nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of antioxidant structure on local molecular mobility in amorphous sucrose.

The effect of the antioxidants gallic acid and methyl, propyl, and octyl gallate on the molecular mobility and hydrogen bond network in amorphous sucrose was studied. Solid amorphous sucrose films with and without the addition of antioxidants at a mole ratio of 1:5 (antioxidant/sucrose) were cast from solution onto quartz slides. Local molecular mobility from 0 to 70°C was measured using tryptophan amino acid as a luminescent probe dispersed in the films. Phosphorescence from the tryptophan probe provides spectroscopic characteristics-emission spectrum and lifetime-that are sensitive to changes in molecular mobility induced by the addition of antioxidants. Local molecular mobility detected by tryptophan increased in the following order: sucrose<sucrose-octyl gallate<sucrose-propyl gallate⩽sucrose-methyl gallate⩽sucrose-gallic acid. The antioxidants also modulated the activation energy for matrix motions that quench the tryptophan phosphorescence in a structure-dependent manner. IR measurements as a function of temperature indicated that hydrogen bond strength in these amorphous films followed a rank order (sucrose-methyl gallate>sucrose-gallic acid>sucrose-propyl gallate>sucrose>sucrose-octyl gallate) that was nearly the reverse of that seen in matrix mobility. Analysis of the differential effects of the antioxidants suggests that the presence of the hydroxyl benzoyl head group increased matrix molecular mobility and hydrogen bond strength while the saturated carbon chain decreased mobility and bond strength. The influence of the carboxyl group on matrix properties was comparable to that of the formyloxy group. These results indicate that the addition of specific functional ingredients such as antioxidants may significantly affect the physical properties and consequently functional properties of amorphous edible films in ways that might condition their use. The observed changes are closely related to the chemical structure of the added species.
Microstructure, excess solid solubility, and elevated-temperature mechanical behavior of spray-atomized and codeposited Al-Ti-SiCP

In the present study, the microstructure, thermal stability, and elevated temperature mechanical behavior of Al-Ti-SiCP metal matrix composites (MMCs) processed by spray atomization and codeposition were investigated. The evolution of the microstructure of the spray-deposited material before and after thermal annealing was studied using X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy. The thermal stability of the spray-deposited materials was determined by monitoring the changes in hardness after isochronal thermal anneals at various temperatures. The results of X-ray and microanalysis studies revealed the presence of a supersaturated solid solution of Ti in α Al in the spray-atomized and codeposited material, with Ti concentrations in the 0.8 to 1.1 wt pet range. The formation of an extended solid solution was discussed in light of the cooling rates present during atomization and, subsequently, during deposition. Regarding mechanical behavior, the present results suggest that the as-spray deposited and hot extruded Al-Ti matrix is thermally stable up to a temperature of 400 °C and that the excess solid solubility of Ti in a Al, resulting from the rapid quench during processing, is maintained up to a temperature of 300 °C. The elevated-temperature mechanical properties of the hot extruded spray-deposited materials were studied following a 100-hour exposure at 250 °C, 350 °C, and 450 °C; the roomtemperature mechanical properties were also determined. Results show that the elevated-temperature yield strength of the spray-deposited and extruded materials compared favorably to those of an equivalent alloy made by powder metallurgical materials, were superior to those of the ingot material, but were inferior to those of mechanically alloyed Al-Ti materials. In addition, TEM studies showed no evidence of interfacial reactions at the Al-Ti/SiCP interface.
Thermal conductivity of amorphous Si and Ge thin films

A Si and Ge films were deposited by magnetron sputtering with a laboratory-built combinatorial sputtering system at temperature of 25, 300, 500, and 600°C. The Si and Ge thin films prepared at each deposition temperature were 15, 100, and 250 nm thick. We characterized the crystalline states and microstructures of the thin films by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The XRD patterns and HRTEM images showed no evidence of crystallinity. We measured the thermal conductivity of the a-Si and a-Ge films by a frequency domain thermoreflectance method. For both types of films regardless of substrate temperatures, thermal conductivity increased with the film thickness. Furthermore, in a-Si and a-Ge thin films, thermal conductivity was dependent on deposition temperature. For the 250-nm-thick a-Si thin films, thermal conductivity increased sharply as deposition temperature was increased from 300 to 600°C. However, such deposition temperature dependence was not observed in the 100-nm-thick a-Si thin films. The a-Ge thin films of 100 and 250 nm in thickness exhibit thermal conductivity dependent on deposition temperature. As deposition temperature was increased, thermal conductivity increased more strongly in the a-Ge thin films of 250 nm in thickness than those of 100 nm in thickness. We concluded the deposition temperature and film thickness dependent thermal conductivity as a result of the increase of long mean free path (MFP) phonon with increased deposition temperature, and cut off of the phonon MFP by film thickness.
High-performance probabilistic record linkage via multi-dimensional homomorphisms

Probabilistic Record Linkage (PRL) identifies data records referring to the same real-world entity, e.g., in a database. PRL is increasingly used in epidemiology centers, intelligence agencies, and universities. However, PRL is a time-consuming task, which limits its applicability for large data sets in real-world applications.
 We address the problem of accelerating PRL by parallelizing it for modern high-performance architectures, such as multi-core CPU and many-core GPU. Our approach relies on the formalism of Multi-Dimensional Homomorphisms (MDHs) - a class of functions with a generic parallel implementation in OpenCL. The schema allows for automatic optimization for a particular target hardware architecture by exploiting the auto-tuning approach. Our experiments show that we achieve significantly better performance on both CPU and GPU - speedups of up to 80 times - as compared to the parallel implementation of PRL that is currently used by EKR - the largest cancer registry in Europa.
Coping with Type Casts in C

The use of type casts is pervasive in C. Although casts provide great flexibility in writing programs, their use obscures the meaning of programs, and can present obstacles during maintenance. Casts involving pointers to structures (C structs) are particularly problematic, because by using them, a programmer can interpret any memory region to be of any desired type, thereby compromising C's already weak type system.
This paper presents an approach for making sense of such casts, in terms of understanding their purpose and identifying fragile code. We base our approach on the observation that casts are often used to simulate object-oriented language features not supported directly in C. We first describe a variety of ways — idioms — in which this is done in C programs. We then develop a notion of physical subtyping, which provides a model that explains these idioms.
We have created tools that automatically analyze casts appearing in C programs. Experimental evidence collected by using these tools on a large amount of C code (over a million lines) shows that, of the casts involving struct types, most (over 90%) can be associated meaningfully — and automatically — with physical subtyping. Our results indicate that the idea of physical subtyping is useful in coping with casts and can lead to valuable software productivity tools.
Chapter 8 Copies of Artworks: The Case of Paintings and Prints ⁎

In his essay on imitation in the arts, Adam Smith considers that the exact copy of an artwork always deserves less merit than the original. But the hierarchy between copies and originals has changed over time. So has the perception of copies by lawyers, philosophers, art historians and curators. The development of a market for copies is part of a wider contemporary questioning of the boundaries between originality and copy. We analyze whether and how the various actors in the art market (artists, collectors, lawyers, curators, art historians and philosophers) contribute to valuing and creating or, at times, to killing copies. Artists and collectors have never belittled copies. Art historians think that copies have an important role in preserving the memory of lost artworks, and in educating young artists, but nevertheless consider copies better left to the reserves of museums. Lawyers are ambivalent and judicial precedents bear testimony to the ambiguous legal status of copies. Contemporary art historians and art philosophers have influenced curators and museums to organize exhibitions that make use of copies, giving them a new life.
Who has life-sustaining therapy withdrawn after injury?

Trauma scoring systems have been developed to help surgeons predict who will die after injury. However, some patients may not actually die of their injuries but may undergo withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (WLST). The goal of this study was to determine which factors were associated with WLST among older patients who died. We hypothesized that patients with comorbid illnesses, higher injury severity scores (ISS), complications, and existing advanced directives (AD) would be more likely to have WLST and that patients having WLST would receive more medication for symptom relief in the 24 hours before death.



Data were collected via a retrospective chart review of patients age 55 years and older admitted to the intensive care unit after injury who subsequently died. In addition to demographic and injury information, documentation of family discussions regarding care wishes and formal ADs were evaluated. Patients dying despite curative attempts were compared with those who died after WLST by Student's t test and chi test where appropriate.



In a 3-year period, of 330 patients age 55 and older admitted to the intensive care unit, 66 (20%) died. Complete records were available for 64 patients. More than half of those who died (n = 35, 54.7%) had WLST. ADs were available for 15 patients (23.4%), and 11 (17.2%) patients had expressed to their families desires to not undergo aggressive curative care. Family discussions were documented for 50 (78%) cases. Comorbid illnesses were present in 46 (71.9%) patients and 35 (54.7%) developed at least one complication. Among people with ADs, 73% had WLST versus 49% of people without ADs (p = 0.09). WLST was independent of comorbid illnesses (p = 0.3), complications (p = 0.8), age (p = 0.5), and ISS (p = 0.2). Patients for whom there was documentation of a family discussion were more likely to have WLST than those without (91.4% versus 62.1%, p = 0.005). Morphine and benzodiazepine dosing in the 24 hours preceding death were greater in the WLST group than the curative therapy group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively).



Expected associations with WLST such as age, ISS, comorbidities, and complications were not present in this population. Although trends may exist regarding patient wishes and ADs, larger studies are needed to corroborate these findings. Given the percentage of patients having supportive care withdrawn, trauma registries and scoring systems should include WLST.
Deep Subduction Erosion Model for Continent-Continent Collision of the Sulu HP-UHP Metamorphic Terrain

By the construction for the HP-UHP metamorphic rocks, containing eclogite, feldspar amphibolite, paragneiss and granitic gneiss, it is revealed that their protoliths were continental basaltic rocks, gabbros, supracrustal rocks and granites formed under extensional environment at the Yangtze passive continental margin. New zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating for the protoliths of the south Sulu UHP metamorphic rocks reflects the Neoproterozoic (700-800 Ma) granitic-mafic mag-matism events induced by the Rodinia supercontinental breakup. Detailed zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating for granitic gneiss in the N. Sulu (Qingdao-Weihai) area shows its oldest metamorphic basement being age of2 400 Ma and was overprinted by metamorphisms of 1700-1800 Ma and to 200 Ma. Therefore, above-mentioned age dating together with previous chronologic data led us to conclude that the Sulu HP-UHP nappes have two basements: the Early-Middle Protrozoic (≥2 400 Ma) basement in the N. Sulu and the Neoprotrozoic (700-800 Ma) basement in the S. Sulu. The basement ages in the N. Sulutogether with its western part of the no-UHP metamorphic area (Laiyang-Penglai) are similar and named by the Jiao-Liao-Korea block (JLKB) belong to the NCR Besides, the boundary between both of the S. Sulu UHP area and JLKB is along north Wulian and south Haiyangsuo. New zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating for coesite-bearing quartzite of the N. Sulu shows the UHP peak metamorphism being age of 238 Ma and retrograde metamorphism being age of 215 Ma, which indicates both basements of the Sulu UHP metamorphic terrain have undergone UHPM simultaneously. Based on occurrences of the two different basements of the Sulu HP-UHP metamorphic terrain, a new dynamic model of deep subduction erosion for continent-continent collision is proposed in this study. That means during the deep subduction of YZP at 240-220 Ma, the part of JLKB had been dragged downward to be 100 km depth and a wedge subduction erosion body was formed on the upper part of the Yangtze subducted slab. Then both of them were exhumed rapidly.
Dispersive carrier transport in partially oriented p-quaterphenyl layers

Charge carrier transport in partially oriented p-quaterphenyl films was investigated using the transient current technique. In contrast to completely oriented layers, all current pulses in textured p-quaterphenyl films were highly dispersive and their representation on a double logarithmic scale may be described by two straight lines (with slopes −(1− α ) and −(1+ α ), where α ≈ 0.65). This indicates the possibility that the results can be interpreted in terms of the Scher-Montroll model of dispersive transport in disordered systems.
A New and Unusual Landscaping Ideal: Joseph Addison's Contribution to Romanticism

Addison's landscape discussion in the famous 1712 Spectator essay on the pleasures of the imagination has often been regarded as the beginning of modern aesthetics. To see how this is the case but not in the way of conventional interpretations, it is important to remember the then revolutionary idea of “beauty without order” which Sir William Temple first discussed via the asymmetrical Chinese gardening style and which Addison enthusiastically endorsed in his horticultural reform agenda. Much more than the notions of beauty, greatness, and uncommonness which are the ostensible focus and usually noticed content of his essay and which are all derived from classical European aesthetics, it is this new and unusual love of things in their seeming irregularity and disorder, and the associated belief in their capability to work themselves out, that retrospectively seems to constitute Addison's most important contribution to English and European Romanticism.
Fiscal psychology past and present: Contemporary experiments validate historical hypotheses

Fiscal psychology is not a modern discipline. The history of economic thought leaves no doubt as to the fact that many of the notions of fiscal psychology as we know it today were present in the past. There are even cases, though these are not frequent, of economists and social scientists of the past who understood certain psychological aspects of the taxpayer which went out of fashion and of which contemporary fiscal psychology is not aware. Such is the fate of Amilcare Puviani (1854–1907), a marginalist in the tradition of Vilfredo Pareto and an advocate of the study of Italian Public Finance which was in vogue at the end of the 1800s and the early years of the 1900s. We have conducted a number of experiments to verify certain of Puviani’s theories regarding the behaviour of the taxpayer, all of which tested positively. Of particular interest is his concept that a minor tax levied contemporaneously with a heavier tax is better tolerated than if it is levied alone. Another related concept, not yet widely known to contemporary fiscal psychology, is of undoubted interest: a tax when levied under favourable circumstances is more tolerable. Finally, we verified Puviani’s hypothesis that a tax is easier to accept if split into a number of instalments of nominal amounts, and also (but this is applicable only to a certain category of tax payer) that an indirect tax is better supported if it is not specified in the price of the product or service being taxed.
Volkswirtschaftliche Probleme des Wohnungsbaus

An attempt to examine housing problems from the economists' viewpoint leads to two theses: The socially motivated housing subsidy should be supplemented by a suitable application of macroeconomic instruments of the economic policy. Otherwise a satisfactory optimization cannot be expected. This approach leads to a spatially and sectorally more differentiated application of these instruments Simultaneously, the socially motivated housing subsidy should be adjusted so as to meet future requirements of economic policy, which are expected to become more restrictive. Only then subsidies can be regarded as useful instruments which do not necessarily lower the possible goal achievement of the economic activities. This points on the one hand towards an expansion of the personal rent-paying capability, and on the other hand towards a housing policy taking greater account of the needs of comprehensive town planning.
Philosophy of History and Action Papers Presented at the First Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter December 1974, Edited by Yirmiahu Yovel. --

This volume contains the proceedings of the First Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter - started by the Hebrew University Institute of Philosophy (now the S. H. Bergman Centre for Philosophical Studies), which took place on December 28-31, 1974. In recent years the culture-gap that separates philosophers seems slowly - indeed much too slowly - to be narrowing. Although short circuits in communication still do happen and mutual disrespect has not vanished, it is becoming unfashionable to demonstrate ignorance of another philosophical tradition or to shrug it off with a supercilious smile. Perhaps dialectically, the insufficiency of any self-centred view that tries to immunize itself to challenges from without starts to disturb it from within. Moreover, as the culture- (and language-) bound nature of many philosophical divergencies is sinking more deeply into consciousness, the irony of an attitude of intolerance to them becomes more apparent. Our aim was to make a modest contribution to this development. We did not, however, mean to confuse genuine differences and problems in communication. Consequently, the more realistic term "encounter" was preferred to the idealizing "dialogue. " The Israeli hosts, themselves trained in a variety of philosophical traditions, felt that there is something in between real dialogue on the one hand and mutual estrangement on the other, and wished to provide a meeting place for it."
The Complexity of Weighted Boolean #CSP Modulo k

We prove a complexity dichotomy theorem for counting weighted Boolean CSP modulo k for any positive integer k > 1. This generalizes a theorem by Faben for the unweighted setting. In the weighted setting, there are new interesting tractable problems. We first prove a dichotomy theorem for the finite field case where k is a prime. It turns out that the dichotomy theorem for the finite field is very similar to the one for the complex weighted Boolean #CSP, found by [Cai, Lu and Xia,  2009]. Then we further extend the result to an arbitrary integer k.
Challenge Equality Problems in Lattice Theory

This note contains five problems that should be useful for experimentation with equalityoriented automated theorem-proving programs. The problems are formally stated and proved in first-order predicate calculus with equality. The problems are taken from the often-overlooked paper "Semi-automated mathematics" by Guard et al. [Guard69]. That paper focuses on an interactive theorem prover, SAM, which was instrumental in solving an open problem in lattice theory (Theorem L3 below) posed by Bumcroft [Bumcroft65]. That achievement marked an important advance for the field of automated theorem proving.
High-Power Charge/Discharge Properties of LiFePO4/Carbon Composites with Various Carbon Materials

Electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/carbon composites with various carbon materials were investigated to achieve high-rate charge and discharge properties. LiFePO4/carbon composites were synthesized by a pyrolysis of a LiFePO4 precursor solution added with porous graphite or particulate carbon powders. The LiFePO4/porous-graphite composite had a microstructure in which LiFePO4 particles existed on carbon surface and within pores. The LiFePO4/particulate-carbon composite had a microstructure in which each carbon particle was covered with LiFePO4 fine particles. The LiFePO4/porous-graphite and the LiFePO4/particulate-carbon composite electrodes showed high discharge capacities of 69 and 30 mAh g-1 at a high current density of 4000 mA g-1. The high electronic conductivity in the LiFePO4/porous-graphite composite contributed to achieving the large discharge capacity at the high current density.
The Effects of Cardiac Tertiary Prevention Program after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery on Health and Quality of Life

Cardiac tertiary prevention programs intend to support the recovery course following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We investigated the effects of attendance at cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs following CABG on patients' mortality, morbidity and health related quality of life.



Eighty patients who underwent CABG were selected in a way that half of them had attended a cardiac rehabilitation program and the other half had not. Health related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire at a mean of 23.4 months postoperatively. Severity of cardiac symptoms on the basis of the New York Health Association (NYHA), the occurrence of any neurological symptoms, hospitalization and restoration of patients to their previous level of performance in social activities were assessed after CABG surgery.



There were no deaths. There were no differences in postoperative NYHA scores, neurological symptoms, and hospitalization. Three of the eight health domains measured by SF-36, namely general health (P = 0.010), physical function (P = 0.002), and mental health (P < 0.001), showed significantly better values for attendants than non-attendants. Rehabilitation participants returned to their previous level of performance in social activities more than their control counterparts.



Higher general health scores (SF-36) were associated with attendance at CR programs. The findings of this study provide rationale to consider a broader scope of physiological and psychosocial parameters to predict outcomes of CABG surgery.