nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interpreting Functions as Pi-Calculus Processes: A Tutorial

This paper is concerned with the relationship between-calculus and-calculus. The-calculus talks about functions and their applicative behaviour. This contrasts with the-calculus, that talks about processes and their interactive behaviour. Application is a special form of interaction , and therefore functions can be seen as a special form of processes. We study how the functions of the-calculus (the computable functions) can be represented as-calculus processes. The-calculus semantics of a language induces a notion of equality on the terms of that language. We therefore also analyse the equality among functions that is induced by their representation as-calculus processes.  It however contains some original contributions. The main ones are: the use of well-known Continuation Passing Style transforms to derive the encodings into-calculus and prove their correctness; the encoding of typed-calculi.  This is a draft of a chapter of a book that I am writing with David Walker. In the hope of making the paper self-contained, I have added appendices with background material on-calculus.
Solution properties and micellization behavior of binary mixtures of sodium salts of N-tetradeconyl alanine and N-tetradeconyl phenylalanine surfactants

Two amino acid based surfactants, N -tetradecanoyl alanine and N -tetradecanoyl phenylalanine, are studied vis-a-vis their solution behavior and micellar selfassembly. The observations are correlated to their structural features and the pH of the system. Pseudobinary mixed surfactant system model is used to understand the complex surface tension profile of the surfactants. In mixed systems, surface properties and the micellization parameters and the micellar growth has been found to depend upon the composition of the surfactant mixture which has been explained on the basis of the occurrence of non-covalent π-π and NH-π interactions between the component surfactant molecules.
Working with Fred on action at a distance

This paper reviews the work the author carried out with Fred Hoyle on the development of electrodynamics and gravitation as direct particle theories. In this account the author reviews how the work was started, and went through stages of increasing sophistication, e.g., extending the Wheeler-Feynman electrodynamics to curved spacetime, its consequences in different cosmologies, and the issues arising from its quantization. The resolution of ultraviolet divergences in quantum electrodynamics is also briefly discussed. The parallel development of a Machian theory of gravitation followed the lead from electrodynamics. In both theories one sees a strong link between the large scale structure of the universe and local physics, as might be expected from an action-at-a-distance framework. It is recalled why Fred considered this an important aspect of a physical theory.
Education in Developing Countries

The discipline of "economics of education," presently growing so rapidly on the bases of pedagogy and economics, has been supplemented by yet another interesting work. This monograph by G. E. Skorov, based on his doctoral dissertation, is the largest of our published works dedicated to the economics of education in the Third World (G. E. Skorov, The Developing Countries: Education, Employment, Economic Growth, Moscow, "Nauka" Publishing House, 1971). It summarizes everything that has been done in this field up to the present and mentions some of the basic directions for future research. The entire set of economic-pedagogical problems of the developing countries is brought under analysis here. The titles of the chapters indicate the contents of the book: "Education and Economic Development," "The Contemporary Condition and Trends in the Development of Education," "Methods and Practices in the Planning of Education," "Questions of the Cost and Financing of Education," "Problems of the Employment of Labor Re...
Nonlinear stability of Newtonian galaxies and stars from a mathematical perspective.

The stability of equilibrium configurations of galaxies or stars are time honored problems in astrophysics. We present mathematical results on these problems that have recently been obtained by Yan Guo and the author in the context of the Vlasov-Poisson and the Euler-Poisson models. Based on a careful analysis of the minimization properties of conserved quantities--the total energy and so called Casimir functionals--nonlinear stability results are obtained for a wide class of equilibria.
Raising the returns to venture finance

Most new ventures fail and do not make a positivereturn, which makes it difficult for would-be entrepreneurs to obtainfinancing. This paper proposes a method whereby investors can increase returnson their portfolios, thus increasing the availability of venture capital toentrepreneurs. The central idea is that the venture investor can take advantage ofpotentially valuable asymmetric information about the firms in which they haveinvested to make third-party investments correlated to their initialinvestments. The process outlined assumes new businesses that could disrupt competitorsin established markets and so reduce the value of established firms. Shortlybefore the innovator firm disrupts the markets of the established firms, theventure financier purchases put options (or similar derivatives) on the stockof these rival firms. When the innovative, disrupting firm announces its newproduct or process, or sufficient market penetration has occurred, the reducedfuture profits of the established firms are apparent and the rival's stock willfall. The investor can exercise the options or cash in the derivatives at aprofit. Also considered are the ethical questions of the proposed method, regulatoryand institutional issues, transaction costs, impact of stock-price volatility,and issues of timing. Also shown is that relying on active capital markets canprovide a mechanism for improving financing of new ventures.
The failure of the new macroeconomic consensus: from non-ergodicity to the efficient markets hypothesis and back again

The subprime crisis raised some fundamental questions about the usefulness of mainstream economics. This paper considers the shortcomings of the new neoclassical synthesis and the new macroeconomic consensus in analysing the causes and consequences of the crisis. It demonstrates that the major problem was the assumption that the future could be modelled in terms of Knightian risk (as in the rational expectations and efficient markets hypotheses). It is shown that the near collapse of the banking system in the advanced countries was due to a rapid increase in uncertainty. Suggestions are made for the future development of financial macroeconomics using the insights from behavioural economics.
Art in the public interest

A collection of essays on the relationship between art and the public. The concept of public art has expanded to include street art, guerrilla theatre, video art, performance art, and protest actions, as well as politically provocative sculpture and painting. Certain issues have arisen with this expansion: First Amendment rights; questions of public taste and morality; the concept of artists as agents of social change; the role of commerce and technology in art; and the appropriateness of funding of artistic expression by public institutions. Among the works discussed are: Greenpeace's guerrilla theatre; the Names Project's AIDS quilt; Tim Rollins +K.O.S's work in the Bronx; Richard Serra's "Tilted Arc"; and David Nelson's portrait of Harold Washington. This work aims to establish the groundwork necessary to address the critical interaction between art, social conscience and public policy.
Low Temperature Sintering of Silicon Carbide through a Liquid Polymer Precursor

There exists a need for a more developed and advanced cladding material for operational nuclear reactors. The current cladding, a Zirconium-alloy, is quickly approaching the pinnacle of its ability to handle the increasing fuel load demands. Also, as evidenced by the incident at Fukushima, it reacted violently with water steam at high temperatures, which created hydrogen gas and lead to subsequent explosions. Therefore, the material leading the investigation to replace the alloy is silicon carbide. Silicon carbide has been processed and manufactured through several techniques; however, this study focuses on the development of silicon carbide through the use of the polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) technique. This technique utilizes a polymer precursor, AHPCS, in accordance with low temperature sintering to enhance the density of silicon carbide. This procedure is environmentally friendly and makes use of low temperature and pressure processing parameters. The density achieved through this study was found to be 95 percent of fully dense silicon carbide. In an effort to enhance sintering and further increase density, nickel nanoparticles were added to the polymer precursor in two different proportions, 5 and 10 weight percent. The obtained densities were 96 and 97 percent, respectively. Hardness values were also obtained for the pure silicon carbide sample, 5 and 10 weight percent nickel samples. They were 2600, 2700 and 2730 HV, respectively. In addition to the recorded densities and hardness values, scanning electron and optical microscopy images were also utilized to properly characterize the samples. From the images obtained through these instruments, it is seen that the samples appear quite dense with minimal open pores. Lastly, x-ray diffraction patterns were recorded to appropriately characterize the phase of each sample and assess any additional product formation with the addition of the nickel nanoparticles. It is apparent that the pure silicon carbide samples are crystalline in phase from the XRD examination. As for the nickel added samples, there appears to be a formation of nickel carbide. The obtained results are a promising outlook on the advancement of silicon carbide as a potential cladding material for operational nuclear reactors.
Integrating Factors for Second-order ODEs

A systematic algorithm for building integrating factors of the form mu(x,y), mu(x,y') or mu(y,y') for second order ODEs is presented. The algorithm can determine the existence and explicit form of the integrating factors themselves without solving any differential equations, except for a linear ODE in one subcase of the mu(x,y) problem. Examples of ODEs not having point symmetries are shown to be solvable using this algorithm. The scheme was implemented in Maple, in the framework of the "ODEtools" package and its ODE-solver. A comparison between this implementation and other computer algebra ODE-solvers in tackling non-linear examples from Kamke's book is shown.
Einstein on mass and energy

This paper explores the evolution of Einstein’s understanding of mass and energy. Early on, Einstein embraced the idea of a speed-dependent mass but changed his mind in 1906 and thereafter carefully avoided that notion entirely. He shunned, and explicitly rejected, what later came to be known as “relativistic mass.” Nonetheless many textbooks and articles credit him with the relation E=mc2, where E is the total energy, m is the relativistic mass, and c is the vacuum speed of light. Einstein never derived this relation, at least not with that understanding of the meaning of its terms. He consistently related the “rest energy” of a system to its invariant inertial mass.
Incremental Semantics Driven Natural Language Generation with Self-Repairing Capability

This paper presents the on-going development of a model of incremental semantics driven natural language generation (NLG) for incremental dialogue systems. The approach is novel in its tight integration of incremental goal-driven semantics and syntactic construction, utilizing Type Theory with Records (TTR) record types for goal concepts as its input and the grammar formalism Dynamic Syntax (DS) for a wordby-word tactical generation procedure. The characterization of generation in terms of semantic input and word output graphs allows an integration into the incremental dialogue system Jindigo and facilitates the generation of human-like self-repairs in a semantically and syntactically motivated way.
Industry 4.0 and the futur revolution for human-centered industry

The development of new technologies namely in the microelectronic and the communication domains drives a new industrial revolution. As every revolution, industry 4.0 will change our way of working and bring new opportunities and challenges. This paper presents the new technologies and human-centred applications related to industry 4.0. and concludes on what it will bring to humans and societies. Human-centered industrial technology; additive manufacturing; Augmented reality; industry 4.0; Robotic.
Abstract Models of Dialogue Concepts

We introduce formal, abstract models for specifying modern dialogue concepts offered by dialogue interfaces. The dialogue concepts considered in this paper are menus, forms, and windows. Using these abstract models a totally formal definition of man-machine interactions and screen layouts is achieved. Thus the semantics of user actions can be formalized. The specification method we are using is the Vienna Development Method. Examples are taken from the Application Development and Support System ADS which offers dialogue functions for generating and using application systems.
The Character of Xenophon's HellenicaXenophon's Imperial Fiction: On the Education of Cyrus

"If you inquire into the origins of the novel long enough," writes James Tatum in the preface to this work, ." . . you will come to the fourth century before our era and Xenophon's Education of Cyrus, or the Cyropaedia." The Cyrus in question is Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian empire celebrated in the Book of Ezra as the liberator of Israel, and the Cyropaedia, written to instruct future rulers by his example, became not only an inspiration to poets and novelists but a profoundly influential political work. With Alexander as its earliest student, and Elizabeth I of England one of its later pupils, it was the founding text for the tradition of "mirrors for princes" in the West, including Machiavelli's Prince. Xenophon's masterpiece has been overlooked in recent years: Tatum's goal is to make it fully meaningful for the twentieth-century reader.To accomplish this aim, he uses reception study, philological and historical criticism, and an intertextual and structural analysis of the narrative. Engaging the fictional and the political in a single reading, he explains how the form of the work allowed Xenophon to transcend the limitations of historical writing, although in the end the historian's passion for truth forced him to subvert the work in a controversial epilogue.Originally published in 1989.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Mathematical Relativism: logic, grammar, and arithmetic in cultural comparison

Cultural relativism is supposed to be a bold and provocative thesis. In this paper we challenge the idea that it is an empirical thesis, i.e., one that is supported through anthropological and historical examples. We focus on mathematical relativism, the view that a mathematics from another culture or time might be so radically divergent from our mathematics that "theirs" would stand in direct conflict with "ours" (and in that sense constitute an alternative mathematics). We question in what sense the examples given to support the general thesis are relativistic about mathematics and argue that on close inspection they are not, and certainly not in any radical sense. We do not contest the fact that there can be great mathematical diversity between cultures, but wonder whether it makes sense to talk of "the same" mathematical forms in heterogeneous mathematical environments. Finally, while relativists see the later Wittgenstein as providing support for their own thesis, we claim that Wittgenstein argues against both realism and relativism.
Effect of thickness on optical properties of thermally evaporated SnS films

The effect of film thickness on the structure and optical properties of thermally evaporated SnS film has been studied. SnS films with different thicknesses in the range 152–585 nm were deposited onto clean glass substrates at room temperature. X-ray diffraction study revealed that SnS films of thickness ≥ 283 nm are crystalline, whereas films of lower thickness exhibit poor crystalline with more amorphous background. The crystalline nature of the lower film thickness has been confirmed using transmission electron microscope and the corresponding electron diffraction pattern. The thicker film samples showed nearly stoichiometric chemical composition; however, thinner samples are deficient in S and rich in Sn. The optical property of the deposited films has been investigated in the wavelength range 350–2500 nm. The refractive index increases notably with increasing film thickness. The refractive index for the investigated film thicknesses are adequately described by the effective-single-oscillator model. The static refractive index and the static dielectric constant have been calculated. Analysis of the optical absorption coefficient revealed the presence of direct optical transition and the corresponding band gap values were found to decrease as the film thickness increases.
Negative-ion element impurities breakdown model

Negative-ion element impurities breakdown model of HfO 2 optical thin film is reported. We believe the main impurity element in thin film comes from t he coating material. The weak absorption and laser induced damage threshold (LID T) of HfO 2 thin film are measured to testify the negative-ion element impurities breakdown model. These results indicate that the LIDT would decrease and the absorption of the films would increase with the increase of the content of negative-ion element. The main reason is the negative-ion elements become th e center of volatile gas source and form defects, which in turn become the cente r of absorption during laser irradiation. So negative-ion elements are harmful i mpurities, their existence will speed up the damage of the thin film.
Reconstructing Fourier's law from disorder in quantum wires

The theory of open quantum systems is used to study the local temperature and heat currents in metallic nanowires connected to leads at different temperatures. We show that for ballistic wires the local temperature is almost uniform along the wire and Fourier's law is invalid. By gradually increasing disorder, a uniform temperature gradient ensues inside the wire and the thermal current linearly relates to this local temperature gradient, in agreement with Fourier's law. Finally, we demonstrate that while disorder is responsible for the onset of Fourier's law, the non-equilibrium energy distribution function is determined solely by the heat baths.
Ciencia y éthos . Una ética para el futuro (a propósito de la Diskursethik de Jürgen Habermas)/ Science and Éthos . An ethics turned to the future (about the Diskursethik of Jürgen Habermas)

Se analiza la etica del discurso de Habermas para considerar dentro de la reflexion etica el cambio que la ciencia y la tecnologia generan en la sociedad. La Diskursethik no considera la historicidad del ser humano y mantiene la posicion kantiana que separa lo racional de lo fenomenico. Ante la negacion para conceder un valor a la ciencia que no sea su sometimiento a los dictados de la razon teorica, se presentan los rasgos fundamentales de una etica dinamica que contemple el futuro de la humanidad y la naturaleza como su terreno propio.  The Diskursethik of Jurgen Habermas is analysed in order to consider, in the field of Ethical reflection, the change that Science and Technology drive into Society. It is pointed out that Diskursethik does not take into account the historicity of human being and suscribes a kantian position that separate rationality from phenomenology. Facing Habermas´s denial to recognize a value to science different from its submission to dictum of theoretical reason, this paper offers the main features of a dynamical ethics which sees the future of humanity and nature as its own object.
Enhancement of dielectric constant in polymer-ceramic nanocomposite for flexible electronics and energy storage applications

The polymer nanocomposites have potential applications in flexible electronics due to its interesting dielectric properties. Hence, flexible nanocomposite films of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer and barium hexaferrite (BHF) nanoparticles with high dielectric constant were prepared by the solution cast method. The dielectric behavior of the materials has been understood by employing the impedance spectroscopy technique. The co-existence of α and β phases of PVDF has been observed from the XRD (X-ray Diffractometer) and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis. The ratio of α and β phases of PVDF has a great influence on dielectric, ferroelectric and energy storage density of PVDF-BHF nanocomposites and, it depends upon the concentration of BHF in the nanocomposites. FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) micrographs reveal that the microstructure of the composite depends upon the concentration of BHF in the PVDF matrix. Dielectric properties of nanocomposite highly depends on microstructure of the PVDF-BHF nanocomposite. This observation has been well explained by considering the BLCs (Barrier Layer capacitances) model. Interestingly, the dielectric constant has been enhanced eighteen (18) times at 1 KHz to that of dielectric constant of PVDF. The dielectric constant increases due to the electrostatics and interfacial interaction between the local electric field of the BHF nanoparticle and CH2/CF2 dipole of PVDF chain. The present study opens a new window for the possible use of PVDF-BHF nanocomposite in dielectric and energy storage device applications.
A Simple Formalization of Actions Using Circumscription

We present a simple circumscriptive method for formalizing actions with indirect effects (ramifications), and show that, in several examples, all second-order quantifiers can be eliminated from these formalizations using existing techniques for computing circumscriptions. One of the two symbolic computation methods employed here is a generalization of predicate completion and the other is based on the SCAN algorithm. The simplicity of our new approach to representing actions is due to the use of the formalism of nested abnormality theories.
Completeness and Cut-elimination in the Intuitionistic Theory of Types

In this paper we define a model theory and give a semantic proof of cut-elimination for ICTT, an intuitionistic formulation of Church's theory of types defined by Miller et al. and the basis for the λProlog programming language. Our approach, extending techniques of Takahashi and Andrews and tableaux machinery of Fitting, Smullyan, Nerode and Shore, is to prove a completeness theorem for the cut-free fragment and show semantically that cut is a derived rule. This allows us to generalize a result of Takahashi and Schutte on extending partial truth valuations in impredicative systems. We extend Andrews' notion of Hintikka sets to intuitionistic higher-order logic in a way that also defines tableau-provability for intuitionistic type theory. In addition to giving a completeness theorem without using cut we then show, using cut, how to establish completeness of more conventional term models. These models give a declarative semantics for the logic underlying the λProlog programming language.