nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon suboxide, a highly reactive intermediate from the abiotic degradation of aromatic compounds in soil.

The formation of volatile compounds during abiotic degradation processes of aromatic compounds in soil has been the subject of many experimental studies but should be examined further. In this context, the present work investigates the natural formation of carbon suboxide using the model compounds catechol and 3,5-dichlorocatechol and also a soil sample from a peat bog. The measurements were performed with a purge and trap GC/ MS system following various optimization steps. Under certain conditions, we obtained 16.7 ng of carbon suboxide from a 250 mg soil sample. We also found that the formation of carbon suboxide requires a definite activation energy and that it is rather short-lived in the natural environment. A subsequent reaction to malonic acid is expected in the presence of water. It is shown that iron-(III), hydrogen peroxide, and chloride are prerequisites for its formation. Experimental parameters for the highest yield of carbon suboxide depend on the precise molecular structure of the model compound or on the individual soil sample, respectively. The presented results point to a new degradation process for aromatic compounds in soil.
Twenty Years of Revolutionary-Democratic Ethiopia

[This paper introduces] a special issue of the Journal of Eastern African Studies devoted to a review of Ethiopia's 20 years of "revolutionary democracy". The collection brings together 11 articles exploring differing aspects of Ethiopia's political experience since 1991. This introduction begins with a short summary of these 11 papers, but then moves to a substantive review of Ethiopia's political history over the past two decades, featuring consideration of the extent of transformation and continuity under the ruling Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), the importance of economic issues in defining government policies, and the significance of development and relations with donors.
The Paradoxes of Education in Rorty's Liberal Utopia

Richard Rorty is a bundle of seeming contradictions. An anti-philosophical philosopher, a profound thinker against systematic theorizing, he signs a death certificate and writes an obituary for professionalized, academic philosophy. Writing breezy but often technical philosophical texts, he endeavors to demonstrate the irrelevance and marginality of his own breed, claiming that philosophers have little importance and a limited function in our present society. Yet despite his insistence upon the irrelevance of philosophy to democratic politics, he nevertheless points us toward and describes in great detail a political utopia, his philosophically informed vision of how Western democracies might look if they adopted his vocabulary and anti-metaphysical, anti-epistemological Weltanschauung. Similarly, while insisting that, as a philosopher, he has very little to say about education, and doubting, moreover, whether philosophy in general has anything important to say about education, he pointedly describes and endorses a system of education that would fit his liberal utopia and mesh with his philosophical musings. Paradoxically, while proclaiming the irrelevance of philosophy to education, Rorty’s philosophical work, coupled with several of his more popular essays, outlines a distinct philosophy of education.
Impact of a multimedia intervention "Skinsafe" on patients' knowledge and protective behaviors.

Rates of malignant melanoma are rising, with those people with sun-sensitive skin most at risk. Health education interventions are needed to help people protect themselves by detecting early signs of melanoma and by protecting their skin from sunburn. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an interactive multimedia intervention "Skinsafe" on patients' knowledge about melanoma and on their skin protective behaviors.



In this cluster-randomized, controlled trial conducted in Nottinghamshire, UK, doctors and nurses in 5 family practices prescribed Skinsafe to patients with higher risk skin characteristics. Measures of melanoma knowledge, perceived risk of melanoma and reported skin protective behaviors were obtained at baseline and at 6-month follow-up from 259 patients receiving the intervention and 330 patients with higher risk skin characteristics in 5 matched control practices.



Participants had low levels of melanoma knowledge at baseline. At follow-up, the intervention group had higher knowledge scores than control (3.71 vs. 3.03, P < or = 0.001), reported more protective skin behaviors (5.36 vs. 5.06, P = 0.007) and were more likely to report mole checking (odds ratio 1.67, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.70, P = 0.035). The Skinsafe intervention was evaluated positively by patients and could be used to support melanoma health education within clinical settings.
Geology Along the Line from Yecheng to Shiquanhe and Tectonic Evolution of the Region Involved1

The geotraverse from Yecheng to Shiquanhe, on the western Qinghai – Tibet Plateau, totalling 1056 km in length, passes the western Kunlun Mountains and the eastern end of the Karakorum Mountains. The Chinese and French scientists made a joint investigation along the line from July to August, 1989. Based on the outcropped ophiolites, palaeontology, sedimentary facies, magmatism, tectonic deformation and metamorphism, the region involved may be divided from north to south into five terranes and four ophiolitic suture zones. The ages of these terranes have a tendency to become increasingly younger from north to south.
Analyzing the Impact of Organizational Constraints on Performance of E-Business: A Research Perspective

E-business has changed the face of most business functions in competitive enterprises. This study examined e-business initiatives in China, the largest developing country in the world, and investigated the impact of two organizational constraints, human resource constraints and organizational infrastructure constraints on the performance of e-business. Data were collected and measured. Survey results showed that 45.8% firms have adopted e-business; of these, two-third had a formal plan and/or task force for e-business deployment. The organizational constraints influence the performance of the e-business. Firms with high level of human resources and infrastructure constraints will outperform firms with low level.
The Network Origins of Economic Growth

In this paper, we propose a new approach to represent a country's outward orientation. Prior work mostly uses indicators of aggregate trade intensity, trade policy or trade restrictiveness. Our approach offers a broader perspective as it measures a country's level of integration not only by its set of direct trade connections with the rest of the world but also through the full architecture of its second, third, and all other higher-order connections. We apply our methodology to a sample of 167 countries spanning the period from 1962 to 2009 and perform a Bayesian modelaveraging analysis on the determinants of growth. We find a prominent positive effect of integration on a country's level of per capita income, while the aforementioned traditional measures of outward orientation display only a secondary, largely insignificant, weight. This, we argue, highlights the network basis of economic growth and adds a novel perspective to the notion of economic openness. We also perform several sensitivity checks and conclude that our baseline findings are extremely robust to different data input and alternative assumptions about the computation of country integration.
Synthesis and reactivity of bare and ligated small metal complexes

We describe the development of a new laser ablation nanocluster source which couples laser vaporization with electrospray ionization. With it we are able to produce many new species of metal clusters and study them with mass spectrometry, as well as investigate their reactivity in the gas phase. Stoichiometries of new species are investigated as a function of electrospray plume composition. We find that the presence of thiol ligands in the electrospray inhibits the oxidation of metal clusters in the atmosphere. Additionally, the stability and fragmentation patterns of bare metal clusters and their oxides, are investigated, with emphasis on differences and similarities between gold and silver, both for anions and cations. Fragmentation patterns of ligated complexes of the copper-group metals are studied as well and compared to the wet chemistry synthesis. By additional modification of the experimental setup, we are able to study gas phase reactivity of copper and nickel group metals with CO and NO. Simple adsorption of CO to metal clusters is observed, as well as some chemical reactions. The M2+ and M2H+ (M=Ag, Au, Pd, Pt) complexes are examined in detail in terms of reactivity and the role of hydrogen in stabilization of the complex
Economics, equity and sustainable development

As a fashionable catchword, ‘sustainable development’ has provoked a large but nebulous literature. In the interests of communication and relevance it is necessary to narrow down the various definitions that have been given and show how a revised conception of sustainable development can be integrated into practical decisionmaking. This article suggests one approach. Sustainable development is categorized by economic change subject to ‘constancy of the natural capital stock’—the stock of environmental assets is held constant while the economy is allowed whatever social goals are deemed appropriate. Such a rule, which has its own difficulties, accommodates the main concerns of the advocates of sustainability—equity between generations, equity within a generation, economic resilience to external shocks, and uncertainty about the functions and values of natural environments in social systems. It may also accommodate some of the concerns of the ‘deep ecology’ movement by respecting rights in nature.
Hydration effects and surface conductivity of corona charged and gamma-irradiated insulating polymers and ceramics

The surface conductivity of aluminum oxide within the range of 0-80% RH (relative humidity) appears to be significantly higher than those of polyethylene and polyetherether ketone. Even at the highest hydration level (80% RH) the surface conductivity of the ceramic has been observed to be an order of magnitude less than that of bulk water. The decay behavior of corona-deposited surface charges on the ceramic and the polymers shows that the charge injection is not the dominant mechanism. An electronic conduction model provides a good agreement with the observed result of the surface current in hydrated polyethylene.<<ETX>>
Domains for computation in mathematics, physics and exact real arithmetic

Wepresent asurvey of therecent applications ofcontinuous domains forpro- viding simple computational models for classical spaces in mathematics including the real line, countably based locally compact spaces, complete separablemetric spaces, separable Banachspacesandspacesofprobability distributions. Itisshownhowthesemodelshavea logicalandeectivepresentationandhowtheyareusedtogivea computationalframeworkin severalareasinmathematicsandphysics. Theseincludefractalgeometry, wherenewresults on existence and uniqueness of attractors and invariant distributions have been obtained, measureandintegrationtheory,whereageneralizationoftheRiemanntheoryofintegration has been developed, and real arithmetic, where a feasible setting for exact computer arith- metichasbeenformulated. Wegiveanumberofalgorithmsforcomputationinthetheoryof iteratedfunctionsystemswithapplicationsinstatisticalphysicsandinperioddoublingroute tochaos;wealsoshowhowecientalgor ithmshavebeenobtainedfo rcomputingelementary functionsinexactrealarithmetic.
Management of stroke: a clinical approach.

Stroke is defined as repidly developing symptoms or signs of loss of cerebral function with no apparent cause other than vascular origin. The issues to be addressed when making diagnosis of stroke are : (1) is it a stroke? (2) What pathological type of stroke? (3) Where is the lesion? (4) What caused it? Differential diagnosis of stroke is chronic subdural haematoma, brain tumour, hypoglycaemic, metabolic encephalopathies, postictal neurological deficit and functional. CT or MRI is important investigation while dealing with a stroke patient. In treating acute stroke one has to go through the objectives eg, optimising the patient's chance of survival, minimising the risk and degree of disability and preventing recurrence. One has to think of genera care required in management of stroke. Control of blood pressure and blood sugar is important. Specific treatment includes aspirin, t-PA, low molecular weight heparin, calcium antagonists though some reservation persists over efficacy. Psychological support, cognitive impairment, motor and sensory impairment are to be addressed. Functional rehabilitation interventions, log-term management and secondary prevention are to be cared for.
Choosing to Migrate or Migrating to Choose: Migration and Labor Choice in Albania

While sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction, and the management of migration flows are among the most pressing items on the policy agenda in Albania, very little systematic analysis exists of the income generating strategies of Albanian households within the emerging market economy, and how this relates to income dynamics, people’s mobility and poverty. Results show that agricultural, migration and human capital assets have a differential impact across livelihood choices, and that this impact varies by gender and age. Two areas of policy concern derive from this analysis. First, migration is clearly crucial for the economic future of Albania, both in terms of financing economic development, serving as an informal safety net, and in reducing excess labour supply and poverty. The suggestion of a potential disincentive effect on labour effort and participation is however worrying, as it would have implications in terms of missed opportunities for development. Second, agriculture appears to be more of a survival strategy than part of a poverty exit strategy.
Why quality may not always win: the impact of product generation life cycles on quality and network effects in high-tech markets.

Marketing literature has recently witnessed major debates about the critical drivers of success – namely, the quality versus network effect, in high-tech markets as well as the efficiency of such markets. Extant research suggests that both quality and network effects are significant factors determining market share in these markets, but that quality effect is more important. Based on surveys of several retail managers and a new dataset on the US video game industry from 1995 to 2007, we replicate and extend this research in several directions: (1) we replicate and confirm prior results that both quality and network effects are critical drivers of market share; (2) network and quality effects vary over the product generation life cycle, and hence, quality does not always win; and (3) in the Growth and Maturity phases of the product generation life cycle, network effects can trump quality effects. Our empirical results provide some practical insights for retail managers.
Learning About Failure: Bankruptcy, Firm Age, and the Resource-Based View

Systematic differences in the determinants of firm failure between firms that fail early in their life and those that fail after having successfully negotiated the early liabilities of newness and adolescence are identified. Analysis of data from 339 Canadian corporate bankruptcies suggests that failure among younger firms may be attributable to deficiencies in managerial knowledge and financial management abilities. Failure among older firms, on the other hand, may be attributable to an inability to adapt to environmental change.
중국 서남 소수민족지역 전통마을의 사례조사에 관한 연구

The earliest settlement of Human civilization is the village. Traditional Village is a major component of the regional culture, and folk customs. Traditional village heritage is typical of the material remains of the village, with strong historical and cultural value, and it is also a strong typical representative. In this study and analysis, the in depth discussion and analysis on the status of the distribution and posting of ethnic minority village in Guangxi. Research indicates: Firstly, the density of traditional villages in Guangxi have obvious differences, the core gathering area is more prominent, and have larger influence of geographical environment factors. Secondly, traditional villages in Guangxi distribution Municipal obvious difference, more number of traditional villages Guilin, Liuzhou, Guangxi Hezhou and other northeastern region published in the National Directory of Traditional Village is more. Analyze and study the problems of their current situation, Put forward reasonable proposals on how traditional villages in minority areas in the future will be effectively protected.
Applied Data Mining for Business Intelligence

Business Intelligence (BI) solutions have for many years been a hot topic among companies due to their optimization and decision making capabilities in business processes. The demand for yet more sophisticated and intelligent BI solutions is constantly growing due to the fact that storage capacity grows with twice the speed of processor power. This unbalanced growth relationship will over time make data processing tasks more time consuming when using traditional BI solutions. Data Mining (DM) offers a variety of advanced data processing techniques that may beneficially be applied for BI purposes. This process is far from simple and often requires customization of the DM algorithm with respect to a given BI purpose. The comprehensive process of applying BI for a business problem is referred to as the Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) process and is vital for successful DM implementations with BI in mind. In this project the emphasis is on developing a number of advanced DM solutions with respect to desired data processing applications chosen in collaboration with the project partner, gatetrade.net. To gatetrade.net this project is meant as an eye opener to the world of advanced data processing and to all of its advantages. In the project, gatetrade.net is the primary data supplier. The data is mainly of a transactional character (order headers and lines) since gatetrade.net develops and maintains e-trade solutions. Three different segmentation approaches (k-Nearest Neighbours (kNN), Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) and Unsupervised Fuzzy Partitioning - Optimal Number of Clusters (UFP-ONC)) have been implemented and evaluated in the pursuit of finding a good clustering algorithm with a high, consistent performance. In order to determine optimal numbers of segments in data sets, ten different cluster validity criteria have also been implemented and evaluated. To handle gatetrade.net data types a Data Formatting Framework has been developed. Addressing the desired data processing applications is done using the capable UFP-ONC clustering algorithm (supported by the ten cluster validity criteria) along with a number of custom developed algorithms and methods. For future gatetrade.net interest a draft for a complete BI framework using some or all of the developed data processing algorithms is suggested.
Stratigraphic and tectonic study of Larderello-Travale basement rocks and its geothermal implications

One objective of geothermal research in intensely exploited vapour-dominated fields is the individuation of deeper productive horizons. For this purpose a stratigraphic and tectonic study has begun on the so-called “basement” in Larderello-Travale area. Paleozoic and Triassic formations have been distinguished. The tectonic setting shows the presence of folding structures and wedges separated by overthrust surfaces where the rocks may be fractured and productive. Comparisons between the Triassic-Paleozoic series of this area and those in the rest of Tuscany and the Southern Alps suggest two hypotheses on the possible presence of potential carbonate reservoirs at depths below the present deepest wells ( ca. 2700 m). In the first hypothesis the whole Paleozoic and Triassic clastic series is allochthonous and underlain by the Apuan Alps “Autochthon”, comprising Mesozoic carbonate rocks. In the second hypothesis, considering autochthonous the deepest part of the clastic series, these may be underlain by Silurian-Lower Carboniferous carbonate formations. Both these hypotheses should be confirmed by geophysical research before passing to deeper exploration.
ANSI X3H3 Technical Committee on Computer Graphics (Panel Discussion)

Several members of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Technical Committee X3H3 on Computer Graphics will present current issues of the standardization effort. The focus of the discussion will be the technical content of these issues.
 The purpose of the panel discussion is to encourage technical dialogue between X3H3 participants and interested parties outside of X3H3. To that end, the presentations will describe major areas of concern, avenues of attack, and proposed solutions.
Boundary spanners and client vendor relationships in IT outsourcing: a social capital perspective

Information technology (IT) outsourcing is one of the key contexts in management in which inter-organizational relationships are studied. Since in an IT outsourcing situation, the client and vendor organizations come together with the stated purpose of creating something new within the dynamics of a business relationship, a social capital perspective of the client-vendor relationship is quite appropriate for the study of the inter-organizational relationship in IT outsourcing. The social capital perspective provides for an examination of the structural, cognitive, and relational aspects of the client-vendor relationship and its effect on the knowledge exchange and outcomes of IT outsourcing. Between the client and vendor organizations, boundary spanners function as exchange agents and are responsible for information exchange and knowledge creation. This study attempts to understand the role of these boundary spanners in creating social capital in client-vendor relationships in IT outsourcing. In this study, the behavioral exchange of the boundary spanner in an organization with their counterparts in the other organization is analyzed from a social capital perspective. Using a case study approach, the roles, the relationship, and the outcomes of IT outsourcing arrangements in ten organizations are being examined to identify the structural, cognitive, and relational aspects of their exchange with their counterparts.
Spectacular Shadows: Djuna Barnes's Styles of Estrangement in Nightwood

This paper examines Djuna Barnes’s Modernist masterpiece, Nightwood, by exploring the author’s particular styles of writing. As an ironist, a master of spectacle, and a visual artist, Barnes’s distinct stylistic roles allow the writer to construct a strange fictional world that transcends simple categorization and demands close reading. Through textual analysis, consideration of how Barnes’s characterization, and engagement with key critical interpretations lead to the conclusion that Nightwood’s primary aim is to present the reader with an image of his or her own individual estrangement.