nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The architect’s perspective on the tour and map perspective

Literature in linguistics suggests that when people are asked to provide an oral spatial description, they usually provide a body-centered narrative; they adopt a Tour Perspective, that is, an imaginary tour of the space rather than a Map Perspective, that is, a description focused on spatial relations as seen from above (Linde and Labov in Language 51(1):924–939, 1975; Howald in Discursive constraints on space in narrative: evidence from guilty plea discourse, eVox 3, 2009). I conducted a pilot experiment to address the following questions: Does the formal knowledge of architects—their familiarity with plan drawings and maps—override the tendency to adopt the tour perspective? Does the tour perspective depend on the actual experience of space? Twenty-two graduate students in architecture were asked to respond to the following questions: (1) “Can you describe the layout of your apartment?” (2) “Can you describe the layout of an ideal apartment?” In the responses to the first question most participants used the tour perspective. In the responses to the second question most participants used the map perspective. The results provide evidence that architects’ formal knowledge does not override the preference of the tour perspective in descriptions of experienced space. Moreover, that the tour perspective is associated with the actual experience of space.
Integration of problem-solving entities and processing entities in a coherent model; basis of a method of application (abstract only)

Artificial Intelligence in Large Scale Systems (LSS) is a very important stake *Lss integrate problem-solving entities and processing entities. Expert-systems (problem-solving entities) design is currently driven independently of Information systems (processing entities) design in LSS applications. The GOAL of this paper is to present, for LSS applications, a coherent model integrating problem-solving entities and processing entities, and the basis of a method for application. THE MAIN THREE IDEAS of this model: I)-Problem-solving entities can be cooperative or antagonistic (at the difference of many researchers on distributed problem-solving network who consider only cooperative problem-solving entities). 2)-Problem-solving entities are integrated in closed loop feedback (FBI control circuits constituted with problem-solving entities and processing entities. 3)-using the same structure as biological distributed systems: Lower FB are included in higher ones of which goals are to regulate production at a higher level. Certain FB are inner ones, other ones are partly imbricated, other ones are superimposed. Positive and negative FBs are imbricated, they function as antagonistic entities at different levels. The final level of production of the network is regulated by a "balance" between antagonistic entities at different levels, this results to a permanent adjusted production of the global system, at all levels. These ideas were highlighted from biological distributed systems in an epistemological approach (Huet 85). The COHERENCE of this distributed network is studied through global approach and local approach: "As early as 1965, it was demonstrated that a closed loop negative FB control circuit can be described by a set of differential equations, later simulation on computer of dynamical behaviour highLighted oscillations with damping, oscillations without damping (according conditions).  Mathematical studies involve essentially differential equations and various mathematical analysis (Popov criterion, Lyapunov method, Hopf bifurcation theorem, graph, boolean analysis). A METHOD able to drive in coordination Expert-Systems (problem-solving entities) design and Information Systems (processing entities) design is necessary TO IMPLEMENT this model in LSS. The functional basis of such a method are theoretical arguments and experimental ones (Huet 86a). Premisses for this method have to consider four subproblems (Huet 86b): l)-The problem-solving-entities design method (PSEDM): two basic points have to be solved:-what concepts to represent?-how to represent these concepts? 2)-The processing entities design method, many good operational methods are available (IFIP 83); it is necessary to select the methods which are best suited by PSEDMs. 3)-The communication problem between the two types of entities; 4)-The problem of …
and a Generalization of the Quaternions: The Pin and Spin Groups

One of the main goals of these notes is to explain how rotations in R are induced by the action of a certain group, Spin(n), on R, in a way that generalizes the action of the unit complex numbers, U(1), on R, and the action of the unit quaternions, SU(2), on R (i.e., the action is defined in terms of multiplication in a larger algebra containing both the group Spin(n) and R). The group Spin(n), called a spinor group, is defined as a certain subgroup of units of an algebra, Cln, the Clifford algebra associated with R. Since the spinor groups are certain well chosen subgroups of units of Clifford algebras, it is necessary to investigate Clifford algebras to get a firm understanding of spinor groups. These notes provide a tutorial on Clifford algebra and the groups Spin and Pin, including a study of the structure of the Clifford algebra Clp,q associated with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form of signature (p, q) and culminating in the beautiful “8-periodicity theorem” of Elie Cartan and Raoul Bott (with proofs).
Residual disease activity and treatment adjustments in psoriatic arthritis in current clinical practice

BackgroundWith expanding therapeutic possibilities for treatment of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) it will be increasingly important to determine residual disease and define when to adjust treatment. The rationale behind treatment decisions in current daily clinical practice and the relationship with residual disease activity has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess current clinical practice on defining residual disease and subsequent treatment decisions made in PsA patients.MethodsThis cross-sectional study scored disease activity and treatment decisions prospectively in 142 consecutive PsA patients visiting the outpatient clinic for routine follow up. Disease activity parameters were scored by patient and the treating rheumatologist; the rheumatologist additionally registered his opinion on the presence of remaining disease activity despite current treatment (further mentioned as remaining disease) and subsequent treatment decisions.ResultsTwo thirds (90/142) of patients had remaining disease activity according to the treating rheumatologist. Almost half (46%) of these patients had moderate to high disease activity according to the clinical Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis (cDAPSA). Residual disease activity was determined by joint disease and pain rather than by active psoriasis. Demographic and clinical features were similar between groups with or without residual disease. Among patients with remaining disease activity, 74% were treated with either a conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD) only or a first TNF-inhibiting biological agent, suggesting opportunities for treatment modification. However, treatment adjustment was initiated in only 21 (23%) of the 90 patients with residual disease. When comparing patients with remaining disease activity with and without treatment adjustment, we found no differences in objective disease activity measures, such as joint counts and patient scores. These data suggest that treatment is not adjusted in a large majority of patients with residual disease activity, although options for treatment changes are available.ConclusionsRemaining disease activity is present in almost two thirds of patients with PsA when scored by the treating rheumatologist, but triggers treatment adjustment in only a minority. Further research to understand why disease activity does not lead to treatment adjustment is required to enable implementation of treatment strategies in clinical practice.
Effect of Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Buffer Composition on Ligand Binding Characteristics and Polymerization of Cow's Milk Folate Binding Protein

The ligand binding and aggregation behavior of cow's milk folate binding protein depends on hydrogen ion concentration and buffer composition. At pH 5.0, the protein polymerizes in Tris-HCl subsequent to ligand binding. No polymerization occurs in acetate, and binding is markedly weaker in acetate or citrate buffers as compared to Tris-HCl. Polymerization of ligand-bound protein was far more pronounced at pH 7.4 as compared to pH 5.0 regardless of buffer composition. Binding affinity increased with decreasing concentration of protein both at pH 7.4 and 5.0. At pH 5.0 this effect seemed to level off at a protein concentration of 10−6 M which is 100–1000 fold higher than at pH 7.4. The data can be interpreted in terms of complex models for ligand binding systems polymerizing both in the absence or presence of ligand (pH 7.4) as well as only subsequent to ligand binding (pH 5.0).
Grosvenor Square (2002)

This vibrant exhibition brings together over 50 works celebrating the strength of British painting, with some of the best and most influential artists of the last 60 years. 
 
Major 20th-century artists, such as Walter Sickert, Francis Bacon, Lucian Freud and LS Lowry, are shown alongside contemporary painters including John Keane, Ken Currie, Paula Rego and George Shaw. 
 
Uncompromising and direct, the work of each artist represented retains a strong reference to the real world, ‘the stuff of life’. The artists tackle a diverse range of subjects, referencing the body, relationships, history, politics, war, the urban environment and social issues. 
 
Despite these different references, the works are all united by two things: the harsh realities that have concerned key British artists over the decades, and the simple act of painting. 
 
This exhibition has a special connection to the Walker Art Gallery, home to the John Moores, the UK’s biggest painting prize. Many of the names in the exhibition are connected to the prize as past exhibitors and/or judges. 
 
Exhibition curated by artist Chris Stevens. Organised by the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
Local Time and the Unification of Physics Part I: Local Time

The notions of time in the theories of Newton and Einstein are reviewed so that the difficulty which impedes the unification of quantum mechanics (QM) and general relativity (GR) is clarified. It is seen that GR by itself contains an intrinsic difficulty relating to the definition of local clocks, as well as that GR still requires a kind of absolute that can serve as an objective reference standard. We present a new understanding of time, which gives a consistent definition of a local time associated with each local system in a quantum mechanical way, so that it serves the requirements of both GR as well as QM. As a consequence, QM and GR are reconciled while preserving the current mathematical formulations of both theories.
Duality for differential games and optimal control

A class of linear differential games is shown to be equivalent to some optimalcontrol problems; the body of available concepts and results for the latter, involving time-optimality, uniqueness of optimal controls, feedback controls, can thus be brought to bear on the former. In this paper, the emphasis is on the reduction rather than on the consequences. In particular, we can include rather general forms of exterior state constraints, even though the interesting results now known treat control systems constrained to coset spaces , . The trend of this paper is the exact opposite of Isaacs' natural interpretation of differential games as extension of the optimal control problem. A further implication is that the games treated are valueless, in that problems of value (existence and its value) do not intrude themselves.
An Adaptive Checkpointing Scheme for Peer-to-Peer Based Volunteer Computing Work Flows

Volunteer computing, sometimes called public resource computing, is an emerging computational model that is very suitable for work-pooled parallel processing. As more complex grid applications make use of work flows in their design and deployment it is reasonable to consider the impact of work flow deployment over a volunteer computing infrastructure. In this case, the inter work flow I/O can lead to a significant increase in I/O demands at the work pool server. A possible solution is the use of a peer-to-peer based parallel computing architecture to off-load this I/O demand to the workers; where the workers can fulfill some aspects of work flow coordination and I/O checking, etc. However, achieving robustness in such a large scale system is a challenging hurdle towards the decentralized execution of work flows and general parallel processes. To increase robustness, we propose and show the merits of using an adaptive checkpoint scheme that efficiently checkpoints the status of the parallel processes according to the estimation of relevant network and peer parameters. Based on our proposed mathematical checkpoint model, our scheme uses statistical data observed during runtime to dynamically make checkpoint decisions in a completely decentralized manner. The results of simulation show support for our proposed approach in terms of reduced required runtime.
Pierio Valeriano on the ill fortune of learned men : a Renaissance humanist and his world

Julia Haig Gaisser provides us with a highly readable translation of and context for the interesting and little known sixteenth-century dialogue, "De Litteratorum Infelicitate "(On the Ill-Fortune of Learned Men) by Pierio Valeriano. The dialogue between several humanists takes place during Lent, 1529, less than two years after the Sack of Rome and just before the stirrings of the Counter Reformation. These humanists, including Valeriano, are gathered together discussing the lives and unhappy fortunes of humanists from 1470 to 1540. The stories are interesting not only for the direct historical information they provide, but also because they are colored by the knowledge that the glory days of humanism have passed, and the speakers are memorializing a lost era.This first English translation of Valeriano's work contains three sections: an introduction on Valeriano, Roman humanism, and the dialogue; the Latin text and facing English translation with historical notes; and biographies of the humanists involved. Gaisser's delightful book will satisfy all those interested in the world of the Roman humanist, for it elegantly provides a roster of major and minor figures, and the individual stories and characters are shown to be threads of a whole social and intellectual fabric.Julia Haig Gaisser is Eugenia Chase Guild Professor in the Humanities and Professor of Latin, Bryn Mawr College.
On the Genuine Bound States of a Non-Relativistic Particle in a Linear Finite Range Potential

We explore the energy spectrum of a non-relativistic particle bound in a linear finite range, attractive potential, envisaged as a quark-confining potential. The intricate transcendental eigenvalue equation is solved numerically to obtain the explicit eigen-energies. The linear potential, which resembles the triangular well, has potential significance in particle physics and exciting applications in electronics c
Factors associated with diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in older adults

SummaryOsteoporosis is often undiagnosed and untreated. We surveyed 1,830 adults and identified factors associated with osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment. Individuals with several risk factors, including older age, were not more likely to be diagnosed or treated. Measures should be taken to improve osteoporosis identification and treatment in high-risk patients.IntroductionWe aimed to identify patient characteristics associated with osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment.MethodsSurvey was mailed to 1,830 women and men ≥60 years old in Pennsylvania. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine odds ratios for osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment for individuals with established osteoporosis risk factors.ResultsSurveys were completed by 1,268 adults (69.3%). Osteoporosis diagnosis was more commonly reported by participants with risk factors of female sex (OR, 3.60; 95% CI 2.31–5.61), prolonged oral steroid use (OR, 3.76, 95% CI 2.06–6.84), low-trauma fracture (OR, 2.14, 95% CI 1.44–3.17), height loss (OR, 1.83, 95% CI 1.28–2.64), and lower weight (OR, 1.35 per 11.4 kg decrease in weight; 95% CI, 1.16–1.56). Age and family history of osteoporosis were not predictive of osteoporosis diagnosis, when adjusting for other risk factors. Osteoporosis treatment was more commonly reported by participants with risk factors of female sex (OR, 5.19; 95% CI, 3.31–8.13), family history (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.55–3.06), height loss (OR, 1.79; 95% CI 1.29–2.49), low-trauma fracture (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.14–2.42), and lower weight (OR, 1.45 per 11.4 kg decrease in weight; 95% CI, 1.27–1.67). Osteoporosis treatment was not significantly associated with age or prolonged oral steroid use.ConclusionsIndividuals with several established osteoporosis risk factors are more likely to be underdiagnosed or undertreated.
Spin polarized tunneling and spin injection in Fe-GaAs hybrid structures

Spin electronics, or spintronics, is a new branch of electronics whereby the spin degree of freedom in electronic devices is employed. For understanding the physics of spin injection in semiconductors, this thesis is aimed at contributing to fabricate ferromagnetic metal-semiconductor hybrid structures, typically Fe-GaAs hybrid structures, in which the spin-polarized transport phenomena are studied. In order to understand the spin transport at the Fe/GaAs interface, the spin-polarized tunneling is studied first in this work. The Fe/GaAs/Fe/Co magnetic tunneling junctions are fabricated and the TMR effect as well as I-V characteristics is measured at different temperatures. Interpretations of the experimental data by the theoretical model allow us to characterize the junction quality, which shows that apart from the conductivity mismatch problem, the oxidation of the semiconductor surface and the interdiffusion between Fe and GaAs are key issues in the fabrication of high quality ferromagnet-semiconductor hybrid structures. The spin-polarized tunneling through a sulphur-passivated GaAs barrier is studied to clarify the passivation effect. However, our experiments show no positive influence of sulphur passivation. The spin injection in the ferromagnetic metal-semiconductor hybrid structures is investigated in the second part of this work. Before performing the spin injection experiments, we try to measure the interface resistivity of Fe/GaAs Schottky barriers with different doping densities at low temperatures. Using the measured interface resistance as a guide for experimental design, the magnetic p-n junction diodes and Fe/GaAs/Fe structures are fabricated, and spin injection is investigated in these devices. In the magnetic p-n junction diode, a negative GMR-like effect is found under a large applied bias, when the relative magnetizations of the two magnetic electrodes are changed from parallel to antiparallel. The experimental finding agrees with the theoretical prediction very well. For spin injection in Fe/GaAs/Fe structures, the experiments are carefully performed by different surface treatments with different doping profiles of the GaAs. The small but clear magnetoresistance could only be found in the device with 50nm homogeneous heavily doped GaAs under a large bias, indicating a surface spin polarization of 2.6% in the Fe/GaAs/Fe structure.
The News About New Institutionalism: Journalism's Ethic of Objectivity and Its Political Origins

The author discusses the utility of sociology's new institutionalism (NI) in organizational theory for the study of journalism and contends that NI remedies the political and cultural deficits in most existing social theories of the news. By highlighting how news organizations and journalists are embedded in broader fields of news producers and also politics, NI reveals both the limits and possibilities that journalism confronts as it works to fulfill its ideal role in democratic society. This article explicates one version of NI's applicability to media studies by focusing on how journalism is entangled in the conflicts and values of the “political field,” beyond the more limited domain of journalism proper. It then considers the relevance of this theory for explaining turn-of-the-20th-century transformations in journalism. Between 1865 and 1920,  It changed from an avidly partisan press to a sober “objec...
Delay in presentation of symptomatic referrals to a breast clinic: patient and system factors

We attempted to identify factors associated with delay in presentation and assessment of women with breast symptoms who attended a London breast clinic. A total of 692 consecutive symptomatic referrals, aged 40–75 years, were studied. Patient delay, assessed prior to diagnosis, was defined as time elapsing between symptom discovery and first presentation to a medical provider. This was studied in relation to: reasons for delaying, beliefs and attitudes, socio-demographic and clinical variables, psychiatric morbidity and subsequent diagnosis. Thirty-five per cent of the cohort delayed presentation 4 weeks or more (median 13 days). The most common reason given was that they thought their symptom was not serious (odds ratio (OR) =3.6–8.0). Others thought their symptom would go away (OR = 3.73, 95% CI 2.2–6.4) or delayed because they were scared (OR = 4.61, 95% CI 2.1–10.0). Delay was associated with psychiatric morbidity but not age. Patients who turned out to have cancer tended to delay less (median 7 days) but not significantly. Median system delay – time between first medical consultation and first clinic visit – was 18 days. Patients who thought they had cancer and those so diagnosed were seen more promptly (median 14 days). Most factors, including socio-economic status and ethnicity were non-contributory. Beliefs about breast symptoms and their attribution are the most important factors determining when women present. Health education messages should aim to convince symptomatic women that their condition requires urgent evaluation, without engendering fear in them.
Shape Invariance in Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics and its Application to Selected Special Functions of Modern Physics

We applied the methods of supersymmetric quantum mechanics to dierential equations that generate well-known special functions of modern physics. This application provides new insight into these functions and generates recursion relations among them. Some of these recursion relations are apparently new (or forgotten), as they are not available in commonly used texts and handbooks. This method can be easily extended to explore other special functions of modern physics.
The power of AQFT: the area law for entropy of localized quantum matter

The algebraic approach to QFT, which for several decades has enriched QFT with structural theorems, has recently shown its utility in various constructions of actual interest. In these lecture notes I explain how AQFT (in particular the modular theory of operator algebras) implies paradigmatic conceptual and mathematical changes while fully preserving the physical principles which underly QFT. As an illustration of actual interest I use holography on null-surfaces and the ensuing area law for entropy of localized matter in the vacuum state.