nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Knowledge-based software engineering : proceedings of the fifth Joint Conference on Knowledge-Based Software Engineering

The book captures the latest developments in the areas of knowledge engineering and software engineering. Particular emphasis is placed upon applying knowledge-based methods to software engineering problems. The Conference, from which the papers are coming, originated in order to provide a forum in which the latest developments in the field of knowledge-based software engineering could be discussed. Although initially targeting scientists from Japan, the CIS countries and countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the authors come from many countries throughout the world. JCKBSE 2002 continues with this tradition and is anticipating even wider international participation. Furthermore, the scope of the conference as indicated by its topics has been updated to reflect the recent development in all the three covered areas, i.e. knowledge engineering, software engineering, and knowledge-based software engineering.
Creep of MgO Containing a Dispersion of Carbon

Creep experiments on polycrystalline MgO containing a fine dispersion of carbon are reported. The samples were prepared by hot-pressing and creep was measured in four-point bending under stresses of 1000 to 5000 psi at 1000° to 1300° C. Although results for MgO creep without carbon addition are in good agreement with published reports, introducing dispersions of 0.5 to 2 vol% C into MgO modifies its creep behavior. Comparing specimens of the same grain size, the samples containing the carbon dispersion had lower creep rates than those of MgO without addition. This effect increased with increasing carbon additions. The stress exponent remained small (1 to 2) in all cases. The apparent activation energy for creep increased dramatically with the carbon additions. Possible mechanisms for the influence of this dispersion on creep are discussed briefly.
Knowing, Counting, Being: Meillassoux, Heidegger, and the Possibility of Science

In his book After Finitude , Quentin Meillassoux criticizes post-Kantian philosophy for its inability to explain how science is able to describe a world without human beings. This article addresses that challenge through a consideration of Heidegger’s thought and his thinking about science. It is argued that the disagreement between Meillassoux and Heidegger comes down to a question of first philosophy and the priority of logic or ontology in philosophy. Ultimately, Heidegger’s emphasis on ontology in philosophy is superior in its ability to give a more comprehensive account of science and thinking about things themselves.
SMS management system for direct sales and network marketing

SMS management system in direct sales and network marketing is a concept of integrating information system with mobile phone as well as using short message service (SMS) as a medium of communication in the business process of direct sales and network marketing sector. Direct sales and network marketing sector is a business phenomenon which expanding rapidly within these few years and it will keep on expanding. To deal with the large members and distributors joining the company, the management of these companies started to seek for new direction in upgrading the relationship management between the company and the distributors. This is important when the low cost and time saving SMS is introduce to these direct selling companies. With the intention of enhancing the connection between distributors is an opportunity to integrate SMS system in the management system in this industry. In this paper, we have analyzed how the SMS will play an important role in the business process by allowing the end user and the company will benefit from its simple and cost saving.
Deciding security of protocols against off-line guessing attacks

We provide an effective procedure for deciding the existence of off-line guessing attacks on security protocols, for a bounded number of sessions.The procedure consists of a constraint solving algorithm for determining satisfiability and equivalence of a class of second-order E-unification problems, where the equational theory E is presented by a convergent subterm rewriting system.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first decidability result to use the generic definition of off-line guessing attacks due to Corin et al. based on static equivalence in the applied pi calculus.
Stakeholding as a new development strategy for Saudi Arabia

The transition from an oil-based to a knowledge-based economy requires that the population dramatically increases its level of human capital. This paper examines ways to achieve that transition in Saudi Arabia. It argues that massive public investment in education is not sufficient since non-cognitive skills are a bottleneck in the process of building human capital. In order to strengthen those skills, a set of reforms is proposed. The core of the proposal is the introduction of a social inheritance to each Saudi citizen reaching adult age, the SSGY.
[T.S. Kuhn's methodology and the history of medicine (remarks on the 30th anniversary of the publication of the Polish edition of Kuhn's work)].

Ever since its publication in the book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), the conception developed by T.S. Kuhn has been the subject of much discussion in the works of philosophers and historians of science. The present author has attempted to look at Kuhn's conception, as presented in his 1962 book and in a number of additional papers contained in the volume The Essential Tension (Polish translation published in 1985 under the title Dwa bieguny. Tradycja i nowatorstwo w badaniach naukowych), from the point of view of its usefulness in studies on the history of medicine. Among the elements of Kuhn's model which could be used in the historiography of medicine, the author includes the concept of the history of science focused on reconstructing its real history. She discusses Kuhn's research directives and his views on the nature of scientific explanation. She finds Kuhn's concept of a crisis in science to be particularly useful in interpreting the changes in medical thought and practice. The author also believes that historians of medicine could draw in their research on Kuhn's views concerning the problem of choice of theory in scientific communities.
Discovering the Real Microbial World

Life is an interconnected web of organisms, and the main struts—the main fibers—in this web are evolutionary relationships. Today, microbiologists are developing a biologically meaningful understanding of microorganisms, so that we can realize how really important, and diverse the microbial world is. Many earlier molecular evolutionists knew that the technical power existed in molecular sequencing to determine distant phylogenetic relationships. Some understood that with the right molecules—for example, transfer RNAs—the full breadth of phylogeny could be spanned. Yet from their actions, it appeared that none of them appreciated the importance of determining a universal phylogenetic tree, what powerful evolutionary knowledge would emerge there from. The old prokaryote-eukaryote dichotomy was short on understanding and long on dividing biology into two camps, which more or less went their separate ways. The emphasis was on the ways in which prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ, not on why they differ and what sort of common ancestor they share. The archaea are central to a real revolution that is still occurring in microbiology. They epitomize the importance of phylogeny and the power of molecular biology to reveal evolutionary history.
A Java´s Syntactic Help Multiagent System

This paper presents a multiagent system as an aid, providing syntactic help, to novice Java students. The system is designed using INGENIAS and developed in JADE. It is built using five agents (AgenteInterface, AgenteMonitor, AgenteControl, AgenteAyuda and AgenteEstudiante) that have only one task assigned within the system. The system is designed to work in any development environment, even if the noteblock is used for coding and the compiling and execution is made from the command line.
Justice and the duties of social equality

The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that John Rawls’s conception of social justice should be revised to include duties that will require individuals to uphold social equality. Social equality, as I describe it, is characterised by the values of, at a minimum, respect-for-persons, civility and toleration. Informal social equality occurs when these values are upheld outside of a legal or official institutional context, such as through personal choice and within civil society. 
 
Rawls’s conception of justice, which focuses primarily on institutional justice, does not include fair personal choice as a requirement of justice. As choice, I will argue, affects the distribution of primary social goods such as the social basis of self-respect, if we want to describe a fair society, we should include a description of fair choice. If informal social equality is upheld, justice in choice will also be upheld. To correct the neglect of justice in choice, we can thus describe a fair society as one where (1) institutions would be fair and (2) individuals would fulfil duties of social equality. 
 
In the context of current debate on the role of individual behaviour in social justice, my thesis can be distinguished from what I refer to as the original ‘personal choice argument’. According to this argument, advocated by G. A. Cohen and Liam B. Murphy, for example, Rawls’s principles of justice for institutions should be applied to individuals so that fair personal choice becomes a requirement of distributive justice. Cohen and Murphy’s arguments are unconvincing, however, because (i) we could apply principles other than the institutional, for example, principles for individuals, to choice and (ii) we have good reason not to apply the institutional principles to choice, for example, because they do not properly address interferences with self-respect. 
 
Instead of applying the institutional principles of justice to individuals, I argue that Rawls’s principles for individuals should be revised according to the values of social equality: 
1. the duty of mutual respect needs to be revised to include requirements for individuals and associations to comply with the demands of social equality, which are (i) respect-for-persons, (ii) civility and (iii) toleration; and 
2. the duty of justice should be adapted to specify that individuals are required to help establish and to uphold informal (not merely formal) justice, thus to uphold justice in personal choice.Political Philosophy
Mohandas K. Gandhi: Citizenship and Community for an Industrial Age

For Mohandas K. Gandhi, questions of technology were integral to his overall utopian vision. His future for India and for the world at large rested on the belief that technology, along with all the instrumentalities of society and culture, could be judged on the basis of their continuation to swaraj—dimensions of individual and community freedom. He was pragmatic; he changed notably over time in his specific views of “appropriate” technology and institutions. But his basic vision of the good society endured, being part of the sense of who he was, and what he was to do, for the concluding decades of his long life.
Principles of Mushroom Developmental Biology

Research done over the last century has persistently indicated major diff erences between fungi, animals, and plants. Unfortunately, for most of that time fungi have been considered, quite errone- ously, to be closely related to plants; as observations have been constrained to comply with this funda- mental error, a proper appreciation of fungal developmental biology has been seriously inhibited. During the fi nal quarter of the 20t century, the phylogenetic status of the true fungi as an independent Kingdom of eukaryotes became clear. In this review, I bring together some of the observations, old and recent, that contribute to our current understanding of the way that fungi construct multicellular structures.
Essaying and Reflective Practice in Education: The Legacy of Michel de Montaigne

Although the French Renaissance sceptic Michel de Montaigne (1533–92) is a much-admired thinker among many literary historians and some philosophical ones, his oeuvre hardly features in critical surveys of ideas in education. This is strange given that Montaigne offers modern educators an exemplary form of communicative discourse which anticipates contemporary education theory's emphasis on the importance of reflective practice and learning from experience. While each of these themes is capable of being rendered as repetitious slogans, sound-bites even, Montaigne, through his emphasis on free thinking and self-study, helps to rescue them from such a fate, identifying a dialectical method called ‘essaying’ which has genuine purchase on practice and its improvement.
Clearwater: An Extensible, Pliable, and Customizable Approach to Code Generation

Since the advent of RPC Stub Generator, Software tools that translate a high level specification into executable programs have been instrumental in facilitating the development of distributed software systems. Developers write programs at a high level abstraction with high readability and reduced initial development cost. However, existing approaches to building code generation tools for such systems have difficulties evolving these tools to meet challenges of new standards, new platforms and languages, or changing product scopes, resulting in generator tools with limited lifespan. 
The difficulties in evolving generator tools can be characterized as a combination of three challenges that appear inherently difficult to solve simultaneously: the abstraction mapping challenge translating a high-level abstraction into a low-level implementation), the interoperable heterogeneity challenge stemming from multiple input and output formats, and the flexible customization challenge to extend base functionality for evolution or new applications. The Clearwater approach to code generation uses XML-based technologies and Software tools to resolve these three challenges with three important code generation features: specification extensibility, whereby an existing specification format can accommodate extensions or variations at low cost; generator pliability, which allows the generator to operator on an extensible specification and/or support multiple and new platforms; and flexible customization, which allows an application developer to make controlled changes to the output of a code generator to support application-specific goals. 
The presentation will outline the Clearwater approach and apply it to meet the above three challenges in two domain areas. The first area is information flow applications (e.g., multimedia streaming and event processing), a horizontal domain in which the ISG code generator creates QoS-customized communication code using the Infopipe abstraction and specification language. The second area is enterprise application staging (e.g., complex N-tier distributed applications), a vertical domain in which the Mulini code generator creates multiple types of source code supporting automatic staging of distributed heterogeneous applications in a data center environment. The success of applying Clearwater to these domains Shows the effectiveness of our approach.
Crustal structure and nature of emplacement of the 85°E Ridge in the Mahanadi offshore based on constrained potential field modeling: Implications for intraplate plume emplaced volcanism

An integrated interpretation of multi-channel seismic reflection, gravity and magnetic datasets belonging to northern most part of the 85°E Ridge in the Mahanadi offshore is carried out to study the crustal structure and mode of its emplacement. The basement structure map of the ridge reveals that it is 130–150 km wide and is composed of an eastern high which appears as a continuous, broad and smooth topographyand the western high characterized by several steep isolated highs. The seismic velocities reported for the first time over the ridge indicate several sedimentary sequences ranging in velocities between 1.6 and 4.0 km/s above the acoustic basement top. The salient aspects of the sedimentary velocities are; a low velocity layer (2.6–3.2 km/s) within the Cretaceous sequence in the intervening depressions encompassing the flank region, and a regionally widespread higher velocity layer (3.5–3.8 km/s) belonging to the Eocene–Oligocene section overlying the ridge. A layer having a velocity of 4.2–4.7 km/s probably made of volcanoclastic rocks is observed immediately below the acoustic basement. The sediment isopach maps presented here for three major horizons are used to compute the 3-D sediment gravity effect to obtain a crustal Bouguer anomaly map of the region. Detailed analysis of the gravity and magnetic anomaly maps clearly demonstrates the continuity of ridge up to the Mahanadi coast at Chilka Lake. Seismically constrained gravity and magnetic models indicate that the ridge is composed of volcanic material that was emplaced on continental crust in the shelf-slope areas and over the oceanic crust in the deep offshore areas. The modeled crustal structure below the ridge further indicates volcanic emplacement of the ridge on a relatively younger lithosphere. We propose two alternative models for the emplacement of the ridge.
Rural-urban disparity and sectoral labour allocation in China

This study examines China's rural-urban segmentation and its causes in the context of economic reforms. Household survey and aggregate data indicate a V-shaped process in which rural-urban consumption and income differentials decreased between 1978 and 1985, but then have continually increased to historically high levels. This sectoral division is consistent with production function estimates based on provincial data that reveal higher labour productivity in urban/state-owned industries than in rural industries and agriculture. To explain the V-shaped change, we argue that the precedent of successful rural reforms raised farmers' relative earnings, but the remaining obstacles to an efficient sectoral allocation of labour have prevented China from eliminating dualism. Recent financial policies consisting of urban price subsidies and increased investment credits have also had influential distribution effects that are biased against the rural sector.
Partitioning behavior of group 1 and 2 cations in poly(ethylene glycol)-based aqueous biphasic systems.

The partitioning behavior of several Group 1 and 2 cations was investigated in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based aqueous biphasic systems. All of these metal ions prefer the salt-rich phase over the PEG-rich phase with distribution ratios all well below one regardless of the system investigated. The relative salting-out ability of the individual cations can be directly correlated to their Gibbs free energy of hydration (delta G(hyd)). In addition, the relative magnitude of the distribution ratios for these metal ions can also be explained in terms of delta G(hyd).
Models of management : work, authority, and organization in a comparative perspective

Preface and Acknowledgments 1: The Comparative Study of Organizational Paradigms 2: The United States: Economic Transformations, Labor Problems, and Organizational Innovations 3: Germany: Modernism, Traditionalism, and Bureaucracy 4: Spain: Eclecticism, Human Relations, and Managerial Authoritarianism in a Less-Developed Country 5: Great Britain: Industrial Retardation, Religious-Humanist Ideals, and the Rise of Social Science 6: Comparing Patterns of Adoption 7: A Historical and Comparative Perspective on Homo Hierarchicus  Content Analysis of  The Adoption of Scientific Management and Human Relations Techniques in the United States  A Systematic Comparison of Conditions and Outcomes of Adoption Bibliography Index
This place is big enough for both of us

Complex relationships between bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes have evolved in several environments but science has traditionally focused on interactions that are pathogenic. Recently there has been increased recognition of symbiotic interactions that benefit both the microorganism and the host. The bacterial partner commonly produces essential nutrients that are not synthesized by the host. In return, bacteria benefit from an ample supply of growth materials and environmental stability inside the host. An array of recent genome papers examining microbial symbionts in hosts ranging from insects and worms to plants, has shed light on the genetics that underpin these metabolic partnerships.
READING RORTY POLITICALLY

My aim in these remarks is to sketch a way of approaching the thought of Richard Rorty that I will call reading Rorty politically. I argue that reading Rorty politically is not only the most fruitful way to read Rorty, it is necessary to understand the full force of his challenge to philosophy. After sketching Rorty’s important early metaphilosophical work, I outline the fundamental shift from epistemology and metaphilosophy to the moral and political that drives the development of his thought, culminating in his notion of philosophy as cultural politics.
Japans Computer and Telecommunications Industry [Book Reviews]

1) Knowledge operators: they accumulate and generate rich tacit knowledge in the form of experience-based skills. 2) Knowledge specialists: they mobilize well structured explicit knowledge. 3) Knowledge engineers: They bridge the gap between the operational people and the top management in the knowledge spiral in both dimensions. 4) Knowledge officers: They are the top executives who manage the total process. Nonaka and Takeuchi have proposed a new organizational structure that they have called hypertext organization after the new computer software architecture. Unlike matrix organization, this is supposed to be more efficient in terms of smoother knowledge conversion in a flexible fashion. From above brief descriptions it may be concluded that these books definitely contribute to better understanding of the innovation process. Leonard–Barton has contributed to the understanding of flow of information in and among organizations related to strategic management. By focusing on the core rigidity, a by-product of core capability, she has extended the debate about the popular interpretation of the theory of core competence. The problem with her book is that it lacks a cohesive model to integrate the various topics introduced. Utterback’s book is the culmination of his research in this subject. In that respect, one does find a central theme and his message is clear. The most important work has been the work of Nonaka and Takeuchi. This is a truly innovative book that explains not only the Japanese system but also the epistemology of the knowledge process. The importance of tacit knowledge and a proper management of tacit knowledge will indeed have a profound impact on management usually missed by the management gurus in the United States.