nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Patient and professional delay in the referral trajectory of patients with diabetic foot ulcers.

A cohort study investigated referral and treatment trajectories of patients with diabetic foot ulceration consulting podiatrists. The study aims were to quantify patient, professional and treatment (=total) delay and to identify relationships between patient- or professional-related characteristics, delays or ulcer healing time.



Ten podiatrists specialising in diabetes care included 54 consecutive adults with diabetic foot ulceration. Assessments were performed retrospectively (e.g. delays) and prospectively (12 weeks).



Median (SD; range) patient delay was 3.0 days (50.6; 0-243), professional delay 7.0 days (63.4; 0-279) and treatment delay 20.5 days (97.3; 0-522). 57% of patients took >2 weeks before visiting a podiatrist. Ulcers healed in 67% of patients in 49.0 days (90.2; 4-408). The number of health care professionals in the referral trajectory was positively related to treatment delay (p<0.01) and to ulcer healing time (p<0.01). Professional delay and treatment delay was positively correlated with the duration of the podiatric treatment (p<0.05). Patient awareness of ulceration risk tended to decrease the healing time.



Patients with diabetic foot ulcers presented small median delays in the referral trajectory to podiatrists specialising in diabetes. The study results suggest that reducing the number of health care professionals in the referral trajectory might decrease treatment delay and ulcer healing time. Also improving patient awareness of ulceration risk might be beneficial for the healing time.
Geochemical and U–Pb zircon geochronological constraints on the development of a Late Archean greenstone belt at Birch Lake, Superior Province, Canada

This paper presents new high-precision U–Pb zircon ages that place constraints on the timing of magmatic activity (volcanic and plutonic), deformation and gold mineralization within the Late Archean Birch–Confederation Lakes greenstone belt within the Uchi subprovince of the Superior Province. Geochemical data, including Sm–Nd isotopic analyses place additional constraints on the nature of the magmatic activity. Three volcanic rocks from the Birch Lake area have similar ages ( 2742.2 +1.8 −1.7 , 2739.1±2.8 and 2741.7 +2.3 −2.2  Ma) and together with previously published data suggest that a major proportion of the volcanic rocks of the greenstone belt were erupted in a narrow time interval from 2742 to 2735 Ma. Older volcanic rocks recognized to the south of the Birch Lake area are either absent or of limited extent. Plutonic rocks include the pre- to syn-tectonic Horseshoe Island stock (2725.0±2.5 Ma), the syn-tectonic Mainprize Lake batholith ( 2724.3 +1.8 −1.5  Ma) and the late- to post-tectonic Shabumeni Lake stock ( 2710.8 +1.9 −1.3  Ma) and Okanse Lake pluton ( 2700.8 +1.9 −1.4  Ma). These ages and structural relationships indicate that the development of a (D 2 ) regional penetrative fabric, at least in part, post-dates the emplacement of the Horseshoe Island stock. This is consistent with the interpretation that D 2 deformation developed synchronously with, and perhaps in response to, the emplacement of the Mainprize Lake batholith. An earlier (D 1 ) penetrative deformational event as well as possible large scale subhorizontal structures (D 0 ) developed subsequent to the deposition of the youngest volcanic rocks and prior to D 2 . Plutons are younger than and unrelated to volcanism. In contrast to volcanic rocks, plutons show no indication of having interacted with older felsic crustal rocks and are interpreted to be derived from partial melting of metasomatized mantle and subducted tholeiitic basalt. The Okanse Lake pluton has affinities with the sanukitoid suite and is closely comparable in age to similar plutons over a wide area. It is proposed that a 2700 Ma sanukitoid magmatic event may reflect melting of previously metasomatized mantle in response to thermal re-equilibration associated with the transition from an earlier subduction dominated regime to a later, post-collisional stage culminating in the stabilization of the northern Superior Province.
Principles of Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic chemistry. Metal cations and oxo anions in aqueous solution. Ionic solids and precipitation reactions of hydrated ions. Oxides and polynuclear oxo anions of the elements: their physical, chemical and environmental properties. Oxidation-reduction chemistry of the elements. Properties of the elements themselves. Coordination compounds and the Lewis acid-base concept. The hard and soft acid-base (HSAB) principle. The halides, nitrides and sulfides of the elements. The hydrides and organometallic derivatives of the elements. The underlying reasons for periodic trends.  applying theory to chemical reality. Laboratory experiments in the principles of descriptive inorganic chemistry.  (A) Answers to selected exercises (B) Glossary (C) Frequently used tables. Index.
Regarding Politics: Essays on Political Theory, Stability, and Change

After World War II, political science, especially comparative politics, was transformed by a "scientific revolution". These 11 essays, written over 30 years, cover the major issues in comparative politics, from civil war to "civic inclusion" - that is, "the tendency over time to include in politics, in workplace decision-making, in education and in other institutional realms, people previously excluded from participation". Eckstein also deals with political science as a field: how it relates to political practice, how it developed in the pre-war period and how it emerged from the first post-war reshaping. In this collection of his work, Eckstein reflects on the issues and events - his personal experiences as a refugee from Nazi Germany and as an observer of European politics and cultures - that underlie and unify his thinking.
Analysis and refutation of the LCAS

A Language Compatible Arithmetic Standard (LCAS) has been proposed as International Standard ISO/IEC 10967:1991 for Language Compatible Arithmetic, Project JTC.22.28, Version 3.1 (1 March 1991), by Drs. Mary Payne and Brian Wichmann. An earlier version appeared in both ACM SIGNUM and ACM SIGPLAN 25 1 (Jan. 1990). The following remonstrance has been sent to ANSI X3-T2, the American committee in charge of the proposal:This proposed Language Compatible Arithmetic Standard is so severely flawed that the computing world must reject it.
STR-999: INTELLIGENT MONITORING SYSTEM REVEALS NEW INFORMATION ABOUT THE CHAMPLAIN BRIDGE

The Champlain Bridge, constructed in 1957, is one of Canada’s busiest and most economically critical bridges. This 3.4km-long bridge consists of as many as 50 simply supported spans, 50 to 53 m long, plus an elevated truss structure over the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Each span has a cross-section of seven precast post-tensioned girders supporting cast-in-place infill strips that constitute a deck with six traffic lanes. Like many other structures, Champlain Bridge is subjected to environmental, traffic or hydrological loads, which adversely affect the structural condition of the bridge. This structural degradation is further accelerated for the Champlain Bridge due to Montreal’s cold climate, with snowfall and windy conditions, in addition to seasonal salting on the concrete deck. Consequently, structural degradation has been observed due to the corrosion of some of the post-tensioned strands in the main edge girders on the upstream and downstream side.
Parallel property checking with staged symbolic execution

While annotating functional correctness properties of code is useful in many bug finding techniques, efficiently checking properties in practice remains challenging. Symbolic execution is a powerful technique for systematically checking properties; however, it is expensive and can take long time before giving any results. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for checking properties in parallel with staged symbolic execution. It consists of two stages running in parallel: one stage for finding all feasible paths to properties and the other stage for checking properties along these paths in parallel. Memoized analysis is applied to efficiently explore the state space during the latter stage. We implement our approach on top of Symbolic PathFinder, and evaluate it on several Java subjects with assertions. The experimental results show the effectiveness of our approach compared to sequential property checking using conventional symbolic execution. In particular, our approach finds the same assertion violations as sequential property checking while achieving up to 5.65X speedup, thereby our approach provides users earlier reports of assertion checking.
Study of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles obtained via pulsed laser ablation of iron in air

Magnetic nanoparticles were obtained using the nanosecond pulsed laser ablation (Nd:YAG laser, 1064 nm, 7 ns) of an iron target in air at atmospheric pressure. The particles obtained were further annealed at four different temperatures. The composition, structure and properties of all obtained powders were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), DSC, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, TEM, SAED and other techniques. The initial sample was found to contain monoclinic magnetite and iron nitrides. Presumably, magnetite presents in the form of spherical particles with the distribution maximum of 12–15 nm, and nitrides take the form of lamellas and rolls. Thermal treatment of the sample led to particle enlargement and phase transformations, first, to cubic magnetite, then to a Fe 3 O 4 , α-Fe 2 O 3 and γ-Fe 2 O 3 mixture, and finally to the pure hematite phase. Zeta-potential, BET surface area and magnetic properties changed with the annealing as well. The obtained materials exhibited different properties that make them in demand in different fields, from biomedicine to technology.
Truth or precision? Some reflections on the economists’ failure to predict the financial crisis

The failure of professional economic forecasters to predict the financial crises has led many to question the credibility of modern economics as a reliable foundation for economic policy. If economists were unable to foresee so big a crisis, how can they be trusted to cure or prevent it? Several accounts of this failure exist. The paper offers a tentative answer based on the lessons that may be drawn from the wisdom of a short list of past and present economists: Hayek, Neville Keynes, Mankiw, Tinbergen, Maynard Keynes and Lucas. The glue to keep such an odd bunch together is the distinction between truth and precision provided by science historian Ted Porter.
Nonstandard cosmologies from physics beyond the Standard model

The modern cosmology is based on inflationary models with baryosynthesis and dark matter/energy.It implies extension of particle symmetry beyond the Standard model. Studies of physical basis of the modern cosmology combine direct searches for new physics at accelerators with its indirect non-accelerator probes, in which cosmological consequences of particle models play important role. The cosmological consequences of particle models inevitably go beyond the ’standard’ cosmological ΛCDM model and some possible feature of such ’nonstandard’cosmological scenarios is the subject of the present brief review.
Formation of topologically closed packed phases within CMSX-4 single crystals produced by additive manufacturing

The homogeneity of single crystals produced by additive manufacturing (AM) is much higher than that of single crystals produced by the standard investment casting process. Aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of this homogeneity on the formation kinetics of topologically closed packed (TCP) phases. CMSX-4 single crystals produced by selective electron beam melting and investment casting are homogenized and annealed at 870 °C and 1050 °C for up to 480 h. The formation kinetics of TCP phase formation is analyzed by electron microscopy.
Angles of ascent : a Norton anthology of contemporary African American poetry

This is not just another poetry anthology. It is a gathering of poems that demonstrate what happens when writers in a marginalized community collectively turn from dedicating their writing to political, social, and economic struggles, and instead devote themselves to the art of their poems and to the ideas they embody. These poets bear witness to the interior landscapes of their own individual selves or examine the private or personal worlds of invented personae and, therefore, of human beings living in our modern and postmodern worlds. The anthology focuses on post-1960s poetry and includes such poets as Rita Dove, Ai, Nathaniel Mackey, Natasha Trethewey, Kevin Young, Terrence Hayes, Elizabeth Alexander, Major Jackson, Carl Phillips, Harryette Mullen, and Yusef Komunyakaa-artists who, using a wide range of styles and forms, are cultivating a poetry of personal voice and interiority that speaks against the backdrop of community and anscestry.
The Origins of French Art Criticism: From the Ancien Regime to the Restoration

List of Plates. List of Figures. Photographic Credits.  The Salon in Context. 2: The Salon. 3: In Search of an Art Public. 4: Between the Studio and the Salon. 5: Censorshop and Diffusion of Criticism during the Ancient Regime. 6: The Status of Criticism.  The Language of Art Criticism. 8: The Hierarchy of the Genres.   Lotteries, and Subscrption Schemes.  Some Extensions to Salon Exhibitions.
Surface/bulk partitioning and acid/base speciation of aqueous decanoate: direct observations and atmospheric implications

Dilute aqueous solutions of the atmospheric organic surfactant sodium decanoate have been studied using surface sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with synchrotron radiation. We studied the decanoate/decanoic acid speciation and preferential adsorption at the vapor-liquid interface, and the responses to mixing in solution with some of the most common atmospheric inorganic ions, Na+, NH4+, Cl-, and SO42-. We observe little or no influence of Na+, Cl-, or SO42- ions, on neither the relative speciation nor the individual adsorption properties of decanoate and decanoic acid. In particular, no significant salting-out effect due to common Na+ cations of the organic and inorganic salts was observed for these solutions. On the other hand, mixing with NH4+ cations resulted in a pronounced surface enhancement of decanoic acid, which is attributed to surface specific acid-base chemistry. These changes in surface/bulk partitioning and surface speciation may significantly affect properties of aqueous droplets containing decanoate/decanoic acid, and potential implications for several processes critical to the climate effects of atmospheric aerosols are discussed.
Prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury: risk factors for serious complications.

1-2% of all patients under non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy are exposed to serious upper gastrointestinal complications. The policy of prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury by using misoprostol or suppressing acid secretion is still a matter of debate.



To discuss the effectiveness of prophylaxis of a gastrointestinal complication during non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment, according to the number and relevance of risk factors.



A total of 8.843 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, admitted to the widest prospective multicentre mega-trial, on 6-month complication prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcers.



The results are presented in terms of the number of patients to be treated (number needed to treat) in order to prevent one serious upper gastrointestinal complication, and corrected for the number of patients, that receiving the prophylaxis therapy, would lead to one additional withdrawal (number needed to harm).



The base-line risk for a complication strongly depended on the number and relevance of risk factors: history of peptic ulcer disease, of gastrointestinal bleeding, of cardiovascular disease, and age. In the general study population, the relative risk reduction of gastrointestinal complications with misoprostol was 40%: thus the number needed to treat to prevent 1 event was 250 in the experimental period (6 months) or 125 when normalized at one-year treatment (1 year number needed to treat]. When considering the prophylaxis gain in intermediate (risk 1-2%) or high risk subjects (patients with a probability of an event over 2%, for the presence of 1 important risk factor or multiple factors), the 1-year number needed to treat rapidly drops from about 100 to about 17. The number needed to harm for one withdrawal was 18. The number needed to treat corrected for withdrawals in order to avoid major complications rises from 125 to 132 in the general population of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users; from 102 to 105 in subjects at intermediate risk, such as patients with history of cardiovascular disease; in the groups at high risk, from 26 to 27 (patients with history of peptic ulcer disease), and from 16 to 17 (patients with history of peptic ulcer disease, cardiovascular disease and aged over 65 years).



Patients at intermediate and high risk for complications from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcers should be considered for prophylaxis. In this group of patients, misoprostol prevention of severe complications is effective, and its clinical relevance similar to that of other preventive measures in medical practice.
Computation offloading decisions for reducing completion time

We analyze the conditions in which offloading computation reduces completion time. We extend the existing literature by deriving an inequality that relates computation offloading system parameters to the bits per instruction ratio of a computational job. This ratio is the inverse of the arithmetic intensity. We then discuss how this inequality can be used to determine the computations that can benefit from offloading as well as the computation offloading systems required to make offloading beneficial for particular computations.
Sustainable cities in tropical climates: presentation of the "Beauséjour" case study in Reunion Island

Reunion Island is a small French island located in the Indian Ocean, 900km off the East coast of Madagascar in the Southern hemisphere. The population is 800,000 inhabitants and will rise to one million in 20 years. The total area of the island is 2,500 km 2 with only 313 km 2 available for urbanization. The climate is tropical with a summer season and a mild winter season. Only a few sustainable cities' projects in tropical areas have been listed so far. The purpose of this study is thus to present the - in progress - Beausejour sustainable town project. The plan is to build a new town in a 0.8 km 2 area in the North of Reunion Island, with 2,300 residential units. The whole town is being built by a local private CBo Territoria whose business model allows an original planning and management of sustainable cities. The study mainly deals with the aspects of planning and managing the sustainable town. It both retraces the regional rules context that lead to the project and how the town is being planned and managed; this includes the iterative reflection between the developer-contractor, real-estate developers (housing and services sector) and assets and properties management. One of the original aspects in the methodology is how the management of the city is questioned regarding the project itself. The expected results covert the three pillars of the sustainable development. The main objective is the creation of a living town center, where the all the five functions will "collide". This led us to the social diversity and the transportation aspects where the project is acting as an innovative catalyzer and lastly the environmental part with green design building and multiple green spaces.
„Missa pulcherrima” Bartłomieja Pękiela. Historyczny, biograficzny i stylistyczny kontekst utworu

The main aim of this study was to present the outstanding composition created by Bartlomiej Pekiela,  Missa Pulcherrima , giving the historical, biographical, and stylistic context. The author succinctly depicted, first the historical background in which the composer lived and created, sketching the rulers of Poland of the time: Sigismund III, Vladislaus IV and John Casimir, against the important political events of the period. Having delivered the most up-to-date research, he carried on to a closer presentation of the composer himself, with a few biographical details, like these of his work as the Royal Choirmaster in Warsaw, and then the Cathedral Choirmaster at the Wawel Castle in Cracow. The author of this paper drew heavily on the studies made by eminent Polish musicologist, Rev. Hieronim Feicht (1894–1967), whose research on the biography and compositions of Bartlomiej Pekiel has not be rivaled so far by anything equally insightful and exhaustive. This study is an attempt to show Pekiel’s  Missa Pulcherrima  in the context of mass service compositions, proving that in its extraordinary composing and stylistic values it definitely differs from the other mass pieces by this composer written in the old style ( stile antico ). The said composition was created after 1655, when Pekiel moved from Warsaw to Cracow so as to undertake the position of the Cathedral Choirmaster at the Wawel Castle. Most probably, it was his last composition. A liable review of Bartlomiej Pekiel’s  Missa Pulcherrima  was rendered by expert in the Old Polish Music, Ewa Obniska: “Without doubt, it is the most outstanding old Polish mass, the stunning composition of outstanding artistry and unparalleled subtlety of melodic side […] the most tremendous religious masterpiece of the Polish Baroque – amongst those few which have lost nothing of their influential power despite centuries passing”.
The politics of the crucified: a study of the political theology of John Howard Yoder, Leonardo Boff and Jon Sobrino with special reference to the crucifixion

Jesus died violently on the cross, the form of execution imposed on those who threatened the Roman imperial order. What difference does this make to Christian political theology? What is the revelatory value of Jesus’ death with regard to political theology? This thesis explores these questions, using a Christocentric methodology and taking three theologians in particular as interlocutors -– the 
Mennonite theologian John Yoder and the Latin American liberation theologians Leonardo Boff and Jon Sobrino – with special reference to an examination of the ways in which their political theologies are shaped by the cross. The first part of the thesis consists of a close analysis and comparison of the writings of the above theologians concerning the cross. In Yoder, the theme of a cruciform, non-violent and non-resistant church is emphasised. In Boff and Sobrino the cross is seen to represent a protest against suffering in the name of a crucified God in solidarity with a crucified people. In the second part of the thesis the perspective widens to examine two issues which particularly arise from this analysis – how a Christian doctrine of political power is affected by the crucifixion, and how the contemporary church, particularly in Britain, might adopt a ‘cruciform’ political praxis. The 
conclusion is drawn that the chief Christian criterion for analysing political power is victimological – i.e. from the perspective of the victims of power, rather than those 
who exercise it. In the light of this, and given its increasingly marginalised status, the church in Britain should abandon any pretensions to ‘Christendom’, formulate a 
cruciform political theology and willingly live out a cruciform status.