nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The History of parliamentary behavior

In this volume thirteen American and European scholars show how a variety of mathematical tools may be used to attack major questions in the history of parliamentary behavior. Their essays treat key topics related to the varied but comparable circumstances of seven countries. These topics include: recruitment and career patterns; actions and decisions of legislators as revealed by their roll call votes; and hypotheses that might help explain legislative behavior. Historians have long been interested in the study of parliaments, but the recent application of quantitative techniques has made possible the effective use of data too voluminous to be comprehended by traditional methods. These techniques have also permitted a more precise and searching examination of certain controversial questions. These essays provide a new measure of and challenge to long accepted views regarding the operation of parliaments. " William O. Aydelotte, Aage R. Clausen, Gudmund Hernes, Soren Holmberg, Geoffrey Hosking, Anthony King, Donald R. Matthews, Mogens N. Pedersen, Douglas Price, Antoine Prost, Christian Rosenzveig, Peter H. Smith, and James A. Stimson.Originally published in 1977.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905."
Preferences Toward Neighbor Ethnicity and Affluence: Evidence from an Inherited Dual Ethnic Context in Post-Soviet Tartu, Estonia

In the post-Soviet era, cities in Central and Eastern Europe inherited a rather undifferentiated sociospatial urban landscape that contrasts with the highly segregated cities in Western Europe and North America. In the Soviet era, ethnic segregation emerged as migrants were prioritized in public housing allocation. The dissolution of the Soviet Union, however, changed the economic and political position of those in-migrants. This study explores how inherited segregation patterns have evolved in the city of Tartu, Estonia. We use data from (1) 1998, 2008, and 2013 municipal surveys about stated preferences with regard to residential settings for the two main ethno-linguistic groups in Estonia (the Estonian majority and the mainly Russian-speaking minority population), and (2) the 2000 and 2011 national census that allows us to track changes in actual segregation patterns. We study two dimensions of preferences and segregation—ethnicity and neighbor affluence—and apply bivariate probit regression for the an...
Charging for health services in the third world

In developing countries the increasing tendency to charge for the use of health services is the result of the collapse of government funding for health programs and the general trend toward privatization. Restraints on government spending, especially on social programs, have been reinforced by loan conditions imposed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. On the other hand, governments have committed themselves to the objectives of Health for All, and they have to maximize access to essential services for prevention and treatment of diseases. Charges are sometimes advocated as a means of reducing frivolous use of services. Studies have suggested that in Peru and rural Ivory Coast a modest rise in charges is likely to reduce use of services substantially for those on very low incomes, while those whose needs are the lest will continue to use services. Scarce facilities, skilled professionals, and other services provided at public expense are involved in the provision of basic health care. It is particularly difficult to recover the cost of training of doctors and nurses. Provision of technically advanced services for a minority who can afford to pay is almost always subsidized by governments and may deprive the rest of the population of key resources. The trend to introduce charges for family planning services and services for the treatment and prevention of communicable disease may have serious consequences. However, the collapse of government funding for health services in many developing countries requires alternative sources of funding for basic primary care. Some user charges may be justified, especially if these revenues result insubstantial improvements in the quality and availability of services. Development of feasible mechanisms for greater risk sharing in the longer term remains a priority if the most regressive effects of charges are to be avoided.
Ethics in the Design of Automated Vehicles: The AVEthics project

Automated vehicle (AV) as a social agent in a dynamic traffic environment mixed with other road users, will encounter risk situations compelling it to make decisions in complex dilemmas. This paper presents the AVEthics (Ethics policy for Automated Vehicles) project. AVEthics aims to provide a framework for an ethics policy for the artificial intelligence of an AV in order to regulate its interactions with other road users. First, we will specify the kind of (artificial) ethics that can be applied to AV, including its moral principles, values and weighing rules with respect to human ethics and ontology. Second, we will implement this artificial ethics by means of a serious game in order to test interactions in dilemma situations. Third, we will evaluate the acceptability of the ethics principles proposed for an AV applied to simulated use cases. The outcomes of the project are expected to improve the operational safety design of an AV and render it acceptable for the end-user.
[From CVA or TIA to carotid surgery: the clinical treatment course for patients with symptomatic carotid disease could be shorter].

To gain insight into the duration and the various components of the clinical treatment course for patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis, in order to improve the care provided to these patients.



Retrospective cohort study.



All patients who had undergone a carotid intervention for significant symptomatic carotid stenosis from 2001 to 2011 were included. Quantile regression analysis was used to assess the changes which had occurred in the median duration of the period from neurological event to intervention from 2001 onward. In order to chart the clinical treatment course, it was split up in different components. In addition, the impact of the referrer and the relationship between the time of the intervention and the risk of perioperative complications were also evaluated.



The median duration of the entire clinical treatment course decreased during the study period from 79 days (interquartile range (IQR): 59-113) in the reference period 2001-2004 to 19 days (IQR: 13-28) in 2011. All components of the clinical pathway had contributed to this decline. The duration of the clinical course in patients who had been externally referred was more than 3 times longer (median 67 vs. 21 days, p < 0.01). The total duration of the process did not affect the number of perioperative complications.



In the last decennium, the duration of the clinical treatment course of care in patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease was greatly reduced. Analyses of the processes which make up the chain of events, however, reveal that there is still much to be gained in the period before initial presentation at the hospital for patients who are referred by their general practitioners as well as those referred by other hospitals.
Challenges in Commercialisation Processess of Product Innovation among SMEs

Commercialisation presents complex challenges for both large and small and mediumsized firms, particularly those operating in high technology fields. Many activities, resources and external organisations are often needed in order to bring a new product to market in increasingly competitive, dynamic modern business environments, in which the ability to rapidly create and commercialise new products is an important factor that provides several business benefits. It is therefore important to examine the problems that affect the commercialisation process, which was the main objective of this study. The study was conducted following the strategy of case study methodology (cross-cases), where the main purpose was to search for similarities and differences among three case firms in order to acquire a more sophisticated understanding of the challenges affecting commercialization process of product innovation. The results show that the main challenges confronted during the commercialisation process of product innovation can be divided into four main categories: 1) marketing, 2) financing, 3) networking, and 4) business environment. In addition, one of the main contributions of the paper is that it identifies internationalisation as one of the main challenge, which is related to all of the identified challenge categories.
Teaching Professional Engineering Ethics in Civil and Construction Engineering

Engineers are important contributors towards the economic prosperity and development of societies as they strive to improve the quality of life for all people. In their relations with the employers and clients, the Professional Engineers shall act in professional manners as faithful agents or trustees for each employer or client. However, in this practice, the engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty, integrity, fairness and impartiality in protecting the public health and safety in delivering professional services. To that end, engineers must perform their professional duties in compliance with the highest principles of ethical conduct. The Civil Engineering graduates, through their careers, will be involved in working in teams or managing projects where decision making will often be an inevitable part of their responsibilities. Therefore, there is an emerging need within the engineering education curricula across the nation for developing ethical decision-making frameworks and to place an emphasis on theories and canons of professional ethics and the stakeholder models in conjunction or often beyond the technical teachings and competency development objectives. This paper presents further the three courses in the Construction Engineering and Management program at Syracuse University where the professional engineering ethics is pursued through their incorporation into the Civil Engineering curriculum: (1) “CIE 401 – Construction Engineering” – a senior/juniorlevel core course through which students are introduced to the ethical obligations and principles in professional engineering practice and learn about unethical issues particularly within the context of construction engineering profession; (2) “CIE 475 – Senior Design Project” – a core senior-level capstone course where different ethical frameworks and stake-holder model theories in professional decision-making are taught. In addition, the graduating students obtain more indepth and practical insight of the ethical obligations in engineering practice through the case studies and in-class group discussions; and (3) “CIE 400/600 – Construction Regulations and Organizational Management” – an undergraduate/graduate-level elective course in which the theories of ethics are presented to the class and discussed further in terms of the existing different viewpoints towards ethics in managing an engineering enterprise.
Human developmental studies of organism-environment correlations in the history of biology

Since ancient times the organism environment correlation has been one of the main issues for the existence of man and humanity. This study in the light of a contemporary approach considers the transformation of knowledge on the organismenvironment correlation in the history of biology. Changes have been noted in the study from “stagnated forms” of live organisms to forms capable of changing under the influence of the environment. Views (Goethe, Lamarck, Saint-Hilaire, Darwin, Severtsov, Shmalgausen) on the organismenvironment relationship from Ancient Greece to nowadays have been given.
The Beginnings of American Landscape Painting

"Here the painter can find rare and beautiful subjects for his brush," exclaimed Adrien Van der Donk of the highlands of the Hudson River in 1654. The only pity is that there were seemingly no landscape painters to rally to Van der Donk's rhetorical summons. One may search high and low for landscape in seventeenth-century colonial painting and be rewarded with only an occasional portrait whose background has a snatch of an imaginary landscape vista. And yet the seventeenth-century house was not entirely without pictures. In 1688 Samuel Sewall, the Boston diarist, visiting a friend, saw some "Landscips of Oxford Colledges and Halls," and in Virginia in 1690 David Fox willed "three pictures in the parlor and twenty-five pictures of scenes in the hall." These "pictures" and "landscips" were probably engravings, which after 1700 were regularly advertised in colonial newspapers. Just when the first painted landscapes appeared in the colonies we can only guess. At the very beginning the rigors of settlement in America and the austerity of Puritanism did little to nurture a formal art expression. Landscape painting, however, had certainly begun
“Political Economy is a Mere Skeleton Unless…”: What Can Social Economists Learn From Charles Dickens?

Charles Dickens was a reformer who sought to reform economic conditions. Convinced that the reforms proposed by the economists of his day would not benefit those victimized by the Industrial Revolution, he also sought to reform economics. Dickens' prime targets were McCulloch, Malthus, and Nassau Senior. Reviewing Dickens's efforts at social reform, Chesterton made the distinction between pessimistic reformers, who describe how bad people are under bad conditions, and optimistic reformers, who describes how good people are under bad conditions. The author draws similar parallels between mainstream economists and social economists.
Quantum interference enforced by time-energy complementarity.

The interplay of the concepts of complementarity and interference in the time-energy domain are studied. In particular, we theoretically investigate the fluorescence light from a J = 1/2 to J= 1/2 transition that is driven by a monochromatic laser field. We find that the spectrum of resonance fluorescence exhibits a signature of vacuum-mediated interference effects, whereas the total intensity is not affected by interference. We demonstrate that this result is a consequence of the principle of complementarity, applied to time and energy. Since the considered level scheme can be found, e.g., in (198)Hg(+) ions, our model system turns out to be an ideal candidate to provide evidence for as yet experimentally unconfirmed vacuum-induced atomic coherences.
Cobalt binding in the photosynthetic bacterium R. sphaeroides by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Cobalt is an important oligoelement required for bacteria; if present in high concentration, exhibits toxic effects that, depending on the microorganism under investigation, may even result in growth inhibition. The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter (R.) sphaeroides tolerates high cobalt concentration and bioaccumulates Co2+ ion, mostly on the cellular surface. Very little is known on the chemical fate of the bioaccumulated cobalt, thus an X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation was conducted on R. sphaeroides cells to gain structural insights into the Co2+ binding to cellular components. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements were performed on R. sphaeroides samples containing whole cells and cell-free fractions obtained from cultures exposed to 5 mM Co2+. An octahedral coordination geometry was found for the cobalt ion, with six oxygen-ligand atoms in the first shell. In the soluble portion of the cell, cobalt was found bound to carboxylate groups, while a mixed pattern containing equivalent amount of two sulfur and two carbon atoms was found in the cell envelope fraction, suggesting the presence of carboxylate and sulfonate metal-binding functional groups, the latter arising from sulfolipids of the cell envelope.
In the Nineties

John Stokes's lively study is an exercise in interdisciplinary criticism inspired by the decade it observes, the decade of Wilde, Shaw, Beardsley, and Sickert. No longer dismissed as merely transitional between the Victorian and the Modern, the 1890s have now come to be recognized as unique a period of dramatic engagement between high culture and popular forms, one medium and another, art and life. Spurning fixed boundaries, Stokes relates the controversial topics of the day the status of the "New Journalism," the "degenerative" influence of Impressionist painting, the dubious morality of the music hall, the urgent need for prison reform, and the prevalence of suicide to primary literary texts, such as "The Ballad of Reading Gaol, The Importance of Being Earnest, Jude the Obscure," and "Portrait of a Lady." And in the process, he explores crucial areas of sociological and psychological interest: criminality, sexuality, madness, and "morbidity." Each of the book's six chapters opens with a look at the correspondence columns of daily newspapers and goes on, with a keen eye for the hidden link, to pursue a particular theme. Locations shift from Leicester Square and the Thames embankment to the Normandy coast and the Paris morgue and feature, along with famous names, a lesser known company of acrobats, convicts, aesthetes, "philistines," and mysterious suicides. Nearly a century later, John Stokes's unrivalled knowledge of how the arts actually functioned in the nineties makes this book a major contribution to modern cultural studies."
I wish I had a heart like yours, Walt Whitman

In "Return of the Heroes," Walt Whitman refers to the casualties of the American Civil War: 'the dead to me mar not/they fit very well in the landscape under the trees and grass'. In her new poetry collection, Jude Nutter challenges Whitman's statement by exploring her own responses to war and conflict and, in a voice by turns rueful, dolorous, and imagistic, reveals why she cannot agree. Nutter, born in England and raised in Germany, has a visceral sense of history as a constant, violent companion. Drawing on a range of locales and historical moments, such as Rwanda, Sarajevo, Nagasaki, and both world wars, she replays the confrontation of personal history colliding with history as a social, political, and cultural force. In many poems, this confrontation is understood through the shift from childhood innocence to adult awareness. Nutter responds to Whitman from another perspective as well. It was Whitman who wrote that he could live with animals because they are placid, self-contained, and guiltless. As counterpoint, Nutter weaves a series of animal poems - a personal bestiary - throughout the collection that reveals the tragedy and violence also inherent in the lives of animals.
Crisis ideológica de la democracia liberal: representación social y legitimidad política/Ideological Crisis of Liberal Democracy: Social Representations and Political Legitimacy

El intento por democratizar el poder pasa por el sentido de legitimidad que se adhiere al poder a traves de la praxis colectiva que activa la ciudadania en el logro de sus beneficios economicos y satisfaccion de intereses sociales. Se pudiera afirmar que en eso consiste el esfuerzo pragmatico de un discurso acerca de la politica que ideologiza la representacion social del poder considerado como un “poder para y de todos”. Sin embargo, el proyecto por alcanzar una democracia popular que garantice el uso equitativo y justo del poder no esta exento de riesgos o contradicciones; sobre todo, cuando se trata, precisamente, de ampliar las bases materiales del poder a partir de los sujetos, actores, movimientos, que pugnan por la direccion hegemonica de la politica.
How Cutting the Cost of Using a Bank Affects Household’s Behavior of Remittance Transfers: Evidence From a Field Experiment in Rural Malawi

Using a randomized experiment in rural Malawi, this paper finds that providing information on mobile bank buses' services leads to a higher probability of adopting savings accounts in the treatment group. Households in the treated villages are 3.06 percentage points more likely to adopt savings accounts than households in the control group. Second, the information treatment leads to an increase of in the probability of households receiving remittances in the treated villages, as well as an increase in the amount of remittances received. In particular, the effect is strongest for households that lived at least three kilometers away from the trade centers, which suggests that the main cost of transferring remittance is the cost of traveling to a bank. Third, the 2SLS regression provides suggestive evidence that adopting savings accounts leads to an increase in households' remittance activities. The 63.3 percentage points increase in the possibility of households receiving remittances after adopting savings accounts suggests that there previously exist high costs associated with the informal channels of transferring remittances.
A Late Cretaceous Submarine Canyon in Brazil: Seismic Stratigraphy: ABSTRACT

A continuous sequence of gently dipping clastics covers a deep submarine canyon which was cut into Upper Cretaceous sediments and subsequently filled with Tertiary clastics. Conventional seismic work provides some indication of the complex sequence which filled the channel, but the full detail of the depositional history is revealed in detail by inverting the seismic data to produce synthetic sonic logs. The results reveal classic patterns of sedimentation, illustrate several changes which occurred in the source and distribution of sediments which filled the canyon, and map the individual members in close detail. End_of_Article - Last_Page 594------------
How multi-partner endosymbioses function

Various animals are associated with specific endosymbiotic microorganisms that provide the host with essential nutrients or confer protection against natural enemies. Genomic analyses of the many endosymbioses that are found in plant sap-feeding hemipteran insects have revealed independent acquisitions — and occasional replacements — of endosymbionts, such that many of these endosymbioses involve two or more microbial partners. In this Review, I discuss how partitioning of the genetic capacity for metabolic function between different endosymbionts has sustained nutritional function in multi-partner endosymbioses, and how the phenotypic traits of these endosymbionts can be shaped by co-evolutionary interactions with both co-occurring microbial taxa and the host, which often operate over long evolutionary timescales.