nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
GlobSed: Updated Total Sediment Thickness in the World's Oceans

We present GlobSed, a new global 5‐arc‐minute total sediment thickness grid for the world's oceans and marginal seas. GlobSed covers a larger area than previously published global grids and incorporates updates for the NE Atlantic, Arctic, Southern Ocean, and Mediterranean regions, which results in a 29.7% increase in estimated total oceanic sediment volume. We use this new global grid and a revised global oceanic lithospheric age grid to assess the relationship between the total sediment thickness and age of the underlying oceanic lithosphere and its latitude. An analytical approximation model is used to mathematically describe sedimentation trends in major oceanic basins and to allow paleobathymetric reconstructions at any given geological time. This study provides a much‐needed update of the sediment thickness distribution of the world oceans and delivers a model for sedimentation rates on oceanic crust through time that agrees well with selected drill data used for comparison.
Country houses on the southern slopes of Povlen: 1800-1970.

Houses in the village area on the southern slopes of Mt. Povlen began their 
 development in the late 18th century with the arrival of the first settlers 
 from Montenegro and Herzegovina. In the new habitat, the immigrants were 
 applying knowledge and skills acquired in villages they came from. Natural 
 conditions at this new location offered them wide range of construction 
 materials. Rapid economic development stimulated the transition from 
 livestock to farming and more intensive plum growing. New activities 
 influenced in a new way the shape of rural houses. Slow development of 
 transportation and public administration also influenced in a certain way the 
 house forming. At the same time, organization and relationships within the 
 family remained almost the same. All the influences on the development of 
 rural houses can be traced in the saved objects on the site and in written 
 materials. Based on the objects on the site, breakpoints from one stage to 
 another could be established. Knowledge in this very area may help to 
 understand the 21st century village architecture. Objects presented in this 
 paper were recorded for personal project from 1996 to 2000.
The Influence of E-commerce for Third-party Logistics

The use of e-commerce has become increasingly popular, largely due to its benefits help firms to improve the competitiveness and the integration. However, not all of the firms using e-commerce are successful. Many new promising e-commerce com-panies are now struggling with economic survival, even have failed, often due to ne-glecting the role of logistics. This is because using e-commerce requires them to review and design a new logistical approach in order to deal with the customers’ demands. To build entirely new logistical functions for e-commerce, it seems to be difficult since not all of firms have an ability to solve this matter. Using 3PL services, thus, seems to be the best option for e-commerce. It leads to the need of 3PL firms to change the services in order to adapt to e-commerce. But the previous studies have not paid much attention on this issue, so it should be explored.  The purpose of this thesis is to investigate services and adaption of 3PL pro-vider to e-commerce customers. It consists of two parts. Firstly, we investigate the typi-cal services provided for e-commerce customers from 3PL providers and how these dif-fer to regular customers. Secondly, how 3PL providers adapt to the presence of e-commerce customers will be clarified.  This thesis employs an exploratory study with a mixed method. Data are col-lected through survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews by phone with sev-en 3PL firms in Sweden. The findings then have been analyzed by using the theoretical framework.  Firstly, we conclude that the services 3PL providers typically offer for e-commerce customers are warehousing, packaging, transportation, labeling, product re-turn and inventory management. The 3PL providers have made some changes in their services in order to adapt to e-commerce customers. For example, different 3PL provid-ers have different distribution channels to serve e-commerce customers. Secondly, our findings support the conclusion that there are five specific challenges 3PL providers face with e-commerce customers. These challenges are product return handling, fore-casting, warehousing, distribution, and integrated IT system. Finally, the degree of ad-aptation of 3PL providers to e-commerce customers is dependent on the current type of 3PL providers for regular customers.
Uptake of volatilen-alkanes byPseudomonas PG-I

Using a bacterial speciesPseudomonas PG-1, evidence has been obtained which indicates that uptake ofn-pentane ton-octane by microbial cells takes place primarily from the gas phase either directly orvia the aqueous phase. Specific growth rate increased along with the increase in substrate concentration but above the alkane concentration of 0.3% by volume, specific growth rate decreased indicating substrate inhibition of growth. In the case of less volatile alkanes,n-nonane andn-decane, substrate transfer is predominantly through substrate solubilization system elaborated by the cells. EDTA, a strong inhibitor of hydrocarbon solubilization by the cells, inhibited growth on these two alkanes but had negligible effect on growth onn-pentane ton-octane.
Flyboy 2: The Greg Tate Reader

Since launching his career at the Village Voice in the early 1980s Greg Tate has been one of the premiere critical voices on contemporary Black music, art, literature, film, and politics. Flyboy 2 provides a panoramic view of the past thirty years of Tate's influential work. Whether interviewing Miles Davis or Ice Cube, reviewing an Azealia Banks mixtape or Suzan-Lori Parks's  Topdog/Underdog , discussing visual artist Kara Walker or writer Clarence Major, or analyzing the ties between Afro-futurism, Black feminism, and social movements, Tate's resounding critical insights illustrate how race, gender, and class become manifest in American popular culture. Above all, Tate demonstrates through his signature mix of vernacular poetics and cultural theory and criticism why visionary Black artists, intellectuals, aesthetics, philosophies, and politics matter to twenty-first-century America.
A module-level three-stage approach to the evolutionary design of sequential logic circuits

In this study, we propose a module-level three-stage approach (TSA) to optimize the evolutionary design for synchronous sequential circuits. TSA has a three stages process, involving a genetic algorithm (GA), a pre-evolution, and a re-evolution. In the first stage, the GA simplifies the number of states and automatically searches the state assignment that can produce the circuit with small complexity. Then, the second stage evolves a set of high-performing circuits to acquire frequently evolved blocks, which will be re-used for more compact and simple solutions in the next stage. In this stage, a genetic programming (GP) is proposed for evolving the high-performing circuits and data mining is used as a finder of frequently evolved blocks in these circuits. In the final stage, the acquired blocks are encapsulated into the function and terminal set to produce a new population in the re-evolution. The blocks are expected to make the convergence faster and hence efficiently reduce the complexity of the evolved circuits. Seven problems of three types—sequence detectors, modulo-n counters and ISCAS89 circuits—are used to test our three-stage approach. The simulation results for these experiments are promising, and our approach is shown to be better than the other methods for sequential logic circuits design in terms of convergence time, success rate, and maximum fitness improvement across generations.
Molecular structure of tetraaqua adenosine 5'-triphosphate aluminium(III) complex: a study involving Raman spectroscopy, theoretical DFT and potentiometry.

The Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases that affect elderly population, due to the formation of β-amyloid protein aggregate and several symptoms, especially progressive cognitive decline. The result is a decrease in capture of glucose by cells leading to obliteration, meddling in the Krebs cycle, the principal biochemical route to the energy production leading to a decline in the levels of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Aluminium(III) is connected to Alzheimer's and its ion provides raise fluidity of the plasma membrane, decrease cell viability and aggregation of amyloid plaques. Studies reveal that AlATP complex promotes the formation of reactive fibrils of β-amyloid protein and independent amyloidogenic peptides, suggesting the action of the complex as a chaperone in the role pathogenic process. In this research, one of complexes formed by Al(III) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate in aqueous solution is analyzed by potentiometry, Raman spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The value of the logK(AlATP) found was 9.21±0.01 and adenosine 5'-triphosphate should act as a bidentate ligand in the complex. Raman spectroscopy and potentiometry indicate that donor atoms are the oxygen of the phosphate β and the oxygen of the phosphate γ, the terminal phosphates. Computational calculations using Density Functional Theory, with hybrid functions B3LYP and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set regarding water solvent effects, have confirmed the results. Frontier molecular orbitals, electrostatic potential contour surface, electrostatic potential mapped and Mulliken charges of the title molecule were also investigated.
CU-structural soil: an update after more than a decade of use in the urban environment

There appeared to be plenty of soil under sidewalk pavement and gravel for tree roots to grow into. However, most of that soil was so highly compacted as to make it inaccessible to tree roots. The soil was too dense. So tree roots were contained within the hole into which they were planted, or managed to grow out of the hole into the gravelly base course directly under the paved surface—often heaving sidewalks in the process. Neither outcome was acceptable. Trees in sidewalk “containers” grew poorly and never attained the envisioned size for which they were planted, and tree roots that “broke out” under the sidewalk often caused a tripping hazard as the pavement was raised.
Complete sequences of sets of integer powers

Call S complete if Σ(S) contains all sufficiently large integers. It has been known for some time (see [B]) that if gcd(a, b) = 1 then the (nondecreasing) sequence formed from the values ab with s0 ≤ s, t0 ≤ t ≤ f(s0, t0) is complete, where s0 and t0 are arbitrary, and f(s0, t0) is sufficiently large. In this note we consider the analogous question for sequences formed from pure powers of integers. Specifically, for a sequence A of integers greater than 1, denote by Pow(A; s) the (nondecreasing) sequence formed from all the powers a where a ∈ A and k ≥ s ≥ 1. Although we are currently unable to prove it, we believe the following should hold:
Energy Conditions in Eternal Inflation

We show that the eternal inflation scenario requires violations of the Null Energy Condition (NEC) in de Sitter space. Within the context of semiclassical gravity, NEC violations are absent if the quantum state of fields is assumed to be de Sitter invariant since the expectation value of the “quantum NEC operator” vanishes. We then discuss the necessity of defining a smeared NEC operator. We find that smeared energy-momentum fluctuations in de Sitter space violate the NEC with probability 1/2 and the magnitude of the violations depends on the spatial and temporal smearing scales, with the largest violations occurring on the smallest scales. In the case when both smearing scales are equal to the de Sitter horizon H, the magnitude of the NEC violation is given by ∼ H/(2π). We also discuss NEC violations during slow roll inflation. Our results are consistent with what is obtained in the literature based on fluctuations of the scalar field except in the diffusive regime where quantum jumps are thought to be important. We discuss the need for a scheme to calculate the backreaction of such NEC violating quantum fluctuations on the metric.
Insecurity of Property Rights and Social Matching in the Tenancy Market

This paper shows that insecurity of property rights over agricultural land can have large efficiency and equity costs because of the way it affects matching in the tenancy market. A principal-agent framework is used to model the landlord's decision to rent when he takes into account the risk of losing the land to the tenant and when contract enforcement is decreasing in social distance with the tenant. These effects are quantified for the case of local land rental markets in the Dominican Republic. Results show that insecure property rights lead to matching in the tenancy market along socio-economic lines, severely limiting the size of the rental market and the choice of tenants for landlords, both with efficiency costs. Social segmentation reduces access to land for the rural poor, with high equity costs. Simulations suggest that improving tenure security would increase rental transactions by 21% and the area rented to the poor by 63%. Increased property rights security is hence beneficial not only to asset owners, but also to those with whom they might interact in the market.
Autocatalysed oxidation of etophylline by permanganate in aqueous sulphuric acid medium- kinetics and mechanistic study

II . As the concentration of acid increases the rate of the reaction increases. The order with respect to acid concentration is less than unity. Based on the experimental results a suitable mechanism is proposed. The influence of temperature on the rate of reaction is studied. The activation parameters and thermodynamic quantities have been determined with respect to slow step of the mechanism.
Improved ? spectrum with dynamical Wilson fermions

We present results for the b \bar b spectrum obtained using an O(M_bv^6)-correct non-relativistic lattice QCD action, where M_b denotes the bare b-quark mass and v^2 is the mean squared quark velocity. Propagators are evaluated on SESAM's three sets of dynamical gauge configurations generated with two flavours of Wilson fermions at beta = 5.6. These results, the first of their kind obtained with dynamical Wilson fermions, are compared to a quenched analysis at equivalent lattice spacing, beta = 6.0. Using our three sea-quark values we perform the ``chiral'' extrapolation to m_eff = m_s/3, where m_s denotes the strange quark mass. The light quark mass dependence is found to be small in relation to the statistical errors. Comparing the full QCD result to our quenched simulation we find better agreement of our dynamical data with experimental results in the spin-independent sector but observe no unquenching effects in hyperfine-splittings. To pin down the systematic errors we have also compared quenched results in different ``tadpole'' schemes as well as using a lower order action. We find that spin-splittings with an O(M_bv^4) action are O(10%) higher compared to O(M_bv^6) results. Relative to the results obtained with the plaquette method the Landau gauge mean link tadpole scheme raises the spin splittings by about the same margin so that our two improvements are opposite in effect.
Editing by Example

An editing by example system is an automatic program synthesis facility embedded in a text editor that can be used to solve repetitive text editing problems. The user provides the editor with a few examples of a text transformation. The system analyzes the examples and generalizes them into a program that can perform the transformation to the rest of the user's text. This paper presents an overview of the design, analysis, and implementation of a practical editing by example system. It studies the problem of synthesizing a text processing program that generalizes the transformation implicitly described by a small number of input/output examples. A class of text processing programs called gap programs is defined and the problems associated with synthesizing them from examples are examined, leading to an efficient heuristic that provably synthesizes a gap program from examples of its input/output behavior. The editing by example system derived from this analysis has been embedded in a production text editor. By developing an editing by example system that solves a useful class of text processing problems, this work demonstrates that program synthesis is feasible in the domain of text editing.
Recent developments in the physics of light quarks

My talk was dedicated to the memory of Jan Stern. The brief account given below focuses on the progress achieved in the determination of the $\pi\pi$ S-wave scattering lengths, both experimentally and with light dynamical quarks on a lattice. In view of the excellent agreement, we can conclude that (a) the expansion in powers of the two lightest quark masses represents a very efficient tool for the analysis of the low energy structure of QCD and (b) the size of the energy gap of QCD is governed by the order parameter of lowest dimension, the quark condensate.
Reception and elaboration of the contemporary political rhetoric: the case of the last Raboni's poetry

In the last phase of his poetry, Giovanni Raboni was concerned with the the issue of rhetoric and the question of the contemporary language of Italian politics. In Ultimi Versi , published posthumously in 2006 by Garzanti, the author makes a satirical use of syntagms, phraseology and verbose expressions typical of Berlusconi's propaganda, introducing these elements in his verses with a denunciation intent. This peculiar operation can be illustrated by comparing the poems of Ultimi versi and the political compositions of Cadenza d'inganno , another collection published in 1975, as both of them present precise similarities. Contextualising the posthumous collection in Raboni's work makes it possible to analyse this peculiar phenomenon: the poet, by the mean of his poetry, re-uses the language created by Berlusconi's politics. This study is based on the close examination of the autograph manuscripts, the preparatory writings for Ultimi versi , and of the drafts – written in a notebook kept by the private archive “Valduga” in Milan. These materials prove the way Raboni unveiled this specific political language with a mocking and denunciation intent, and the way the power rhetoric became part of one of the most important poetical works of the 20th century, though in a overturning perspective of estrangement.
Study the grain boundary triple junction segregation of phosphorus in a nickel-base alloy using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy on a transmission electron microscope

Segregation of phosphorus at grain boundary triple junctions in a nickel-base alloy was measured using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy on a transmission electron microscope. It was found that the triple junction segregation of phosphorus varies with grain boundaries in that the concentration of phosphorus at triple junction can be higher or lower than that at the adjacent grain boundaries. A concentration gradient was detected along some grain boundaries within a distance of 5–100 nm from the associated triple junctions. The results are discussed with regards to various structural and atomistic diffusion characteristics.
Characterization of the interface between (U, M)O2±x and yttria-zirconia

Solid-state electrochemical cells have been prepared by co-sintering pre-reacted electrode and electrolyte materials together. The electrodes investigated were the non-stoichiometric oxides of the general formula (U, M)O2±x (M = Sc, Y) and the electrolyte used was yttria-stabilized zirconia. The specimens were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays, and optical microscopy. For M = Sc, an intermediate phase is formed at the interface and is responsible for the strong bonding of the electrode layer to the electrolyte. The thickness of the intermediate layer was about 2 to 3Μm. Considerable loss of uranium, which in some cases led to destabilization of the fluorite phase, was observed from the surface of the uraniascandia electrode layers. The intermediate phase is thought to be formed as a result of reaction between the electrolyte and volatile uranium-containing species produced by decomposition of the urania-scandia electrode material. For M = Y, no evidence for the formation of such a phase was found and the adhesion of the electrode to electrolyte was poor.
Competition between transferrin and the serum ligands citrate and phosphate for the binding of aluminum.

A key issue regarding the speciation of Al(3+) in serum is how well the ligands citric acid and phosphate can compete with the iron transport protein serum transferrin for the aluminum. Previous studies have attempted to measure binding constants for each ligand separately, but experimental problems make it very difficult to obtain stability constants with the accuracy required to make a meaningful comparison between these ligands. In this study, effective binding constants for Al-citrate and Al-phosphate at pH 7.4 have been determined using difference UV spectroscopy to monitor the direct competition between these ligands and transferrin. The analysis of this competition equilibrium also includes the binding of citrate and phosphate as anions to apotransferrin. The effective binding constants are 10(11.59) for the 1:1 Al-citrate complexes and 10(14.90) for the 1:2 Al-citrate complexes. The effective binding constant for the 1:2 Al-phosphate complex is 10(12.02). No 1:1 Al-phosphate complex was detected. Speciation calculations based on these effective binding constants indicate that, at serum concentrations of citrate and phosphate, citrate will be the primary low-molecular-mass ligand for aluminum. Formal stability constants for the Al-citrate system have also been determined by potentiometric methods. This equilibrium system is quite complex, and information from both electrospray mass spectrometry and difference UV experiments has been used to select the best model for fitting the potentiometric data. The mass spectra contain peaks that have been assigned to complexes having aluminum:citrate stoichiometries of 1:1, 1:2, 2:2, 2:3, and 3:3. The difference UV results were used to determine the stability constant for Al(H(-1)cta)-, which was then used in the least-squares fitting of the potentiometric data to determine stability constants for Al(Hcta)+, Al(cta), Al(cta)2(3-), Al(H(-1)cta)(cta)(4-), Al2(H(-1)cta)2(2-), and Al3(H(-1)cta)3(OH)(4-).
THE CHANGING SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF U.S. TRADE UNIONS AND ITS DESCRIPTION BY PARETO'S DISTRIBUTION

The size distribution of trade unions in the United States and changes in this distribution are documented. Because the most profound changes are taking place among very large unions, these are subject to special analysis by invoking Pareto’s distribution. This represents a new application of this distribution. Extensions to trade union wealth and to Britain are broached. The role of the public sector in these changes receives particular attention. A simple model helps account both for the logarithmic distribution of union membership and for the contrasting experiences of public and private sector unions since the 1970s.