nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Rule‐base coverage analysis applied to test case selection

In this paper we discuss ways in which coverage analysis, obtained during execution of test cases over a rule‐base, can be used to highlight problems in both the test suite and the rule‐base, thereby pointing to areas in which we cannot guarantee or predict the system’s performance. In particular, we present a series of heuristics which use coverage information and meta‐knowledge about the larger population to select additional test cases from the population, in the event that the initial test set is incomplete. This forms the basis of an incremental approach to rule‐base testing which allows us to both increase completeness of the test set and improve coverage of the rule‐base, thereby increasing the kinds of cases for which the rule‐base has been executed during testing. We demonstrate this heuristic approach to test data selection using information generated by TRUBAC, a tool which implements the coverage analysis methods, applied to analyze a prototype system for diagnosis of rheumatological diseases.
A computer engineering curriculum model for teaching software development to bridge the gap between academia and industry

Software development has been traditionally taught in universities starting with programming, then analysis and designphases of software engineering, and ending up with software management processes. However, this bottom-up approach(from the specific to the general software view) is precisely the opposite of the typical accepted software developmentprocesses and life cycles found in the professional field. With the aim to bridge this gap between academia and industry, amultidisciplinary team of eleven lecturers of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya participated in a long-term researchstudy with the aim to propose a new engineering curriculum model in the scope of software development. This paperreports on this study and demonstrates the correct adaptation of the proposed curriculum model to the design of theBachelor in Computing Engineering within the European Higher Education Area whilst revealing in general a positiveimpact in the actual implementation of the innovative software development curriculum in our university in terms ofacademic performance and satisfaction.
Environmental Risks: Should Banks Be Liable?

This paper studies the impact of banks' liability for environmental damages caused by their borrowers. Laws or court decisions that declare banks liable for environmental damages have two objectives : (1) finding someone to pay for the damages and (2) exerting a pressure on a firm's stakeholders to incite them to invest in environmental risk prevention. We study the effect that such legal decisions can have on financing relationships and especially on the incentives to reduce environmental risk in an environment where banks cannot commit to refinance the firm in all circumstances. Following an environmental accident, liable banks more readily agree to refinance the firm. We then show that bank liability effectively makes refinancing more attractive to banks, therefore improving the firm's risk-sharing possibilities. Consequently, the firm's incentives to invest in environmental risk reduction are weakened compared to the (bank) no-liability case. We also show that, when banks are liable, the firm invests at the full-commitment optimal level of risk reduction investment. If there are some externalities such that some damages cannot be accounted for, the socially efficient level of investment is greater than the privately optimal one. in that case, making banks non-liable can be socially desirable.
A Report on the Treatment of Asia in American Textbooks

More than one hundred textbooks in American and world history, geography, modern problems and civics were examined recently by social studies and Asiatic specialists to evaluate the accuracy and adequacy of the material included on the Far East. Their report, Treatment of Asia in American textbooks (104 p. 40¢), has been published by the American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, New York. Dr. Howard E. Wilson, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, coordinator and editor of the report, writes that “There may be arguments over what pupils need most to be taught about Asia; there can no longer be argument over the necessity of their being well informed.” One significant recommendation made by all the analysts was that experts in Asiatic affairs should be consulted more frequently by textbook authors and publishers to insure “accuracy, relevancy, and comprehensiveness of information included” on Asia.
Amorphous Fe Co Ni oxide for oxygen evolution reaction

Development of scalable, efficient and stable nonprecious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution is of great significance in electrochemical water splitting. Multicomponent metal mixed oxides with controlled structures and compositions are recently considered as promising candidates to realize efficient oxygen evolution reaction at low overpotential. Herein, a Fe Co Ni gel with uniform dispersion of Fe/Co/Ni is prepared by a facile sol-gel method, followed by a vacuum drying process to obtain an amorphous ternary Fe Co Ni oxide. Of note, this strategy can be extended to synthesize other amorphous multicomponent metal oxides in force. Benefiting from the structural and compositional advantages, the as-prepared FeCoNiO x exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solution with an overpotential of only 240 and 203 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm −2 on a glassy carbon electrode and Ni foam electrode, respectively. The present approach provides some insight in design and synthesis of amorphous multicomponent metal oxide materials for energy storage and conversion applications.
A Survey on Face Data Augmentation

The quality and size of training set have great impact on the results of deep learning-based face related tasks. However, collecting and labeling adequate samples with high quality and balanced distributions still remains a laborious and expensive work, and various data augmentation techniques have thus been widely used to enrich the training dataset. In this paper, we systematically review the existing works of face data augmentation from the perspectives of the transformation types and methods, with the state-of-the-art approaches involved. Among all these approaches, we put the emphasis on the deep learning-based works, especially the generative adversarial networks which have been recognized as more powerful and effective tools in recent years. We present their principles, discuss the results and show their applications as well as limitations. Different evaluation metrics for evaluating these approaches are also introduced. We point out the challenges and opportunities in the field of face data augmentation, and provide brief yet insightful discussions.
Novel discrete element modelling of Gilbert‐type delta formation in an active tectonic setting—first results

Gilbert deltas are now recognised as an important stratigraphic component of many extensional basins. They are remarkable due to their coarse‐grained nature, large size and steep foresets (up to 30–35°) and may exhibit a variety of slope instability features (faulting, slump scars, avalanching, etc.). They are also often closely related to major, basin‐margin normal faults. There has been considerable research interest in Gilbert deltas, partly due to their economic significance as stratigraphic traps for hydrocarbons but also due to their sensitivity to relative base level changes, giving them an important role in basin analysis. In addition to field studies, numerical modelling has also been used to simulate such deltas, with some success. However, until now, such studies have typically employed continuum numerical techniques where the basic data elements created by simulations are stratigraphic volumes or timelines and the sediments themselves have no internal properties per se and merely represent areas/volumes of introduced coarsegrained, clastic and sedimentary material. Faulting or folding (if present) are imposed externally and do not develop (naturally) within the modelled delta body itself. Here, I present first results from a novel 2D numerical model which simulates coarse‐grained (Gilbert‐type) deltaic sedimentation in an active extensional tectonic setting undergoing a relative base level rise. Sediment is introduced as packages of discrete elements which are deposited beneath sea level, from the shoreline, upon a pre‐existing basin or delta. These elements are placed carefully and then allowed to settle onto the system. The elements representing the coarsegrained, deltaic sediments can have an intrinsic coefficient of friction, cohesion or other material properties appropriate to the system being considered. The spatial resolution of the modelling is of the order of 15 m and topsets, foresets, bottomsets, faults, slumps and collapse structures all form naturally in the modelled system. Examples of deltas developing as a result of sediment supply from both the footwall and hanging‐wall of a normal fault, and subject to changes in fault slip rate are presented. Implications of the modelling approach, and its application and utility in basin research, are discussed.
Automated Generation of Geometry Questions for High School Mathematics

We describe a framework that combines a combinatorial approach, pattern matching and automated deduction 
 
to generate and solve geometry problems for high school mathematics. Such a system would help teachers 
 
to quickly generate large numbers of questions on a geometry topic. Students can explore and revise specific 
 
topics covered in classes and textbooks based on generated questions. The system can act as a personalized 
 
instructor - it can generate problems that meet users specific weaknesses. This system may also help standardize 
 
tests such as GMAT and SAT. Our novel methodology uses (i) a combinatorial approach for generating 
 
geometric figures (ii) a pattern matching approach for generating questions and (iii) automated deduction to 
 
generate new questions and solutions. By combining these methods, we are able to generate questions involving 
 
finding or proving relationships between geometric objects based on a specification of the geometry 
 
objects, concepts and theorems to be covered by the questions. Experimental results show that a large number 
 
of questions can be generated in a short time. We have tested our generated questions on an existing geometry 
 
question solving software JGEX, verifying the validity of the generated questions.
Preliminary Study to Investigation the Determinants that Effect IS/IT Outsourcing

Due to developments in information communication technologies (ICT), globalization, and increase competition, Information Systems / Information Technology (IS/IT) outsourcing has become a pressing need for many organizations across the world. The process involves service provider and service receiver organizations. A study has been undertaken to examine the issues associated with the process of IS/IT outsourcing from the perspective of both the parties (service provider and services receivers) in the dynamic business environment. Issues have been brought up from the literature and factors have been identified from the state-of-art practice of IS/IT outsourcing. Empirical studies have revealed that there are some significant differences between IS/IT Outsourcing and non-IS/IT outsourcing, even the rationales in decision making are altogether different (Thai and Kim, 1998), (Useem and Harder, 2000). Due to renewed interest in IS/IT outsourcing by leading multinationals for a variety of reasons including cost cutting to gain competitive advantage, the firms participated in the study, showed interest in the outlining the issues which they found most relevant in their respective business contexts. Research issues have been explored take into account perspective of outsourcer as well as of the clients. Therefore, an attempt has been made to establish the relationship of the various factors involved in the process.
Displacive transformations in Fe–Ni nanophase alloys

The crystallisation behaviour and subsequent transformation of the crystalline phase of amorphous alloys in the series (Fe 100− x Ni x ) 93− y Zr 7 B y , where y =16 and x =30 or y =12 and x =40,50 have been studied. The fabrication of amorphous precursors was performed using melt-spinning. The primary crystallisation products were α (b.c.c.) for x =30 and 40 but γ (c.c.p.) in the x =50 sample. In each of the alloys, the fully crystalline structure consisted of the γ phase and a metastable boride that could be removed by annealing at elevated temperature with the result of improved ductility. Attempts have been made to induce martensitic transformation in the nanophase and nanocrystalline γ structures. No evidence of transformation on quenching to liquid nitrogen temperature has been found in any of the samples across the composition range, regardless of the degree of devitrification. Transformation was observed in the fully crystalline x =30 alloy, induced by 20 min deformation in a high velocity ball-mill, but this was not possible at higher Ni contents. The partially crystalline, c.c.p. x =50 alloy has been found to be stable against transformation. A preliminary investigation into the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the devitrification behaviour has provided evidence that pressure acts to stabilise the γ phase at lower Ni contents than is required in the vacuum-annealed samples.
Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgender Public Policy Issues. A Citizen's and Administrator's Guide to the New Cultural Struggle.

In response to the cultural war declared upon gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered people by the radical right, this book gives you an inside look at the gay community's perspectives on the four major issues of school curricula, workplace protections, legitimization of same-sex relationships, and protections against discrimination. As Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgender Public Policy Issues examines the role of radical religious thought in American politics, it looks at the development of conflicts on the national level over the four main issues. It also looks at specific examples of the conflicts, such as the "Rainbow Curriculum" battle in New York City and the controversial school board elections in Des Moines.This insightful and comprehensive book discusses recent successes of the gay and lesbian movement in the development of local public policy as well as setbacks it has experienced. From election year gay-bashing to the persecution of gay and lesbian youth in school environments to lack of protection for gay and lesbian employees in the workplace, it is clear that much work remains to be done before the rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered persons are protected to the same degree as those of heterosexual persons. Gay or straight, you will find your eyes truly opened as you read about: discrimination against gay and lesbian people by the American system of justice congressional indifference to workplace oppression the origins and aims of the religious right the development of services to meet the needs of gay youths in the school environment the major confrontations administrators face when dealing with sexual orientation issues homelessness from a gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgendered point of view gay and lesbian role models and multicultural activities for adolescentsCitizens, public administrators, policymakers, educational administrators, social service providers, and teachers need to read Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgender Public Policy Issues to understand how members of the gay community remain disenfranchised in American society. You may think you are sensitive to the issues, but are you helping to find solutions? Get this book and find out!
The Role of Top Management Teams Behind Investors’ Valuation of Entrepreneurial IPOs

The paper investigates the role of Top Management Teams (TMTs) characteristics behind market performance of IPOs on a secondary market. After highlighting the main differences between entrepreneurial and managerial companies, we identify effective drivers related to TMT characteristics able to distinguish between them. Next, we empirically investigate the impact of TMT characteristics on the market performance of companies listing through IPOs on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM). Last, we verify how TMTs characteristics are relevant when firms under study are led by entrepreneurial-oriented TMTs.
Bringing the map to life: European satirical maps 1845-1945

The map of Europe in the shape of a Queen originally designed by Johannes Putsch (Bucius) in 1537 and later published in Sebastian Munster’s Cosmographia forms an interesting counterpoint to the first separate Continental map of the Europe [1540] from Munster’s companion work, Geographia. These two European maps point to two quite distinct traditions of cartographic representation dating back to the early 14th Century.In the 19th Century the metaphorical tradition of the European Queen witnessed a new and distinctive reincarnation – the political cartoon map of Europe – which reflected and mirrored the momentous political and cultural changes that transformed Europe between 1845 and 1945. Individual nations were caricaturized and distinctive national identities given new and popular symbolic expression. Increasingly politicised, the cartoon map of Europe finally disappeared in the turmoil of World War I, victim to new and more powerful forms of mass media and communication. Its vestiges remain clearly visible in the design and iconography of subsequent propaganda posters of Bolshevik Russia and of World War II.
No time to die.

Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing no time to die as the reading material.
A Reflective Approach to Providing Flexibility in Application Distribution

Current middleware systems suffer from drawbacks. Often one is forced to make decisions early in the design process about which classes may participate in inter-machine communication. Further, application level and middleware specific semantics cannot be separated forcing an unnatural design. The RAFDA project proposes to adress these deficiencies by creating an adaptive, reflective framework that enables the transformation of non-distributed applications into isomorphic applications whose distribution architecture is flexible. This paper describes the code transformation techniques that have been developed as part of the project. The system enables the distribution of a program according to a flexible configuration without user intervention. Proxy objects can then be substituted, permitting cross-address space communication. The distributed program can adapt to its environment by dynamically altering its distribution boundaries.
História cultural e história do corpo na História Antiga alemã

This article aims to explain the idiosyncrasies of cultural history as practiced in Germany – or rather the German-speaking world – and to draw attention to some recent developments within the context of this new cultural history among German ancient historians in the specialized field of the history of the body. Several trends of cultural history are discussed. First, historians have been influenced by the history of everyday life, which focuses on small units and different aspects of ordinary life rather than large superstructures of society. Another trend is the growing interest of German historians in methods and theories derived from cultural anthropology. A third trend is the growing interest in feminist history and especially in the construction of gender roles. A special case in this rather broad field of cultural history is the history of the body. To a certain extent, this specialized area of history exemplifies all the problems and opportunities of cultural history.
The velocity structure of the Cariaco sedimentary basin, northeastern Venezuela, from refraction seismic data and possible relationship to earthquake hazard

The main damage from the July 9, 1997, Cariaco earthquake (Ms=6.8) was concentrated in the town of Cariaco and surrounding villages, which are located in the western part of the Cariaco sedimentary basin, close to the Gulf of Cariaco. Casanay, located at the eastern end of the sedimentary basin, suffered considerably less damage. The El Pilar fault, a right-lateral strike-slip fault that generated the earthquake, runs parallel to the southern border of the valley and crosses both towns. The determination of the velocity structure of the basin is the main objective of this study. Seismic refraction data were recorded along three lines, one of them along-strike and two perpendicular to the valley axis in the northern and southern bedrocks. Beneath Cariaco, approximately 1 km thick Quaternary sediments with seismic velocities of 1.9–2.1 km/s and bedrock velocities of more than 4 km/s were observed. The thickness of the Quaternary sediments varies within the basin, and Pleistocene sediments outcrop beneath Casanay. The increased thickness of the unconsolidated, water-saturated Quaternary sediments, together with the difference in the quality of buildings prior to the earthquake, probably is responsible for the damage pattern of the Cariaco earthquake.
Alfred Marshallâ€™s Lectures to Women

This new critical edition makes the Lectures, which have sometimes been referred to by Marshallian scholars, available to a wider body of historians of economic thought. Based on Mary Paley Marshallâ€™s original notes, corrected by Marshall himself, the Lectures are supplemented by Marshallâ€™s lecture outlines. Some contemporary and related texts are also published here including a paper on the future of the working classes from the same year and Marshallâ€™s exchange of articles with the trade unionist John Holmes in 1874 known as the Bee-Hive debate.
PZT ceramics formed directly from oxides via reactive sintering

Lead zicronate titanate ceramics with morphological boundary phase (PMP) composition (PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 or PZT) were prepared directly from their oxide mixture without involving calcination process. Sintering behavior of the oxide mixture showed that there was a volumetric expansion occurring at about 800°C, which can be attributed to the reaction to PZT compound from the oxide mixture. A maximum sintering rate was observed at about 870°C in the linear sintering rate curve, showing that the densification of the oxide mixture is significant than that of calcined powder. PZT ceramics sintered at 1100°C for 1 h demonstrated a dielectric constant of 1157 at 1 kHz, a remnant polarization of 27.3 μC/cm 2 and coercive field of 21 kV/cm, respectively.
On the Origins of the Modern Term "epyllion": Some Revisions to a Chapter in the History of Classical Scholarship

In classical scholarship of the past two centuries, the term “epyllion” was used to label short hexametric texts mainly ascribable to the Hellenistic period (Greek) or the Neoterics (Latin). Apart from their brevity, characteristics such as a predilection for episodic narration or female characters were regarded as typically “epyllic” features. However, in Antiquity itself, the texts we call “epyllia” were not considered a coherent genre, which seems to be an innovation of the late 18th century. The contributions in this book not only re-examine some important (and some lesser known) Greek and Latin primary texts, but also critically reconsider the theoretical discourses attached to it, and also sketch their literary and scholarly reception in the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Modern Age.