nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lay Conceptions of Personality: Eliciting Tiers of a Scientific Conception of Personality

Two studies are reported which examine the availability of scientific propositions of personality in lay conceptions of personality. It is argued from a social constructivist perspective that models of personality must derive from and refer to lay conceptions of persons. Eysenck's trait-type model of introversion-extraversion, containing specific propositions about phenotypic and genotypic differences between extraverts and introverts, was utilized as the scientific model of personality and its availability in lay conceptions of personality was examined in two studies. In the first study, subjects were presented with a genotypic characterization of either an introvert or an extravert target person and asked to infer corresponding phenotypic differences. In the second study, the inference process was reversed with subjects being asked to infer genotypic characteristics of introverts versus extraverts on the basis of phenotypic target person desecrations of the two types. Results from both studies show a high degree of accuracy in subjects' inferences, suggesting that laypersons have well-formed conceptions about personality containing ‘higher-order’ psychogenetic propositions corresponding to Eysenck's trait-type model. The implications of the findings for theory construction are discussed.
Greed and Contingency: State Fiscal Crises and Imperial Failure in Early Modern Europe1

Why do states lose the capacity to finance the expansionist military policies, economic development strategies, or domestic spending initiatives they once supported? The path‐dependent models offered by fiscal‐military, rational choice, and geopolitical theorists are evaluated in comparison with an elite conflict model of contingent historical change. The latter model is found to be better able to explain territorial and fiscal stagnation and decline as well as imperial expansion in the cases of early modern Spain, France, the Netherlands, and Britain.
SI in Digital Libraries

D igital libraries can be viewed as infra-structures for supporting the creation of information sources, facilitating the movement of information across global networks, and allowing the effective and efficient interaction among knowledge producers , librarians, and information and knowledge seekers. Typically, a digital library is a vast collection of objects stored and maintained by multiple information sources, including databases, image banks, file systems, email systems, the Web, and other methods and formats. Often, these information sources are heterogeneous, in terms of how the objects are stored, organized and managed, and the platforms on which they reside. Moreover, the information sources are dynamic in the sense they may be either included in or removed from the digital library system. Furthermore, digital libraries are composite multimedia objects comprising different media components including text, video, images, or audio. Therefore, the challenge is to provide users with the ability to seamlessly and transparently access digital library objects in spite of the heterogeneity and dynamism among the information sources, and the composite multimedia nature of the objects. To accomplish this, the problem of heterogeneity and SI must first be resolved. Although there have been several techniques proposed by the research community, especially the database and agent communities, these techniques cannot be easily adapted to digital library environments. This is because, while database integration primarily deals with structured textual data, SI in digital libraries requires the ability to deal with massive amount of multimedia objects. In this article, we identify research challenges involved with SI that are specific to digital libraries, discuss the available solutions that meet the digital library requirements and the digital library prototypes, and describe the environmental digital library system under development at the Cen-Issues in SI In general, system integration includes pre-integration , identification of schema matching, schema integration, and source-data integration sub-processes [6, 10]. The pre-integration process deals with transforming the data models used within the underlying information sources into a " common " model. A common model that can represent all the models at the underlying sources is essential to resolving integration problems due to the heterogeneity in data models such as relational, object-oriented, and hierarchical formats. Therefore, the first task in the pre-integration process is to identify the different data models and extract their schema. Since this is normally a one-time task, manual efforts are often used. The next task is to select a data model as the common …
New firm formation in the wake of mergers and acquisitions: Are employees pushed or pulled into entrepreneurship?

This study investigates the relationship between mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and employee entrepreneurship in human capital-intensive service sectors. We investigate two sets of theoretical mechanisms. First, M&As may push employees entrepreneurship by lowering the average barriers of leaving the current employment (i.e. being associated with general deterioration of working conditions). Second, M&A activities may generate new entrepreneurial opportunities, which are first and foremost accessible by employees directly affected by M&As. Results on employee entrepreneurship in 3 039 Swedish firms during the time period 2000-2009 confirm that the number of firms spawned from a specific incumbent increases following an M&A. Push-oriented factors are found to contribute to this effect, but a dominating part of the total effect remains unexplained. This suggests that pull-oriented explanations of opportunity creation in the wake of M&As constitute an important avenue for further research on employee entrepreneurship.
Internal Knowledge Sharing Motivation in Startup Organizations

Knowledge sharing is an integral part for increasing the innovation capability of organizations. For small organizations, this is of particular importance, as they require a high innovation capability in order to support organizational growth. To support internal knowledge sharing, incentives encouraging sharing can be introduced. However, there is no clear understanding of how incentives should be used to support knowledge sharing in startups. Hence this article aims to answer the question: how can incentives be used to support knowledge sharing in startup organizations?
Approximating Context-Free Grammars with a Finite-State Calculus

Although adequate models of human language for syntactic analysis and semantic interpretation are of at least context-free complexity, for applications such as speech processing in which speed is important finite-state models are often preferred. These requirements may be reconciled by using the more complex grammar to automatically derive a finite-state approximation which can then be used as a filter to guide speech recognition or to reject many hypotheses at an early stage of processing. A method is presented here for calculating such finite-state approximations from context-free grammars. It is essentially different from the algorithm introduced by Pereira and Wright (1991; 1996), is faster in some cases, and has the advantage of being open-ended and adaptable.
A Cu-Ni-Si-based copper alloy strip and its manufacturing method for an electronic material

A good balance of strength and electrical conductivity, moreover, provides a Cu-Si-Co alloy strip which hanging curl is suppressed. A Co: 0.5 to 2.5 wt%, Si: 0.1 to 0.7 containing mass%, the balance being a copper alloy strips for electronic material composed of Cu and unavoidable impurities, rolling surface with results obtained by X-ray diffraction pole figure measurement relative to the copper alloy strip satisfies the following a (a): (a) {200} of the diffraction peak intensity of β scanning in the alpha = 25 ° in the pole figure , the peak height of β angle 120 ° is more than 10 times relative to that of standard copper powder.
Government intervention: Source or scourge of monetary order?

Charles Kindleberger argues that most, if not all, financial manias, panics, and crashes were market failures deriving from the irrational behavior of human actors. Both his notion of rationality and his interpretation of the sources of financial crises are open to question. A broader notion of rationality enables us to distinguish actual crises from cases of fraud or entrepreneurial error, and a closer look at financial history illustrates the ways in which government regulation, not human irrationality, has been the source of financial disorder.
Nations and Norms

It is here taken as given that norms have a history. In the present context this means denying that nationalism has always been a potentiality of discourse. Rather, it is a restricted phenomenon both conceptually and historically. Conceptually, nationalism is distinct from both patriotism or local attachment and xenophobia or distrust of  Historically, nationalism has its genesis at the end of the eighteenth century. This historical restriction is of course a commonplace and is expressed, for example, in the opening sentence of Kedourie's book, "Nationalism is a doctrine invented in Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century."2 But, to repeat, the aim of this paper is to examine this normative doctrine at a metatheoretical level. The argument of the paper can be stated in a skeletal form as follows. For a nation to be self-governing requires that it be conceptualized as having a self, as having an identity. This identity is established through two complementary components: one, differentiation from others or specificity and, two, continuity or temporality. The normative basis of nationalism is therefore grounded in the attribution of prescriptive value to the specific and the temporal. The content of the paper is an examination of this interpretation, by way of contrast, briefly outlining the hitherto dominant paradigm of political value, namely, universalism, before I Cf. E. Kamenka, " The Evolution of an Idea" in Nationalism, ed.
The Movement Towards Subversion: The English History Play from Skelton to Shakespeare

The Movement Towards Subversion explores the theme of power in the Renaissance English history play. It analyzes the growing subversion of the sociopolitical hierarchy in Renaissance drama from Skelton's Magnificence to Shakespeare's King Lear. Unlike most scholarship, this book studies the lesser-known, often neglected dramas plus some familiar 'canonical' works. These plays tell us a lot about political and religious attitudes in sixteenth-century England. Instead of discussing the plays in regard to their relationships with and influences upon Shakespearean drama, the author analyzes the plays on their own terms. This book also shows how dramatists employ medieval history in their plays to express subversive ideas about Tudor political situations.
Evolution, Science, and Ideology: Why the Establishment Clause Requires Neutrality in Science Classes

Public education is often considered to be one of the most benign aspects of state power. Many people question how such a benevolent institution could be labeled as coercive when it rarely even engages in corporal punishment. It is the dominance of this assumption in society that allows compulsory public education to conceal its considerable coercive power. The source of this power is the inherent capacity of public education to shape how students view the world. Both the public education system and the elites who influence it use this power to serve their own ideological ends. One of the best examples of this ideological coercion is the choice of public schools to teach evolutionary theory as the exclusive explanation for the origin of life. Both public schools and federal courts justify the failure to teach alternatives with the claim that evolutionism is the only scientific explanation for the origin of life. In reality, alternatives to evolutionary theory are only unscientific to the extent that one relies on a secular definition of the scientific method. Relying on a slanted definition of science will inevitably produce a rigged game when one determines whether a theory is scientific.
Competitive Advantage Challenges Affecting the Apparel Manufacturing Industry of South Africa (AMISA): Application of Porter’s Factor Conditions

This paper applied factor conditions from Porter’s Diamond Model (1990) to understand the various challenges facing the AMISA. Factor conditions highlighted in Porter’s model are grouped into two groups namely, basic and advance factors. Two AMISA associations representing over 10 000 employees were interviewed. The largest Clothing, Textiles and Leather (CTL) apparel retail group was also interviewed with a government department implementing the industrialization policy were interviewed. The paper points out that AMISA have basic factor conditions necessary for competitive advantage in the apparel industries. However advance factor creation has proven to be a challenge for AMISA, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and government. Poor infrastructural maintenance has contributed to high manufacturing costs and poor quick response technologies. The use of Porter’s Factor Conditions as a tool to analyze the sector’s competitive advantage challenges and opportunities has increased knowledge regarding factors that limit the AMISA’s competitiveness. It is therefore argued that other studies on Porter’s Diamond model factors like Demand conditions, Firm strategy, structure and rivalry and Related and supporting industries can be used to analyze the situation of the AMISA for the purposes of improving competitive advantage. Compliance rule, apparel manufacturing industry, factor conditions, advance skills.
Improved Assessment of Chest pain Trial (IMPACT): assessing patients with possible acute coronary syndromes.

To examine the safety and efficacy of the Improved Assessment of Chest pain Trial (IMPACT) protocol, a strategy for accelerated assessment of patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with chest pain.



IMPACT was an intervention trial at a single tertiary referral hospital (Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital) during February 2011 - March 2014. 1366 prospectively recruited patients presenting to the ED with symptoms of suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were stratified into groups at low, intermediate or high risk of an ACS.



High risk patients were treated according to NHFA/CSANZ guidelines. Low and intermediate risk patients underwent troponin testing (sensitive assay) 0 and 2 hours after presentation. Intermediate risk patients underwent objective testing after the second troponin test; low risk patients were discharged without further objective testing.



The primary outcome was an ACS within 30 days of presentation. Secondary outcomes were ED and hospital lengths of stay (LOS).



The IMPACT protocol stratified 244 (17.9%) patients to low risk, 789 (57.7%) to intermediate risk, and 333 (24.4%) to high risk categories. The overall 30-day ACS rate was 6.6%, but there were no ACS events in the low risk group, and 14 (1.8%) in the intermediate risk group. The median hospital LOS was 5.1 hours (IQR, 4.2-5.6 h) for low risk and 7.7 hours (IQR, 6.1-21 h) for intermediate risk patients.



The IMPACT protocol safely and efficiently allowed a large proportion of patients presenting to EDs with chest pain to undergo accelerated assessment for risk of an ACS.
Customizable Multidiscipline Environments for Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Modeling

Thankfully, the age of stand-alone fixed-input simulation tools is fading away in favor of more flexible and integrated solutions. “Concurrent engineering” once meant automating data translations between monolithic codes, but sophisticated users have demanded more native integration and more automated tools for designing, and not just evaluating point designs. Improvements in both interprocess communications technology and numerical solutions have gone a long way towards meeting those demands. This paper describes a small slice of a larger on-going effort to satisfy current and future demands for integrated multidisciplinary tools that can be highly customized by end-users or by third parties. Specifically, the ability to integrate fully featured thermal/fluid simulations into Microsoft’s Excel™ and other software is detailed. Users are now able not only to prepare custom user interfaces, they can use these codes as portals that allow integration activities at a larger scale. Previous enabling technologies are first described, then examples and repercussions of current capabilities are presented, and finally in-progress and future technologies are listed.
Preliminary Survey Results on IT Security Practices in Cyprus Private and Public Sectors

This paper discusses users’ practices on IT security in Cyprus organizations. This investigation is part of a broader research effort initiated by researchers at University of Nicosia that aims in the development of an enterprise Mashup application that private and public organizations could use to specify and manage their strategies regarding ICT security. The questionnaire was drafted based on the IT Security Guidelines promoted by the national security agency of the German federal government, as it is a comprehensive checklist on security matters. A survey is currently underway among Cypriot organizations and enterprises regarding established security procedures and policies on ICT security. Based on the received responses (approximately half the expected sample size), preliminary results show that security mechanisms and their management are deployed in a majority of the organizations. A more accurate and complete analysis will be available upon completion of the survey.
Patterns of care in adults with renal cell carcinoma: findings in a population based sample.

Treatment options in patients with renal cell carcinoma have changed in recent years. However, few studies include detailed information on patient, clinical and health system characteristics in the evaluation of surgical management and the use of systemic therapies in community practice.



We evaluated surgical management and the use of systemic treatments in a national population based sample of 1,263 patients with renal cell carcinoma newly diagnosed in 2004. Patients were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program as part of the Patterns of Care studies. We used descriptive statistics to assess treatment in the entire sample and logistic regression analysis to evaluate the associations between patient demographic, clinical and health system characteristics, and surgery in the subset of 1,032 patients who were potentially eligible for partial or radical nephrectomy and an open or laparoscopic procedure.



Surgical treatment in 64.7% of patients (95% CI 60.0%, 69.1%) was radical nephrectomy and most underwent an open rather than a laparoscopic procedure. Although the proportion of all patients receiving systemic treatments was small, 34.3% (95% CI 23.1, 47.5) of those with stage IV disease received systemic treatment. Few patients participated in clinical trials. On multivariate analysis patients who were female, nonwhite, with larger tumors, without comorbid conditions and treated at hospitals without a residency training program were more likely to undergo radical rather than partial nephrectomy (p <0.05). Patients with larger tumors treated at smaller hospitals were more likely to undergo an open rather than a laparoscopic procedure (p <0.05).



In 2004 open radical nephrectomy was the most common surgical management for renal cell carcinoma. Few patients received systemic therapy. Patient demographic, clinical and health system characteristics were associated with surgery. Evaluation of the diffusion of surgical management and newer systemic agents, and trial participation in community practice will be important for future research.
Motor initiated expectation through top-down connections as abstract context in a physical world

Recently, it has been shown that top-down connections improve recognition in supervised learning. In the work presented here, we show how top-down connections represent temporal context as expectation and how such expectation assists perception in a continuously changing physical world, with which an agent interacts during its developmental learning. In experiments in object recognition and vehicle recognition using two types of networks (which derive either global or local features), it is shown how expectation greatly improves performance, to nearly 100% after the transition periods. We also analyze why expectation will improve performance in such real world contexts.
The Adoption of Information Security Management Standards: A Literature Review

This chapter introduces major information security management methods and standards, and particularly ISO/IEC 27001 and 27002 standards. A literature review was conducted in order to understand the reasons for the low level of adoption of information security standards by companies, and to identify the drivers and the success factors in implementation of these standards. Based on the findings of the literature review, we provide recommendations on how to successfully implement and stimulate diffusion of information security standards in the dynamic business market environment, where companies vary in their size and organizational culture. The chapter concludes with an identification of future trends and areas for further research.  In service-oriented, highly industrialized countries, information itself is both a raw material and a product (Castells, 1996). The critical economic role of information and information processing on a firm’s productivity may be more important than that from operational efficiency or product innovation (Steinmueller, 2005). The relevance of information assets to businesses and governments alike can be measured by, for example, the percentage of contributions to gross domestic product (GDP) stemming from information-related processes and services (OECD, 2005). Another argument for the importance of information assets is to see them as “the ‘life-blood’ of all businesses” (Humphreys, 2005, p.15) losing which may bring the business to a dead halt.  10.4018/978-1-60566-326-5.ch006
Fransa de Waala stanowisko w sporze o genezę moralności i jego konsekwencje dla pedagogiki religii

In my article, I present the statements about the genesis of morality from the evolutionary point of view, represented by social psychologists and other scientists, especially primatologists (Frans de Waal). The core of the discussion is the mental continuity between humans and (other) animals. I will discuss the controversy between so called “veneer theory” (moral tendencies/abilities are not created by evolution; human ancestors became moral by the rational choice) and “Russian doll theory/model” (the fundament of morality, empathy, is generated and developed by evolution). If we accept the thesis about evolutionary origins of human morality, do we still need in our individual and social life the idea of God as a holy lawgiver, governor and judge, which seems to be fundamental for religious pedagogy? If the sources of human morality are innate, how shall we change the idea of religious education?