nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Connectivity in Citizen Centered E-Governance in Myanmar: Learning from Indian Experience

Globally, e-Governance has been fast maturing for rendering citizens centered services. Many nations have recognized the need to declare e-Governance as part of their national agenda and development goals. Despite growing acceptance of e-Governance as a service and infrastructure, many nations still face challenges of digital divide. Especially, these challenges with varying degrees are still prevalent in developing nations. However, there is opportunity for many nations who are in planning stage to learn from other nations to adopt a benchmarked process for e-Governance. Many successful e-Governance plans suggest for supporting telecommunication infrastructure at a national level with due importance on connectivity in the access layer of the service delivery architecture. In this paper, case of Myanmar is discussed which is in the early stage of adoption of e-Governance plan. It is now investing in deployment of connectivity plan. India being a neighboring country has similar demographic, social and cultural atmosphere and having experienced in managing e-Governance project life cycle; provides scope for consideration for Myanmar e-Governance project.
The Communications Satellite Industry as an Element in Nigeria’s Attempt to Modernise Its Economy and Society

There is general consensus that Nigeria’s inordinate reliance on oil has not had a positive impact on its social and economic development – indeed, that Nigeria has suffered from the ‘resource curse’. In 2009, the National Planning Commission of Nigeria, the custodian of the Vision 20:2020 document as well as the 30-year National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan (NIIMP), which stressed the need for Nigeria to reduce its reliance on hydrocarbons, a crucial element in this goal is Information and Communications Technology. This paper examines the establishment of the communications satellite industry and its strategic role as critical ICT backbone infrastructure in driving Nigeria’s national ICT revolution beyond cities and urban areas to unserved and underserved areas and its growing value chain in key economic sectors of the Nigerian economy and society.  Nigeria, Resource Curse, ICT, Communication Satellites.
In-situ simultaneous observation of phase transition and electrical properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O_3_ thin film by high temperature XRD and electrical measurement apparatus

Pb(Zr0.05Ti0.95)O3/(La,Sr)CoO3 thin films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on SrTiO3(001) substrates. Phase transition behavior of Pb(Zr0.05Ti0.95)O3 (PZT) was investigated using high temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) and high-temperature electrical measurement. The phase transition temperature of PZT thin film is larger than bulk one. In 100 and 200nm-thickness epitaxial PZT thin films, the phase transition temperatures obtained from X-ray diffraction measurement and electrical property measurement are in good agreement.
Premature Return - Another Interpretation of the Future Construct

Several parallel Lisp languages such as MultiLisp[1], MultiScheme[2], and TOP-1 Common Lisp[3] use the future construct as the primitive parallel construct. Evaluation of a future expression requires spawning a subprocess. For relatively fine-grained parallel applications, the time for process creation affects the overall performance of the program. In this paper, we propose another interpretation of the future construct, called the premature-return, which is useful to reduce the overhead of process creation. With this interpretation, the caller process of a future expression keeps evaluating the expression while another process will be created to execute the program that follows the future expression. Although the premature-return is more efficient than the conventional interpretation in many cases, it is sometimes less efficient. In order to avoid such inefficient situations, we propose the use of an additional construct together with the premature-return.
Mechanistic features of lignin peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of substituted phenols and 1,2-dimethoxyarenes.

The steady state kinetic parameters Km and kcat for the oxidation of phenolic substrates by lignin peroxidase correlated with the presteady state kinetic parameters Kd and k for the reaction of the enzyme intermediate compound II with the substrates, indicating that the latter is the rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle. ln Km and ln Kd values for phenolic substrates correlated with redox properties, unlike ln kcat and ln k. This finding suggests that in contrast to horseradish peroxidase, electron transfer is not the rate-limiting step during oxidation by lignin peroxidase compound II. A mechanism is proposed for lignin peroxidase compound II reactions consisting of an equilibrium electron transfer step followed by a subsequent rate-limiting step. Analysis of the correlation coefficients for linear relationships between ln Kd and ln Km and different calculated redox parameters supports a mechanism in which the acidic forms of phenols are oxidized by lignin peroxidase and electron transfer is coupled with proton transfer. 1,2-Dimethoxyarenes did not comply with the trend for phenolic substrates, which may be a result of more than one substrate binding site on lignin peroxidase and/or alternative binding modes. This behavior was supported by analogue studies with the 1,2-dimethoxyarenes veratric acid and veratryl aldehyde, both of which are not oxidized by lignin peroxidase. Inclusion of either had little effect on the rate of oxidation of phenolic substrates yet resulted in a decrease in the oxidation rate of 1,2-dimethoxyarene substrates, which was considerable for veratryl alcohol and less pronounced for 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylalcohol and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, in particular in the presence of veratric acid.
A Proposed Archean Subdivision of China

The item of Archean means that the geological history is a very long period before 2.5 Ga.It is characterized by, the intensive crust-mantle differentiation, widespread remobilized.and reworked crusts, and complex metamorphism and deformation. Because it had undergonestrong tectonic movements, the geqlgical records of the earliest history of the earth werenearly all destroyed, and only in a few areas are poorly preserved. Same as in the world,Archean rocks in China are also dominantly high-grade granulite-gneiss assemblages aridmiddle-low-grade granite-greenstone assemblage. We generally agree to the scheme of foursubdivision of Archean which was recommended by the internationa Subcommittee of Precambrian Stratigraphy in its ninth session. But according to the geology situation of China,we prefer to select the ages of 3.8 Ga, 3.3 Ga and 2. 9 Ga as the boundary times forEras. The geological period before 3. 8 Ga is named the Eoarchean Era. It is the earliest eraand alsq the least geolgical records in the earth history.The Paleoarchean is the era between 3.8 Ga and 3. 3 Ga.The Paleoarchean crustal remnants in China have been only discoved intab areas so far.One is in the Eastern Hebei and the other is in Anshan of LiaoningProvince.In addition to the above mentioned two areas,the Mesoarchean rock records (between 3. 3 Ga and 2.9 Ga) occurred as crustal remnants in varying scale have been found inthe Long gang Cbmplex-Group in Liaoniang-Jinn provicea, in the Sanggan Complex withinthe juncture of Hebei-Inner Monglia-Shanxi provinces,and in the Jiaodong Complex-Group ofShandong Provice.The Neoarchean is an era in which the Archean rock records arewidespread,and the granite-greenstone belts are also well developed in China.According tothe relatively abundant geolgical data and isotopic ages, the Neoarchean can be reasonablysubdivided into two stages;and the age of boundary is suggested at 2. 65-2. 7 Ga. About thetop boundary of Archean,we use the age of 2. 5 Ga, which was determined by the international Committee of Stratigraphy.
Method for surface modification of copper indium gallium diselenide (Cu(In, Ga)Se2) film

The invention discloses a method for surface modification of a copper indium gallium diselenide (Cu(In, Ga)Se2) film and relates to the technical field of photoelectric function materials and new energy. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: depositing a metal film or an alloy film with a certain thickness on the (Cu(In, Ga)Se2) film, performing high temperature annealing on the (Cu(In, Ga)Se2) film under reactive atmosphere and carrying out a copper selenium secondary phase (CuxSe) reaction on the surface of the deposited metal or alloy and (Cu(In, Ga)Se2) film to form a copper selenium poly-metal compound with a wide band gap so as to fulfill the aim of removing CuxSe. By the surface modification method, the defect that toxicity exists and the environment cannot be protected in etching the CuxSe by the traditional modification method by adopting KCN (potassium cyanide) are overcome; the method has the advantages of being low in cost and high in reproducibility and being suitable for large-area film growth and the like; and with the adoption of method, the band gap width on the surface of the film can be improved, a gradient band gap is formed, the pn junction interface composition is obviously reduced, and the open-circuit voltage of a device is effectively improved.
Identifying Extension's Community Resource Development Clientele and Adapting Economic Information to the Needs of Each

In recent times, few concepts have enjoyed as much developing a significant program effort in Community exposure or suffered more abuse than Community Resource Development. The array of models, strateResource Development. Social scientists have dissected gies and processes suggest and often prescribe specialits components with the skill of the surgeon's hand ized organizational arrangements, staffing procedures and too frequently with the clarity and understanding and competences necessary for implementing an efassociated with UFO's (unidentified flying objects). fective community development program. Consequently, after over ten years of emphasis at the The "novice expert" has contributed greatly to the national level and after numerous statements of scope "popular parade" of information on Community and responsibility from Extension's national policy Resource Development. Among his more notable conmaking body, community resource development as tributions have been complicated frameworks, models, a major program area remains in a highly fluid state approaches, strategies and processes all guaranteed within many state Extension Services. to foster community growth and progress. The "novice expert" also has an assortment of long range programs The 1968 "ECOP Report Community Resource which are open-ended and designed to re-establish Development" presents a comprehensive assessment "community confidence" damaged by the application on the scope of community resource development and of ill conceived community development efforts. the role of the Cooperative Extension Service in it.
Poverty in transition: The rediscovery of poverty and state treatment of the popular sectors in Argentina in the eighties

This paper describes and analyzes three processes. These three processes – initiated during the 1980s in the context of the return to democracy in Argentina – would have a strong influence in the way the State will treated the “social question” once it was redefined as a “fight against the poverty”. These initiatives were born within different state agencies and came together in an embryonic transformation with a strong modernizing hallmark of the conception of social policies. First, the creation of the Programa Alimentario Nacional (PAN), that mobilized new issues linked to poverty in Argentina; second, the enterprise of the statistical definition and measurement of poverty and “poor people” by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC); finally, the conformation of a group of analysis of the social policies in a state agency. The paper shows how, throughout these processes, expert became key actors. It also shows how, in the combination of technical speeches, social multiposition, and political commitments, they managed to move forward the ways of state intervention on the popular sectores in a technified sense.
Risks and Mitigation Measures in Build-Operate-Transfer Projects

Infrastructure investments are important in developing countries, it will not only help to foster the economic growth of a nation, but it will also act as a platform in which new forms of partnership and collaboration can be developed mainly in East Asian countries. Since the last two decades, many infrastructure projects had been completed through build-operate-transfer (BOT) type of procurement. The developments of BOT have attracted participation of local and foreign private sector investor to secure funding and to deliver projects on time, within the budget and to the required specifications. Private sectors are preferred by the government in East Asia to participate in BOT projects due to lack of public funding. The finding has resulted that the private sector or promoter of the BOT projects is exposed to multiple risks which have been discussed in this paper. Effective risk management methods and good managerial skills are required in ensuring the success of the project. The review indicated that mitigation measures should be employed by the promoter throughout the concession period and support from the host government is also required in ensuring the success of the BOT project. BOT project, risks management, concessionaire, consortium.
Reverse Mortgages and the Liquidity of Housing Wealth

The article is organized as follows: Section I briefly describes the features of various types of reverse mortgages offered in the private and public sectors. Section II surveys the ~elevant literature that has focused on the savings patterns of the elderly and their demand for reverse mortgage products. Section III describes the sample of the elderly drawn from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Section IV analyzes the potential demand for reverse mortgages on the basis of age, fertility history, income, housing wealth, liquid wealth, and debt. Section V discusses the difficulties in developing an established market for reverse mortgages, including legal and regulatory barriers, as well as issues of appropriate pricing and risk. Section VI concludes the paper.
Technical writing: The engineer's masterpiece

Design and development engineers have a responsibility to communicate and cooperate fully with technical writers if successful publications are to emerge from an organization. It is the writer's obligation to obtain the respect and confidence of the engineers so that information is rendered accurately and for mutual benefit. Such information may take the form of explanatory documents, manuals, brochures, reports, specifications, and publications for employee training. Illustrations are part of an international technical writing language. Their purpose is to convey a message with little or no text and they must be carefully crafted not to hand the reader a puzzle.
New social movements, the use of ICTs, and their social impact

The following work is an analysis of new social movements and the use of new technologies from the perspective of political philosophy. It stems from the results obtained in the dissertation "New Social Movements and the Use of ICTs: Case Studies," presented at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid as part of the Communication, Social Change and Development program. While it is true that these movements have existed for a long time, new digital technologies allow for political agendas and proposals to increase in visibility, scope and dissemination. The "know-how" of these new movements and their ability to drive social transformation are expressions of a framework made up of different strategies to those proposed by traditional groups framed by political parties. The methods employed by civic action require a natural flow of information which political parties cannot reproduce. Symbolic resources and expressions of sentiments and emotions play a crucial role in structuring a new form of language and a different way of being. The implications are important, not only in terms of mass media and politics, but also in terms of social change.
Efficient image deployment in cloud environments

The biggest overhead for the instantiation of a virtual machine in a cloud infrastructure is the time spent in transferring the image of the virtual machine into the physical node that executes it. This overhead becomes larger for requests composed of several virtual machines to be started concurrently, and the illusion of flexibility and elasticity usually associated with the cloud computing model may vanish. This poses a problem for both the resource providers and the software developers, since tackling those overheads is not a trivial issue.In this work we implement and evaluate several improvements for virtual machine image distribution problem in a cloud infrastructure and propose a method based on BitTorrent and local caching of the virtual machine images that reduces the transfer time when large requests are made. HighlightsWe will study how the deployment of images into the physical machines poses a problem to an IaaS resource provider and how it introduces a penalty towards the users.We will discuss several image transfer methods that alleviate this problem and review the related work.We implement and evaluate some of the described methods in an existing Cloud Management Framework (CMF).We propose an improvement of the scheduling algorithm to take profit of the VM images cached at the physical nodes.
Aspects of the ALGOL 68 mode structure

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Comparative Study of Cyber Security Policies among Malaysia, Australia, Indonesia: A Responsibility Perspective

The significant growth of information and communication technology (ICT) has the potential to promote economic growth. On the other hand, it also cause an increase in cyber threat and hence must be handled properly. Comprehensive and collective approach in handling cyber threat should be considered as importance. One of the most important aspect that should be considered is organizational structures. It plays a significant role in organizing responsibility among cyber related agencies. This paper provides a comparison study about a delegation scheme of responsibilities in cyber related role among different agencies among three different countries Malaysia, Australia and Indonesia. This study has shown that Indonesia has a more complex partition scheme of delegating responsibilities.
The selfish gene at 30: the origin and career of a book and its title

The 30th anniversary of Richard Dawkins's The selfish gene coincides with the opening for historical scholarship of the production files of the book's first edition at the archives of Oxford University Press. Using the information collected in the files, the essay reconstructs the Press history of the book, the author's and his enthusiastic editor's pre-publication expectations, and the early reception and subsequent career of the book, which made an impact on the scientific debate on behaviour and evolution as well as on the popular market. It also reflects on the changing notions of popularization and the place of The selfish gene in those debates.
Social Network Theory in Inter-Organizational Alliances: An Exploratory Examination of Mobile Payments Engagement

Fueled by ubiquitous access to mobile phones, and a massive population of nearly 3 billion unbanked people around the globe, mobile commerce is evolving as a disruptive technology. Simultaneously, mobile payments are surfacing as a killer application within the mobile commerce context (Hu et al. 2008). Undeniably, the proliferation of wireless mobile technology provides much-needed access to vital information, and financial services for disenfranchised, unbanked populations. In addition, technological innovations offer first-time opportunities for suppliers of goods and services in a market context to gain competitive advantages while enhancing their economic viability. According to Portio Research, the volume of mobile payments rose significantly from $68.7 billion U.S. dollars in 2009, with predictions of $633.4 billion U.S. dollars by the end of 2014 (mobithinking.com 2012). Despite exponential growth in the number of mobile subscribers globally, and widespread adoption of mobile commerce, acceptance rates for mobile payment applications have lagged (Dahlberg et al. 2007, Ondrus et al 2009, Ondrus and Lyytinen 2011). Yet examinations of factors inhibiting the widespread acceptance of mobile payments are relatively sparse. Using Social Network theory, this research examines factors affecting engagement in mobile payments. The researcher posits that four primary elements influence mobile payment engagement: 1) the relationships between and amongst inter-organizational alliance members; 2) the prevailing regulatory environment; 3) the state of existing banking and technology infrastructures, and 4) an assessment of economic opportunity. The research outcomes from this exploratory examination led to the development of a comprehensive model for mobile payment engagement, and strongly suggest that ties between and amongst firms in inter-organizational alliances help ensure the success of mobile payment engagement. Support was found for the following suppositions: 1) similarities and relations (continuous ties) help establish a framework and understanding amongst alliance members as to each party’s goals and objectives; and 2) interactions and flows (discrete ties) between and amongst inter-organizational alliance members strengthen the overall ties between alliance members while solidifying a viable working relationship amongst the alliance members. This study employs a qualitative approach to obtain real world insight into the dynamism of the mobile payment arena. A model is then proposed to practically examine mobile payment engagement opportunities. From a theoretical perspective, the research contributes to the extant scholarly knowledgebase pertaining to engagement in mobile payments.