nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast, Flexible Models for Discovering Topic Correlation across Weakly-Related Collections

Weak topic correlation across document collections with different numbers of topics in individual collections presents challenges for existing cross-collection topic models. This paper introduces two probabilistic topic models, Correlated LDA (C-LDA) and Correlated HDP (CHDP). These address problems that can arise when analyzing large, asymmetric, and potentially weakly-related collections. Topic correlations in weakly-related collections typically lie in the tail of the topic distribution, where they would be overlooked by models unable to fit large numbers of topics. To efficiently model this long tail for large-scale analysis, our models implement a parallel sampling algorithm based on the Metropolis-Hastings and alias methods (Yuan et al., 2015). The models are first evaluated on synthetic data, generated to simulate various collection-level asymmetries. We then present a case study of modeling over 300k documents in collections of sciences and humanities research from JSTOR.
Illinois Basin, Mississippi Embayment, and Ouachita Orogenic Belt: ABSTRACT

Evidence that the Illinois basin was open toward the south during the Mississippian, the geographical coincidence of a unique Ouachita lithologic province with the Mississippi embayment, the distribution of late Paleozoic sediments, interpreted paleoslopes, and interpreted structural relations suggest that the embayment existed during late Paleozoic time. Further insight into the Ouachita orogenic belt and its relation to the Appalachian belt may be gained if the age of subsidence of the Mississippi embayment and its modification from or to the Ouachita belt can be determined. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1835------------
Agent-based techniques for National Infrastructure Simulation

Modern society is dependent upon its networks of infrastructure. These networks have grown in size and complexity to become interdependent, creating within them hidden vulnerabilities. The critical nature of these infrastructures has led to the establishment of the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center (NISAC) by the United States Government. The goal of NISAC is to provide the simulation capability to understand infrastructure interdependencies, detect vulnerabilities, and provide infrastructure planning and crises response assistance. This thesis examines recent techniques for simulation and analyzes their suitability for the national infrastructure simulation problem. Variable and agent-based simulation models are described and compared. The bottom-up approach of the agent-based model is found to be more suitable than the top-down approach of the variable-based model. Supercomputer and distributed, or grid computing solutions are explored. Both are found to be valid solutions and have complimentary strengths. Software architectures for implementation such as the traditional object-oriented approach and the web service model are examined. Solutions to meet NISAC objectives using the agent-based simulation model implemented with web services and a combination of hardware configurations are proposed.  Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Strategic Pursuit of Moral Credentials

Moral credentials establish one's virtue and license one to act in morally disreputable ways with impunity (Monin & Miller, 2001). We propose that when people anticipate doing something morally dubious, they strategically attempt to earn moral credentials. Participants who expected to do something that could appear racist (decline to hire a Black job candidate in Studies 1 and 2, or take a test that might reveal implicit racial bias in Study 3) subsequently sought to establish non-racist credentials (by expressing greater racial sensitivity in Studies 1 and 2, or by exaggerating how favorably they perceived a Black job candidate in Study 3). Consistent with prior research, a follow-up study revealed that the opportunity to establish such credentials subsequently licensed participants to express more favorable attitudes towards a White versus a Black individual. We argue that strategically pursuing moral credentials allows individuals to manage attributions about their morally dubious behavior.
An Ordinal Analysis of Admissible Set Theory using Recursion on Ordinal Notations

The notion of a function from ℕ to ℕ defined by recursion on ordinal notations is fundamental in proof theory. Here this notion is generalized to functions on the universe of sets, using notations for well orderings longer than the class of ordinals. The generalization is used to bound the rate of growth of any function on the universe of sets that is Σ1-definable in Kripke–Platek admissible set theory with an axiom of infinity. Formalizing the argument provides an ordinal analysis.
Interventions and Expected Exchange Rates in Emerging Market Economies ¤,y

We study variations in the risk-neutral distributions of the exchange rates in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru due to interventions implemented by these countries. For this purpose, we first estimate the risk-neutral densities of the exchange rates based on derivatives market data, for one-day and one-week horizons. Second, using a linear regression model, we assess possible effects on the distributions of the expected exchange rates due to these interventions. We find little evidence of an effect on the expected exchange rates' means, volatilities, skewness, kurtoses, risk premia, and tails' parameters. In the few cases for which we do find some statistical evidence of an effect, it tends to be short-lived or not economically significant. On the other hand, we find evidence that interventions which objective is to restore and/or assure the proper functioning of exchange rate markets have a higher probability of success. This probability increases as the amount of resources to intervene at the disposal of the central bank increases. Needless to say, there are limits to the methodology we use.
Structural parameters and X-ray and pycnometric densities of titanium carbonitride in its homogeneity range

Conclusions1.Using an isodefective sections method, a study is made of the variation of some structural parameters, in particular the lattice constant and the degree of filling of the elementary cell and its partial constituents, and density of titanium carbonitride with composition within the homogeneity range of the compound.2.A method of processing available experimental data with the aid of a computer is proposed enabling a property vs composition function to be derived which is applicable with good accuracy over the whole homogeneity range of titanium carbonitride.3.Overall equations are derived enabling the lattice constant and x-ray and pycnometric densities of a titanium carbonitride alloy in its homogeneity field and also the degree of filling of its elementary cell and cell constituents to be determined with good accuracy by simple calculation from the chemical composition of the alloy.
The Precambrian basement: A major reservoir in the rifted basin, Gulf of Suez

The expected instructions from an exploration manager, to stop drilling and abandon a well where the bit hits the Precambrian basement, no longer applies. The fractured and altered Precambrian basement rocks are the most prolific reservoirs in the southern Gulf of Suez and the northern Red Sea rifts where hydrocarbons are produced from 8 fields, with porosity and permeability values up to 15% and 300 millidarcy, respectively. The surface and subsurface Precambrian basement rocks are related to the final stages of the tectonic–magmatic cycle of the Arabo-Nubian Shield and are composed of quartz–diorite, granodiorite, syenogranite, alkali granites and andesite porphyry, dissected by means of dykes, fractures and joints. Three main directions of fractures, northwest–southeast, northeast–southwest and east northeast–west southwest have been detected in the study area. The porosity and production rates of this reservoir, as well as the oil–water contact movement, depend mainly on the age, intensity and direction of the fractures, diagenetic processes and the dip and direction of the dykes and brecciated zones. The alteration processes reach their maximum intensity in the topmost section, known as the basement cover, where the solution and leaching has led to the enlargement of the fractures and vertical communications. The underlying fracture zone has been affected by differential alteration processes, creating zones of high and low vertical porosity and permeability. Thus, the reservoir potential of the Precambrian basement has been greatly underestimated.
Interactions of organotins with biological systems

The bonding and structure in the environments of tin atoms in organotin-biological molecules has been investigated by 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy, mainly through the rationalization of the nuclear quadrupole splitting parameter by pointcharge model approaches. 
 
 
 
Organotin moieties R2SnIV and R3SnIV (R = Me, nBu, Ph) generally assume trigonal-bipyramidal type configurations in membranes of human erythrocytes, when incubated with whole erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts at the level of micromolar (μmol dm−3) organotin per mg of membrane protein. Corresponding structures are assumed by Me2SnIV and Me3SnIV in the cytoplasm. Ethanolic Me2SnCl2 yielded distorted trans-octahedral species when reacted with ghost cells. These configurations may in principle originate through coordination of the metal by donor nitrogen or oxygen atoms from the cell constituents, such as protein side chains and related component molecules, carbohydrate fragments, and phospholipids, according to data from various model systems. Hydrolyzed species, such as bis(chlorodiorganotin) oxides and triorganotin hydroxides, could also occur for the n-butyltin and phenyltin species. 
 
 
 
The moieties Me2SnIV and Alk3SnIV (Alk = Me, Et, nBu), present as the hydrolysis products Me2Sn(OH)2 and Alk3SnOH at physiological pH in the aqueous phase (eventually coordinated by donor atoms from buffers), react with thiol groups of model molecules, as well as of feline and rat hemoglobin, forming tetrahedral or trigonalbipyramidal tin sites characterized by covalent SnS bonds (C2SnS, C2SnS2 and C3SnS skeletons); tin atoms are eventually further coordinated by nitrogen donors from amino acid fragments or from buffers, as well as by hydroxyl oxygen.
Horizontal gene transfer provides new insights into biological evolution

The discovery of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has challenged the Darwinian “tree of life” concept and, at the same time, has provided new insights into biological evolution. HGT is not only frequent in prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes, but also occurs in multicellular eukaryotes. In this article, we review the occurrence and evolutionary significance of HGT in the three major groups of multicellular eukaryotes (animals, plants, and fungi). We also briefly discuss HGT detection methods and possible transfer mechanisms, and offer some predictions about the overall trend of HGT occurrence in multicellular eukaryotes.
Kinetics and products of the hydrolysis of 3,4‐dihydroprecocene I 3,4‐epoxide in aqueous organic solvents

The hydrolysis of 3, 4-dihydroprecocene I 3, 4-epoxide (3, 4-dihydro-7-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-3, 4-epoxy-2H-benzo[b]pyran), the putative ultimate cytotoxin of the insect growth regulator precocene I (7-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-2H-benzo[b]pyran), has been studied and found to exhibit first-order kinetics [k = 0.17 s−1 in 10 mm-phosphate buffer pH 7.0, containing 1, 4-dioxane (1 + 1 by volume), ionic strength 0.1]. Plots of log k versus pH, and k versus buffer concentration, suggest that the reaction is subject to both specific and general acid catalysis. High-performance liquid chromatography showed the reaction products to be predominantly the corresponding stereoisomeric diols (3, 4-dihydro-7-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-2H-benzo[b]pyran-3, 4-diol), the trans : cis ratio of which varied from 1.8: 1 to 2.2: 1 but was constant over the pH range 6-8, at a given buffer concentration. The results indicate that acid-catalysed hydration of 3, 4-dihydroprecocene I 3, 4-epoxide is an SN1 reaction, involving a trigonally hybridised carbocation at C4, even at physiological pH. Similar studies on 3, 4-dihydroiso-precocene I 3, 4-epoxide (3, 4-dihydro-6-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-3, 4-epoxy-2H-benzo-[b]pyran), a biologically inactive isomer of 3, 4-dihydroprecocene I 3, 4-epoxide suggest that an SNI mechanism also contributes to its hydrolysis, but the rate constant is 4000 times lower than that for 3, 4-dihydroprecocene I 3, 4-epoxide. Knowledge of the reactivity and mechanism of reaction of such compounds forms an important part of the basis for rational prediction of biological activity in precocene analogues, and hence their possible use as pest control agents.
The Internalization of an Ideal Body into the Self: Psychological, Emotional, and Physical Consequences

The Internalization of an Ideal Body into the Self: Psychological, Emotional and Physical Consequences by Roman Gabriel Rubio B.S. (University of Notre Dame) 1993 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Health and Medical Sciences in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Henrik Blum, M.D., Chair Professor Christina Maslach, Ph.D. Professor Thomasine Kushner, Ph.D. 1996
Cities of the world : a history in maps

Condensing centuries of history into one volume, "Cities of the World" traces the historic form and special character of the world's greatest cities through a breathtaking collection of maps and panoramic views. Peter Whitfield focuses on more than sixty cities - from Athens to Brasilia, Washington to Moscow, San Francisco to Saigon, and Venice to Lhasa. He presents an extremely wide range of maps, historic prints, and photographs from many periods that show how the architectural form and the social life of our cities have been shaped--not only by their geographical setting, but also by religion, royal power, commerce, social ideals, and occasionally artistic vision. These images illustrate the historic heart of the cities: the ancient harbors, the hilltop fortresses, the encircling walls, and the houses, churches, and palaces that have been added over the centuries. For the armchair traveler or anyone passionate about the history of human civilization, this beautiful, unique book captures the richness of the urban fabric and reflects the collective memory of each metropolis. Cities of the World demonstrates how the city was linked to the birth and progress of civilization itself, how it has acted as a focus for ideas and technologies, arts and sciences, and even religious devotion. It shows the ways that some cities grew slowly into haphazard, unplanned beauties, while others were shaped by the will of masterful individuals. Whitfield chose the cities featured here not only because they are richly and beautifully illustrated, but also because they demonstrate a notion of spirit--an outward and inward uniqueness. Many of these historic maps have a pictorial quality that vanished long ago from the functional town-plan. Depicting the classical city-state, the medieval fortress, the baroque capital, and the industrial metropolis, the sumptuous illustrations in this book chronicle how simple outlines found on Babylonian clay tablets evolved into the stylized pictures of medieval times and spectacular bird's-eye panoramic views, finally culminating in the highly functional mass-produced maps of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Wonderfully evocative of the places they depict and the artistic tastes of their time, these maps shed new light on civilization itself, with all of its contradictions, shortcomings, energy, and aspirations.
Middle Proterozoic piggyback basin in the subsurface of northwestern Canada

Seismic reflection profiles from the interior platform in the northwestern Canadian Arctic show outstanding evidence for sedimentary basins formed and carried "piggyback" on thrust sheets during Middle Proterozoic compressional deformation. The seismic stratigraphic observations are the first documentation of a Proterozoic piggyback basin and thus also provide independent confirmation of proposed layer-parallel thrusting.
Reduction of trace quantities of chromium(VI) by strong acids

The chemical behavior of Cr(VI) at low concentrations (10-4 to 10-7 mol L-1) in several strong acids was studied using high specific activity 51Cr(VI) as a tracer. The speciation of the products from these systems was carried out by ion exchange chromatography with stepwise elution. The results show that trace quantities of Cr(VI), monitored by means of radiochromium (51Cr), are reduced in the presence of mineral acids such as perchloric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, sulfuric, nitric and trifluoromethanesulfonic acids, even in the absence of conventional reducing agents, producing different measureable Cr(III) species, depending on the acid anion. Detailed studies of the reduction of low concentrations of Cr(VI) with nitric acid have shown that the relative rate of reduction increases as the concentration of the acid increases or as the concentration of the Cr(VI) decreases.
An approach to constructing evolutionary agent structure for workflow management system based on simulation

Multi-agent coordinate mechanism research has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Researches on the problem mainly focus on how to organize and coordinate relations between agents. The composition of different agents is an issue that must be faced by developers. This paper introduces an automatic agent combination method oriented to workflow which considers both taskpsilas dynamic workload and agentpsilas evolving cognitive ability. It composes agent structure through three steps: 1) Clusters the tasks according to their resources requirements by using decision tree, which helps to define the corresponding agent set. 2) Calculates the ability and cost of agent executing workflow based on information about task workload and duration with uncertainty model. 3) Search for the optimal agentspsila composition with the objective to maximize the speed of workflow execution while balancing the workload among agents under the constraint of agent ability, workload threshold and execution cost based on performance analysis of simulation result. Experimental results show that this method has a good performance by identifying the optimal agent configuration to execute workflow scenario.
Formation and Stability of the Gaseous Species LiAlCl4, Li2AlCl5 and LiAl2Cl7 – Mass Spectrometric and Quantum Chemical Studies

The formation of the gaseous species LiCl, Li2Cl2, AlCl3 and LiAlCl4 was shown by mass spectrometric studies of the reaction of solid LiCl with gaseous AlCl3 at 575 °C. Besides AlCl3 and Al2Cl6, the gas complexes LiAlCl4, Li2AlCl5 and LiAl2Cl7 were formed during the evaporation of liquefied LiAlCl4. The structures of the molecules under discussion were computed by quantum chemical DFT studies. Thermodynamic data of these molecules were determined by experimental methods (mass spectrometry), and the results were confirmed by theoretical calculations.
Minkowski in Königsberg 1884: A talk in Lindemann’s colloquium

The mathematical-physico seminar at the university of Königsberg in the 1880s shaped the early scientific career of both David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski. The cover of this issue of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society displays a page from the Protokollbuch of the colloquium at Königsberg, written in Minkowski’s own hand on the day of his talk in May 1884. That a seminar even existed at this time and in this place is a tribute to the reforms in the German educational system earlier in the century. This paper briefly traces those developments and their influence on scientific education in general to provide a frame for understanding Minkowski and his mathematical training. This broader context allows a more meaningful survey of Minkowski’s talk where he established an estimate for the minimum of a positive definite quadratic form depending only on its discriminant and degree and interpreted this result geometrically. This geometric approach reveals the first glimpse of Minkowski’s later work in the geometry of numbers.
Phase equilibria and microstructural control of gamma TiAl based alloys

Phase equilibria among the β (bcc or B2), α (hcp) and γ (L1 0 ) phases in TiAlM ternary systems at elevated temperatures have been studied, where the M is β stabilizing element for pure titanium. The β(B2) + α + γ three-phase coexisting region exists at temperatures above 1473 K, and it moves towards a direction of high aluminum and high M concentrations with increasing temperature. The change in the phase equilibria by the addition M is associated with the α ↔ β allotropic transformation temperature of pure titanium and can be thermodynamically interpreted in terms of the lattice stability ratios of M to Ti. The change in the phase equilibria results in new reaction pathways peculiar to the ternary systems, thereby opening more possibility for microstructure control of the gamma based alloys. The vertical section drawn based on these studies demonstrates that the γ phase can be in equilibrium with the β(B2) phase at relatively low temperatures in the ternary systems and create a reaction pathway of α → β(B2) + γ. Upon cooling along the same pathway of α → γ as in the binary alloy, the addition of third element affects the transformation rate, and the massive γ structure is found to be formed even under slow cooling rate.
Humboldt, Alexander von

Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), German natural scientist who explored the equatorial Americas and laid the foundations of geobotany and meteorology. Humboldt's style of scientific exploration, which was based on precision instrumentation and the measurement of environmental parameters for the discovery of law-like relationships on a worldwide scale, inspired a generation of explorers and scientific travellers. Humboldt scholars from the post-WW II period have referred to this as ‘Humboldtian science’. Ever since the first Humboldt biographies appeared, already during his lifetime, many attempts have been made to make him part of different and at times conflicting causes. Today he is widely recognised for his universalist approach to natural knowledge, his cosmopolitan humanitarianism towards cultures and peoples, and his foundational contributions to ecology and environmentalism. 
 
 
 
 
physical geography; 
journey of exploration; 
meteorology; 
Humboldtian science; 
environmentalism
Annual review of materials science. Volume 17

A review is presented of recent materials science research. Topics covered include: point defects and their interaction; defect chemistry in crystalline solids; deep level impurities in semiconductors; structural aspects of one-dimensional conductors; structural transformations during aging of metal alloys; high rate thick film growth; metal forming, the application of limit analysis; kinetics and mechanisms of gas-metal interactions; erosion; reversible temper embrittlement; acoustic emission in brittle materials; capacitance transient spectroscopy; hot corrosion of high-temperature alloys; fundamental optical phenomena in infrared window materials; dental amalgam; and transparent conducting coatings.