nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prosthetic Pasts: H. P. Lovecraft and the Weird Politics of History

This article reads Lovecraft’s weird fiction in relation to his historically-minded eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century precursors. In Lovecraft’s essay ‘Supernatural Horror in Literature’ (1927) the first text he focuses on at length is Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto (1764), a supernatural tale which, he claims, exerted a virtually unparalleled influence on weird literature. Forming a distorted mirror image of Georg Lukacs’s description of Otranto as a piece of costumery that nonetheless becomes the most famous historical novel of the eighteenth century, Lovecraft’s equivocal praise places Walpole in a tradition of cosmic horror that also includes Clara Reeve, William Godwin, and Walter Scott (Lukacs, The Historical Novel, p. 19) . Yet the relationship between Lovecraft’s fiction and these earlier writers of historical fiction has been more assumed than explored. Aware of history as a malleable and potentially destructive force, these precursors search for an alternative tradition to the ‘divine right’ of kings on which to base the British constitution. In the process, they both interrogate the idea of Anglo-Saxon liberty and exploit the progressive narratives of stadial history. Lovecraft follows their historical experiments in search of liberty, constructing a prosthetic past in an attempt to interpret the American people and their constitution. Despite Lovecraft’s horror of labor unrest and miscegenation, his racist political vision is, as a result, haunted by the radical and progressive potential of these past traditions.
Iterated Definability, Lawless Sequences, and Brouwer’s Continuum

The research on which this article is based was motivated by the wish to find a model of Kreisel’s lawless sequence axioms in which the lawlike and lawless sequences form disjoint, inhabited, well-defined classes within Brouwer’s continuum. The original results, reported as they developed in four papers over a period of ten years from 1986 to 1996, have so far lacked a reader-friendly presentation. Since the question of absolute definability is related to the subject of these Bristol Workshops, I offer here a straightforward exposition of the final model and formal system with axioms for numbers, lawlike sequences, and arbitrary choice sequences. A choice sequence is defined to be lawless if it satisfies an extensional (un)predictability condition from which extensional versions of Kreisel’s axioms of open data and strong continuous choice follow. The law of excluded middle can be assumed for properties of lawlike and independent lawless sequences only, while Brouwer’s continuity principle applies to properties of all choice sequences. Iterating definability, quantifying over numbers and over lawlike and independent lawless sequences, yields a classical model of the lawlike sequences with a natural wellordering. Under the (classically consistent and intuitionistically plausible) assumption that the closure ordinal of the iteration is countable, a realizability interpretation establishes the consistency of a common extension FIRM(≺) of classical analysis R and Kleene’s intuitionistic analysis FIM. Lawlike sequences behave classically, while the lawless sequences form a disjoint, Baire comeager collection of choice sequences, of classical measure zero. Thus Brouwer’s continuum can be understood as a relatively chaotic expansion of a completely determined, well-ordered classical continuum.
Selected writings on anarchism and revolution

The editor of this anthology writes that anarchism in the late nineteenth century "combined within itself the extremes of intellectuals such as as Kropotkin and Tolstoy surrounded by an aura of unimpeachable moral conjuct, together with assassins and bandit-outlaws such as Ravachol and Sazonov. What these widely disparate individuals shared was a common attitude toward society and the state. It was an attitude of profound alienation cutting across all social class lines from urban aristocrat to rural peasant."This anthology contains selected essays and correspondence of Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin, who was, after Bakunin's death in 1876, unquestionably the most widely read and respected theorist of anarchism. The selection is designed to reveal such fundamental conceptions as Kropotkin's interpretation of the role of anarchism in modern history, his criticism of capitalism, his theory of revolution, and his views of the ideals to be realized in the postrevolutionary society of the future. The theoretical writings are supplemented by more concrete articles dealing specifically with conditions in nineteenth-century Russia -- a society confronted by an authentic revolutionary opposition. Kropotkin's analysis of the revolution itself is implicit in the report of his meeting with Lenin and in his letters to the Bolshevik leader. The letters to Nettlau, Steffen, and Brandes present additional concerns which are closely related to the large themes of anarchism and revolution described in the essays.Martin Miller's introduction surveys and analyzes the most significant aspects of Kropotkin's life and thought: Kropotkin's formative years in Russia, 1842-1876, and the origins of his anarchist thinking (military service in eastern Siberia, the influence of the works of Proudhon and Bakunin, his role in the Chaikovskii Circle); his years as an emigre in western Europe, 1976-1917, and the ripening of his politcal thought (editor of Le Rvolt, his views on "propaganda by the deed" and on Marxist socialism); and his last years in the Soviet Union, 1917-1921 (the revolution and civil war, his meeting and correspondence with Lenin).
Effectiveness of two intensive treatment methods for smoking cessation and relapse prevention in patients with coronary heart disease: study protocol and baseline description

BackgroundThere is no more effective intervention for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease than smoking cessation. Yet, evidence about the (cost-)effectiveness of smoking cessation treatment methods for cardiac inpatients that also suit nursing practice is scarce. This protocol describes the design of a study on the (cost-)effectiveness of two intensive smoking cessation interventions for hospitalised cardiac patients as well as first results on the inclusion rates and the characteristics of the study population. experimental study design is used in eight cardiac wards of hospitals throughout the Netherlands to assess the (cost-)effectiveness of two intensive smoking cessation counselling methods both combined with nicotine replacement therapy. Randomization is conducted at the ward level (cross-over). Baseline and follow-up measurements after six and 12 months are obtained. Upon admission to the cardiac ward, nurses assess patients’ smoking behaviour, ensure a quit advice and subsequently refer patients for either telephone counselling or face-to-face counselling. The counselling interventions have a comparable structure and content but differ in provider and delivery method, and in duration. Both counselling interventions are compared with a control group receiving no additional treatment beyond the usual care. Between December 2009 and June 2011, 245 cardiac patients who smoked prior to hospitalisation were included in the usual care group, 223 in the telephone counselling group and 157 in the face-to-face counselling group. Patients are predominantly male and have a mean age of 57 years. Acute coronary syndrome is the most frequently reported admission diagnosis. The ultimate goal of the study is to assess the effects of the interventions on smoking abstinence and their cost-effectiveness. Telephone counselling is expected to be more (cost-)effective in highly motivated patients and patients with high SES, whereas face-to-face counselling is expected to be more (cost-)effective in less motivated patients and patients with low SES.DiscussionThis study examines two intensive smoking cessation interventions for cardiac patients using a multi-centre trial with eight cardiac wards. Although not all eligible patients could be included and the distribution of patients is skewed in the different groups, the results will be able to provide valuable insight into effects and costs of counselling interventions varying in delivery mode and intensity, also concerning subgroups.
Applying Complex Network Theory to Software Structure Analysis

Complex networks have been intensively studied across many fields, especially in Internet technology, biological engineering, and nonlinear science. Software is built up out of many interacting components at various levels of granularity, such as functions, classes, and packages, representing another important class of complex networks. It can also be studied using complex network theory. Over the last decade, many papers on the interdisciplinary research between software engineering and complex networks have been published. It provides a different dimension to our understanding of software and also is very useful for the design and development of software systems. This paper will explore how to use the complex network theory to analyze software structure, and briefly review the main advances in corresponding aspects. Metrics, measurement, complex networks, software.
Late Neogene evolution of the western South Aegean volcanic arc: sedimentary imprint of volcanicity around Milos

The distribution and stratigraphy of volcanic rocks around the island of Milos has been interpreted from seismic reflection profiles. A consistent seismic stratigraphy can be recognised in the major basins, which contain mostly hemipelagic to low-energy gravitative sedimentation interrupted only locally by mass-transport deposits, despite the proximity to volcanic islands. Volcanic rocks have a distinctive rather incoherent acoustic signature and in places overlie stratified marine sediment. Their age is inferred from position relative to the Messinian seismic marker and by correlation with volcanic episodes dated on land. Volcanic rocks underlie an area five times larger than the present outcrops of volcanic rocks on Milos and adjacent islands. The main phase of volcanism was of late Pliocene age. It locally overlies folded lower Pliocene strata. In places the volcanic rocks have been planed off by Quaternary coastal erosion surfaces and have subsequently subsided, at rates of 0.2–0.35 mm/yr. Basin margins appear to have been generally stable, probably as a consequence of the relatively shallow water depths. Volcano flank failure deposits do not appear to be a major component of the sedimentary architecture.
The Political economy of the Latin American motor vehicle industry

The motor vehicle industry has had a dramatic impact on industrialized societies, shaping the structure and productive processes of capitalist economies and defining consumer life styles. The industry's impact on the Third World has been no less significant. The contributions in this book provide a unique view of its emergence and growth in a number of different national settings in an area of the Third World where the industry is most advanced. They explore what occurs when the world's leading consumer durable is produced and sold in a context of dependency and underdevelopment.Chapters by Kenneth S. Mericle, Rhys Jenkins, and Rich Kronish examine the political economy of the motor vehicle industry as it has evolved in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, stressing the importance of the structural problems it has encountered. Chapters by John Humphrey, Judith Evans, Paul Heath Hoeffel and Daniel James, and by Ian Roxborough focus on the role and impact of labor in the same three countries. Chapters by Douglas Bennett and Kenneth Sharpe, and Michael Fleet (on the industry in Colombia) discuss the bargaining process between the transnational vehicle corporations and the Latin American governments. A concluding chapter by the editors summarizes the study and offers a history of the industry in the three principal countries from 1900 to 1980.
Halford Mackinder and the ‘geographical pivot of history’: a centennial retrospective

n June 2004, the Yale historian Paul Kennedy wrote an article for the British daily The Guardian entitled 'the pivot of history' (Kennedy 2004). Despite the omission of the word 'geographical', it was readily apparent that the opinion-piece was referring to Halford J. Mackinder's 'The geographical pivot of history' presented to the Royal Geographical Society on 25 January 1904 and published in the Geographical journal three months later. Why would readers of a centre-left British newspaper be interested in a long dead conservative and arch-imperialist and a paper delivered 100 years ago? Kennedy proposed that the value of Mackinder's paper was several fold it not only pointed to the significance of distance/terrain/climate in shaping the conduct of international relations, but it also enjoyed a predictive value and designated the direction of world history against the backdrop of what Mackinder (1904, 421) termed 'the end of a great historic epoch'. But Kennedy was also pointing to Mackinder's contemporary geopolitical resonances:
Structure and Advice: The Case of Kenya

THE RECENT INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT in Africa has caught economic development theory largely unprepared. Current studies still tend to focus on the problems of the European colonists' export economy with its existing statistical apparatus, leaving native life and labor largely to the special studies of the anthropologist, focused on tribalism. The nature of the dual economic structure in which the African population actually finds itself and the characteristics of the African's striving for better opportunity remain largely virgin territory.l Such neglect tends, of course, to reinforce pre-existing suppositions concerning development potentials and the means of realizing them. Two recent studies of Kenya illustrate the problem I have in mind. One, the World Bank Mission Report, The Economic Development of Kenya, 1963, in spite of much interesting material, represents pretty much the conventional development approach, differing not widely from that of the outgoing British administration which it sets out to  The other, a brief doctoral dissertation by Marion W. Forrester, Kenya Today: Social Prerequisites for Economic Development (Mouton, The Hague, 1962), gives the results of a three-year field study of African savings and spending. To the best of my knowledge, in spite of some confusions in presentation, this study's focus on capital formation among African wage earners, taken in conjunction with their families at home, is unique.3 However, neither work gives an all-round setting for the strange structure, portions of which it sets out to examine. At the risk of some inaccuracy, the main facts of this structure may be summarized as follows. Kenya was inhabited on the eve of independence by some 8.6 million people, 60-odd thousand of them until recently European, primarily British, 200 thousand Asian (chiefly Indian), and 8.5
On interval fuzzy negations

There exist infinitely many ways to extend the classical propositional connectives to the set [0,1], preserving their behaviors in the extremes 0 and 1 exactly as in the classical logic. However, it is a consensus that this issue is not sufficient, and, therefore, these extensions must also preserve some minimal logical properties of the classical connectives. The notions of t-norms, t-conorms, fuzzy negations and fuzzy implications taking these considerations into account. In previous works, the author, joint with other colleagues, generalizes these notions to the set U={[a,b]|[email protected][email protected][email protected]?1}, providing canonical constructions to obtain, for example, interval t-norms that are the best interval representations of t-norms. In this paper, we consider the notion of interval fuzzy negation and generalize, in a natural way, several notions related with fuzzy negations, such as the ones of equilibrium point and negation-preserving automorphism. We show that the main properties of these notions are preserved in those generalizations.
Shoven and Whalley on Fisher's Comsumption Tax

Irving Fisher wrote a significant number of papers towards the end of his career on the design of the U.S. tax system. These writings culminated in a book that he wrote with his brother Herbert in 1942. Fisher thought that the double taxation of saving under an income tax was extremely harmful to the economy and he therefore proposed a "spendings" tax or what he referred to as a "real income" tax. Even though he disliked the terminology, he advocated what today would be referred to as a progressive consumption tax. Fisher's analysis was both theoretical and practical. His 1942 book contained a proposed tax return that implemented his ideas. His analysis is surprisingly modern and relevant today. This paper presents the Fisher proposal and examines the current U.S. tax system in light of his tax views. We argue that Fisher would find that the U.S. tax system lacks intellectual coherence, is economically inefficient, and unnecessarily complex.
Parallel Loop Self-Scheduling for Heterogeneous Cluster Systems with Multi-core Computers

Multicore computers have been widely included in cluster systems. They are shared memory architecture. However, previous research on parallel loop self-scheduling did not consider the feature of multicore computers. It is more suitable for shared-memory multiprocessors to adopt OpenMP for parallel programming. Therefore, in this paper, we propose to adopt hybrid programming model MPI+OpenMP to design loop self-scheduling schemes for cluster systems with multicore computers. Initially, each computer runs only one MPI process no matter how many cores it has. A MPI process will fork OpenMP threads depending on the number of cores in the computer. Each idle slave MPI-process will request tasks from the master process. The tasks dispatched to a process will be executed in parallel by OpenMP threads. According to the experimental results, our method outperforms the previous work by 18.66% or 29.76% depending on the problem size. Moreover, the performance improvement is very stable no matter our method is based on which traditional scheme.
‘Leapfrogging’: a Survey of the Nature and Economic Implications of Mobile Money

Mobile money is a recent financial innovation giving financial transaction services via a mobile phone, including to the unbanked global poor. Mobile money technology has spread rapidly in the developing world, “leapfrogging” the provision of formal banking services by solving the problems of weak institutional infrastructure and the cost structure of conventional banking. This survey examines the evolution of mobile money, its important role in widening financial inclusion, and the impact of regulation on the development of mobile money systems. It explores the channels of economic influence of mobile money from both a micro and a macro perspective, and presents the first critical survey of the current state of micro and macro empirical literature on the economic impact of mobile money.
Global Market Cultures and the Construction of Modernity in Southeast Asia

Belief in the benevolence of free markets has become a fundamental credo of professional experts, economists, business people and politicians. We regard this discourse as part of a new culture of markets, which has also taken root in Southeast Asia. Expanding markets and using high-tech devices of communication are interpreted as cultural systems that are used in the construction of modernity. An `unbridled romanticism of productivity' (Baudrillard) and a `romance of capitalism' are the meta-narratives underlying the culture of markets. This theme is followed up on two empirical levels. The development policy of three Southeast Asian governments, namely Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia, is briefly characterized as market corporatism, market socialism and high-tech developmentalism. We then focus on the emergence of the new middle classes, their actual and symbolic consumption and their lifestyles. Finally the decline of real markets, the creation of virtual markets and the state of postmodernity in Southea...
Curzon and British imperialism in the Middle East, 1916-19

Choice-"A highly accomplished study that interweaves political and mentalite history, meticulously supported by hundreds of endnotes." Contemporary Review-"For many years Cass has had a reputation as a publisher of scholarly books on the Middle East, and this latest volume is no exception... One of the most balanced views of Curzon"s role and one of the best insights into the formation of British policy regarding the Middle East." Contemporary British History "This specialised but readable work on British imperialism stands out for its comprehensive coverage of the relevant British state documents and private papers." Fisher has suceeded in portraying the chaos, bickering, and lack of co-ordination that characterized aspects of British wartime decision-making on Middle East affairs. His extensive and often discursive endnotes will have to be taken into consideration by any future scholar intending to examine the British perspective on the crucial years in this book." The Historian "Doyle"s book will provide undergraduate students with a clear, concise understanding of Jansenism, its evolution, and its contributions to the emergence of modern Europe
THE EFFECTIVE CONTRIBUTION OF SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A significant revolution with computers' usage in civil engineering business and construction process has been presented. Computers reduce all the extensive work specifically through the introduction of programs and software. Lately, software development has effectively contributed in various civil engineering disciplines, as it provides engineers with the ability to perform variety of complex calculations, modeling, drafting, designing practice and several analysis processes for civil engineering infrastructure. Many commercial companies that provide users with thousands of software are available today in the markets. However, the recent requirement is to select the suitable software that can perform multi engineering tasks efficiently and satisfy more specific users' demands. In this regard, this paper presents lists of common software that is used in civil engineering field with their contributions in civil engineering applications.
Broken U(1) gauge symmetry and excitations in Bose liquids

We derive the low-energy effective field theory at finite temperature of Bose condensed liquids (e.g., superfluid 4He) directly from the breakdown of the global gauge symmetry U(1). The theory can immediately yield the Landau quantum hydrodynamics. The Bogoliubov type spectrum of low-energy collective excitations is given in the zeroth order of this theory and the momentum and temperature dependences of the damping of excitations are obtained by simple power counting. The well-known Hugenholtz-Pines theorem is understood in terms of the nonrelativistic Goldstone theorem.