nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Solutions to the "General Grand Unification Problem," and the Questions "How Did Our Universe Come Into Being?" and "Of What is Empty Space Composed?"

Using mathematical techniques to model one of the most simplistic of human linguistic processes, it is rationally predicted that within the nonstandard physical world (NSP-world) there exists a force-like (logical) operator *S and an entity w' such that *S{w'} sequentially generates each of the Natural systems that comprise a Universe. This model shows specifically that within the NSP-world the behavior of each Natural world Natural system is related logically. Further, the model predicts the rational existence of a single type of entity within the NSP-world's substratum that can be used to construct, by means of an exceptionally simple process, all of the fundamental Natural world particles used within particle physics. In section 11.2, it is shown how (Natural law) allowable perturbations in Natural system behavior are also included within this mathematical model. These results solve the pre-geometry problem of Wheeler. In general, the model predicts that when the behavior of these Universe creating processes is viewed globally, it can be described as apparently mirroring the behavior of an infinitely powerful computer or mind.
Конфликт, агрессия и насилие: концептуальная взаимосвязь

This article deals with the question of the relationship of the terms “aggression” and “violence”. It is argued, that armed conflicts have different shapes of resolution. Using the achievements of ethology and sociobiology, the author shows that aggressive behavior is typical for individuals who form complex social systems, such as a society. Aggression is a precondition of violent conflict, and is manifested in its highest form the war. War, affecting society as a whole (and in the case of the World Wars – whole mankind) raises the question of legal liability for the use of violence in politics.
Susskinds challenge to the HartleHawking no-boundary proposal and possible resolutions

Given the observed cosmic acceleration, Leonard Susskind has presented the following argument against the Hartle–Hawking no-boundary proposal for the quantum state of the universe: it should most likely lead to a nearly empty large de Sitter universe, rather than to early rapid inflation. Even if one adds the condition of observers, they are most likely to form by quantum fluctuations in de Sitter and therefore not see the structure that we observe. Here I present my own amplified version of this argument and consider possible resolutions, one of which seems to imply that inflation expands the universe to be larger than 101010122 Mpc.
Road-to-Vehicle Communications With Time-Dependent Anonymity: A Lightweight Construction and Its Experimental Results

This paper describes techniques that enable vehicles to collect local information (such as road conditions and traffic information) and report it via road-to-vehicle communications. To exclude malicious data, the collected information is signed by each vehicle. In this communication system, the location privacy of vehicles must be maintained. However, simultaneously linkable information (such as travel routes) is also important. That is, no such linkable information can be collected when full anonymity is guaranteed using cryptographic tools such as group signatures. Similarly, continuous linkability (via pseudonyms, for example) may also cause problem from the viewpoint of privacy. In this paper, we propose a road-to-vehicle communication system with relaxed anonymity via group signatures with time-token dependent linking (GS-TDL). Briefly, a vehicle is unlinkable unless it generates multiple signatures in the same time period. We provide our experimental results (using the RELIC library on a cheap and constrained computational power device, Raspberry Pi) and simulate our system by using a traffic simulator (PTV), a radio wave propagation analysis tool (RapLab), and a network simulator (QualNet). Though a similar functionality of time-token-dependent linking was proposed by Wu et al. (“Balanced trustworthiness, safety, and privacy in vehicle-to-vehicle communications,”  2010), we can show an attack against the scheme where anyone can forge a valid group signature without using a secret key. In contrast, our GS-TDL scheme is provably secure. In addition to the time-dependent linking property, our GS-TDL scheme supports verifier-local revocation, where a signer (vehicle) is not involved in the revocation procedure. It is particularly worth noting that no secret key or certificate of a signer (vehicle) must be updated, whereas the security credential management system must update certificates frequently for vehicle privacy. Moreover, our technique maintains constant signing and verification costs by using the linkable part of signatures. This might be of independent interest.
Evaluation of rationality in prescribing, adherence to treatment guidelines, and direct cost of treatment in intensive cardiac care unit: A prospective observational study

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the most common cause of sudden death. Hence, appropriate drug therapy in intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU) is crucial in managing cardiovascular emergencies and to decrease morbidity and mortality.



To evaluate prescribing pattern of drugs and direct cost of therapy in patients admitted in ICCU.



Patients admitted in ICCU of a tertiary care teaching hospital were enrolled. Demographic data, clinical history, and complete drug therapy received during their stay in ICCU were noted. Data were analyzed for drug utilization pattern and direct cost of treatment calculated using patient's hospital and pharmacy bills. Rationality of therapy was evaluated based on American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines.



Data of 170 patients were collected over 2 months. Mean age of patients was 54.67 ± 13.42 years. Male to female ratio was 2.33:1. Most common comorbid condition was hypertension 76 (44.7%). Most common diagnosis was acute coronary syndrome (ACS) 49.4%. Mean stay in ICCU was 4.42 ± 1.9 days. Mean number of drugs prescribed per patient was 11.43 ± 2.85. Antiplatelet drugs were the most frequently prescribed drug group (86.5%). Mean cost of pharmacotherapy per patient was '2701.24 ± 3111.94. Mean direct cost of treatment per patient was '10564.74 ± 14968.70. Parenteral drugs constituted 42% of total drugs and 90% of total cost of pharmacotherapy. Cost of pharmacotherapy was positively correlated with number of drugs (P = 0.000) and duration of stay (P = 0.027).



Antiplatelet drugs were the most frequently prescribed drug group. Mean number of drugs per encounter were high, which contributed to the higher cost of pharmacotherapy. ACC/AHA guidelines were followed in majority of the cases.
Varieties of capitalism or varieties of relationships of forces? Outlines of a historical materialist policy analysis

Our article focuses on a question that is at the core of comparative capitalisms (CC) scholarship and historical materialist state theory: What is an appropriate theory of institutions in capitalism? How can we conceptualise institutions in relation to the fundamental contradictions and power relations of capitalism? Starting from the social foundations of institutions, the aim of this article is to show how institutional complementarity and institutional change can be explained through analysing shifting relationships of social forces. With our newly developed method of a ‘historical materialist policy analysis’, in which we have integrated insights of CC approaches, we seek to show how an empirical investigation of relationships of forces can be operationalised. This is briefly illustrated in an analysis of the constellation of forces in the current Euro crisis.
A new insight into mercurized hemoglobin aggregation mechanism.

Coagulation of bovine oxyhemoglobin in the presence of mercuric acetate in concentrations within a range including concentrations exceeding those required to block the single pair of thiol groups of the protein has been investigated in Tris-acetate buffer. The values of initial coagulation rate plotted against mercury-to-hemoglobin molar ratio give curves exhibiting a clear break points at ratios corresponding to full blocking of the mentioned thiol groups. Larger amounts of mercury reagents producing enhanced protein coagulation effect depend approximately quadratically on the mercury concentration. Interaction of the excess mercuric ions with some mercury-binding sites located on or near the dimer-dimer contact surfaces of the protein producing stronger coagulation effect is suggested.
Rational functions certify combinatorial identities

This paper presents a general method for proving and discovering combinatorial identities: to prove an identity one can present a certificate that consists of a pair of functions of two integer variables. To prove the identity, take the two functions that are given, check that condition (1) below is satisfied (a simple mechanical task), and check the equally simple fact that the boundary conditions (F1), (G1), (G2) below are satisfied. The identity is then proved. Alternatively, one can present the identity itself, and a single rational function. To prove the identity the reader would then construct the pair of functions referred to above, and proceed as before (see §3 below). In this paper we present several one-line proofs of hypergeometric identities. All of these one-line proofs were found by using the method presented below, on computers that have strong symbolic manipulation packages. Once the proofs have been found, they can be checked by hand or on small personal computers that would need only minimal symbolic manipulation capability. Not too long ago the world of combinatorial identities consisted of hundreds of individually proved relations (for a valuable collection of these see ), mostly involving binomial coefficients. As a result of ideas of H. Bateman (see the introduction to ), G. Andrews , and others, it is widely recognized that most of these are special cases of relatively few hypergeometric identities, and attention is now being turned to methods of systematizing these higher level relationships.  has shown how to find indefinite hypergeometric sums, where they exist, by quite a general procedure (see [11]). In this paper we describe a general attack on definite hypergeometric, and other, sums, continuing the program started in [13-15] . • The method can prove, in a unified way, virtually all known hypergeometric sum identities (and therefore legions of binomial coefficient identities too). It does this by means of certificates of proof, each of which consists of a pair of functions (F, G) (a 'WZ-pair') that satisfy certain conditions, described below. As a by-product, each such pair
Fair and Reliable Self-stabilizing Communication

We assume a link-register communication model under read/write atomicity, where every process can read from but cannot write into its neighbours' registers. The paper presents two self-stabilizing protocols for basic fair and reliable link communication primitives. The rst primitive guarantees that any process writes a new value in its register(s) only after all its neighbours have read the previous value, whatever the initial scheduling of processes' actions. The second primitive implements a weak rendezvous communication mechanism by using an alternating bit protocol: whenever a process consecutively writes n values (possibly the same ones) in a register, each neighbour is guaranteed to read each value from the register at least once. Both protocols are self-stabilizing and run in asynchronous arbitrary networks. The goal of the paper is in handling each primitive by a separate procedure, which can be used as a black box in more involved self-stabilizing protocols.
Quasi-identities of finite semigroups and symbolic dynamics

An algebra is inherently non-finitely (Q-)based if it is not a member of any locally finite (quasi-)variety, whose (quasi-)identities are finitely based. We prove that no finite semigroup is inherently non-finitely Q-based. This is in marked contrast to the case of varieties, where there are many inherently non-finitely based finite semigroups which have all been described by the second author.
Long-term survivors of childhood malignancies--aeromedical dilemmas and implications.

Survival rates from childhood cancer have dramatically improved over the past three decades; average overall 5-yr survival rates are now > 75%. However, this has been achieved by treatments associated with significant morbidity that may present many years later. This review seeks to delineate the basic information necessary to evaluate flight-training candidates with a history of childhood cancer. We performed a literature review using the Medline database with appropriate search terms related to delayed morbidity and mortality associated with childhood cancer; we did not attempt to evaluate the risk of recurrent cancer. The neurological, cardiovascular, and pulmonary systems were identified areas of aeromedical concern. Central nervous disease and treatment-related effects may increase the risk of seizures or other neurocognitive sequelae. The cardiac toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents such as anthracyclines and radiation may cause late-occurring arrhythmia, cardiac failure, and sudden death, while available screening modalities are of limited value. Pulmonary disease and related treatment effects may cause a 9-fold increase of late-occurring pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer, with increasing prevalence as long as 25 yr following the cancer diagnosis. Additionally, second malignancies may occur in up to 12.5% of cancer survivors at 25 yr after cancer diagnosis, affecting medical clearance for flight training. In summary, this review discusses the relevant aeromedical issues, including disabilities with specific relevance to the flying environment, risk estimation of late-occurring treatment complications, and possible interactions with occupational exposures in aircrew.
Object Fault Handling for Persistent Programming Languages: A Performance Evaluation

A key mechanism of a persistent programming language is its ability to detect and handle references to non-resident objects. Ideally, this mechanism should be hidden from the programmer, allowing the transparent manipulation of all data regardless of its potential lifetime. We term such a mechanism object faulting, in a deliberate analogy with page faulting in virtual memory systems. This paper presents a number of mechanisms for detecting and handling references to persistent objects, and evaluates their relative performance within an implementation of Persistent Smalltalk.
Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Si/natural graphite/pitch carbon composites as the anode of a lithium ion battery

Composites with a pitch-based carbon(PC) matrix and a mixture of nanoparticle silicon and natural flake graphite(NG) as filler(Si-NG/PC) was prepared by high energy mechanical milling of mixtures of nano-Si,NG and high softening point pitch,followed by pyrolysis at 1000 ℃ for 2 h to convert the pitch into carbon.The influence of the preparation conditions on the electrochemical properties of the composites for use as the anode of a lithium ion battery was investigated.This included milling time,rotation speed and the precursor formulations.XRD and SEM were used to examine the composition and structure of the composites.Results indicated that the optimum milling time is 21 h at a rotation speed of 300 r/min,and the optimum proportions of nano-Si and pitch carbon in the composites were less than 35 wt.% and around 30 wt.%,respectively.Under the optimized conditions,the Si-NG/PC composite presented a high specific capacity and a good cycling stability when tested for 50 cycles.
Adjustment to Target Capital, Finance and Growth

Does financial development result in capital being reallocated more rapidly to industries where it is most productive? We argue that if this was the case, financially developed countries should see faster growth in industries with investment opportunities due to global demand and productivity shifts. Testing this cross-industry cross-country growth implication requires proxies for (latent) global industry investment opportunities. We show that tests relying only on data from specific (benchmark) countries may yield spurious evidence for or against the hypothesis. We therefore develop an alternative approach that combines benchmark-country proxies with a proxy that does not reflect opportunities specific to a country or level of financial development. Our empirical results yield clear support for the capital reallocation hypothesis.
Menntun í alþjóðlegu samhengi

Education in an international context: Students with an international dimension in their lives This paper defines and discusses what an international dimension in one’s life entails for a student. What are the educational implications for students with this kind of background and how does it tie in with the broader discussion of international education? The aim is to define the issues in light of scholarly work in the fields of multicultural education, critical pedagogy, globalization studies and international education. The intention is to give voice to a group that is diverse, yet shares a common competence that in reference to globalization is worth exploring, especially on the basis of recent changes in the national curriculum for compulsory schools in Iceland. Hanna Ragnarsdottir is associate professor, and Hildur Blondal is doctoral student, both at the Faculty of Pedagogy and Education, School of Education, University of Iceland.
Assessing Internet-based Procurement to Support the Virtual Enterprise

With most organizations spending at least one third of their income on purchasing goods and services, procurement holds significant, but often overlooked, business value. Purchasing processes are frequently very inefficient with communication primarily occurring on paper and workflow routines being complex, timeconsuming, and expensive. Additionally, companies only rarely fully leverage their buying power across different organizational units. The situation is even more problematic in environments that are distributed across organizational boundaries as is typical for virtual
On the peculiarities and analogies of positronium chemical reactions and its radiation yield compared with hydrogen

Application of positronium chemistry to various chemical problems is essentially dependent on our knowledge of analogies and differences in the formation and chemical conversions of positronium and atomic hydrogen. The problem is whether the “similarity” of positronium with atomic hydrogen is completely superficial or some common features in their behaviour can be found. The author's experimental results and other publications are analysed in this review in this respect.
Relating the Time Complexity of Optimization Problems in Light of the Exponential-Time Hypothesis

Obtaining lower bounds for NP-hard problems has for a long time been an active area of research. Recent algebraic techniques introduced by Jonsson et al. (SODA 2013) show that the time complexity of the parameterized SAT($\cdot$) problem correlates to the lattice of strong partial clones. With this ordering they isolated a relation $R$ such that SAT($R$) can be solved at least as fast as any other NP-hard SAT($\cdot$) problem. In this paper we extend this method and show that such languages also exist for the max ones problem (MaxOnes($\Gamma$)) and the Boolean valued constraint satisfaction problem over finite-valued constraint languages (VCSP($\Delta$)). With the help of these languages we relate MaxOnes and VCSP to the exponential time hypothesis in several different ways.
Data for: pH-Dependent Adsorption of α-Amino Acids, Lysine, Glutamic Acid, Serine and Glycine, on TiO2 Nanoparticle Surfaces

TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in different applications, and potential exposure to these NPs raises concerns about their impact on human health. In contact with biological fluids, proteins adsorb onto NPs to create a protein corona. Protein adsorption is highly dependent on the affinity between exterior amino acid residues and the NP surface. Thus, studying amino acids adsorption onto NPs can provide insight into protein corona formation. Herein, the pH-dependent adsorption of α-amino acids onto TiO 2 NPs in buffered solutions is described. Methods include attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze molecular interactions and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure changes in size and zeta-potential upon adsorption. Depending on the predominant speciation and TiO 2 NP surface charge, adsorption involves a combination of carboxylate and amine group interactions. Gly and Lys reveal a similar trend of higher adsorption with increasing pH. In contrast, Glu adsorption decreases with increasing pH. Ser adsorption onto TiO 2 NPs surfaces is the highest around pH IEP . In our experimental conditions, multiple surface species coexist at different pH values. Protonated surface species are present for all amino acids at pH 2. At pH 9, Lys and Glu adsorbate spectra have new peaks at 1740 cm − 1 and 1744 cm − 1 , respectively. This is a possible result of surface-induced deprotonation of the amine group and proton transfer to the carboxylate Adsorption of lysine and glycine increases proportionally with changes in pH, whereas glutamic acid adsorption decreases with increasing pH. Serine shows the highest adsorption at its isoelectric point. These differences are attributed to the different speciation of the functional groups within the amino acids and the TiO 2 surface charge at each pH. Analyzing the pH-dependent adsorption of amino acids can provide a better understanding of biomolecule-surface interactions in in vivo and different biological milieu .
A task-driven implementation of a simple numerical solver for hyperbolic conservation laws

This article describes the implementation of an all-in-one numerical procedure within the runtime StarPU. In order to limit the complexity of the method, for the sake of clarity of the presentation of the non-classical task-driven programming environnement, we have limited the numerics to first order in space and time. Results show that the task distribution is efficient if the tasks are numerous and individually large enough so that the task heap can be saturated by tasks which computational time covers the task management overhead. Next, we also see that even though they are mostly faster on graphic cards, not all the tasks are suitable for GPUs, which brings forward the importance of the task scheduler. Finally, we look at a more realistic system of conservation laws with an expensive source term, what allows us to conclude and open on future works involving higher local arithmetic intensity, by increasing the order of the numerical method or by enriching the model (increased number of parameters and therefore equations).
The crisis of public housing in Sweden : Economic reality or organizational myth

The late seventies and early eighties are regarded as a period of economic crisis in Swedish public housing. This notion is discussed in terms of objective and subjective crisis. The economic development of the aggregate of municipal housing companies (MHCs) is analyzed over the period 1971–87 by means of a number of economic ratios. No evidence of objective economic crisis is found. The subjective crisis was seemingly triggered by market and political change, and later subjective recovery was the effect of internal organizational change. It is claimed that the economically stable conditions of public housing make economic crisis—unless politically initiated—unlikely. On the other hand the rent negotiation system and the accounting practices of MHCs will give evidence of economic crisis at any time. Moreover, a cycle of subjective crisis and recovery may be the effect of intrinsic myths and mechanisms of non‐profit housing in general.