nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Patent rights, product market reforms, and innovation

In this paper, we provide empirical evidence to the effect that strong patent rights may complement competition-increasing product market reforms in fostering innovation. First, we find that the product market reform induced by the large-scale internal market reform of the European Union in 1992 enhanced, on average, innovative investments in manufacturing industries of countries with strong patent rights since the pre-sample period, but not so in industries of countries with weaker patent rights. Second, the positive response to the product market reform is more pronounced in industries where, in general, innovators tend to value patent protection higher than in other industries, except for the manufacture of electrical and optical equipment. The observed complementarity between competition and patent protection can be rationalized using a Schumpeterian growth model with step-by-step innovation. In such a model, better patent protection prolongs the period over which a firm that successfully escapes competition by innovating, actually enjoys higher monopoly rents from its technological upgrade.
Goodbye to Supervisors

Liberal theories of post-industrial society and Marxist theories of the labour process tend to converge in their respective accounts of the place of supervisors in relation to putative changes in the organisation of work. A common conjecture is that supervisors are progressively being denuded of their powers and functions within industry. This paper uses data from a national sample survey of Britain to discuss the substance of the supervisory role in modern capitalist enterprises. The conclusion reached is that direct supervision in the workplace is not obviously in decline. The data also raise issues about the categories of employment status used in official statistics as well as those of the Goldthorpe class schema.
Open Default Theories over Closed Domains

We compare two approaches to the meaning of a free variable x in an open default α(x): Mβ1(x),..., Mβm(x)/γ(x). The first treats x as a metavariable for the ground terms of the underlying theory, whereas the second threats it as a "name" of arbitrary elements of the theory universe. We show that, for normal default theories, under the domain closure assumption, the two approaches are equivalent. In the general case, the approaches are equivalent in the presence of both the domain closure assumption and the unique name assumption.
New insights into the origin and migration of brines in deep Devonian aquifers, Alberta, Canada

Analysis of hydraulic heads and chemical compositions of Devonian formation waters in the west central part of the Alberta Basin, Canada, characterizes the origin of formation waters and migration of brines. The Devonian succession in the study area lies 2000–5000 m below the ground surface, and has an approximate total thickness of 1000 m and an average slope of 15 m/km. Four Devonian aquifers are present in the study area, which form two aquifer systems [i.e., a Middle–Upper Devonian aquifer system (MUDAS) consisting of the Elk Point and Woodbend–Beaverhill Lake aquifers, and an Upper Devonian aquifer system (UDAS) consisting of the Winterburn and Wabamun aquifers]. The Ireton is an effective aquitard between these two systems in the eastern parts of the study area. The entire Devonian succession is confined below by efficient aquitards of the underlying Cambrian shales and/or the Precambrian basement, and above by overlying Carboniferous shales of the Exshaw and Lower Banff Formations. The formation water chemistry shows that the Devonian succession contains two distinct brine types: a ‘heavy brine,’ located updip, defined approximately by TDS >200 g/l, and a ‘light brine’ with TDS
Adam Smith (1723â€“1790)

Until comparatively recently, Adam Smith was known mainly as the author of a single book, The Wealth of Nations. Modern scholarship and the greater availability of his other work has thrown new light on Adam Smith suggesting that he was no mere economist but a system builder on a grand scale and, furthermore, a thinker thoroughly steeped in eighteenth century traditions. The breadth and complexity of Smithâ€™s thought is reflected in this present volume which surveys the contemporary debate, involving both economists and the wider scholarly community, through some 40 of the outstanding articles published over the last eight years.
Ion-Channeling Studies of Interfaces and Defect Properties in Silicon Carbide

Helium ion channeling has been used in a detailed study of 3C-SiC films on a Si/SiO2/Si (SIMOX) substrate. The strain-induced angular shift was determined to be 0.16?? 0.05?, indicating a kink between the SiC and Si layers along the axis. Single crystals of 6H-SiC have been irradiated with a variety of ions over a range of fluences. The relative disorder on Si sublattice shows a sigmoidal dependence on dose for all ions. In isochronal and isothermal annealing studies, two distinct recovery stages are identified with activation energies of 0.25? 0.1 eV and 1.5? 0.3 eV, respectively. Deuterium ion channeling is also applied to simultaneously study accumulated disorder on Si and C sublattices in 6H-SiC crystals irradiated at 100 and 300 K.
Le concept de zone de vie de Holdridge : Un point de vue tropical en écologie

The concept of life zone has been elaborated by an american ecologist, L. R. HOLDRIDGE, in order to classify the great plant formations of the world on physionomical basis. The HOLDRIDGE'S system' is applied by his school in numerous tropical countries. It takes place within the framework of the physionomical tradition of the geographical botany which was born in the begining of the XIX th century in Europe, developed in the USA in the begining of the XX th century. It also integrates the concepts of the American dynamic ecology. HOLDRIDGE'S school tries to promote a change in the point of view, a kind of copernician revolution, in reference to the great ecological schools created in the Northern countries, deeply marked by a genius loci which would cause prejudice to the generalization of their methods.
Surgical training in the EEC —the training of a specialist

A new and exciting field of surgery, an inspiring and successful surgeon-teacher who enjoys young people--with a vivacious and somewhat flamboyant personality, and an eager, ambitious and intelligent pupil--these are the likely ingredients of successful apprenticeship and learning, and might even form the background for originality or a man who develops ideas. But in spite of increasing specialization in depth and exciting new developments--in all the fields of surgery--we all know that the hard core of the problem is not solved like that. There is a good deal of routine--relatively simple but very important areas of our daily work-in which a degree of boredom and lack of concern may lead to a situation in which the young man is used only as a pair of hands and he picks up what he can. Occasionally this succeeds and by accident he gains a great deal. Experience in Britain has shown that the "pairs of hands" situation is not enough, standards have been too low and an average level of surgical ability in the past has led to unacceptable morbidity if not mortality. Fortunately these difficulties were seen by the Royal Colleges in 1966 and the Joint Committee with its Specialist Advisory Committees were set up in conjunction with the Specialist Societies and more recently with the Association of surgical Professors. The plan was to devise programmes of training at certain centres with inspection to determine the adequacy of the clinical case load and facilities for training. Such a programme of training might well involve more than one post or hospital. Orthopaedics was the first to put its house in order and neurological surgery the last. Perhaps orthopaedics had the most urgent need and neurological surgery, as usual somewhat slow, working to the calendar rather than the clock. The other
THE INITIAL STAGE OF AN EXPANDING UNIVERSE AND THE APPEARANCE OF A NONUNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF MATTER

A hypothesis of the creation of astronomical bodies as a result of gravitational instability of the expanding universe is investigated. It is assumed that the initial inhomogeneities arise as a result of quantum fluctuations of cold baryon-lepton matter at densities of the order of 1098 baryons/cm3• It is suggested that at such densities gravitational effects are of decisive importance in the equation of state and the dependence of the energy density E on the baryon density n can qualitatively be described by graphs a of b of Fig. 1. E vanishes at a certain density n = n0• A theoretical estimate (containing some vague points) yields initial inhomogeneities in the distribution of matter which can explain the origin of clusters of 1062-1063 baryons ( 105-106 M0 ). The calculated mass is smaller than that of the galaxies by a factor of 105-106; it is in fact closer to the masses of globular clusters. The hypothesis is proposed that galaxies are produced as a result of an increase of nonuniformities in the motion and distribution of the gas formed during gravitational collapses of the primordial stellar clusters. According to this hypothesis the plane component of the galaxy is produced from the gas, whereas the spherical component consists mainly of clusters of primordial stars captured by the gravitational field of the rotating gas cloud.
Cenozoic Formations in Okuyamada, Kyoto Prefecture

The stratigraphy of the Cenozoic formations in Okuyamada, near Kyoto, Japan, has not been previously studied in detail, even though the locality has long been known to amateur fossil collectors as a unique source of marine molluscan fossils., The stratigraphy of the Tsuzuki group is as follows : Ofuku gravel (Pleistocene ?) ., ., ., unconformity ., ., ., Tsuzuki group Yuantani formation Tawara arkose sandstone and conglomerate Shiodani sandstone Okuyamada formation Kaya tuffaceous mudstone Miyamura sandstone bed Kawakami conglomerate ., ., ., unconformity and fault ., ., ., Chichibu Paleozoic formations The Yuantani and Okuyamada formations each represent a cycle of sedimentation., The geologic age of the Tsuzuki group is probably middle Miocene (F2-F3) because of the occurrence of Katelysia nakamurai, Protorotella yuantaniensis and Comptoniphyllum Naumanni, and also of species common to the Ayugawa and Mizunami groups.
On algebraic models of relativistic scattering

In this paper we develop an algebraic technique for building relativistic models in the framework of the direct-interaction theories. The interacting mass operator M in the Bakamjian–Thomas construction is related to a quadratic Casimir operator C of a non-compact group G. As a consequence, the S matrix can be gained from an intertwining relation between Weyl-equivalent representations of G. The method is illustrated by explicit application to a model with SO(3, 1) dynamical symmetry.
Extending the Asset Boundary to Include Research and Development

Executive summary 1. Expenditures on research and development (R&D) are not treated as capital formation in the 1993 SNA even though it is acknowledged that they are inherently investment in nature. The reasons that are usually cited, which are essentially technical in nature, are given in paragraph 6.163. 2. Over the last few years a task force set up by the OECD Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) has been systematically addressing all the difficulties of using data compiled in the Frascati 1 system to support the inclusion of R&D assets in the national accounts. This task force has also participated in the Canberra II Group on the Measurement of Non-financial Assets and aided the Group in its work. The issues addressed include: a) The scope of R&D capital formation b) The definition of R&D c) The measurement of R&D capital formation and other R&D statistics in the national accounts d) The avoidance of double counting R&D output e) Constant price estimation of R&D output f) The measurement of R&D capital stock, capital services and consumption of fixed capital (CFC) 3. The Canberra II Group believes that the obstacles to incorporating R&D assets in the national accounts can be overcome reasonably well, and now we can proceed to remedy what has long been seen as a shortcoming in the SNA. In fact, the evidence is there that one can expect better estimates of R&D capital formation and related statistics than those relating to some existing assets. With the R&D data collected in the Frascati system, many countries are in a strong position to implement this proposal, and they are almost certainly in a stronger position than they were, and maybe still are, with respect to other intangible fixed assets. It would be a mistake to demand higher standards of R&D statistics than is the case for existing assets. Accordingly, the Canberra II Group makes the following recommendations: 1. The 1993 SNA should be changed to recognise the outputs of R&D as assets, and the acquisition, disposal and depreciation of R&D fixed assets should be treated in the same way as other fixed assets. 2. All R&D output should be treated as an asset, irrespective of its nature or whether it is made freely available. In the latter case, the asset should be recorded on the balance sheet of the owner of the original and be …
Construction and enumeration of Franklin circles

Around 1752, Benjamin Franklin constructed a variant on the popular magic squares and what we call a magic (a, r)-circle. We provide a definition for magic (a, r)-circles, magic a-circles and, more specifically, Franklin magic a-circles. In this paper, we use techniques in computational algebraic combinatorics and enumerative geometry to construct and to count Franklin magic 8-circles. We also provide a description of its minimal Hilbert basis and determine the symmetry operations on Franklin magic 8-circles.
Exploring On-Line Meteorological Resources in Engineering

Meteorological stations are now-a-days used worldwide in many different fields: agriculture, civil engineering, thermal comfort, architecture, renewable energy, etc. The Laboratory of the Building Physics (FEUP) in collaboration with mechanical department, has been, supporting on-line delivery of the data from a meteorological station. This system has been used since nineties with great success in teaching and researching activities support both, in Civil and Mechanical Departments and also shared internationally for wide use. The numerous activities performed based on this on-line experiment motivated the authors to share some case studies currently used in Engineering curricula.
Partitions with numbers in their gaps

1. Partitions with gaps. Bijections between various restricted partitions of integers have been extensively studied (see , ). In this paper we introduce a generalization of partitions, which are really a kind of restricted composition , and obtain bijections between certain classes of them and classes of ordinary partitions. Our generalization arises naturally in connection with solutions of q-difference equations and continued fractions. In fact, continued fractions provide an easy framework for analyzing these generalized partitions. Throughout this paper we write an ordinary partition as n1 + . . .+ nk, n1 ≥ . . . ≥ nk. Define n0 =∞ and nk+1 = 0. We consider the class C(S,m) of partitions with parts ni taken from a set S = {a1, a2, . . .}, where a1 < a2 < . . . We require that if ni = ar and ni+1 = as are two consecutive parts, then r−s ≥ m. For such a partition we define the gapspace gi between ni and ni+1 to be r − . By convention we put g0 =∞ and gk = t−m, where nk = at. Before proceeding we give some examples of gapspaces.
Compensation strategy: does business strategy influence compensation in high‐technology firms?

Drawing on the strategic employee group concept, this study empirically examines whether a firm's innovation strategy influences compensation systems for strategic employee groups in the high-technology industry. We focus on compensation packages for R&D employees who play a critical role in successful implementations of innovation strategy. Using compensation data for middle-level managers and professional employees from 237 firms in the high-technology industry, we found that a firm's strategic intention to pursue innovation has a significant influence on the relative pay level, compensation time horizon, and stock option vesting period lengths of this strategic employee group.
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY IN JAPAN

A regret frequently expressed at International Geographical Congresses concerns the lack of summary information about the nature of geographic research in the host country. During a discussion of this point with members of the Association of Japanese Geographers, the idea of publishing a series of reports on various aspects of Japanese research surfaced. The concept was later enthusiastically supported by the United States National Committee for the International Geographical Union. This first report, “Historical Geography in Japan,” has been modified for the benefit of the English-speaking readers of THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER. Although the reports will be of particular interest to those planning to attend the 1980 IGC in Tokyo, they should prove of general interest as well.—H. Jesse Walker, Member, U.S. National Committee, IGU.
Measurement of the $\Lambda$ polarization in $\nu_\mu$ charged current interactions in the NOMAD experiment

The polarization in ľ charged current interactions has been measured in the NOMAD experiment. The event sample (8087 reconstructed 's) is more than an order of magnitude larger than that of previous bubble chamber experiments, while the quality of event reconstruction is comparable. We observe negative polarization along the W-boson direction which is enhanced in the target fragmentation region: Px(xF 0)=0.09ą0.06(stat)ą0.03(sys). These results provide a test of different models describing the nucleon spin composition and the spin transfer mechanisms. A significant transverse polarization (in the direction orthogonal to the production plane) has been observed for the first time in a neutrino experiment: Py=0.22ą0.03(stat)ą0.01(sys) . The dependence of the absolute value of Py on the transverse momentum with respect to the hadronic jet direction is in qualitative agreement with the results from unpolarized hadron-hadron experiments.
ГЕРМЕНЕВТИКА ЛОГОСА И ДИСКУРС ЛИТЕРАТУРНОГО АВАНГАРДА

The article is focused on aesthetic principles of avant-garde word-creation in the context of ideas of Russian religious thinkers of the Silver age. The work has been performed within the frames of the research project 'Russian literature avant-garde and psychoanalysis in the context of intellectual culture of the Silver age', supported by the grant of the president of Russian Federation for young Russian scientists-doctors of sciences for the years 2012-2013 (МД-420.2012.6).
Immunization against social fear learning.

Social fear learning offers an efficient way to transmit information about potential threats; little is known, however, about the learning processes that counteract the social transmission of fear. In three separate experiments, we found that safety information transmitted from another individual (i.e., demonstrator) during preexposure prevented subsequent observational fear learning (Experiments 1-3), and this effect was maintained in a new context involving direct threat confrontation (Experiment 3). This protection from observational fear learning was specific to conditions in which information about both safety and danger was transmitted from the same demonstrator (Experiments 2-3) and was unaffected by increasing the number of the safety demonstrators (Experiment 3). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that observational preexposure can limit social transmission of fear. Future research is needed to better understand the conditions under which such effects generalize across individual demonstrators.
Coherent electromagnetic heavy ion reactions: (1) exact treatment of pair production and ionization; (2) mutual Coulomb dissociation

Some recent theoretical results on coherent electromagnetic processes in ultrarelativistic heavy ion reactions are surveyed. In ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, Coulomb induced cross sections are huge, much larger than geometric. For the RHIC case of 100 GeV x 100 GeV colliding gold ions the predicted cross section for bound-electron positron pairs is about 110 barns. The corresponding cross section for continuum electron-positron pairs has recently been recalculated to be 34,000 barns, consistent with the result of the classic formula of Landau and Lifshitz. The cross section for Coulomb dissociation of the nucleus is about 95 barns, and the cross section for ionization of a single electron on one of the ions is about 100,000 barns.
The Structural and Morphological Properties of Heat Treated Hybrid Blend ZnPc/CdS Thin Films

CdS Nps (inorganic material) was prepared by the chemical reaction method. ZnPc (organic material) and CdS thin films were prepared separately to compare their characterization with the hybrid BHJ blend ZnPc/CdS thin film (2ml:2ml) by spin coating technique. The structural and morphological properties of the prepared thin films have been measured by XRD and AFM respectively. The XRD pattern for both as-deposited and annealed CdS nanoparticle films shows a hexagonal structure. The crystallite size behavior of as deposited ZnPc films and annealing at 423K for 1h, 2h and 3h was approximately similar to the behavior of heat treated blended films. The grain size was measured by AFM, which decreaseds with annealing temperature for ZnPc films, while it increases with annealing for CdS films.
Investigation of specific volume of glass-forming Pd–Cu–Ni–P alloy in the liquid, vitreous and crystalline state

The thermal expansion of the glass-forming alloy Pd 43 Cu 27 Ni 10 P 20 in the liquid and the vitreous state, as well as in the crystalline state, was measured continuously by means of sessile drop technique. From the data obtained on density and thermal expansion, the specific volume could be deduced as a function of temperature in the complete temperature range from the stable liquid to the vitreous state for this alloy. Comparing these experimental results with the enthalpy function obtained from former calorimetric investigation, a similarity between the temperature dependence of both thermodynamic quantities is observed in the regime of the entire liquid state as well as at the glass transition. Accordingly, the correlation between these thermodynamic functions is discussed on the basis of the free-volume model. The temperature dependence can be attributed to structural relaxation processes and the change in the fractional free volume.
The Benefits of Involving Older People in the Design Process

The more experience we get of involving older people in innovation and design processes, the more we recognize the benefits of having to do with life experience as input to the development of digital products and services. Heterogeneity raises personalization as a key component in design. This paper argues that old people are an asset in innovation processes, which is illustrated by projects conducted in Sweden from 1992 to 2014. The aim is to present how older people contribute to the development and what hinders them. The goal of these projects was to promote participation of older people during the design process but to varying degrees depending on the question. Different degrees of participation and involvement are discussed based on the "participation ladder", on an idea of Arnstein from 1969 and on conclusions from innovation research.