nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Concerning Lev Shestov's conception of ethics

Anyone acquainted with Shestov's ideas knows that this philosopher regards ethics, together with reason, as being the enemies of man. Usually readers experience great difficulty in accepting his position on this matter, and it frightens them. It is as if Shestov is pushing his readers right out of their depth. In order to put right 'damage' of that kind, Professor George Kline has taken the step of amending Shestov's use of the word 'ethics' by adding the word 'rational' and thus arriving at the term 'rational ethics'. Doing so suggests that in Shestov's scheme of things there is another ethics, which is a somehow pure, good, authentic ethics, one that saves the philosopher from pronouncing an absolute condem nation of ethics as such. Reading Shestov is rendered bearable and acceptable again. Be that as it may, I do not think it permissible to proceed in that manner, for Shestov himself never speaks of two different kinds of ethics. Here I wish to examine two important matters: on one hand, to probe the question regarding what we fear if we are obliged to reject ethics; on the other hand, to consider where Shestov's antipathy to ethics springs from. I am struck by the fact that almost all his readers react alike: "He is a very beguiling thinker, but...." This "but" could equally well be conveyed by the words "But of course it is necessary to purify and correct his texts because it is plain that he exaggerates. What he writes could even be dangerous." Didn't Filosofov and Frank reproach him for "corrupting young people," that same notorious reproach which, as we know, cost Socrates his life? This means that Shestov's works do conceal some kind of threat, just as do the works of Nietzsche and even those of Dostoevskij, though people have always tried, and continue trying, to ascribe holy and prophetic
Comments on the Quantum Vacuum and the Light Acceleration

AbstractThe recent observations on the far quasars absorption lines spectraand comparison of these lines with laboratory ones provide a frameworkfor explantation of these observations by considering a varying ﬁne struc-ture constant, over the cosmological time-scale. Also, there seems to be ananomalous acceleration in the Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 about 10 −10 m/s 2 .These matters lead Ranada to study the quantum vacuum to explain theseproblems by introducing a phenomenological model for the variation of α.In this manuscript we want to show that this model is not a quantummodel; it is a classical model that is only in accordance with mentionedobservations by adjusting some parameters and is not based on a funda-mental physical intuition. 1  The recent observations on the far quasars absorption lines spectra and com-parison with laboratory spectra show that these quasars are dimmer than thenearer ones . The Webb group try to explain these observations by consid-ering a varying ﬁne structure constant . The variation of the ﬁne structureconstant α = e
STUDY OF BOMBARDMENT-INDUCED-CONDUCTIVITY MATERIALS

Three different techniques for measuring the conduction ratio in thin films of zinc sulfide were investigated. Both the sandwich and the lowenergy holding-beam techniques yielded consistent and reliable data. In contrast, data obtained by the high-energy holding-beam technique were ftorage tu es, *Display systems, *Dielectric films, *Electron bombardment, Con ductivity, T in films, Zinc compounds, Sulfides, Dielectrics, Measurement, Ion bombardment. Three different techniques for measuring the conduction ratio in thin films of zinc sulfide were investigated. Both the sandwich and the lowenergy holding-beam techniques yielded consistent and reliable data. In contrast, data obtained by the high-energy holding-beam technique were found to be inconsistent and unreliable. The effect on the conduction ratio of thermally processing the zinc sulfide dielectric was examined. When measured by the sandwich technique, such thermally processed films exhibited a substantial increase in the conduction ratio as compare with untreated films. When an electron beam instead of a conductive layer was used to establish the potential of the upper surface of the dielectric, it was possible to separate electrode contact effects from volume effects in the dielectric film. For dielectric films having two electrode contacts as well as those having one electrode contact and an electron beam to establish the potential acr s the film, the same proportionate increase in conduction ratio was obt 30 dec 60-30 Apr 61, by Robert H. Homstead. 30 Apr 61, 101p. incl. illus. tables. (Contract DA 36-039-sc-85347ined when the dielectric was thermally processed.
Bertrand Russell, 1921-70 : the ghost of madness

This magnificent biography completes the most searching examination yet published of Bertrand Russell's life and work. Whereas Ray Monk's first volume focused on Russell's colossal achievements in philosophy and his often tortured relations with friends and lovers, this volume has at its centre the tragic and deeply moving story of Russell's relationship with his first son, John. Following the lead set by Russell in his Autobiography, previous biographies have concentrated in the second half of his life on his public activities - his founding of a school, his political campaigning for peace and so on. All this is covered in abundant detail in this book, but what distinguishes it is the illumination it throws on the most important relationship in Russell's life, the one in which he invested the most time and emotional energy and one that has, until now, remained largely untold. This book traces that story, from Russell's ecstasy at John's birth to his frightened dismay at John's collapse into madness, showing the fervour of his hopes for education and parenthood in producing the 'independent, fearless and free' generation of which he expected to John to provide an example and the corresponding depth of his disappointment and despair when John turned out to be schizophrenic and the reform of society a good deal more difficult than he had imagined.
A Personal Memoir

As a personal supplement to Los Baroja, the author tells recollections of his own when in the early 1950's he would meet with, and learn from, Julio Caro Baroja, his unele Pio and his other unele Ricardo, the painter. He appreciated Caro Baroja's moral fiber and encyclopaedic knowledge of Spain, even though there were many things in the country that Don Julio did not like, like bullfighting. The author was also curious about Don Pio's ideas —which revealed a little-known anthropological spirit—, and was amazed at Don Ricardo's lightheartedness and optimism, so foreign to Don Pio and Don Julio and so contrary to the contents of his paintings.
What Difference do Derivatives Make? From the Technical to the Political Conjuncture

In the aftermath of the great bailout of capital in 2008 (and still ongoing) finance has often been seen as external and parasitical to the real economy. Instead, finance and other forms of capital have become more closely articulated and interwoven. A critical social logic of the derivative is offered here, following on Marx’s analysis of the commodity, to consider what is meant by dominance of finance, what difference finance makes and the politics of debt. The derivative provides key insights into the apparently detached process by which money seems to beget more money, and at the same time discloses the internal socialization and interdependence that is at the root of a politically generative mutual indebtedness.
The Impact of Software Development Outsourcing on the Growth of the IT Sector in Developing Countries

This paper investigates the impact of Software Development Outsourcing on the growth of the IT sector in developing countries, especially Nigeria. It identifies major software outsourcing drivers and studies the relationship between them and the growth of the IT industry. The study became necessary owing to the obvious decline in IT implementation in most developing countries despite exponential growth of the sector in some developed countries of the world where outsourcing is practiced, and the attendant economic boast in those nations. From a review of existing literature focusing on selected small and medium scale enterprises and IT firms in Nigeria, five driving factors behind the adoption of software outsourcing were identified which include: cost saving/reduction, delivery time, technical skills, software quality and risk management. Randomly gathered data were analysed using multiple regression and the ANOVA test. The aim was to evaluate the collective effect of these driving factors on the level of outsourcing by the various IT firms in Nigeria and the consequent growth of the sector in the country. It was discovered that the five factors collectively contribute to software development outsourcing and the growth of the IT industry. However, it was discovered that three factors, technical skills, risk management and software quality were the most significant going by the result of the t-test. It was therefore concluded that software development outsourcing has impacted the growth of the IT sector and the level of its implementation can be further increased. Government and the organised labour should make concerted effort towards the development of IT firms by encouraging software outsourcing. This will enhance efficiency of indigenous IT firms and inspired them to obtain up-to-date skills that meet globally accepted standards. In the long run, it will translate to increase in revenue potential.
1.4.4 Combined Research and Curriculum Development in Information‐Centric Systems Engineering

This paper describes a multidisciplinary program of research and curriculum development in Information-Centric Systems Engineering currently underway at the Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park. This work is supported by a significant grant from the National Science Foundation and industrial funds from US industry. After motivating the need for an information-centric approach to systems engineering education, this paper describes the research methodology, pathway from research to curriculum development and teaching, and architecture for web-based project deliverables.
공학인의 스피치 불안과 상관요소 분석

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of gender, grade, self-efficacy and ‘speech competence’ measured by self-evaluation of individual learners as well as by professor"s evaluation on engineering students" speech anxiety(communicative apprehension, hereafter, SA). Also the relationships between SA and above-mentioned factors have been examined. This study was conducted with 162 engineering students taking the course of 《Presentation and Debate Skills》in the college of engineering at Pusan National University. Findings showed that firstly, students experienced a relatively high SA and their SA scores in group and public speaking (so-called "speech" situations), came close to the outcomes of McCroskey(1993). Secondly, the reasons for SA students experienced and pointed out as such(multiple responses permitted) have been analyzed as follows: ① lack of speech techniques, ② owing to the introvert or passive personality, ③ fear of the negative judgment and evaluation by others, etc. Besides this study verified that there were a relatively high correlation between SA and speech competence measured by individual student(-.592), and a high correlation between self-confidence, self-efficacy and speech competence(-.479, -.545). However we found no significant correlation between two types of speech competence measured by learners and by professor in the expert viewpoint. From this findings, it is needed to provide the effective ways for learners to overcome SA and its appropriate educational treatment as well.
Freedom of Expression of the Judiciary: Limitations and Vulnerabilities

The freedom of speech is one of the most important fundamental rights and one of the preconditions for the good functioning of democracy. Because no right can be an absolute one, the most delicate issue is to establish a fair balance between the exercise of this right and the protection of general interests or of individual rights of other persons. By the present study, we propose to analyze the sphere of free speech of judges, its correlations with other fundamental rights, but also its limit, having in mind the present social environment, in which the generalized attacks to the address of justice are grooving, and “value judgments” are transformed into “popular judgments” in the shape of an “extraordinary appeal” against every judgment.
Transferring Evolved Reservoir Features in Reinforcement Learning Tasks

The major goal of transfer learning is to transfer knowledge acquired on a source task in order to facilitate learning on another, different, but usually related, target task. In this paper, we are using neuroevolution to evolve echo state networks on the source task and transfer the best performing reservoirs to be used as initial population on the target task. The idea is that any non-linear, temporal features, represented by the neurons of the reservoir and evolved on the source task, along with reservoir properties, will be a good starting point for a stochastic search on the target task. In a step towards full autonomy and by taking advantage of the random and fully connected nature of echo state networks, we examine a transfer method that renders any inter-task mappings of states and actions unnecessary. We tested our approach and that of inter-task mappings in two RL testbeds: the mountain car and the server job scheduling domains. Under various setups the results we obtained in both cases are promising.
Beyond empowerment: building a company of citizens.

We live in a knowledge economy. The core assets of the modern business enterprise aren't its buildings, machinery, and real estate, but the intelligence, understanding, skills, and experience of its employees. Harnessing the capabilities and commitment of knowledge workers is arguably the central managerial challenge of our time. Unfortunately, it is a challenge that has not yet been met. Corporate ownership structures, governance systems, and incentive programs--despite the enlightened rhetoric of business leaders--remain firmly planted in the industrial age. In this article, the authors draw on history to lay out a model for a democratic business organization suited to the knowledge economy. Some 2,500 years ago, the city-state of ancient Athens rose to unprecedented political and economic power by giving its citizens a direct voice and an active role in civic governance. The city's uniquely participative system of democracy helped unleash the creativity of the Athenian people and channel it to produce the greatest good for society. The system succeeded in bringing individual initiative and common cause into harmony. And that is precisely the synthesis today's companies need to achieve if they're to realize the full power of their people and thrive in the knowledge economy. The Athenian model of organizational democracy is just that--a model. It does not provide a simple set of prescriptions for modern managers. What it offers is a window into how sizable groups of people can, in an atmosphere of dignity and trust, successfully govern themselves without resorting to a stifling bureaucracy.
Nietzsche and "Getting It Wrong"

Robert Pippin's Nietzsche, Psychology, & First Philosophy is a striking, lucid study of Nietzsche's thoughts on the vicissitudes of subjectivity and its constituent commitments. It is an invaluable read not only for Nietzsche specialists, who will find it a serious challenge to prevailing attitudes, but also for all philosophers, who will discover his relevance to contemporary subfields concerned with human intention and action. Nietzsche emerges as the philosopher who came the closest, in the face of the perils of modernity, to offering a radically new picture of what it means to act as a free, authentic subject.
The Landscape Archaeology in Lanjān Plain of Iṣfahān, Iran, During the Islamic Period (650–1722 A.D.) (Preliminary Report)

Lanjān is an ancient and fertile plain along the Zāyandeh Rūd river in south-west of Iṣfahān. Due to favorable environmental conditions, such as direct access to the Zāyandeh Rūd river, fertile agricultural lands and also ancient highways, the region has long been worthwhile and a key area of Iṣfahān. Moreover, due to the existence of prestigious and thriving town, Khān Lanjān and its mountainous castle, there are numerous mentions about Lanjān region in written sources of the early and medieval centuries of Islam. In this study, according to archaeological survey and written sources, the author is going to consider dynamic changes of Lanjān by cultural landscape archaeology approach. This project investigates different aspects of settlements, agricultural lands, water, and their relationship in the cultural and administrative geography of Lanjān during the Islamic period.RésuméLanjan est une plaine ancienne et fertile le long de la rivière Zayandeh Rud dans le sud-ouest d’Ispahan. En raison de conditions environnementales favorables, telles que l’accès direct à la rivière Zayandeh Rud, les terres agricoles fertiles mais aussi les routes antiques, la région a longtemps mérité le détour et été une zone géographique névralgique d’Ispahan. En outre, avec l’existence de la ville prestigieuse et prospère, de Khan Lanjan et de son château en montagne, il existe de nombreuses mentions sur la région de Lanjan dans les sources écrites des premiers siècles de l’Islam et de l’Islam médiéval. Dans cette étude, en fonction des fouilles archéologiques et des sources écrites, l’auteur va tenir compte des changements dynamiques de Lanjan en utilisant la méthode archéologique du paysage culturel. Ce projet étudie les différents aspects de l’établissement des populations, des terres agricoles, de l’eau et de leur relation dans la géographie culturelle et administrative de Lanjan au cours de la période islamique.ResumenLanjān es una antigua y fértil llanura a lo largo del río Zāyandeh Rūd en el suroeste de Iṣfahān. Debido a las favorables condiciones medio ambientales, tales como un acceso directo al río Zāyandeh Rūd, tierras agrícolas fértiles y también antiguas autopistas, la región ha sido valiosa desde hace tiempo y es una zona clave de Iṣfahān. Asimismo, debido a la existencia de la prestigiosa y próspera ciudad Khān Lanjān y de su montañoso castillo, existen numerosas menciones sobre la región de Lanjān en fuentes escritas de los primeros siglos y medievales del Islam. En el presente estudio, de conformidad con la investigación arqueológica y fuentes escritas, el autor va a considerar los cambios dinámicos de Lanjān utilizando el enfoque de la arqueología del paisaje cultural. Este proyecto investiga diferentes aspectos de los asentamientos, las tierras agrícolas, el agua y su relación en la geografía cultural y administrativa de Lanjān durante el período islámico.
On Electrostatics, Covalency, and Chemical Dashes: Physical Interactions versus Chemical Bonds.

The increasing availability of real-space interaction energies between quantum atoms or fragments that provide a chemically intuitive decomposition of intrinsic bond energies into electrostatic and covalent terms [see, for instance,  2018, 24, 9101] provides evidence for differences between the physicist's concept of interaction and the chemist's concept of a bond. Herein, it is argued that, for the former, all types of interactions are treated equally, whereas, for the latter, only the covalent short-range interactions have actually been used to build intuition about chemical graphs and chemical bonds. This has led to the bonding role of long-range Coulombic terms in molecular chemistry being overlooked. Simultaneously, blind consideration of electrostatic terms in chemical bonding parlance may lead to confusion. The relationship between these concepts is examined herein, and some notes of caution on how to merge them are proposed.
한국고용직업분류에 의한 수해양산업의 직업분류에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study was to classify the standard classification of fishery occupations base on KECO(Korean Employment Classification of Occupation) in Korea. The result of this study was as follows. First ranks was fisheries duties, second ranks were classified into five categories. That were administration duties?management duties?financial affairs duties, social service duties?marketing duties?individual service duties, construction duties?civil engineering duties, machinery duties?manufacture duties?repairing duties, production duties. Third ranks classify based on second ranks. Administration duties?management duties? financial affairs duties were classified fishery administration, fishery management, fishery financial affairs. Social service duties?marketing duties?individual service duties were classified fishery social service, fishery marketing, fishery individual service. Construction duties?civil engineering duties were classified fishery construction, fishery civil engineering. Machinery duties?manufacture duties?repairing duties were classified fishery machinery duties, fishery manufacture, fishery repairing. Production duties were classified fishery processing, marine products, fishery environment. Fourth ranks was classified according to third ranks.
Microstructure formation in electrodeposited Co–Cu/Cu multilayers with GMR effect: Influence of current density during magnetic layer deposition

The influence of the current density applied during deposition of magnetic layers on the microstructure formation in electrodeposited Co–Cu/Cu multilayers and on their giant magnetoresistance was investigated using a combination of magnetoresistance measurements, wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy. The magnetoresistance measurements revealed that a reduction in the current density stimulates a transition from the formation of the magnetic layers with predominantly ferromagnetic character to the formation of superparamagnetic regions. As based on electrochemical considerations, it was supposed that such a change in the magnetic properties can be caused by an increased amount of Cu codeposited with Co at low current densities. It turned out from the structural studies that a pronounced segregation of Co and Cu occurs at low current densities. In accordance with their very low mutual solubility at room temperature, no atomic scale intermixing of Co and Cu could be detected. The segregation of Cu and Co was related to the fragmentation of the magnetic layers, to the enhancement of the local lattice strains, to the increase in the interface corrugations, to the partial loss of the multilayer periodicity and, finally, to the formation of Co precipitates in the Cu matrix.