nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of the Si/Ti interface

The formation of the Si/Ti interface during the deposition of silicon on titanium polycrystalline substrates has been studied at room temperature (RT) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), angle-resolved XPS (ARXPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). The experimental results are consistent with a two-stage mechanism for Si growth: a first stage characterized by the simultaneous formation of a uniform titanium silicide layer, that reaches a limiting thickness of ∼3 monolayer (ML), and pure silicon islands 1 ML thick that grow on top of this layer up to coalescence, followed by a second stage in which pure silicon islands, with an average thickness of 9 ML, grow on top of the uniform titanium silicide layer + pure silicon ML structure formed during the first stage. As a whole, pure silicon species grows according to a Stranski–Krastanov mechanism, where the first ML is formed during the first stage and the islands during the second stage. The comparison of Ti/Si and Si/Ti interfaces shows that the structure and composition of the interface do not depend substantially on the deposition sequence, suggesting that the bulk chemistry of the compound formed at the interface dominates over the surface kinetics and the bulk substrate chemistry in determining the composition and structure of the interface.
JOHN K. WRIGHT AND HUMAN NATURE IN GEOGRAPHY

John K. Wright introduced the concept of geosophy into geography in 1947. By emphasizing the role of human nature, geosophy differed from the dominant geographical approaches of the time. A survey of the subsequent use of the term by geographers suggests that some geographical ideas are transmitted largely by undocumented, informal methods. Wright anticipated the rise of the subjective in geography. OHN K. Wright was one of the intellectual leaders of the American Geo- graphical Society (AGS) during the second quarter of the twentieth cen- tury. As librarian from 1920 to 1937, he designed the AGS research catalog, a bibliographical retrieval system organized exclusively for geographical purposes, and he was director of the society from 1938 to 1949. A prolific writer, he published numerous articles on a wide range of topics. His career has been described as "one of the most fruitful and illustrious in the history of American geography" (Lowenthal 1969, 598). In 1946, he served as pres- ident of the Association of American Geographers and presented the annual presidential address with its traditional focus on geographical thought and methodology. His address, "Terrae Incognitae: The Place of the Imagination in Geog- raphy" touched on several topics, including geosophy, which he proposed to be a new subfield of geography. Geosophy was to encompass "the study of geographical knowledge from any or all points of view" and to deal with "the nature and expression of geographical knowledge both past and present" (Wright 1947, 12; 1966, 83). Although Wright did not coin the term geosophy, his definition of it is the accepted one (Dunbar 1980). Wright's address is now accepted as a seminal contribution to geograph- ical thought, an important starting point for the study of the subjective in geography. Yet the concept of geosophy remains obscure at best, familiar to a few geographers but unknown to most. Only about half of the dictionaries of the discipline deem the term worthy of inclusion. There is little need for such an entry; the word has probably never been published without an accompanying definition. In this article, I trace the concept of geosophy from its inception to the present day. In doing so, I assess the importance and current influence of *I thank Alex Gibson and Lisa Kahn for their encouragement and for comments on early drafts of this article.
Electrodynamics at the Highest Energies

At very high energies, the bremsstrahlung and pair production cross sections exhibit complex behavior due to the material in which the interactions occur. The cross sections in dense media can be dramatically different than for isolated atoms. This writeup discusses these in-medium effects, emphasizing how the cross section has different energy and target density dependencies in different regimes. Data from SLAC experiment E-146 will be presented to confirm the energy and density scaling. Finally, QCD analogs of the electrodynamics effects will be discussed.
Approach towards N -nucleon effective generators of the Poincaré group derived from a field theory

It is shown that the ten generators of the Poincaré group acting in the Fock space of nucleons and mesons and based on standard Lagrangians can be blockdiagonalized by one and the same unitary transformation such that the space of a fixed number of nucleons is separated from the rest of the Fock space. The existence proof is carried through in a formal power series expansion in the coupling constant to all orders. In this manner one arrives at effective generators of the Poincaré group which act in the two subspaces separately.
Relativistic Quantum Field Inertia and Vacuum Field Noise Spectra

The equivalence statements for quantum scalar field vacuum states that havebeen used for the thermal-like Hawking effect and Unruh effect are surveyed.An important ingredient in this framework is the concept of a vacuum field noisespectrum, by which one can obtain information about the curvature invariants ofclassical worldlines (relativistic classical trajectories). It is argued, in the spiritof the free-fall-type universality, that the preferred quantum field vacua withrespect to accelerated worldlines should be chosen from the class of all thosepossessing stationary spectra for their quantum fluctuations. For scalar quantumfield vacua there are six stationary cases, as shown by Letaw some time ago,and reviewed here. However, nonstationary vacuum noises can be treated by afew mathematical methods that are mentioned as well. Since the informationabout the kinematical curvature invariants of the worldlines is of radiometricorigin, suggestions are given on the more useful application of such an academicformalism to radiation and beam radiometric standards for high-energyaccelerators and in astrophysics. We conclude with a look at related axiomaticquantum field topics and some other recent work.
Young Children's Appraisals of Others' Spontaneous Emotional Reactions.

Preschoolers were interviewed regarding their understanding of others' spontaneous emotional reactions. From 62 preschoolers in 3 age groups (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds), 601 emotional reactions and 490 appraisals were obtained. The accuracy of children's appraisals (e.g., correspondence with adults' appraisals) varied with age and the type and intensity of emotion. Although children were most accurate in identifying others' positive emotions, they were least accurate in identifying their causes. Moreover, although children's appraisals tended to be biased toward external events, recognition of internal factors was found to vary with age, emotion, and type of internal factor. It was suggested that young children's use of naturally occurring information regarding others' emotions depends on the emotion and the relative salience of the cues
Bilattices and Modal Operators

A bilattice is a set equipped with two partial orders and a negation operation that inverts one of them while leaving the other unchanged; it has been suggested that the truth values used by inference systems should be chosen from such a structure instead of the two-point set {t, f}. Given such a choice, we redefine a modal operator to be a function on the bilattice selected, and show that this definition generalizes both Kripke's possible worlds approach and Moore's autoepistemic logic. Extensions to causal and temporal reasoning are also discussed.
Who Said the Kelly Letters? The Question of Authorship and the Nature of Wild Language in the Cameron and Jerilderie Letters.

The two public letters composed by Ned Kelly in his time of outlawry provide a window of understanding onto Kelly's ‘true’ nature. Understanding of both the letters themselves and the man who produced them has been obscured in the past, for the most part due to our own need to sanitise an icon: the romantic picture of a decent, honest man, forced to take up arms against those who oppressed him and his class, the downtrodden selectors of north‐east Victoria. As a consequence, a distance has been put between our accepted image of the iron‐clad avenger and the content of the letters themselves. Yet the real Kelly was far more intriguing than this two dimensional mythic archetype. There is a richness, a suavity, a gutteral and ribald energy in the letters themselves that defy previous popular images of Kelly.
Leopold Ranke’s Archival Turn : Location and Evidence in Modern Historiography

From 1827 to 1831 the German historian Leopold von Ranke travelled through Germany, Austria, and Italy, hunting for documents and archives. During this journey Ranke developed a new model for historical research that transformed the archive into the most important site for the production of historical knowledge. Within the archive, Ranke claimed, the trained historian could forget his personal predispositions and political loyalties, and write objective history. This essay critically examines Ranke’s model for historical research through a study of the obstacles, frustrations, and joys that he encountered on his journey. It shows how Ranke’s archival experiences inspired him to re-evaluate his own identity as a historian and as a human being, and investigates some of the affiliations between his model for historical research and the political realities of Prince Metternich’s European order. Finally, the essay compares Ranke’s historical discipline to other nineteenth-century disciplines, such as anthropology and archaeology.
Review on Marine Ecological Compensation Study

Marine ecological resources are essential for human survival and development,the value of which must be studied from the aspect of the entire ecosystem.In recent years,in order to coordinate the conflict between the marine environmental protection and the economic development,the coastal countries use the ecosystem approach in the integrated management of marine resources,which makes the carrying out of marine ecological compensation become an inevitable trend.Based on the results of ecological economics research,domestic and foreign scholars carried out research on the subject of marine ecological compensation.Foreign scholars put forward their views about the marine ecological compensation types,means,and etc.The research of domestic scholars focused on three areas:study on marine ecological value,research on marine ecosystem services and valuation,and preliminary study on the marine ecocompensation mechanism.On the basis of the analysis of domestic and foreign research,the authors hold that recent study on marine ecological compensation has many deficiencies.Future research should be committed to the research of the measurement methods and models of marine ecological losses,the research of the model of the marine ecological compensation,and the establishment of marine eco-compensation mechanism.
Individual stages of bacterial dichloromethane degradation mapped by carbon and chlorine stable isotope analysis.

The fractionation of carbon and chlorine stable isotopes of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2, DCM) upon dechlorination by cells of the aerobic methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens DM4 and by purified DCM dehalogenases of the glutathione S-transferase family was analyzed. Isotope effects for individual steps of the multi-stage DCM degradation process, including transfer across the cell wall from the aqueous medium to the cell cytoplasm, dehalogenase binding, and catalytic reaction, were considered. The observed carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation accompanying DCM consumption by cell supensions and enzymes was mainly determined by the breaking of CCl bonds, and not by inflow of DCM into cells. Chlorine isotope effects of DCM dehalogenation were initially masked in high density cultures, presumably due to inverse isotope effects of non-specific DCM oxidation under conditions of oxygen excess. Glutathione cofactor supply remarkably affected the correlation of variations of DCM carbon and chlorine stable isotopes (Δδ13C/Δδ37Cl), increasing corresponding ratio from 7.2-8.6 to 9.6-10.5 under conditions of glutathione deficiency. This suggests that enzymatic reaction of DCM with glutathione thiolate may involve stepwise breaking and making of bonds with the carbon atom of DCM, unlike the uncatalyzed reaction, which is a one-stage process, as shown by quantum-chemical modeling.
HOW TO MAINTAIN EFFICIENCY ON VECTOR AND SMP PLATFORMS FOR LARGE AERODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS

Large industrial aerodynamic calculations are nowadays performed indifferently on parallel vector computers or on clusters of SMPs. From a software design point of view it is crucial to ensure the best possible sustained megaflops rate on both platforms while for sake of minimal labour effort it is important to maintain only one source code. In this paper we describe software techniques that have been implemented to comply with these constraints. We first show how we succeeded to obtain a sustained megaflops rate that is independent of the mesh size. We then investigate the possibilities of using OpenMP in some of the main time consuming routines to replace the vectorization by fine grain parallelism to better exploit the shared memory available within each node of the SMP computers. Numerical experiments are reported on HP-Compaq, IBM SP based on Power 3 and Power 4 where tremendous savings can be obtained at a cost of a very little code change.
Education, sociology and feminism: themes and perspectives and object relations

Edited by a leading scholar in the field, this is a new title in the Routledge Major Works series, Critical Concepts in Economics. It is a four-volume collection of historical and contemporary work in the flourishing field of feminist economics, an innovative and dynamic area of scholarship that broadens the scope of economic inquiry and allows a richer and more complex view of the ways in which economies function. The first two volumes of the collection consist of work done before the founding of the International Association for Feminist Economics in 1991 and are organized historically. The final two volumes consist of cutting-edge contemporary work in feminist economics and are organized thematically. 
 
This new Routledge title, edited by two leading scholars, is a four-volume collection of canonical and the very best cutting-edge work in feminist economics, an innovative and dynamic area of scholarship that has broadened the scope of economic inquiry and has allowed a richer and more complex understanding of the ways in which economies function. 
 
Volume I (‘Early Conversations, 1800–1960’) gathers foundational work produced before the professionalization and specialization of the social sciences by writers who were variously categorized as journalists, reformers, and—occasionally—as economists. Their writing provides important historical background on subjects such as household production, women’s participations in paid labour, and gender equality, subjects that remain central to feminist economics today. 
 
Volume II (‘Households, Labour, and Paid Work’) brings together the best work by professional economists examining various aspects of women’s labour both within and outside the domestic sphere. Topics include reproductive labour, caring labour, women’s labour force participation, the gender wage gap, occupational segregation, and the economics of the family. 
 
Volume III (‘Engendering Development and Economic Well-Being’) assembles work with a specifically international or global perspective. Among the topics covered are: women and development; the gendered effects of structural adjustment; property rights; economic transformation; and measures of economic well-being. 
 
The final volume in the collection (‘Epistemological and Methodological Considerations’) focuses on a feminist rethinking of economics. Volume IV collects the best scholarship on methodology, the history of economics, and postmodern and postcolonial critiques of both feminist and conventional economics. 
 
Fully indexed and with a comprehensive introduction to each volume newly written by the editors, and an invited introduction to the final volume written by Gillian Hewitson, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Feminist Economics is an essential reference work. It is destined to be valued by scholars and students of economics—as well as those working in allied disciplines such as women’s and gender studies—as a vital research resource.
Metal ion interaction with inducer of reverse transformation of cancer cells

Gosalvez, based on theoretical hypothesis of the function of the plasma membrane, designed three heterocycles as possible inducers of reverse transformation of cancer cells to normal phenotype . Two of these compounds (thiaproline, Tp, and 2-amino-1,3-thiazoline, AT) have been taken to the anticancer clinics and have shown, preliminary, an antitumor activity . Both ligands are believed to blind in the lipid environment a zinc ion linked to protein complex of the membrane, which would be the origin of macrofilaments . In this communication the NMR, spectroscopic and X-ray results for the Cu(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) complexes with the above mentioned ligands are discussed to establish possible binding modes of these ligands with metal ions. Both ligands are unstable in aqueous solution at pH>6 and their decomposition is additionally promoted by the presence of metal ions . In acidic solution the AT ligand does not interact directly with the studied metal ions, but it acts as cation ATH + . The protonation site, established by X-ray technique, is the heterocyclic nitrogen which appears to be quite a basic donor. The most ‘destructive’ metal ion seems to be the cupric ion, which due to the redox reaction leads to several different decomposition products of AT, including SO 2− 4 and [NHCHNH 2 ] + Cl − . The use of methanol solution makes possible the observation of the direct metal AT interaction before ligand decomposition. The X-ray and spectroscopic studies have shown that in both ligands the major coordination site is a heterocyclic nitrogen (for TP see also ). This similarity in metal ion binding by the heterocyclic nitrogen donor of both ligands and their possible chemical analogues could play a critical role in complex formation in lipid environment.
Online Admission Control and Embedding of Service Chains

The virtualization and softwarization of modern computer networks enables the definition and fast deployment of novel network services called service chains: sequences of virtualized network functions (e.g., firewalls, caches, traffic optimizers) through which traffic is routed between source and destination. This paper attends to the problem of admitting and embedding a maximum number of service chains, i.e., a maximum number of source-destination pairs which are routed via a sequence of to-be-allocated, capacitated network functions. We consider an Online variant of this maximum Service Chain Embedding Problem, short OSCEP, where requests arrive over time, in a worst-case manner. Our main contribution is a deterministic O(log L)-competitive online algorithm, under the assumption that capacities are at least logarithmic in L. We show that this is asymptotically optimal within the class of deterministic and randomized online algorithms. We also explore lower bounds for offline approximation algorithms, and prove that the offline problem is APX-hard for unit capacities and small L > 2, and even Poly-APX-hard in general, when there is no bound on L. These approximation lower bounds may be of independent interest, as they also extend to other problems such as Virtual Circuit Routing. Finally, we present an exact algorithm based on 0-1 programming, implying that the general offline SCEP is in NP and by the above hardness results it is NP-complete for constant L.
Energy modeling/Simulation Using the BIM technology in the Curriculum of Architectural and Construction Engineering and Management

As building information modeling (BIM) gains appreciation in the industry, its promise to transform the traditional building design and construction process is being recognized. Building information modeling offers the promise of a common information repository for all project participants. In order to fully utilize the technology in the construction industry, this paper identified a need for developing a new educational approach in increasing productivity and collaboration in the Architectural, Engineering, Construction and Facilities Management (A/E/C & FM) industry. With BIM as a digital representation of information developed and associated with all the building components, this paper describes how to utilize the data stored in a BIM with an example of energy analysis and modeling and illustrates how to utilize the information stored in BIM.
Hydrogen Evolution and Hydrogen Oxidation on Palladium

Thin film alloys of PdBi have been synthesised using a high throughput physical vapour deposition method to produce compositional gradients of PdBi alloys. XPS indicates that for the non-equilibrated thin films, the surface composition is the same as the bulk, and core level shifts reflect the inter-metallic interaction between the component metals. Hydrogen absorption is hindered in the PdBi alloys, and at a composition of 70 at.% bismuth, the aBi2Pd bulk alloy phase is identified in XRD. This phase exhibits a maximum in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) electrocatalytic activ- ity. The increased activity of the alloy can be understood in terms of the Pd d-band density of states, and a concomitant increase in the binding energy of hydrogen. There is a strong correlation between the HER and HOR activity as a function of composition across the complete range of alloys. The potential of using the aBi2Pd bulk inter-metallic phase at the anode of PEM fuel cells is briefly discussed.
Analytical tachyonic lump solutions in open superstring field theory

We construct a classical solution in the GSO(-) sector in the framework of a Wess-Zumino-Witten-like open superstring field theory on a non-BPS D-brane. We use an su(2) supercurrent, which is obtained by compactifying a direction to a circle with the critical radius, in order to get analytical tachyonic lump solutions to the equation of motion. By investigating the action expanded around a solution we find that it represents a deformation from a non-BPS D-brane to a D-brane-anti-D-brane system at the critical value of a parameter which is contained in classical solutions. Although such a process was discussed in terms of boundary conformal field theory before, our study is based on open superstring field theory including interaction terms.