nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
High-emissivity composite-oxide fillers for high temperature stable aluminum‑chromium phosphate coating

The production of high-performance heat-dissipating coatings on large structures has attracted significant attention owing to the ever-rising requirements of hypersonic vehicles. Mixtures of Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and MnO 2 were sintered at various temperatures, and the composites obtained by sintering at 1323 and 1523 K were used as fillers for aluminum‑chromium phosphate based heat-dissipating coatings. The microstructures and compositions of the fillers and coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Spectral emissivity and cyclic oxidation were performed up to 973 K for the coatings. The results showed that the aluminum‑chromium phosphate coating prepared with the filler sintered at 1323 K displayed the maximum spectral emissivity in the waveband 3–8 μm owing to the Mn 1.5 Cr 1.5 O 4 phase. Further sintering the filler at 1523 K decreased the emissivity of the aluminum‑chromium phosphate coatings. The effects of the sintered fillers on emissivity were analyzed. In addition, the oxidation resistances, phase structures and morphologies of the aluminum‑chromium phosphate coatings after cyclic oxidation at 973 K for 200 h were studied, indicating that the aluminum‑chromium phosphate coatings prepared with the composite oxide fillers could improve the oxidation resistance of Ti alloys.
The recent literature on public leadership: Reviewed and considered

The purpose of the article is to review the academic literature on public leadership. The discussion is generally confined to books and articles in which leadership in the public realm is explicitly at the center of the discussion; and it is limited to materials published in 1999 and 2000. The literature on leadership is divided into five groups: individuals, groups/organizations, nations, transnational arrangements, and cross-cutting themes (diversity, ethics, mass movements). The article concludes by noting that although the literature on public leadership, at least as generated by contemporary academicians, remains meager, it is growing in richness and diversity. In fact, this review demonstrates that scholars, teachers, and practitioners have a range of relevant materials from which to draw information and ideas. An enormous amount of work remains to be done before the literature on public leadership reaches a critical mass. But some good work is being accomplished in a field that is clearly expanding, and that is of increasing interest to constituencies both within and outside academia.
Time evolution and Zeno effect in relativistic quantum field theory

We study the time evolution of decaying particles in the framework of certain renormalizable models of relativistic quantum field theory. Significant differences between the latter and the non-relativistic quantum mechanical case are found —in particular, regarding the so-called quantum Zeno effect. In some cases, the finite time behaviour is well defined after having performed a conventional renormalization. However, in other situations, the latter does not suffice to obtain finite survival probabilities. In all cases, the crucial consistency with Fermi’s golden rule holds. The analysis of the finite time evolution in relativistic quantum field theory (RQFT) and, in particular, the behaviour at short times of the survival probability of unstable particles in RQFT is a relevant matter as far as the foundations of quantum mechanics are concerned and has some peculiarities which make it to be worth studying. But before going to RQFT, we will briefly recapitulate the main features of the survival amplitude (SA) at E-mail:ralvarez@eucmax.sim.ucm.es E-mail: jolu@delta.ft.uam.es
A facile microwave-induced synthesis of titanium pyrophosphate nanocrystals

Titanium pyrophosphate (TiP 2 O 7 ) nanocrystals are synthesized using a facile microwave (MW) heating method, in which titanium hydroxide (TH) and H 3 PO 4 (85%) are used as Ti and P sources without surfactant or template assistance. X-ray diffraction results suggest that pure cubic-structured TiP 2 O 7 could be obtained via MW irradiation at 800 W for 5 min. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope photographs show that the grain sizes of the samples range from 20 nm to 100 nm and vary with the irradiation time. The effects of different sample preparation conditions on the experimental result are also discussed. The band gap energy of as-synthesized TiP 2 O 7 is determined to be 3.8 eV by UV diffuse reflectance spectral analysis. Luminescence spectral analysis shows that nanocrystal TiP 2 O 7 shows white-light emission at 300 nm.
Injecting the How into the What: Investigating a Finite Classical Logic

Computer scientists routinely design algorithms to efficiently solve problems found in nature. The resulting algorithms encapsulate the original problem as well as extra information about how to solve that problem; thus, nature's original description that says what the problem is has been augmented with information about how to solve it. In this paper, we investigate the automation of this process by concentrating on declarative languages, arguing that certain classes of declarative languages encode more information about how to solve a problem than others, and demonstrating techniques for automatically translating between two languages separated in the what-to-how spectrum.
Light quark vacuum polarization at the physical point and contribution to the muon $g-2$

We report on the computation of the connected light quark vacuum polarization with 2+1+1 flavors of HISQ fermions at the physical point and its contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment. Three ensembles, generated by the MILC collaboration, are used to take the continuum limit. The finite volume correction to this result is computed in the (Euclidean) time-momentum representation to NNLO in chiral perturbation theory. We find $a_\mu^{ll}({\rm HVP})=(659\pm 20\pm 5\pm 5\pm 4)\times 10^{-10}$, where the errors are statistical and estimates of residual uncertainties from taking the continuum limit, scale setting, and truncation of chiral perturbation theory at NNLO. We compare our results with recent ones in the literature.
Attitudes Towards Self-change: A Comparison of Japanese and American University Students

This study examined attitudes related to the possibility of changing cognitions and behaviours among samples of college students in the United States and Japan. Students were asked to identify three things about themselves that they wanted to change, the method they would use to effect these changes, how difficult they thought making such changes would be, and how much they desired to make the changes. Japanese and US students differed significantly in the frequency with which they mentioned all seven aspects of the self that were targeted for change. Students in the United States expressed a desire to improve their sociability, academic achievement and cognitive abilities, physical appearance, and sense of individuality. Students in Japan were most concerned about enhancing their relationships with others, self-control and motivation, and ability to manage practical affairs. In addition, US respondents were more likely than their Japanese counterparts to use behaviour-oriented strategies, to believe it w...
Links between Natural Variation in the Microbiome and Host Fitness in Wild Mammals.

Recent studies in model organisms have shown that compositional variation in the microbiome can affect a variety of host phenotypes including those related to digestion, development, immunity, and behavior. Natural variation in the microbiome within and between natural populations and species may also affect host phenotypes and thus fitness in the wild. Here, I review recent evidence that compositional variation in the microbiome may affect host phenotypes and fitness in wild mammals. Studies over the last decade indicate that natural variation in the mammalian microbiome may be important in the assistance of energy uptake from different diet types, detoxification of plant secondary compounds, protection from pathogens, chemical communication, and behavior. I discuss the importance of combining both field observations and manipulative experiments in a single system to fully characterize the functions and fitness effects of the microbiome. Finally, I discuss the evolutionary consequences of mammal-microbiome associations by proposing a framework to test how natural selection on hosts is mediated by the microbiome.
Gap bifurcations in nonlinear dynamical systems.

We investigate the dynamics generated by a type of equation which is common to a variety of physical systems where the undesirable effects of a number of self-consistent nonlinear forces are balanced by an externally imposed controlling harmonic force. We show that the equation presents a new sequence of bifurcations where periodic orbits are created and destroyed in such a nonsimultaneous way that may leave the appropriate phase-space occasionally empty of fundamental harmonic orbits and confined trajectories. A generic analytical model is developed and compared with a concrete physical example.
Don't get lost in GOST standards

This work presents the electrical distribution equipment for the pipeline project and marine terminal installation in prefabricated buildings. The difficulties that occurred during the project and the solutions implemented when applying local regulations and in obtaining GOST-R and GOST-K certification from the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan are described in this article. The marine terminal substation buildings were selected to illustrate the concepts used and the problems encountered during the design, construction, commission, and operation phases.
The Demographic Implications of Escalating Welfare Payments in Australia

This paper addresses the steady increase in Australian welfare beneficiaries. From 1979 to 2006, working-age welfare recipients on full income support increased from 5.6 to 10 per cent of the population. From 1996 to 1999, children of welfare recipients were found to be five times more likely to be receiving welfare benefits and were producing four and a half times more children than independent families.
Unique UV-resistant and surface active aramid fibers with simultaneously enhanced mechanical and thermal properties by chemically coating Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8 having low photocatalytic activity

To conquer the inferior UV resistance and poor surface activity without sacrificing the outstanding integrated performance of aramid fiber (KF) is still a challenge. A series of unique modified KFs coated with CaO doped CeO2 (Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8), Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8@KF, were prepared, and their structures and properties were systematically investigated. Results show that the morphology of Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8@KF can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8 coated on the surface of KF, so does the integrated performances of fibers; while the chemical and crystal structures of Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8@KF are nearly the same as those of KF. Attractively, all Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8@KFs not only have greatly improved UV-resistance and surface activity, but also exhibit enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. The surface free energies of Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8@KFs are 1.2–1.4 times those of KFs; and the retentions of tenacity of Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8@KFs after 168 h UV irradiation depend on the loading of Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.8 on the surface of KF, but all of them are as high as 88–95%. The origin behind this is intensively discussed. This investigation provides an effective method to overcome the bottle-necks of KFs.
Pressure induced anisotropy of electrical conductivity in polycrystalline molybdenum disulfide (vol 252, pg 7941, 2006)

Anisotropic specimens of MoS 2 are obtained by pressing the microcrystalline powder into special die. This inelastic compression results in a rearrangement of the disulfide micro platelets observed by atomic force microscopy and reflected in the macroscopic anisotropy in electrical conductivity in these samples. The conductivity measured parallel and perpendicular to the direction of applied pressure exhibits an anisotropy factor of ∼ 10 at 1 GPa. This behaviour of the conductivity as a function of applied pressure is explained as the result of the simultaneous influence of a rearrangement of the micro platelets in the solid and the change of the inter-grain distances.
The testability of distributed real-time systems [Book Reviews]

of Distributed Real-Time Systems by Werner Schutz 144 pages 874 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 1993 ISBN 0-7923-9386-4 Dewire treats analysis and top-level design in one chapter, as is appropriate, deferring the discussion of detailed design to a separate chapter on “Construction.” I find it difficult to understand, however, why the integration issues such as transaction management ended up in a chapter under the heading “Operations” and not in the chapter on detailed design. Also, the book discusses numerous techniques, methods, and tools without providing any references. I think this is a serious omission in a survey that covers such an important and relatively new area of computing. Even though Dewire’s text does not give an adequate description of the newest developments in distributed computing, it does provide the reader with an exhaustive overview of major issues, methods, and tools. It is informative and well written. I would not hesitate to recommend it as a practical source of technical information on modern distributed systems.
Prophet Harris, The 'Black Elijah' of West Africa: Abridged by Jocelyn Murray

Prophet Harris, The "Black Elijah" of West Africa offers the only comprehensive study of the thought of William Wade Harris, the Glebo (Liberia) loyalist whose prophetic mission from 1910-29 moved tens of thousands of West Africans out of traditional religion into the stream of Christianity and modernization, particularly in the Ivory Coast. It reviews that unparalleled breakthrough, thoroughly examines traditional African, Western missionary and colonial influences which helped determine religious innovation and shape his vocation as prophet of Christ's reign of peace and prosperity. Heretofore unused sources, enriched by documents and photos, expose biblical eschatological and messianic dynamics which tied Harris' words, symbols and charisma together in a holistic African Christianity. The source of long-standing contentions between Ivoirian Harrists, Methodists and Catholics is uncovered in the well-intentioned but changing colonial and missionary responses to his impact.
A Street Fit for a King: Naming Places and Commemoration in the American South

The naming of streets after Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK) is an importantarena for African Americans as they rewrite the landscape of southern identity and commemoration. While less ornate and ostentatious than museums and monuments, MLK streets are powerful and highly contested cultural geographies because of their potential to connect disparate communities and incorporate a vision of the past into the spatial practices of everyday life. They reveal the importance of location, particularly intra-urban location, to public memorialization. Naming streets for King is a significant part of the nonmetropolitan South as well as larger cities and dependent upon the relative size of a city's African-American population. When estimating the intra-urban character of MLK streets within several southern states, findings suggest that they are located in census areas that are generally poorer and with more African Americans than citywide averages. Analysis reveals a geographic unevenness in the frequency of businesses...
The genesis of dirac's relativistic theory of electrons

Paul Dirac's relativistic quantum mechanics for electrons, published early in 1928, is on of the great landmarks i the history of cience. According to Norwood Russell Hanson, it has few predece s s in gr atness: "Theoretical physics has rarely witnessed such a owerful unification of concepts, data, theories and intuitions: Newton and Universal Gravitation; Maxwell and Electrodynamics; Einstein and Special Relativity; Bohr and the hydrogen atom; these are the high spots before Dirac. From a chaos of apparently unrelated facts and ideas, Newton in his way, and now Dirac in his, built a logically powerful and conceptually beautiful physical theory ..."! Despite the greatness of Dirac's theory it has never been subject to historical analysis. This may be due to a tacit assumption by most historians of physics that the period suitable for historical investigations ends about 1927, when quantum mechanics became conceptually complete.2 What lies beyond
Understanding Hidden Memories of Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been successfully applied to various natural language processing (NLP) tasks and achieved better results than conventional methods. However, the lack of understanding of the mechanisms behind their effectiveness limits further improvements on their architectures. In this paper, we present a visual analytics method for understanding and comparing RNN models for NLP tasks. We propose a technique to explain the function of individual hidden state units based on their expected response to input texts. We then co-cluster hidden state units and words based on the expected response and visualize co-clustering results as memory chips and word clouds to provide more structured knowledge on RNNs’ hidden states. We also propose a glyph-based sequence visualization based on aggregate information to analyze the behavior of an RNN’s hidden state at the sentence-level. The usability and effectiveness of our method are demonstrated through case studies and reviews from domain experts.
5PSQ-101 Less-chron for deprescribing in nursing home residents

Patients with multimorbidity are an especially complex population. Multimorbidity is associated with poorer health outcomes and significant polypharmacy. These make patients more vulnerable to drug-related problems, causing a higher number of hospital admissions. This kind of population is common in nursing homes, and the withdrawal of medications might be an appropriate decision, resulting in significant clinical benefits. A review and evaluation process of long-term therapeutic plans aiming to stop, substitute or reduce the dosage of those drugs that under certain clinical conditions can be considered unnecessary or inappropriate, is necessary. The List Evidence-baSed depreScribing for CHRONic patients criteria (LESS-CHRON) is a list of 27 drugs and specific clinical situations thatpresent an opportunity for deprescribing in patients with multimorbidity or similar situation (chronic, elderly with comorbidities, polymedicated).  The aim of this study was to review all the medical treatments and clinical situation of the institutionalised patients in nursing homes, using LESS-CHRON and analyse the pharmacist interventions.  We included all the nursing home residents older than 65 years in a residential care centre linked to a hospital pharmacy. We reviewed, with the physician responsible, the pharmacological treatment and clinical situation of the residents to assess the benefits and risks of medication withdrawal, then we valued the acceptance.  We included 55 nursing home residents, 50% males, mean age 82.5±9 years. The mean drugs prescribed per patient was 8.5±4.4. Seventy-three per cent of the residents had a Charlson comorbidity index ≥5. We detected 39 inappropiate prescriptions by LESS-CHRON: 18% (seven) digestive system drugs, 41% (16) blood and cardiovascular system drugs, 5% (two) genitourinary tract and 36% (14) central nervous sytem. After the clinical review and evaluation process with the physician, the acceptance intervention rate to reduce dose or stop medication was 10 (26%). However, of the 29 (74%) inappropiate prescriptions without modifications in the treatment, 22 had a clinical explanation.  LESS-CHRON is a suitable tool for clinical practice to select which patients can benefit from deprescribing and can avoid several adverse events related to drugs, but requires a good knowledge of the clinical history and work in common with physicians. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.
N=2 Gauged Supergravity with Stable dS Vacuum and Masses of Ultra-Light Scalars in Einstein Field Equations

In most of the models of dark energy it is assumed that the cosmological constant is equal to zero and the potential energy V (φ) of the scalar field driving the present stage of acceleration, slowly decreases and eventually vanishes as the field rolls to φ = ∞. In this case, after a transient dS-like stage, the speed of expansion of the Universe decreases, and the Universe reaches Minkowski regime. Recently, it was found that one can describe dark energy in some d = 4 extended supergravities that have dS solutions. These dS solutions correspond to the extrema of the effective potential V (φ) for some scalar fields φ. In this paper, we introduce a non-minimal coupling between the scalar curvature and the density of a scalar in the form L = −ξ√gRφ∗φ = −ξR̃φ∗φ, ξ = 1 6 and we consider a complex potential in the form V (φφ∗) = pm(1 − ωφφ) where p is a constant of order of unity, φ∗ is a complex field and ω is a parameter assumed to be ≪ 1. It was shown that the mass squared of the scalar field is quantized in units of the cosmological constant as m = nΛ, where n are some integers in agreement with N = 2 gauged supergravity with stable dS vacuum. We show that this result could have important consequences on dark energy problem. We discuss some important consequences on standard cosmology withouit violating any of the well-known test of General Relativity. I- It is well believed today that the cosmological constant describes the energy density of the vacuum (empty space), and it is a potentially important contributor to the dynamical history of the Universe. Recent observations of Type Ia supernovae and the CMB indicates that the Universe is in accelerated regime . The total energy of the universe consists in fact of ordinary matter and dark matter. One can interpret the dark energy as the vacuum energy corresponding to the cosmological Einstein constant or as the slowly changing energy of a certain scalar field
Literary Vocation as Occupational Idealism: The Example of Emerson's "American Scholar"

he Emersonian strategy of the American literary intellectual may be so ingrained, so deeply organic to his or her sense of social self-positioning, that Ross Posnock, in "Assessing the Oppositional: Contemporary Intellectual Strategies," can now accuse Jim Merod of an "Emersonianism" so unacknowledged that the latter need not even mention the Concord idealist in refiguring more responsible "forms and affiliations of radical dissent." For whatever the impact of Foucault or Gramsci on American reassessments of the humanist intellectual, as in Paul Bove's portrayal of reader-response as the site of interpellation into middle-class acquiescence, the tropes and terms of Emerson as "representative