nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Two Computer-Supported Proofs in Metric Space Topology

Every mathematician will agree that the discovery, analysis, and communication of theorems and proofs is at the heart of his or her discipline. A number of computer programs (such as Maple or Mathematica) assist mathematicians in testing conjectures and proving certain kinds of theorems, typically identities involving rational functions or trigonometric polynomials. These systems, however, were never intended for some of the most critical parts of the mathematical process: formulation of concepts and theories and rigorous proof of general theorems. There are other programs, less well known in the mathematical community, that are designed to provide computer support for the actual theorem proving process. These programs, usually called theorem provers, tend to be very specialized tools, aimed at discovering or checking proofs in languages or logical systems not ordinarily used by mathematicians. Nevertheless, some theorem provers have been used to produce fully machine-checked proofs of mathematically significant results; for examples, see [1, 2, 3, 8, 9]. In this article we discuss two proofs that were created with the help of a computer theorem proving system called imps (Interactive Mathematical Proof System), which is currently being developed at The MITRE Corporation. The fact that these results were proven using a computer is not ∗Supported by the MITRE-Sponsored Research Program. Published in the Computers and Mathematics column of Notices of the American Mathematical Society 38 (1991) 1133–1138.
Query-Based Summarization using Rhetorical Structure Theory

Research on Question Answering is focused mainly on classifying the question type and finding the answer. Presenting the answer in a way that suits the user’s needs has received little attention. This paper shows how existing question answering systems—which aim at finding precise answers to questions—can be improved by exploiting summarization techniques to extract more than just the answer from the document in which the answer resides. This is done using a graph search algorithm which searches for relevant sentences in the discourse structure, which is represented as a graph. The Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) is used to create a graph representation of a text document. The output is an extensive answer, which not only answers the question, but also gives the user an opportunity to assess the accuracy of the answer (is this what I am looking for?), and to find additional information that is related to the question, and which may satisfy an information need. This has been implemented in a working multimodal question answering system where it operates with two independently developed question answering modules.
Selected Odes of Pablo Neruda

This is the perfect gift for Valentine's Day. Selected Poems contains Neruda's resonant, exploratory, intensely individualistic verse, rooted in the physical landscape and people of Chile. Here we find sensuous songs of love, tender odes to the sea, melancholy lyrics of heartache, fiery political statements and a frank celebration of sex. This is an enticing, distinctive and celebrated collection of poetry from the greatest twentieth century Latin American poet.
Towards a comprehensive theory of addiction

Why do we behave as we do? The answer most of the time is, ‘because we think it will be in our best interests’. But this isn't always the case. Why? The most obvious reasons are, ‘because we judge it to be morally right’, ‘we put other interests above our own’, ‘we miscalculate’, ‘we act without thinking’ and ‘we lack self‐control’. These answers reflect a number assumptions about human motivation, but how do they explain addiction? Robert West exclusively presents his multilayered theory of addiction.
Uproar and Disorder? The Impact of Bible Christianity on the Communities of Nineteenth Century North Devon

A considerable part of the rural depopulation of North Devon in the first half of the 19th century was attributable to emigration. Examination of individual emigrants shows that the majority were not stereotypical, impoverished agricultural labourers but more substantial tradesmen, many of whom adhered to the Bible Christian faith. Although followers were described as being 'almost without exception of the lowest classes of society' (Wickes 1987: 38) and were accused of behaviour that was 'uproarious and disorderly' (North Devon Journal(NDJ) 9 December 1858); both are statements that warrant scrutiny. This article considers the impact of Bible Christianity on the inhabitants of the hamlet of Bucks Mills and the parish of Buckland Brewer. Using case studies of individuals from these areas, it investigates the characteristics of early nineteenth century Bible Christian emigrants and examines the role of their faith as a motivating factor for migration.
American voter to economic voter: Evolution of an idea

goes without saying. However, that influence has not touched all its subfields. Oddly, it has had next to no impact in investigations of economic voting. This peculiarity is striking, because the book has an extensive chapter on the topic, Chapter 14 entitled “The Economic Antecedents of Political Behavior.” Furthermore, in Chapter 14, the major theories and findings known today are laid out. Here we document this fact, then trace the “loss” of this potentially seminal essay. We conclude with a plausible explanation for this loss, and suggest a new direction economic voting research might take, based on revived attention to this neglected contribution.
The Mesozoic Rimrock Lake inlier, southern Washington Cascades: Implications for the basement to the Columbia Embayment

The Mesozoic Rimrock Lake inlier lies between the North Cascades, Blue, and Klamath Mountains, and thus has significant implications for the basement to the Columbia Embayment. The inlier consists of the Late Jurassic Indian Creek complex and the voluminous Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Russell Ranch complex. The Indian Creek complex consists of trondhjemitic to gabbroic rocks, some of which underwent dynamo-thermal medium-grade metamorphism that was probably broadly synchronous with plutonism. Lithologies and geochemical data indicate that the complex represents the roots of an arc. The Russell Ranch complex is a tectonic melange, consisting mainly of arkose and mudstone, with subordinate chert, conglomerate, and pillowed greenstone, and minor green tuff. Deposition may have occurred on an inner fan or the inner part of a mid-fan. Sandstones were derived from a plutonic terrane, presumably a dissected are. The geochemistry of greenstones apparently is most compatible with eruption as within-plate tholeiites or MORB. The complex displays a block-in-matrix mesoscopic fabric; greenstone and the foliated Twin Sisters Lakes silicic metavolcanic unit occur as kilometer-scale blocks. Predominantly steep faults riddle the complex. Overlapping time relations between normal and thrust faults, several generations of folds, and cleavages record protracted deformation. Steep faults separate the units and are bracketed between Early Cretaceous and earliest Eocene, as is deformation of the Russell Ranch complex. These are mostly brittle structures, but one mylonite zone has a gentle stretching lineation suggestive of strike slip. Large displacements probably occurred between the Indian Creek and Russell Ranch complexes, but an original basement and cover relationship cannot be precluded. The complexes are broadly correlative with rocks to the north. The Late Jurassic are, represented by the Indian Creek complex, may include rocks in other inliers in central Washington, the melange belts of north-western Washington, and the San Juan Islands. The Russell Ranch complex most closely resembles parts of the western melange belt and the Constitution Formation. Late Jurassic arc-type rocks also occur in the Klamath and Blue Mountains, and the Russell Ranch complex may correlate with the Yolla Bolly terrane of the Franciscan Complex. These correlations suggest that lithological belts are more continuous between Washington and California than implied by models which propose major tectonic dispersal. The Mesozoic arc-type crust and continentally derived clastic rocks in the inlier demonstrate that the basement to the Columbia Embayment includes a variety of tectonic slices or terranes and that the embayment is not simply underlain by Tertiary or Mesozoic oceanic crust as is commonly proposed.
Jews and modern capitalism

Since its first appearance in Germany in 1911, "Jews and Modern Capitalism "has provoked vehement criticism. As Samuel Z. Klausner emphasizes, the lasting value of Sombart's work rests not in his results-most of which have long since been disproved-but in his point of departure. Openly acknowledging his debt to Max Weber, Sombart set out to prove the double thesis of the Jewish foundation of capitalism and the capitalist foundation of Judaism. Klausner, placing Sombart's work in its historical and societal context, examines the weaknesses and strengths of "Jews and Modern Capitalism."
Crustal structure of the Caribbean-northeastern South America arc-continent collision zone: STRUCTURE OF CA-SA COLLISION ZONE

We present the results of a 568-km-long regional wide-angle seismic profile conducted in the southeastern Caribbean that crosses an active island arc, a remnant arc, two basins possibly floored by oceanic crust, an allochthonous terrane of forearc affinity, and the passive margin of northern South America. The velocity structures of the Late Cretaceous Aves Ridge remnant arc and Miocene and younger Lesser Antilles arc are remarkably similar, which implies that magmatic processes have remained moderately steady over time. Crustal thickness is ∼26 km at the Aves Ridge and ∼24 km at the Lesser Antilles arc. In comparison to the Izu-Bonin and Aleutian arcs, the Lesser Antilles arc is thinner and has no evidence for a lower crustal cumulate layer, which is consistent with the estimated low magma production rates of the Lesser Antilles arc. Crustal thickness beneath the Grenada and Tobago basins is 4–10 km, and the velocity structure suggests that these basins could be floored by oceanic crust. A decrease of ∼1 km/s in average seismic velocity of the upper crust is observed from NW to SE across the North Coast fault zone; we argue that this marks the suture between the far-traveled Caribbean arc and the passive margin of the South American continent. Current strike-slip motion between the Caribbean and South American plates is located ∼30 km to the south, and thus material originally deposited on the South American passive margin has now been transferred to the Caribbean plate.
Yecheng—The Mystery of City History Research to China,Asia and the World

The system of Ye city was one of the origins of the international ancient"china from"cities.Its standardization,orderliness and symmetry made great influence on many ancient Chinese cities,such as, DaxXng,Chang'An and Beijing the capital city of Sui,Tang,and MingQing dynasty.In addition,it also made quite impacts on some venerable capital city from Japan,Vietnam,South and North Korea.The site of ye had already been buried in the earth.However,studying with the documents and archaeological information, the city' s original location,the derivation of the city' s name,the geography condition and the great function of the city to the history would be under discuss.According to the historical data and the study from the scholars at all times and in all over the world,the mystery of the ye city would be solved, and the origin of the medieval East Asia capital cities could be found out.At the same time,some historical experiences between the development of the cities and the protection of environment could be learned from the ye's triple up and down.Today,the modern cities would be pleased to use it for reference.
Are the strategic stars aligned for your corporate brand?

In recent years, companies have increasingly seen the benefits of creating a corporate brand. Rather than spend marketing dollars on branding individual products, giants like Disney and Microsoft promote a single umbrella image that casts one glow over all their products. A company must align three interdependent elements--call them strategic stars--to create a strong corporate brand: vision, culture, and image. Aligning the stars takes concentrated managerial skill and will, the authors say, because each element is driven by a different constituency: management, employees, or stakeholders. To effectively build a corporate brand, executives must identify where their strategic stars fall out of line. The authors offer a series of diagnostic questions designed to reveal misalignments in corporate vision, culture, and image. The first set of questions looks for gaps between vision and culture; for example, when management establishes a vision that is too ambitious for the organization to implement. The second set addresses culture and image, uncovering possible gaps between the attitudes of employees and the perceptions of the outside world. The last set of questions explores the vision-image gap--is management taking the company in a direction that its stake-holders support? The authors discuss the benefits of a corporate brand, such as reducing marketing costs and building a sense of community among customers. But they also point to cases in which a corporate brand doesn't make sense--for instance, if you are a product incubator, if you've recently experienced M&A activity, or if you are expecting fallout from risky ventures.
Data-structure validator: An application of the HY-DE model

In knowledge-based societies new generations are flooded more and more intensely with narratives of inherited and newly generated knowledge, which is simply accessible for these generations, or to be acquired by them. Informatics and computer sciences are continuously developing new information-storage devices and a multitude of software more rapidly than ever. However, effective information search and processing require an information literacy which the new generations characteristically, and more and more demonstrably, do not have. National and international empirical research proves that the algorithmic thinking of the younger generations, which is indispensable for the world of informatics, is underdeveloped when it comes to the effective and productive use of digital tools. Moreover, the phenomenon of hyper attention invades the everyday life and the learning habits of the younger generation to a greater and greater degree. The essence of the HY-DE model is to aid the students' learning process with the help of the teacher's purposeful control of the phases of attention (hyper, mixed and deep attention). One aim of the present study is to introduce a new application of the HY-DE model, entitled Data-Structure Validator HY-DE model (DaSVa HY-DE). In the introductory phase, the DaSVa model focuses on how the HY-DE attention-divisions manifest themselves in webpage-search as well as in the information retrieval that it yields, and what the roles of the hyper, mixed, and deep attention modes are in the development of computational thinking and algorithmic skills. In the full hyper attention status the search for specified contents is carried out, focusing on webpages which consist of data organized in table or table-like structures. The automated and semi-automated conversion of the webpages however requires the decreasing of hyper attention leading to deep or mixed attention. The final result of this conversion process is/are well-structured table(s) suitable for automated data retrieval in spreadsheets, database management, and programming. The application of the original HY-DE model would lead us to its modification. In the advanced phase of the DaSVa HY-DE model the students can also experience how the webpages are designed and structured, how they support information and data retrieval, how successful the algorithmic based retrieval can be, and how the approach would lead students to the application of the theory of well-structured webpage design. With this model, from the hyper attention data collection status, through a deep and/or mixed attention algorithm building and data analyzing process, students would reach a higher-level hyper attention, the developer status.
Environmental Conditions in the Estuarine Coast of Montevideo (Uruguay): Historical Aspects and Present Status: An Updated

Over the past 120 years, urban growth has been reaching extremely high rates worldwide. Human interaction with the ecosystem includes consumptive and nonconsumptive activities. The external supply of organic matter causes one of the most severe impacts on coastal marine environments. Montevideo City is currently suffering from the same environmental problems as other capital cities in the world, and its adjacent coastal zone has been influenced by anthropogenic alterations during the past 150 years. By integrating abiotic and biotic data, and using different statistical and ecological approaches, the coastal area of Uruguay close to Montevideo City has been classified into four zones with different environmental quality and degree of anthropogenic perturbation. In this area, several environmental problems and their impacts on economic productivity, human, and ecosystem health are the outcome of political and socioeconomical factors. Therefore, governmental authorities need to follow the concept of sustainable use and development, to preserve and optimize the ecological quality of natural resources, and to ensure the availability of this coastal ecosystem to future generations. Solutions to the conflictive uses of environment should be laid down on a solid scientific base to establish priorities and make the best decisions for its management and conservation.
Undecidable problems concerning densities of languages

In this paper we prove that the question whether a language presented by a context free grammar has density, is undecidable. Moreover we show that there is no algorithm which, given two unambiguous context free grammars on input, decides whether the language defined by the first grammar has a relative density in the language defined by the second one. Our techniques can be extended to show that this problem is undecidable even for languages given by grammars from $LL(k)$ (for sufficiently large fixed $k ∈ \mathbb{N} )$.
Structural equivalence: Meaning and definition, computation and application☆

This paper presents a generalization of the concept of “structural equivalence”, the key concept in algebraic approaches to the study of social networks. Two points in a graph or set of relations will be called “structurally related” if they are connected in the same ways to structurally related points. It is suggested that this new definition suitably weakens Lorrain and White's categorical approach, and is more appropriate than CONCOR. Structural relatedness is compared to these approaches via several simple examples.
A stocktaking of perversities

Why, despite its recognized perverse effects, do societies opt for an expanding welfare state? Public choice theory accounts for this in terms of the prevailing choice rule, “majoritarian”; democracy. This contractarian perspective holds that other, more benign choice rules could be adopted. The reviewer disputes this view on the ground that if the public choice approach is generalized, the choice rule must be seen to be the product of the same influences as the choices within the rule. “Majoritarian”; democracy maximizes the scope for redistributive legislation, hence also the expected gains front politics; it will be “chosen”; in preference to more benign rules.
Backarc volcanism along the en echelon seamounts: The Enpo seamount chain in the northern Izu-Ogasawara arc: BACKARC VOLCANISM

We report results of detailed petrological analyses of volcanic rocks from the Enpo seamount chain that reveal the characteristics of volcanism in a backarc en echelon seamount chain in an oceanic island arc setting. We identified two types volcanic rock suites in the Enpo seamount chain based on bulk rock trace element chemistry and compositions of chrome spinels included in olivine phenocrysts of primitive basalts. “More Enriched Suites” (MES) have enriched HFSE compositions (such as Nb, Ta), higher Nb/Zr values, and low Cr# in spinel. “Less Enriched Suites” (LES) have depleted HFSE compositions, lower Nb/Zr values, and high Cr# in spinel. These results require distinct mantle sources with different for the volcanic rocks constituting the Enpo seamount chain. Mineralogical and geochemical analyses show that petrological variations within LES lavas are explained by fractionation with open system magma mixing. In contrast, variations between MES lavas require different mechanisms of magma genesis because petrological variation within this suite cannot be explained by fractionation. MES basalts also exhibit mineralogical evidence for magma mixing. Volcanism on the Enpo seamount chain is characterized by complex spatial and temporal relationships between MES lavas consisting of subalkaline basalt, alkaline andesite, and hornblende (water rich) andesite, and LES lavas consisting of subalkaline basalt and fractionated andesite. We suggest that these features are characteristic of variability within magma systems that feed backarc seamount chains in oceanic island arcs.
Doing Numerical Cosmology with the Cactus Code

The article presents some aspects concerning the construction of a new thorn for the Cactus code, a complete 3-dimensional machinery in numerical relativity. This thorn is dedicated to numerical simulations in cosmology, that means it can provide evolutions of different cosmological models, mainly based on Friedman-Robertson-Walker metric. Some numerical results are presented, testing the convergence, stability and the applicability of the code
Hannah Arendt : politics, history and citizenship

1. History and the Decline of Politics. 2. Freedom, Action and the Public Realm:.  Arendt's Polis and the Foundations of a Genuine Politics. 3. The Public Realm under Siege:. False Politics and the Modern Age. 4.Totalitarianism. 5. Revolution. 6. What is Thinking Politically? .  Whither Political Theory?. Notes. Index.
La grande inchiesta sociale nell'ultima opera di Raffaele Viviani: 'I dieci comandamenti'

Written in Italian, this is dedicated to the last written theatrical text from Raffaele Viviani in 1947: "The Ten Comandaments". After a short section on the biographical and artistic vicissitude of the Neapolitan dramatist, the author proposes that The Ten Comandaments has a deeply social and political aspect. Viviani undertakes a debate on the social conditions of the Neapolitan population in the immediate post-war period.
Theory of Rule 6 and its Application to Round Robin Tournament

In this paper we have used one 2 variable Boolean function called Rule 6 to define another beautiful transformation named as Extended Rule-6. Using this function we have explored the algebraic beauties and its application to an efficient Round Robin Tournament (RRT) routine for 2k (k is any natural number) number of teams. At the end, we have thrown some light towards any number of teams of the form nk where n, k are natural numbers.
Cosmoparticle Physics — The Challenge for the Millenium

Cosmoparticle physics is the natural result of development of mutual relationship between cosmology and particle physics. Its prospects offer the way to study the theory of everything and the true history of the Universe, based on it, in the proper combination of their indirect physical, astrophysical and cosmological signatures. We may be near the first positive results in this direction. The basic ideas of cosmoparticle physics are briefly reviewed.