nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
High prevalence of known and unknown pulmonary diseases in patients with claudication during exercise oximetry

The prevalence of pulmonary disease in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) has not been extensively studied. Recent evidence has shown that ∼20% of the patients have an atypical chest transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcpO2) pattern during exercise, which suggests walking-induced hypoxemia. The main objectives of this study were to: (1) describe in a retrospective way the characteristics of the patients suffering from claudication, who attended a treadmill testing in our laboratory, (2) assess the prevalence of known or unknown pulmonary disease. The second aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the therapeutic interventions on the walking capacities, after treatment, of the eventually detected pulmonary disorders.We retrospectively analyzed 1482 exercise TcpO2 test results. Patients that had no history of pulmonary disease, but either reported severe dyspnea or showed atypical profiles on their chest exercise-TcpO2, were advised to refer to the department of pneumology for additional investigations.In addition to the 166 patients with a history of pulmonary disease, 158 patients were suspected of unknown pulmonary disease from the result of their TcpO2 test. Many patients (n = 99/158, 62.7%) did not attend a pulmonologist visit. A pulmonary disease was established in 55 (93.2%) of the other 59 patients. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) was the one and only diagnosis retained in 42/59 patients (71.2%). Among the 47 patients who had a second evaluation of their walking capacity on treadmill, 38 had treatment of the pulmonary disease found, vascular surgery treatment or a severe restricted diet, 9 had no treatment. Only the "treated" group showed a significant improvement in the maximal walking distance on treadmill between the 2 evaluations, 313 ± 251 m to 433 ± 317 m (P = 0.03).This retrospective pilot study underlines the high prevalence of both known and unknown pulmonary disease in patients whose primary complaint was lower limb claudication. Systematic screening and treatment of pulmonary disease in patients with claudication might be justified, to improve walking ability of such patients and possibly reduce or delay the requirement for revascularization. Prospective studies are required to confirm these preliminary results.
What Are the Major Physicochemical Factors in Determining the Preferential Nuclear Uptake of the DNA "Light-Switching" Ru(II)-Polypyridyl Complex in Live Cells via Ion-Pairing with Chlorophenolate Counter-Anions?

Delivering potential theranostic metal complexes into preferential cellular targets is becoming of increasing interest. Here we report that nuclear uptake of a cell-impermeable DNA "light-switching" Ru(II)-polypyridyl complex can be significantly facilitated by chlorophenolate counter-anions, which was found, unexpectedly, to be correlated positively with the binding stability but inversely with the lipophilicity of the formed ion pairs.
Who’s the Fool, and Why? Paul on Wisdom from a South African Perspective

South Africa is a young democracy but with colonial and Apartheid legacies fresh in the minds of many, the lasting impact and consequences of hegemony still tangible and measurable in a new, democratic dispensation with its own problems and concerns. This is the context within which Paul’s appeal for a different understanding of wisdom and appearance to insist on breaking through the conventions of the day (1 Cor 1:18–31) is considered. Since Empire largely defined wisdom in the first century, Paul’s rhetoric of foolishness can be interpreted as a critique of the imperial discourse of wisdom and power. But Paul simultaneously invoked a new discourse of power through his rhetoric which inter alia depended on scriptural appeal for endorsement or authority. A postcolonial optic enables one to see Paul’s discourse as mimicry, negotiating power as much with discursive Roman colonialism as with the recipients of his letters, and also with the Scriptures of Israel. Such use of discursive power and ambiguity resonates in interesting ways in the South African context.
Entrepreneurial Taxation and Occupational Choice

This paper analyzes Pareto optimal non-linear taxation of profits and labor income in a private information economy with endogenous firm formation. Individuals differ in both their skill and their cost of setting up a firm, and choose between becoming workers and entrepreneurs. I show that a tax system in which entrepreneurial profits and labor income must be subject to the same non-linear tax schedule makes use of general equilibrium (or “trickle down”) effects through wages to indirectly achieve redistribution between entrepreneurs and workers. As a result, constrained Pareto optimal policies can involve negative marginal tax rates at the top and, if available, input taxes that distort the firms’ input choices. However, these properties disappear when a differential tax treatment of profits and labor income is possible. In this case, redistribution is achieved directly through the tax system rather than “trickle down” effects, and production efficiency is always optimal. ∗Email address: scheuer@stanford.edu. I am grateful to Daron Acemoglu and Ivan Werning for invaluable guidance and ongoing support. I also thank Richard Blundell, Eddie Dekel, Peter Diamond, Amy Finkelstein, Jonathan Gruber, Caroline Hoxby, Alessandro Pavan, James Poterba, Emmanuel Saez, Karl Scholz, Robert Shimer, Carmen Taveras, Robert Townsend and seminar participants at Chicago, MIT, Northwestern, Stanford, St. Gallen, UCL, Wisconsin Madison and the Review of Economic Studies European Tour at Toulouse, EUI Florence and Warwick for helpful comments and suggestions. All errors are my own.
Habitual and Occasional Lobbyers in the U.S. Steel Industry: An EM Algorithm Pooling Approach

Using U.S. steel firm data, we find that lobbying for import protection appears to be habit-forming. To identify heterogeneity in lobbying behavior among firms, we use an expectation-maximization algorithm to sort our firms into groups with different propensities to lobby and estimate the determinants of lobbying in each group. A two-pool model emerges: occasional lobbyers' lobbying depends on their market performance, and habitual lobbyers' lobbying only depends on past lobbying. The latter tends to be larger steel firms whose business is more focused in steel. Our evidence is consistent with dynamic economies of scale in protection seeking breeding protection-dependent firms.
Now, Tomorrow and Yesterday: a structured technique for providing a laboratory setting for courses in technology and society

Unlike "hard" technology courses that can provide students with practical experience in applications of theory and problem solving in a laboratory setting, courses in technology and society are normally limited by the inability to provide students with an application-oriented environment on topics under study. A pencil and paper methodology entitled Now, Tomorrow and Yesterday is described that can provide a pseudo-lab environment for the understanding of problems at the interface of technology and society.
On the Fine-Structure of Regular Algebra

Regular algebra is the algebra of regular expressions as induced by regular language identity. We use Isabelle/HOL for a detailed systematic study of the regular algebra axioms given by Boffa, Conway, Kozen and Salomaa. We investigate the relationships between these systems, formalise a soundness proof for the smallest class (Salomaa’s) and obtain completeness for the largest one (Boffa’s) relative to a deep result by Krob. As a case study in formalised mathematics, our investigations also shed some light on the power of theorem proving technology for reasoning with algebras and their models, including proof automation and counterexample generation.
Effect of inclusion complex on nitrous acid reaction with flavonoids.

The kinetic of the nitrous acid reactions with quercetin and catechin has been studied using spectrophotometric method in aqueous solution. The results show that these antioxidants participate in oxidation reactions with nitrous acid which is derived from protonation of nitrite ion in mild acidic conditions. Corresponding o-quinones as relatively stable products were detected by spectrophotometric techniques. pH dependence of the reactions has been examined and the rate constants of reactions were obtained by non-linear fitting of kinetic profiles. The effect of β-cyclodextrin on the oxidation pathway was another object of this study. It is shown that β-cyclodextrin has an inhibitory effect on the oxidation reaction. The rate constants of oxidation reactions for complexed forms and their stability constants were obtained based on changes in the reaction rates as a function of β-cyclodextrin concentration.
Who controls the digital? Value chains and the challenges of connectivity for East African firms.

In recent years, internet connectivity has greatly improved across the African continent. This paper examines the consequences that this shift has had for East African firms that are part of global value chains (GVCs). Prior work yielded contradictory expectations: firms might benefit from connectivity through increased efficiencies and improved access to markets, while they might also be further marginalized through increasing control of lead firms. 
Drawing on extensive qualitative research in Kenya and Rwanda, including 264 interviews, we examine three sectors (tea, tourism, and business process outsourcing) exploring overarching, cross-cutting themes. The findings support more pessimistic expectations: small African producers are only thinly digitally integrated in GVCs. Moreover, shifting modes of value chain governance, supported by lead firms and facilitated by digital information platforms and data standards are leading to new challenges for firms looking to digitally integrate. Nevertheless, we also find examples in these sectors of opportunities where GVCs are not able to cater to emerging niche customers, and local or regional markets. 
Overall, the study shows that improving connectivity does not inherently benefit African firms in GVCs without support for complementary capacity and competitive advantages.
Online Service Quality of the B2C e-commerce Companies in China

The measurement of online service quality has become increasing important as the ecommerce companies deliver an expanding array of service through the websites. There are few quantitative studies on the online service quality assessment focused on the market in China, which is one of the developing countries with the highest online population growth. This paper is an attempt to identify the measurement of the online service quality in China, and grey approach is applied to identify the criteria of online service quality assessment. The results could be the guideline for the e-commerce companies in terms of improving their service.
Effects of molecular composition of natural organic matter on ferric iron complexation at circumneutral pH.

Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for ferric iron (Fe[III]) complexation by well-characterized humic substances (HS) from various origins were determined by a competitive ligand method with 5-sulfosalicylic acid at circumneutral pH (6.0-8.0) and an ionic strength of ∼0.06 M. The measured Fe binding properties including conditional stability constants and complexation capacities ranged over more than 2 orders of magnitude, depending on the origin and the particular operationally defined fraction of HS examined. Statistical comparison of the complexation parameters to a range of chemical properties of the HS indicated a strong positive correlation between Fe(III) complexation capacity and aromatic carbon content in the HS at all pHs examined. In contrast, the complexation capacity was determined to be up to a few orders of magnitude smaller than the concentration of carboxylic and phenolic groups present. Therefore, specific functional groups including those resident in the proximity of aromatic structures within the HS are likely preferable for Fe(III) coordination under the conditions examined. Overall, our results suggest that the concentration of dissolved Fe(III) complexes in natural waters is substantially influenced by variation in HS characteristics in addition to other well-known factors such as HS concentration and nature and concentration of competing cations present.
How Weyl stumbled across electricity while pursuing mathematical justice

It is argued that Weyl's theory of gravitation and electricity came out of `mathematical justice': out of the equal rights direction and length. Such mathematical justice was manifestly at work in the context of discovery, and is enough (together with a couple of simple and natural operations) to derive all of source-free electromagnetism. Weyl's repeated references to coordinates and gauge are taken to express equal treatment of direction and length.
A radical proposition: the brief but exceptional history of the Seattle school clinic, 1914-21.

This article examines the history of the Seattle school clinic (1914-21) and the efforts of public school administrators to institutionalize a full-service medical program for poor and working class children. At its height, thirty-six volunteer physicians and thirteen partially paid dentists organized within nine departments performed a range of diagnostic and "corrective" surgical procedures, including tonsillectomies, circumcisions, and eye surgeries. These practices were not funded by other public school systems across the United States, almost all of which delineated between prevention and treatment services. This article explains the exceptional nature of the clinic, examines the institutional tensions instigated by the expression of medical authority within the schools, and considers how clinic technologies influenced state-school-child relations.
Paleoclimactic and structural environment at the end of the Cretaceous along the western flank of the Congo Basin, with application of underground microdiamonds around Brazzaville

In Brazzaville (R.P. Congo), the study of outcrops and well sections permitted an investigation of the sedimentary evolution of the Continental Palcoenvironments during the Cretaceous and Tertiary, along a vertical thickness of 70 m (so-called Stanley Pool Formations). The base of the deposits is made of reworked red Precambrian sandstone of Inkisi which is associated with an argillaceous phase with dominant montmorillonite. The late-Cretaceous involved arenewal of erosion which was manifested by the deposition of coarse sands of alluvial-flats where general metamorphic minerals are associated with relatively important evidence of microdiamonds. Climatic changes indicate a more ferralitic pedogenesis of the drainage basins as evident by an increase in kaolin content. Towards the top of the section and the beginning of the Tertiary, kaolin tends to dominate the clay mineral fraction. The metakimberlites of Gabon and the diamond cc0acentrations of Bouenzien at the flank of the granitic massif of Challlu are considered as probable origins of the microdiamonds.
Life: The Science of Biology.

An evolutionary framework. Part 1 The cell: small molecules macromolecules organization of cells cellular membranes energy, enzymes and metabolism cellular pathways that harvest chemical energy photosynthesis. Part 2 Information and heredity: chromosomes, cell cycle and cell division Mendel and beyond DNA and heredity from DNA to protein genetics of viruses and prokaryotes eukaryotic genome and its expression differential gene expression recombinant DNA and biotechnology molecular biology and medicine natural defences against disease. Part 3 Evolutionary processes: history of life on Earth mechanisms of evolution species and their formation constructing and using phylogenies molecular evolution origin of life on Earth. Part 4 Evolution of diversity: bacteria and archaea - prokaryotic domains protists and eukarya plants fungi protostomate animals deuterostomate animals. Part 5 Biology of vascular plants: flowering plant body transport in plants plant responses to environmental challenges plant nutrition regulation of plant development reproduction in flowering plants. Part 6 Biology of animals: physiology, homeostasis and temperature regulation animal embryology neurons and nervous system sensory systems higher brain functions effectors gas exchange internal transport and circulatory systems animal nutrition salt and water balance and nitrogen excretion animal behaviour. Part 7 Ecology and biogeography: behavioural ecology population ecology community ecology ecosystems biogeography conservation biology.
Preface to the Fourth International Workshop on Models and Model-Driven Methods for Service Engineering -- 3M4SE 2013

The Fourth International Workshop on Models and Model-driven Methods for Service Engineering -3M4SE 2013- aims at helping the convergence of research on model-driven development and practical application of the model-driven approach in the area of enterprise computing and service engineering. The workshop addresses questions with respect to the requirements on, concepts for, properties of and experience with models and model-driven methods for service engineering in the area of enterprise computing. A special focus has been on the combined application of model-driven and semantic approaches in the different phases of the service lifecycle.
A Traditionally Pediatric Brain Tumor Diagnosed in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy: Index Case and Review of the Database

Pregnancy and maternal brain tumors are an infrequent finding and a rare clinical combination. We present a case of a pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) diagnosed during the second trimester of pregnancy. This tumor is rare and is usually diagnosed in children. The occurrence in an adult presents different challenges regarding the long term behaviour of the tumor. Brain tumors during pregnancy are usually treated by a multidisciplinary team striving to protect the health of the mother while attempting to arrive at a time in pregnancy when the fetus can be safely delivered. There is a dearth of evidence-based information regarding the management of maternal intracranial tumors during gestation and no standard or established treatment. The authors recommend the reporting of the diagnosis, treatment and follow up of these cases to a National Registry to assist future patients and the health care team. Seventy-five percent of intracranial tumors in women of reproductive age present during pregnancy.
Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century

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Filozofie a náboženská zvěst

The article deals with the relationship between philosophy and religious belief, in particular Christianity. It is a polemic against P. Dvořak and his view according to which there are logical relations between philosophy and the Christian message. The function of philosophy (and theology) is not to draw conclusions from factual statements inherent in the Christian message, since the key propositions of the latter are of a different kind (profession, parable, etc.) The nature of philosophical treatment of Christianity is hermeneutic as it searches for better understanding of the message. That in turn influences the content of the message without abolishing its specific character.
International relations : a concise companion

Students of international relations are faced with an enormous variety of concepts, organizations, movements, conflicts, treaties, historical and geographical references and doctries, as well as terminology that spans diplomatic, military, legal and environmental issues. This guide provides a comprehensive cross-referenced dictionary for those studying international relations and modern and contemporary international history. Interest in the subject has never been greater than it is today, but the study of international relations requires an interdisciplinary understanding in order to make sense of global continuity and change, and global and regional interdependence and rivalry. With a framework that covers the period from the French Revolution of 1789 right up to the present, and includes 1500 entries, this guide gives the reader both the theory and the historical context, and provides a support to study. Detailed and succinct, it is fully cross-referenced and includes details of further reading and websites. It is a reference book for anyone seeking a better understanding of world affairs and the background to contemporary realities.
Open Celled Porous Titanium

Among the porous metals, those made of titanium attract particular attention due to the interesting properties of this element. This review examines the state of research understanding and technological development of these materials, in terms of processing capability, resultant structure and properties, and the most advanced applications under development. The impact of the rise of additive manufacturing techniques on these materials is discussed, along with the likely future directions required for these materials to find practical applications on a large scale.
Model studies on the effects of neutral salts on the conformational stability of biological macromolecules. 3. Solubility of fatty acid amides in ionic solutions.

The solubilities of n-hexanamide, n-pentanamide, and n-butyramide in aqueous salt solutions are measured at several temperatures as a function of NaC104 and NaCl con- centrations (these salts representing, respectively, a strongly destabilizing and an essentially "inert" perturbant of macro- molecular stability). NaCl is found to be a more effective salting-out agent than NaC104 for all these amides, and thermodynamic parameters are derived for the transfer of each of these amides (at infinite dilution) from water to 1 M NaC104 or NaCl solutions. The free energy of transfer of a methylene group not directly adjacent to the amide dipole is shown to be a constant for each of these salt systems, corre-
Technology and the Myth of ‘Natural Man’

The main suggestions and objections raised by Don Ihde and Charles Lenay to my ‘Technology and the body: the (im)possibilities of re-embodiment’ are summarized and discussed. On the one hand, I agree that we should pay more attention to whole body experience and to further resisting Cartesian assumptions in the field of cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of cognition. On the other hand, I explain that my account in no way presupposes the myth of ‘natural man’ or of a natural, delineated body from before the fall into technology.
Message from the WASA 2017 Organizing Committee

With the advent of software and electronics, automotive companies are enabling innovation to improve safety, driver experience, and fuel efficiency. Increasing use of software over the years, introduced the paradigm shift by requiring automotive companies to develop their systems using architecture and model-based techniques. Although model-based techniques using e.g. MATLAB/Simulink and Stateflow are being accepted in the automotive industry as standard languages and tooling for developing automotive control software, the techniques for system and software architecture are still far from being widely accepted except the AUTOSAR standard, which is used to create the software for the Electronic Control Units (ECUs).