nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lower Cretaceous Stratigraphic Units of Northern California

A thick succession of fossiliferous Lower Cretaceous clastic rocks crops out near Ono, California. Although these rocks have been studied by California geologists and paleontologists for almost 100 years, no detailed maps or sections have ever been published. This district is the type area for the stratal unit previously called the Horsetown "group" or "formation," here redefined as the Horsetown stage. Eight biostratigraphic zones, ranging in age from Hauterivian to late Albian in the European time scale, are defined within this stage. The upper and lower boundaries of the stage are defined by the bases of the zones of Pervinquieria hulenana and of Neocraspedites aguila, respectively. Two new formations are recognized within the mapped area; the Rector formation, a thin sandstone and conglomerate unit, is markedly transgressive and lies on the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Klamath Mountains; the Ono formation, a thick mudstone unit with two coarse clastic tongues, lies on the Rector formation and underlies unnamed conglomerate units of probable late Albian age. The rocks of the Ono formation are predominantly mudstone with nodular limestone; graywacke and conglomerate comprise about 30 per cent of the section. The boundaries of the lithologic units are not coincident with those of the Horsetown stage. A southeast-dipping homocline complicated by numerous small and several larger transcurrent faults is the main structural feature of this area.
Structural, electrical and dielectric characteristics of strontium-modified CaCu3Ti4O12

In order to produce an ultra-high dielectric constant and low loss factor in a polycrystalline material of Sr+2-modified (concentration 15%) CaCu3Ti4O12 (i.e., Ca0.85Sr0.15Cu3Ti4O12, abbreviated as CSCTO-15) was prepared using a cost-effective solid-state reaction technique. Structural analysis using Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction data has confirmed that the sample crystallizes in a cubic system with space group symmetry of Im3. Morphological/microstructural analysis of the natural surface of a pellet shows dense grain growth, with clearly visible grain boundaries. The dielectric relaxation mechanism of CSCTO-15 has been revealed by the detailed study of frequency- and temperature-dependent dielectric parameters (εr and tan δ). Analysis of the frequency and temperature dependence of impedance and related parameters, collected by a complex impedance spectroscopic technique, has provided and estimated the contributions of grain, grain boundaries and electrode in the electrical process in the material. The activation energy at high temperatures has been calculated from the temperature-dependent ac conductivity plots at selected frequencies.
Characterization of Fuzzy Implication Functions With a Continuous Natural Negation Satisfying the Law of Importation With a Fixed t-Norm

The law of importation is an important property of fuzzy implication functions with interesting applications in approximate reasoning and image processing. This property has been extensively studied, and some open problems have been posed in the literature. In particular, in this paper, we partially solve an open problem related to this property posed some years ago. Specifically, given a fixed t-norm <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, all fuzzy implication functions with continuous natural negation that satisfy the law of importation with this t-norm <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$</tex-math></inline-formula> are characterized. This characterization is especially detailed for the case of any continuous t-norm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and particular cases are given for the minimum t-norm, for any continuous Archimedean t-norm, and for any ordinal sum of continuous Archimedean t-norms. For noncontinuous t-norms, the particular cases of the drastic t-norm and the nilpotent minimum t-norm are also presented separately. Finally, characterizations of some well-known fuzzy implication functions are also deduced from the presented results.
Models in physics

In its most common use, the term ‘model’ refers to a simplified and stylised version of the socalled target system, the part or aspect of the wor ld that we are interested in. For instance, in order to determine the orbit of a planet moving aro und the sun we model the planet and the sun as perfect homogenous spheres that gravitationa lly i teract with each other but nothing else in the universe, and then apply Newtonian mech ani s to this system, which reveals that the planet moves on an elliptical orbit. Views dive rge about what sort of entity such a model is. Those focussing on the formal aspects of models regard them either as equations or settheoretical structures, while those opposed to such an approach take them to be descriptions or abstract (yet non-mathematical) entities. A further question concerns the relation of models and theories. In some cases models can be derived f rom theory simply by specifying the relevant determinables in a theory’s general equati ons. But many models cannot be obtained from theory in this straightforward way, and some e v n involve assumptions that contradict the fundamental theory. The relation of models to t heir respective target systems is equally complex and fraught with controversy. Two influenti al proposals take the relation between a model and its target to be isomorphism or similarit y, respectively. This, however, has been criticised as too restrictive as many models do not seem to fit this mould. 1. Introducing Models In physics ‘model’ is used in different ways. Phras es like ‘it is just a model’ indicate either that physicists take a cautious attitude towards a particular piece of physics which they regard as particularly speculative and provisional, or tha t t e piece of physics is known to be false and is entertained only for heuristic reasons. On s ome occasions theories are referred to as ‘models’, for instance in particle physics where th best and currently widely accepted theory of elementary particles is called ‘the standard mod el’. However, in the most common use of
Darwin's foil: the evolving uses of William Paley's Natural Theology 1802-2005.

This essay traces the divergent readings of William Paley's 1802 Natural Theology from its initial publication to the recent controversies over intelligent design. It argues that the misinterpretation of the Natural Theology as a scientific argument about the origins of complex life-which Darwin's Origin of Species refutes-did not develop all at once. Rather this reading evolved gradually, drawing from a variety of uses and appropriations during the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This study demonstrates the fluidity of "science" and "religion" during these centuries, and highlights the role that genres of science popularization play in altering the meaning of those categories.
Surface morphology and impurity distribution of electron beam recrystallized silicon films on low cost substrates for solar cell absorber

A line shaped electron beam recrystallised polycrystalline silicon film on the low cost substrate was investigated for the use of the solar cell absorber. The applied EB energy density strongly influences the surface morphology of the film system. Lower EB energy density results in droplet morphology and the rougher SiO2 capping layer due to the low fluidity. With the energy increasing, the capping layer becomes smooth and continuous and less and small pinholes form in the silicon film. Tungstendisilicide (WSi2) is formed at the interface tungsten/silicon but also at the grain boundaries of the silicon. Because of the fast melting and cooling of the silicon film, the eutectic of silicon and tungstendisilicide mainly forms at the grain boundary of the primary silicon dendrites. The SEM-EDX analysis shows that there are no chlorine and hydrogen in the area surrounding a pinhole after recrystallization because of outgassing during the solidification.
Using Pseudowords for Algorithm Comparison: An Evaluation Framework for Graph-based Word Sense Induction

In this paper we define two parallel data sets based on pseudowords, extracted from the same corpus. They both consist of word-centered graphs for each of 1225 different pseudowords, and use respectively first-order co-occurrences and secondorder semantic similarities. We propose an evaluation framework on these data sets for graph-based Word Sense Induction (WSI) focused on the case of coarsegrained homonymy: We compare different WSI clustering algorithms by measuring how well their outputs agree with the a priori known ground-truth decomposition of a pseudoword. We perform this evaluation for four different clustering algorithms: the Markov cluster algorithm, Chinese Whispers, MaxMax and a gangplankbased clustering algorithm. To further improve the comparison between these algorithms and the analysis of their behaviours, we also define a new specific evaluation measure. As far as we know, this is the first large-scale systematic pseudoword evaluation dedicated to the induction of coarsegrained homonymous word senses.
The Realities and Associated Factors of Palliative Chemotherapy Near the End of Life in the Patients Enrolled in Palliative Care Unit

It is important to know and decide when to end regimen for the quality of life of the patients. However, there is currently no clear agreement on when to terminate palliative chemotherapy. We investigated the duration between the last chemotherapy and death, and associated factors affecting patients receiving palliative care after the last chemotherapy.



We studied 242 patients who were put into palliative care ward after receiving chemotherapy and died during hospitalization from 2008 to 2009. Electronic medical records were used to gather information on demographic characteristics, types of primary cancer, and palliative chemotherapy. Then we analyzed the relationship between the clinical characteristics of patients and interval between last chemotherapy and death.



The average survival time of patients after referral to palliative care was 17.5 days; survival time after discontinuation of chemotherapy was 103 days. Also, 104 (43.0%) patients died within 3 months and 14 (5.8%) patients died within 1 month of persistent palliative chemotherapy. Chemotherapy on patients within 3 months from their death was not associated with the social characteristics of the population.



The patients who were referred to palliative care were found to have continued to receive chemotherapy within 3 months before death. However, only a small number of patients received chemotherapy within 1 month before death, which confirms that futile chemotherapy that extends to the end of life was less frequent. Doctors should be able to recognize the implications of excessive and aggressive use of chemotherapy and should actively communicate with patients about therapeutic choices.
Varieties of Capitalism, Varieties of Vulnerabilities: Financial Crisis and its Impact on Welfare States in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States

This paper investigates the implications of the 2008 financial crisis on welfare states and the capitalist diversity in the post-communist world, including Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It analyzes three political-economic varieties in the region: those of capitalism, welfare, and vulnerabilities to the crisis. The three varieties are linked, but there is also a considerable variation given the importance of political and policy factors. Economic growth models created different political and economic constraints on policies of adjustment to the crisis. In particular, currency substitution was associated with strong political preferences for defending exchange rates, with adjustment through reductions in public spending and wages. A variety of welfare models was associated with different political constituencies for welfare provision. The interplay of these constraints and political factors together with intervention of international institutions shapes the nature of welfare state adjustments. Early developments indicate also some unexpected outcomes.
Defining the ‘positive’ in positive psychology: Part II. A normative analysis

Positive psychology has made a remarkable impact on psychological research and practice in recent years. Significant further work is needed, however, to clarify its core concepts. In a two-part project, the author presents the first systematic analysis of the most basic concept in positive psychology: the ‘positive’. Part I consists of a descriptive analysis. Based on a close reading of founding documents in positive psychology, this analysis reveals six discrete meanings of the positive in these texts, then probes the considerable tensions that arise within and among them and lead to unfortunate confusions in theory, research, and practice. In Part II, presented here, the author draws various distinctions to help relieve these tensions and offers a normative definition of the positive, with the goals of providing direction for inquiry and practice and encouraging further analysis of this and other basic concepts in positive psychology.
El Lissitzky: Beyond the Abstract Cabinet: Photography, Design, Collaboration

Lazar Markovich Lissitzky is widely known as a Russian avant-garde artist who made significant contributions to abstract art the 1920s. Until now his experiments with photography, photomontage, and graphic and exhibition designs in the 1920s and throughout the 1930s have not been documented and thoroughly analyzed. This book explores both the political and aesthetic aspects of Lissitzky's late multimedia work from his designs for the Abstract cabinet to his death in 1941.The author and the two contributors give special attention to Lissitzky's intense collaboration first with German and then with Soviet photographers, designers, and filmmakers, and they discuss how his various personal friendships and acquaintances influenced the directions he took in photography and design. The book presents photographic works by Lissitzky's and these other artists as well as some of Lissitzky's early non-objective art that foreshadows his experiments in figurative art. It also includes Lissitzky's correspondence with his Western colleagues and his wife Sophie Kueppers.
Trade policy and industrialisation when backward and forward linkages matter

This paper develops a model in which the interaction of forward and backward linkages determines the range of goods and of parts that are produced in a developing economy. Using a simple formalisation of the range and sophistication of parts used in different goods, the paper investigates the effects of trade and industrial policy. Linkages create multiplier effects, so, for example, support for final goods producers can increase the range of parts produced, broadening the industrial base and attracting entry of further final goods producers. Effects depend on whether policy is targeted at appropriate margins. Policies that expand the range of parts on the margin are likely to spark more industrialisation than policies that promote parts production within the margin (parts that are already produced domestically), or parts far beyond the margin (highly sophisticated parts not used in locally produced final goods).
The Mechanism and Empirical Test on the Effect of Technological Innovation on International Service Outsourcing in China

Technological innovation can promote the growth of international service outsourcing in China by advancing enterprise ability to undertake international service outsourcing, human resource quality, upgrading of international service outsourcing industry and base building of international service outsourcing. Based on the relative data from 10 areas where the international service outsourcing is developed best in China, this article builds the regression model to study the effect of technological innovation on international service outsourcing. The result indicates that technological innovation can promote obviously the development of international service outsourcing. Some suggestion should be taken to accelerate the technology innovation ability of china, such as adding the input to technological innovation, encouraging talent engaged in the international service outsourcing industry, optimizing environment of technological innovation.
Formal Verification of Decision-Tree Ensemble Model and Detection of its Violating-input-value Ranges

As one type of machine-learning model, a "decision-tree ensemble model" (DTEM) is represented by a set of decision trees. A DTEM is mainly known to be valid for structured data; however, like other machine-learning models, it is difficult to train so that it returns the correct output value for any input value. Accordingly, when a DTEM is used in regard to a system that requires reliability, it is important to comprehensively detect input values that lead to malfunctions of a system (failures) during development and take appropriate measures. One conceivable solution is to install an input filter that controls the input to the DTEM, and to use separate software to process input values that may lead to failures. To develop the input filter, it is necessary to specify the filtering condition of the input value that leads to the malfunction of the system. Given that necessity, in this paper, we propose a method for formally verifying a DTEM and, according to the result of the verification, if an input value leading to a failure is found, extracting the range in which such an input value exists. The proposed method can comprehensively extract the range in which the input value leading to the failure exists; therefore, by creating an input filter based on that range, it is possible to prevent the failure occurring in the system. In this paper, the algorithm of the proposed method is described, and the results of a case study using a dataset of house prices are presented. On the basis of those results, the feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated, and its scalability is evaluated.
Emergence of Grounded Compositional Language in Multi-Agent Populations

By capturing statistical patterns in large corpora, machine learning has enabled significant advances in natural language processing, including in machine translation, question answering, and sentiment analysis. However, for agents to intelligently interact with humans, simply capturing the statistical patterns is insufficient. In this paper we investigate if, and how, grounded compositional language can emerge as a means to achieve goals in multi-agent populations. Towards this end, we propose a multi-agent learning environment and learning methods that bring about emergence of a basic compositional language. This language is represented as streams of abstract discrete symbols uttered by agents over time, but nonetheless has a coherent structure that possesses a defined vocabulary and syntax. We also observe emergence of non-verbal communication such as pointing and guiding when language communication is unavailable.
Some Parallels Between Gene Control Systems in Maize and in Bacteria

In this article, McClintock attempted to link the regulation of controlling elements to observations made by Francois Jacob,
 Jacques Monod, and Andre Lwoff on bacterial operons in 1960. In part, McClintock was trying to establish her preeminence
 in the study of gene regulation, but she also wanted to demonstrate that regulation was widespread among organisms. Many of
 the parallels she observed were not universally accepted and McClintock backed off most of her claims by 1968.
Figures of finance capitalism : writing, class, and capital in the age of Dickens

Chapter One: A Historian in the Literary Marketplace: T. B. Macaulay, the English Constitution, and Finance Capitalism Chapter Two: Gentility, Capitalism, and Mapping the Nation in Elizabeth Gaskell's Stanford Chapter Three: The Middle Class and the Novel in W. M. Thackeray's The Newcomes Chapter Four: Banking on Sentiments: A Melodramatic Civil Society in Little Dorrit and A Tale of Two Cities Afterword Works Cited Index
Towards agricultural marketing reforms: Web services orchestration approach

This research paper demonstrates Web services based business process management system, developed to aid marketing of agricultural produce. For achieving relevance to real-life practice, we carefully follow the business process suggested in model act that is planned for implementation in all the Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees (APMC) throughout India. Our proposal exposes various business functionalities explained in the act, in the form of Web services that can also utilize the existing IT infrastructure of the APMCs. With the help of above mentioned and any other external Web services, a trader can execute a complete trading business process. We follow Web service orchestration specifications to achieve our objectives. We also demonstrate a complete business process that is initiated by a farmer with a mobile PDA involving trade of an agricultural produce in the market place.
A step towards the adoption of data-exchange standards: a UK defence community case study

A review of the literature shows that there is very limited empirical research into the factors that impact the adoption ofISO 10303, the Standardfor the Exchange ofProduct Data (STEP). This means that academics and practitioners devoted to the ongoing development and use of STEP, still lack a significant body of evidence with regards to the factors that influence the adoption of STEP. This paper seeks to identify factors that have impacted the adoption of STEP within the UK defence community. The analysis in this paper is based on Diffusion ofInnovation (DOI) Theory and the theory surrounding the Economics of Standards. Using a case study approach the results indicate that several DOI and economic factors have impacted the adoption of STEP. These include complexity, relative advantage, compatibility, pricing of the standard, opinion leaders and change agents, network effects, switching costs, sponsorship and innovative contracting. It is envisioned that these results will make a contribution towards understanding the factors and barriers critical to the adoption of data-exchange standards like STEP.
Properties of the thiobase pairs hydrogen bridges: a theoretical study.

The characteristics of the hydrogen bridges in the base pairs with S --> O substitution have been studied and the comparisons with the unmodified systems considered. The modifications induced by the sulfur atom in the structures, energies, and atomic charges have been evidenced and the energetic effects revaluated for the first time. Their effects on the hydrogen transfer from a base to the other and the relevance of these static and dynamical features for biological properties have been suggested.
On Marxism, Institutionalism, and the Problem of Labor Exploitation

In Are Worker Rights Human Rights? Ric McIntyre explores the unintended manner in which rights discourse may impede the project to empower labor in today's globally integrated economy, while offering a synthesis of critical insights from the institutionalist and Marxian traditions. In his synthesis McIntyre draws on the related concepts of convention and class, on the one hand, and reasonable value and exploitation, on the other. This essay pursues that synthesis, and raises questions about what is gained and what is lost in the development of a theoretical account that respects the contributions of both traditions.