nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The seeds of virtue : law and virtue ethical conceptions in Aquinas's ethics

There is aprimafacie incompatibility between a law conception of ethics, in which law concepts (e.g. ought, rule, action) are basic, and a virtue conception of ethics, in which virtue concepts (e.g. character trait, ideal, agent) are basic. However, both conceptions contain elements that are needed for an adequate ethical account. Aquinas's conception of ethics is of interest, because it combines virtue and law components within a broadly Aristotelian account. I argue that Aquinas's virtue-andlaw ethical conception is not ad hoc, but emerges from, expresses, and is grounded normatively, rationally, and motivationally in his general conception of practical thought. My first objective in the thesis is to explicate and defend an interpretation of Aquinas's understanding of practical thought as the rational determination of general good into particular action. I argue, first, that this interpretation expresses Aquinas's conception of the nature of practical thought, as reflected in Aquinas's central practical concepts of order, nature, good, and reason. Second, I argue that this interpretation is expressed in Aquinas's conception of the structure of practical thought, as reflected in general, specific, and particular conceptual levels of practical thinking, reasons, and forms of reasoning. My second objective in the thesis is to show that Aquinas's virtue-and-law account presupposes and develops this conception of practical thought, and briefly to indicate how insights from Aquinas's account elucidate relationships between virtue and law ethical conceptions.
Measurement of 1/f noise and its application in materials science

This is a review of the measurement of 1/f noise in certain classes of materials which have a wide range of potential applications. This includes metal films, semiconductors, metallic oxides and inhomogeneous systems such as composites. The review contains a basic introduction to this field, the theories and models and follows it up with a discussion on measurement methods. There are discussions on specific examples of the application of noise spectroscopy in the field of materials science.
Engendering (in)security and conflict in African international relations

This chapter asserts that gender is essential to a full understanding of conflict, violence and human security/insecurity in Africa. While there is a growing literature arguing for the importance of gender in International Relations (IR) (Steans, 2006; Tickner, 1992, 2001), for the most part mainstream and even critical IR has remained relatively impervious to gendered arguments, particularly in regard to security and conflict. Moreover, much of the literature on IR and (in)security in Africa adopts this position as well (Clapham, 1996b; Harbeson and Rothchild, 2000; Reno, 1998).
Evolution of logic programs: part-of-speech tagging

An algorithm is presented for learning concept classification rules. It is a hybrid between evolutionary computing and inductive logic programming (ILP). Given input of positive and negative examples, the algorithm constructs a logic program to classify these examples. The algorithm has several attractive features, including the ability to use explicit background (user-supplied) knowledge and to produce comprehensible output. We present results of using the algorithm to a natural language processing problem, part-of-speech tagging. The results indicate that using an evolutionary algorithm to direct a population of ILP learners can increase accuracy. This result is further improved when crossover is used to exchange rules at intermediate stages in learning. The improvement over Progol, a greedy ILP algorithm, is statistically significant (P<0.005).
Hiring Social Work Faculty: An Analysis of Employment Announcements

An 11-month long analysis of social work faculty position advertisements examined differences in job descriptions between past and present findings, rural- and urban-located social work programs, doctorate and nondoctorate conferring institutions, and public and private institutions. Additionally, this investigation addressed 2008 Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards expectations of social work practice experiences. Findings suggest that degree-earned expectations are lower among rural-located institutions compared to urban institutions, service and student advising are more often identified as expectations of employment among rural institutions, and rural institutions are less likely to expect evidence of research and scholarship. Differences were also found between rural and urban institutions regarding post-MSW experience requirements, and 65% of all position announcements identified >2 years post-MSW experience as required.
Attitudes of judgment and the size-distance invariance hypothesis.

Judgments of the size and distance of standards which were 10, 20, 30, 60, or 120 ft. from O were obtained with the phenomenal, objective, perspective, and projective attitudes. Different Os were assigned to each of 20 combinations of standard distance and attitude. The main purposes of the study were: (a) to verify Carlson's (1962) results concerning the effects of attitude on size judgment; and (b) to determine the effect of attitudes on the size-distance relationship when the possibility for successive comparisons by the sameO at different distances is eliminated. The main findings were: (a) The phenomenal, objective, perspective, and projective attitudes produced size matches which were veridical, overestimations, greater overestimations, and underestimations, respectively, (b) Deviations of size judgments varied with distance, (c) Distance judgments did not vary for the different attitudes of size judgment. However, accuracy of distance judgment varied with the distance judged, (d) Size and distance judgments were not related systematically. These findings were discussed in the context of the size-distance invariance hypothesis.
Psoriasis patients' willingness to accept side-effect risks for improved treatment efficacy.

Previous studies suggest that efficacy is more important than side-effect risks to psoriasis patients. However, those studies did not consider potentially fatal risks of biologic treatments.



To quantify the risks patients are willing to accept for improvements in psoriasis symptoms.



Adults with a self-reported physician diagnosis of psoriasis were recruited through the National Psoriasis Foundation. Using a discrete-choice experiment, patients completed a series of nine choice questions, each including a pair of hypothetical treatments. Treatments were defined by severity of plaques, body surface area (BSA), and 10-year risks of tuberculosis, serious infection and lymphoma.



For complete clearance of 25% BSA with mild plaques, respondents (n = 1608) were willing to accept a 20% (95% confidence interval: 9-26%) risk of serious infection, 10% (5-15%) risk of tuberculosis and 2% (1-3%) risk of lymphoma. For complete clearance of 25% BSA with severe plaques, respondents were willing to accept a 54% (48-62%) risk of serious infection, 36% (28-49%) risk of tuberculosis and 8% (7-9%) risk of lymphoma.



Respondents were asked to evaluate hypothetical scenarios. Actual treatment choices may differ.



Respondents were willing to accept risks above likely clinical exposures for improvements in psoriasis symptoms. Individual risk tolerances may vary.
Institutional Factors and Financial Sector Development: Evidence from

The paper assesses the effects of certain institutional factors on financial sector development in Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is applied to determine the extent to which these institutions affect the financial sector, and to suggest which institutions play a more critical role in each country. Results suggest that institutional factors affect financial depth and access to financial services more than asset quality and profitability (measured by nonperforming loans (NPL) and return on equity (ROE). The results also suggest that depth of credit information has the strongest influence on the NPL ratio, and political stability affects access the most. Based on model findings, policy implications on prioritizing institutional reforms to enhance financial sector development are suggested for individual countries and for country groups.
Determinants of Microlithography Industry Leadership: The Possibility of Collaboration and Outsourcing

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons why Japanese microlithography manufacturers lost their competitiveness in the latter half of the 90's mainly based on the field interviews and publicly available data. Especially, we shall focus on the following four possible determinants of competitiveness in this industry: 1) Characteristics of the major units (including software) that composemicrolithography,and the methods of their production and procurement. 2) Inter-firm RD 3) Product architecture and the other ways of incorporating product quality; 4) Changes in demand for microlithography and the marketing strategies of each company to adapt to such demand changes. Many people mention that the rapid growth of ASML can be scribed to their extensive strategies of outsourcing and RD the modular product architecture was not a major source of their ompetitiveness either.We are not saying that the competitiveness of Nikon and Canon have weakened just as a result of the transitory process of the ordinary business cycle. Rather,we found deeper structural factors that caused problems for the two Japanese companies. While the manufacturing industry is being transformed from an engineering-based to a science-based one, vertically integrated Japanese R&D systems, like Nikon's or Canon's,have begun to exhibit serious drawbacks to innovation.
CAN SOLAR SYSTEM OBSERVATIONS TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT

In this note, we show that the latest determinations of the residual perihelion advances of the inner planets of the Solar System, obtained by accounting for almost all known Newtonian and post-Newtonian orbital effects, yield only very broad constraints on the cosmological constant Λ. Indeed, from, e.g., arcseconds per century for Mercury, one gets -2 × 10-34km-2 < Λ < 4 × 10-35km-2. The currently accepted value for Λ, obtained from many independent cosmological and large-scale measurements, amounts to almost 10-46km-2.
On cluster algebras with coefficients and 2-Calabi-Yau categories

Building on work by Geiss-Leclerc-Schroer and by Buan-Iyama-Reiten-Scott we investigate the link between certain cluster algebras with coefficients and suitable 2-Calabi-Yau categories. These include the cluster-categories associated with acyclic quivers and certain Frobenius subcategories of module categories over preprojective algebras. Our motivation comes from the conjectures formulated by Fomin and Zelevinsky in `Cluster algebras IV: Coefficients'. We provide new evidence for Conjectures 5.4, 6.10, 7.2, 7.10 and 7.12 and show by an example that the statement of Conjecture 7.17 does not always hold.
Probe into deposition mechanism of double pulse electrodepositing Ni-W-P matrix composite coatings containing CeO 2 and SiO 2 nano-particles

Ni-W-P matrix composite coatings reinforced by CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles were prepared on common carbon steel surface by double pulse electrodeposition and the deposition mechanism was discussed.The results showed that the composite coatings with amorphous structure were obtained as-deposited.The initial growth behavior had alternatives and the nucleation was inhomogeneous because of obvious composition fluctuation.With the pulse deposition time increasing,some pearlite microstructures of the substrate were covered by some deposits and the composition fluctuation disappeared.Forward pulse currents promoted to form a great number of atomic beams composed of Ni,W and P atoms or CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles as the core,which inhabited the growth of atomic beams.Reverse pulse currents eliminated concentration polarization and dissolved some surface boss of atomic beams.The solution of W and P atoms within Ni grains and embedding of CeO2 and SiO2 nano-particles within Ni-W-P matrix metal made atomic arrangement disordered.Finally,the atomic beams grew to amorphous small particles.
Child Rearing and Single-Parent Fathers.

This paper is based on a study of 27 single-parent fathers. The convenience sample of predominately middle class caucasians consisted of fathers who had sole custody of and were rearing at least one dependent child with no adult female companion living with them at the time of the interview. The interview was designed to assess the five variables of goal facilitation transition procedures normative change role strain and ease of role transition during three different phases of their lives. Also included were questions on discipline interpersonal interaction and emotional needs of their children. It was concluded that single-parent fathers although able to adjust successfully to the requirements of single parenthood may improve their adjustment to single parenthood by: gaining education and experience with children; participating in household activities; being actively involved in discipline of their children; and by nurturing supportive interaction with their children. (authors)
Liberalism after Pluralism: The Independence of Political Theory

This thesis examines the scope and possibilities of liberal thinking in a post-Enlightenment and pluralistic era. It draws upon three liberal philosophers--Isaiah Berlin, John Rawls, and Richard Rorty--who offer alternative ways of re-accommodating liberalism in the shadow of pluralism. The dissertation argues that Rawls's comprehensive liberalism and Rorty's reductive liberalism face important limitations in their attempts to integrate pluralism into liberal thought. Building upon an exegetical analysis of the three thinkers, this dissertation offers, instead, a defense of a minimalist liberalism --a liberalism a la Berlin that is capable of accommodating a plural view of values, of the social practices that lodge them, and of ourselves as carriers of those values. Minimalist liberalism bears an elective affinity with pluralism, where elective affinity is understood as a normative and historical reinforcing connection between liberalism and pluralism on account of their reciprocal capacity for inclusiveness. The implication of this analysis is that minimalist liberalism must curb its own scope and ambition, and it requires for its justification a sharper yet more multifaceted independence of political theory from moral reasoning than either Rawls or Rorty suggest.
The arithmetic of characteristic 2 Kummer surfaces

The purpose of this paper is a description of a model of Kummer surfaces in characteristic 2, together with the associated formulas for the pseudo-group law. Since the classical model has bad reduction, a renormalization of the parameters is required, that can be justified using the theory of algebraic theta functions. The formulas that are obtained are very efficient and may be useful in cryptographic applications. We also show that applying the same strategy to elliptic curves gives Montgomery-like formulas in odd characteristic that are of some interest, and we recover already known formulas by Stam in characteristic 2.
Wage Wars: Institutional Politics, WPA Wages, and the Struggle for U.S. Social Policy

The WPA was the most expensive and politically prominent U.S. social program of the 1930s, and the generosity and very nature of U.S. social policy in its formative years was contested through the WPA. In this article, an institutional politics theory of social policy is elaborated that incorporates the influence of both institutional conditions and political actors: Institutions mediate the influence of political actors. Specifically, it is argued that underdemocratized political systems and patronage-oriented party systems dampen the cause of generous social spending and the impact of those struggling for it. State actors, left-party regimes, and social movements spur social policy, but only under favorable institutional conditions. To appraise this theory, key Senate roll-call votes on WPA wage rates are examined, as well as state-level variations in WPA wages at the end of the 1930s. The analyses, which include multiple regression and qualitative comparative analysis, support the theory
AN OVERVIEW OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES OF SELECTED ISLAMIC BANKS: CASE OF RHB ISLAMIC BANK, MASRAF AL RAYAN AND EUROPEAN ISLAMIC INVESTMENT BANK

Complying with CG standards is not mandatory but with collapse of many financial institutions, compliance with high standards of CG in banking operation became a necessity. This is due to the fact that many banks and companies worldwide collapsed as a result of poor corporate governance practices such as Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) 1991, Enron 2001, WorldCom 2001, etc. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to examine and ascertain whether present level of CG standards practiced by Islamic banks is adequate to prevent the banks from collapsing. The approach of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Board and the various Board Committees utilizing data published in financial statement of the selected banks. The study finds out that the selected banks comply with CG standards adopted, however such compliance does not mean that the board, committees will be constantly reliable. Therefore, instilling the Islamic values such as the concepts of Ehsan, honesty, accountability is paramount to prevent CG failures and protect banks from collapsing.  corporate governance, Islamic banks, board, committees.
Cation-π Interactions between Quaternary Ammonium Ions and Amino Acid Aromatic Groups in Aqueous Solution.

Cation-π interactions play important roles in the stabilization of protein structures and protein-ligand complexes. They contribute to the binding of quaternary ammonium ligands (mainly RNH3+ and RN(CH3)3+) to various protein receptors and are likely involved in the blockage of potassium channels by tetramethylammonium (TMA+) and tetraethylammonium (TEA+). Polarizable molecular models are calibrated for NH4+, TMA+, and TEA+ interacting with benzene, toluene, 4-methylphenol, and 3-methylindole (representing aromatic amino acid side chains) based on the ab initio MP2(full)/6-311++G(d,p) properties of the complexes. Whereas the gas-phase affinity of the ions with a given aromatic follows the trend NH4+ > TMA+ > TEA+, molecular dynamics simulations using the polarizable models show a reverse trend in water, likely due to a contribution from the hydrophobic effect. This reversed trend follows the solubility of aromatic hydrocarbons in quaternary ammonium salt solutions, which suggests a role for cation-π interactions in the salting-in of aromatic compounds in solution. Simulations in water show that the complexes possess binding free energies ranging from -1.3 to -3.3 kcal/mol (compared to gas-phase binding energies between -8.5 and -25.0 kcal/mol). Interestingly, whereas the most stable complexes involve TEA+ (the largest ion), the most stable solvent-separated complexes involve TMA+ (the intermediate-size ion).
Learning English in Britain: A Journey of Building up the Ideology of 'Chinese National Identity'

Given the growing population of Chinese students in language schools in Britain, understanding the learning and living experiences of these students in the new academic community and British society has become crucial. When these learners who have already formed a robust sense of ‘identity’ or ‘self-image’ in Chinese culture before coming to Britain move across geographic, linguistic, social, cultural, and ideological boundaries, they will naturally go through intercultural secondary socialisation (Pavlenko, 2001), and their established identities and ideologies will be negotiated and reconstructed through their interactions with the surrounding people. This paper explores the dialectical relationship between ideology and practice by focusing on a Chinese student’s discovery of his national identity during an English language learning sojourn in Britain. Jin’s oral narrative and the data of crosscontext observation provide insights into the development of his Chinese national identity in a mixed-culture environment. His mixed family background makes his story quite different from other young Chinese students who undertake to learn English in Britain.
Practical Power Systems Operation [Book Reviews]

The book starts with a foreword piece written by Martin Huang, BC Hydro’s vice president of Grid Operation. He starts by relating to his own engineering education and how other textbooks were not suited to tackle practical problems. He then describes this book as “classical electrical engineering theories meet everyday power system operation.” The book has been adopted by the BC Hydro operator training program as part of the material provided to trainees. The first chapter provides a canvas of the history of power system operation. The author stresses that power system operation is manifested by three actors: operators, operation processes, and the technology. Chapters 2–8 lead the reader on a new journey to power system operation with each chapter focusing on one major NERC operation process. Chapters 9–11 focus on the major decision support systems in control centers and highlight energy management systems (EMSs) and distribution management systems (DMSs). Similar to Chapter 10, Chapter 11 provides a full account of DMSs by detailing the DMS architecture and providing a comprehensive description of a modern DMS. Finally Chapter 12 provides a review of emerging technologies and system operation solutions that have evolved over the last few years. The author has achieved his objective of providing a comprehensive picture for power system operation for industry practitioners and academics. This book stands out by touching many practical aspects of power system operations that appeal to various classes of apprentices. The book can be easily adopted as a power system operation text at the undergraduate or postgraduate level by providing students with a deep understanding of theoretical and algorithmic aspects of enabling technologies.
Decrease of gene expression diversity during domestication of animals and plants

BackgroundThe genetic mechanisms underlying the domestication of animals and plants have been of great interest to biologists since Darwin. To date, little is known about the global pattern of gene expression changes during domestication.ResultsWe generated and collected transcriptome data for seven pairs of domestic animals and plants including dog, silkworm, chicken, rice, cotton, soybean and maize and their wild progenitors and compared the expression profiles between the domestic and wild species. Intriguingly, although the number of expressed genes varied little, the domestic species generally exhibited lower gene expression diversity than did the wild species, and this lower diversity was observed for both domestic plants and different kinds of domestic animals including insect, bird and mammal in the whole-genome gene set (WGGS), candidate selected gene set (CSGS) and non-CSGS, with CSGS exhibiting a higher degree of decreased expression diversity. Moreover, different from previous reports which found 2 to 4% of genes were selected by human, we identified 6892 candidate selected genes accounting for 7.57% of the whole-genome genes in rice and revealed that fewer than 8% of the whole-genome genes had been affected by domestication.ConclusionsOur results showed that domestication affected the pattern of variation in gene expression throughout the genome and generally decreased the expression diversity across species, and this decrease may have been associated with decreased genetic diversity. This pattern might have profound effects on the phenotypic and physiological changes of domestic animals and plants and provide insights into the genetic mechanisms at the transcriptome level other than decreased genetic diversity and increased linkage disequilibrium underpinning artificial selection.