nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Composition and evolution of the oceanic crust

Laboratory measurements of compressional wave velocities in rocks are consistent with an oceanic crust composed of an assemblage of hornblende and plagioclase (layer 3) overlain by tholeiitic basalt (layer 2). Partial melting of mantle peridotite under mid-oceanic ridges marks the initial stages in the development of the oceanic crust. Tholeiitic magma, which escapes to the ocean floor, forms layer 2. Layer 3, composed of amphibolite and hornblende gabbro, originates beneath the ocean floor by crystallization of tholeiitic magma under hydrous conditions and subsequent metamorphism in the vicinity of ridge crests. Once formed, the oceanic crust is transported laterally by horizontally spreading upper mantle. Disposal of the oceanic crust is accomplished by downward movement in the vicinity of descending limbs of convection cells. Partial melting of the oceanic crust in regions of downward convection results in the formation of the calc-alkaline suite of rocks and eclogite.
Comparative Constitutional Federalism: Europe and America

Foreword by Lord Mackenzie-Stuart Preface The First Phases of American Federalism by Jack N. Rakove Economic Integration and Interregional Migration in the United States Federal System by Jonathan D. Varat Preservation of Cultural Diversity in a Federal System: The Role of the Regions by Giandomenico Majone Putting Up and Putting Down: Tolerance Reconsidered by Martha Minow Protecting Human Rights in a Federal System by A. E. Dick Howard Conclusion by Mark Tushnet Bibliographical Essay References Index
Identification of chlorinated oligomers formed during anodic oxidation of phenol in the presence of chloride.

Chlorinated oligomer intermediates formed during the anodic electrochemical oxidation of phenol with a boron-doped diamond electrode were studied at two different concentrations of chloride (5mM and 50mM). Under the same ionic strength, with sodium sulfate being the make-up ion, a 10-fold increase in Cl(-) led to removal rates 10.8, 1.5, and 1.4 times higher for phenol, TOC, and COD, respectively. Mono-, di- and trichlorophenols resulting from electrophilic substitution were the identified by-products. Nevertheless, discrepancies between theoretical and measured TOC values along with gaps in the mass balance of chlorine-containing species indicated the formation of unaccounted-for chlorinated by-products. Accurate mass measurements by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and MS-MS fragmentation spectra showed that additional compounds formed were dimers and trimers of phenol with structures similar to triclosan and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins.
Precision Measurements of the Nucleon Strange Form Factors atQ2∼0.1GeV2

We report new measurements of the parity-violating asymmetry A{sub PV} in elastic scattering of 3 GeV electrons off hydrogen and {sup 4}He targets with {theta}{sub lab} {approx} 6.0{sup 0}. The {sup 4}He result is A{sub PV}=(+6.40 {+-} 0.23(stat) {+-} 0.12(syst)) x 10{sup -6}. The hydrogen result is A{sub PV}=(-1.58 {+-} 0.12(stat) {+-} 0.04(syst)) x 10{sup -6}. These results significantly improve constraints on the electric and magnetic strange form factors GE and GM. We extract GE = 0.002 {+-} 0.014 {+-} 0.007 at Q{sup 2} = 0.077 GeV{sup 2}, and GE + 0.09GM = 0.007 {+-} 0.011 {+-} 0.006 at Q{sup 2} = 0.109 GeV{sup 2}, providing new limits on the role of strange quarks in the nucleon charge and magnetization distributions.
Economic Integration and Corruption: The Corrupt Soul of the European Union

We study the link between corruption and economic integration. We show that if an economic union establishes a common regulation for public procurement, the country more prone to corruption benefits more from integration. However, if the propensities to corruption are too distinct, the less corrupt country will not be willing to join the union. This difference in corruption propensities can be offset by a difference in efficiency. We also show that corruption is lower if integration occurs. A panel data analysis for the European Union confirms that more corrupt countries are more favorable towards integration but less acceptable as potential new members.
Families of finite sets with minimum shadows

The following problem was answered by a theorem of Kruskal, Katona, and Lindström about 20 years ago: Given a family ofk-element sets ℱ, |ℱ|=m, at least how many (k-d)-element subsets are contained in the members of ℱ? This paper deals with the extremal families, e.g., they are completely described for infinitely many values ofm.
Epoch alignment in stateful streams

While the amount of data and variability in data produced by numerous systems in a modern company continues to increase, users desire real-time and consistent results from complex analyses across a large variety of event sources. In industry, stream processing systems are emerging to process events with low latency in a scalable and reliable fashion. As more and more stream processing jobs are processing mission critical events, older jobs are subject to maintenance and have to be upgraded or replaced. These upgrade operations include a snapshot-restore operation, where between the snapshot and restore a non-trivial state conversion has to be performed. Such an operation requires a lot of technical expertise and imposes significant down-time on the job itself and all jobs that depend on it. This thesis proposes a mechanism to align the progress of multiple independent jobs sharing common event sources. The mechanism is an extension of the checkpoint protocol proposed by Carbone et al. Not only does this mechanism simplify maintenance of streaming jobs by allowing hot-swap operations with exactly-once processing semantics, but it can also be used to provide consistency of queryable state. By implementing a proof of concept we show that this so called epoch alignment can be achieved with minimal additional costs over exactly-once processing semantics.
ON THE NONRELATIVISTIC LIMIT OF THE φ4 THEORY IN 2+1 DIMENSIONS

We study the nonrelativistic limit of the quantum theory of a real scalar field with quartic self-interaction. The two-body scattering amplitude is written in such way as to separate the contributions of high and low energy intermediary states. From this result and the two-loop computation of the self-energy correction, we determine an effective nonrelativistic action.
On the Carbon-13 Chemical Shifts of Saturated Hydrocarbons

A molecular orbital interpretation of the carbon-13 chemical shifts of saturated hydrocarbons is presented. The shielding constant of the carbon atom is shown to be roughly proportional to the excess charge densities of 2p electrons, which is in accordance with experiments. The so-called β- and γ-effects in the carbon-13 chemical shifts are explained on the basis of an MO theory.
Fairness in markets: A laboratory investigation

It is generally assumed in applications of economic theory that people are concerned only with their monetary wealth. However, bargaining and public choice research indicates that people respond not only to monetary incentives, but also to considerations of fairness. The purpose of this study is to consider the effect of fairness on market behavior. This issue was addressed in a series of eight laboratory markets. The results suggest that fairness can affect market prices, but that the effect may decline over time.
The death of Philosophy: a response to Stephen Hawking

AbstractIn his 2010 work, The Grand Design, Stephen Hawking, argues that ‘… philosophy is dead’ (2010: 5). While not a Philosopher, Hawking provides strong argument for his thesis, principally that philosophers have not taken science sufficiently seriously and so Philosophy is no longer relevant to knowledge claims. In this paper, Hawking’s claim is appraised and critiqued, becoming a meta-philosophical discussion. It is argued that Philosophy is dead, in some sense, due to particular philosophers having embarked on an intellectual path no longer in keeping with the ancient definition of Philosophy. Philosophy as the seeking of wisdom necessarily includes the consideration of findings of other intellectual pursuits, including physical and natural science. While Philosophy has justifiably evolved through its long history, is it unrecognisable in the terms by which it historically defined itself? Seeking consistency, Hawking is critiqued for appearing to practise ‘dead’ Philosophy. Indeed, Hawking’s appeal ...
A Brief History of Drop Formation

Surface-tension-related phenomena have fascinated researchers for a long time, and the mathematical description pioneered by Young and Laplace opened the door to their systematic study. The time scale on which surface-tension-driven motion takes place is usually quite short, making experimental investigation quite demanding. Accordingly, most theoretical and experimental work has focused on static phenomena, and in particular the measurement of surface tension, by physicists like Eotvos, Lenard, and Bohr. Here we will review some of the work that has eventually lead to a closer scrutiny of time-dependent ows, highly nonlinear in nature. Often this motion is self-similar in nature, such that it can in fact be mapped onto a pseudo-stationary problem, amenable to mathematical analysis.
A History of Cartography

From aerial photography to the Internet, the technologies of the twentieth century transformed both the production and consumption of maps. Volume 6 covers this pivotal century in which mapping became an important tool for coping with complexity, organizing knowledge, and influencing public opinion across all parts of the globe and at all levels of society. Unlike Volumes 1, 2, and 3, which were organized in chapters written by relatively few authors, Volumes 4, 5, and 6 are designed as interpretive encyclopedias. Volume 6 is the first of these million-word reference resources to appear in the encyclopedic format. It is also the first volume in the series to be published simultaneously in print and e-book editions and to include color images throughout. (With 1,153 images, Volume 6 is as richly illustrated as its predecessors.) Cartography in the Twentieth Century includes 529 articles ranging from short pieces on key individuals and institutions to multipart entries on such broad topics as topographic mapping, military mapping by major powers, and wayfinding and travel maps. Mark Monmonier provided expert guidance and direction while editing contributions from more than 300 international scholars, with assistance from associate editors Peter Collier, Karen Cook, A. Jon Kimerling, and Joel Morrison.
Individual Preferences, Organization, and Competition in a Model of R&D Incentive Provision

Understanding the organization of RD (2) knowledge is not perfectly appropriable; (3) scientists are responsive to both monetary and non-monetary incentives; and (4) firms compete on the product market. We show that both the degree of knowledge spillovers and of market competition affect the incentives given to scientists, and these effects interact. First, high knowledge spillovers lead firms to soften incentives when product market competition is high, and to strengthen incentives when competition is low. Second, the relationship between the intensity of competition and the power of incentives is U-shaped, with the exact shape depending on the degree of knowledge spillovers. We also show that the performance-contingent pay for both applied and basic research increases with the non-pecuniary benefits that scientists obtain from research. We relate our findings to the existing empirical research, and also discuss their implications for management and public policy.
Tectonic controls on the Pleistocene–Holocene Wudalianchi volcanic field (northeastern China)

The Wudalianchi volcanic field developed during the Pleistocene–Holocene but is dormant at present. Its latest eruption occurred in 1719–1721 AD. The volcanic rocks are high-potassium alkaline basalts derived from the upper mantle (c. 100–120 km depth) as indicated by geochemical data. The field is located in an old tectonic transition zone surrounded by four regional normal faults. The volcanic craters are aligned along NE–NNE-striking fractures and faults, although a NNW-striking sub-surface fracture zone probably controlled the eruptions beginning at 1.33±0.08 Ma. Beneath the volcanic field, the Moho interface lies at a depth of 33.5–35 km. Eruptions evolved from fissure type to central type eruptions. The field is characterized by an intraplate tectonic setting in a non-orogenic compressional regime which resulted from the subduction of the West Pacific plate beneath the eastern Asian continental margin starting 3–2 Ma ago.
Towards reliable self-clustering Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

With the introduction of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), nodes are able to participate in a dynamic network which lacks an underlying infrastructure. In this paper, we present a novel approach to improve the search efficiency and scalability of MANETs by clustering nodes based on trust mechanism. In our method, the trust relationship is formed by evaluating the level of trust using Bayesian statistic analysis, and clusters can be formed and maintained autonomously by nodes with only partial knowledge. Simulation results show that each node can form and join proper clusters based on their trust degree, and the cluster-based search algorithm with trust mechanism outperforms over those in current popular clustering models.
Successful IT Outsourcing Engagement: Lessons from Malaysia

The literature on IT outsourcing is well-developed with clear explanations of what may determine success. The context of IT outsourcing studies has primarily focused upon North American and European companies, seeking low-cost economies from links with developing nations to gain competitive advantage. These studies may not be generalisable to companies based in developing economies, who may be trying to replicate successful outsourcing approaches. If the focus of outsourcing is primarily one of cost cutting, IT policy makers and managers in Malaysia cannot assume that successful outsourcing determinants are of any significance to them. This article therefore addresses the question of how generalisable the determinants of successful IT outsourcing are to a Malaysian context. The study is based upon a sample survey of companies in the Penang region of Malaysia. It presents and tests hypotheses on the nature of outsourcing relationships. In conclusion, Malaysian managers can take some comfort in that the lessons of outsourcing can be generalised to their context. Of particular note is the value of selective outsourcing in comparison to full outsourcing and the impacts of communication and management commitment.
ALGEBRAIC MODELS FOR O-MINIMAL MANIFOLDS

A difierentiable manifold admits an algebraic model if it is difieo- morphic to some non-singular real algebraic set. We prove that every manifold whose underlying set is deflnable in some o-minimal structure admits an al- gebraic model, and the difieomorphism can be chosen to be deflnable in this structure. For a large class of o-minimal expansions of the real exponential fleld, even deflnable smooth manifolds admit deflnably and smooth algebraic models.
Technology Spillovers and Innovation : The Importance of Domestic and Foreign Sources

This paper asks whether there is evidence of higher innovation output from firms where there is more foreign activity in terms of foreign direct investments (FDI), trade and collaboration on innovation, or if proximity between innovators is more important. With a sample of about two-thirds of Swedish firms with at least 10 employees and by accounting for selectivity and simultaneity biases, sector specific effects and firm specific effects, we find robust evidence for import spill over. There is also support for international knowledge transfer to the local firm from foreign units indicating the importance of both inward and outward FDI. We only find some weak find association between proximity to local partners and innovation. The most important aspect of the local milieu on innovation is skilled labour.
Viewing Purpose Through an Eriksonian Lens

One theme in Erik Erikson's work is the importance of finding a purpose for life. This article discusses the role of purpose in Erikson's writings and uses this review as a foundation for investigating Erikson's claims. Using a longitudinal sample of adolescents, Study 1 shows that identity and purpose development are intertwined processes insofar as increased commitment on one dimension corresponds to increased commitment on the other. Study 2 demonstrates that, although identity and purpose commitment are correlated, purpose commitment uniquely predicts Big Five personality trait levels, particularly for those traits related to maturity. Results are discussed as an impetus for future purpose development research and as support for largely unexamined Eriksonian claims.
High thermal shock resistance realized by Ti/TiH2 doped tungsten-potassium alloys

Tungsten-potassium-titanium (W-K-Ti) alloys were fabricated by spark-plasma-sintering (SPS) and traditional rotary swaging (RS) techniques. Doping conditions and sintering methods were compared on the relative density, microstructure, hardness, recrystallization temperature, and the thermal shock resistance properties. Transient heat loads under 0.37 GW m −2 were applied on the W-K-Ti samples at room temperature for different cycles and pulsed durations. It was found that moderate Ti-doping (0.05 and 0.075 wt%) in W-K alloys can enhance the thermal shock resistance. Low-cycle thermal fatigue test suggested better thermal shock resistance in SPS-sintered W-K-Ti alloy (SPS-W-K-Ti) using TiH 2 dopant. The main reason was that the decomposition of TiH 2 significantly reduced the oxygen content of the ingots, which improved the ductility and thermal shock resistance of tungsten alloys. Further fracture analyses indicated that Ti-doping through TiH 2 formed intra- and inter- Ti-rich voids in TiH 2 -doped W-K alloy, while only intergranular Ti particles were found lying along grain boundaries in the Ti-doped one. The formation mechanism of the Ti-rich voids was investigated in detail. This work provides a potential route for obtaining plasma facing materials with high thermal shock resistance.
A Study on Aged Population Distribution around Train Stations in Local Cities of Japan, France and Germany

2 • A Study on Aged Population Distribution around Train Stations in Local Cities of Japan, France and Germany * ** ** ** Takafumi Ito, Dai Nakagawa, Ryoji Matsunaka, Tetsuharu Oba In local cities of Japan, suburbanization makes moving difficult for aged People. Making train service level better is important for formation of compact city. However, there is no study that clarifies the relationship between aged population distribution and promotion of train stations. Then we constructed the spatial date of aged population distribution and train stations in Japan, France and Germany to understand the aged population distribution around stations according to train frequency. As a result, compared with France and Germany, there are less stations with high train frequency in high aged population density areas in Japan. Then, as train frequency is high, there is a trend that aged population around stations increases and percentage of aged population decreases. Finally, in Japan, aged population around stations has not been increasing, and the trend is strong in stations with high train frequency.
The effects of a hydroxyl group on some chemical and biological properties of n-pentyl ammonium salts.

The effects of a hydroxyl group on the activity and affinity of compounds related to n-pentyltrimethylammonoum have been studied on the guinea-pig ileum, frog rectus, acetylcholinesterase and on partitioning (Rm) and size (phiov, Vm). The hydroxyl group lowered affinity in all tests, confirming the importance of hydrophobic forces in binding to receptors. Activity on the ileum was lowered appreciably but on the rectus only slightly. The effects on Rm did not indicate any interactions between hydroxyl, onium group and water but the apparent size of the hydroxyl group (deltaphiov) depends on the nature of the onium group.
Extensions to the Lewisian Inlier of Fannich Forest, Ross-shire

Four previously unmapped outcrops of Lewisian gneisses occur in Fannich Forest, Ross-shire. They include rocks with similar textures and mineralogy to other Lewisian rocks in Fannich, and whole-rock analysis confirms that they are compositionally similar to gneisses from the rest of the Fannich. Inlier, and from the Lewisian Foreland. The existing geological map hints that a structural and stratigraphic discontinuity exists between the geology of the north and south shores of Loch Fannich, but Lewisian rocks do outcrop south of the loch and no discrepancy exists. The late Fannich synform bifurcates towards the south, producing the double outcrop of Lewisian south of Loch Fannich.
Optical activity of a neutrino sea in the Standard Model

We present the Standard Model calculation of the optical activity of a neutrino sea. The idea that intergalactic space is a birefrigent medium for light due to the presence of a neutrino sea has been contemplated for a long time. Some thirty years ago, Royer  computed in V − A theory an effect of order G F. Later, Stodolsky noted that due to a theorem of Gell-Mann [2], there can be no such effect with massless neutrinos and a point-like coupling, and his observation was recorded by one of the present authors in a review . In the early 1980's data on propagation of radio waves through intergalactic Space put a stringent upper bound on possible optical activity of the neutrino sea [4] and  and this led to renewed estimates for the size of such effect on the assumption of a neutrino magnetic moment, which occur for a massive neutrino [5]. More recently [6] an evaluation was made for a off-mass shell photons within the Standard Model (SM). Here we note that there is a frequency dependent effect even for real photons and we also comment on the effect for virtual photons (both within the SM). Thus we shall consider three possible effects: a magnetic moment effect, an effect for virtual photons, an effect for real photons. 1 If the neutrino has a magnetic moment, this moment will interact with the magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave: L int = (eµ/2m)¯ ν(p 2)σ αβ q β ν(p 1)ǫ(q) , (1) In this equation ǫ(q) is the polarization vector of a photon of momenta q, while ν(p) is the neutrino bispinor, and µ is the neutrino magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons e/2m. With this interaction (1) the forward scattering amplitude of a photon of momentum k from a neutrino of momentum p is equal to T = 4i(eµ/m) 2 ǫ µναβ ǫ µ (k)ǫ * ν (k)p α k β. (2) This amplitude differs for left-handed and right-handed photons: T LL = −T RR = 4(eµ/m e) 2 (pk) , (3) and gives rise to a nonzero optical activity for a polarizes neutrino gas. In the Standard Model the neutrino has no intrinsic magnetic moment, but a magnetic moment can emerge as a one loop effect if the neutrino is massive(See figure 1).