nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution: What's on the menu?

food substrates has evolved from interactions with the trillions of microorganisms that co-exist in our gut. But what evolutionary factors shape the diversity of gut microbial communities? Reporting in Science, Ley, Gordon and colleagues now provide us with a microbial view of mammalian evolution with their finding that mammalian diet, phylogeny and gut physiology influence the composition of the gut microbiota and that microbial communities have co-diversified with their hosts. Gordon et al. conducted a census of the faecal bacterial communities of 59 different mammalian species living in zoos in San Diego and St Louis, USA, and in the wild, including 17 non-human primates and animals that had an unusual diet for their taxonomic lineage. New network-based analyses together with more traditional tree-based analyses were then used to relate gut community ecology to the mammalian hosts that harbour them. In general, the gut microbial composition of members of a single mammalian species was similar regardless of its provenance, supporting the notion of inter-generational transfer of gut communities. The ability to use plants as a food source evolved repeatedly from ancestral carnivorous mammals. Moreover, most extant mammals are herbivores. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA, the gut microbiota of herbivores in this study was found to be more diverse than that of omnivores and carnivores, which suggests that diet is an important determinant of microbial community structure. The authors’ work indicates that promiscuous gut microorganisms allowed unrelated mammals with similar gut structures to assemble similar microbial communities and that the microbial solution to herbivory in different gut structures (for example, a simple gut, a hindgut or a foregut) was similar regardless of host lineage. Humans seem to be representative of typical omnivores and can be placed together with our omnivorous primate relatives. This bottom-up perspective of animal evolution implicates gut microorganisms as co-conspirators in the spectacular evolutionary success of mammals. According to Gordon and colleagues, ‘‘our next task is to characterize the microbial communities’ gene content (microbiomes) to better understand how these observations relate to the metabolic capacities of the microbiota and expand these studies to other members of the animal kingdom.’’ Gillian Young
On the Taxonomy of Flux Vacua

We investigate several predictions about the properties of IIB flux vacua on Calabi-Yau orientifolds, by constructing and characterizing a very large set of vacua in a specific example, an orientifold of the Calabi-Yau hypersurface in WP{sub 1,1,1,1,4}{sup 4}. We find support for the prediction of Ashok and Douglas that the density of vacua on moduli space is governed by det(-R-{omega}) where R and {omega} are curvature and Kaehler forms on the moduli space. The conifold point {psi} = 1 on moduli space therefore serves as an attractor, with a significant fraction of the flux vacua contained in a small neighborhood surrounding {psi} = 1. We also study the functional dependence of the number of flux vacua on the D3 charge in the fluxes, finding simple power law growth.
Leverage and Pricing in Buyouts: An Empirical Analysis*

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the financial structure of large recent buyouts. We collect detailed information of the financings of 153 large buyouts (averaging over $1 billion in enterprise value). We document the manner in which these important transactions are financed. Buyout leverage is cross-sectionally unrelated to the leverage of matched public firms, and is largely driven by other factors than what explains leverage in public firms. In particular, the economy-wide cost of borrowing seems to drive leverage. Prices paid in buyouts are related to the prices observed for matched firms in the public market, but are also strongly affected by the economy-wide cost of borrowing. These results are consistent with a view in which the availability of financing impacts booms and busts in the private equity market.
Static and quasi-static compositions of stream processing applications from dynamic dataflow programs

Dynamic dataflow models for their expressiveness properties have shown to represent more adequate and attractive solutions for describing state of the art signal processing applications. However, they are known to present potential run-time penalties when implementations are obtained by mapping and scheduling a dataflow network partition on a processing unit. In general terms, a completely static scheduling at compile-time of dynamic dataflow programs remains an unsolved problem. Several approaches for the composition of actors are promising approach that can significantly reduce the potential penalty of run-time scheduling thus increasing the overall performance of the system. This paper presents static and quasi-static composition techniques that results in a reduction of the portion of dynamic dataflow networks, by applying appropriate transformations to network partitions that after a specific analysis demonstrate to possess a predictable behaviour. Some experiments based on a video processing application ported on several system-on-chips show the achievable speedup corresponding to the reduction of the number of run-time scheduling decisions.
A Tutorial Introduction to the Lambda Calculus

This paper is a concise and painless introduction to the $\lambda$-calculus. This formalism was developed by Alonzo Church as a tool for studying the mathematical properties of effectively computable functions. The formalism became popular and has provided a strong theoretical foundation for the family of functional programming languages. This tutorial shows how to perform arithmetical and logical computations using the $\lambda$-calculus and how to define recursive functions, even though $\lambda$-calculus functions are unnamed and thus cannot refer explicitly to themselves.
Governance of social enterprises in South Yorkshire, UK: Towards a new orientation

Social enterprise as a concept is at the core of the United Kingdom’s government strategies of ameliorating socio economic deprivation and has experienced phenomenal growth across the country over the years. Globalisation and increased demands for effective social welfare interventions is increasingly forcing social enterprises to evaluate their governance structures in addition to business models to ensure success and longevity of their operations. Consequently, there has been an upsurge of interest in the governance of social enterprises over the past 15 years as it has become apparent that financial sustainability of social enterprise also depends on effective decision making at strategic level and their ability to engage with a variety of stakeholders outside the social economy. Despite this increased in interest there are still significant gaps in the understanding and knowledge of how nature and type of governance model influence the operational efficiency of social enterprises. This is particularly in view of apparent shift from democratic to stewardship types of governance models of governance by some social enterprise. The focus of this paper is on generating additional knowledge on the reasons of this paradigm shift in social enterprise governance, given lack of in-depth academic scrutiny on this phenomenon. The paper presents and critically analyses key results emerging from a doctoral investigation on the governance of social enterprise in South Yorkshire.
Conceptual Clustering Using Lingo Algorithm: Evaluation on Open Directory Project Data

Search results clustering problem is defined as an automatic, on-line grouping of similar documents in a search hits list, returned from a search engine. In this paper we present the results of an experimental evaluation of a new algorithm named Lingo. We use Open Directory Project as a source of high-quality narrow-topic document references and mix them into several multi-topic test sets for the algorithm We then compare the clusters acquired from Lingo to the expected set of ODP categories mixed in the input. Finally we discuss observations from the experiment, highlighting the algorithm’s strengths and weaknesses and conclude with research directions for the future.
Miogeoclines and suspect terranes of the Caledonian–Appalachian Orogen: tectonic patterns in the North Atlantic region

The Caledonian–Appalachian Orogen was formed by the closing of a Paleozoic Iapetus Ocean. The continental margins of Iapetus are identified in the deformed early Paleozoic miogeoclines of the Caledonian–Appalachian Orogen. Ophiolitic vestiges of Iapetus, its oceanic plateaus, microcontinents, and volcanic arcs are Caledonian–Appalachian suspect terranes. These were assembled in interior parts of the orogen and locally they were emplaced structurally upon the adjacent miogeoclines.The modern North Atlantic Ocean opened along an axis that traversed the Paleozoic orogen longitudinally. Its opening dispersed the elements of the Paleozoic orogen and led to the present arrangement of disjunct Paleozoic miogeoclines and suspect terranes throughout the North Atlantic borderlands.The western or North American margin of Iapetus is represented by the miogeoclines along the west flank of the North American Appalachians and Caledonides of east Greenland. A small North American miogeoclinal segment occurs in the Britis...
Adversarial Feature Learning

The ability of the Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) framework to learn generative models mapping from simple latent distributions to arbitrarily complex data distributions has been demonstrated empirically, with compelling results showing generators learn to "linearize semantics" in the latent space of such models. Intuitively, such latent spaces may serve as useful feature representations for auxiliary problems where semantics are relevant. However, in their existing form, GANs have no means of learning the inverse mapping -- projecting data back into the latent space. We propose Bidirectional Generative Adversarial Networks (BiGANs) as a means of learning this inverse mapping, and demonstrate that the resulting learned feature representation is useful for auxiliary supervised discrimination tasks, competitive with contemporary approaches to unsupervised and self-supervised feature learning.
Novel fabrication of magnetic thermoplastic nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends

A novel technique of fabricating magnetic thermoplastic nanofibers by the control of the phase separation of immiscible polymer blends during melt extrusion was presented. The magnetic poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (PVA-co-PE)/Fe3O4 composite nanofibers were prepared via the melt extrusion of cellulose acetate butyrate matrix and PVA-co-PE preloaded with different amounts of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The morphologies of magnetic composite nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The uniform dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in nanofiber matrixes and crystal structures were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy and wide angle X-ray diffraction. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to quantify the exact loading amount of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the composite nanofibers. The magnetic measurements showed that composite nanofibers displayed superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. With increasing content of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the saturation magnetization of the magnetic composite nanofiber significantly improved. The prepared magnetic composite nanofibers might have found potential applications in the sensors and bio-molecular separation fields.
Central venous line dysfunction is an independent predictor of poor survival in children with cancer.

Central venous line (CVL) dysfunction (mainly from thrombotic occlusion) is a frequent, but relatively less-studied complication compared with infection and thromboembolism (TE). In adults with cancer, TE results in poor outcome. We evaluated the impact of CVL-dysfunction and TE on overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in children with noncentral nervous system cancer (n=358). CVL-dysfunction was defined as persistent or recurrent difficulty of blood draw and/or infusion. Event was defined as cancer relapse, second malignancy, or death due to any cause. OS and EFS were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method and survival curves compared using log-rank test. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using the Weibull regression model. Diagnosis of TE (n=43, 12%) had no effect on the OS and EFS. Children with CVL-dysfunction (n=74, 21%) had shorter 5- and 10-year EFS compared with children without CVL-dysfunction (P=0.029 and P=0.027). Multiple regression analyses, adjusting for age, sex, diagnostic era, TE, and cancer type identified CVL-dysfunction as an independent determinant of 5-year OS (HR 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.42; P=0.043) and EFS (HR 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-3.41; P=0.018). Although the etiology of adverse impact of CVL-dysfunction on survival is unknown, its prevention and prompt treatment may improve outcome from cancer in children. Further prospective studies are recommended.
Fungal Evolution: Aquatic–Terrestrial Transitions

The coevolution of plants and fungi is of key importance to the development of life on land. Much of our understanding of this long-shared evolutionary history comes from (1) the study of living species, in particular through molecular phylogenetics and (2) direct fossil evidence of plant–fungus interactions and fungal diversity in general. However little is known about the aquatic–terrestrial transitions in fungal evolution. In this article we discuss some hypotheses that have arisen from molecular data and the fossil record, and we highlight particular traits that can be helpful to understand the origin of fungi and their evolutionary history.
Secure and Flexible Monitoring of Virtual Machines

The monitoring of virtual machines has many applications in areas such as security and systems management. A monitoring technique known as introspection has received significant discussion in the research literature, but these prior works have focused on the applications of introspection rather than how to properly build a monitoring architecture. In this paper we propose a set of requirements that should guide the development of virtual machine monitoring solutions. To illustrate the viability of these requirements, we describe the design of XenAccess, a monitoring library for operating systems running on Xen. XenAccess incorporates virtual memory introspection and virtual disk monitoring capabilities, allowing monitor applications to safely and efficiently access the memory state and disk activity of a target operating system. XenAccess' efficiency and functionality are illustrated through a series of performance tests and practical examples.
The Nature and Direction of Economic Reform in North Korea

In this article we critically examine the nature and direction of economic reform in North Korea. While North Korea began to experiment with reforms and a partial open-door policy in the mid-1980s, the most substantial attempt at economic restructuring occurred in July 2002. In these latest reforms, the government attempted to change the planned economic system through the introduction of price reforms, market and commodity relations, profit motivation and material incentives. However, scholars disagree on the nature and direction of economic restructuring. In order to analyze the state of economic transformation, we develop a conceptual framework of market socialism with a set of empirical indicators against which we examine the trends, direction and limitations of reforms. Our study strongly suggests that North Korea is moving away from the command economy towards a model of market socialism as practiced in China and Vietnam.
Polyelectrolyte catalysis of the alkaline hydrolysis of neutral and anionic esters

Alkaline hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA), 4-acetoxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid (NABA). and 4-acetoxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid (NABAA), has been carried out in the presence of cationic polyelectrolytes of varying degree of hydrophobic character or micelles. Ion–molecule and ion–ion reactions are accelerated by cationic polyelectrolytes, and the acceleration becomes larger with increasing hydrophobic character of the esters and/or polyelectrolytes. Polyelectrolyte catalysis is analysed in terms of saturation kinetics, and the equilibrium association constant and the rate coefficients of the polyelectrolyte–ester complex are calculated. The relative catalytic contributions of the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions is discussed.
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace as a Function of Initiator's Status: The Case of Airline Personnel

This study focuses on women's perceptions of socio-sexual behaviors in the workplace initiated by males with varying degrees of status. Using an airline population, female flight attendants were asked to record the incidence of sexual harassment by personnel of higher, equal, and lower status. Subjects then rated their affective responses to hypothetical scenarios involving similar interactions. It was hypothesized that the lower the status of the harasser, the more negative the recipient's affective state. Results show the affective state of the recipient is most negative with lower-status personnel engaging in moderate verbal and physical harassment. With mild harassment, status has no differential effect. Social exchange and habituation explanations are used to account for the data.
On the Semantics of Gringo

Input languages of answer set solvers are based on the mathematically simple concept of a stable model. But many useful constructs available in these languages, including local variables, conditional literals, and aggregates, cannot be easily explained in terms of stable models in the sense of the original definition of this concept and its straightforward generalizations. Manuals written by designers of answer set solvers usually explain such constructs using examples and informal comments that appeal to the user's intuition, without references to any precise semantics. We propose to approach the problem of defining the semantics of gringo programs by translating them into the language of infinitary propositional formulas. This semantics allows us to study equivalent transformations of gringo programs using natural deduction in infinitary propositional logic.
Social Construction of Skill: Gender, Power, and Comparable Worth.

Conventional definitions of skill have been challenged by comparable worth. The pressures that contribute to simple definitions of skill are uncovered through an identification of the major sources of gender bias in job evaluation systems. Actual pay equity initiatives are examined to highlight the conflictual process by which new definitions of skill are socially constructed or blocked through political action. Research on comparable worth offers a unique opportunity to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the power relations that maintain the gendered character of the labor market.
Symbiotic conversations are revealed under genetic interrogation

The recent development and application of molecular genetics to the symbionts of invertebrate animal species have advanced our knowledge of the biochemical communication that occurs between the host and its bacterial symbionts. In particular, the ability to manipulate these associations experimentally by introducing genetic variants of the symbionts into naive hosts has allowed the discovery of novel colonization mechanisms and factors. In addition, the role of the symbionts in inducing normal host development has been revealed, and its molecular basis described. In this Review, I discuss many of these developments, focusing on what has been discovered in five well-understood model systems.
Applied ergonomics in the USSR.

The article describes historical premises of ergonomics development in the USSR, the present state and main direction of applied ergonomics, and its effective data. The new stage of ergonomics development in the USSR connected with the organization of scientific and technological cooperation in the field of ergonomics between the countries that are members of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid is discussed. The scientific problems of ergonomics, to which a great number of studies are devoted in the USSR, are hardly touched in the article.
XCB, the Last of the Shortest Single Axioms for the Classical Equivalential Calculus

It has long been an open question whether the formula XCB = EpEEEpqErqr is, with the rules of substitution and detachment, a single axiom for the classical equivalential calculus. This paper answers that question affirmatively, thus completing a search for all such eleven-symbol single axioms that began seventy years ago.
Aaron Swartz's The Programmable Web: An Unfinished Work

This short work is the first draft of a book manuscript by Aaron Swartz written for the series "Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web" at the invitation of its editor, James Hendler. Unfortunately, the book wasn't completed before Aaron's death in January 2013. As a tribute, the editor and publisher are publishing the work digitally without cost. From the author's introduction: " . . . we will begin by trying to understand the architecture of the Web -- what it got right and, occasionally, what it got wrong, but most importantly why it is the way it is. We will learn how it allows both users and search engines to co-exist peacefully while supporting everything from photo-sharing to financial transactions. We will continue by considering what it means to build a program on top of the Web -- how to write software that both fairly serves its immediate users as well as the developers who want to build on top of it. Too often, an API is bolted on top of an existing application, as an afterthought or ...
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE WEIXI-JINGHONG FAULT DEPRESSION ZONE

According to the geophysical data and geological comprehensive analysis,the nearly south-north Weixi-Wuliangshan-Jinghong geological bolck on the west side of Lanping-Simao depression zone is characterized by a fault depression zone.From Devonian,the mantle began to rise and form a lifting zone.And a east-west extension with local volcanism took place in the Earth crust.From Carboniferous to Triassic,there were a great amount of volcanic eruptions mainly intermediate-acidic in it,which was closed in Early Jurassic and with a thick clastic sediment of Mesozoic and Cenozoic.And many large or medium ore deposits were developed with the formation of this fault depression zone.
Shiveluch volcano: seismicity, deep structure and forecasting eruptions (kamchatka)

The deep structure, Wadati-Benioff zone (focal zone) geometry and the magma feeding system of Shiveluch volcano are investigated based on 1962–1994 detailed seismic surveillance. A focal zone beneath Shiveluch is dipping at an angle of 70° at depths of 100–200 km. Based on the revealed interrelations between seismicity at depths of 105–120 km and an extrusive phase of its eruptions in 1980 through 1994, it is inferred that primary magmas, periodically feeding the crustal chamber, are melted at depths of at least 100 km. An upsurge of extrusive-explosive activity at the volcano is preceded and accompanied by the increasing number and energy of both volcanic earthquakes beneath the dome and tectonic or volcano-tectonic earthquakes in the zones of NW-striking crustal faults near the volcano.The eruption of April 1993 has been the most powerful since 1964. It was successfully predicted based on interactive use of all seismic data. At the same time the influence of seismicity at depths of 105–120 km under the volcano on the style (and consequently on prediction) of its activity is decisive.