nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Inguinal nodal region radiotherapy for vulvar cancer: are we missing the target again?

The GROINSS-V II trial, in which NRG is also participating, is an ongoing observational study. As part of definitive therapy, patients with vulvar cancer undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) followed by observation if SLNB is negative or radiotherapy if SLNB is positive. Chemotherapy is at the discretion of the treating institution. Radiation is to be delivered to the bilateral inguinal nodes and the lower half of the external iliac nodes (though can be delivered only ipsilaterally at the discretion of the treating physician if the primary is well lateralized and there is no sign of a sentinel node on the contralateral side). The interim analysis of the ongoing GROINSS-V II trial showed a recurrence in 12.2% (10/82) of patients treated with radiation in the setting of positive sentinel lymph node biopsy . On subset analysis the risk of nodal recurrence was 2.2% for micrometastases (≤2 mm) and 20% for macrometastases. Based on these early results, the study was modified to allow RT only for micrometastases and patients withmacrometastases now go on to receive completion inguinal dissection followed by possible adjuvant RT. When compared to single institution retrospective data for prophylactic groin RT [2,3], this failure rate appears to be on the higher side and raises the question of whether the outcomes seen in GROINSSV II speak more to the biology of disease in this group of patients or to a geographical miss with radiotherapy. When considering this, we were compelled to examine the radiation technique in this trial protocol as compared to historical techniques and current recommendations. In an early attempt to investigate the role of radiation therapy in the setting of vulvar cancer as a potentialmethod to decrease themorbidity associated with inguinal lymph node dissection, GOG 88 randomized patients with stage IB-III, cN0, vulvar cancer status post radical vulvectomy to either bilateral inguinal radiation or bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection followed by radiation to the pelvic and inguinal nodal regions if the dissection was positive . This trial showed a greater number of inguinal recurrences in the radiation arm, however the radiation technique was poor and delivered an inadequate dose to the region at risk. In GOG 88 radiation was delivered without a CT scan for planning. This resulted in twodisadvantages. First, the risk of lymphnode involvement was not assessed and thus patients may indeed have had macroscopic disease for which 50 Gy is not sufficient. Second, the precise
A dosimetric comparison between two intensity-modulated radiotherapy techniques: tomotherapy vs dynamic linear accelerator.

This manuscript describes a direct comparison between radiation treatment plans in terms of dosimetric outcomes created by two different IMRT systems: TomoTherapy HiArt and dynamic linac intensity-modulated radiotherapy (dIMRT). Three patient cases were selected (with disease in different anatomical areas): vertebral metastasis re-treatment, radical prostate therapy and an ethmoid sarcoma re-treatment. Each case presents significant and varying dosimetric difficulties with respect to avoidance of adjacent organs. The patients were each planned and treated at the Cromwell Hospital (London, UK) using the TomoTherapy HiArt system, with planning replicated at St Bartholomew's Hospital (London, UK) using Eclipse Treatment Planning System and a 6EX linac with a 120-leaf multileaf collimator (Varian Medical Systems). For both modalities, all treatment plans conformed to the stringent clinical dose constraints set. For the vertebral body re-treatment, both techniques demonstrated adequate and similar planning target volume (PTV) coverage and sparing of the spinal cord. The critical structure sparing and PTV coverage for the prostate treatment was again similar for both modalities. For re-treatment of the paediatric ethmoid sarcoma, tomotherapy was able to produce slightly better organ sparing whilst producing PTV coverage similar to linac dIMRT. The data presented in this manuscript demonstrate subtle dosimetric differences between the two techniques but no marked advantage with either system. Therefore, other factors may need to be considered when making a decision between tomotherapy and linac dIMRT.
Measuring subversions: security and legal risk in reused software artifacts

A software system often includes a set of library dependencies and other software artifacts necessary for the system's proper operation. However, long-term maintenance problems related to reused software can gradually emerge over the lifetime of the deployed system. In our exploratory study we propose a manual technique to locate documented security and legal problems in a set of reused software artifacts. We evaluate our technique with a case study of 81 Java libraries found in a proprietary e-commerce web application. Using our approach we discovered both a potential legal problem with one library, and a second library that was affected by a known security vulnerability.
 These results support our larger thesis: software reuse entails long-term maintenance costs. In future work we strive to develop automated techniques by which developers, managers, and other software stakeholders can measure, address, and minimize these costs over the lifetimes of their software assets.
Topiramate monotherapy as broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug in a naturalistic clinical setting

Topiramate was assessed in an open-label trial as broad-spectrum antiepileptic monotherapy, independently from the epilepsy type or syndrome. Adults and children aged 2 years and older, who were diagnosed with epilepsy within the last 5 years, treatment-naive or failing prior treatment with one antiepileptic drug (AED), received individually adjusted doses of topiramate, after escalation to 100mg/day over 4 weeks (maximum 400mg/day) or 3mg/kg/day over 6 weeks (maximum 9 mg/kg/day), respectively. Patients were followed for >or=7 months and optionally up to a maximum of 13 months. Data were analysed for all patients (n=692), as well as for focal (n=421) and generalized epilepsies (n=148). The median topiramate dose used was 125 mg/day in adults and 3.3mg/kg/day in children (<or=12 years). Overall, 80% of patients completed the 7-month study. During this period, 44.3% were seizure-free, while 76.3% achieved >or=50% reduction in mean monthly seizure frequency. Patients with focal and generalized epilepsies alike responded to treatment (73.9 and 83.8% with at least 50% seizure reduction): 39.4% of patients with focal epilepsy and 61.5% of those with generalized epilepsy were seizure-free. The mean monthly seizure frequency was significantly reduced versus baseline at all visits (p<0.001). Similar response rates were obtained from the 237 patients completing the 1-year observation period. During the mandatory 7-month period of study, 8.8% of patients reported insufficient tolerability as a reason for dropout. The most frequent adverse event was paraesthesia. Our results support findings that emerge from controlled studies that topiramate is effective and well tolerated when used as initial or second monotherapy. They also suggest that in a naturalistic setting, overall good retention on treatment and seizure freedom are observed at low doses in a broad spectrum of epilepsies.
HPV testing as a triage for borderline or mild dyskaryosis on cervical cytology: results from the Sentinel Sites study

Earlier pilot studies of human papillomavirus (HPV) triage concluded that HPV triage was feasible and cost-effective. The aim of the present study was to study the impact of wider rollout of HPV triage for women with low-grade cytology on colposcopy referral and outcomes.Human papillomavirus testing of liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples showing low-grade abnormalities was used to select women for colposcopy referral at six sites in England. Samples from 10 051 women aged 25–64 years with routine call or recall cytology reported as borderline or mild dyskaryosis were included.Human papillomavirus-positive rates were 53.7% in women with borderline cytology and 83.9% in those with mild dyskaryosis. The range between sites was 34.8–73.3% for borderline cytology, and 73.4–91.6% for mild dyskaryosis. In the single site using both LBC technologies there was no difference in rates between the two technologies. The positive predictive value of an HPV test was 16.3% for CIN2 or worse and 6.1% for CIN3 or worse, although there was considerable variation between sites.Triaging women with borderline cytological abnormalities and mild dyskaryosis with HPV testing would allow approximately a third of these women to be returned immediately to routine recall, and for a substantial proportion to be referred for colposcopy without repeat cytology. Variation in HPV-positive rates results in differing colposcopy workload.
Etoricoxib in the treatment of osteoarthritis over 52-weeks: a double-blind, active-comparator controlled trial [NCT00242489]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and tolerability of etoricoxib, a COX-2 selective inhibitor, in osteoarthritis (OA) patients.



A double-blind, randomized, multicenter study was conducted in 617 patients with OA of the knee. The base study was 14 weeks in duration and consisted of 2 parts; in Part I (6 weeks), patients were allocated to once daily oral etoricoxib 5, 10, 30, 60, 90 mg or placebo. In Part II (8 weeks); the placebo, etoricoxib 5 and 10 mg groups were reallocated to etoricoxib 30, 60, or 90 mg qd or diclofenac 50 mg t.i.d. Treatment was continued for consecutive 12 and 26 week extensions. Primary efficacy endpoints were the WOMAC VA 3.0 pain subscale and investigator global assessment of disease status. Safety and tolerability were assessed by collecting adverse events throughout the study.



Compared with placebo, the etoricoxib groups displayed significant (p < 0.05), dose-dependent efficacy for all primary endpoints in Part I; efficacy was maintained throughout the 52 weeks of the study. During the 46-week active-comparator controlled period, the etoricoxib groups demonstrated clinical efficacy that was similar to that of diclofenac 150 mg and was generally well tolerated, with a lower incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) nuisance symptoms compared with diclofenac (13.1, 14.7, and 13.5% for etoricoxib 30, 60, and 90 mg, respectively compared with 22.5% for diclofenac).



In this extension study, etoricoxib, at doses ranging from 30 to 90 mg, demonstrated a maintenance of significant clinical efficacy in patients with OA through 52 weeks of treatment. Etoricoxib displayed clinical efficacy similar to diclofenac 150 mg and was generally well tolerated.
Pseudomyogenic (epithelioid sarcoma-like) hemangioendothelioma: characterization of five cases

To describe the imaging and histopathology of pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma. Five cases of pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma, which presented over the last 5 years, were retrieved from the files of the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital. The imaging and histopathology were reviewed in all cases. Magnetic resonance imaging, which was available from all cases, was assessed for the following features: the number of lesions, location in soft tissue (superficial and or deep/subfascial) and bone, and the signal characteristics and morphology of individual lesions. Immunohistochemistry was performed in all cases to characterize the lesions. Four of the five patients had multiple lesions involving a single limb. Bone was involved in 3 of the 5 individuals. All tumors diffusely expressed ERG and cytokeratins AE1/3, but not MNF116. CD31 was weakly positive in 4 cases. INI-1 expression was retained in all cases. Imaging features included ill-defined, infiltrative lesions in subcutaneous fat with extension to the adjacent skin, poor- to well-defined intramuscular nodules and predominantly intracortical focal bone lesions with rare medullary involvement. Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma represents a distinct recently characterized tumor type presenting in young adults, with a tendency towards multicentric bone and soft tissue involvement.
Foot Complications and Mortality: Results from Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD).

We sought to study the impact of foot complications on 10-year mortality independent of other demographic and biological risk factors in a racially and socioeconomically diverse managed-care population with access to high-quality medical care.



We studied 6,992 patients with diabetes in Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD), a prospective observational study of diabetes care in managed care. Foot complications were assessed using administrative claims data. The National Death Index was searched for deaths across 10 years of follow-up (2000-2009).



Charcot's neuro-osteoarthropathy and diabetic foot ulcer with debridement were associated with an increased risk of mortality; however, the associations were not significant in fully adjusted models. Lower-extremity amputation (LEA) was associated with an increased risk of mortality in unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR], 3.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.50-4.12) and fully adjusted (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.28-2.63) models. When we examined the associations between LEA and mortality stratified by sex and race, risk was increased in men (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.25-3.07), Hispanic individuals (HR, 5.17; 95% CI, 1.48-18.01), and white individuals (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.37-3.47). In sensitivity analyses, minor LEA tended to increase the risk of mortality (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.92-2.40), and major LEA was associated with a significantly higher risk of death at 10 years (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.18-3.01).



In this managed-care population with access to high-quality medical care, LEA remained a robust independent predictor of mortality. The association was strongest in men and differed by race.
XML and Information Retrieval: a SIGIR 2000 Workshop

XML - the eXtensible Markup Language has recently emerged as a new standard for data representation and exchange on the Interact. It is believed that it will become a universal format for data exchange on the Web and that in the near future we will find vast amounts of documents in XML format on the Web. As a result, it has become crucial to address the question of how large collections of XML documents can be sorted and retrieved efficiently and effectively.To date, most work on storing, indexing, querying, and searching documents in XML has stemmed from the database community's work on semi-structured data. An alternative approach, that has received less attention to date, is to view XML documents as a collection of text documents with additional tags and relations between these tags. IR techniques have traditionally been applied to search large sets of textual data and should thus be extended to encode the structure and semantics inherent in XML documents. Integrating IR and XML search techniques will enable more sophisticated search on the structure as well as the content of these documents, while leveraging the success of IR techniques in document similarity ranking and keyword search.The SIGIR workshop on XML and information retrieval was held July 28th, in Athens Greece. The goal of the workshop was to bring together researchers and practitioners interested in XML and IR to discuss and define the most relevant topics in the relation between these two technologies, present recent results, and propose future directions for research. The topics for discussion included:&bull; How to extend IR technologies to search XML documents&bull; How to integrate XML structure in IR indexing structures&bull; How to query XML documents both on content and structure&bull; How to introduce the semantics inherent in XML into the search process&bull; How to adopt database indexing techniques in an IR frameworkThe opening session of the workshop consisted of a survey of search engines for XML documents. This was followed by three technical sessions: query languages, retrieval algorithms, and IR systems for XML documents. The final talk of the day, "Searching Annotated Language Resources in XML", by Nancy Ide was given from the perspective of potential users of XML search systems and opened many topics for discussion. The workshop was concluded with a panel discussion where the panelists outlined their vision of the future of XML search.
Medical versus surgical treatment of stable angina pectoris: progress report of a large scale study.

A large scale, prospective, randomized study of surgical v. medical management of disabling angina pectoris is being conducted as a cooperative study among thirteen Veterans Administration hospitals in the U.S.A. A total of 1015 patients have been entered into the study and follow-up data are currently being evaluated. Patient entry into the study was concluded in December 1974. Patient compliance has been acceptable with only 7% of patients not adhering to their randomization category. Thirty-day operative mortality (1972-1974) in 309 patients was 5-3%. The patient population exhibited a severe degree of coronary disease. There was ECG evidence of prior myocardial infarction in 40%. There were significant obstructive lesions in three major coronary arteries in 51% and significant lesions of the left main coronary artery in 11%. Medical and surgical treatment groups demonstrated no significant differences in objective descriptive characteristics. Mortality in the medical group at 1 year was 8%. Mortality was influenced by several factors including the number of vessels involved, left ventricular function and the presence of left main coronary artery disease. The lowest mortality occurred in patients with single vessel disease and normal LV function who had a 1-year mortality of 3%. Patients with 3-vessel disease and abnormal LV function exhibited a 14% 1-year mortality. Patients with disease of the left main coronary artery and poor LV function had a 1-year mortality of 37%. Analyses of the results of treatment modalities in sub-groups is currently being performed and will be reported in future publications.
Prognosticating in patients with advanced cancer--observational study comparing the accuracy of clinicians' and patients' estimates of survival.

Clinicians' prognoses in patients with advanced cancer are imprecise. The aim of this study was to compare doctors', nurses' and patients' survival predictions and to identify factors which influence accuracy.



Some 1018 patients with advanced cancer were recruited. Survival estimates were obtained from the attending doctor, nurse, multidisciplinary team (MDT) and patient (n = 829, 954, 987 and 290 estimates, respectively) and were compared with actual survival. Clinician and patient characteristics were recorded.



MDTs', doctors' and nurses' predictions were accurate 57.5%, 56.3% and 55.5% of occasions, respectively. Nurses were less accurate than the MDT (P = 0.007) but were no worse than doctors (P = 0.284). Estimates of clinicians and patients were more optimistic (doctors: 31%; nurses: 34%; MDT: 31.1%; patients: 45.1%) than pessimistic (12.7%, 11%, 11.4% and 2.7%). Nurses' accuracy increased if they had reviewed the patient within 24 h. Most patients (61.4%) wanted to know their prognosis. Only 37.1% were willing to offer an estimate regarding their own survival. Patients' prognostic estimates were less accurate than health care professionals' (P < 0.001).



MDTs were better at predicting survival than doctors' or nurses' alone. Patients were substantially worse. Among nurses, recency of review was related to improved prognostic accuracy.
Validation of the Abdominal Pain Index using a revised scoring method.

Evaluate the psychometric properties of child- and parent-report versions of the four-item Abdominal Pain Index (API) in children with functional abdominal pain (FAP) and healthy controls, using a revised scoring method that facilitates comparisons of scores across samples and time.



Pediatric patients aged 8-18 years with FAP and controls completed the API at baseline (N = 1,967); a subset of their parents (N = 290) completed the API regarding the child's pain. Subsets of patients completed follow-up assessments at 2 weeks (N = 231), 3 months (N = 330), and 6 months (N = 107). Subsets of both patients (N = 389) and healthy controls (N = 172) completed a long-term follow-up assessment (mean age at follow-up = 20.21 years, SD = 3.75).



The API demonstrated good concurrent, discriminant, and construct validity, as well as good internal consistency.



We conclude that the API, using the revised scoring method, is a useful, reliable, and valid measure of abdominal pain severity.
Cost Effectiveness of Entecavir versus Lamivudine with Adefovir Salvage in HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B

To evaluate the cost effectiveness of treatment of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) with entecavir compared with lamivudine with adefovir salvage, based primarily on the results of a recent 2-year, randomised, multicentre, clinical trial (n = 709). Previous economic analyses have been limited by the lack of comparative clinical data for entecavir and lamivudine beyond 1-year duration and for salvage therapy.  We conducted a cost-utility analysis using a Markov model from a USpayer perspective over a lifetime time horizon. The hypothetical cohort was 35-year-old patients with HBeAg-positive CHB. We evaluated 2 years of treatment with entecavir 0.5mg/day versus lamivudine 100mg/day, plus addition of adefovir 10mg/day for patients who developed virologic breakthrough due to resistance to either drug. In a scenario analysis, we considered adefovir plus lamivudine combination therapy for treatment-naive patients. Clinical and economic inputs ($US, year 2006 values) were derived from publicly available data, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate uncertainty in the results.  The estimated 10-year cumulative incidence of cirrhosis for patients initiated on entecavir was 2.3% lower than for those on lamivudine (20.5% vs 22.8%). The discounted incremental cost per QALY gained was $US7600 in the base-case analysis, and the 95% central range from probabilistic sensitivity analysis was $US2500–$US19 100. Combination therapy for treatment-naive patients led to an increase in costs without improvement in patient outcomes compared with entecavir monotherapy.  Our analysis suggests entecavir improves health outcomes in a cost-effective manner compared with lamivudine with adefovir salvage or combination therapy, and highlights the importance of using evidence-based effectiveness estimates in economic studies of CHB therapies.