nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bulk Synthesis of Fe3Al Intermetallic Compound Nanoparticles by Flow-Levitation Method

Metallic nanopowders have an increasing application in magnetic materials, catalysts and chemical and metallic industries. In this research, a novel bulk synthesis method for preparing high pure intermetallic Fe3Al nanoparticles was developed by flow-levitation (FL) method. The Fe and Al vapors ascending from the high-temperature levitated droplet were condensed by cryogenic argon gas under atmospheric pressure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) were used to identify and characterize the prepared nanopowders exhibiting a Fe3Al phase. Measurement of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the Fe3Al particles are nearly spherical, and the particle size of the compound ranges from 10 nm to 200 nm in diameter. The chemical composition of the nanoparticles were determined with energy dispersive spectrometer. The magnetic properties of the nanopowder indicate that Fe3Al intermetallic compound is a soft magnet at room temperature, with coercivity of 24.2 Oe and s...
Tutorial: Abstraction in Numerical Methods

We illustrate how the liberal use of high-order procedural abstractions and infinite streams helps us to express some of the vocabulary and methods of numerical analysis. We develop a software toolbox encapsulating the technique of Richardson extrapolation, and we apply these tools to the problems of numerical integration and differentiation. By separating the idea of Richardson extrapolation from its use in particular circumstances we indicate how numerical programs can be written that exhibit the structure of the ideas from which they are formed.
Biomolecules from HCN

The mechanism of the condensation of dilute aqueous solutions of HCN and the products formed by these reactions have been investigated. The initial HCN condensation reactions yield3, a compound which is readily oxidized to4. A similar oxidation of5 to6 was also observed. Urea is formed on hydrolysis of4. The oxidation-reduction products formed from HCN may be in part a consequence of the oxidation of3. It has been established by combination GC/MS that the amino acids glycine, diaminosuccinic acid, α-amino-isobutyric acid, aspartic acid, alanine and isoleucine are released on acid hydrolysis of the ‘HCN polymer’. Hydantoin (7), 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (8) and 5-carboxymethyldenehydantoin (10) are also released on acid hydrolysis of the HCN condensation products. The direct conversion of the dicarbonyl derivative, of diaminosuccinic acid to orotic acid via10 at pH 8 has been observed. This conversion suggests a direct route to pyrimidines from HCN.
아르데코양식과 배경적요소가 실내디자인에 미치는 영향

【Style have been changing by the situations and the background of contemporary politics, society and economics, and which influence significantly to create new forms. Since the style of ART DECOC 1929s -1930s) has been studied with main reference to its cause and motivation, it is known that the style of ART DECO is one that has given $ $\mu$ h potential and chance to the development of interior design.In the study, it was focussed on to study on interior design, architecture, funiture, etc. in America where ART DECO had been once successful in his career. The following are the contents of the study implying the establishment of directions concerning styles in accordance with the transitional process of the era, etc.; i.e., the purpose of the study, the range + period of the study, contemporary backgrounds, elements of ART DECO' style, ART DECO in AmericaCthe background of ART DECO s subject, etc.).The writer of this study, while referring to the study and groping for any help to finding a brilliant concept of design and the merit of the trend of a contemporary era, hope to contribute more my own interior design.
Religion in the Cartography of the Unconscious: A Discussion of Stanislav Grof's Realms of the Human Unconscious

"In my experience, everyone who has reached these levels develops convincing insights into the utmost relevance of the spiritual and religious dimensions in the universal scheme of things. Even hardcore materialists, positivistically oriented scientists, skeptics and cynics, and uncompromising atheists and antireligious crusaders such as the Marxist philosophers suddenly became interested in a spiritual search after they confronted these levels themselves.
Aviation Electronics

This paper concerns the present well-known problems of complexity and unreliability in aviation electronics. It points out that the situation is unique in radio engineering and does not exist in other branches of engineering. It explains how this came about, points out that the demands for greater complexity will continue, and states that correction requires more than attention to such things as more reliable tubes and components. Suggestions are given for improvement, with particular emphasis on the need for more realistic requirement specifications by planning agencies, and for more intimate relations among electronic engineers, aircraft engineers, and field operations.
Louis Althusser : mai 1968 et les fluctuations de l'idéologie

Louis Althusser, May 1968 and the Fluctuations of Ideology 
By examining the various statements made by Louis Althusser of his position on the student movement of May 69, the article seeks to reveal the remarkably complex and theoretically apposite 
character of his assessment. e article thus goes against usual interpretations of this issue. In 
particular, it points to the interest of the concepts of revolt and of mass ideological revolution, which 
were introduced in his writing of the period. By demonstrating that Althusser’s analysis of the 
function and status of ideology in the revolts of May validates the theses which he advanced in 
For Marx about the notion of overdetermination, the author’s intention is to assess the role played 
by this paradigmatic spectrum in the overall reconstruction of the problematic of ideology which 
Althusser was to formulate in the famous manuscript entitled On Reproduction. e principal 
interest of this manuscript is that, for the first time, it establishes a rigorously materialist conception of ideology and of the concrete mode of existence of ideas.
Roderick Chisholm and The Shaping of American Epistemology

: Roderick Chisholm had a profound effect on the shape of American epistemology. In this article, I not only give an account of the large-scale structure of Chisholm's views but also say something about the place of Chisholmian themes in contemporary work. I thus present an understanding and an appreciation of Chisholm's contribution to epistemology by exhibiting a number of alternative developments of Chisholmian ideas that are currently under discussion.
Reply to "A remark on the 'Theory of neutrino oscillations'"

It is shown that the derivation of standard oscillation phase in the plane wave approximation without equal energy assumption is fraught with inconsistencies. The literature on quantum mechanics of neutrino oscillations is vast and controversial. Therefore, the words in ref  “Let us briefly describe the covariant derivation of the neutrino oscillation probability in the plane wave approach” attract special attention. The derivation in ref.  is given in six equations on one page and is based on the substitution t ≃ x = L in the phase Ekt− pkx for each of the three mass states (k = 1, 2, 3): Ekt − pkx ≃ (Ek − pk)L = E k − p k Ek + pk L = m k Ek + pk L ≃ m k 2E L , (1) where L is the distance between the source and detector of neutrinos. Our Eq.(1) reproduces the key equation of ref. , namely, Eq.(5). It is further noticed in ref.  “It is important to notice that Eq.(5) shows that the phase of massive neutrinos relevant for the oscillations are independent from any assumptions on the energies and momenta of different massive neutrinos, as long as the relativistic dispersion relation E k = p k + m k is satisfied. This is why the standard derivation of the neutrino oscillation probability gives the correct result, in spite of the unrealistic equal momenta assumption.” We would like to point out that the replacing t ≃ x = L is fraught with at least two problems: 1. If one assumes that x = t, then the so-called space velocities v̄ = x/t of all three neutrinos are identical. But in this case the plane wave approximation is not valid. 2. If, on the other hand, one considers the so-called kinematical velocities vk = pk/Ek, according to the plane-wave picture, then there appears a correction to the Eq.(5) of ref.  ITEP, Moscow, 117218, Russia e-mail: okun@heron.itep.ru MIPT, Moscow, 141700, Russia; ITEP, Moscow, 117218, Russia e-mail: mrotaev@mail.ru ITEP, Moscow, 117218, Russia e-mail: schepkin@heron.itep.ru ITEP, Moscow, 117218, Russia e-mail: zuckerma@heron.itep.ru
Investment Abroad and Adjustment at Home: evidence from UK multinational firms

This paper provides new evidence on the effects of overseas FDI on the skill-mix of multinational firms’ home-country operations. The analysis exploits China’s WTO accession to identify the impact of outward investment into a low-wage economy, and uses plant-level data to investigate changes in industrial structure within firms driven by plant closures. As predicted by models of vertical FDI the paper demonstrates that overseas investment in low-wage economies is associated with asymmetric effects on workers in low and high skill industries in the home economy, and in particular with firms closing down plants in low-skill industries.
Schema-based Scheduling of Event Processors and Buffer Minimization for Queries on Structured Data Streams

We introduce an extension of the XQuery language, FluX, that supports event-based query processing and the conscious handling of main memory buffers. Purely event-based queries of this language can be executed on streaming XML data in a very direct way. We then develop an algorithm that allows to efficiently rewrite XQueries into the event-based FluX language. This algorithm uses order constraints from a DTD to schedule event handlers and to thus minimize the amount of buffering required for evaluating a query. We discuss the various technical aspects of query optimization and query evaluation within our framework. This is complemented with an experimental evaluation of our approach.
The Category Theoretic Understanding of Universal Algebra: Lawvere Theories and Monads

Lawvere theories and monads have been the two main category theoretic formulations of universal algebra, Lawvere theories arising in 1963 and the connection with monads being established a few years later. Monads, although mathematically the less direct and less malleable formulation, rapidly gained precedence. A generation later, the definition of monad began to appear extensively in theoretical computer science in order to model computational effects, without reference to universal algebra. But since then, the relevance of universal algebra to computational effects has been recognised, leading to renewed prominence of the notion of Lawvere theory, now in a computational setting. This development has formed a major part of Gordon Plotkin's mature work, and we study its history here, in particular asking why Lawvere theories were eclipsed by monads in the 1960's, and how the renewed interest in them in a computer science setting might develop in future.
Determinants of Going-Public Decision in an Emerging Market: Evidence from India

This study investigates the determinants of going-public decision of the Indian firms juxtaposing two related research issues: What ex-ante characteristics of going-public Indian firms differentiate them from those Indian firms that continue to remain private? What ex-post consequences of IPOs on firm characteristics influence their going-public decision? The analysis suggests that Indian firms go public to finance their growth, diversify owners’ risk, rebalance their capital structure, and bring down their borrowing rates.
Spectroscopic Analyses of Manganese Ions Effects on the Conformational Changes of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase from Psychrophilic Shewanella sp. AS-11

Mn2+ ions influence the activity, temperature dependence, and thermostability of the psychrophilic Shewanella-PPase (Sh-PPase), and are required to function in cold environments. The functional characteristics of Sh-PPase on activation with Mn2+ ions are possibly related to conformational changes in the molecule. In this study, conformational changes of Sh-PPase on activation with Mn2+ ions were analyzed in solution by fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of intrinsic tryptophan residues, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. For Sh-PPase, Mn2+ ions did not affect the flexibility of the tryptophan residues and secondary structure of the enzyme. However, the microenvironment of the tryptophan residues and surface area of Sh-PPase were more hydrophilic on activation with Mn2+ ions. These results indicate that activation with Mn2+ ions causes conformational changes around the aromatic amino acid residues and affects the hydrophobicity of the enzyme surface, which results in conformational changes. Substrate-induced conformational changes reflect that metal-free Sh-PPase in solution indicated an open structure and will be a close structure when binding substrate. In combination of our spectroscopic analyses on Sh-PPase, it can be concluded that activation with Mn2+ ions changes some conformation of Sh-PPase molecule in solution.
Cultural issues in security and privacy

With regard to security, and especially to privacy, a one-size-fits-all approach is generally not appropriate for organisations operating in multiple jurisdictions. Employee monitoring is a prime example of how cultural expectations and local laws require careful consideration. Colin Tankard of Digital Pathways explains that firms wanting to use employee-monitoring schemes – which may include monitoring of emails, web and network use – need to tread very carefully. Differences in cultural attitudes play a large part in society. What is considered to be acceptable in one country can be highly offensive in another. Cultural differences can be a minefield for conducting business internationally, from how and when to shake hands to negotiating deals.
Schedulability analysis of multiprocessor real-time applications with stochastic task execution times

This paper presents an approach to the analysis of task sets implemented on multiprocessor systems, when the task execution times are specified as generalized probability distributions. Because of the extreme complexity of the problem, an exact solution is practically impossible to be obtained even for toy examples. Therefore, our methodology is based on approximating the generalized probability distributions of execution times by Coxian distributions of exponentials. Thus, we transform the generalized semi-Markov process, corresponding to the initial problem, into a continuous Markov chain (CTMC) which, however, is extremely large and, hence, most often is impossible to be stored in memory. We have elaborated a solution which allows to generate and analyze the CTMC in an efficient way, such that only a small part has to be stored at a given time. Several experiments investigate the impact of various parameters on complexity, in terms of time and memory, as well as the trade-offs regarding the accuracy of generated results.
ATR-FTIR and Flow Microcalorimetry Studies on the Initial Binding Kinetics of Arsenicals at the Organic-Hematite Interface.

The environmental fate of arsenic compounds depends on their surface interactions with geosorbents that include clays, metal oxides, and natural organic matter (NOM). While a number of batch studies reported that NOM inhibits the uptake of arsenicals, it remains unclear how different classes of organic functional groups affect their binding mechanisms. We report herein the adsorption kinetics of arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) with hematite nanoparticles pre-exposed to three types of low molecular weight organics: citrate, oxalate, and pyrocatechol as representatives to the majority of reactive organic functional groups in NOM. These studies were conducted using attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and flow microcalorimetry at pH 7 with an emphasis on the role that electrolytes (KCl, NaCl, and KBr) play in the adsorption process. Results show that (1) negatively charged carboxylate versus hydrophobic phenyl groups influence amounts and initial rates of arsenicals adsorption on hematite nanoparticles to varying degrees depending on the type of complexes they form, (2) the type of electrolytes affects initial adsorption rate of DMA to a greater extent than arsenate when oxalate is present on the surface, and (3) the extent of organics retention by hematite nanoparticles is influenced by the type of the desorbing agent.
DyNoC: A dynamic infrastructure for communication in dynamically reconfugurable devices

A new paradigm to support the communication among modules dynamically placed on a reconfigurable device at run-time is presented. Based on the network on chip (NoC) infrastructure, we developed a dynamic communication infrastructure as well as routing methodologies capable to handle routing in a NoC with obstacles created by dynamically placed components. We prove the unrestricted reachability of components and pins, the deadlock-freeness and we finally show the feasibility of our approach by means on real life example applications.
The Czech Catholic Church and Problem Legitimation: From Inspiration to Personal Effort 1

In the following text, we describe how the Catholic Church attempts to legitimate problems in the agenda-setting process in the Czech Republic. We introduce a number of theoretical concepts and terms related to agenda setting that we apply to the case of the Catholic Church in the Czech Republic. We based our empirical analysis on semi-structured interviews; we spoke with eight re- spondents from different strata of the Church structure and with Catholic poli- ticians. We describe two kinds of strategies the Church would like to use, which we call: (1) the media strategy, whereby the Czech Catholic Church aims to legit- imate issues in the media arena, and (2) the vertical strategy, whereby the Czech Catholic Church aims to legitimate issues through the laity active at the top of the political hierarchy. We discuss these strategies in connection with the indi- viduals engaged in their implementation. We conclude by questioning these pro- posed strategies that are based on the principle of inspiration. We also suggest there is a need to revise the strategies and base them on the principle of personal effort instead.
Language Processing with Perl and Prolog: Theories, Implemetation, and Application

Although Prolog was intended to be used in building natural language processing (NLP) applications, the language has often been neglected in many modern NLP introductory courses and texts. Because of the popularity of machine learning and statistical approaches to language processing problems over the past decades, researchers and practitioners tend to use other modern programming languages such as C++ and Java for developing NLP applications. However, with a growing interest in semantic processing and knowledge base construction in recent years, researchers have found Prolog to be an indispensable tool for tasks such as searching databases and performing symbolic reasoning. We have already seen recent successful deployment of Prolog-based NLP systems in industry. An example would be the use of Prolog in IBM’s DeepQA project to express pattern-matching rules.1 Pierre M. Nugues’ comprehensive textbook Language Processing with Perl and Prolog provides a timely, in-depth introduction to the field of NLP using Prolog and, to a lesser extent, Perl. This book is suitable for anyone wanting to enter NLP through learning to prototype NLP modules in Prolog.
Can you do quantum mechanics without Einstein

The present form of quantum mechanics is based on the Copenhagen school of interpretation. Einstein did not belong to the Copenhagen school, because he did not believe in probabilistic interpretation of fundamental physical laws. This is the reason why we are still debating whether there is a more deterministic theory. One cause of this separation between Einstein and the Copenhagen school could have been that the Copenhagen physicists thoroughly ignored Einstein’s main concern: the principle of relativity. Paul A. M. Dirac was the first one to realize this problem. Indeed, from 1927 to 1963, Paul A. M. Dirac published at least four papers to study the problem of making the uncertainty relation consistent with Einstein’s Lorentz covariance. It is interesting to combine those papers by Dirac to make the uncertainty relation consistent with relativity. It is shown that the mathematics of two coupled oscillators enables us to carry out this job. We are then led to the question of whether the concept of localized probability distribution is consistent with Lorentz covariance.
Structural Properties and Williamson-Hall Analysis of Mn Doped SmFeO3

We have synthesized SmFe 1-x Mn x O 3 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) by solid state reaction route in order to understand their structural, morphological and dielectric properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm single phase nature and the orthorhombic crystal symmetry of our samples. The lattice parameters are determined from the PowderX software, and are found to decrease with increase in Mn concentration. Williamson-Hall-plots are used to investigate physical parameters such as strain, stress, and energy density using different models namely, uniform deformation model (UDM), uniform deformation stress model (UDSM) and uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM). The strain, stress, energy density and crystallite size increase as the concentration of Mn increases.
Using home-biased demand to test trade theories

Using Home-Biased Demand to Test Trade Theories. — This paper proposes a discriminating hypothesis that distinguishes between two paradigms of international trade: (1) constant returns and perfect competition (CRS-PC) and (2) increasing returns and monopolistic competition (IRS-MC). The discriminating hypothesis rests on the different degree of home bias among “consumers.” It predicts a positive relationship between a country’s share in world output and a country’s share in the world home-biased expenditure if the sector is IRS-MC and no relationship if the sector is CRS-PC. Accordingly, 7 sectors (covering 54.86 per cent of industrial output) of the eight countries under investigation were associated with the IRS-MC and 10 sectors (41.15 per cent) with the CRS-PC paradigm.
Geological position, geochemistry, and geodynamic formation environments of late givetian-early frasnian basalts in the central gornyi altai region

1151 The active continental margins (ACMs) represent one of the most illustrative examples of convergent boundaries between lithospheric plates. It is tradition ally believed that diverse magmatism of these struc tures is determined by successive dehydration of the subsided oceanic plate in response to the increasing depth of primary magma generation away from the edge of the continent, on the one hand, and the pecu liar structure and composition of the continental lithosphere, which are responsible for the specific composition of silica melts and crust–mantle interac tion, on the other [1 and others].