nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Opportunities and challenges for E-Commerce in Malaysia: A theoretical approach

Numerous studies of E-Commerce have emphasized the sway of obstacles related to Information Technology (IT) infrastructure, Socio economic condition, Internet usage, Government and regulatory initiatives as major determinants of ecommerce success. Information communication technology (ICT) revolutionizes businesses around the world. In this paper e-commerce practices in Malaysia has been analyzed by its strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This paper provides a general review of challenges and opportunities for e commerce practices in Malaysia. And to understand the in-depth of e-commerce practices and to investigates more solutions for the research problems. Analysis shows that E-Commerce in Malaysia is moving towards uptrend direction. But still there are some challenges which are influencing on E-Commerce. The challenges such as economic condition of the country, low wages of labors, low internet access, lack of awareness of online purchasing, e-readiness, high cost and legacy of fast internet. Findings show that there are sweet opportunities which can boost up E-Commerce in Malaysia. Strategic position of the country, political stability, foreign investment in information and communication technology (ICT) and high rate of education can be the charming part of E-Commerce growth in Malaysia.
Interactions between model membranes and lignin-related compounds studied by immobilized liposome chromatography.

In order to elucidate the modes of interaction between lignin precursors and membranes, we have studied the influence of temperature, lipid composition and buffer composition on the partitioning of monolignol and dilignol model substances into phospholipid bilayers. The partitioning was determined by immobilized liposome chromatography, which is an established method for studies of pharmaceutical drugs but a new approach in studies of lignin synthesis. The temperature dependence of the retention and the effect of a high ammonium sulfate concentration in the mobile phase demonstrated that the interaction involved both hydrophobic effects and polar interactions. There was also a good correlation between the partitioning and the estimated hydrophobicity, in terms of octanol/water partitioning. The partitioning behavior of the model substances suggests that passive diffusion over the cell membrane is a possible transport route for lignin precursors. This conclusion is strengthened by comparison of the present results with the partitioning of pharmaceutical drugs that are known to pass cell membranes by diffusion.
Reimagining Greek Tragedy on the American Stage

List of Illustrations Preface Introduction CHAPTER ONE. Greek Tragedy Finds an American Audience 1. Setting the Stage 2. American Theater Makes Greek Tragedy Its Own CHAPTER TWO. Making Total Theater in America: Choreography and Music 1. Hellenic Influences on the Development of American Modern Dance 2. American Gesamtkunstwerke 3. Musical Theater 4. Visual Choreography in Robert Wilson's Alcestis CHAPTER THREE. Democratizing Greek Tragedy 1. Antigone and Politics in the Nineteenth Century: The Boston 1890 Antigone 2. Performance Groups in the 1960s--1970s: Brecht's Antigone by The Living Theatre 3. The 1980s and Beyond: Peter Sellars's Persians, Ajax, and Children of Heracles 4. Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound in the United States: From the Threat of Apocalypse to Communal Reconciliation CHAPTER FOUR.  American Oedipus 1. Oedipus as Scapegoat 2. Plagues 3. Theban Cycles 4. Deconstructing Fatality 5. Abandonment CHAPTER FIVE. Reimagining Medea as American Other 1. Setting the Stage: Nineteenth-Century Medea 2. Medea as Social Critic from the Mid-1930s to the Late 1940s 3. Medea as Ethnic Other from the 1970s to the Present 4. Medea's Divided Self: Drag and Cross-
New Trigonometric form of The Hamilton's Quaternions

Is it possible to define, for certain values n the product of vectors of the real vector space of n dimensions, such that this is, with respect to multiplication and the ordinary addition of vectors, a numerical system which contains the system of real numbers? It can be proven that this cannot be done. In the space of four dimensions this construction is possible if we are apart from the commutativity of the multiplication. The resulting system is the one ofQUATERNIONS. In this work I first do a reminder of the fundamental concepts of Hamilton's Hypercomplex and then a deep work with such concepts.
A Theory of Private vs. Public Placements in Public Firms

This paper studies a public firm's investment decision and whether to raise the equity capital needed using the public market (SEO, Secondary Equity Offering) or a private channel (PIPE, Private Investment in Public Equity). Issuing a PIPE allows the firm to enjoy more financial flexibility. This is modeled in two dimensions: First, funds can be raised faster. Second, dilution costs caused by asymmetric information can be alleviated endogenously. However PIPEs are costly because new shares are temporarily illiquid. The model explains what firms use one market or the other and the optimal timing of investments to better use financial flexibility. For instance, market illiquidity makes the firm less likely to issue a PIPE, asymmetric information makes it more likely. The paper then considers private debt contracts and shows that the pecking order need not hold. The model explains empirical regularities, for instance, why do SEOs have negative abnormal returns around its announcement whereas abnormal returns for PIPEs are positive.
From J.J. ‘Boerjong’ Kotze to Hansie Cronje: Afrikaners and cricket in twentieth-century South Africa – diffusion and representation

This essay briefly traces the trajectory of late-nineteenth-century Afrikaner involvement in cricket. It then examines in greater depth the circumstances which during the first half of the twentieth century militated against the game developing a mass appeal among Afrikaners. The situation changed gradually with Afrikaner ascent to political power in 1948, and especially markedly different socio-economic prosperity during the 1960s, which contributed to cultural shifts and facilitated greater Afrikaner involvement in the game. The essay concludes with an assessment of the complex ways in which presumed Afrikaner identities played themselves out in the post-apartheid international sporting arena.
The geology and petrology of the Hannington Trachyphonolite formation, Kenya Rift Valley

Field, petrographical and geochemical studies of a group of late Pleistocene, alkaline and mildly peralkaline trachytic and trachyphonolitic lavas from the northern Kenya Rift have been undertaken. A large number of flows were erupted from widely dispersed centres to form an extensive volcanic shield within the floor of the rift. The major element composition of most rocks was substantially modified during crystallisation, but other data show that differentiation within the suite was the result of protracted feldspar fractionation of a trachytic magma with intially very low abundances of residual trace elements.
[Immigration of physicians and dentists into Hungary in the 1980's and 90's].

Following the fall of the socialist regime in Hungary (1989), it was observed by patients and doctors alike that the number of foreign physicians and dentists significantly increased in the late 1980's and the early 1990's. There was no scientific research so far about these changes. Based on a cross-sectional study in 2001, there are 39,122 registered and professionally active members in the Hungarian Medical Chamber in Hungary. There are 33,915 physicians and 5,207 dentists. At present, the total number of foreign citizens among them amounts to 797, including 517 doctors who studied in Hungarian universities, albeit in English, not in Hungarian. There are also 2,167 doctors with Hungarian citizenship with a medical diploma from abroad. It is likely, that 260-270 people in this group were already Hungarian citizens before entering medical training. Subtracting them from the 2,167 doctors and adding 517 foreigners trained in Hungary, it may be stated that approximately 2,400 doctors work in the Hungarian health care as a result of international migration.
The Use of Risk Assessment Tools and Prognostic Scores in Managing Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Purpose of ReviewPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic, progressive, and incurable disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite increasingly available treatment options, PAH patients continue to experience disease progression and increased rates of hospitalizations due to right heart failure. Physician’s ability to comprehensively assess PAH patients, determine prognosis, and monitor disease progression and response to treatment remains critical in optimizing outcomes.Recent FindingsRisk assessment in PAH should include a range of clinical, hemodynamic, and exercise parameters, performed in a serial fashion over the course of treatment. Approaches to risk assessment in PAH patients include the use of risk variables, scores, and equations that stratify the impact of both modifiable (e.g., 6-min walk distance, functional class, brain natriuretic peptide), and non-modifiable (e.g., age, gender, PAH etiology) risk factors. Such tools allow physicians to better determine prognosis, allocate treatment resources, and enhance the consistency of treatment approaches across providers.SummaryComprehensive and accurate risk prediction is essential to make individualized treatment decisions and optimizing outcomes in PAH.
Goedel Machines: Self-Referential Universal Problem Solvers Making Provably Optimal Self-Improvements

We present the first class of mathematically rigorous, general, fully self-referential, self-improving, optimally efficient problem solvers. Inspired by Kurt Goedel's celebrated self-referential formulas (1931), such a problem solver rewrites any part of its own code as soon as it has found a proof that the rewrite is useful, where the problem-dependent utility function and the hardware and the entire initial code are described by axioms encoded in an initial proof searcher which is also part of the initial code. The searcher systematically and efficiently tests computable proof techniques (programs whose outputs are proofs) until it finds a provably useful, computable self-rewrite. We show that such a self-rewrite is globally optimal - no local maxima! - since the code first had to prove that it is not useful to continue the proof search for alternative self-rewrites. Unlike previous non-self-referential methods based on hardwired proof searchers, ours not only boasts an optimal order of complexity but can optimally reduce any slowdowns hidden by the O()-notation, provided the utility of such speed-ups is provable at all.
The Josephus problem

We give explicit non-recursive formulas to compute the Josephus-numbers j(n, 2, i) and j(n, 3, i) and explicit upper and lower bounds for j(n, k, i) (where k ~ 4) which differ by 2k 2 (for k = 4 the bounds are even better). Furthermore we present a new fast algorithm to calculate j(n, k, i) which is based upon the mentioned bounds.
Compiling language definitions: the ASF+SDF compiler

The ASF+SDF Meta-Environment is an interactive language development environment whose main application areas are definition and implementation of domain-specific languages, generation of program analysis and transformation tools, and production of software renovation tools. It uses conditional rewrite rules to define the dynamic semantics and other tool-oriented aspects of languages, so the effectiveness of the generated tools is critically dependent on the quality of the rewrite rule implementation. The ASF+SDF rewrite rule compiler generates C code, thus taking advantage of C's portability and the sophisticated optimization capabilities of current C compilers as well as avoiding potential abstract machine interface bottlenecks. It can handle large (10,000+ rule) language definitions and uses an efficient run-time storage scheme capable of handling large (1,000,000+ node) terms. Term storage uses maximal subterm sharing (hash-consing), which turns out to be more effective in the case of ASF+SDF than in Lisp or SML. Extensive benchmarking has shown the time and space performance of the generated code to be as good as or better than that of the best current rewrite rule and functional language compilers.
Forging the Collective Memory: Government and International Historians Through Two World Wars

When studying the origins of World War One, scholars have relied heavily on the series of key diplomatic documents published by the governments of both the defeated and the victorious powers in the 1920s and 1930s. However, this volume shows that these volumes, rather than dealing objectively with the past, were used by the different governments to project an interpretation of the origins of the Great War that was more palatable to them and their country than the truth might have been.
Information Disclosure through Agents: Evidence from a Field Experiment

With a large nationwide retailer, we run a natural eld experiment to measure the eects of energy use information disclosure, rebates, and sales agent incentives on demand for energy ecient durable goods. Sales incentives and rebates are complementary, but information and sales incentives alone have statistically and economically insignicant eects. Sales agents comply only partially with the experiment, targeting information at the most interested consumers but not discussing energy eciency with the disinterested majority. In follow-up surveys, most consumers are aware of the energy ecient model and may even overestimate its benets, suggesting that imperfect information is not a major barrier to adoption in this context.
The Myth of Marketization: An Evaluation of the Persistence of Non-Market Activities in Advanced Economies

Across the social sciences, a recurring theme is that market production, where goods and services are produced for monetized exchange by capitalist firms for profit-motivated purposes, has replaced non-market production in the advanced economies. The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically this marketization thesis. Analyzing data on the volume of market and non-market activity, this paper reveals not only the relatively shallow penetration of the market sphere but also how for some four decades, contrary to the marketization thesis, the non-market sphere has been growing relative to the market realm. Rather than view non-market activity as a vestige of a pre-capitalist past, this paper thus explains the persistence and growth of non-market activity as a product of both the prevalence of resistance cultures to marketism and the inherent contradictions embedded in the pursuit of marketization. The paper thus concludes that not only is there a need to decentre representations of the market as victorious, pervasive and hegemonic, but also for greater recognition and value to be given to the non-market realm and the possibility of alternative futures beyond marketization.
A domain-based digital summary of the evolution of the Palaeoproterozoic of North America and Greenland and associated unconformity-related uranium mineralization

Studies of the evolution of the Earth require a better understanding of regional geological geology, particularly for earth scientists who do not have broad, domain-specific knowledge. The Palaeoproterozoic geology of North America and Greenland has been summarized at domain level using the database system developed for the IGCP 509 project “Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution”, with additional geochronological information from the DateView database. A series of diagrams illustrate and contrast the geochronology and isotopic evolution of the Trans-Hudson Orogen and its bounding older crustal domains. These are accompanied by several time-space correlation charts and time-slice tectonic reconstructions showing the lithostratigraphy of the region. The origin and setting of uranium mineralization in Canada is discussed in order to illustrate the knowledge potential captured within these databases.
Use of antithrombotic medications among elderly ischemic stroke patients.

The use of antithrombotic medications after ischemic stroke is recommended for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis and secondary stroke prevention. We assessed the rate of receipt of these therapies among eligible ischemic stroke patients age ≥65 years and determined the effects of age and other patient characteristics on treatment.



The analysis included Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries discharged with ischemic stroke (ICD 433.x1, 434.x1, 436) randomly selected for inclusion in the Medicare Health Care Quality Improvement Program's National Stroke Project 1998 to 1999, 2000 to 2001. Patients discharged from nonacute facilities, transferred, or terminally ill were excluded. Receipt of in-hospital pharmacological deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, antiplatelet medication, anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation, and antithrombotic medications at discharge were assessed in eligible patients, stratified by age (65 to 74, 75 to 84, and 85+ years). Descriptive models identified characteristics associated with treatment. Among 31 554 patients, 14.9% of those eligible received pharmacological deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, 83.9% antiplatelet drugs, 82.8% anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation, and 74.2% were discharged on an antithrombotic medication. Rates of treatment decreased with age and were lowest for patients ages 85 years or older. Admission from a skilled nursing facility and functional dependence were associated with lower treatment rates.



There was substantial underutilization of antithrombotic therapies among elderly ischemic stroke patients, particularly among the very elderly, those admitted from skilled nursing facilities, and patients with functional dependence. The reasons for low use of antithrombotic therapies, including the apparent underutilization of deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in otherwise eligible patients, require further investigation.
EFFECT OF CATIONIC STRENGTH AND SPECIES ON 2-D CONDENSATION OF DNA

The structure of DNA molecules condensed on cationic lipid bilayers changes in the presence of high-valence cations. For a plasmid DNA, it is found that the interhelical distance of condensed DNA has a minimum as the concentration of Mg2+ ions increases. However, divalent Mn2+ ions do not induce similar changes. More dramatically, the triamine spermidine causes most condensed DNA molecules to leave the bilayers at a concentration of only 0.05 mM. These findings may be useful for understanding how 2-D condensation of DNA occurs.
Public enterprise, public works, social fixed capital

The result of our digression is, incidentally, that the production of the means of communication, of the physical conditions of circulation, is put into the category of the production of fixed capital, and hence does not constitute a special case. Meanwhile, and incidentally, there opened up for us the prospect, which cannot be sharply defined yet at this point, of a specific relation of capital to the communal, general conditions of social production, as distinct from the conditions of a particular capital and its particular production process (Marx, edn 1973, 533).
An Efficient Algorithm for Learning Distances that Obey the Triangle Inequality

Semi-supervised clustering improves performance using constraints that indicate if two images belong to the same category or not. Success depends on how effectively these constraints can be propagated to the unsupervised data. Many algorithms use these constraints to learn Euclidean distances in a vector space. However, distances between images are often computed using classifiers or combinatorial algorithms that make distance learning difficult. In such a setting, we propose to use the triangle inequality to propagate constraints to unsupervised data. First, we formulate distance learning as a metric nearness problem where a brute-force Quadratic Program (QP) is used to modify the distances such that the total change in distances is minimized but the final distances obey the triangle inequality. Then we propose a much faster version of the QP that enforces only a subset of the inequalities and can be applied to real world clustering datasets. We show experimentally that this efficient QP produces stronger clustering results on face, leaf and video image datasets, outperforming state-of-the-art methods for constrained clustering. To gain insight into the effectiveness of this algorithm, we analyze a special case of the semi-supervised clustering problem, and show that the subset of constraints that we sample still preserves key properties of the distances that would be produced by enforcing all constraints.
Cyberattack detection in mobile cloud computing: A deep learning approach

With the rapid growth of mobile applications and cloud computing, mobile cloud computing has attracted great interest from both academia and industry. However, mobile cloud applications are facing security issues such as data integrity, users' confidentiality, and service availability. A preventive approach to such problems is to detect and isolate cyber threats before they can cause serious impacts to the mobile cloud computing system. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that leverages a deep learning approach to detect cyberattacks in mobile cloud environment. Through experimental results, we show that our proposed framework not only recognizes diverse cyberattacks, but also achieves a high accuracy (up to 97.11%) in detecting the attacks. Furthermore, we present the comparisons with current machine learning-based approaches to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed solution.