nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Braids and Knots

We introduce braids via their historical roots and uses, make connections with knot theory and present the mathematical theory of braids through the braid group. Several basic mathematical properties of braids are explored and equivalence problems under several conditions defined and partly solved. The connection with knots is spelled out in detail and translation methods are presented. Finally a number of applications of braid theory are given. The presentation is pedagogical and principally aimed at interested readers from different fields of mathematics and natural science. The discussions are as self-contained as can be expected within the space limits and require very little previous mathematical knowledge. Literature references are given throughout to the original papers and to overview sources where more can be learned.
The Moment Problem for Rational Measures: Convexity in the Spirit of Krein

The moment problem as formulated by Krein and Nudel’man is a beautiful generalization of several important classical moment problems, including the power moment problem, the trigonometric moment problem and the moment problem arising in Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation. Motivated by classical applications and examples, in both finite and infinite dimensions, we recently formulated a new version of this problem that we call the moment problem for positive rational measures. The formulation reflects the importance of rational functions in signals, systems and control. While this version of the problem is decidedly nonlinear, the basic tools still rely on convexity. In particular, we present a solution to this problem in terms of a nonlinear convex optimization problem that generalizes the maximum entropy approach used in several classical special cases.
Do Not Forget: Full Memory in Memory-Based Learning of Word Pronunciation

Memory-based learning, keeping full memory of learning material, appears a viable approach to learning NLP tasks, and is often superior in generalisation accuracy to eager learning approaches that abstract from learning material. Here we investigate three partial memory-based learning approaches which remove from memory specific task instance types estimated to be exceptional. The three approaches each implement one heuristic function for estimating exceptionality of instance types: (i) typicality, (ii) class prediction strength, and (iii) friendly-neighbourhood size. Experiments are performed with the memory-based learning algorithm IB1-IG trained on English word pronunciation. We find that removing instance types with low prediction strength (ii) is the only tested method which does not seriously harm generalisation accuracy. We conclude that keeping full memory of types rather than tokens, and excluding minority ambiguities appear to be the only performance-preserving optimisations of memory-based learning.
Does Debt Affect Profitability? An Empirical Study of French Trade Sector

This article aims to expand existing empirical knowledge on the impact of debt level on profitability of companies. We analyze a sample of an unbalanced panel of 2325 unlisted French companies of trade sector spanning over a period of 1999 to 2006. By using the generalized method of moments (GMM), we show that the debt affects negatively the profitability, not only linearly, but also, in a non-linear (concave) way. However, while analyzing according to different size classes (VSEs, SMEs and LEs); we find that the linear negative effect becomes larger and the non-linear effect is significant only in small and medium-sized enterprises (SME).
The Planners and the Planned

ABSTRACTMuch of what makes Hayek so controversial can be found in The Road to Serfdom, the theoretical basis of which is provided by The Counter-Revolution of Science. The first book, a polemic against the “planning mentality,” did not defend complete laissez faire, but argued that planning disrupts the coordination between prices and supply and demand; that effective planning is thus impossible in a modern industrial society; that it is coercive; and, of course, that it leads to totalitarianism. In The Counter-Revolution of Science, Hayek argued that the “planning mentality” is the result of the hubristic attempt to reconstruct society along scientific lines. But the likes of Edward Bellamy envisioned a planned but free society, while John Dewey contrasted planning, where people collectively choose their goals, against a planned economy that is coercively imposed. Hayek's welcome strictures against a scientistic society and an overly ambitious social science aside, his binary approach to intellectual his...
Discharge from hospital and its effect on surgical wound infections. The Israeli Study of Surgical Infections (ISSI).

A multicenter study of 2846 consecutive hernia operations was conducted to identify risk factors for infections that occurred during the hospitalization and post-discharge from hospital. Operated patients were followed-up for 30 days after surgery, whether at home or still hospitalized, and half the wound infection episodes were found to occur at home. Risk factors for both in-hospital and post-discharge infections seemed to be influenced by; (a) the selective nature of discharge, (b) the differential effect some risk factors had on either early or late infections. On any given day, patients selected by the clinical team to remain in hospital were more "at risk" for infection than those who left. As a result, they had a better chance of being diagnosed as infected during hospitalization. By contrast, those who were discharged home were perceived as low risk for complications. Subsequent infections in these patients occurred either due to factors "causing" late infections, therefore, unappreciated at the time of discharge, or unknown risk factors. More study risk factors were associated with in-hospital than with post-discharge infections, especially those associated with "early" infections. The implications of these findings for future evaluations of medical care in hospitalized patients are discussed.
Land use and land cover on the Macaronesian islands of Portugal and Spain: new methods for quantifying and visualizing information from spatial patterns

The aim of this research is to propose novel methods for quantifying and visualizing geographical information, in order to aid the spatial planning decision-making process when addressing land use and land cover patterns. In doing so, several modeling and geographic visualization methods are developed and demonstrated by using the Macaronesian islands of Portugal and Spain as study areas. Macaronesia is a biogeographical region consisting of several archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to three countries: Portugal, Spain, and Cape Verde. This research encompasses three archipelagos: the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. From these three archipelagos, the four most densely populated islands were further selected for the land use and land cover assessments: Sao Miguel, Madeira, Tenerife, and Gran Canaria. A common feature of the Macaronesian islands is that, ever since European colonization in the fifteenth century, up until the mid-twentieth century, anthropogenic land change was predominately attributable to agricultural activities consuming forests and natural areas. In the mid-twentieth century, owing to profound social and economic changes, the tertiary sector started its rise in becoming the main economic sector. Because the secondary sector in this region has always been minor, this substantial shift to the tertiary sector would dictate a progressive abandonment of the primary sector. Hence, agricultural areas started to recede. As a result, the last decades of the twentieth century were marked by a significant shift in land use dynamics. Agricultural activities ceased to be the main driving force of land change and were replaced by a rampant increase of the artificial surfaces, mainly on the southern coastal areas, where tourism-related and real estate pressure constitute a major impact on the landscape. A direct consequence of this pressure was the drastic transformation across the islands’ leeward coastal landscapes...
The effect of Fe content and thermo-mechanical processes on corrosion properties of the EN AW 8006 alloy

Aluminium foil in food industry has been primarily used as a construction material for flexible packaging because of its rare mechanical properties as well as corrosion resistance. Economical significance and increasing application of foil made out of EN AW 8006 alloy in food industry encouraged the research of its behaviour in working conditions. According to the European norm EN 573-3 the content of Fe in EN AW 8006 alloy may vary from 1.2 do 2.0%. Increasing the Fe content improves alloy mechanical properties and as well, it effects its electrochemical behaviour. In this phase of the study, large aluminium slabs of EN AW 8006 with four different levels of Fe content (1.20, 1.50, 1.70 i 1.91% Fe) were cast and industrial processed into 0.030 mm thick foil. The corrosion properties of EN AW 8006 alloy with different contents of Fe were studied in a 0.5 M NaCl solution at 25oC, by the means of potentiodynamic polarization and cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical measurements were performed using a PAR Model 273A Potentiostat and PAR Model 5210 Lock-In Amplifier, remotely controlled by computer. The potentiodynamic measurements were carried out in the potential range from -0.25 to +0.15 V versus open circuit potential (OCP) with the scan rate of 2 mVs-1, while cyclic measurements were preformatted in the potential range from -1.2 to -0.6 V with the scan rate of 10 mVs-1. The tested electrodes have been made of samples taken after each production phase (casting, homogenization and hot rolling). The dissolution (corrosion) of the cast sample electrode takes place mostly on the border of dendrites right on the position of alloying elements high concentration and impurities. Comparing to the cast sample the homogenizated sample electrode shows improved corrosion resistance. The process of homogenization eliminates segregation inside of the crystal grain and followed by high temperature atoms are given enough time to change the place and establish equilibrium state. The recrystallized structure of material that results at hot rolling process represents undirected crystal grains structure and electrodes with that type of structure show uniform dissolution. The study shows those thermo-mechanical industrial processes, casting, homogenization and hot rolling, increase alloy stability as well as the corrosion resistance.
Engineering Design Performance Management - from Alchemy to Science through ISTa (Invited Talk)

The drive for performance is omnipresent in modern society. We believe this to be true, although we only have a vague idea of what “performance” really means. The demand for management is omnipresent in modern society. We accept this to be true, although management theory is a science barely out of its infancy (Who wishes to be supervised by an infant?). Performance management is considered to be the need for the hour in modern society. We are told this is true, although we feel that we are trying to cope with something that we have very little comprehension of. Engineering is the omnipresent backbone of modern society. We experience this to be true, although we acknowledge that design is least as much an art as it is a science, a world where uncertainty rules. The impact of Information Society Technology (IST) is omnipresent in modern society. We understand this to be true; although we know that there is no point in automating something we don’t understand. Somewhat ironically, one could conclude that Engineering Design Performance Management (EDPM) is about the challenge to handle the uncertain and appraise the unknown. Not to forget about IST embarked on a mission to automate everything it possibly could to pretend that there are ready answers. This is like alchemy, but for performance. Alchemy hovered between worlds. So does contemporary performance management hovering between fiction and reality. Alchemists proposed to use the philosopher's stone (materia prima), a mysterious, unknown substance that they believed to have the power to transmute base metals into gold. So does contemporary performance management by hailing IST as its “Magnus Opus”. Without a doubt, it is high time to rebuild a firm foundation of performance management. We need a consistent framework addressing the relevant aspects of performance management from the abstract level to the concrete level. Only than IST will be able to unfold its full potential, and deliver on its promises. The strategic potential of IST does not lie in empty automation that enforces unrealistic and oppressive processes. It lies in enabling better decision making in a highly complex environment of change, uncertainty, risk, and urgency.
Formation and characterization of NixInAs/InAs nanowire heterostructures by solid source reaction.

The formation of crystalline NixInAs and NixInAs/InAs/NixInAs heterostructure nanowires by the solid source reaction of InAs nanowires with Ni is reported for the first time. The fundamental kinetics of the Ni/InAs alloying reaction is explored, with the Ni diffusion reported as the rate determining step. The diffusivity of Ni is independent of the nanowire diameter, with an extracted diffusion activation energy of approximately 1 eV/atom. The metallic NixInAs exhibits a modest resistivity of approximately 167 micro omega x cm for diameters >30 nm, with the resistivity increasing as the nanowire diameter is further reduced due to the enhanced surface scattering. The alloying reaction readily enables the fabrication of NixInAs/InAs/NixInAs heterostructure nanowire transistors for which the length of the InAs segment (i.e., channel length) is controllably reduced through subsequent thermal annealing steps, therefore enabling a systematic study of electrical properties as a function of channel length. From the electrical transport studies, an electron mean free path on the order of a few hundred nm is observed for InAs NWs with a unit length normalized, ON-state resistance of approximately 7.5 k omega/microm. This approach presents a route toward the fabrication for high performance InAs nanowire transistors with ohmic nanoscale contacts and low parasitic capacitances and resistances.
Resisting easy consumption: the politics of form in selected plays of the Berlin Republic

This essay considers the ways in which the form of a play might affect its poltical function in the theatre. The plays considered are Death Valley Junction by Albert Ostermaier, Heilige Kuhe by Oliver Czeslik; and the Prater Trilogie by Rene Pollesch. The essay sketches the formal qualities one may associate with a post-Brechtian political theatre.
The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis.@@@On the Plurality of Civilsations.

"The Evolution of Civilizations" is a comprehensive and perceptive look at the factors behind the rise and fall of civilisations. Quigley defines a civilisation as "a producing society with an instrument of expansion". A civilisation's decline is not inevitable but occurs when its instrument of expansion is transformed into an institution -- that is, when social arrangements that meet real social needs are transformed into social institutions serving their own purposes regardless of real social needs.
“Thy Harp, Columbia”: Burns’s American Works, c.1784–1794

In this chapter, Sood outlines the formative links between Burns and the USA by resituating the poet in the transnational context in which he lived. Sood begins with a discussion of how, in the late-eighteenth century, the dialectical idea of America—as both a metaphorical and geo-physical space—was regularly intertwined in personal, political and, most crucially for Burns, poetic processes of self-inquiry and disquisition. A critical examination of select letters, and poems, including “When Guilford Good” (1784), “Address of Beelzebub” (1786) and “Ode For General Washington’s Birthday” (1794), provides a sense of the complexity of Burns’s poetic engagement with the early Republic over the course of a decade.
Crack resistance of a constructional ceramic

The purpose of this article is the development and substantiation of methods of determination of crack resistance and the investigation of features of fracture of a machine building ceramic intended for use at high temperatures. Studied were a silicon nitride base reaction-sintered ceramic, designated NKKKM, and self-bonded silicon carbide produced by industry. Electrical porcelain and sodium glass were used as model materials in the development and testing of the methods.
Understanding Lorrie Moore

This is the first book-length critical approach to the fiction of the award-winning author of "Birds of America". "Understanding Lorrie Moore" is a comprehensive companion to the works of this wickedly humorous writer, whose fiction shows a deep sensitivity to the dynamics of contemporary gender relations and an abiding interest in portraying and critiquing the American national character. The recipient of the 1998 O. Henry Award and the 2004 Rea Award for the Short Story, Lorrie Moore is best known for her short fiction.  Kelly shows that Moore's virtuosic prose, wry humor, and sense of irony are tools for registering how Americans face the discomfort of their daily lives as individuals and as a nation. Kelly traces Moore's emergence as a writer in the 1980s and her artistic development up to the present day, illuminating the distinctive narrative methods, aesthetics, and thematic preoccupations of Moore's major works. Kelly follows Moore's recurrent characters, situations, metaphors, and motifs in order to promote understanding of the texts and appreciation for their wordplay, wit, and imagery. Viewing her subject as a subtly political writer, Kelly discusses Moore's major themes, techniques, and stylistics as evidence that her characters' private pains are symptomatic of a wider national malaise.
Infrastructure: more private participation and better public sector

Las infraestructuras tienen caracteristicas que complican su provision directa en el mercado, haciendo necesaria una implicacion directa del sector publico en su construccion y funcionamiento, e indirecta, mediante contratos de participacion publico-privada. Su mitificacion social ha favorecido una vision distorsionada segun la cual, invertir en grandes proyectos de obra publica siempre es bueno y las deficiencias se pueden resolver con mas presencia privada.
Diffusion-controlled complex superconducting transition in (YBa2Cu3O7-δ)0.9/(La2/3Sr1/3MnO3)0.1 core-shell composites

The superconductor ( SC )/ferromagnetic ( FM ) systems have shown tremendous attention due to their amazing phenomena at the SC/FM interfaces such as the inverse proximity effect, triplet superconducting pair generation and the non-dissipation spintronics, which exhibit a great potential on scientific development and applications. To explore these unique characteristics, possible unknown effect and seeking for potential capabilities in bulk SC/FM systems, this study focuses on the bulk composites made of the high -T C superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) and the highly spin-polarized La 2/3 Sr 1/3 MnO 3 (LSMO). The (YBCO) 0.9 /(LSMO) 0.1 composites were annealed at short (Comp_2hr) and longer (Comp_18hr) annealing time. We found that the composites form a distinct core-shell structure. The LSMO grains and the outer layer of YBCO interdiffuse into each other and reconstruct in a way to form off-stoichiometric thin shells. Due to the limited interdiffusion speed, a clear white diffusion-limited-boundary separates the shell and core and protects the pure YBCO phase. This core-shell structure modifies the superconducting behavior to appear complex resistivity and magnetization with temperature such as a second transition due to the tunneling of Cooper pairs at low temperature.
정부지원을 중심으로 본 종립학교와 국가의 관계

The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain the changing relations between religious schools and the state. The most important factor precipitating this change seems to be the increasing government subsidies to religious schools. More concretely, in this article, I dealt with two interrelated issues: (1) correlations between government’s financial aids and control to religious schools, especially control to the religious education conducted by those schools; (2) the growing governmental aid to religious schools as a latent cause of conflicts surrounding the constitutional order(religious freedom and the principle of state-religion separation). Since the mid-1980s, government’s financial aids to private schools including religious schools have gradually increased. By the year of 2004, the rate of government aids among the annual budget of private middle and high schools has risen up to 81.8%, 54.4% respectively. But until recently the rate of government aids among the annual budget of private universities has been below 5%. During last three decades, strong correlations between financial aids and control have been apparent. State’s control over the religious education in the middle and high schools established by religious authorities, which have enjoyed growing government aids, has rapidly increased. In contrast, state control to the religious education in the religiously based colleges and universities, which have been excluded from government aids, has maintained at low level. At the same time, the fact that the rapidly growing government aids to religious schools-here middle and high school-becomes a potentially powerful cause of conflicts both between state and religious schools, and between religious schools and students(including their parents) has been apparent. Up to recently, the point of most conflicts has been as follows: “Do the content and form of religious education conducted by religious schools infringe on students’ rights of religious freedom?” But today closely related questions are raised by some scholars: “Can it be allowed that government unduly provide financial aids to the religious schools which primarily function as a stage of religious propaganda?” Or “Do government’s ongoing aids to religious schools, which stick to confessional religious education, violate the constitutional principle of state-religion separation?”
Publieke religie: een Terreinverkenning

The public role of contemporary religion is undeniably a topic of much strive and debate. Two recent Dutch volumes make an important contribution to this discussion by analyzing and evaluating issues that arise with the 're-emergence of religion in the public domain'. Especially the volume that was issued by the (Dutch) Scientific Council for Government Policy shows the transformations in the Dutch religious landscape and how important non-religious attitudes and orientations presently are in the Netherlands. Notwithstanding critical voices the authors of both books show an appreciative and non-judgemental approach to the phenomena they research. This essay addresses some of the key issues in the often confusing and confused debates concerning the role that religion plays in modem society.