nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hegel's critique of Kant

In this paper we present a reconstruction of Hegel's critique of Kant. We try to show the congruence of that critique in both theoretical and practical philosophy. We argue that this congruence is to be found in Hegel's criticism of Kant's hylemorphism in his theoretical and practical philosophy. Hegel is much more sympathetic to Kant's response to the distinction between matter and form in his theoretical philosophy and he credits Kant with ‘discovering’ here that thinking is an activity that always takes place within a greater whole. He, however, argues that the consequences of this are much more significant than Kant suspects and that, most importantly, the model of cognition in which thought (form) confronts something non-thought (matter) is unsustainable. This leads to Hegel's appropriation of Kantian reflective judgements, arguing that the greater whole in which thinking takes place is a socially shared set of meanings, something resembling what Kant calls a sensus communis. From here, it is not far...
Cosmology with variable parameters and effective equation of state for dark energy

A cosmological constant, Λ, is the most natural candidate to explain the origin of the dark energy (DE) component in the universe. However, due to some experimental evidence that the equation of state (EOS) of the DE could be evolving with time/redshift (including the possibility that it might behave phantom-like near our time) has led theorists to emphasize that there might be a dynamical field (or some suitable combination of them) that could explain the behaviour of the DE. While this is of course one possibility, here we show that there is no imperative need to invoke such dynamical fields and that a variable cosmological constant (including perhaps a variable Newton's constant too) may account, in a natural way, for all these features.
Quantum coherence: myth or fact?

It has recently been argued that the inability to measure the absolute phase of an electromagnetic field prohibits the representation of a laser's output as a quantum optical coherent state. This argument has generally been considered technically correct but conceptually disturbing. Indeed, it would seem to place in question the very concept of the coherent state. Here we show that this argument fails to take into account a fundamental principle that not only re-admits the coherent state as legitimate, but formalizes a fundamental concept about model building in general, and in quantum mechanics in particular.
Office automation project: a research perspective

This paper attempts to place some perspective on the research and developments going on in office automation. It describes the functions which can be assisted by computers, and indicates where more research may be needed. A brief description of the Office Automation Project at the Wharton School is provided. The systems being developed include word processing, electronic mail, decision aiding technology, and integration with various databases. This effort is compared with some of the other, complementary research projects in office automation under way around the country.
Securely deploying distributed computation systems on peer-to-peer networks

More and more off-the-shelf processors support the dynamic construction of Trusted Execution Environments. For instance, Intel Software Guard Extensions (Intel SGX) supports the construction of so-called enclaves on modern Intel Core processors. Hence, it is interesting to design and evaluate practical security architectures that leverage this new technology.
 One of the possibilities of this new technology is that it enables deployment of traditional distributed applications that require a group of mutually trusting machines, on top of a group of mutually distrusting machines such as a peer-to-peer network. This paper proposes and evaluates an Intel SGX based approach to securely deploy a subset of distributed systems called distributed computation systems in a peer-to-peer fashion, with strong confidentiality and integrity guarantees and without modification of the original system.
 The approach is evaluated by applying it to distcc, a distributed compiler. This result of this process is a new program called p2pcc, a distributed peer-to-peer compiler. We created two different versions of p2pcc. In the first version, any process spawned on one of the untrusted peers runs in its own enclave, thus providing a very fine-grained form of isolation. Our evaluation shows that the performance cost on today's Intel SGX implementation is too high. The second version of p2pcc groups all processes running on behalf of the same user within the same enclave, thus providing coarser isolation, but still providing strong isolation on all security boundaries. Our evaluation shows that the second approach has good performance while providing strong security guarantees even on current SGX processors.
 Our results provide evidence that deploying existing distributed computation systems in a peer-to-peer fashion is practical.
The Functional Unity of Special Science Kinds

The view that special science properties are multi ply realizable has been attacked in recent years by Shapiro, Bechtel and Mundale, Polge r, and others. Focusing on psychological and neuroscientific properties, I argue that these attacks are unsuccessful. By drawing on interspecies physiological comparisons I show that diverse physical mechanisms can converge on common functional properties at multiple levels. This is illustrated with examples from the psychophysics and neuroscience of early vision. Thi s convergence is compatible with the existence of general constraints on the evolution o f cognitive systems, and does not involve any ad hoc typing of coarse-grained higher level properties. The mechanisms that realize these common higher level properties are really distinct by he criteria laid down by critics of multiple realizability. Finally, I present an account of how such functional properties might constitute special science kinds by playing a central explanat ory role in a range of cognitive models. Behavioral science kinds in particular are the func tionally defined constituents picked out by our most successful models of the multilevel systems an d mechanisms that explain cognitive capacities. 1 Reduction versus elimination, redux 2 The eyes of others 3 Unity through constraint? 4 Justifying taxonomic mismatches 5 Further conditions on multiple realization
The effect of helium on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys as determined in a spectral tailoring experiment

Fe-15Cr-XNi alloys irradiated at both low (0.66 to 1.2) and very high (27 to 58) helium/dpa levels exhibit significantly different levels of strengthening due to an unprecedented refinement of cavity microstructure at the very high helium levels. When compounded with the nickel dependence of helium generation, the cavity distribution for some irradiation conditions and alloy compositions can be driven below the critical radius for bubble-to-void conversion, leading to a delay in swelling. The critical radius also appears to be dependent on the nickel level. The refinement may not have resulted from the high helium levels alone, however but also may have been influenced by differences in displacement rate and temperature history in the two experiments.
Los mejores años de la educación en América Latina, 1950-1980

This article will study the best years of education in Latin America (1950 – 1980); where a great majority of the regional population shared a positive perception of education of the first time. The first part will have a look at one of the most unique Latin American educational phenomena of the era – the exponential increase of educational coverage. The second part will analyze other important tendencies during these decades – the implementation of reforms that affected to educational systems. The third part will point out in detail the major critiques against educational systems. The last part, as a way of conclusion, will explain the antecedents that, in the late 70s and early 80s, will change the general basis of education in Latin America.
Compositeness Effects in the Anomalous Weak-Magnetic Moment of Leptons

We investigate the effects induced by excited leptons, at the one-loop level, in the anomalous magnetic and weak-magnetic form factors of the leptons. Using a general effective Lagrangian approach to describe the couplings of the excited leptons, we compute their contributions to the weak-magnetic moment of the $\tau$ lepton, which can be measured on the $Z$ peak, and we compare it with the contributions to $g_\mu - 2$, measured at low energies.
Learning as search optimization: approximate large margin methods for structured prediction

Mappings to structured output spaces (strings, trees, partitions, etc.) are typically learned using extensions of classification algorithms to simple graphical structures (eg., linear chains) in which search and parameter estimation can be performed exactly. Unfortunately, in many complex problems, it is rare that exact search or parameter estimation is tractable. Instead of learning exact models and searching via heuristic means, we embrace this difficulty and treat the structured output problem in terms of approximate search. We present a framework for learning as search optimization, and two parameter updates with convergence the-orems and bounds. Empirical evidence shows that our integrated approach to learning and decoding can outperform exact models at smaller computational cost.
The International Computer Software Industry: A Comparative Study of Industry Evolution and Structure [Book Reviews]

Lee, John Couleur, James L. McKenney, and Oldfield (written in the first person), which are often close duplicates of parts of this book. Although the book names more participants and the author makes more penetrating judgments and gives more details, I cannot recommend it as being superior to what Annals has already published about the GE fiasco: The Lee et al. article mentioned above is particularly good. I had hoped for more and better.
Genome wide exploration of the origin and evolution of amino acids

BackgroundEven after years of exploration, the terrestrial origin of bio-molecules remains unsolved and controversial. Today, observation of amino acid composition in proteins has become an alternative way for a global understanding of the mystery encoded in whole genomes and seeking clues for the origin of amino acids.ResultsIn this study, we statistically monitored the frequencies of 20 alpha-amino acids in 549 taxa from three kingdoms of life: archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes. We found that the amino acids evolved independently in these three kingdoms; but, conserved linkages were observed in two groups of amino acids, (A, G, H, L, P, Q, R, and W) and (F, I, K, N, S, and Y). Moreover, the amino acids encoded by GC-poor codons (F, Y, N, K, I, and M) were found to "lose" their usage in the development from single cell eukaryotic organisms like S. cerevisiae to H. sapiens, while the amino acids encoded by GC-rich codons (P, A, G, and W) were found to gain usage. These findings further support the co-evolution hypothesis of amino acids and genetic codes.ConclusionWe proposed a new chronological order of the appearance of amino acids (L, A, V/E/G, S, I, K, T, R/D, P, N, F, Q, Y, M, H, W, C). Two conserved evolutionary paths of amino acids were also suggested: A→G→R→P and K→Y.
Wilfred E.G. Salter: The Merits of a Classical Economic Education

During his honours research on an index of industrial production at the University of Western Australia, Wilfred Salter gained an understanding of the composite commodity theorem. The applied work on the index of industrial production provided him with the analytic foundations for his two famous contributions to economic theory, in capital theory and international trade theory. In his PhD thesis at the University of Cambridge he agreed with Joan Robinson that it is impossible to measure the aggregate capital stock because the assumptions of the composite commodity theorem do not hold in a general equilibrium framework. In the dependent economy model, however, Salter accepted the aggregation of exportables and importables because in a small open economy the terms of trade are unaffected by domestic economic policy. Thus, Salter recognised that the capital stock is an invalid aggregate in a macroeconomic model, but internationally traded goods are a valid aggregate in the dependent economy model. His succes...
Public Investment and Budget Rules for State vs. Local Governments

Across different layers of the U.S. government there are surprisingly large differences in institutional provisions that impose fiscal discipline, such as constitutionally mandated deficit or debt limits, or specific tax bases. In this paper we develop a framework that can be used to quantitatively assess their costs and benefits. The model features both endogenous and exogenous mobility across jurisdictions, so we can evaluate whether the different degree of mobility at the local vs. national level can justify different institutional restrictions. In preliminary results, we show that pure land taxes have very beneficial incentive effects, but can only raise limited amounts of revenues. In contrast, under exogenous mobility, income taxes lead unambiguously to insufficient incentives to invest in public capital, unless the fiscal constraints explicitly favor such investment. This conclusion seems to hold even with the introduction of endogenous mobility, since adverse congestion effects from inefficient migration offset the beneficial impact of (partial) capitalization of future taxes into land prices.
Implementing and Evaluating a Runtime Conformance Checker for Mobile Agent Systems

A Mobile Agent System (MAS) is a special kind of distributed system in which the agent software can move from one physical host to another. This paper describes a new approach, together with its implementation and evaluation, for checking the conformance of a MAS with respect to an executable model. In order to check the effectiveness of our conformance check, we have built a mutation-based evaluation framework. Part of the framework is a set of 29 new mutation operators for mobile agent systems. Our conformance checking approach is used to compare the mutated agents with the executable model and determine nonconformance. Our experimental results suggest that our approach holds promise for the generation and detection of non-equivalent mutants.
The Social Legitimation of Biomedical Technologies in Russia: Communication Challenges for Science and Society

Throughout history the development of medical institution was followed by the extension of medical expertise boundaries. Progress in new medical biotechnologies and the manipulation of human biological material, in particular, raise the conceptual question of how to define the boundaries between human beings and biological material. This paper focuses on the analysis of attitudes towards research on the human body, in scientific, political and cultural discourse. In public discussions about stem cell technology we found that the extension of medical expertise boundaries caused an intervention of ethical expertise in the fields of science and medicine. Nevertheless, the cultural conflict does not become an obstacle to the recognition of stem cell research and its legitimation in the collective consciousness.
Economic Perceptions and Vote Choice: Disentangling the Endogeneity

Much previous research shows that variation in vote choice closely follows variation in economic perceptions over time. A number of scholars argue that the pattern is rooted in cross-sectional effects and have found apparent evidence of such effects. However, most of these studies do not take into account the possibility that economic perceptions are themselves structured by vote choice, which poses potentially serious implications. We begin to address this endogeneity, focusing specifically on Lewis-Beck's (1988) analysis of economic voting. The results suggest that the cross-sectional effects of the economy on vote choice have been substantially overstated.
Observation of two new N* resonances in the decay ψ(3686)→ppπ0.

Based on 106×10(6)ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII facility, a partial wave analysis of ψ(3686)→ppπ0 is performed. The branching fraction of this channel has been determined to be B(ψ(3686)→ppπ0)=(1.65±0.03±0.15)×10(-4). In this decay, 7 N* intermediate resonances are observed. Among these, two new resonances, N(2300) and N(2570) are significant, one 1/2+ resonance with a mass of 2300(-30-0)(+40+109)  MeV/c2 and width of 340(-30-58)(+30+110)  MeV/c2, and one 5/2- resonance with a mass of 2570(-10-10)(+19+34)  MeV/c2 and width of 250(-24-21)(+14+69)  MeV/c2. For the remaining 5 N* intermediate resonances [N(1440), N(1520), N(1535), N(1650) and N(1720)], the analysis yields mass and width values that are consistent with those from established resonances.
Defining the boundaries: social worker assessment of sexual abuse in a cultural context – multivariate analysis of personal and professional factors influencing social workers' labelling of intimacy behaviour

To explore personal and professional factors influencing social worker assessment of family intimacy behaviour in diverse cultural groups, a 27-item questionnaire was mailed to a random, stratified sample of MSW-level social workers. The instrument measured rank-order responses to 10 questions about attitudes towards public exposure to sexual stimuli and rank-order responses to questions about three vignettes depicting culturally informed family intimacy behaviour. The instrument also measured sample characteristics such as area of social work practice and per cent of caseload involving sexually abused as well as diverse clients. Completed questionnaires (n= 387) were analysed for association between respondents' definition of intimacy behaviour (dependent variable), attitude towards sexual stimuli, and intervening variables thought to explain variance in the dependent measure. Labelling theory provided a basis for hypotheses testing. 
 
When mean attitude scores were correlated with mean definition scores, Pearson's r returned a significant low, positive association between conservative attitudes towards exposure to sexual stimuli and definitions of cross-cultural scenarios as sexual abuse. Holding attitude scores constant, regression modelling of the sample's definition of scenarios indicated that practice area, minority status, and per cent of caseload with sexual abuse clients were significant predictors of R2 change in the dependent variable. Further analysis of data through regression tree modelling showed that a small group of conservative practitioners with ethnically diverse caseloads were more likely to label culturally influenced behaviours as deviant. Among conservative practitioners with less diverse caseloads, number of hours in sexuality training had a moderating influence on deviancy labelling. Tree modelling of the data also indicated that an ethnic minority subgroup within the sample accounted for the lowest ranking of scenarios as sexual abuse. 
 
Results support earlier work on social worker assessment of child maltreatment as a function of agency setting. Another implication for social work is the need for practitioners to understand their attitudes towards human sexuality in relation to assessment of diverse patterns of childhood sexual socialization.
A Biographical Précis

Nicholas Rescher is University Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, where he also serves as Research Professor in the Center for the Philosophy of Science. He has published some two hundred articles in scholarly journals, has contributed to various encyclopedias and reference works, and has written over thirty books in the areas of epistemology, metaphysics, logic, the philosophy of science, social philosophy, and the history of philosophy. His characteric method in philosophical inquiry consists in a distinctive fusion of historical research with the techniques of logical and conceptual analysis.
Reconnaissance Geophysical Survey of the Caroline Basin

Using the results of reconnaissance seismic reflection and magnetic surveys of the region, the Caroline Basin is interpreted as having been created by two phases of sea-floor spreading. The first phase, beginning prior to 42 m.y. B.P., accreted crust from an east-northeast–striking spreading center for at least 17 m.y. until the spreading axis was ingested into the northward-dipping subduction zone south of the West Caroline Ridge about 25 m.y. B.P. The possibility exists that the Eauripik–New Guinea Rise was formed on the southern limb of this spreading center by a mantle plume operative during this period. The second phase of sea-floor spreading, beginning prior to 18 m.y. B.P., was located in the northwest corner of the pre-existing basin. This spreading axis was oriented west-northwest and persisted for at least 4.3 m.y., until about 13.7 m.y. B.P. This spreading axis was probably responsible for formation of the Northwest Caroline Basin fracture zone, which separates its southern terminus from the older basin crust, and for the reactivation of the western part of the defunct West Caroline Ridge subduction zones. Major segments of the basin margin are interpreted as subduction zones, ranging from inactive to possibly incipient.
Banks as Producers of Financial Services

This paper documents that a rise in government debt is associated with a fall in shadow banking and a rise in traditional banking. This is explained in a model where banks are valued for the financial services they offer. Government debt does not compete directly with banks in providing financial services, but the demand for government debt by banks imparts a liquidity premium to government debt. A rise in government debt is estimated to disproportionately benefit traditional banks so they expand at the expense of shadow banks. An optimal debt policy leads both types of banks to become default free. ∗Duke University (coleman@duke.edu), and The University of North Carolina (Christian Lundblad@kenan-flagler.unc.edu). We wish to thank Ravi Bansal for many helpful comments.