nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A perspective of HPCN requirements in the European Aerospace Industry

Product complexity is increasing rapidly to address the demanding requirements driven by customers, regulations and safety. More complex designs and an increasing number of design options must be evaluated whilst controlling the cost and length of the design cycle. The engineering requirements come from different disciplines, such as aerodynamics, structures and electromagnetics. The division of engineering into separate disciplines is not recognised by nature, with the result that addressing requirements within one discipline can compromise requirements in other disciplines. Product complexity is now such that requirements from multiple engineering disciplines need to be simultaneously addressed at an early stage of the design cycle to avoid costly re-design. These problems have placed strong demands on computational design, driving key trends in numerically intensive modelling, as well as the requirement for more computational resource. The requirement for more computational resource arises in many disciplines and is compounded by the need for multi-disciplinary design. This results from the increased product complexity which has to be matched by increasing the mathematical complexity of the model providing the underlying framework for the computational design tools. The availability of increased computational resource via parallel platforms at affordable prices enables these problems to be addressed facilitating • • computational analyses of more complex problems • • simultaneous computational analyses of multiple design and planning options • • multi-disciplinary analyses, i.e. simultaneously address requirements in different disciplines. The continual growth in computational design and computational resource provides the potential for the end-user engineer to carry out far more design more rapidly and accurately. However this potential can only be exploited if the end-user can efficiently define more complex problems, multiple problems, multiisciplinary problems and also analyse the large volume of results. Consequently considerable effort needs to be placed on the user environment, encompassing problem set-up and results analysis. This paper expands on these requirements within the aerospace and related sectors with examples of applications from specific disciplines. Some emphasis is attached to the growing supercomputer disciplines, computational electromagnetics in particular. Some key features of parallel processing are discussed including • • the high degree of parallelism required to get a modest percentage of peak performance • • exploitation of parallel platforms without Teraflop performance • • the potential benefits of hybrid or heterogeneous platforms compared to homogeneous platforms. These are key issues affecting the exploitation of parallel platforms and the success of parallel processing in simulation and design in general. The presentation includes examples on colour viewfoils that are not included in the paper.
CHAPTER SIX: FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF REVOLUTIONARY NATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

This chapter points out several basic problems in building up the state, which are the key to its success or failure, in the hope of arousing the vigilance of the Chinese citizens as well as encouraging them. It points out the lessons from the successes and failures of the Revolution of 1911. Sun Yat-sen saw that the basis of the success of the revolution lay in the psychological reconstruction of the people. The reason for the success of the destructive part and the failure of the constructive part of the 1911 Revolution was entirely due, as pointed out by Sun Yat-sen, to the people's "knowledge" or "lack of knowledge". Following the reformation at the end of the Ch'ing dynasty, there came in succession the 1911 Revolution, the May 4th Movement, and the Nationalist Revolution. Chinese political philosophy analyzes the relation between ethics and law with the greatest minuteness and clarity. 1911 revolution; Ch'ing dynasty; Chinese law; Chinese political philosophy; nationalist revolution; psychological reconstruction; social reform; Sun Yat-sen
Integrating Universities and Industry—A German Approach

Starting from a list of topics which were suggested by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers this paper surveys the situation at German technical universities in the field of mechanical engineering. The details of teaching and research activities described here refer to the Institute for Machine Elements, Technical University of Munich, but the principles of the organization and the structure are mostly comparable with corresponding institutes at other universities in the Federal Republic of Germany. The following subjects will be discussed: 1.The organization of German technical universities, in particular the Institute's structure of a Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.2.Undergraduate courses in engineering based on ‘vocational’ education; the means to ensure an education of approximately equal academic standard at different universities.3.Machine element teaching at undergraduate level; efforts to ensure an equal level of knowledge in this field.4.The structure and funding of postgraduate engineering...
Pipes, Taps and Vendors: Managing and Regulating the Unconnected Water Market

Against the background of the human rights to water and the SDG No. 6, vendors play a pivotal role for an IWRM-based water supply system in the future. With the help of a micro-economic model, an optimal modal split is derived, the result of which is that not all households should be served by the pipe-based municipal supply. Instead, the non-connected households should be served by non-mobile or mobile vendors. Furthermore, we analyze different structures in the unconnected market. If vendors compete against each other, the optimal modal split can be replicated. If vendors form a cartel, market interventions, such as a cost related zonal price cap or a subsidizing strategy, are required for preventing the abuse of market power by the vendors.
A DFT study on surface dependence of β-Ga2O3 for CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH

In this paper, the catalytic activities of various β-Ga2O3 surfaces for CO2 hydrogenation have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The surface dependence of adsorptions and coadsorptions of reactants are investigated on two terminations of Ga2O3, which are Ga2O3(001) and Ga2O3(111). The active termination of Ga2O3(001) is identified and a surface structure rearrangement is determined. The thermodynamic profiles of surface intermediates involved in the reaction pathways for methanol formation are systematically calculated, and the initial key step of CO2 hydrogenation to bicarbonate is analyzed in detail. It has been found that the active Ga2O3(001) termination gives rise to a lower hydrogenation barrier largely due to the fact that saturated lattice O at Ga2O3(001) can act as a favorable site for both hydrogen adsorption and transfer while the unsaturated O at Ga2O3(111) is much less effective for these processes.
No Λ oscillations

We examine a recently published calculation which predicts an oscillatory behaviour for the decay of Λ's produced together with a neutral kaon, and proposes a new expression for the wavelength of kaon strangeness oscillations. We modify the calculation by imposing the requirement that the interference of the K L and K S components of the kaon wave function occurs at a specific space-time point. With this requirement, the unusual results predicted vanish, and the conventional results are recovered.
A Tangled Tale of Training and Talent: PhDs in Institutional Asset Management

Several hundred individuals who hold a Ph.D. in economics, finance, or others fields work for institutional money management companies. The gross performance of domestic equity investment products managed by individuals with a Ph.D. (Ph.D. products) is superior to the performance of non-Ph.D. products matched by objective, size, and past performance for one-year returns, Sharpe Ratios, alphas, information ratios, and the manipulation-proof measure MPPM. Fees for Ph.D. products are lower than those for non-Ph.D. products. Investment flows to Ph.D. products substantially exceed the flows to the matched non-Ph.D. products. Ph.D.s’ publications in leading economics and finance journals further enhance the performance gap.
Geopressured Jurassic reservoirs in the Viking Graben: modelling and geological significance

Formation pressure data from Jurassic and Triassic reservoirs of 192 wells (68 in the Norwegian sector, 124 in the UK sector) in the Viking Graben have been analysed. Several different pressure regimes are distinguished. An ‘open system’ consists of hydropressured reservoirs adjacent to the East Shetland Platform in the west and the Horda Platform in the east. A ‘restricted system’ consists of moderately geopressured reservoirs (overpressure typically lower than 1500 psi) located at greater distance from the platforms, and is interpreted to be in partial pressure communication with the open system through lateral or vertical pressure drainage. A ‘closed system’ consists of geopressured reservoirs practically isolated from the open system. In this system, formation pressure is assumed to be representative of the various overpressuring mechanisms active locally. Pressure data analysis suggests that pore pressure is mainly controlled by rapid loading, aquathermal pressuring, oil generation and possibly by shale dewatering above the depth for the onset of gas generation (formation overpressure typically in the range 1500–2500 psi). Gas generation is interpreted to constitute a major overpressuring mechanism below that depth (formation overpressure higher than 2500–3000 psi). In the former case, a pore pressure gradient approximately 50% higher than the hydrostatic gradient is estimated. In the latter case, a much more drastic overpressure increase with depth is suggested. This model also applies to the Norwegian Central Graben where only a limited number of wells tested Jurassic reservoirs. Despite unavoidable simplification and approximation, this model is believed to provide a better understanding of the areal distribution of geopressured Jurassic reservoirs in the Viking and Central Grabens. It may be used to impose constraints on hydrocarbon migration models and for prediction of porosity preservation in relation to reservoir overpressuring.
The effect of Cognitive Style Analysis (CSA) test on achievement: A meta-analytic review

Riding's (1991) Cognitive Style Analysis test has been a popular UK test of the verbal–imagery and wholistic–analytic cognitive style dimensions. Researchers have claimed numerous academic advantages for these style dimensions, but the direction of the effects is inconsistent. A meta-analysis was therefore conducted that used the CSA along with an academic outcome measure. While 25 studies met the inclusion criteria, only 15 provided sufficient information for statistical analysis. The studies included five experimental and 10 observational studies and involved participants in primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. The results show no clear academic achievement advantage for either the verbal–imagery cognitive style dimension or the wholistic–analytic cognitive style dimension, regardless of the learning task or environment. While the final sample of included studies was relatively small the results of this meta-analysis suggest that the relationship between the CSA's cognitive style dimensions and academic achievement, if any, is likely to be negligible.
Needed Research in Teacher Mental Hygiene

1 American Educational Research Association. "Teacher Personnel." Review of Educational Research. XIII, June, 1943, 218-221. Averill, L. A. Mental Hygiene for the Classroom Teacher. Baxter, Bernice. A Study of the Adjustment Difficulties of a Group of Women Teachers."  Prescott, D. A. Emotion and the Educative Process. See Chapt. XI, "Personnel Problems in Education." Redi, Fritz. Review on Mental Hygiene in Encyclopedia of Educational Re search, 712-724.
Gelling mechanism and interactions of polysaccharides from Mesona blumes: Role of urea and calcium ions.

In this study, the relaxation modulus was used to elucidate the gelling mechanism of polysaccharides from Mesona blumes. The pH of Mesona blumes polysaccharides (MBP) was adjusted could significantly change the relaxation modulus of MBP. The results showed that the hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction existed in during the formation of MBP gel. The addition of salt ions (sodium ions and calcium ions), EDTA and urea have different effects on the relaxation modulus of MBP. Result showed that the hydrogen bond was the main force maintaining the MBP gel network structure, followed was calcium ions. And electrostatic interaction was not the decisive role of gel formation. The small molecules with active hydrogen-bond donors and/or acceptors were added into MBP, which proved -COOH was involved in the hydrogen bonds formation of MBP gel. In addition, the entanglement network number (ENN) results quantitatively assessed contribution of interaction: hydrogen bonds interaction > calcium ions (calcium bridge) >electrostatic interaction.
Electronic Performance Support Systems - Introduction

the need to use technology to connect knowledge resources that seemed to complement each other. In guest editor Richard Horn's particular case, he was engaged in creating both tutorials and online reference material for software companies, so it was natural to assume that end users had computers and had no other way to learn or support themselves using the software than by using what was provided with the software. He also knew that most purchasers of software did not want to spend much time learning it, but want to open the packaging, load the software, and only learn when it was necessary to do so. One software debugging product for which he was creating support materials had the ability to effectively run two programs at the same time in a single-tasking DOS environment—something one needs to do to debug programs. He used the debugging program to spy on itself and found a way to run the customer's software program while tutorials and online reference systems were running as well. The end result was a seamless environment of the application software, learning system, reference system, and advisor system.
W I L D S C A P E S

Catalyst Arts presents W I L D S C A P E S, an exhibition of work by Duncan Campbell, Allan Hughes and Ryan Moffett which considers the overlapping tensions inherent within documentary filmmaking and contemporary art practice. 
Through the entanglement of artifice and authenticity, the works question the often deceptive nature of documentary, whilst reflecting upon contemporary understandings of colonialism. 
Whether examining the production of remediated histories or presenting manipulative forms of fiction, each of the works strives for ever more authentic representations of reality. 
Duncan Campbell’s film works blend archive footage and documentary material with fictional elements. ‘It for Others’ was exhibited at the Venice Biennale in 2013 as part of Scotland + Venice. Campbell has previously presented his work in solo exhibitions at venues including the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh; Artist’s Space, New York; Tramway, Glasgow; Chisenhale Gallery, London; and Tate Britain, London. 
Based in Newcastle Upon Tyne at the Northern Charter studios, Allan Hughes’s practice and research explores the production of remediated histories through an interest in the language and structure of video making processes. Recent exhibitions of his work include ‘Enemy Blue’ – a solo exhibition at Belfast Exposed – and ‘Lights, Camera, Action!’ at Temple Bar Gallery, Dublin. Hughes is currently Head of Sculpture in the Fine Art Department at Northumbria University. 
Belfast-based Ryan Moffett creates fictional narratives influenced by factual events. He explores notions of representation and authenticity, exposing the perceived ‘truths’ within areas such as anthropological texts, documentary practice, museums and zoological gardens. Moffett is a recent MFA graduate from the University of Ulster and is currently Graduate in Residence at Flax Art Studios, Belfast.
Sandwich programs for multidisciplinary engineering education

Employing a recent graduate engineer without any work experience in industry is quite difficult, because, generally, they do not have any clear goal to reach in their professional career. This problem appears more dominantly in multidisciplinary engineering fields. First part of this study elaborates on industry expectations from multidisciplinary engineers. The second part offers a new sandwich program structure for multidisciplinary engineering education and discusses advantages and disadvantages of this approach.
Ethical Individualism and Presentism

In this paper, the A. defendes the views that for purposes of distributive justice, groups don't matter and the past doesn't matter. Justice is concerned with living individuals and with future individuals. The view that groups don't matter the A. calls ethical individualism. The view that the past doesn't matter he calls ethical presentism. The A. apologize for neologism. It is only ugly, but inaccurate, given his concern with future individuals. A better but even uglier term, would be ethical non-past-ism
Notre Histoire = Our History

"The book Notre histoire || Our History is published on the occasion of the exhibition of the same title, a project by artist Michael Blum on the issue of Quebec and Canadian identity. The exhibition is the result of work carried out under the Galerie's summer residency program. The artist has set up a museum in the exhibition hall, offering a fanciful rewriting of the history of Quebec and Canada, in addition to a publication containing the responses of 86 people to a survey on their vision of identity. This survey—"non-scientific" by the artist's own admission— was addressed to more than 600 more or less public figures in politics, the arts, journalism and academia, to help establish a conceptual framework for his artistic project. The exhaustive views of the 86 respondents are collected here, running between cynicism and humour, candour and fervour, in English and French. " -- Publisher's website.
Examples of Para-cocyclic Objects Induced by BD-Laws

In a recent paper (Böhm and Stefan,  2008), we gave a general construction of a para-cocyclic structure on a cosimplex, associated to a so called admissible septuple—consisting of two categories, three functors and two natural transformations, subject to compatibility relations. The main examples of such admissible septuples were induced by algebra homomorphisms. In this note we provide more general examples coming from appropriate (‘locally braided’) morphisms of monads.
The η-η' mixing angle revisited

The value of the �-�' mixing angleP is phenomenologically deduced from a rather exhaustive and up-to-date analysis of data including strong decays of tensor and higher-spin mesons, electromagnetic decays of vector and pseudoscalar mesons, J/ decays into a vector and a pseudoscalar meson, and other transitions. A value ofP between −17 ◦ and −13 ◦ is consistent with the present experimental evidence and the averageP = −15.5 ◦ ± 1.3 ◦ seems to be favoured.
The Efficiency of Public Sector Outsourcing Contracts: A Literature Review

Outsourcing the provision of traditionally publicly-provided services has become commonplace in most industrialized nations. Despite its prevalence, there still is no consensus in the academic literature on the magnitude (and determinants) of expected cost savings to the government, nor the sources of those savings. After articulating the differences between outsourcing and privatization, this article considers the arguments for (and against) outsourcing and then examines the empirical evidence pertaining to whether any observed savings occur and whether they persist over time. In addition, we examine the existing evidence for the "redistribution hypothesis" and the "quality-shading hypothesis", which critics have used to argue that outsourcing may result in lower government expenditure, but it does so by lowering wages and conditions for employees and lower quality services. Finally, we consider the impact of contract design on outsourcing outcomes. While the nature of the risk-incentive trade-off is well-known in the contract theory literature, some new empirical work has explored the application of this framework to outsourcing in order to understand the impact of the risk premium on outsourcing outcomes.
Legal Status of Non-human Beings : Adoption of Animal Laws from 1698 to 2008

In this artic le, I analyze the adoption of animal laws in the United States from 1698 to 2008. Tracing the dates of the enactment of animal-related laws shows a clear pattern of the emergence and evolution of the animal welfare and nonhuman rights over time. This article reveals the influence of international emphasis on environmental sustainability and enhanced rights of the nature on legal status of animals: there is a thematic shift from liability of economic property to animal rights-based protection of nonhuman beings throughout the twentieth century. Second, the field of animal laws has clearly changed over time in the framing of animals as "companions" and of "specie s-oriented" guide lines: delineating the characteristics of individual statues and acts, such changes in the US laws are drawn from sociological institutional perspective.
Surface modification process for low-dielectric material

The invention discloses a surface modification process for a low-dielectric material. According to the surface modification process, a silicon dioxide wet gel thin film obtained by using a spin coating method is soaked in a modification solution for surface modification, and then is subjected to thermal treatment in an atmospheric environment, so that the silicon dioxide thin film material with a low dielectric constant is prepared. A method for reducing the dielectric coefficient of the material through using two simple and convenient techniques of soaking with a solvent and performing the thermal treatment is used in the process, so that the porosity of the material still maintains at a relatively low level, and the mechanical strength can keep a relatively high level.
Using contemporary constraints to ensure data consistency

Concern about the propagation of fake news and data grow every day. At the same time, the analysis and mining of large data sets have become essential in the decision-making processes, in which incorrect data bring misleading insights. However, there is no general-purpose, automatic mechanism to effectively ensure the consistency of temporal data in Linked Data sources such as Wikidata, Wikimedia's free knowledge base.
 In this paper, an approach based on cross-comparing date values to discover inconsistent data is proposed. Besides, the concept of contemporary constraint, on which this approach is based, is defined and formalized in order to show how to find inconsistencies in a wide range of data sources. Our experimental results show that contemporary constraints are effective and can be used with multiple purposes for data curation and data quality analysis. As a success story, the contemporary constraint has been implemented in Wikidata.
Non-ionic adsorption chromatography of proteins.

Evidence is presented indicating that protein separation by adsorption chromatography, based on differential non-ionic interaction with immobilized hydrophobic ligands, potentially is as generally applicable as ion-exchange chromatography. A procedure for the normalization of binding capacities of amine-substituted agaroses has been presented. Attempts have been made at the separation of proteins in normal human blood serum by means of hydrophobicity gradients consisting of series of interconnected columns of n -alkylamino-agaroses of increasing hydrophobicities and equilibrated with 3 M NaCl. The γ-globulin fraction, or components thereof, can be bound hydrophobically as well as through another type of salt(NaCl)-stable but non-hydrophobic binding.