nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The computational complexity of component selection in simulation reuse

Simulation composability has been much more difficult to realize than some initially imagined. We believe that success lies in explicit considerations for the adaptability of components. In this paper we show that the complexity of optimal component selection for adaptable components is NP-complete. However, our approach allows for the efficient adaptation of components to construct a complex simulation in the most flexible manner while allowing the greatest opportunity to meet all requirements, all the while reducing time and costs. We demonstrate that complexity can vary from polynomial, to NP, and even to exponential as a function of seemingly simple decisions made about the nature of dependencies among components. We generalize these results to show that regardless of the types or reasons for dependencies in component selection, just their mere existence makes this problem very difficult to solve optimally.
The transformation of invention in nineteenth century American rhetoric

The virtual disappearance of an inventio of discovery in American rhetoric during the nineteenth century has been extensively chronicled. This discussion attempts to explain the development, starting with the truism that rhetorical systems are cultural products arising in response to the needs of an age. The shift in the nature of invention was the direct result of the supremacy of Campbell, Blair, and Whately in rhetorical discussions of the last century, the three thinkers proving compatible with the dominant American views in philosophy, science, and art—the philosophy being Scottish Common Sense Realism, the science practical rather than theoretical, and the aesthetic conservative socially and politically.
“Doing something that’s really important”: meaningful engagement for teachers as a resource for transformative work with student writers in the disciplines.

[About the book] 
The editors and contributors to this collection explore what it means to adopt an "academic literacies" approach in policy and pedagogy. Transformative practice is illustrated through case studies and critical commentaries from teacher-researchers working in a range of higher education contexts—from undergraduate to postgraduate levels, across disciplines, and spanning geopolitical regions including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Cataluna, Finland, France, Ireland, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Key questions addressed include: How can a wider range of semiotic resources and technologies fruitfully serve academic meaning and knowledge making? What kinds of writing spaces do we need and how can these be facilitated? How can theory and practice from "Academic Literacies" be used to open up debate about writing pedagogy at institutional and policy levels?
Relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov description of the neutron drip-line in light nuclei

The Relativistic Hartree Bogoliubov theory is applied in the mean-field approximation to the description of properties of light nuclei with large neutron excess. Pairing correlations and the coupling to particle continuum states are described by finite range two-body forces. Using standard parameter sets for the mean-field Lagrangian and the pairing interaction of Gogny-type, self-consistent solutions in coordinate space are calculated for the ground states of a number of neutron-rich nuclei. The model predicts the location of the neutron drip-line, reduction of the spin-orbit interaction, $rms$ radii, changes in surface properties, the formation of neutron skin and of neutron halo.
Establishment of theory and technical system for marine ecological compensation

Compared with other types of ecosystems,marine ecosystem is characterized by liquidity,connectivity and integration etc.It is necessary to establish theory for marine ecological compensation.In this paper the connotation of marine ecological compensation and its related ecological and economic theory has been firstly analyzed,and then the technical system of marine ecological compensation is established.This study will further expand the research field of ecological compensation,and provide scientific basis for implementation of ecosystem-based coastal management.
Two Remarks on Ancient Greek Geometry

Modern physical theories tell us that space is not euclidean. Yet, to most people, euclidean geometry seems most natural. Furthermore, most mathematical theories of non-euclidean geometry refer back to euclidean geometry in one way or another. For example, in differential geometry, the differential areas are almost always approximately Euclidean. Why is this? I want to suggest here a reason rooted in our biological programming. I base this on two technical results. One, mentioned by Herbert Busemann , is an idea of the physicist Helmholtz about the mobility of rigid objects. As Busemann puts it (on p. 51, his emphasis),
Palaeomagnetic Dating of Hydrothermal Deposits in Czechoslovakia

Palaeomagnetic analyses of Czechoslovak hydrothermal deposits resulted in the determination of an Alpine (from Upper Jurassic to Palaeogene) age of general hydrothermal mineralization in the Carpathian system (Spissko-gemerske rudohorie region) and in the suggestion of either a Tertiary or Quaternary age of the mineralization in the Bohemian massif (Krusne hory and Slavkovske les region). Previously there was considerable controversy over the ages suggested for one formations, and ages from Upper Palaeozoic to Tertiary had been suggested. Thus the palaeomagnetic age determinations differ from some of the previously accepted ages of some deposits. Palaeomagnetically only deposits of certain genetic type and tectonic development were found to be useful. Quartz-haematite aggregates (so called cinopel)–very common in hydrothermal deposits–were found to be the most suitable material for investigation.
Whitman and Miłosz’s America

This paper investigates the ambiguous process of Czeslaw Milosz's integration into America (both its nature and culture) in the context of his literary commitments and "private obligations" to American poetry. It was a long and painful process, a constant struggle with the state of exile, feelings of homelessness and uprootedness that fi nally showed the poet the "new identity" of the modern man, bound to recognise his unstable, tenuous position in space and time. According to Milosz, America was a testing ground for all mankind, and the very core of American literature had always been the question: "Who am I?" Thus, Milosz's serious involvement in American history and culture gave him a new perspective on global civilisation; it helped him to recreate his own identity and to strike a balance between homelessness and belonging.
Stereotypes, Asian Americans, and Wages An Empirical Strategy Applied to Computer Use at Work

This article examines the effect on wages of the Asian-American stereotype as mathematically and technically adept, and the role this stereotype may play in explaining racial wage differences. We propose an empirical strategy to examine the influence of stereotypes on labor market outcomes, with a specific application to the wage premium associated with computer use at work. Using Current Population Survey data, ordinary least squares estimates do not provide compelling evidence that a positive stereotype affects wages for Asian Americans.
Adjustment to the first year in school — A Singapore perspective

This paper investigates the concept of adjustment to school for a group of primary one (first grade) pupils in Singapore. Pupils rated by their teachers as being well adjusted obtained significantly higher grades at the end of the school year, did not require additional learning support, and exhibited better social skills compared to children judged to be poorly adjusted. Of interest are factors that contribute to successful adjustment in the first year of school in an examination-oriented educational system: children's primary home language, pre-requisite entry skills from preschool, and the father's occupation. Implications for early childhood educators and parents are discussed.
Guiding the evolution of Genetic Network Programming with reinforcement learning

Genetic Network Programming (GNP) is one of the evolutionary algorithms. It adopts a directed graph structure to represent a solution to a given problem. Agents judge situations and execute actions sequentially following the node transitions in the graph. On one hand, GNP possesses an advantage of node reusability, which makes it possible to realize a compact graph structure that represents a solution. On the other hand, the compact structure suggests that any connection might play a significant role in the solution, i.e., a slight change to the connections could tremendously influence the performance of the agents for the given task. The conventional GNP, however, lacks an effective way to evaluate and to take advantage of the connections. This paper thus proposes a reinforcement learning approach to learn GNP's subgraphs that contain a relatively small number of connections, and further proposes a partial reconstruction approach to modify the solution with the obtained subgraphs. These two approaches are combined together to form a new evolutionary learning model named GNP with Evolution-oriented Reinforcement Learning (GNP-ERL). Some experiments are conducted on the Tileworld testbed to verify the effectiveness of GNP-ERL, and the simulation results demonstrate that it outperforms the conventional GNP in both training and testing phases.
Outsourcing, Offshoring and Innovation: Evidence from Firm-Level Data for Emerging Economies

It is striking that by far the lion's share of empirical studies on the impact of outsourcing on firms considers industrialized countries. However, outsourcing by firms from emerging economies is far from negligible and growing. This paper investigates the link between outsourcing and innovation empirically using firm-level data for over 20 emerging market economies. We find robust evidence that outsourcing is associated with a greater probability to spend on research and development and to introduce new products and upgrade existing products. The effect of offshoring on R&D spending is significantly higher than the effect of domestic outsourcing. However, only domestic outsourcing increases the probability to introduce new products. We also show that the results crucially depend on the level of protection of intellectual property in the economy. Firms increase their own R&D effort in the wake of outsourcing only if they operate in an environment that intensively protects intellectual property.
Comments welcome Inside the Family Firm : The Role of Families in Succession Decisions and Performance *

This paper uses a unique dataset from Denmark to investigate the impact of family characteristics in corporate decision making and the consequences of these decisions on firm performance. We focus on the decision to appoint either a family or external chief executive officer (CEO). The paper uses variation in CEO succession decisions that result from the gender of a departing CEO%u2019s firstborn child. This is a plausible instrumental variable (IV), as male first-child firms are more likely to pass on control to a family CEO than are female first-child firms, but the gender of the first child is unlikely to affect firms%u2019 outcomes. We find that family successions have a large negative causal impact on firm performance: operating profitability on assets falls by at least four percentage points around CEO transitions. Our IV estimates are significantly larger than those obtained using ordinary least squares. Furthermore, we show that family-CEO underperformance is particularly large in fast-growing industries, industries with highly skilled labor force and relatively large firms. Overall, our empirical results demonstrate that professional, non-family CEOs provide extremely valuable services to the organizations they head.
Introduction of Auricular Acupuncture in Elderly Patients Suffering from Major Depression: Protocol of a Mixed Methods Feasibility Study

Due to an increasing number of elderly people suffering from major depression and potential side effects of the prescribed drugs, the introduction of new therapeutic approaches is needed. Currently, in Germany, auricular acupuncture is no part of clinical care for gerontopsychiatric patients. Based on promising clinical experiences and existing evidence for treating addiction and trauma, a benefit of auricular acupuncture integrated in existing treatment programs in elderly patients may be hypothesized. Within this project auricular acupuncture according to the National Acupuncture Detoxification Association (NADA) will be integrated in the multimodal treatment regime for elderly patients with major depression in a daytime ward setting.



To evaluate the feasibility and acceptance a mixed method approach is used. In a day clinic, a sample of 20 psychogeriatric patients with the diagnosis of major depression will be enrolled. The patients will receive a total of nine auricular acupuncture treatments according to the standardized NADA protocol in a group setting. The therapeutic process, its organization, the experience, and the willingness of patients to participate will be evaluated by interviews with patients and the therapeutic team. Data will be analyzed qualitatively using content analysis. Additionally, quantitative outcome parameters will be measured by standardized questionnaires.
Holography in the Large-J Limit of AdS/CFT Correspondence and Its Applications

We give a brief expository discussion on the holographic correspondence of correlation functions in the large-J limit of AdS/CFT conjecture. We first review our proposals on the interpretation of the so-called GKPW relation in the large-J limit or BMN limit, which are based upon a tunneling picture in relating the AdS bulk to its boundary. Some concrete results, explicitly confirming our picture, are summarized. We then proceed to comment on various issues related to this subject, such as extension of the present picture to nonconformal Dp-brane backgrounds, the correlators of deformed Wilson loops, spinning-string/spin-chain correspondence, and the inclusion of higher string-loop effects. In particular, as for the deformation of Wilson loops', we present a typical tunneling world-sheet solution which can be used for direct derivation of the expectation values of deformed Wilson loops following our picture.
Openness and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis

This thesis analyzes the relationship between openness and economic growth. Although long standing and well accepted economic theory clearly shows the gains from open trade between nations, developing countries have followed the protectionist policies of Import Substituting Industrialization (ISI) for a large portion of the twentieth century. The application of ISI by developing nations is characterized by multiple and overlapping protective measures which give rise to high effective rates of protection. These high effective rates of protection create a bias against exports, prevent emerging industries in developing countries from achieving economies of scale and give rise to economic dualism. For these reasons and others, the 1980s saw a shift away from ISI to the policies of export-oriented industrialization (EOI). EOI strives to make neutral the incentives between domestic and foreign production of a good. Trade liberalization in the form of EOI has been shown to enhance the economic performance of numerous developing countries. Numerous efforts made to explain the strong, positive relationship between openness and economic growth rely upon empirical analysis based upon neoclassical production functions. A review of this work shows that this empirical analysis is often based on small data sets which cover a limited time span. In addition, this work does not utilize demographic variables as sources of growth. Most important of all, these works tend to concentrate on measures of exports assuming away any condition of import shortage. This thesis alleviates these shortcomings by developing an economic growth model which assumes that marginal factor productivities differ between the export and domestic sectors of an economy, utilizes demographic variables as sources of growth and accounts for import shortage conditions through the inclusion of an imports growth variable. Finally, empirical analysis based on a large cross country data set confirms the assumptions made by the model.
NORTH AMERICAN NORTHERN LANDS

people would doubt that northern North America needs more people. Nor is there much question that the region can support and will have a greater population in the near future. Further, the usual assumption is that the additional people should or would be permanent rather than temporary inhabitants. It is necessary therefore to consider the human geography, or the locational characteristics of the present and future population distribution. This analysis reveals the significances of the relative locations of people to people and land to people. In this broad field the following topics and problems have been selected to demonstrate the great range and promise of such research in northern North America.
The Chinese Revolution in Historical Perspective.

"Instead of applying Western concepts of historical analysis to China, [Schrecker] seeks to understand modern history, both of China and of the West, through Chinese historiographical categories. The reader will appreciate not only the Chinese historiographical tradition but also the way this tradition enriches one's understanding of world history. An ambitious, much needed study." Akira Iriye, Harvard University, Past President, American Historical Association "John Schrecker has written a historical narrative certain to be of great value to students of politics and society. It is at once lively and engaging and theoretically sophisticated. By adopting a Chinese perspective and applying it not only to China itself but also to the interventions of the West, Schrecker opens the way for a new comparative history." Michael Walzer The Institute for Advanced Study Princeton
Richard Rorty and the analytic tradition: radical break or partial continuity?

It is quite widely assumed that at the beginning of his career Richard Rorty was an orthodox analytic philosopher, working in its then current mainstream, and especially fascinated by the linguistic turn taken by this tradition. Subsequently he supposedly radically and dramatically changed his views, turning himself from a staunch analytic philosophers into a vigorous critic of the analytic tradition and ultimately paradigmatically postmodern and continental thinker. It is argued in the paper that this common picture exaggerates changes in Rorty’s philosophical views. He certainly has never become fully postmodern and continental philosopher, whatever it means. And what seems more important, he always had a lot of reservations about analytic philosophy and had less hopes of it than one or two passages from his early writings suggest.
Quantum Mechanics as a Classical Theory V: The Quantum Schwartzchild Problem

In this continuation paper, we apply the general relativistic quantum theory for one particle systems, derived in paper II of this series, to a simple problem: the quantum Schwartzchild problem, where one particle of mass m gravitates around a massive body. The results thus obtained reveal that, in the realm of such a theory, the negative mass conjecture we made in paper IV of this series is, indeed, adequate. It is shown that gravitation is responsible for the loss of energy quantization. We relate this property with the ideas of irreversibility and time arrow. In the previous paper (hereafter IV), we conjectured that it is possible to describe Nature appealing to negative mass particles (antiparticles). All the experiments the ”orthodox” interpretation might explain can also be explained by our interpretation. The experiment where particle and antiparticle travel under the influence of a homogeneous magnetic field was one we explained in details. We saw that the electromagnetic interaction alone is not capable of deciding about mass sign, since it is concerned only with the ratio e/m and the velocity. We also argued that a theory that accounts for gravitational effects will be capable of such a decision. In paper II of this series[1, 2, 3], we developed a general relativistic quantum theory for ensembles composed of one particle systems. This theory can be considered an immediate generalization of Klein-Gordon’s and Dirac’s special relativistic theories. It includes Einstein’s equations as part of the system of equations one shall solve and, thus, takes into account gravitation. The application of this theory to a problem where only gravitational effects are present will decide unambiguously about the correctness of the conjecture made in IV.
The redemption of experience: On Walter Benjamin’s ‘hermeneutical materialism’

The aim of this article is to show how philosopher and critic Walter Benjamin related to the hermeneutical tradition — and tried to move beyond it by ‘redeeming’ human experience, while avoiding the pitfalls of the philosophy of ‘authenticity’. Though convinced that questions relating to historicity were central to any understanding of modern human experience, Benjamin explicitly rejected the Heideggerian alternative, and chose a path closer to Hans-Georg Gadamer’s. He attempted to combine theological interpretation with dialectical materialism, always grounding hermeneutics in the concrete manifestations of social life, inaugurating a method which I suggest could be called ‘hermeneutical materialism’. At stake was a politically motivated defence of the ‘mimetic faculty’ — understood as (re)interpretation — in the modern, technologically organized world.
Historical Consciousness in Youth Work and Adult Education

1 A social pedagogical perspective on youth work and adult education During the past decades, the fields of youth work and adult education are concerned with questions concerning their identity. Questions that cannot receive a full answer without taking into account our (shared) social and pedagogical histories. For many practitioners, policymakers and researchers the confrontation with our history means a renewed acquaintance with social and pedagogical questions that constitute our field, often in a rather ‘natural’ way, which means that they are not open for critical inquiry (Heyting, 2001). So, in discovering the past we also hope to renew the ‘social pedagogical eye’ (Stickelman, 1993) in our work by investigating how pedagogical questions are always related to social problems or broader questions concerning social cohesion.
Prevalence of neuropathic pain in emergency patients: an observational study.

Neuropathic pain (NP) in acute conditions has been poorly investigated. A diagnostic score, the DN4 scale (DN4), has been developed to help physicians to detect and treat NP appropriately. DN4 is a 10-item questionnaire. If you have 4 or more positive responses out of 10 items, the answer to the questionnaire is positive and you have a neuropathic pain. We aimed to determine the prevalence of NP in emergency department (ED) patients and to describe this population.



We used the DN4 in the patients with NP visiting the adult ED of a university hospital. Patients were asked about the characteristics of their pain using a face-to-face questionnaire.



Among 533 patients with a DN4 score, 114 (21.4%) had NP. Neuropathic pain was independently negatively associated with age of 65 years of older (odds ratio [OR], 0.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05-0.8) and positively associated with intense pain (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.5-18.2), located to the limbs (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.0).



Neuropathic pain was common in ED patients and associated to a higher level of pain.