nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A historical review of the classifications of Lie algebras

The problem of Lie algebras’ classification, in their different varieties, has been dealt with by theory researchers since the early 20th century. This problem has an intrinsically infinite nature since it can be inferred from the results obtained that there are features specific to each field and dimension. Despite the hundreds of attempts published, there are currently fields and dimensions in which only partial classifications of some families of algebras of low dimensions have been obtained. This article intends to bring some order to the achievements of this prolific line of research so far, in order to facilitate future research.
Problems associated with the extension of the stratigraphic units of south-central Washington. Part II. The post basalt sediments

There are four district stratigraphic units within the Pasco Basin which if interpreted on the basis of recent field evidence and described properly could be traced over most of southeastern Washington. At the present time these post-basalt sediments are described in the literature in such a way as to make extensive correlations impossible. Some descriptions overlap more than one unit whereas others describe only a part of the unit. It is proposed that all interested geologists in the Pacific Northwest now consider reconciling the differences which exist in the names and descriptions of those sedimentary deposits in light of this new evidence.
Modelling and evaluation of complex scenarios with the Strategy Game Description Language

The Strategy Game Description Game Language (SGDL) is intended to become a complete description of all aspects of strategy games, including rules, parameters, scenarios, maps, and unit types. Our aim is to be able to model a wide variety of strategy games, simple ones as well as complex commercially available titles. In our previous work  we introduced the basic concepts of modelling game rules in a tree structure and evaluating them through simulated playthrough. In this paper we present some additions to the language and discuss and compare three methods to evaluate the quality of a set of game rules in two different scenarios. We find that the proposed evaluation measures are complementary, and depend on the artificial agent used.
A Client-Centered Review of Rogers With Gloria

Carl Rogers's nondirective theory and his response style with Gloria (E. L. Shostrom, 1965) are discussed in reply to S. A. Wickman and C. Campbell's (2003) “An Analysis of How Carl Rogers Enacted Client-Centered Conversation With Gloria.” Client-centered studies of C. Rogers's transcripts give context for reformulating S. A. Wickman and C. Campbell's “devices” (p. 179) in a manner consistent with C. Rogers's nondirective attitude. Awareness of varying views of C. Rogers's Gloria session as an example of his work can enrich training use of the film.
Understanding multilevel interactions in economic development

National framework conditions mediate the effect of technological capabilities of firms on their productivity. Although this has been recognized in the literature for a long time, a quantitative test that explicitly considers this hypothesis has been lacking. Using a World Bank datasets of about 19,000 firms in 42 countries, most of which are developing, we estimate a multilevel production function with effects of firm’s technological capabilities nested in the national framework conditions. Our results confirm that various facets of firm’s technological capabilities and national economic, technological and institutional conditions influence total factor productivity of firms. Furthermore, we find that the effects of the national conditions and firm’s technological capabilities are closely intertwined with each other. Adherence to international standards, formal training of workers and access to technology through foreign ownership make more difference for productivity of firms in less developed countries, while R&D capabilities on the contrary boost significantly more performance of firms in countries at the technological frontier. Different features of the national framework are shown to be responsible for this.
Multiple ages of mid-Tertiary mineralization and alteration in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado

Ore deposits in the western San Juan Mountains formed intermittently in middle to late Tertiary time, from about 30 to 10 m.y. ago, during essentially the same span as that of associated igneous activity, as indicated by 31 new K-Ar and fission-track ages. Mineralization occurred recurrently during the waning stages of evolution of several precaldera central volcanoes and also after formation of the Uncompahgre, San Juan, Silverton, and Lake City calderas. The richest ore deposits are associated with structures of the Silverton caldera, but they were emplaced 5 to 15 m.y. after the caldera formed. This mineralization appears genetically unrelated to evolution of the caldera and its associated magmatic system but seems closely related in space and time to volumetrically minor intrusions of quartz-bearing silicic porphyry. This association is common in many mining districts in the Rocky Mountains region.
Cosmology, inflation, and the physics of nothing

These four lectures cover four topics in modern cosmology: the cosmological constant, the cosmic microwave background, inflation, and cosmology as a probe of physics at the Planck scale. The underlying theme is that cosmology gives us a unique window on the ``physics of nothing,'' or the quantum-mechanical properties of the vacuum. The theory of inflation postulates that vacuum energy, or something very much like it, was the dominant force shaping the evolution of the very early universe. Recent astrophysical observations indicate that vacuum energy, or something very much like it, is also the dominant component of the universe today. Therefore cosmology gives us a way to study an important piece of particle physics inaccessible to accelerators. The lectures are oriented toward graduate students with only a passing familiarity with general relativity and knowledge of basic quantum field theory.
Objectivity, relativism, and truth

antirepresentationalism, ethnocentrism, and liberalism Part I. Solidarity or Objectivity?: 1. Science as solidarity 2. Is natural science a natural kind? 3. Pragmatism without method 4. Texts and lumps 5. Inquiry as recontextualization: an anti-dualist account of interpretation Part II. Non-Reductive Physicalism: 5. Pragmatism, Davidson and truth 6. Representation, social practice, and truth 7. Unfamiliar noises: Hesse and Davidson on metaphor PART III. The Priority of Democracy to Philosophy: 8. Postmodernist bourgeois liberalism 9. On ethnocentrism: a reply to Clifford Geertz 10. Cosmopolitanism without emancipation: a response to Jean-Francois Lyotard Index of names.
Conceptualising the employment value proposition: The role of the extended marketing mix

In Australia, as elsewhere in the Western world, firms are faced with the challenge of recruiting, retaining and motivating quality human resources from increasingly competitive labour markets. One response to this challenge has manifest in firms attempting to position themselves as ‘Employers of Choice’ (EOC) in their relevant industries. In order to contribute to that ongoing debate, this paper explores the application of a key element in marketing theory – the ‘extended marketing-mix’ concept – to the management of the employment relationship.
Higher incidence of common diagnoses in patients with low back pain in primary care.

Most studies on comorbidity in low back pain (LBP) have been conducted in specialized settings with the use of self-reports. This study has an original design using data from family practices: the incidence of the most frequent diseases was compared in patients with and without LBP in 2004. The database includes data from 67 family physicians in 52 family practices in Flanders, Belgium. It contains data from 160,000 different patients with 1,500,000 diagnoses during the period 1994 to 2004. The incidence of the most frequent diagnoses is presented in patients with and without LBP in 2004. The diagnoses were coded according to the ICPC-2-classification. In 2004, the incidence of LBP was 51.4‰ (95% CI: 49.8 to 53.1) in patients aged 18 or older. The incidence was slightly higher in women than in men: 53.0‰ (95% CI: 50.7 to 55.4) vs. 49.9‰ (95% CI: 47.7 to 52.3). The highest incidence was recorded in the age group of 50 to 54 years. The most frequent "other" diagnoses in patients with and without LBP are comparable, but some were more frequent in patients with LBP. Respiratory infections and diseases of the locomotor apparatus (neck syndrome, bursitis) are more frequent in patients with LBP. Low back pain is one of the most frequent diagnoses in general practice. Striking is the relatively higher frequency of common self-limiting diseases in patients with a diagnosis of LBP during the same year. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that medical demands for non-LBP reasons in family practice have been reported in patients with LBP.
Owing to Psyche

“Owing to Psyche” examines Keats’s well‐known ode to address the long‐standing debate concerning poetry’s justice. Poetry alternately is said to have an important moral function in telling us truths about ourselves, to be harmful because it misrepresents truths otherwise accessible, or to function as mere pleasurable entertainment. In particular, Keats exemplifies a familiar portrayal of Romantic poets and, by extension, Romanticism proper, as maturing from an early, naive faith in the just ends of poetry to a later demystification that culminates in an ostensibly more modern, truer conception of “art for art’s sake,” or mere poetry. Keats’s Psyche, however, undermines the progressive schemes on which this understanding of Romanticism and literary history relies. Rendering the choice between early and late, like that between just and mere poetry, inoperative, my reading of Keats’s ode collapses the delimitation of “Romanticism” as a particular moment within a progressive literary history, and therewith an...
Ring complexes of the Peruvian Coastal Batholith: a long-standing subvolcanic regime

A special feature of the composite Coastal Batholith of Peru is the presence of ring complexes, which suggests a very high-level crustal environment and a direct connection between the magmas of the constituent plutons and caldera-centred volcanicity. The nature of four such complexes is commented on in detail, especially the high degree of structural control of emplacement, the association of mylonites and tuffisites with ring-fractures, the roles of stoping, fluidization and entrainment during the intrusion of ring-dykes, the co-existence of highly mobile magmas, their pulsatory injection, and the connection between these and volcanics of the same general age. Such mechanisms of cauldron subsidence located at the plutonic–volcanic interface operated throughout much of the 70 m.y. history of the batholith.
Understanding the older entrepreneur

The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into the prevalence of entrepreneurial activity amongst older people, and whether such activity may be an option for them to extend their working lives. Research was conducted amongst the Policy Voice database of respondents at the Institute of Directors, members who have volunteered their time to answer research questions on a variety of public policy issues. Undertaken electronically, a series of questions were asked of respondents relating to their age and business activities. Amplification by verbatim comments was requested, which gave qualitative context to the quantitative answers received. Over 1,200 responses to the survey were received. Starting, running or continuing in individual business or entrepreneurial activity would appear to be surprisingly commonplace amongst the research sample, suggesting that there might be more older entrepreneurs amongst the population as a whole than might have previously...
Synthetic Assessing Model for the Analysis of Spatial Disparity of Tourism Development in China

The spatial disparity of tourism development is one of the major issues in the study of regional tourism development.As defined by geographical location,tourist resources,social and historical culture,economic growth,traffic condition,fundamental infrastructure,and so on,the development of the tourist industry in China has manifested a great regional disparity,on which many studies have been carried out during the past decade.The review of the previous studies,however,suggests that there exist at least two deficiencies in the correlated studies.Firstly,there is little attention has been paid to the difference of population numbers and areas by the regional comparison of tourism development.Secondly,the indicators used to express the regional difference in tourism development are usually the single factors,such as tourist arrivals or tourist receipts.As the population numbers and areas in 31 provincial level districts in China are very different,and the tourism is a very complex socio-economic phenomenon,it is necessary to find out some relative factors that can really reflect the tourism development,with which the regional disparity of tourism development can be synthetically assessed. Through the analysis of the relative factors concerning the tourist receipts,tourist arrivals,tourist traffic,as well as tourist infrastructure,4 indicators such as average tourist receipts per resident,tourist density,road net density,as well as tourist bed density were selected and calculated in this paper for establishing a synthetic model,with which the regional disparities of tourism development in China have been analyzed. The assessing results indicate that,of the 31 provincial level districts in China,the developing degree of tourist industry has generally decreased from coastal areas to the inland,and from South East to North West,this is consistent with the trend of Chinese opening pace that expands gradually from the coastal to the inland districts,and conforms to the objective laws of economic development as well.The most developed districts in tourism locate mainly in eastern coastal areas,including the municipalities Beijing,Shanghai and Tianjin,as well as provinces Zhejiang,Jiangsu and Liaoning.The districts Chongqing,Shandong,Fujian,Guangdong and Hainan take second place in tourism development.They occupy also the location in coastal areas except Chongqing City.The tourist development in the northern and western parts of China,including Jilin,Heilongjiang,Neimenggu,Gansu,Ningxia,Qinghai,Xinjiang and Xizang districts,is the weakest in China.The rest districts,concentrate principally on middle and southeastern parts of China,show middle and relatively weak development in tourism. The research demonstrates also that the most developed districts of tourist industry in China are traditional great cities such as Beijing,Shanghai and Tianjin,this conclusion is obviously different from that of the previous studies,which suggested that the Guangdong Province has ranked the first place in tourism development in China.
On n-Syntactic Equational Theories

We define the n-syntactic theories as a natural extension of the syntactic theories. A n-syntactic theory is an equational theory which admits a finite presentation in which every proof can be performed with at most n applications of an axiom at the root, but no finite presentation in which every proof can be performed with at most n − 1 applications of an axiom at the root. The n-syntactic theories inherit the good properties of the syntactic theories for solving the word problem, or matching or unification problems. We show that for any integer n ≥ 1, there exists a n-syntactic theory.
Design and Production Engineering. Some moving frontiers of the engineering education in Brazil

In this article we present an experience integrating design, production engineering and proj ects of social interest. Between design and production engineering there is an important overlapping zone with relevant implications for the education of engineer s. That zone consists of teaching activities, university re search and extension programs. We have analyzed the recent experience of the Production Engineering Program (COPPE/UFRJ), in its Master's and Doctorate courses as well as in the development of projects of social in terest. This experience points to a promising partnership both in an intra-university level (with the Department of Industrial Design of the Fine Arts School in UFRJ) and in an extra-university level (with stakeholders inv olved in projects of local and community development). Our focus is on learning processes developed in the experience. We claim that design is a critical elem ent in pedagogic mediation for it assists problem solving and it allows synthesized recognition of solution characte ristics and properties. Drawing is for design teaching as t he alphabet is for reading. Both are intellectual tech nologies that underlie possibilities of intervention in real ity by instrumental technologies.
The Logic of Macrosociology

Amos H. Hawley received his AB degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1936, and his PhD from the University of Michigan in 1941. He taught at the University of Michigan from 1941 to 1966, serving as chair of the department from 1951 to 1961. During that period he also served at various times as demographic advisor to the government of the Philippines, the Netherland Antilles, Thailand, and Malaysia. From 1966 to 1976 he was a professor of sociology at the University of North Carolina, and Kenan Professor there from 1971 to 1976. Professor Hawley is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; he was president of the Population Association of America in 1971 and of the American Sociological Association in 1978. He holds a Litt. D. from the University of Cincinnati and has been the recipient of the Lynd Award from the Urban and Community Sociological Section of the ASA and of the Award for Human Ecology Contributions from Cornell University. Professor Hawley is the author of 150 papers and books.
(Literary) Capital of the Russian Arctic: Murmansk in Russian Literature

In this article, I examine depictions of the city of Murmansk in Soviet and contemporary Russian literature: how different works describe Murmansk’s liminal location and role as a frontier city in the Russian Arctic. I approach this question by analyzing three themes central in the texts about Murmansk: 1) future visions of the city, 2) the role of the sea/ocean and the port in the city life, and 3) depictions of the geographical location and natural surroundings of the city. I ask how the image of the city may have changed during the last century and how different actors and places in the city space influence the urban experiences of the protagonists. The Arctic became “a key component of the modern mythology” in the Soviet Union in the 1930s (McCannon 1998: 81). This “Arctic myth”, examined extensively by John McCannon (1998, 2003), is an important context for my study. I am interested in the role of urbanization, focusing on the city of Murmansk, in the Arctic myth and in conquering the North in the 1930s. I also cover questions about the relationship between gender and urban space in this Arctic city text.My theoretical frameworks come from literary urban studies, geocriticism, ecocriticism and semiotics. I analyze Soviet texts in parallel with the contemporary material. The geocritic Bertrand Westphal proposes the geocentered approach to texts: “the geocritical study of literature is not organized around texts or authors but around geographic sites” (Prieto 2011: 20, italics mine). According to Westphal, analyzing a single text or a single author makes the study of a place lopsided, and geocritical study should emphasize the space more than an observer (Westphal 2011: 126, 131, italics mine). Applying Westphal’s geocentered approach to texts, I analyze depictions of Murmansk in multiple texts from different authors and decades. I prefer this kind of approach because exploring different eras’ texts about Murmansk, I want to give a comparative perspective to the history of Murmansk as a literary city.
Dedekind completion as a method for constructing new Scott domains

Many operations exist for constructing Scott-domains. This paper presents Dedekind completion as a new operation for constructing such domains and outlines an application of the operation. Dedekind complete Scott domains are of particular interest when modeling versions of λ calculus that allow quantification over sets of arbitrary cardinality. Hence, it is of interest when constructing models of powerful specification languages and when using λ calculus as a foundation for mathematics.
Theoretical Study of the Gaseous Hydrolysis of NO2 in the Presence of Amines.

The effects on the hydrolysis of NO2 in the presence of methylamine and dimethylamine molecules were investigated by theoretical calculations of a series of the molecular clusters 2NO2-mH2O-CH3NH2 (m = 1-3) and 2NO2-mH2O-(CH3)2NH (m = 1, 2). With methylamine included in the clusters, the energy barrier is reduced by 3.2 kcal/mol from that with ammonia, and the corresponding products may form without an energy barrier. The results show that amines have larger effects than ammonia in promoting the hydrolysis of NO2 on thermodynamics. The additional water molecules can stabilize the transition states and the product complexes, and we infer that adding more water molecules in the reactions mainly act as solvent and promoting to form the methylamine nitrate (CH3NH3+NO3-). In addition, the interactions of CH3NH2 and (CH3)2NH on the hydration of HNO3 are also more effective than NH3, and the NH4NO3, CH3NH3NO3, and (CH3)2NH2NO3 complexes tend to form the larger aerosols with the increasing of water molecules. The equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and intensities of both HONO-CH3NH2 and HONO-NH3 complexes were investigated. Calculations predict that the binding energies of both HONO-CH3NH2 complexes are larger than HONO-NH3 complexes, and the OH stretching vibrational frequencies and intensities are most affected. The natural bond orbital analysis was performed to describe the donor-acceptor interactions on a series of complexes in the reactions 2NO2 + H2O + CH3NH2 and 2NO2 + H2O + (CH3)2NH, as well as the complexes of HONO-NH3 and HONO-CH3NH2. The results show that the interactions with amines are relatively larger, and the higher stabilization energies between CH3NH2 and HONO are found.
A Study of Computer Information Systems Discipline with Layout and Analysis

Computer Information Systems (CIS) is manifesting itself as an important discipline and career path in most universities with excellent career potentials. There is some little misperception and mixing of concepts in CIS with other closely related subjects. This paper is deliberate layout and manifestation of CIS in today’s world of industry and commerce. Specifically, we explain CIS and compare it with other subjects like Computer Science in particular because of the big overlap between these two areas. We will layout the main points and concepts in three dimensions: (1) What is CIS based on how we as faculty and educators understand it. (2) The confusion in CIS, and how people understand it, and think of it. (3) How official sources (AIS, ABET, ACM) explain it. We discuss and reason that CIS programs, which are basically IS programs hosted in computing departments, are not meeting their expectations very well which led to new disciplines developed in the past few years like Data Science, Data Analytics, and Business Intelligence. Finally, we explain and present, an investigation dimension using two methods of investigation to support our findings.