nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep crustal reflectors under Reydarfjördur, eastern Iceland:crustal accretion above the Iceland mantle plume

Deep seismic reflection profiling on the Faroe–Iceland Ridge Experiment (FIRE) imaged a sequence of dipping events in the upper to |-crust beneath the Tertiary lava pile in Reydarfjordur, eastern Iceland. These events dip towards the spreading centre at which the crust was formed, and continue down to ∼ 6 s two-way time, corresponding to depths down to 15–18 km. Similar crustal reflections have been observed previously within the crust in other areas of Iceland, although the reflective events located by previous surveys have not been interpreted rigorously. In this study we calculate synthetic seismograms from modelled sequences of lava flows to examine the reflective character of a lava πle. The synthesized lava pile sections are based on field measurements made in the Reydarfjordur area: the 1 km vertical exposures on the sides of the fjord are composed of lava flows within stratigraphic units which have a range of compositions, and some intercalated tuffaceous clastic horizons. 
 
 
 
We compare the synthetic seismograms with our seismic reflection data to test the interpretation that the deep dipping reflections are caused by a gently dipping sequence of subaerially erupted lavas. We conclude that the upper and mid-crustal reflections that we observe can be interpreted as lava flow sequences similar to those seen at the surface, with the main reflections resulting from packets of flows of similar thicknesses. The reflectors that we have imaged beneath Iceland are similar to those defining the seaward-dipping reflectors on the volcanic continental margins, and we therefore suggest that the seaward-dipping reflections commonly result from packets of lavas with similar distributions of thicknesses. 
 
 
 
The occurrence of lavas down to 15–18 km beneath Reydarfjordur can be explained partly by multiple episodes of accretion of the upper crust, although the volcanic processes forming the crust in Iceland generally lead to advection of extrusive material to mid-crustal levels. The production of an average extrusive layer totalling 15 km thickness is within reasonable estimates of the current volcanic productivity. The advection of frozen lava flows to mid-crustal levels contributes to the maintenance of the subsolidus crust that is observed on Iceland, and the zeolite minerals within the extrusive sequence may be responsible for the crustal low resistivity zone that has been observed using magnetotelluric techniques.
Strategies of interpretation in Maimonides'Guide of the perplexed

Moreover, Plato's political philosophy, as represented in the Republic, may be regarded as the primary source for Maimonides' own views, underlying much of the Guide's teachings. Plato's opinion of the relationship of philosophy and religion and the uses of religion as a political and social instrument had been communicated to Maimonides through Al-Farabi's writings, however, and Maimonides' praise for the "Second Master," as Al-Farabi was known, may be
On the nature of language – Heidegger and African Philosophy

This paper explores links between Heidegger's notion of language and views
in African philosophy. My contention is that Heidegger's daring phenomenology of language is also found and even radicalised within the framework of African philosophy, particularly the philosophy of myth. I argue that the exploration of the relation between these views of language offers the possibility not only to expand on the conventional conception of language but also to challenge the common notion of philosophical language and philosophy as such. South African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 27 (4) 2008: pp.
Logic Program Transformation through Generalization Schemata

Both generalization techniques are very suitable for mechanical transformation: all operators of the generalized programs are operators of the initial programs. Given a divide-and-conquer program, a mere inspection of the properties of its solving, processing, and composition operators thus allows the detection of which kinds of generalization are possible, and to which optimizations they would lead. The eureka discoveries are compiled away, and the transformations can be completely automated.
Markets as Policy: A Political-Сultural Approach to Market Institutions

The author claims that social institutions include markets. Using the expression of “markets as policy” he investigates sociological model of action, according to which the market players are looking for stable relations and solving the problem of competition via social means. The author analyses the strong linkage between the market and the state. Basing on these statements the author provides hypotheses of how the policy on the markets is done at different stages of their development: appearance, stability and transformation periods. It is claimed that during the market formation when the actors-firms are trying to build status hierarchy the political action reminds social movements. When markets are stable the firms that are more powerful defend their positions from the potential competitors. During the transition period these firms could act for more unstable situation on the market that arises due to social movements.
[The input of the free economic society of study of problem of children mortality].

The Free economic society is the first scientific society in Russia which, among many other problems, considered issues of medicine. The society possesses prominent accomplishments in spreading smallpox vaccination. In 1833 the Free economic society declared a competition for best writing about causes of high mortality among children at first year of life and measures of combatting. The work by I.R. Lichtenshtedt was approved as the best and published in 1840.
Strengthening electroless Co-based barrier layers by minor refractory-metal doping

An electrochemical seeding process without involving sensitization-activation and displacement-activation is presented to grow catalytic particles of sizes only ~ 4 nm, subsequently initializing the deposition of Co–B and Co–W–B barrier layers which have controlled amounts of solutes, Co 92 B 8 and Co 90 W 3 B 7 , on thermally oxidized SiO 2 layer on Si using electroless plating. Analyzing the Si/SiO 2 /barrier layer samples before and after thermal annealing (450 °C/1 h) using depth-profiling secondary ion mass spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy reveals that the Co 92 B 8 barrier layer is degraded by the mutual reactions between the barrier’s components, Co and B, and the outgoing Si, ultimately forming Co 2 Si and Co 2 B. However, doping a minor amount of tungsten not only strengthens the thermo-chemical and microstructure stability of the barrier layers, but also significantly reduces the self-diffusion of the matrix cobalt, and hence can prevent the intermixing of Co and Si. The strengthening behavior of the barrier layer by the doping of tungsten solute atoms will be clarified based on elemental depth-profiling and microstructure analyses.
Source-Bed Problem in Velasquez Field, Colombia

The Velasquez oil field is in the Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia, S. A., which is a long, narrow, Tertiary basin. The sedimentary section consists of approximately 8,000 feet of clastic continental beds which rest directly on a crystalline basement. These Tertiary beds increase as much as four-fold in thickness toward the southeast, without any evidence for marine intercalations. The nearest marine beds are the Villeta formation of Cretaceous age in the Cordillera Oriental which is separated from the Velasquez area by the Belta fault. This fault extends for a great distance along the east side of the Magdalena Valley. If the Villeta formation is the source of Velasquez oil, it is necessary to postulate migration on the order of several miles and date it as late Tertiary, but prior to the thrusting represented by the Belta fault.
Completeness via Correspondence for Extensions of the Logic of Paradox

Taking our inspiration from modal correspondence theory, we present the idea of correspondence analysis for many-valued logics. As a benchmark case, we study truth-functional extensions of the Logic of Paradox (LP). First, we characterize each of the possible truth table entries for unary and binary operators that could be added to LP by an inference scheme. Second, we define a class of natural deduction systems on the basis of these characterizing inference schemes and a natural deduction system for LP. Third, we show that each of the resulting natural deduction systems is sound and complete with respect to its particular semantics.
Jean-Luc Nancy : justice, legality and world

Justice, Legality and World, Benjamin Hutchens Part I. Justice, Incommensurability and Being 1. From the Imperative to Law, Jean-Luc Nancy 2. The Just Measure, Ian James 3. Nancy, the Event and the Law of Abandoned Being, Francois Raffoul 4. Being Just? Ontology and Incommensurability in Nancy's Notion of Justice, Christopher Watkin 5. The Logical Space of Distribution: Nancy contra Rawls, Benjamin Hutchens Part II. Legality, Body and Language 6.  The Spirit and the Letter, James Gilbert-Walsh 7. Nancy's 'Melee': Writing, Finitude, and Imperative Ethnicity, Ana Luszczynska 8. Critical Legal Aesthetics, Benjamin S. Pryor 9. The Laws of Art: Doing Justice to the Aesthetic, Martta Heikkila 10. Singular Embodiment and the Ethics of Reproduction, Catherine Mills Part III. Justice, Politics and World 11. Nancy, Justice and Democracy, Olivier Marchart 12. Nancy, Justice and the Idea of Communism, Jason Smith 13. Being-in-common, or the Meaning of Globalization, Sean Hand 14. Nancy, Globalization and Postcolonial Humanity, Jane Hiddleston 15. Justice Before and Justice After: Nancy and Ranciere on Creation, Todd May Bibliography Index.
The Human Capital Stock's Practice of Shanxi Banking Businessman

This article unifies our country human capital stock's practice, elaborate the importance of human resources management and the important theoretical and practical significance. There are many ways to establish effective organizational control system of the enterprises,but the mechanism of the coordinating development is actually a complex and important question. The Qing Dynasty shanxi banking businessman's human capital stock practice has dealt with this issue well.It is different from Japan's "the seniority sequence system", "the system of lifelong to hire one enterprise", and also different from the contemporary enterprise's yearly salary system, but ingeniously unifies the capital stock and the person shares given for service instead of investment.It has formed one kind of effective drive restraint mechanisms. It conforms to the Chinese national condition enterprise management and operational mechanism aspect in the establishment, profits from the shanxi banking businessman transport charges source management. We can consider it as a beneficial practice, and a lesson to today's business management .
Deep inelastic eγ scattering at high Q2

The electromagnetic and weak structure functions of the photon can be studied in the deep inelastic electron-photon processes eγ → e + X and eγ → ν + X . While at low energies only virtual photon exchange is operative in the neutral-current process, additional Z -exchange becomes relevant for high Q 2 of order M Z 2 at e + e − linear colliders. Likewise the charged-current process can be observed at these high energy colliders. By measuring the electroweak neutral- and charged-current structure functions, the up- and down-type quark content of the photon can be determined separately.
Innovation, automation and the long-wave theory

The author considers the role played by technological innovation in the theoretical frameworks found in the literature on long waves. Some writers place emphasis on consumer good innovations, some on capital good innovations, some on new technologies which affect consumer and capital goods, while others take no view on the relative roles of consumer and capital goods innovations. It is suggested that capital goods innovations embodying automation may have been important in the mechanism of the current long wave. Data on employment, rates of return, and value-added for the engineering industries lend support to the view that expectations and propensity to innovate may have been high in the capital goods sector before the upswing of the current long wave.
Indian Business Houses and Entrepreneurship: A Note on Research Trends

Empirical studiA¨s on the entrepreneurial performance of Indian business houses are few and far between. Arguing that the earlier studies were unduly influenced by some a priori deductive formulations, the paper traces the stages through which an empirical bias has set in during recent decades. The paper also draws attention to a number of key areas that must be explored in the interest of developing a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurial manifestations of large business groups.
N=2 SCFT and M theory on AdS(4) x Q(1,1,1)

Coincident M2 branes at a conical singularity are related to M theory on AdS 4 × X 7 for an appropriate 7 dimensional Sasaki-Einstein manifold X 7 . For X 7 = Q 1,1,1 =( SU (2)× SU (2)× SU (2))/( U (1)× U (1)) which was found sometime ago, the infrared limit of the theory on N M2 branes was constructed recently. It is the SU ( N )× SU ( N )× SU ( N ) gauge theories with three series of chiral fields A i , i =1,2 transforming in the (N, N ,1) representation, B j , j =1,2 transforming in the (1,N, N ) representation and C k , k =1,2 transforming in the ( N ,1,N) representation. From the scalar Laplacian of X 7 on the supergravity side, we discuss the spectrum of chiral primary operators of dual N =2 superconformal field theory in 3 dimensions. We study M5 branes wrapped over 5-cycle of X 7 which were identified as (three types of) baryon like operators made out of N chiral fields recently. We consider M5 brane wrapped over 3-cycle of X 7 which plays the role of domain wall in AdS 4 . The new aspect arises when baryon like operators (M5 branes wrapped over 5-cycle) cross a domain wall (M5 brane wrapped over 3-cycle), M2 brane between them must be created.
Evolutionary genetics research reports—list of titles, 1968–1973

Tins series is designed for the preservation of data on the genetic or phenotypic constitution of populations, where these data are too bulky to be conveniently published in a journal paper (see also Heredity 26, 145 (1971) for details). Copies are obtainable by application to The National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorkshire. The titles so far prepared deal with Helicid snails and Lepidoptera, as follows: No. I. J. R. G. Turner (1968). Detailed data on polymorphism in British populations of the moth Acleris comariana (Tortricidae) from May 1963 to May 1966. (8 pages) No. 2. J. R. G. Turner (1968). Data on the butterfly Heliconius numata in Trinidad, West Indies, 1874-1934. (4 pages) No. 3. P. H. Harvey (1970). Cepaea neinoralis from westerly facing peninsulas. (12 pages) No. 4. P. H. Harvey (1970). Cepaea nemoralis from two areas in north Cornwall with unusual morph frequencies. (13 pages) No. 5. J. D. Currey (1970). Random samples of Cepaea neinoralis from the Yorkshire Wolds. (7 pages) No. 6. P. H. Harvey (1970). Some populations of Cepaea nemoralis in France and Spain. (II pages) No. 7. p. H. Harvey (1971). Cepaea nenwralis in East Yorkshire. (48 pages) No. 8. P. H. Harvey (1971). Cepaea hortensis and Arianta arbustorum in East Yorkshire. (12 pages) No. 9. J. S. Jones (1972). Phenotype frequencies in Yugoslav populations of the snail Cepaea nemoralis. (26 pages) No. 10. J. S. Jones (1972). Populations of the snail Cep aea vindobonensis (Pf.) from the Gacka area of Croatia (Yugoslavia). (20 pages) No. II. J. S. Jones and B. C. Clarke (1972). Populations of the snail Cepaea nemoralis (L.) from south-east Scotland. (11 pages) No. 12. J. S. Jones (1973). Morph frequencies in populations of the snail Cepaea vindobonnsis (Pf.) from the Lika area of Yugoslavia and from the Dobrogea (Romania). (14 pages) From the beginning of 1973 the series has become international, and is being flied both at NLL (Boston Spa) and The John Crerar Library, 35 West 33rd Street, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 60616. Data from any geographical region are acceptable. Before submitting material, contributors are advised to find out about suitable formats, by contacting the editor at the above address.
GOVERNANÇA COOPERATIVA: AS FUNÇÕES DE FISCALIZAÇÃO E CONTROLE EM COOPERATIVAS DE CRÉDITO NO BRASIL COOPERATIVE GOVERNANCE: THE ROLE OF SUPERVISION AND CONTROL IN CREDIT COOPERATIVE IN BRAZIL

The article analyzes supervision and control functions in financial cooperatives as necessary elements to good governance practices in such organizations, suggesting instruments and conditions in a way to enable, with no significant cost impacts and respected the individual characteristics of each financial cooperative, a development in the controlling and monitoring ability of agents involved in this process. Supervision and control have a fundamental role in governance of such institutions, allowing their members and officials to assess the reach of corporate goals and refine strategic goals assuming, in consequence, a relevant role in the continuity of financial cooperatives. The article discloses the result of an institutional survey, conducted by the Central Bank of Brazil, in both the universe of single financial cooperatives and a sample of their members, with the purpose of compiling and understanding their main governance practices. Answers provided by 1199 financial cooperatives and 420 members were compared and analyzed vis-a-vis the functions of supervision and control in financial cooperatives. Based on such analyses, reflections and directions are suggested to improve financial cooperative governance.
Are software engineers true engineers?

Software engineering is an often used term to describe the activities, methods, and tools of large scale software development. There is an ongoing discussion whether Software Engineering can be considered as an engineering discipline. In many respects the development of software shares common properties of other engineering disciplines. In contrast to “classical” engineering fields, theories, questions, and approaches from the social sciences are more important than those from the natural sciences. This is investigated here by comparing the situation found in software engineering with several concepts of engineering in general. Three viewpoints are used to guide this comparison: one is a social stereotype of engineers; the second is the organization of engineering profession organizations; and the third are capabilities which the engineers of the future will need.
Reactions of peroxovanadates with amino acids and related compounds in aqueous solution

1 H and 51 V NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the reactions occurring between mono- and diperoxovanadate and a number of amino acids in aqueous solution. Concentration and pH studies were undertaken in order to establish product stoichiometry and proton requirements. The results revealed two distinct modes of interactions, dependent on whether the vanadate precursor contained one or two peroxide ligands. Monoperoxovanadate reacted with amino acids such as glycine or proline to give two types of bis(amino acid) products
Synthesis and Magnetoelectric Properties of NiFe2O4-BiFeO3 Nanotubes

xNFO-(1-x)BFO (NFO-BFO) nanotube arrays were fabricated by means of Sol-Gel method utilizing nanochannel alumina as templates. Scanning electron microscopy study revealed that the outer diameter of nanotube was about 70 nm, and the internal diameter was about 50 nm, the length was about 80 m. Meanwhile, ferroelectric phase BFO of perovskite structure and ferromagnetic phase NFO of spinel structure were formed through self-assembly growth in X-ray diffraction patterns. Significant ferromagnetic and polarized characteristics of nano- tube arrays were demonstrated by means of magnetic and ferroelectric measurement at room temperature, and the direction of easy magnetization was along the long axis. With increasing ratio of NFO, the magnetic and polarized properties of nanotube arrays increased gradually. The calculation results of NFO's ferromagnetic contribution in- dicated that magnetoelectric coupling effect existed in the NFO-BFO composite nanotube arrays.
On the question of gauge ambiguity

It is pointed out that the ambiguity which characterizes gauge conditions of the type 3' S Aa(x)V = PJU C;(x) for nonAbelian gauge theories is also characteristic of the so-called axial-like gauge conditions n.Aa = C;(x), where, here, A; is the nonAbelian gauge potential, B = IJJV g orp 'g -66 n is a four-vector such that ClV PV PV PO vo' p n2 = 0, 1, or-l,andCt 2 are usually Aa-independent functions , CL ofx; g is the Minkowski metric and 6.. is the Kronecker PV 13 delta.  = N bab . (5) Then, 72) reads n*A = C 2 (6) where c2. = c;ta . (7) Now, under a gauge transformation U = exp[-iz*?], A transforms by A +uAPu -' P (aclu)u -1 (8) when we take the Yang-Mills field strength tensor F to be CLV F =aA aYAP + ig[A $ Avl , (9) pv PV t where g is the gauge coupling constant. Thus, the gauge condition (6) becomes nP(UAPU -1 +A g tabu)u3 = c2 (10) or uc2u -' + a (n.au)u -1 = c2 (11) Thus, it has been commonly accepted that, for C2 3 0, for example, the only ambiguity in (6) is an uninteresting Agindependent U(x) which only depends on 4 X I, where 2 are the three coordinates orthogonal to nP. For, if I c2 z 0, then, (11) reads i (n.au)u-' = 0 (12) so that (see footnote (4)) n-au=0 . (13) However, the la'st equation, Eq. (13), for a simple compact Lie group, has other solutions than U(x) = U(:i), since au n.SJ(Z(x)) = 3 . n.aGJ . (14) Hence, Eq. (13) can be satisfied if t The Yang-Mills Lagrangian is GM = z FtiV FPv in our convention.
A quantitative risk model-building method for offshoring IT applications

Off shoring IT services has become a key factor in building successful business strategies, allowing companies to better position themselves in today's highly competitive markets. Nevertheless, off shoring brings to the table a brand new set of possibilities and risks regarding its management and execution. This article presents a method for the elaboration of a quantitative risk model for off shoring IT applications, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of being successful in such initiatives.
Learning regions as development coalitions: Partnership as governance in European workfare states?

The understanding of post-Fordist societies as learning economies, in which learning organizations such as learning firms and learning regions play a strategic role, has lately received some criticism. The critique has partly pointed at the structural limits to learning in a capitalist global economy, and partly argued that firms in capitalist societies have always been learning, referring especially to the role of innovation in inter-firm competition. Against the critics, it is argued that the learning region has great potential, both as a theoretical and normative concept and as a practical metaphor for formulating regional policy.