nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
E-Commerce Adoption by Micro Firms: A Qualitative Investigation in the UK Tourism Sector

This paper discusses the next stage of Internet usage by micro-businesses in the tourism sector, namely e-Commerce. Motivations for e-Commerce adoptions are examined and the perceived barriers are investigated. Moreover, experiences of the adopters are explored to identify the benefits gained and problems encountered. A qualitative approach is used and a pilot study conducted. In-depth face-to-face interviews with semi-structured questionnaires were conducted with twenty case studies, with a mix of e-Commerce adopters and non-adopters. The Critical Incident technique was used to encourage business owners to identify their experiences with this new business method. Preliminary results show that there are a number of â€˜pushâ€™ and â€˜pullâ€™ factors that reinforce business ownersâ€™ decisions in adopting the e-Commerce method. The findings have implications for researchers and policymakers. The diversity of small firms has led to the need to tailor policy initiatives and training programmes. In addition, this study is replicable in other small business sectors that face the next step of development in Internet usage.
Tolkien, the Author and the Critic

Tolkien not only taught medieval literature but also edited medieval texts - such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Ancrene Wisse -, translated Pearl (a 14th century poem), and wrote important articles on Beowulf and Sir Gawain. A common feature of these articles is the claim for originality: Tolkien asserts that he takes the opposite view from his predecessors; besides,his reflexion on medieval literature seems, over twenty years, extremely coherent concerning heroism and war. Moreover, what seems important to him in these texts corresponds to important elements in his fiction. If the relation between fiction and non-fiction is examined in itself, more globally, Tolkien's works appear to present us a peculiar relation between fiction and essays or articles (his critical comments on medieval literature).
Properties and characterization of an aluminium–silicon nitride fibre powder metal composite

In this article, we fabricated one-dimensional 0.5 vol% silicon nitride (Si3N4) fibre reinforced Alumix123 matrix composites by the powder metallurgy method. Si3N4 is a ceramic material with high strength, stiffness and low coefficient of thermal expansion. The Si3N4 used in the study is comprised of single crystal fibres with sub-micrometre diameter and length < 25 μm. The size of the fibre is smaller than the metal matrix powder allowing it to coat the metal powder before consolidation rather than forming agglomerations that might lead to pores and poor mechanical properties. We investigated the effects of Si3N4 fibre additions on the densification, hardness, elastic modulus and tensile strength. The experimental results found that the Si3N4 fibre effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of the composites at low additions. The microstructural analysis clearly shows the Si3N4 fibres in the sintered grain boundaries. The interface between the fibre and the Alumix123 matrix showed good wetting and bonding with only minimal reaction. The Si3N4 fibre reinforced Alumix123 composites have potential uses in the automobile and aerospace industries due to their improved specific mechanical properties.
The partial fusion of peridotite

In a study of the origin of basalt magma, peridotite has been partially fused and the composition of the liquid phases determined.Peridotite was chosen because it is thought to be the most likely material of the upper mantle. Geological evidence suggests that the upper mantle is not of basaltic composition and eclogitic mineralogy but that it is of ultrabasic composition. Although under some conditions an ultrabasic mantle may be within the field of eclogite stability, the comparative rarity of high-pressure phases such as garnet in ultrabasic nodules suggests that normal basalts are derived from non-eclogitic regions. The peridotite composition selected for experimental work was that of average peridotite (Nockolds).Charges of the synthetic peridotite were held at constant temperature (±1/2°C) in a non-oxidising atmosphere for one week. After quenching, the glass was extracted and analysed.The glass content varied from 4% at 1250°C to 26% at 1355°C. Its composition ranged from a basalt more or less saturated in normative silica at a temperature of 1310°C (15% fusion) and below, to picrite basalt at higher temperatures. The results confirm the general assumption that basalts can be the product of the partial fusion of peridotite.To date, the experimental work has been under anhydrous conditions at atmospheric pressure.
The Moravian Karst: An Interconnection Between Surface and Subsurface Natural Sceneries

The Moravian Karst belongs to the famous and frequently visited area with characteristic karst morphology and the largest cave systems in the Czech Republic. The karst evolution history covers a time span between Early Cretaceous and present. In particular, the Cenozoic processes, driven by climatic oscillations, and tectonic activity at the close contact between the Bohemian Massif and Carpathian orogenic range, have controlled the geomorphological processes and the present morphology of the area. Shallow valleys, and the first horizontal cave passages were formed by streams following a N-S drainage pattern during the latest Oligocene. The Carpathian nappe thrusting over the Bohemian Massif eastern margin occurred during the Early Miocene increased the stream gradients and accelerated fluvial erosion in the whole territory. The Moravian Karst limestone belt was dissected by deep canyon-like valley which was subsequently filled with marine clayey deposits during the Mid Miocene transgression . The present karst valleys and canyons were cut after the sea retreat. The large cave systems, formed by subsurface streams , were developed in relation to the valley and canyon incision.
Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) : Applications from Metallurgy to Cosmetics

The wide variety of possible applications for boron nitride is thanks to its unique properties profile. The applications presented were selected from those sectors in which boron nitride has become firmly established in its various forms. A feature of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is its wide and varied range of applications, especially with its valuable combination of many properties that are also interesting individually. From today's point of view, hexagonal boron nitride is a true allrounder. Research and development both for BN containing products, for improvements enabled by the material in existing processes and in the material itself are advancing. In new applications too, boron nitride provides forward-looking and efficient process solutions. These include, for example, applications as: • releasing agents in the glass industry • functional coatings in the automotive industry • releasing agents and lubricants in metal working • casting nozzles for Ni-based superalloys.
What we know about the Theoretical Foundation of Duality in Electron Scattering

We consider some of the things that we understand about the theoretical underpinnings of duality, including items such as why the resonance peak/background ratio is constant in general, why it falls for the $\Delta(1232)$, what we might expect for scaling and duality with longitudinal or spin-dependent structure functions, and what kind of scaling or duality we might expect for semiexclusive processes.
Monetary Theory and Electronic Money: Reflections on the Kenyan Experience

This article uses a class of models of money and the payments system to inform an analysis of "mobile banking" in the context of the rapid expansion of M-PESA, a new technology in Kenya that allows payments via mobile phones (even without any access to a bank account), and currently reaches close to 38 percent of Kenyan adults. The separation of households and firms in space and time suggests, in theory, from various separate models, a number of implications. These include (i) the potential gain, under some circumstances, from allowing net e-money credit creation, (ii) the impact that the associated enhancement of credit markets can have on monetary policy and on the real economy, (iii) the roles that e-money could play not only in credit but also in insurance, unrelated to its payment function, (iv) the potential role for an activist monetary policy and e-money management, (v) the role of e-money as a circulating private debt and as a store of value though with potential coordination problems associated with achieving balanced security transformation, (vi) the potential welfare losses from insisting on continuous net clearing of cash and e-money and the difficulty, in any event, of achieving this in practice, and (vii) the management of shortages in the context of fixed rates of exchange of e-money for cash. We provide some summary statistics from data collected on M-PESA agents and users that are reminiscent of the environments of the models and that support some of these implications. Other implications of the models suggest reforms to enhance the system's efficiency.
British Business in the Formative Years of European Integration, 1945 1973

This book questions conventional accounts of the history of European integration and British business. Integration accounts conventionally focus on the nation-state, while Neil Rollings focuses on business and its role in the development of European integration, which business historians have overlooked to this point. Business provided a key link between economic integration, political integration, and the process of Europeanization. British businessmen perceived early on that European integration meant much more than the removal of tariffs and access to new markets. Indeed, British entry into the European community would alter the whole landscape of the European working environment. Consideration of European integration was revealed as a complex, relative, and dynamic issue, covering many issues such as competition policy, taxation, and company law.
Coastal Pollution: A Review☆

The harmful effects of various substances on the marine environment were reviewed by collecting and studying the relevant literature. Various sources for the pollution of marine environment were identified and the causes for the same are understood. Many of the pollutants that are let into the sea are directly or indirectly by human activities. Some of these substances are biodegradable, while some are not. Several laws and policies have been taken in preventing marine pollution at the national and international levels. Simulation of oil spills has been done by developing models in some parts of the world. The pollution off the shore is increasing at an alarming rate and to address this problem of pollution in the oceans is a difficult task, and a variety of approaches are urgently required. In this paper, the definition of coastal pollution, causes of coastal pollution, its impacts and preventive measures are discussed.
Formation of surface periodic microstructure at laser irradiation of the multilayer Ni/Cu/Cr system

The effect of periodic pulsed laser irradiation ( λ  = 1.06 μm and power density of 0.6–0.8 × 10 4  W/cm 2 ) on the solid-phase reaction in thin-film Ni/Cu/Cr structure (each layer of 100 nm thick) is studied by means of Auger electron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Thin-film structure is found to transform under irradiation into eutectic Cr–Ni structure with the particles of the leading Cr(Ni) phase having the radii equal to the total thickness of the film (300 nm). Eutectic colonies of these particles form the surface microstructure which consists of periodic arc-shaped bands with bars between them. The laser-induced diffusion is shown to occur under the sign-variable temperature gradient (∼10 5  K/s), high deformation rate (∼20 s −1 ), and large dislocation flow ( ρ v ∼ 10 11 c m − 1 s − 1 ) at low deformation degree (∼0.01).
A topological characterization of weakness

We are interested in the relation between weak and strong temporal operators. We would like to find a characterization that shows what it means for an operator to be the weak or strong version of another operator, or more generally for a formula to be a weak or strong version of another formula. We show that the weak version of a formula is not the same as Alpern and Schneider's safety component. By working over an extended alphabet, we show that their topological characterization of safety can be adapted to obtain a topological characterization of weakness. We study the resulting topology and the relations between weak and strong formulas. Finally, we apply the method to show the internal consistency of a logic containing both weak and strong versions of regular expressions.
CKD patients and erythropoietin: do we need evidence-based informed consent?

Consent to therapy is increasingly requested in the form of ''informed consent''.



To validate an evidence-based informed consent form for erythropoietin (EPO) therapy and to evaluate patient opinions about the informed consent approach.



An evidence-based informed consent form was developed as part of the Evidence-Based-Medicine course at the Medical School of Turin, Italy. It was validated by anonymous questionnaires (0-10 analogical scales and open answers) administered to patients at different stages of CKD (19 pre-ESRD, 26 hemodialysis, 12 transplant patients) attending an outpatient unit of the University of Turin, to 8 nurses, and to 26 medical students.



All individuals filled in the questionnaire. Interest in a detailed explanation of the therapy was high (median 9), as was comprehension (median 9), with no differences between patients with regard to disease stage (pre-ESRD vs. RRT) or educational level. Prior knowledge of the therapy was affected by the educational level (p=0.013 for the advantages and p=0.004 for the side effects) and the professional role (patients vs caregivers: p=0.009 for the advantages and p<0.001 for side affects); patient knowledge of the advantages (median 6) tended to increase as the disease progressed (p=0.015). The most common response by patients was that informed consent was necessary for all drugs (35.1%); 73.1% of the caregivers considered it necessary only for severe side effects. The preferred modality of consent was discussion with the caregiver during the clinical controls (42% of all cases).



Patient interest in and comprehension of an informed consent form with a detailed explanation of the therapy was high; the caregiver's opinion was still the most valued teaching tool.
“Apartheid in Their Hearts”? How the South African Critique of Individualism is Probably Right

Have we made a mistake in validating Western experiences of individualism? This question is inspired by two years of fieldwork focusing on the interpersonal dimensions of Western-inspired development in rural South Africa. Villagers accused Western change agents of having “apartheid in their hearts,” which means that they suffered from a denial of human interconnectedness. Insights from phenomenology are used to argue that the villagers are basically right–that change agents deny the very human interdependence they depend on to feel self-complete. This article shows what ethnography can add to understandings of individualistic experiences, for it seems that these experiences are not one cultural way of being among others but ones that are profoundly misshaped.
A Y2K Imperative: the Globalisation of Engineering Education

The UNEP-WFEO sponsored conference held in Paris during September 1997 concluded that there was much to be gained through the international benchmarking of engineering degrees. A key outcome from this conference, which was attended by academics and business representatives from 27 countries, was a template for an international engineering degree. This paper explores the rationale for such a degree, highlights the advantages of internationalisation, analyses the environment that made such a proposal possible, and contemplates the probable nature of any obstacles to the implementation of such a program.
Financing "a sustainable food future": Some thoughts for the G20

Achieving a "sustainable food future" (the title of one of the three priorities identify by the government of Argentina for the 2018 G20 presidency) requires building food systems that, in line with the related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), support growth and employment, ensure social inclusiveness and equity, promote climate resilience and environmental sustainability, protect biodiversity, and generate healthy diets for all. Many policy, institutional, technological and investment innovations are needed to build such food systems. This paper focuses on the financing of the utilization of adequate technologies and innovations in agricultural production, including the ones related to soils, land, water, ecosystems, and, in general, those that have been called Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) or Climate-friendly Sustainable Agriculture (CFSA). It explores several options to mobilize financial resources to support investments in those technologies and sustainable food systems at the scale needed to have some meaningful global impact. In particular, it argues that the creation of a project preparation and financial structuring facility of appropriate scale would help leverage scarce public-sector funds to mobilize the much larger pool of private financial funds that may be interested in participating in these investments but now lack adequately structured projects and investment vehicles to do so.
Research advances in effect of urban rivers on urban thermal climate

The fundamentals of the heat and moisture budget between rivers and urban atmosphere were introduced.The worldwide research advances in the effect of urban rivers on urban thermal climate in recent years were systematically summarized from the viewpoints of field tests,model tests and numerical simulations.The current relative researches were pointed out to be insufficient,resulting in incapable theoretical support for the planning and rational utilization of urban rivers.A conclusion is drawn that a greater understanding of the effect of urban rivers on urban thermal climate is very important to give full play of the ecological potential of urban rivers in China,to improve the development and utilization of urban rivers and to maintain the sustainable development of urban eco-system.
Обзор международной конференции«Пределы науки 2014: между мифом и наукой»(24-25 апреля 2014, Вроцлав, Польша)

The review deals with the Conference Limits of Science 2014: Between Myth and Science held at the University of Wroclaw (Poland). The Conference was dedicated to the 140th anniversary of E. Cassirer, which is why reports presented there by the researchers from Austria, Germany, Poland, Russia and France were devoted to the symbolic universe of the thinker and its interpretations in contemporary philosophy. The author summarizes the main content of the reports and problems raised during the discussions. They can be divided into three groups. The fi st one deals with the problem of completeness of Cassirer’s philosophy of symbolic forms and hints at subjects it implies, such as ethics, politics, or technology. The second one is related to the duality of methodological reception of Cassirer’s ideas in modern versions of philosophy of language, philosophy of art and philosophy of science. The third one refl cts the interest for Cassirer’s heritage in the framework of spatial turn. All conference participants noted exceptional productivity of the philosophy of symbolic forms and expressed their desire to continue a fruitful dialogue.
Assessing and Influencing the Attitude and Knowledge of Selected Post-Secondary Students Concerning Body Language

This investigation, which was conducted on the post-secondary level and included vocational and academic students, was undertaken to develop an instrument to assess the attitude and knowledge of students concerning body language and to develop a module of instruction in body language to favorably influence their attitude and knowledge concerning body language. Hypotheses were formulated related to the differences in mean effective and cognitive scores of the experimental group who were taught body language and the control group. Additional hypotheses were formulated related to mean differences in the scores of students differing in age, sex, business experience, and prior exposure to body language. The findings of this study included first, the testing of the instrument; second, the testing of the validity of the research design and third, the testing of the hypotheses. The following conclusions are based on the findings of the study: the instrument seems to be acceptable for assessing the attitude and knowledge of post—secondary students concerning body language, the module of instruction in body language seems to be acceptable as a basis for influencing the attitude and knowledge of post—secondary students concerning body language, the mid-management and speech students were comparable in attitude and knowledge concerning body language before and after being taught the module, any prior exposure to the principles of body language seemed to favorably influence student's attitude and knowledge concerning body language both before and after they were taught, the age and business experience of students produced no apparent influence on student attitude and knowledge of body language, the sex of the student seemed to produce no apparent influence on student attitude and knowledge of body language.
Interest rate effects of demographic changes in a New-Keynesian life-cycle framework

This paper develops a small-scale DSGE model which embeds a demographic structure within a monetary policy framework. We extend the tractable, though non-monetary overlapping-generations model of Gertler (1999) and present a small synthesis model which combines the set-up of Gertler with a New-Keynesian structure, implying that the short-run dynamics related to monetary policy are similar to the paradigm summarized in Woodford (2003). In sum, the model offers a New-Keynesian platform which can be used to investigate in a closed economy set-up the response of macroeconomic variables to demographic shocks, similar to technology, government spending or monetary policy shocks. Empirically, we use a calibrated version of the model to discuss a number of macroeconomic scenarios for the euro area with a horizon of around 20 years. The main finding is that demographic changes, while contributing slowly over time to a decline in the equilibrium interest rate, are not visible enough within the time horizon relevant for monetary policy-making to require monetary policy reactions.
Shaftesbury, Rousseau, and Kant : an introduction to the conflict between aesthetic and moral values in modern thought

Attempts to gain some historical perspective on the diverse modern conflicts between the moral and the aesthetic by examining the role of each in three major and widely influential thinkers of the 18th century: Shaftesbury, Rousseau, and Kant. Also examined are the traditions, which, in turn, influenced the philosophers both positively and negatively.
Mollifying Quantum Field Theory or Lattice QFT in Minkowski Spacetime and Symmetry Breaking

This work develops and applies the concept of mollification in order to smooth out highly oscillatory exponentials. This idea, known for quite a while in the mathematical community (mollifiers are a means to smooth distributions), is new to numerical Quantum Field Theory. It is potentially very useful for calculating phase transitions [highly oscillatory integrands in general], for computations with imaginary chemical potentials and Lattice QFT in Minkowski spacetime.