nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Options for adjusting India standard time for saving energy

For millenia, in any given place on earth noon was when the sun was highest in the sky. Up until the middle ages time was essentially a local phenomenon; shadows of obelisks and later sundials tracked the passage of time. Both travel and communications were slow. With increasing accuracy of mechanical clocks, a need arose to equalize the length of the eccentricity of the earth's orbit and the tilt of its axis (Prerau, 2005, p.30). Thus Geneva became the first city to introduce the first adjustment to local time by adopting mean solar time in 1780. As east-west travel by railways and communication by telegraph become more prevalent, the use of single mean time over a large region was the second adjustment to natural sun time starting in Britain in 1840. At first it was called railroad time, later it came to be called standard time. At the International Prime Meridian Conference held in Washington in 1884, the system of International standard time according to established time zones was adopted. this system is still in use today.
Design and Realization of Multimedia-Examinations for large Numbers of Participants in University

We report on successfully accomplished Multimedia Examinations in a physics lecture for engineering freshmen. The use of New Media enables us to create new types of questions, including Java-based applets, and questions requiring Internet-based research. These new forms are presented in detail. Economically priced hardware solutions and user-friendly software for both teachers as well as students are realised in collaboration with PROMETHEAN CORPORATION. A first evaluation - which is very countenancing - is presented; our e-assessment finds general approval in the participants' opinions.
Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor controls in Thai type 2 diabetes with no history of cardiovascular complications; situation and compliance to diabetes management guideline in Thailand.

Cardiovascular complication is one of the most important issues causing morbidity and death in diabetic patients. Primary prevention is a key to prevent this complication.



The objective was to study the situations of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor controls in Thai type 2 diabetic patients who had no history of cardiovascular complication at a university hospital in Thailand after the Thai diabetes management guideline was recently launched.



The study was a cross-sectional survey in type 2 diabetes patients with no history of cardiovascular disease. Seven hundred and fourteen patients were enrolled in the study and 54.3% were females. The data were collected retrospectively from out-patient medical records and an electronic data base for the patients who were followed up at the hospital during January-December 2010. The most recent laboratory values were utilized in the analysis.



70%-90% of all patients were checked for HbA1c and lipid profiles (LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides) at least once a year. It was observed that only 28% of the patients had HbA1c<6.5%. Furthermore, the percentages of the patients who had blood pressure <130/80 mmHg, and who had LDL-C<100 mg/dL were 28% and 41%, respectively.



Even though the practice guideline has been launched since 2008, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia were still poorly controlled. Further study is recommended to identify factors influencing these outcomes as well as the policy of diabetic care in Thailand is needed to be seriously implemented.
Evaluation of Electrical Carrier Transport Mechanism in Plasma Polymerized n-Butyl Methacrylate Thin Films

Aluminium/poly(n-butyl methacrylate)/aluminium pattern thin films of different thickness were fabricated through plasma polymerization technique and their DC electrical characterization was conducted with a view of better understanding of the electrical charge transport mechanism. The current density—voltage and current density—film thickness characteristics of fabricated thin films of different thickness indicated that the dominant conduction mechanism in the higher voltage region is space charge limited conduction. The estimated carrier mobility, trap density and free carrier density decreased with the increase of thickness of the prepared thin films.
Introduction: Theology and Rationality Inside Out

The following six articles are revised versions of papers given at a research workshop, ‘‘Theology and Rationality,’’ at the University of Toronto in November 2012. The workshop came about as part of a larger project bearing the same title, launched and carried out by the Department of Systematic Theology and Philosophy of Religion at Goethe University Frankfurt. Promoting and strengthening the ‘‘strategic partnership’’ between (and supported by) both institutions, a follow-up to the Toronto workshop titled ‘‘Rationality Inside Out’’ will be held at Goethe University in October 2013. Here the nature and inter-religious significance of rationality will be discussed both from an internal (intra-religious: Judaism, Christianity, Islam) and external (extraor non-religious) perspective. The six papers presented here cover a fairly wide range of what at first sight might seem rather disparate aspects of the overall theme. However, closer inspection reveals a common focus in guiding interests and in particular topics and methods chosen. As such the papers can be divided into three subgroups. The first two are in large parts, though not exclusively, devoted to the concept of rationality.  Schulz suggests to conceive of the latter as an epistemic virtue-concept, which, other characteristics notwithstanding, is to be placed halfway between virtues that admit being reformulated both as goods and duties (e.g., honesty) and those lacking this capacity (e.g., wisdom). After briefly arguing for a pragmatical, ‘‘success’’-related standard or measure of rationality, theological statements and/or religious beliefs are shown to be epistemically successful and thus rationally justified, at least in principle, if and to the extent that they are rooted in experiences to be spelled out as ‘‘acute spiritual crises.’’ Some theological implications of this view are briefly discussed at the end of the article. A different approach—yielding epistemically similar conclusions—is chosen by Gesche Linde: drawing on selected examples of religious argument across world religions, she outlines a minimum concept of rationality (person-relatedness, structure-relatedness, communicability, generality, differentiatedness), in order subsequently to connect the latter with a semiotic frame theory. This theory invokes Charles Peirce’s analytical system of semiotic trichotomies, which, among other things, allows and calls for distinguishing between different types of rationality. In light
Do differences in life‐history traits and the timing of peak mating activity between host‐associated populations of Chilo suppressalis have a genetic basis?

The development of host races, genetically distinct populations of the same species with different hosts, is considered to be the initial stage of ecological speciation. Ecological and biological differences consistent with host race formation have been reported between water-oat and rice-associated populations of Chilo suppressalis. In order to confirm whether these differences have a genetic basis, we conducted experiments to determine the extent to which various life-history traits and the time of peak mating activity of these populations were influenced by the species of host plant larvae were raised on. Individuals from each population were reared for three consecutive generations on either water-oat fruit pulp or rice seedlings. Descendants of both populations had higher larval survival rates, shorter larval developmental periods, higher pupal weight, and longer adult forewings, when reared on water-oats than when reared on rice. The time of peak of mating activity differed between the descendants of each population, irrespective of whether they were raised on water-oats or rice. These results indicate that although some life-history traits of host-associated populations of C. suppressalis are influenced by the host plant larvae are raised on, time of peak mating activity is not. Because it is a stable, objective, phenotypic trait, further research on difference in the time of peak mating activity between host-associated populations of C. suppressalis should be conducted to clarify the mechanism responsible for host race formation in this species.
Evidence and role of excessive iron in the lattice of M-type barium hexaferrite synthesized by one-step spark plasma sintering method

M-type barium hexaferrite (BaM) compounds with excessive iron, BaFe 12+ x O 19+1.5 x (0 ⩽  x  ⩽ 0.4), have been synthesized by spark plasma sintering method. The grains crystallized in plate-like form. The lattice parameters increased and the grain sizes decreased with increasing values of x . Specific saturation magnetization of 74.53–77.76 emu g −1 is greater than the theoretical value of BaM single crystal. Coercivity of 694.30–1146.58 Oe is far lower than that measured the BaM materials prepared by available methods.
GaN crystals prepared through solid-state metathesis reaction from NaGaO2 and BN under high pressure and high temperature

crystals are successfully obtained through solid-state metathesis (SSM) reaction between sodium gallium oxide (NaGaO 2 ) and boron nitride (BN) under high pressure and high temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates that the attained GaN crystals possess a hexagonal wurtzite-type structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to estimate the size and morphology of GaN crystals, and results show that GaN grains with the size over 100 μm can be prepared at 5 GPa and 1600 °C. Moreover, pressure–temperature ( P – T ) formation region of GaN has been discussed. Our results suggest a promising novel route for synthesizing GaN crystals from SSM reactions under high pressure.
Atomic probes of noncommutative field theory

We consider the role of Lorentz symmetry in noncommutative field theory. We find that a Lorentz-violating standard-model extension involving ordinary fields is general enough to include any realisitc noncommutative field theory as a subset. This leads to various theoretical consequences, as well as bounds from existing experiments at the level of (10 TeV)$^{-2}$ on the scale of the noncommutativity parameter.
Screaming with Joy: The Life of Allen Ginsberg

Traces the life of Allen Ginsberg, the influential Beat poet. Ginsberg combined radical political action with a spiritual certainty and inner calm, derived from his devotion to Buddhism and his long-term marriage to Peter Orlovsky. From the publication of his first book, "Howl and Other Poems", in 1956, Ginsberg attracted attention throughout his life as a champion of the full basket of countercultural concerns: pacifism, sexual freedom, drug experimentation, opposition to censorship and all kinds of authority, and acceptance of Eastern religions. The junior member of the Beat poets - he has romantic relationships with both Burroughs and Kerouac - Ginsberg was much influenced by the writings of Walt Whitman and the spontaneous prose of his friend Kerouac. Open, forthright, didactic and written fast without revision, much of his writing has a raw, confessional quality appropriate to his roles as one of the first gay spokesmen and a leading anti-Vietnam war activist. In this work, Graham Caveney interweaves an account of Ginsberg's eventful life with a revisiting of his major writings.
Stories about Productivity

In this paper, it is argued that, given its relatively short duration and high year-to-year variability, the MFP data set does not contain enough information to allow clear statistical discrimination between competing hypotheses. As a result of this lack of information, combined with the human predilection for observing patterns, a range of alternative stories, each of which may be supported by an appropriate interpretation of the data, has been produced. Three such stories are described here. The first is the ONew EconomyO story put forward by Parham and others. The second story agrees with the first regarding the 1990s, but interprets the subsequent decline in productivity growth as the result of a failure to pursue microeconomic reform with sufficient vigour. The third story rejects the idea of a productivity miracle in the 1990s and argues instead that productivity growth rates experienced a sharp decline at the end of the postwar OGolden AgeO around 1970, and that this decline has been sustained, although with fluctuations around the trend.
m-Payment systems: Technologies and business models

In only a few ten years payment systems have undergone an incredible evolution passing from a physical transfer of cash to transactions exchanging money as digital data. Mobile Payment (m-payment) refers to one type of electronic payment, performed through mobile devices, such as mobile phones, smartphones, and tablets. To ensure trust and avoid frauds severe security requirements must be imposed. In addition, interoperability and privacy requirements, as well as speed of execution and ease-of-use are mandatory requirements, too. Several technical solutions have been proposed, associated to generally incompatible business models. From the end-users point of view, the result of a m-payment transaction is just one transfer of money from customer to merchant. However, to get this simple result, m-payments use a plethora of sophisticated technologies, including SMS, NFC, high-frequency sound waves, software apps. The heterogeneity of m-payment systems and economic models is an important challenge for their diffusion in the next years. Having described the main requirements, technical characteristics and different business models of m-payment, this paper underlines relationship of technological and business approach to m-payment systems.
Professionals and the `Knowledge Economy': Rethinking the Theory of Postindustrial Society

This article argues that four distinct streams of thought flow into current conceptions of the knowledge economy. Drawing on these four streams of thought and on labor force data from the USA, the article develops a synthetic view of the knowledge economy. The analysis suggests that the knowledge economy, while of growing importance, remains smaller in the aggregate than other parts of the economy. The article also defines five sectors of the knowledge economy, according to the nature of the goods and services provided and the technology used in production. These sectors form an important basis for the segmentation and stratification of the professional labor force.
IMPLICATIONS OF WEAK-INTERACTION SPACE DEFORMATION FOR NEUTRINO MASS MEASUREMENTS

The negative values for the squares of both electron and muon neutrino masses obtained in recent experiments are explained as a possible consequence of a change in metric within the weak-interaction volume in the energy–momentum representation. Using a model inspired by a combination of the general theory of relativity and the theory of deformation for continuous media, it is shown that the negative value of the square of the neutrino mass can be obtained without violating allowed physical limits. The consequence is that the negative value is not necessarily unphysical.
Decision Procedure of some Relevant Logics: A Constructive Perspective

Some investigations into the algebraic constructive aspects of a decision procedure for various fragments of Relevant Logics are presented. Decidability of these fragments relies on S. Kripke's gentzenizations and on his combinatorial lemma known as Kripke's lemma that B. Meyer has shown equivalent to Dickson's lemma in number theory and to his own infinite divisor lemma, henceforth, Meyer's lemma or IDP. These investigations of the constructive aspects of the Kripke's-Meyer's decision procedure originate in the development of Paul Thistlewaite's "Kripke" theorem prover that had been de- vised to tackle the decision problem of the Relevant Logic R. A. Urquhart's pen and paper solution that relies on a sophisticated algebraic and geometric treatment of the problem shows the usefulness of an algebraic approach in Logic. Here, the study of the constructive aspects of the Kripke-Meyer decision procedure relies on various al- gebraic constructive results in the theory of polynomials rings.
Consultant views on the use of aspirin in acute cerebrovascular disease: implications for clinical trials.

A questionnaire was sent to all 155 consultant physicians and geriatricians in the Yorkshire region who routinely admit patients with acute stroke in order to ascertain: (a) current opinion regarding the prescription of aspirin to patients with various manifestations of cerebrovascular disease, in particular the timing of initial treatment; and (b) the perceived role of computed tomography (CT) scans in relation to such therapy. The response rate was 81% (126/155). Aspirin was reported to be prescribed routinely by 75% (95/126) of physicians for patients with completed stroke. Amongst those prescribing aspirin, treatment was reported to be initiated routinely within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms by 63% (60/95). Only 10% (6/60) of these physicians reported that they would withhold aspirin therapy until the result of a cranial CT scan was known, although 43% (26/60) thought a CT scan was desirable. Our survey, which for logistical reasons is one of opinion rather than actual practice, suggests that aspirin is probably being prescribed acutely (less than 48 hours) after stroke to a significant number of patients and often without a pretreatment CT scan. As with patients who have had a CT scan, the balance of risks and benefits of this practice are unknown. We conclude that it would be ethical for acute treatment trials to allow randomization to aspirin without prior CT scan.
Involving Students in Participatory Research on Fatherhood: A Case Study.

The pedagogical method reported here has three purposes: (a) to engage the students in an interaction with the literature so that they can relate the issues to their own communities, (b) to include in the class discussion a consideration of the research methods reported in the literature, and (c) to take some of the fear and mystery out of the idea of research by involving a group in a shared research experience. Findings from a class project using questionnaire data (n = 75) about attitudes and reported behaviors of rural fathers from five life stages are reported. The findings confirm the existence of new attitudes toward fatherhood but find little change in fathering behavior. This article intends to share with family life educators a pedagogical approach in which students developed a heightened interest in the research literature forming the context of the reading for their course in fatherhood. Students developed skills in critical thinking and extended into their own communities an inquiry concerning issues raised in their reading of the course text and research articles. The approach of involving students as part of a research team, with the instructor as team leader, could be used in many family science courses. The participatory method reported here counteracted a frequent tendency of passive reading and attitudes of remoteness toward research materials. The class described in this report was an upper class/graduate level summer school course, "Current Issues in Contemporary Fatherhood," with 15 members, most of whom were high school teachers and human service professionals in rural communities. The following paragraph (Kennedy, in press) in the course syllabus set the stage for the project:
Inhaled nitric oxide and the risk of renal dysfunction in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a propensity-matched cohort study

BackgroundInhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a rescue therapy for severe hypoxemia in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pooled data from clinical trials have signaled a renal safety warning for iNO therapy, but the significance of these findings in daily clinical practice is unclear. We used primary data to evaluate the risk of iNO-associated renal dysfunction in patients with ARDS.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study using data from a tertiary teaching hospital to evaluate the risk of incident renal replacement therapy (RRT) in iNO users compared with that of non-users. Propensity score matching and competing-risks regression were used for data analysis. Residual confounding was assessed by means of a rule-out approach. We also evaluated effect modification by pre-specified factors using stratified analysis.ResultsWe identified 547 patients with ARDS, including 216 iNO users and 331 non-users. At study entry, 313 (57.2%) patients had moderate ARDS and 234 (42.8%) had severe ARDS. The mean patient age was 63 ± 17 years. The crude hazard ratio of the need for RRT in iNO users compared with non-users was 2.23 (95% CI, 1.61–3.09, p < 0.001). After propensity score matching, there were 151 iNO users matched to 151 non-users. The adjusted hazard ratio was 1.59 (95% CI, 1.08–2.34, p = 0.02). In the stratified analysis, we found that older aged patients (≥65 years) were more susceptible to iNO-associated kidney injury than younger patients (p = 0.05).ConclusionsThis study showed that iNO substantially increased the risk of renal dysfunction in patients with ARDS. Older aged patients were especially susceptible to this adverse event.
Geology and mineralisation in the Meso- to Neoproterozoic Ghanzi-Chobe Belt of northwest Botswana

The Ghanzi-Chobe Belt defines a linear zone of volcano-sedimentary rocks that form inliers through the Kalahari Desert of western and northern Botswana. Geological investigations along the Ghanzi Ridge have revealed a sequence composed of a basal bimodal volcanic suite with minor intercalated sedimentary rocks, termed the Kgwebe Formation, and an upper siliciclastic sedimentary unit with subordinate carbonates, called the Ghanzi Group. To the northeast in the Chobe District, basal volcanics informally termed the Goha Hills Formation are overlain by carbonate-bearing siliciclastics assigned to the Chinamba Hills Formation. Geochemical analysis and field relations of the Kgwebe Formation volcanics indicate that the sequences were accumulated in a continental rift basin. Rifting was initiated by extensional tectonics associated with a continental collision along the Namaqua-Natal Belt. The Kgwebe Formation volcanics started to accumulate during Mesoproterozoic times about 1 106 Ma ago. The depositional basin developed from fluvial and lacustrine systems during the accumulation of the Kgwebe Formation, into an extended shallow marine basin that accommodated the Kuke, Ngwako Pan, D'kar, and Mamuno Formations of the Ghanzi Group. Stratabound copper-sulfide mineralisation was developed at a redox interface within the Ghanzi Group. Mineralisation is confined to the basal part of the grey-green, argillitic facies of the D'kar Formation and is either disseminated or is found along cleavage planes and fractures. Minor Cu mineralisation also occurs in carbonates of the Chinamba Hills Formation. Tectonic deformation during the Pan African Damaran Orogeny resulted in a fold and thrust belt known as the Ghanzi-Chobe Belt.
Intensional Logic— Beyond First Order

Classical first-order logic can be extended in two different ways to serve as a foundation for mathematics: introduce higher orders, type theory, or introduce sets. As it happens, both approaches have natural analogs for quantified modal logics, both approaches date from the 1960’s, one is not very well-known, and the other is well-known as something else. I will present the basic semantic ideas of both higher order intensional logic, and intensional set theory. Before doing so, I’ll quickly sketch some necessary background material from quantified modal logic. Except for standard material concerning propositional modal logics, the paper is essentially self-contained.