nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The search for critical dimensions of personality pathology to inform diagnostic assessment and treatment planning: a commentary on Hopwood et al.

Hopwood, Wright, Ansell, and Pincus (2013) present an interpersonal theoretical orientation in an effort to demonstrate that the personality disorders are—at their core—interpersonal in nature. This is not a new idea as Hopwood and colleagues are joining a parade of individuals who identify interpersonal difficulties as central to the personality disorders (Bender & Skodol, 2007; Benjamin, 2005; Fonagy & Target, 2006; Gunderson & Lyons-Ruth, 2008; Kernberg, 1984; Livesley, 2001; Meyer & Pilkonis, 2005; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). What is new is the argument that interpersonal theory should have preeminence in future renditions of the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic system because of its empirically investigated assessment instruments. In this commentator’s view, the two issues are related but involve important differences in their goals and methods. It is important to place the issues in context. The leadership of the effort to generate DSM-5 posed the question: What are the crucial dimensions of pathology—with less emphasis on categories—that are central to the diagnosis and assessment of patients, dimensions that can be reliably and dimensionally rated both at assessment and as treatment progresses? The answer given by the personality disorders work group was judged inadequate in its current state and was placed in Section III of DSM-5 for further consideration and empirical investigation. There is much in the article by Hopwood and colleagues that is important to progress in the field and with which this commentator agrees with enthusiasm, not the least of which is their positive, energetic approach to the refinement of the diagnosis of personality disorders. The authors value personality theory and related empirical efforts in informing the individual markers of interpersonal and emotional difficulties as listed in DSM-IV.
Development of a methodology for the characterization of mafic rocks with respect to their use for mineral carbonation: the mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry of the Portage Lake Volcanics in the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan

Mineral carbonation of basalt has been proposed by various researchers to reduce anthropogenic CO2 output without necessitating considerable reduction of fossil fuel usage.  The  feasibility  of  any  mafic  rock  for  mineral  carbonation  depends  on  the present mineralogy, texture, grain size, and alteration. The purpose of this research is  the  development  of  a  methodology  for  the  characterization  of  mafic  rocks regarding their susceptibility for mineral carbonation, based on samples from mine tailings  in  the  Keweenaw  Peninsula,  Michigan.  Samples  were  characterized  using petrographic  examination,  microprobe  analyses,  whole  rock  data,  and thermodynamic modeling. Thin  section  analyses  revealed  several  alteration  assemblages  ranging  from relatively  fresh  samples  to  extremely  altered  samples.  End‐members  of  minerals present  in  the  study  area  were  used  for  thermodynamic  modeling.  Based  on thermodynamics,  anorthite,  prehnite,  and  diopside  are  the most  feasible minerals for  carbonation,  minerals  potentially  viable  include  forsterite,  enstatite,  talc, clinochlore,  and  phengite.  To  determine  feasible minerals  for  carbonation,  kinetic modeling should be conducted to establish minerals with realistic reaction rates. The approach outlined in this study can be used as an inexpensive and expeditious method to determine mafic samples most feasible for mineral carbonation based on thermodynamic modeling. Not all mafic rocks should be treated as basalts, nor are all mafic rocks equally feasible for mineral carbonation.
A classical but new kinetic equation for hydride transfer reactions.

A classical but new kinetic equation to estimate activation energies of various hydride transfer reactions was developed according to transition state theory using the Morse-type free energy curves of hydride donors to release a hydride anion and hydride acceptors to capture a hydride anion and by which the activation energies of 187 typical hydride self-exchange reactions and more than thirty thousand hydride cross transfer reactions in acetonitrile were safely estimated in this work. Since the development of the kinetic equation is only on the basis of the related chemical bond changes of the hydride transfer reactants, the kinetic equation should be also suitable for proton transfer reactions, hydrogen atom transfer reactions and all the other chemical reactions involved with breaking and formation of chemical bonds. One of the most important contributions of this work is to have achieved the perfect unity of the kinetic equation and thermodynamic equation for hydride transfer reactions.
Diophantus' 20th Problem and Fermat's Last Theorem for n=4: Formalization of Fermat's Proofs in the Coq Proof Assistant

We present the proof of Diophantus' 20th problem (book VI of Diophantus' Arithmetica), which consists in wondering if there exist right triangles whose sides may be measured as integers and whose surface may be a square. This problem was negatively solved by Fermat in the 17th century, who used the "wonderful" method (ipse dixit Fermat) of infinite descent. This method, which is, historically, the first use of induction, consists in producing smaller and smaller non-negative integer solutions assuming that one exists; this naturally leads to a reductio ad absurdum reasoning because we are bounded by zero. We describe the formalization of this proof which has been carried out in the Coq proof assistant. Moreover, as a direct and no less historical application, we also provide the proof (by Fermat) of Fermat's last theorem for n=4, as well as the corresponding formalization made in Coq.
Por que pensamento e não teoria?: a imaginação político-social brasileira e o fantasma da condição periférica (1880-1970)

Why Thought and not Theory? The Brazilian Political and Social Imagination and the Spectrum of Peripheral Condition (1880-1970) Why do we refer to Brazilian political reflection as Thought rather than theory? The hypothesis I intend to explore here is that in Brazil, themain reason for the term "thought" to refer to the country's intellectual products lies in the fact that the elites have always considered such products more or less inferior to those developed in Europe and the United States, due to their own more general perception of Brazil's peripheral status. To frame this question, I will discuss the terminological issue of "theory" and "thought" in the field of political science. Next, I will examine how some leading Brazilian scholars assess the country's place in the world and the quality of its intellectual products, especially those of a social and political nature. This analysis will be divided into two periods, the first pertaining to the predominance of the cosmopolitan cultural paradigm fromthe late 19th century to the 1920s, and the second with the nationalist cultural paradigm, lasting nearly until the late 20th century.
Industry Effects on the Use of Board and Institutional Investor Monitoring and Executive Incentive Compensation

This paper develops and empirically tests a theory of the use of board and institutional investor monitoring and the use of executive incentive compensation under different types of uncertainty in the industry. This empirical examination is based on a sample of U.S. firms operating in a wide range of industries. Practical implications derived from this paper direct the attention of both shareholders and governance specialists to critical tradeoffs involved in the use of specific governance mechanisms under demand, competitive, and technological uncertainty.
Monopolists to Middlemen: Dutch Liberalism and American Imperialism in the Opening of Japan

The Perry Expedition is widely regarded as a pivotal event in the his tories of Japa and the United States. If a m re nuanced view tells us that it was only one step in a large and complex process, the expedi tion and the treaty that resulted from it represent the first success of American gunboat diplomacy in the Pacific, and the beginning of the end of Japanese isolationism. As a result, scholars from these countries periodically return to reexamine the event. Some of the most recent of these studies in English include George Feifer, Breaking Open Japan, William McOmie, The Opening of Japan, and Mitani Hiroshi, Escape from Impasse: The Decision to Open Japan.1 Traditionally, the success of this mission is credited to Commodore Perry himself. According to Japanologist Basil Hall Chamberlain (1850-1935): "To speak plainly, Perry triumphed by frightening the weak, ignorant, utterly unprepared Japanese out of their senses. If he did not use his cannon, it is only
El cine como realización del fin del arte

Many have asserted that the ideal of art, defended by modernism, has reached its end. The story founded by modern art does not apply any more to certain contemporary practices, something that has led to think that, beyond the necessity of a new story involving art in its diverse manifestations, what has to be acknowledged is the end of narratives as stories and the incapacity to produce a new narrative to replace the modern scheme to include one legitimating the shape of art pieces produced today. This new purpose of narratives is the one we can understand, following Arthur Danto, as the ‘purpose of art’, a concept that designates the moving from modern art to contemporary art. The goal of this essay is to understand the place occupied by the cinema within this transition – actually more a conceptual than a chronological transition– analyzing the notions of purity and impurity of art.
Skinner’s “Scientific” Ethics of Survival

IF it be granted that not all philosophizing done in America is either distinctive or distinctively American, and also that not all philosophically significant work is done by professional philosophers, it may be legitimate to include among these “Studies in American Philosophy” the following examination of an ethical theory, proposed by an influential American psychologist. I shall take my departure from B. F. Skinner’s recent Science and Human Behavior,1 especially from his chapters on value and the survival concept.
Integrating Design and Construction: A New Approach

This paper presents the issue of integrating design and construction in the context of Computer Integrated Construction (CIC). A new approach of a proposed strategic framework using the Modularised Approach is highlighted to overcome the complexity of integrating design and construction whereby such integrated environment need to share data via a central core. Such approach has been implemented by the AIC research group at the University of Salford, UK. A PC-based integrated environment prototype, SPACE has been developed which aims to integrate design and construction within the project’s life cycle.
A method for managing software problem reports, systems and equipment

A computer system management software problem reports for implementation include: registration subsystem for registered software developers from many different developer organizations; app store so that multiple applications from multiple application developer can be used obtained from members of the public; application vulnerability tracker is programmed to receive report problems using the application store distribution of the application for receiving data on the issue, and the data for a particular application or associated with the particular application developer; and a report generator for generating one or more of the problems have been reported to provide one or more application developers, the problem with respect to the report includes the developer For information about data issues specific application app store submission.
Analysis of E-bank Innovation in China Using a Hypercube Model

Information and communication technologies innovating applications have posed technical, organizational and commercial challenges in financial industry. This study uses a hypercube model to investigate E-bank innovative changes in China and discuss their impacts on stakeholders: customers, banks, complementary providers and regulators. The results indicate that Internet bank (I-bank) differs substantially from telephone bank (Tele-bank) in technological components and business model. From Tele-bank to I-bank, innovation is radical to customers, banks and complementary providers, architectural regulators. However, From I-bank to Mobile bank (M-bank), innovation is architectural to customers and banks, modular to regulators, radical to complementary providers. We think that the innovation from Tele-bank to I-bank is not a simple supplement process. The changes will widely influence on the whole banking industry. The innovations from I-bank to M-bank, it is thought to be primarily a process of supplement rather than a process of substitute.
The heart of computer science

The first two objectives can not be met simply with course work. The techniques and methods of approaching computer solutions to problems are independent of the application area of the problem and must become a reflex action on the part of the students. By demanding that students write well-structured programs and requiring them to submit analyses of all programs throughout their training , it is felt that they will develop proper programming techniques and attitudes. When programs are graded by an instructor less weight must be given to the output and answers and far more emphasis placed on the source program and algorithms. It is clear that the concepts of structured programming and the analysis of algorithms must be stressed throughout the entire curriculum. We have attempted to define a heart of Computer science, which should be in the intersection of all undergraduate computer science programs. The heart was developed by examining those topics which were absolutely essential to meeting the objectives stated above. Although it may appear that some of the topics are very mathematical in nature, it is an interesting observation that they do not require any mathematical background other than the ability to perform simple algebraic manipulations (secondary school algebra). It is our experience that the required mathematics can be developed in the courses at little cost in time. On the other hand, it is our belief the heart should also contain a certain amount of basic mathematics.
Monetary Transmission in an Open Economy: The Differential Impact on Exporting and Non-Exporting Firms 1

Using firm-level data from the 1990s for publicly traded manufacturing companies in Israel, a liberalized and open economy, we find that monetary policy affects real investment and that the effect operates differentially on the firms in our sample - the greater its export intensity, the less a firm is affected by tight money. We examine several interpretations and conclude that the evidence indicates that the impact is transmitted primarily through the balance sheets of firms whose access to foreign currency funding is relatively constrained.
The Ricardian contract

Describing digital value for payment systems is not a trivial task. Simplistic methods of using numbers or country codes to describe currencies, and ticker tape symbols to issue bonds, shares, and other financial instruments soon run into shortcomings in their ability to handle dynamic and divergent demands. The seemingly arbitrary variations in the meanings of different instruments are best captured as contracts between issuers and holders. Thus, the digital issuance of instruments can be viewed as the issuance of contracts. This paper proposes that the contract is the issue. A document form is described that encompasses the inherent contractual nature of the financial instrument yet copes with the requirements of being an integral part of a payment system.
A Coding Theoretical Study on MLL proof nets

Coding theory is very useful for real world applications. A n otable example is digital television. Basically, coding theory is to study a way of detecting and/o r correcting data that may be true or false. Moreover coding theory is an area of mathematics, in which th ere is an interplay between many branches of mathematics, e.g., abstract algebra, combinatorics, di screte geometry, information theory, etc. In this paper we propose a novel approach for analyzing proof nets of Multiplicative Linear Logic (MLL) by coding theory. We define families of proof structures and int roduce a metric space for each family. In each family, 1. an MLL proof net is a true code element; 2. a proof structure that is not an MLL proof net is a false (or c orrupted) code element. The definition of our metrics reflects the duality of the multi plicative connectives elegantly. In this paper we show that in the framework one error-detecting is possibl e but one error-correcting not. Our proof of the impossibility of one error-correcting is interestin g i the sense that a proof theoretical property is proved using a graph theoretical argument. In addition, we s how that affine logic and MLL + MIX are not appropriate for this framework. That explains why MLL is bet ter than such similar logics.
Reflections on a UK Masters level software engineering programme intended for the home and international market

There are currently insufficient skilled software engineers to meet the needs of industry across the world. Intensive taught Masters level programmes represent one solution to this shortfall. One such programme is the MSc in Software Engineering offered by the University of Sunderland in the UK. This was developed to satisfy student needs both within and outside the European Union.. The constraints and challenges that needed to be addressed in the development of the programme are outlined. The programme and the various pathways through it are described. Student feedback on the programme is reported. The programme is evaluated and some of the lessons learned since its inception in 1999 are reviewed.
Environmental Implication of Dumping Waste on Marine Ecosystem

Based on law and government regulation of Republic of Indonesia dumping waste is prohibited. Law No. 32/2009 on the Protection and Management of Environment stated that any person prohibited from dumping deliberate wastes and/or materials to the environment without permission. However some activities on mining and exploration and production of petroleum as well as dredging of port pond activities at Indonesian marine ecosystem still conducted with permission from the Ministry of Environment. There are some potential impact of dumping wastes on marine ecosystem such as physical disturbance to sea bed, physical and chemical disturbance to water column, organism-level effects for example acute/or chronic toxicity, effects on growth and reproduction, ecological/ecosytem level responses, and human resources use for example aesthetic effects.This paper will explain the activities of mining and exploration and production of petroleum at the Indonesian sea and potential effects on marine ecosystem such as sensitive area (coral reef, sea grass bed, mangrove ecosystem), migration of mammal sea, the area of capture fisheries, and transportation lane in the sea. The specific activities of mining is tailing wastes from gold mining, while exploration and production petroleum activites is dumping of drilling cutting, drilling fluid and drilling mud on the sea.
Achieving Reliable and Timely Task Execution in Mobile Embedded Applications

Tasks controlling a mobile system’s interactions with its environment must be performed reliably and in real-time. Motion control, for example, directs a system’s motions based on information about the environment. As such information is usually incomplete and inaccurate, we developed a solution in which mobile systems perform a distributed fusion of their sensor data. In this paper, we address the scheduling of the local processing tasks of the fusion. The particular problem of the real-time scheduling of these tasks lies in their unpredictable execution times, which do not allow using worst-case values. TAFT (time-aware fault-tolerant) scheduling allows working with expected-case execution times and still achieves a predictable timing behavior. It aborts task instances that would miss their deadline and ensures a timely exception handling. We exploit application-inherent redundancy to tolerate task abortions. We present measurements showing the dynamic nature of the execution times and the reliability of task execution.
Inter-organizational information sharing of customer data in retail

As massive online retailers are putting increasing pressure on the traditional brick-and-mortar retailers, new ways to compete for customers is needed. Identifying customers’ behavior and understanding their needs could be a crucial way for firms to improve their competitive advantage. One way to better understand customers could be for retailers to collaborate and aggregate their customer data in order to gain more holistic understandings of customers. This thesis examines on a high-level how customer data is used in retail today and what new value can be generated by collaborating and aggregating customer data, both for businesses as well as for consumers. It then goes on to identify structures of customer data sharing that we observe today and what the underlying factors are for each structure. By projecting how these factors will evolve over time, different scenarios are drawn up of what we might expect to see in the retail industry in the future in terms of customer data sharing. The implications of those projections could possibly open up for new business opportunities, both for entrepreneurs as well as incumbent retailers.  Stuart E. Madnick Title: The John Norris Maguire Professor of Information Technologies and Professor of Engineering Systems
What Mathematics Is The Most Fundamental

Standard mathematics involves such notions as infinitely small/large, continuity and standard division. This mathematics is usually treated as fundamental while finite mathematics is treated as inferior. Standard mathematics has foundational problems (as follows, for example, from G\"{o}del's incompleteness theorems) but it is usually believed that this is less important than the fact that it describes many experimental data with high accuracy. We argue that the situation is the opposite: standard mathematics is only a degenerate case of finite one in the formal limit when the characteristic of the ring or field used in finite mathematics goes to infinity. Therefore foundational problems in standard mathematics are not fundamental.
ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE FORMATION OF A FINITE THICKNESS COSMIC STRING

The classical electromagnetic modes outside a long, straight, superconducting cosmic string are calculated, assuming the string to be surrounded by a superconducting cylindric surface of radius R. Thereafter, by use of a Bogoliubov-type argument, the electromagnetic energy W produced per unit length in the lowest two modes is calculated when the string is formed ”suddenly”. The essential new element in the present analysis as compared with prior work of Parker [ (1987)] and Brevik and Toverud [ (1995)], is that the radius a of the string is assumed finite, thus necessitating Neumann functions to be included in the fundamental modes. We find that the theory is changed significantly: W is now strongly concentrated in the lowest mode (m,s) = (0,1), whereas the proportionality W ∝ (Gµ/t) 2 that is characteristic for zero-width strings is found in the next mode (1,1). Here G is the gravitational constant, µ the string mass per unit length, and t the GUT time.