nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
International Trade and Local Outsourcing

This paper establishes a crucial link between international trade and local organization of production. By using the standard Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model we show that international trade promotes fragmentation, entrepreneurship and outsourcing due to the capital cost effect and the scale effect. We also unveil one source of productivity and formalize a link between trade and productivity. We illustrate that both the scale effect and the flourish of entrepreneurial talent due to capital cost effect contribute to the improvement of productivity. For the import competing sector the productivity effect and the scale effect move against each other. Accordingly, the impacts of international trade on local outsourcing in export sector are different from that in import competing sector. Further, we find that the above findings still hold in a world where the intermediate goods are tradable. In addition, we demonstrate that a higher trading cost involved in trading the intermediate goods encourages fragmentation and local outsourcing.
H. H. Moore's Almeh and the Politics of the Centennial Exhibition

The 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia is best known today for the jury's rejection of Thomas Eakins's Gross Clinic. However, that incident was barely noticed in its time. Instead, artists and critics were caught up in the furor surrounding the rejection of another painting that is virtually unknown today: Harry Humphrey Moore's Almeh, a Dream of Alhambra. The refusal of Moore's Almeh brought to a boil debates that had been simmering in the East Coast art community for years. Its rejection forced a public confrontation between two groups of American artists: New York landscape painters who supported native training, and figure painters of Philadelphia and Boston who advocated European study. The scandal of Moore's Almeh provides a lens through which to view the ways that the Centennial Exhibition's United States art display generated a public debate on American art's nature as well as its future.
The Disappearance of Emily G. Balch, Social Scientist

Emily Greene Balch is probably best known as the second American women to win the Nobel Peace Prize—a tireless pacifist and feminist who served as the first secretary of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in the early 1920s. But she was, before that, an innovative social scientist whose scholarly contributions were only later overshadowed by her activism and by formalist tendencies in sociology, which subsequently ignored her critical work on immigration. Balch started her career espousing the “objectivity” of science, but her experience as a researcher of immigration and as a pacifist in search of an understanding of the social psychology of war moved her closer toward a methodological hermeneutic that made formalist sociological principles anathema. Where she blended theory-development with social practice, her male colleagues attempted to conceal political purpose behind disinterested discipline. After 1918, women sociologists were transferred into other fields, namely, back into social work. In Balch's case, she turned to international organizations and the gritty practice of reconciliation, but her profile as a social scientist disappeared altogether. The fate of her intellectual work provides a glimpse of the affinities between gender and certain forms of disciplinary knowledge in the early social sciences.
History of Electricity at the Smithsonian

The Division of Electricity at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History is the national repository for objects significant to the history of electrical science and technology. Although the Division has operated as a separate unit for less than three decades, activities at the Institution have contributed to the study of electrical history since the middle of the 19th century. This paper describes how collecting and exhibition policies have evolved; it also indicates how the artifacts, together with supporting documents and photographs, have supplied material for a variety of research projects.
Documentary: A History of the Non-Fiction Film

This is the second major revision of a book universally acclaimed as the definitive history of the documentary film. The final section has been completely rewritten and expanded to take into account the major films and trends of the past nine years. Particular attention has been paid to the growth of documentary film-making in the Soviet Union since Glasnost and the corresponding expansion in the United States, including Ken Burns's The Civil War, which broke all audience records for Public Television in 1990.
Iterated Theory Base Change: A Computational Model

The AGM paradigm is a formal approach to ideal and rational information change From a practical perspective it suffers from two shortcomings, the first involves difficulties with respect to the finite representation of information, and the second involves the lack of support for the iteration of change operators. In this paper we show that these practical problems can be solved in theoretically satisfying ways wholely with in the AGM paradigm. 
 
We introduce a partial entrenchment ranking which serves as a canonical representation for a theory base and a well-ranked episterruc entrenchment, and we provide a computational model for adjusting partial entrenchment rankings when they receive new information using a procedure based on the principle of minimal change. 
 
The connection between the standard AGM theory change operators and the theory base change operators developed herein suggest that the proposed computational model for iterated theory base change exhibits desirable behaviour.
La población negra de origen africano en la ciudad de San Diego del Biscocho, 1669-1679

The presence of an African population in the northern part of the State of Guanajuato has been little studied by historians and other social scientists. In this thesis I will analyze the role that the population of African origin played in San Diego del Biscocho (now, the Municipality of San Diego de la Union) during the years between 1669 -1769, a time period in which the slaves of African origin and their descendants participated in the local economic development, carrying out activities in the domestic service in farms and haciendas. The most important source, of information regarding the presence of Africans in urban and rural populations of New Spain is the archival record parish, is in the office of the people of Mexico today that allow note that mestizaje became an aspect that marked colonial life. Consulting de parish archive of the municipality under study confirm that the presence of blacks in the villages of Mexico. Consulting the books of christening records shows that the blacks who received the sacrament, were second in relation to the Indian and Spanish. The information from documents, found in the AGN (General National Archive of Mexico) and the AHCM (Casa Morelos Historical Archive), accounts for aspects of everyday life of the residents of this state that deal with forms of acceptance or rebellion against pre-established forms of order. Reviewing the records of offenses against public, morals or faith witchcraft, sexual, and bigamy) healing allows us to observe the routines of life of records, one can settlers who occupied the bottom rung of colonial society. Thanks to this the mixture of cultural elements of the three roots are apparent: the Native, the Spanish and the Black.
Quantum-gravity-motivated Lorentz-symmetry tests with laser interferometers

We consider the implications for laser interferometry of the quantum-gravity-motivated modifications in the laws of particle propagation, which are presently being considered in attempts to explain puzzling observations of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We show that there are interferometric set-ups in which the Planck-scale effect on propagation leads to a characteristic signature. A naive estimate is encouraging with respect to the possibility of achieving Planck-scale sensitivity, but we also point out some severe technological challenges which would have to be overcome in order to achieve this sensitivity.
Quantum Electrodynamics in d=3 from the ε Expansion.

We study quantum electrodynamics in d=3 coupled to N_{f} flavors of fermions. The theory flows to an IR fixed point for N_{f} larger than some critical number N_{f}^{c}. For N_{f}≤N_{f}^{c}, chiral-symmetry breaking is believed to take place. In analogy with the Wilson-Fisher description of the critical O(N) models in d=3, we make use of the existence of a fixed point in d=4-2ε to study the three-dimensional conformal theory. We compute, in perturbation theory, the IR dimensions of fermion bilinear and quadrilinear operators. For small N_{f}, a quadrilinear operator can become relevant in the IR and destabilize the fixed point. Therefore, the epsilon expansion can be used to estimate N_{f}^{c}. An interesting novelty compared to the O(N) models is that the theory in d=3 has an enhanced symmetry due to the structure of 3D spinors. We identify the operators in d=4-2ε that correspond to the additional conserved currents at d=3 and compute their infrared dimensions.
Atomic redistribution of alloying elements in nanocrystalline austenitic chromium-nickel steels obtained by strong plastic deformation

The fcc solid solution of the stable austenitic 12Cr30Ni steels has exhibited segregation during heavy cold-working ψ > 80%, T = 24 °C), that gives rise to a ferromagnetic component with a Curie temperature close to 128 °C, which may be associated with a local increase in the nickel concentration to 40%. The redistribution of the alloying elements induced by cold working is attributed, by analogy with the low-temperature irradiation, to the diffusion of the point defects generated by the deformation, to the sinks (grain or sub grain boundaries, phase interfaces, etc.) so that the sink regions have higher or lower concentrations of elements with different atomic radii. Changes that take place in the matrix during redistribution of the alloying elements are evaluated using the Mossbauer spectroscopy.
Interval Arithmetic and Interval-Aware Operators for Genetic Programming

Symbolic regression via genetic programming is a flexible approach to machine learning that does not require up-front specification of model structure. However, traditional approaches to symbolic regression require the use of protected operators, which can lead to perverse model characteristics and poor generalisation. In this paper, we revisit interval arithmetic as one possible solution to allow genetic programming to perform regression using unprotected operators. Using standard benchmarks, we show that using interval arithmetic within model evaluation does not prevent invalid solutions from entering the population, meaning that search performance remains compromised. We extend the basic interval arithmetic concept with `safe' search operators that integrate interval information into their process, thereby greatly reducing the number of invalid solutions produced during search. The resulting algorithms are able to more effectively identify good models that generalise well to unseen data. We conclude with an analysis of the sensitivity of interval arithmetic-based operators with respect to the accuracy of the supplied input feature intervals.
Preferences among forms of equity

S s were presented with fictitious work situations in which they had to make forced choices among three forms of equity (Own, Comparison, Own/Comparison) and three forms of discrepant compensation (relative to Own's inputs, Other's inputs, Other's outcomes) regarding which they found most comfortable. Results indicate that Other is chosen over Own equity, overpayment is selected when a condition of Other equity exists, but underpayment is selected when a state of Own equity exists, and propositions within equity theory ( Adams, 1965 ) about gain maximization and higher threshold for overpayment are generally supported. A more refined model of social equity is presented to encompass the obtained results.
Salt hydrates buffer water activity during chymotrypsin-catalysed peptide synthesis.

Chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) powder suspended in hexane in the presence of Na2CO3.10H2O is a good catalyst for peptide synthesis. The salt hydrate releases water to fix the thermodynamic water activity of the system in accord with its dissociation pressure. Salt hydrates can be useful to buffer water activity in mainly organic enzyme reaction mixtures at a value permitting activity of the catalyst while minimising hydrolytic side reactions.
Bitch: In Praise of Difficult Women

Follow up what we will offer in this article about bitch in praise of difficult women. You know really that this book is coming as the best seller book today. So, when you are really a good reader or you're fans of the author, it does will be funny if you don't have this book. It means that you have to get this book. For you who are starting to learn about something new and feel curious about this book, it's easy then. Just get this book and feel how this book will give you more exciting lessons.
Influence of Glutathione Oxidation and pH on Thermal Formation of Maillard-Type Volatile Compounds

The Maillard-type volatile compounds obtained from the reaction of glutathione and glucose were mainly furans, carbonyl compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds including thiophenes, thiazoles, and cyclic polysulfides. Both pH 8.0 and 6.0 were favorable conditions for sulfur-containing compound formation, whereas acidic conditions were favorable for furan and derivative formation. The reaction between glutathionesulfonic acid, an oxidized form of glutathione, and glucose primarily produced furans, carbonyl compounds, pyrazines, and pyrroles. Furans dominated the products obtained from the reactions at pH 6.0 and 8.0. Pyrazines increased as the reaction pH increased. The disappearance of sulfur-containing compounds in the products of glutathionesulfonic acid and glucose reaction systems indicated glutathionesulfonic acid could not provide hydrogen sulfide for the reaction.  Glutathione; glutathionesulfonic acid; sulfur-containing; oxidation; pH
Teleosts as Model Organisms To Understand Host-Microbe Interactions

Host-microbe interactions are influenced by complex host genetics and environment. Studies across animal taxa have aided our understanding of how intestinal microbiota influence vertebrate development, disease, and physiology. However, traditional mammalian studies can be limited by the use of isogenic strains, husbandry constraints that result in small sample sizes and limited statistical power, reliance on indirect characterization of gut microbial communities from fecal samples, and concerns of whether observations in artificial conditions are actually reflective of what occurs in the wild. Fish models are able to overcome many of these limitations. The extensive variation in the physiology, ecology, and natural history of fish enriches studies of the evolution and ecology of host-microbe interactions. They share physiological and immunological features common among vertebrates, including humans, and harbor complex gut microbiota, which allows identification of the mechanisms driving microbial community assembly. Their accelerated life cycles and large clutch sizes and the ease of sampling both internal and external microbial communities make them particularly well suited for robust statistical studies of microbial diversity. Gnotobiotic techniques, genetic manipulation of the microbiota and host, and transparent juveniles enable novel insights into mechanisms underlying development of the digestive tract and disease states. Many diseases involve a complex combination of genes which are difficult to manipulate in homogeneous model organisms. By taking advantage of the natural genetic variation found in wild fish populations, as well as of the availability of powerful genetic tools, future studies should be able to identify conserved genes and pathways that contribute to human genetic diseases characterized by dysbiosis.
The canzone villanesca alla napolitana : social, cultural and historical contexts

The debut of the canzone villanesca alla napolitana Musical and metrical forms of the canzone villanesca and villanella alla napolitana Madrigali a tre et arie napolitane: a typographical and repertorial study The Prince of Salerno and the dynamics of oral transmission in songs of political exile Orlando di Lasso and pro-French factions in Rome A colorful bouquet of arie napolitane The salon as marketplace in the 1550s: patrons and collectors of Lasso's secular music Guilio Bonagiunta: a composer with a progressive attitude Orlando di Lasso et al.: a new reading of the Roman villanella book (1555) Erotic jest and gesture in Roman anthologies of Neapolitan dialect songs Indexes.
Hydrolysis of the palladium(II) ion in a sodium chloride medium

SummaryThe hydrolysis of the palladium(II) ion in a sodium chloride medium was studied by the e.m.f. method at 25 °C. The data show that the extent of the palladium hydrolysis depends upon the concentration of both palladium and sodium chloride medium. Thus, at a definite pH, the extent of the hydrolysis increases with increasing concentration of palladium, but decreases with increasing concentration of sodium chloride. The stability constants of the complexes obtained, PdOH+ and Pd4(OH)44+, also differ slightly depending upon the concentraton of sodium chloride. The observed medium effect is in agreement with the linear free energy relationship proposed for the metal ion hydrolysis.
Support of Science on the University's Own Terms.

Science serves its readers as a forum for the presentation and discussion of important issues related to the advancement of science, including the presentation of minority or conflicting points of view, rather than by publishing only material on which a consensus has been reached. Accordingly , all articles published in Science-including editorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of the authors and not official points of view adopted by the AAAS or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated. The faltering in the public support of science in America points to a deep and disheartening conclusion: Science has established no secure claim in its own right upon the priorities of our national treasury. A generation of time and billions of dollars of public funds should have secured a deeper understanding of the meaning of science on the part of contemporary Americans. Instead, much of the actual experience has created downright misunderstanding. At the end of World War II, the American taxpayer became the world's leading patron of science. For the next 20 years, public money flowed in increasing volume to the support of science. The rising curve of public support began to level out in 1965, and the support of university science is now down about $250 million from the 1965 peak of $1.3 billion. No one could deny that the ample flow of public funds set off a golden age of science in America. The country's universities and the scientific enterprise have yet to reckon, however, with the costs exacted by the terms on which the funds were extended and accepted. Now that the tide is ebbing, these costs are being revealed. It is clear that the harm done to science and the universities at the flood far exceeds any damage at the ebb. The scientists were content to accept funds from whatever source was ready to supply money most generously. They thus permitted the major funding of their work to come as a by-product of mounting public expenditures for other purposes, especially for weapons. University administrators, for their part, were glad to have the scientists on their faculty take on the task of obtaining the money. A university is a moral community, bound only by the common cause of the increase and diffusion of human understanding. In each of our foremost universities, the federal funding of science has exerted pressures tending …
Freethought, free love and feminism: secularist debates on marriage and sexual morality, England c. 1850-1885.

This article examines the previously unexplored current of Freethinking feminism in the second half of the nineteenth century. Active in the women's movement of this period, Freethinking feminists were nonetheless viewed as a liability—an attitude that contributed to their exclusion from much of the subsequent historiography. Such marginalisation was due not only to their vocal opposition to all forms of religion, but also their openness to discussing new ways of organising heterosexual relationships. This article focuses on Freethinking feminist critiques of marriage and support for free unions. It demonstrates that these issues continued to be debated in the Secularist movement at a time when many other radical organisations—including much of the women's movement—kept silent on such topics. In this way, Freethinking feminists kept alive the more radical and libertarian critiques of traditional sexual morality developed by Owenite feminists in the 1830s and 40s. The author argues that the ideology of Freethought propelled its adherents to readdress questions of sex within a new 'Secularist' ethical framework. Fierce debate ensued, yet commitment to freedom of discussion ensured that 'unrespectable', libertarian voices were never entirely silenced. Freethinking feminism might, then, be viewed as the 'missing link' between early nineteenth-century feminist visions of greater sexual freedom and the more radical discussions of sexuality and free love that began to emerge at the fin de sicle.
Samuel Smiles and the Origins of “Self-Help”: Reform and the New Enlightenment

Mill played two philosophic roles. Sometimes he preferred the role of Coleridgian philosopher who was broadly concerned with human culture and, within the context it provided, with “moral regeneration” as the most appropriate means for the improvement of mankind. On other occasions he gave greater prominence to a more narrowly conceived philosophic role; then he emphasized change in political institutions, instead of moral regeneration, as the means of improving mankind.* Samuel Smiles' popular book Self-Help (1859) is usually cited as a convenient example of mid-Victorian individualism and middle class values. Yet the source and meaning of the self-help ideal is not to be found in the 1850's. Instead, the historian must first turn to eighteenth century values. The article will therefore trace the intellectual origins of Smiles' ideal of self-help, and show that it was strongly influenced by Enlightenment concepts. Secondly, and a central theme of the article, it will be argued that Smiles' ideal of self-help in fact consisted of two avenues to reform-one active and one passive-and that these avenues to reform can only be understood in the context of the intellectual origins of the self-help ideal. Thirdly, the paper will analyse the continuing relationship between the active and passive components of Smiles' avenues to reform, and will contend that between the 1830's and the publication of Self-Help , Smiles' ideal of self-help as two modes of reform remained consistent. In order to support these claims the article will trace the development of Smiles' thought, concentrating firstly on Smiles' earliest book, Physical Education (1838), then on his time as editor of the reforming Leeds Times (1839-1845), and finally on his place in the health and education reform movements of the late 1840's and early 1850's leading into the writing of Self-Help (1859).