el concepto de estado de naturaleza (state of nature) de Thomas Hobbes interpretandolo a la luz de su concepcion de conocimiento, la cual lo vincula con la ‘nueva ciencia’ o la revolucion cientifica. En consecuencia, el articulo ubica a Hobbes, mediante una reinterpretacion de su teoria del conocimiento, en algunos problemas y tradiciones de la Revolucion Cientifica, de donde se redefine su concepto de su estado de naturaleza en terminos de causa integra. Esto, a su vez, permite argumentar la necesidad del Estado, excluyendo el pesimismo antropologico que se atribuye clasicamente a Hobbes. Palabras clave: Historia de la ciencia, Revolucion Cientifica, Thomas Hobbes, Teoria del conocimiento, estado de naturaleza.  This article pretends to shed light on Hobbes’s concept of state of nature, through a reading of his conception of knowledge which makes possible to relate him with the ‘New Science’ or the Scientific Revolution. In consequence, this article relates Hobbes with some problems and traditions of the Scientific Revolution through a fresh reading of his theory of knowledge, whence the concept of state of nature is redefined in terms of integral cause; this makes possible to argue the need of Commonwealth, excluding the anthropological pessimism traditionally attributed to Hobbes.
Requirements for Digital Preservation Systems: A Bottom-Up Approach

The field of digital preservation is being defined by a set of standards developed top-down, starting with an abstract reference model (OAIS) and gradually adding more specific detail. Systems claiming conformance to these standards are entering production use. Work is underway to certify that systems conform to requirements derived from OAIS. 
We complement these requirements derived top-down by presenting an alternate, bottom-up view of the field. The fundamental goal of these systems is to ensure that the information they contain remains accessible for the long term. We develop a parallel set of requirements based on observations of how existing systems handle this task, and on an analysis of the threats to achieving the goal. On this basis we suggest disclosures that systems should provide as to how they satisfy their goals.