nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
From Imaging and Stochastic Control to a Calculus of Actions

This paper highlights relationships among stochastic control theory, Lewis’ notion of "imaging", and the representation of actions in AI systems. We show that the language of causal graphs offers a practical solution to the frame problem and its two satellites: the ramification and concurrency problems. Finally, we present a symbolic machinery that admits both probabilistic and causal information and produces probabilistic statements about the effect of actions and the impact of observations.
Continuous Software Engineering

This book provides essential insights on the adoption of modern software engineering practices at large companies producing software-intensive systems, where hundreds or even thousands of engineers collaborate to deliver on new systems and new versions of already deployed ones. It is based on the findings collected and lessons learned at the Software Center (SC), a unique collaboration between research and industry, with Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg University and Malm University as academic partners and Ericsson, AB Volvo, Volvo Car Corporation, Saab Electronic Defense Systems, Grundfos, Axis Communications, Jeppesen (Boeing) and Sony Mobile as industrial partners. The 17 chapters present the Stairway to Heaven model, which represents the typical evolution path companies move through as they develop and mature their software engineering capabilities. The chaptersdescribe theoretical frameworks, conceptual models and, most importantly, the industrial experiences gained by the partner companies in applying novel software engineering techniques. The books structure consists of six parts. Part I describes the model in detail and presents an overview of lessons learned in the collaboration between industry and academia. Part II deals with the first step of the Stairway to Heaven, in which R&D adopts agile work practices. Part III of the book combines the next two phases, i.e., continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD), as they are closely intertwined. Part IV is concerned with the highest level, referred to as R&D as an innovation system, while Part V addresses a topic that is separate from the Stairway to Heaven and yet critically important in large organizations: organizational performance metrics that capture data, and visualizations of the status of software assets, defects and teams. Lastly, Part VI presents the perspectives of two of the SC partner companies. The book is intended for practitioners and professionals in the software-intensive systems industry, providing concrete models, frameworks and case studies that show the specific challenges that the partner companies encountered, their approaches to overcoming them, and the results. Researchers will gain valuable insights on the problems faced by large software companies, and on how to effectively tackle them in the context of successful cooperation projects.
A Labelled Sequent Calculus for BBI: Proof Theory and Proof Search

We present a labelled sequent calculus for Boolean BI, a classical variant of O'Hearn and Pym's logic of Bunched Implication. The calculus is simple, sound, complete, and enjoys cut-elimination. We show that all the structural rules in our proof system, including those rules that manipulate labels, can be localised around applications of certain logical rules, thereby localising the handling of these rules in proof search. Based on this, we demonstrate a free variable calculus that deals with the structural rules lazily in a constraint system. A heuristic method to solve the constraints is proposed in the end, with some experimental results.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy: the Case of Kenya

This paper evaluates Kenya´s food price crisis over 2002–11 using a political economy approach. Kenya´s food prices have been high and volatile relative to world food prices. Moreover, domestic food markets are highly integrated while about 30 per cent of the changes in world market prices are transmitted to domestic markets in Kenya. The study finds a relatively slow speed of adjustment of domestic food prices in Kenya of between three to five months. In response, the government implemented both supply-side and demand-side policies. However, the implementation of these policies has not been fully institutionalized and relies on the most part on the executive. These findings lend credence to calls to institutionalize the policy-making process in Kenya.
Still Missing: Amelia Earhart and the Search for Modern Feminism

Amelia Earhart was first reported missing on 2 July 1937. Despite the ongoing fascination with her disappearance, Susan Ware argues that key aspects of Amelia Earhart's life are still missing. This biography analyzes Earhart as part of the history of women and feminism. A heroine of her era, Earhart is a figure of inspiration for women today. While loving adventure, Earhart saw aviation as liberating for women. Ware also portrays Earhart as a central figure in the development of popular culture in the 20th century. With her husband, George Putnam, she learned how to use the media to promote herself in order to keep on flying. Consciously acting as a role model, she used her popularity to broaden horizons for women.
Accounting Window Dressing and Template Regulation: A Case Study of the Australian Credit Union Industry

This article documents the response of cooperative institutions that were required to adhere to new capital adequacy regulations traditionally geared for profit-maximising organisations. Using data from the Australian credit union industry, we demonstrate that the cooperative philosophy and internal corporate governance structure of cooperatives will lead management to increase capital adequacy ratios through the application of accounting window dressing techniques. This is opposite to the intended purpose of template regulation aimed at efficiently increasing operating margins and lowering risk. Our results raise several debatable issues regarding the ethics of accounting management and the imposition of one-shoe-fits-all external regulation.
Gestures of healing: Themed issue in honour of Laura Mulvey

This de arte accommodates a broader audience and gathers scholars from a wider variety of heritages and allegiances than usual. An array of voices is assembled here, springing from diverse South African, continental European and British institutions, and articulating a multiplicity of disciplinary approaches: continentally oriented image studies; Anglo-American-inspired visual culture studies; art history; film studies; and philosophical aesthetics. However diverse, the articles all point at the complexities, fragility, fluidity and ambivalences of imaging processes, often related to inter-racial understandings and crossovers between race and gender. In doing so, they resonate with Laura Mulvey's work and confirm its pertinence in an era of plurality and digital imaging.
Online Piracy and the "Longer Arm" of Enforcement

Controlling digital piracy has remained a top priority for manufacturers of information goods, as well as for many governments around the world. Among the many forms taken by digital piracy, we focus on an increasingly common one—namely, online piracy—that is facilitated by torrent sites and cyberlockers who bring together consumers of pirated content and its suppliers. Motivated by recent empirical literature that makes a clear distinction between antipiracy efforts that restrict supply of pirated goods (supply-side enforcement) and ones that penalize illegal consumption (demand-side enforcement), we develop a simple economic model and discover some fundamental differences between these two types in terms of their impacts on innovation and welfare. All in all, supply-side enforcement turns out to be the “longer arm”—it has a more desirable economic impact in the long run. Our results have clear implications for manufacturers, consumers, and policy makers. The online supplement is available at https://doi...
Synthesis in Motion: The Dance Theatre Work of Benjamin Zemach in Los Angeles

This paper discusses the importance of Russian-born choreographer, theatre director, and teacher Benjamin Zemach (1901-1997) to Los Angeles. It contextualizes the sustained influences of his Jewish heritage, his training with Stanislavsky and Vakhtangov in the Habima Theatre, Russian dance and theatre synthesis and early American modern dance. The article focuses on his work in Los Angeles during two different periods of American culture and politics preceding and following World War ii (1931-35 and 1946-71), examining closely his contributions to Los Angeles Jewish and mainstream dance and theatre through an analysis of his choreographies for the stage and film as well as his teaching methodologies.
Cautions and Assurances for Those Who Would Design a Small Urban High School: Bringing 20 Years of Research to the Planning Table.

The two authors share learning gleaned from personal, classroom experiences in small schools – both cautions and assurances – for other educators who may be embarking on a similar path. We worked at two different small high school sites in the Denver Public Schools, an urban district with an ethnically diverse student population of 78,000. We present a multi-vocal analysis of participants in both sites to identify consequential experiences and perspectives from five stakeholder groups: teachers, students, parents, administrators, and partners/advisers. For each stakeholder group, we document roles, goals, responsibilities and activity patterns. We summarise a set of findings identifying the conditions for success in a small school project.
Beyond conservation : facing the reality of biodiversity in a human-dominated world

Professor Ross Thompson is Director, Chair of Water Science and an ARC Future Fellow in the Institute for Applied Ecology at the University of Canberra. Ross is a freshwater ecologist with interests in the study of biodiversity and the restoration of landscapes. His fundamental research is in food web ecology; seeking the rules that determine how natural communities assemble and persist. His applied research addresses the ways in which food webs can be influenced by anthropogenic factors including urbanisation, land clearance, pharmaceutical contamination, river flow diversion and restoration, and invasion. He has an active research program on aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem function in urban and rural landscapes. Ross has published more than 80 papers, 10 book chapters and more than 200 scientific reports. He sits on the Australian Research Council College of Experts and has recently stepped down from the NZ Marsden Panel. His work has strong links to government and industry, and Ross sits on a number of senior technical advisory panels for local, state and federal research programs.
The Gravity Probe B test of general relativity

The Gravity Probe B mission provided two new quantitative tests of Einstein's theory of gravity, general relativity (GR), by cryogenic gyroscopes in Earth's orbit. Data from four gyroscopes gave a geodetic drift-rate of −6601.8 ± 18.3 marc-s yr−1 and a frame-dragging of −37.2 ± 7.2 marc-s yr−1, to be compared with GR predictions of −6606.1 and −39.2 marc-s yr−1 (1 marc-s = 4.848 × 10−9 radians). The present paper introduces the science, engineering, data analysis, and heritage of Gravity Probe B, detailed in the accompanying 20 CQG papers.
The Social Sciences and Two Types of Relativism

The article considers two forms of relativism: cognitive and cultural. It is critical of the impact of ‘the new sociology of science’ which in the hands of Paul Feyerabend and others exaggerated the claims of Thomas Kuhn’s theory of scientific change. The article argues that a distinction between scientific and nonscientific arguments can be, and must be, sustained. Secondly, cultural relativism is also considered and criticized. The article considers the legacy of Montaigne, Hume and Weber on modern, primarily anthropological, theories of cultural relativism. Anthropologists are fond of demonstrating that, for example, Western indignation over genital mutilation is only or merely the consequence of socialization into a particular culture. It is argued that, while some rituals may be necessary to inculcate young people into a community, there are rational grounds for rejecting mutilation where alternative rituals would be equally effective. The article therefore rejects both cognitive and cultural relativ...
Do psychology courses reduce belief in psychological myths

This study examined the degree to which psychology students accept popular psychology myths that are rejected by mainstream researchers (e.g., "people use only 10% of their brain's capacity"), and the effect of psychology courses on myth acceptance. Using a twenty-item, true-false myth belief questionnaire, it examined the levels of gullibility among 94 undergraduates at different stages of their education, and related these to their educational and demographic backgrounds. High overall levels of myth acceptance (71%) were found, in line with earlier research. Myth acceptance decreased with the number of psychology courses that students had taken in university, but increased with the number that they had taken in junior college. Belief in myths was lower among students who were majoring in psychology, were older, had higher grades, and had advanced training in research methods, but it was not related to gender, geographical origin, or university year. It is concluded that university courses appear beneficial in encouraging methodological skepticism, whereas taking specialized psychology courses in junior college may hinder rather than promote critical thinking among undergraduates.
Agency Theory Implications for Strategic Human Resource Management: Effects of CEO Ownership, Administrative HRM, and Incentive Alignment on Firm Performance

Agency theory is used to expand the research in strategic human resource management (SHRM) by viewing the construct underlying SHRM as control over all employees. We develop hypotheses on the effects of CEO ownership, administrative HRM, and incentive stock ownership on firm performance. The results indicate that administrative HRM has a negative effect on stock price. Incentive alignment via stock ownership has a positive effect on stock price and productivity. CEO ownership has a positive effect on sales but a negative impact on productivity. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
A topological interpretation of three Leibnizian principles within the functional extensions

Three philosophical principles are often quoted in connection with Leibniz:
"objects sharing the same properties are the same object" (Identity of
indiscernibles), "everything can possibly exist, unless it yields
contradiction" (Possibility as consistency), and "the ideal elements correctly
determine the real things" (Transfer). Here we give a precise
logico-mathematical formulation of these principles within the framework of the
Functional Extensions, mathematical structures that generalize at once
compactifications, completions, and elementary extensions of models. In this
context, the above Leibnizian principles appear as topological or algebraic
properties, namely: a property of separation, a property of compactness, and a
property of directeness, respectively. Abiding by this interpretation, we
obtain the somehow surprising conclusion that these Leibnizian principles may
be fulfilled in pairs, but not all three together.
Wells on Engineering Design

THIS book is intended for the use of engineering students in schools and colleges, and as a text-book for examinations in which a knowledge of practical geometry and machine drawing is required. The author says in the preface that the chief reason which has led to its preparation is that during the time he was engaged in teaching on the engineering side of Dulwich College, he found it impossible to obtain a suitable text-book.Engineering Drawing and Design.By Sydney H. Wells In Two Parts. ( Griffin and Co., Ltd., 1893.
Дагестан сегодня: архаизация, или затянувшийся кризис традиционного общества

In the article, processes taking place in modern Dagestan are analyzed in the context of global trends of social development and of internal dynamics in Russian society. An attempt to analyze the key problems of modern Dagestan society from the standpoint of the crisis of traditional society is made. The author emphasizes changes in social spheres of Dagestan society, which have significantly changed professional, gender, demographic, ethnical and territorial structure of the society. In authothor'sopinioncrisis condition of Dagestan society is mainly connected with the fact that these changes were not reflected in political system of the society.
ML4PG in Computer Algebra Verification

ML4PG is a machine-learning extension that provides statistical proof hints during the process of Coq/SSReflect proof development. In this paper, we use ML4PG to find proof patterns in the CoqEAL library -- a library that was devised to verify the correctness of Computer Algebra algorithms. In particular, we use ML4PG to help us in the formalisation of an efficient algorithm to compute the inverse of triangular matrices.
Influence of laser irradiation during the deposition process on the properties of CdS films

The effect of laser irradiation during the deposition process on the structure and photoelectrical, optical and luminescence properties of CdS thin films prepared by the method of chemical spray pyrolysis, are investigated. Irradiation of the films during their deposition process leads to changes of preferential orientation of the grains from the [002]axis to [101]and to a considerable increase in photosensitivity, transparency and intensity of exciton luminescence of CdS films. These changes are explained in terms of the photodissociation and photoionization of the original components and the subsequent increase of cadmium and sulphur ion mobility on the substrate surface due to the influence of incident laser radiation.
The Control of Depositional Depth, Tectonic Uplift, and Volcanism on Sedimentation Processes in the Back-Arc Basins of the Western Pacific Ocean

Nine sediment types are recognized in cores recovered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project from back-arc basins in the western Pacific. These include submarine fan turbidites, debris flows, silty basinal turbidites, biogenic pelagic carbonate sediments, resedimented carbonates, biogenic pelagic silica sediments, pyro-clastics, hemipelagic clays, and pelagic clays. Most of these sediments were deposited independent of basinal rifting (spreading) processes. The transition from biogenic pelagic carbonate sediments into overlying pelagic clays is the only sedimentary sequence dependent on basinal tectonic processes, through post-rifting subsidence associated with heat loss. Hemipelagic clays and silty turbidites are controlled by sediment yield from continental sources and by climatic change, whereas deposition of biogenic pelagic sediments depend on ocean circulation and on latitudinally-defined productivity zones. Coarse pyroclastics are the product of local volcanic periodicity, whereas ash deposition is contr...
The Changing Nature of the Science of Vocational Psychology.

The purpose of this piece is to address the future of vocational psychology in the next decade. In the pursuit of this goal three major areas are discussed: person–environment psychology, vocational psychology and personality, and differing philosophies of science. The viability of the person–environment concept continues to be visible in the work of a number of theorists. There is a compelling need for vocational psychology to expand perspective and evaluate alternative person–environment models in investigating occupational choice and work adjustment. On the topic of vocational psychology and personality, there is a strong need for research that seeks to understand commonalities across the domains of interests, self-efficacy, personality, goals, and subjective well-being. On the issue of differing philosophies of science, the fact remains that we need both traditional quantitative and qualitative research philosophies and methodologies to facilitate discovery and justification in the science of vocational psychology.
Practical Foundations for Political Judgment: Arendt on Action and World

Critics of Hannah Arendt's conception of political judgment typically either neglect the complex connections between her theory of judgment and the rest of her substantive political theory or wrongly assume that such foundations for morality and judgment as might be consistent with Arendtian democratic politics may be derived only from her nostalgic and not altogether accurate account of Greek politics. I argue that a much different political ethic may be found in Arendt's work: Arendt's theory of action and concept of "world" provide criteria that may serve as practical foundations for making political judgments. Conceiving and exploring Arendt's theory in this way provide a clearer and more useful way of thinking about the theoretical and practical problems associated with democratic politics and political judgment in a postmodern or post-Nietzschean world characterized by the absence of universal standards or foundations.
Characteristics of Organic Light-Emitting Diode Modified with Mixed Layer of Chelate Complex and Metal

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) were successfully fabricated using the thin polymeric film by dispersing a hole transport material into a soluble polyimide and the molecular film of a chelate complex. In order toimprove th injection of electrons into the emissive layer as well as the interfacial adhesion, we have attempted the mixing of the chelate coplex and metal between the emissive layer and the cathodic electrode. The structural imvestigations of the mixed layer between the chelate complex and metal electrode were carried out using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Especially, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) was applied mixed layer was initialized at the applied voltage of 4.19 V, and the brightness was about 103 cd/㎡ at 7 V. The dramatic enhancement in the oscillator strength was observed from the electroluminescent spectra measured with the applied voltage.
Control of Memory, Active Perception, and Action in Minecraft

In this paper, we introduce a new set of reinforcement learning (RL) tasks in Minecraft (a flexible 3D world). We then use these tasks to systematically compare and contrast existing deep reinforcement learning (DRL) architectures with our new memory-based DRL architectures. These tasks are designed to emphasize, in a controllable manner, issues that pose challenges for RL methods including partial observability (due to first-person visual observations), delayed rewards, high-dimensional visual observations, and the need to use active perception in a correct manner so as to perform well in the tasks. While these tasks are conceptually simple to describe, by virtue of having all of these challenges simultaneously they are difficult for current DRL architectures. Additionally, we evaluate the generalization performance of the architectures on environments not used during training. The experimental results show that our new architectures generalize to unseen environments better than existing DRL architectures.