nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bioactivity of chemically transformed humic matter from vermicompost on plant root growth.

Chemical reactions (hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, methylation, alkyl compounds detachment) were applied to modify the structure of humic substances (HS) isolated from vermicompost. Structural and conformational changes of these humic derivatives were assessed by elemental analyses, size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C CPMAS-NMR), and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY-NMR), whereas their bioactivity was evaluated by changes in root architecture and proton pump activation of tomato and maize. All humic derivatives exhibited a large bioactivity compared to original HS, both KMnO(4)-oxidized and methylated materials being the most effective. Whereas no general relationship was found between bioactivity and humic molecular sizes, the hydrophobicity index was significantly related with proton pump stimulation. It is suggested that the hydrophobic domain can preserve bioactive molecules such as auxins in the humic matter. In contact with root-exuded organic acids the hydrophobic weak forces could be disrupted, releasing bioactive compounds from humic aggregates. These findings were further supported by the fact that HS and all derivatives used in this study activated the auxin synthetic reporter DR5::GUS.
Developing a Creative Cluster in a Postindustrial City: CIDS and Manchester

This article takes the establishment and demise of Manchester's Creative Industries Development Service (CIDS) as an exemplary case study for the ways in which creative industry policy has intersected with urban economic policy over the last decade. The authors argue that the creative industries required specific kinds of economic development agencies that would be able to act as “intermediaries” between the distinct languages of policymakers and “creatives.” They discuss the tensions inherent in such an approach and how CIDS attempted to manage them and suggest that the main reason for the demise of the CIDS was the domination of the “economic” over the “cultural” logic, both of which are present within the creative industries policy discourse.
Subexponential concurrent constraint programming

In previous works we have shown that linear logic with subexponentials (SELL), a refinement of linear logic, can be used to specify emergent features of concurrent constraint programming (CCP) languages, such as preferences and spatial, epistemic and temporal modalities. In order to do so, we introduced a number of extensions to SELL, such as subexponential quantifiers for the specification of modalities, and more elaborated subexponential structures for the specification of preferences. These results provided clear proof theoretic foundations to existing systems. This paper goes in the opposite direction, answering positively the question: can the proof theory of linear logic with subexponentials contribute to the development of new CCP languages? We propose a CCP language with the following powerful features: 1) computational spaces where agents can tell and ask preferences (soft-constraints); 2) systems where spatial and temporal modalities can be combined; 3) shared spaces for communication that can be dynamically established; and 4) systems that can dynamically create nested spaces. In order to provide the proof theoretic foundations for such a language, we propose a unified logical framework ( SELLS ? ) combining the extensions of linear logic with subexponentials mentioned above, and showing that this new framework has interesting proof theoretical properties such as cut-elimination and a sound and complete focused proof system.
A crooked path.

This is a printed version of Pamela O. Long's talk at the 2014 Society for the History of Technology annual meeting, on the occasion of receiving the Leonardo da Vinci award. It provides a synoptic intellectual autobiography of the author, treating the development of her work on Vitruvianism, ideas concerning contextualism, some of the scholars that have most influenced her work, and her present project on engineering in sixteenth-century Rome.
Schottky barrier characterization of lead phthalocyanine/aluminium interfaces

Thin sandwich film structure consisting of several cells is fabricated by successive thermal sublimation of aluminium, lead phthalocyanine and aluminium under high vacuum conditions (10 − 4  Pa). The dark current density–voltage ( J – V ) characteristics indicate rectifying junctions exists at PbPc/Al interface. Devices exposed to oxygen were found to exhibit an enhanced Schottky type behaviour. Measurements on the dependence of capacitance and conductance on frequency and temperature are also investigated. These are quantitatively interpreted using an equivalent circuit model. Structural properties of lead phthalocyanine film were studied using X-ray diffraction techniques.
Efficient Access Mechanisms for Tabled Logic Programs

The use of tabling in logic programming allows bottom-up evaluation to be incorporated in a top-down framework, combining advantages of both. At the engine level, tabling also introduces issues not present in pure top-down evaluation, due to the need for subgoals and answers to access tables during resolution. This article describes the design, implementation, and experimental evaluation of data structures and algorithms for high-performance table access. Our approach uses tries as the basis for tables. Tries, a variant of discrimination nets, provide complete discrimination for terms, and permit a lookup and possible insertion to be performed in a single pass through a term. In addition, a novel technique of substitution factoring is proposed. When substitution factoring is used, the access cost for answers is proportional to the size of the answer substitution, rather than to the size of the answer itself. Answer tries can be implemented both as interpreted structures and as compiled WAM-like code. When they are compiled, the speed of computing substitutions through answer tries is competitive with the speed of unit facts compiled or asserted as WAM code. Because answer tries can also be created an order of magnitude more quickly than asserted code, they form a promising alternative for representing certain types of dynamic code, even in Prolog systems without tabling.
Automated Higher-order Reasoning about Quantales

Originally developed as an algebraic characterisation for quantum mechanics, the algebraic structure of quantales nowadays nds widespread applications ranging from (noncommutative) logics to hybrid systems. We present an approach to bring reasoning about quantales into the realm of (fully) automated theorem proving. This will yield automation in various (new) elds of applications in the future. To achieve this goal and to receive a general approach (independent of any particular theorem prover), we use the TPTP Problem Library for higher-order logic. In particular, we give an encoding of quantales in the typed higher-order form (THF) and present some theorems about quantales which can be proved fully automatically. We further present prospective applications for our approach and discuss practical experiences using THF.
Między socjologią a kartografią, czyli: mapa w głowie

Radoslaw  Poczykowski Between Sociology and Cartography, or a Map in the Head Though contemporary sociology treats the phenomenon of space extremely seriously, it appears surprising that hardly any room is devoted to the discussion of representations of space, i.e. to maps. The article attempts to fill  this gap through an analysis of the application of the idea of a "mental map" to a comparative cultural study.  Adopting Kevin Lynch's largely pragmatic notion of a mental map to a theoretically oriented sociological  project, the author explores the relations between the concepts of history, cultural values and memory.  The discussion is focused on the ways of construing mental landscape by the exiled members of the Jewish  shtetls  and similarly dispossessed inhabitants of the Mazury region in Poland. The demonstrated differences  present in those reconstructions are, according to the author, an excellent reflection of significant diversity  in cultural perception and values, and an indication that an analysis of this kind constitutes  an original and productive element in the methodology of modern sociology and historical studies.
Age of overthrust-type granites in the accretionary‒collisional system of the early Caledonides (western Baikal region)

The western Baikal region (Ol’khon region, Nutgei zone, Kharikta area) is characterized by the development of packets of thrust-type folds and synkinematic granites corresponding to the stage of thrust deformations (overthrust-type granites). Two stages in the formation of thrust-type folds separated by episodes of granite emplacement are definable. The data obtained make it possible to estimate both the time of transition from thrust to strike-slip deformations and the duration of accretionary‒collisional events that resulted in regional strike-slip deformations, which terminated in the western Baikal region 460‒455 Ma ago.
Tin belts on the continents around the Atlantic Ocean

Tin is inhomogeneously distributed on the continents, in relatively narrow, continent-sized belts. On a reconstruction of the continents around the Atlantic Ocean before continental drift, the belts extend unbroken from one continent to another. As the ages of the tin mineralizations vary within the belts, an argument can be derived that the source of the tin and its associated elements must be in the crust. It is further speculated that concentrations of workable tin deposits occur in the intersection of orogenic belts with zones of primitive enrichment of tin. The ultimate cause of such primary geochemical culminations may well lie back in the early history of the earth.
A Liberal Trade Order? The Long-Run Pattern of Imports to the Advanced Capitalist States

It is often claimed that the post-World War II trading order has been relatively liberal, and much effort has been invested in explaining why it has not become more closed in the aftermath of Bretton Woods. Investigation of actual imports (as opposed to policy instruments designed to influence imports (reveals that the advanced capitalist states were no more open to imports or multilateral in their trading patterns in 1948–1972 than in 1921–1938 or 1881–1913. In the current (post-1972) era, openness in terms of trade volumes has increased substantially, but the increase in openness in terms of trade values has been more modest. Contrary to some recent theorizing, the degree of openness is generally unrelated to a number of plausible measures of “concentration” in the international system. It is, however, related in more recent eras to previously experienced rates of economic growth.

Incomplete evidence for regionalization in trade flows shows little difference between 1948–1972 and the interwar period. Some measures of bilateral balancing in trade currently meet or exceed those experienced in the 1930s. Heterodox transactional forms—countertrade and intra-firm trade—have become a significant proportion of global trade. This development, rather than the achievement of a “liberal” order, seems to be the most noteworthy characteristic of the current era.
Contemporary Hermeneutical Challenge to the Religion

Hermeneutics is the branch of philosophy that deals with theory of interpretation. It arose as a formal discipline in the modern period although the interpretation of texts has long been a problem. Friedrich Schleiermacher and Wilhelm Dilthey are credited with the rise of modern hermeneutics. Since its rise, this branch of thought has developed and has had many different phases. Its earliest strategy was to attempt to understand the context of the written text to get at an objective meaning. Since those early moments in the development of the discipline, the idea of objectivity has come under further. Now, in contemporary hermeneutics there are many who doubt that there is anyway to get to an objective meaning in any text. Like every other area of philosophy, the ideas of knowledge and epistemological foundations for that knowledge have been deconstructed. In response to this deconstruction, scholars of religion are left to answer the question how to interpret their traditions after the metaphysical foundations have been pulled apart. The question is not whether religion can be grafted on metaphysics and whether this enterprise is worthwhile. The question is whether and how ontological presuppositions affect the approach and the interpretation of religion. This means that religion is not merely understood by way of logical coherence but also by way of ontology. A hermeneutic philosophy, however, will not approach this in an essentialist way because it has always understood its object in its context and in a particular perspective. This hermeneutic movement is inherent to the questionings of philosophy. The present paper will attempt to bring out the crisis in religious ontology and axiology with reference to the methodological challenge posed by Contemporary hermeneutics.
Parallel parsing of operator precedence grammars

Operator precedence grammars, introduced by Floyd several decades ago, enjoy properties that make them very attractive to face problems and to exploit technologies highly relevant in these days. In this paper we focus on their local parsability property, i.e., the fact that any substring s of a longer one x.s.y can be parsed independently of its context without the risk of invalidating the partial parsing when analyzing another portion of the whole string. We exploit this distinguishing property by developing parallel algorithms and suggest its further application to error recovery and incremental analysis. Great savings in terms of computational complexity are theoretically proved and have been reached in practice by first prototype tools.
Distributing streaming media content using cooperative networking

In this paper, we discuss the problem of distributing streaming media content, both live and on-demand, to a large number of hosts in a scalable way. Our work is set in the context of the traditional client-server framework. Specifically, we consider the problem that arises when the server is overwhelmed by the volume of requests from its clients. As a solution, we propose Cooperative Networking (CoopNet), where clients cooperate to distribute content, thereby alleviating the load on the server. We discuss the proposed solution in some detail, pointing out the interesting research issues that arise, and present a preliminary evaluation using traces gathered at a busy news site during the flash crowd that occurred on September 11, 2001.
Bracketing programme constructs

Amused by the Levity of {3} and annoyed by th e attitude of {2}, I should like to make a seriou s contribution to the do. .sod controversy. In the realm of expressions of the traditional. arithmetic kind, the use of brackets and parentheses L clarify and disambiguate generally goes unchallenged. Certainly for expressions of Limited complexity th e method usually works for the human reader : whilst fo r a machine free of problems of the psychology o perception, greater depths of nesting present n o theoretical difficulty. As Lisp and Algol-68 have shewn, the same metho d may be applied to bracketing other programm e constructs : yet the majority of human readers tend t) find this Lacking in clarity. Lisp provides n<' alternative, and has accordingly been much abused an d reviled. Algol-68 permits the use of symmetric keywor d pairs, such as comment. .  : probably the on e example of a symmetry which is not beautiful. The origin of the controversy lies in th e realisation that the method pioneered by Algol-• 0 an y adopted by many other Languages since, namely the us e of begin. . .end pairs, suffers from the fact that ont o END looks pretty much the same as any other : and whe n a number of END''s occur in direct succession a commonly observed phenomenon-it is difficult for a human to match BEGIN's with ENO's and see how th e programme is really structured. Even the technique o f "prettyprint ing" does not solve the proolem : for whe n a compiler complains "Missing ENO" the programmer stil t has to determine which construct has been incorrectl y terminated .
Characterization and diagenesis of strong-acid carboxyl groups in humic substances

A small fraction of carboxylic acid functional groups in humic substances are exceptionally acidic with p K a values as low as 0.5. A review of acid-group theory eliminated most models and explanations for these exceptionally acidic carboxyl groups. These acidic carboxyl groups in Suwannee River fulvic acid were enriched by a 2-stage fractionation process and the fractions were characterized by elemental, molecular-weight, and titrimetric analyses, and by infrared and 13 C- and 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. An average structural model of the most acidic fraction derived from the characterization data indicated a high density of carboxyl groups clustered on oxygen-heterocycle alicyclic rings. Intramolecular H-bonding between adjacent carboxyl groups in these ring structures enhanced stabilization of the carboxylate anion which results in low p K a1 values. The standard, tetrahydrofuran tetracarboxylic acid, was shown to have similar acidity characteristics to the highly acidic fulvic acid fraction. The end products of 3 known diagenetic pathways for the formation of humic substances were shown to result in carboxyl groups clustered on oxygen-heterocycle alicyclic rings.
The chemical behaviour of carbon fibres in magnesium base Mg-Al alloys

The chemical interaction between carbon fibres and Mg-rich Mg-Al alloys was studied at 723–1273 K using optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. In a first stage, carbon fibres were heated at 723, 1000 and 1273 K with Mg-Al alloys of different compositions. Two carbide phases were identified at 1000 and 1273 K: an Al4C3 type phase with up to 6 wt.%Mg present in solid solution and a new ternary carbide with the chemical formula Al2MgC2 existing under two hexagonal crystalline varieties. In a second stage, the solid-liquid phase equilibria in the Al-C-Mg ternary system were experimentally established at 1000 K. At that temperature, all the Mg-Al alloys containing more than 19 ± 2 wt.%Al were observed to be in equilibrium with the Al4C3 type phase whereas Mg-Al alloys containing from 0.6 to 19 wt.%Al were found in equilibrium with the ternary carbide Al2MgC2. As for the Mg-Al alloys with an Al content lower than or equal to 0.6 ± 0.2 wt.%, they appeared to be in equilibrium with carbon. These thermodynamic principles being established, the extent, morphology and composition of the reaction zones formed in out of equilibrium conditions at the interface between carbon fibres and Mg-rich Mg-Al alloys were characterized. Attempts were made to determine the influence of different factors such as the fibre nature, the alloy composition, the heating time and the heating temperature on the formation and growth of the ternary carbide Al2MgC2. The observed changes were interpreted in terms of reaction mechanism and kinetics.
The Gravitational Red Shift as a Test of General Relativity: History and Analysis

The agreement of the observed advance of Mercury’s perihelion and of the eclipse results of the British expeditions of 1919 with the deductions from the Einstein law of gravitation gives an increased importance to the observations on the displacements of the absorption lines in the solar spectrum relative to terrestrial sources, as the evidence on this deduction from the Einstein theory is at present contradictory. Particular interest, moreover, attaches to such observations, inasmuch as the mathematical physicists are not in agreement as to the validity of this deduction, and solar observations must eventually furnish the criterion.
Surface and bulk structure of carbon black studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and wide angle scattering

Mechanical properties of rubber are influenced by the type of filler and its structure. One prominent filler is carbon black. It is known that the mechanical properties of the blend depends on a thermal pre-treatment of the carbon black, called graphitizing process. To study the structure of surfaces at a length scale of nanometer scanning tunneling microscopy is well appropriate. However, the information gain is limited to surface structure. Therefore it is useful to perform additional wide-ahgle-X-Ray-scattering experiments to gain insight into the bulk material. We show that the lateral and vertical dimensions of the crystallites of carbon black increase due to the graphitizing process whereas the spacing within the different graphite layers decreases. The analogy to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is also shown.
«Chumy Chúmez. Una biografía». Autoficción, testimonio y homenajes

In 1973 the cartoonist and humorist Chumy Chumez published the graphic novel, Chumy Chumez . Una biografia . From the collage technique, he recoveres prints of the nineteenth century and provides an explicit homage to the great illustrators. The book, written in the final years of the Franco regime, must be analyzed in the political context of its production, but also in the literary and artistic system of 70s. Both coordinates are visible in a graphic story by fragmentation, ellipsis and suggestion. The story introduces the reader to the moral climate of the dictatorship and, at the same time, reveals unequivocal evidence of a change of cycle, historical and aesthetic.
Relationship banking, loan specialization and competition

While competition constrains the ability of banks to extract informational rents from lending relationships, their informational monopoly also curtails competition through the threat of adverse selection. To analyze an intermediary’s optimal strategic response to these opposing effects we specify a model where the severity of asymmetric information between banks and borrowers increases with informational distance. Intermediaries acquire expertise in a specific sector and exert effort in building lending relationship beyond their core business. They then compete with each other in transaction and relationship loan markets where they differentiate their loan offers in terms of informational location. As increased competition endogenously erodes informational rents intermediaries shift more resources to building relationships in their core markets. This retrenchment from peripheral loan segments permits banks to fend off the competitive threat to their captive market. Outside their core segment they offer transactional loans. In equilibrium, both forms of debt compete with each other but intermediaries specialize in a core market with relationship banking. ∗Stimulating discussions with Arnoud Boot, Giovanni Dell’Ariccia, Stephen Sharpe and Ernst-Ludwig von Thadden are gratefully acknowledged. The usual disclaimers apply. Relationship Banking, Loan Specialization and Competition