nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Financial Strategies in Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A): The Case of Regulated Firms

In this paper, a general model of strategic behaviour of (regulated and non-regulated) firms in M&A is presented. For non-regulated firms, the model indicates that targeted firms issue new debt strategically. In this case, the firm's capital structure is chosen so that it maximizes the (ex-ante) market value of the firm. However, the focus of the paper is on regulated firms (mostly monopolies). For these firms, the model shows that managers, acting on behalf of shareholders, make their strategic decisions on debt issuing and investment, in anticipation of both the decisions of the regulatory body and the responses of financial markets. These decisions are aimed at influencing the probability that an acquisition occurs as well as the price the potential bidder will have to pay. However, such decisions are also made with a view to influencing the regulatory policies (maximum price or rate of return permitted), thereby mitigating the probability that, in the regulatory game, the regulator adopts an opportunistic behaviour. Application of these results to some real-world situations (such as regulated public utilities´companies) is straighforward.
Structure and petrology of Specimen Mountain, Colorado

Specimen Mountain, an eroded Cenozoic volcano in the northwestern corner of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, is flanked on the south and west by an extensive series of faulted and folded lava flows and pyroclastics. Regional studies indicate that the erupted materials spread laterally for several miles in all directions from a single central conduit and buried a prevolcanic surface of considerable relief. The volcanic rocks, as shown by analyses, are quartz latite and silicic rhyolite. Quartz latite flows are chilled samples of a magma which by gravitative differentiation gave rise to silicic rhyolite occurring as flows and plug rocks. Thick beds of ash, agglomerate, and breccia attest to intermittent explosions of great magnitude. Inconclusive evidence suggests a Miocene or Pliocene age for the volcanics.
Price and welfare effects of a pharmaceutical substitution reform.

The price effects of the Swedish pharmaceutical substitution reform are analyzed using data for a panel of all pharmaceutical product sold in Sweden in 1997-2007. The price reduction due to the reform was estimated to average 10% and was found to be significantly larger for brand-name pharmaceuticals than for generics. The results also imply that the reform amplified the effect that generic entry has on brand-name prices by a factor of 10. Results of a demand estimation imply that the price reductions increased total pharmaceutical consumption by 8% and consumer welfare by SEK 2.7 billion annually.
Q**2 evolution of structure functions in the nucleon and nuclei

$Q^2$ evolution of structure functions in the nucleon and nuclei is investigated by using usual DGLAP equations and parton-recombination equations. Calculated results for proton's $F_2$ and for the ratio $F_2^{Ca}/F_2^D$ are compared with various experimental data. Furthermore, we study nuclear dependence of $Q^2$ evolution in tin and carbon nuclei: $\partial [F_2^{Sn}/F_2^C]/ \partial [ln Q^2]\ne 0$, which was found by NMC.
Compact Extra Dimensions in Quantum Mechanics

Extra-dimensions are a common topic in popular descriptions of theoretical physics with which undergraduate student most often have no contact in physics courses. This paper shows how students could be introduced to this topic by presenting an approach to two basic consequences of the presence of compact extra-dimensions based on undergraduate-level physics. The insensibility of low-energy physics to compact extra dimensions is illustrated in the context of non-relativistic quantum mechanics and the prediction of Kaluza-Klein excitations of particles is discussed in the framework of relativistic wave-equations. An exercise that could be used as a follow-up to the "particle in a box" is proposed.
A Comparative Political Economy Approach to Farming Interest Groups in Australia and the United States

Commons ([1950] 1970 : 34) insisted that "economics should be the science of activity." In this tradition, the aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of farming interest groups on natural resource policy by using a comparative political economy approach. Special attention will be given to farming interest groups in Australia and the United States. Curiously, each group takes a very different ideological approach to promoting farming interests. Our contention is that each group tends to display values that were prominent during its formation. The ideology and thus behavior of interest groups cannot be isolated from the history, the economic conditions, and the changing alternatives open to individuals. It is very reasonable to argue that two groups with similar goals might pursue different means to the same ends; the different means simply reflect values that were important in the formation of the groups. As such, there might be a concerted effort of the farming interest group, based on history, economic conditions, and custom, to either encourage a higher degree of competition or protect against the degree of competition.
Knowledge and indifference in the New York City race riot of 1900: an argument in search of a story

On a street corner in New York City in the summer of 1900, an encounter between a white man, a black woman and a black man ended in the murder of the white man; soon thereafter, days and nights of white-on-black violence erupted in the neighborhood. When it was over, news of the riot spread across the city, the nation and beyond, and yet no justice was done to the victims, ever. This essay begins to reconstruct the story of the New York City race riot of 1900 and offers the beginnings of an argument about the circulation of knowledge, before pondering questions about storytelling and argument in the face of voices that have been erased and silenced in the archives.
Scientific ethics and publishing conduct

The publishing conduct of scientists is increasingly becoming the object of science-based ethical considerations. Studies have shown that questionable publishing conduct is not a rare phenomenon in this area. National and international scientific organisations are making recommendations about appropriate scientific publishing conduct and, in doing so, are referring to universal ethical principles. A number of science-related ethical norms, for example the prohibition to fabricate or manipulate data, can be justified for all sciences by the goal of knowledge and common epistemological assumptions. On the other hand, other science-related ethical norms, such as rules governing the assignment of authorship and the prohibition of plagiarism, can be justified by means of a science-specific incentive mechanism, which was only explicitly analysed for the first time in detail by Merton (The sociology of science. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 286–324, 1957/1973): the attainment of recognition in the scientific community through published original articles on scientific progress. Particularly in conjunction with forms of remuneration based on this, this incentive mechanism leads to the temptation to make one’s own contribution to the development of science greater than is actually justified.
The Road Ahead - Shared red bricks

70 REQUIREMENTS SUCH AS THOSE in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) drive the electronic design automation (EDA) industry (see http://public.itrs.net) as well as other semiconductor supplier industries, such as lithography, front-end processing, and assembly and packaging. This new department will explore the semiconductor roadmap and its implications for EDA. In particular, future columns will attempt to answer three important questions:
The Evasion of Ethics: Peter Paris Feels the Spirituals

This paper provides not only a systematic account of the theology and ethics of Peter Paris, but also a critical interpretation of his thought. It identifies racism as the major problem that has engaged his academic career and the theological-ethical methodology he has developed to understand and explain it. He is been able to do all this in ways that evade and challenge the American theological enterprise. The primary theme of Paris's work is evading epistemology-centred ethics, exposing racism and injustice, and accenting the transformation of the structures of domination and subordination in the light of an ethical ideal, which is usually the thwarting of evil or actualization of human potentialities. In doing this, he converts ethics into a positive science of social critique and cultural investigation of the social crises of the United States. The importance of this paper goes beyond interpreting Paris's thought, as it will be useful to scholars teaching ethics in general and African-Americ...
Does smoking status affect the likelihood of consulting a doctor about respiratory symptoms? A pilot survey in Western Australia

BackgroundSmokers attribute respiratory symptoms, even when severe, to everyday causes and not as indicative of ill-health warranting medical attention. The aim of this pilot study was to conduct a structured vignette survey of people attending general practice to determine when they would advise a person with respiratory symptoms to consult a medical practitioner. Particular reference was made to smoking status and lung cancer.MethodsParticipants were recruited from two general practices in Western Australia. Respondents were invited to complete self-administered questionnaires containing nine vignettes chosen at random from a pool of sixty four vignettes, based on six clinical variables. Twenty eight vignettes described cases with at least 5% risk of cancer. For analysis these were dubbed 'cancer vignettes'. Respondents were asked if they would advise a significant other to consult a doctor with their respiratory symptoms. Logistic regression and non-parametric tests were used to analyse the data.ResultsThree hundred questionnaires were distributed and one hundred and forty completed responses were collected over six weeks. The majority (70.3%) of respondents were female aged forty and older. A history of six weeks' of symptoms, weight loss, cough and breathlessness independently increased the odds of recommending a consultation with a medical practitioner by a factor of 11.8, 2.11, 1.40 and 4.77 respectively. A history of smoking independently increased the odds of the person being thought 'likely' or 'very likely' to have cancer by a factor of 2.46. However only 32% of cancer vignettes with a history of cigarette smoking were recognised as presentations of possible cancer.ConclusionEven though a history of cigarette smoking was more likely to lead to the suggestion that a symptomatic person may have cancer we did not confirm that smokers would be more likely to be advised to consult a doctor, even when presenting with common symptoms of lung cancer.
Study on the Achievements of Chinese Representational Painting and Its Contemporary Enlightenment

The development of representational expressive art in China has led to the transformation of basic methodology of painting. Although it had conflict on traditional painting consciousness, it was also accepted by a group of artists with advanced thoughts and artistic sensitivities. Based on the current situation of the development of representational painting, first analyzes the basic connotation and the artistic pursuit of characteristics, and then introduces the representational painting theory in China achievements, according to the above content, makes judgment for the development tendency of contemporary representational painting, and it also hopes to Chinese representational painting and improve the level of creating conditions. With the development of cultural globalization, the current world on the definition of art has become increasingly blurred, whether it is from the traditional concept or content or media, gradually towards diversification and comprehensive development, and everyone is an artist who has gradually become a trend. Now, contemporary art has exposed the cruelty, and the age of high tech image has been overflowing, it can’t be sure where is the painting meaning, this is placed in front of a Chinese artist with a sense of profound thinking and historical mission which includes Chinese contemporary representational paintings. In order to further analyze the development achievements of Chinese representational painting and the enlightenment for the whole art field, we must first recognize the basic connotation and artistic pursuit of representational expressive painting. Part One the Basic Connotation and Artistic Pursuit of Representational Painting “Representational Expressionism” was originated from France in the last 70s, and the theory of painting has a background and tendency of phenomenology, in the last century in 90s, it was brought into the mainland of China by the Chinese French painter and art theorist Stuart Li. The original “representational painting” which is a unique vocabulary was used to describe a number of Europe “painter”, (1) such as Jacques May Siti, Morandi, Moriyama, Arica, Raymond Masson and so on, and the representational painting is the inheritance and development of a spirit of western traditional painting and the combination of contemporary art and philosophy with painting that against the abstract art to promote the use of phenomenological point of view to see all things in the world, and it can go out to a middle of the road, while it is not a style, not a painting form, and it is not a doctrine, but it is a painter's way of viewing and attitude which shows a persistent exploration of the existence of the artist, nature, history, nationality, destiny theme and deep thinking with the characteristics of ideas and originality. With the introduction of the representational painting 8th International Conference on Social Network, Communication and Education (SNCE 2018)
RE-PACRR: A Context and Density-Aware Neural Information Retrieval Model

Ad-hoc retrieval models can benefit from considering different patterns in the interactions between a query and a document, effectively assessing the relevance of a document for a given user query. Factors to be considered in this interaction include (i) the matching of unigrams and ngrams, (ii) the proximity of the matched query terms, (iii) their position in the document, and (iv) how the different relevance signals are combined over different query terms. While previous work has successfully modeled some of these factors, not all aspects have been fully explored. In this work, we close this gap by proposing different neural components and incorporating them into a single architecture, leading to a novel neural IR model called RE-PACRR. Extensive comparisons with established models on TREC Web Track data confirm that the proposed model yields promising search results.
The singular individual: Stand-point of a renounced authorship

S~bren Kierkegaard's authorship* traces a tortuous path between the hoary categories of traditional Christianity and the monumental system of Hegel's idealism to craft a single complete category: 1 the singular individual. As such, Kierkegaard's works stand as deeds, as concrete moments in the practice of individuality. His writings enact a repeated renunciation through which singular individuality comes to be lived, dissolving both the impact of Hegelianism and the religious illusion of Kierkegaard's contemporaries. Kierkegaard, more than Sartre, deserves to be called a scandalous author. More than Hegel, he deserves the title of systematic philosopher. Every public gesture with which the melancholic Dane appealed to artists and philosophers bore a Hegelian twist. In fact, Heget's philosophy became an essential property in Kierkegaard's religious scenario. Yet, Kierkegaard never became a Hegelian. He mimicked Hegel because that thinker had crafted the model of historical Christianism used by Kierkegaard's contemporaries to justify the givenness of their religious superiority vis-a-vis ancient religions and early Christianity. For t_he sake of Truth, ~ Kierkegaard assumed a disguise that enabled him to destroy the illusion of historical progress which had reduced religiosity to a philosophical thesis easily mouthed by indolent people. To shake his age out of that paralyzing religious tranquility, Kierkegaard became an author: a counter-Hegel disguised as a poet, a religious individual disguised as an historical Christian. His authorship was simply the copper bull inside which the singular individual slowly roasted so that his shrieks could sound as sweet music to the ears of an insensitive age (Either/Or,
Occurrence and clinical significance of overt blood loss per rectum in the general population and in medical practice.

While the occurrence of blood loss per rectum in general practice is common and usually not serious, it may be the first symptom of a colorectal malignant disorder. To determine the occurrence and clinical significance of overt blood loss per rectum a Medline literature search was undertaken. The incidence of this symptom in the general population was reported to be approximately 20 per 100 people per year, the 'consultation incidence' in general practice approximately six per 1000 and the incidence of referral to a medical specialist was estimated to be about seven per 10,000 per year. The clinical significance of the symptom varied within different populations: the predictive value of overt rectal blood loss for colorectal malignancy was estimated to be less than one in 1000 in the general population, approximately two in 100 in general practice and up to 36 in 100 in referred patients. How the manifestation of the bleeding (and other signs and symptoms) contributes to the selection of patients at each of these stages, leading to increasing prior probabilities, is unknown.
Evolution of faulting and paleo-stress field within the Ottawa graben, Canada

We relate families of faults in the Ottawa graben to periods in the tectonic evolution of eastern North America. The Ottawa graben is a seismically active structure that coincides with a 55 km wide topographic depression extending from near Montreal through Ottawa. It is part of the St. Lawrence rift system that also includes the seismically active Saguenay graben. The Cambrian to Ordovician sedimentary rocks that overlie Grenvillian basement rocks in the Ottawa area are cut by several generations of brittle faults. Relative ages of faults and associated structures are determined, or inferred, from field studies of key outcrops. Three periods of faulting are defined. The orientations of the paleo-stress fields associated with each period are modelled using fault and fault surface lineations orientation data. The oldest generation of faults (D 1 ) formed in response to a stress field in which the greatest principal stress ( σ 1 ) was horizontal and oriented NW. D 2 and D 3 occurred when σ 1 was oriented WNW and SW, respectively. Hence the paleo-stress field underwent a counterclockwise rotation from D 1 to D 3 . The D 2 and D 3 periods involved the reactivation of faults and the development of new faults. D 1 structures are kinematically congruent with the compressional direction associated with the closing of the Iapetus Ocean during Paleozoic time. Emplacement of Cretaceous carbonatite dykes coincided with D 2 , which occurred during the Mesozoic when the stress regime was associated with the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The relative timing of these structures supports both Paleozoic and Mesozoic ages of mineralization events within the Ottawa graben. D 3 structures are consistent with the post-Cretaceous stress field in eastern North America. Recent seismicity within the Ottawa graben may involve reactivations of faults belonging to the families identified in this paper.
Particle physics is at a turning point

et's tentatively agree that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) detectors ATLAS and the Compact Muon Solenoid have discovered a Higgs boson, with a mass of about 125 gigaelectronvolts (GeV). Although standard statistical measures might not consider the situation settled, it seems very likely that there has indeed been a discovery at CERN, Europe's high-energy physics lab near Geneva, Switzerland, given that two quite different detectors both see a signal of some significance at about the same mass, and that both see the expected signals in two or more channels. This is a profound turning point in the quest for a fundamental unified theory of the physical world. The properties and mass of the LHC's Higgs boson suggest that physicists will soon find superpartners for particles , and that we have begun to connect string theory to the real world. The Higgs boson, an as-yet-unknown kind of matter thought to generate mass in other particles , is the final ingredient needed to complete and confirm the standard model of particle physics. This amazing theory describes the particles (quarks and leptons) and the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces that interact to make our world (with the addition of the theory of gravity). Quarks combine to make protons and neutrons; protons and neutrons to make nuclei; nuclei and electrons (a type of lepton) to make atoms, then molecules and chocolate and people and planets and stars and so on. The standard model has no puzzles or problems, and incorporates at a fundamental level everything from condensed-matter physics to astrophysics. It achieves the goals of four centuries of physics. The Higgs itself has been sought for decades: the main route through which its signal was reported at the LHC was the particle's decay into two photons. Collaborators and I first studied this signal in the mid 1980s, as a possible method for detecting the Higgs boson at the Super-conducting Super Collider, which was to be built at Waxahachie in Texas but was cancelled in 1993. Besides completing the standard model, the discovery of the Higgs tells us that a future, deeper underlying theory of the law(s) of nature must include and account for fundamental Higgs bosons. (Physicists have suggested alternative theories that include oddities such as composite Higgs bosons, but the CERN discovery essentially excludes them.) That will extend the standard model, and go beyond it to illuminate issues such as supersymmetry and the …
Two Phase Evaluation for Selecting Machine Translation Services

An increased number of machine translation services are now available. Unfortunately, none of them can provide adequate translation quality for all input sources. This forces the user to select from among the services according to his needs. However, it is tedious and time consuming to perform this manual selection. Our solution, proposed here, is an automatic mechanism that can select the most appropriate machine translation service. Although evaluation methods are available, such as BLEU, NIST, WER, etc., their evaluation results are not unanimous regardless of the translation sources. We proposed a two-phase architecture for selecting translation services. The first phase uses a data-driven classification to allow the most appropriate evaluation method to be selected according to each translation source. The second phase selects the most appropriate machine translation result by the selected evaluation method. We describe the architecture, detail the algorithm, and construct a prototype. Tests show that the proposal yields better translation quality than employing just one machine translation service.
An Infinite Hierarchy Induced by Depth Synchronization

Depth-synchronization measures the number of parallel derivation steps in a synchronized context-free (SCF) grammar. When not bounded by a constant the depth-synchronization measure of an SCF grammar is at least logarithmic and at most linear with respect to the word length. Languages with linear depth-synchronization measure and languages with a depth-synchronization measure in between logarithmic and linear are proven to exist. This gives rise to a strict infinite hierarchy within the family of SCF (and ET0L) languages.