nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Influencing America's tastes : realism in works of Wharton, Cather & Hurst

In Influencing America's Tastes, Stephanie Thompson offers a new way to understand such late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century women authors as Alcott, Wharton, Cather, Hurst, and Loos by examining their fiction and aesthetics in light of the emerging middlebrow culture of the era. She finds important parallels between the work of these women and the goals of the modernist movement that can offer insights into the complicated relationship between the middlebrow culture and the literary critics who articulated its taste. What is revealed is a combination of cultural and gender politics that marginalized these authors' writing as aesthetically second-rate. Unlike most feminist analyses of these authors, Thompson concentrates on their aesthetic concerns as expressed in autobiographies, letters, and critical essays, along with close readings of their fiction. She moves beyond the individual writers to consider the ways that scholars and critics have categorized them over time, offering a correction that enlarges our definition of "modernism." Not only does this book contribute much to the reappraisal of women writers before, during, and after the period that literary scholars have constructed as modernist, but Thompson's understanding of social history and its ideological implications promises to influence current thinking about how literary history is constructed as well.
The ‘Hortus Palatinus’ at Heidelberg and the reformation of the World. Part I: The iconography of the garden

Salomon de Gaus, architect and engineer, built a garden for the Palatine Elector, Frederick V, in Heidelberg; work on it stopped in 1620. In that year de Gaus published a book about the garden (figure I).1 It is an analysis of that publication as well as of its subject, the Hortus Palatinus, which forms the matter of this essay. Without the book, with its four pages of text and 30 plates, we would know practically nothing about the garden. The cessation of work on the garden, the writing of the treatise on the Hortus Palatinus and the departure of de Caus's patron for Bohemia all occurred in close proximity during the autumn of 1619. As de Caus himself points out, the garden was never completed because of the war in Bohemia, and in fact its destruction actually began as a result of the expansion of those hostilities into the Thirty Years War with the occupation of Heidelberg in 1622. Continual destruction occurred throughout the wars, as in many instances the new terraces had breached old fortifi...
Comment: The Elusive Search for Negative Wage Impacts of Immigration

Labor demand curves slope down.1 From this statement it is a short leap to the Malthusian proposition that an increase in the supply of workers reduces wages. So short is the leap, in fact, that the title of George Borjas’s (2003) paper “The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market” seems to imply that as a theoretical matter, immigration has to lower the wages of natives. In a well-functioning economy, however, increases in population do not necessarily cause falling wages. The effect depends on the supply of capital, on the characteristics of the added workers, and on the structure of technology. In fact, the papers by Ottaviano and Peri (OP) and Manacorda, Manning and Wadsworth (MMW) in this symposium argue that the impacts of immigration on native workers in the United States and the UK have been very small. How can these papers arrive at such different conclusions than Borjas (2003), who claimed that US immigration between 1980 and 2000 had lowered average native wages by about 3% and the wages of the least-educated natives by 9%? There are three crucial differences in the assumptions used by the different authors. First, Borjas (2003) holds capital fixed. In contrast OP and MMW assume that in the longer run capital adjusts to keep the capital–labor ratio on its long-run path (or equivalently, that capital is perfectly elastically supplied). As was illustrated in an earlier version of OP (e.g. Ottaviano and Peri 2008, Table 8) and acknowledged by Borjas and Katz (2007, Table 1.11) this matters a lot. If immigration increases aggregate labor supply by 10% (as it did in the United States between 1980 and 2000) and capital is fixed, average wages would be expected to fall by about 3%. If capital can adjust, however, the effect on average wages is approximately zero. Importantly, OP (Figure 2) show that the trend in the US capital–labor ratio was similar in the 1980–2000 period as in earlier decades. This and other evidence, including the remarkable inflows of capital
Ratings of counselor expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness as a function of counselor sex role and subject feminist orientation

This study investigated the effect of sex role-incongruent behavior upon evaluations of counselor expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness, the extent to which these three dimensions are differentially perceived in “masculine” and “feminine” counselor roles, and the possible moderator effects of subject feminist orientation. Eighty male and eighty-six female undergraduates heard one of four audiotapes of a counseling interaction in which the male or female counselor behaved in a stereotypic masculine or feminine manner. Subjects rated the counselor's expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness on the Counselor Rating Form and filled out a measure of feminist orientation. Results indicated no differences in ratings of counselors as a function of their role-congruent or -incongruent behavior but did show the feminine counselor role to be perceived as more attractive and trustworthy than the masculine role. Ratings of counselor expertness were unaffected by counselor role. Additionally, feminists were found to evaluate masculine counselor behavior more positively than nonfeminists. Identification of professional versus sex-role expectations of clients for counselors and their implications for counseling practice are discussed.
SU(4) pure-gauge phase structure and string tensions☆☆☆

We present numerical evidence that the SU(4) pure-gauge dynamics has a finite-temperature first-order phase transition. For a 6 × 20 3 lattice, this transition occurs at the inverse-square coupling of 8 g 2 /≈ 10.79 . Below this and above the known bulk phase transition at 8 g 2 ≈10.2 is a confined phase in which we find two different string tensions, one between the fundamental 4 and 4 ∗ representations and the other between the self-dual diquark 6 representations. The ratio of these two is about 1.5. The correlation in the adjoint representation suggests no string forms between adjoint charges.
A review on the late Mesozoic extensional tectonics on the eastern North China Craton

Based on distribution characteristics of late Mesozoic metamorphic core complexes and prototype basins and geophysical characteristics of crust and upper mantle in the eastern North China Craton,the paper analyses the main controlling factors and formation mechanism of regional tectonic and lithospheric thinning and suggest that Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the studied area should result from subduction of Pacific plate,compression between Yangtze plate and North China plate and asthenosphere upwelling and the earth's surface,the boundary between upper and middle crust and Moho should be the key coupling interfaces between deep geologic process and shallow geologic structures.
Stress-Assisted Structural Phase Transformation Enhances Ductility in Mo/Cu Bicontinuous Intertwined Composites

We use molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate a homogeneous two-step structural phase transformation in the molybdenum (Mo) phase of a Mo/Cu bicontinuous intertwined composite during tensile loading. The Mo atoms first transform from a ⟨001⟩-oriented body-centered cubic structure to a ⟨001⟩-oriented face-centered cubic structure via the Bain transformation. Then they further transform to a ⟨110⟩-oriented body-centered cubic via the Pitsch transformation. This homogeneous transformation results in a novel stress–strain behavior with extended plastic deformation of the whole material. Stress state analysis indicates that the driving force for this structural phase transformation is the large tensile stress induced by interfaces in the bicontinuous intertwined structure. Our results suggest new strategies for improving the ductility of ultrastrong nanocomposite metals.
On the critical understanding of politics: Voegelin on Austria, Hitler and the Germans

Insofar as the scientific community takes notice of Eric Voegelin, he is reputed a philosopher, if not theologian, aloof from the harsh world of politics. On superficial inspection, Voegelin's late work lends itself to the erroneous impression that, contrary to his selfdescription, the author of The New Science of Politics was not a political scientist after all-as many mainstream political scientists had insisted. Although he was contemptuous of politicizing intellectuals who would or could not distinguish between the conceptual language of rational science and the linguistic symbols of political discourse, he considered the political theorist to be consciously political by nature yet contemplatively distant from political reality so as to cultivate the reflective distance allowing him to subject politics to critical study. As a theorist, Voegelin was a thoroughly political animal committed to communicating knowledge to the public and instructing them about their world. The two books under review differ in subject, form, and purpose, as well as in biographical and historical context; yet both reveal the essentials of Voegelin's scholarship, which mutated, but never changed fundamentally in the course of his intellectual development. The Authoritarian State, published in 1936, was a carefully composed and cogently argued systematic investigation of the historical determinants and political implications of the emergent authoritarian regime in 1930s Austria. In content and form, it presented itself as a substantial work of academic scholarship designed to promote the academic standing of its author. It thus differs completely from Hitler and the Germans, based on the tape recordings of a spectacular lecture course given at the University of Munich in
Experimental Economics and Public Choice

There is a well-established tradition of using laboratory techniques to study issues in public choice, dating back to the 1970s. For example, Fiorina and Plott (1978) and Plott and Levine (1978) reported results of voting experiments, and Bohm (1972) used an experimental approach to estimate demand for public goods. This connection is reflected in the fact that the Economic Science Association (of experimental social scientists) meets jointly with the Public Choice Society each spring in the United States. This chapter provides a selective survey of experiments on public goods, common pool resources, rent seeking, and voting.
Product Market Competition and Lobbying Coordination in the U.S. Mobile Telecommunications Industry

This paper empirically investigates market behavior and firms´ lobbying in a unified structural setup. In a sequential game, where firms lobby for regulation before they compete in the product market, we derive a destable measure of lobbying coordination. Applying the setting to the early U.S. cellular services industry, we find that lobbying expenditures, as measured by campaign contributions, and market conduct were consistent with a one-shot Nash equilibrium and that price caps were binding on average. Furthermore, campaign contributions from cellular firms effectively lowered the burden of the price caps and reduced production costs.
Age and co-morbidity in cancer patients: a population-based approach.

There is now clear evidence that the prevalence of co-morbidity among older cancer patients is high and that older patients (with comorbidity) are often treated less aggressively, which seems to have a negative influence on survival. However, would outcomes really improve if more patients were treated, according to the guidelines that were developed on the basis of results in groups of younger patients without co-morbidity? Would more complications occur in older patients with co-morbidity? If that is the case, is it possible to develop special treatment regimens for older cancer patients with co-morbidity and adapt the guidelines? It remains relevant to study the influence of age and co-morbidity on toxicity from treatment, quality of life and prognosis in unselected groups of patients.
Advances in Collaborative Engineering Education

This paper describes a project called ProVerStand (“Produktentwicklung uber Verteilte Standorte” or product development involving distributed locations) initiated by the Chair and Institute for Engineering Design (ikt), RWTH Aachen University and is participated by universities within the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) in Germany. This paper will show the infrastructure of the cooperation within this project as well as information on license capacities and the current state of utilization. Further the influence and efforts of ProVerStand on curricula within NRW will be presented to give an example of effective and successful collaboration among universities at distributed locations. The paper also includes a perspective of future plans concerning expansion and upcoming projects.
Fast Feature Selection in a GPU Cluster Using the Delta Test

Feature or variable selection still remains an unsolved problem, due to the infeasible evaluation of all the solution space. Several algorithms based on heuristics have been proposed so far with successful results. However, these algorithms were not designed for considering very large datasets, making their execution impossible, due to the memory and time limitations. This paper presents an implementation of a genetic algorithm that has been parallelized using the classical island approach, but also considering graphic processing units to speed up the computation of the fitness function. Special attention has been paid to the population evaluation, as well as to the migration operator in the parallel genetic algorithm (GA), which is not usually considered too significant; although, as the experiments will show, it is crucial in order to obtain robust results.
Functional Practice and Conceptual Functionthe Inherent Dichotomy of Marketing

Definitions of marketing are legion, tending to reflect the origin of the proponent, as practitioner or academic theorist: much discussion has focused upon the extent to which theory and practice can, and do, coincide. The paper discusses the recent opinion of R. A. Kent (JMM 2(2) Winter, 1986) which suggests a transference of a handy tool—the notion of the Four Ps—from theory to practice, and which postulate a resultant misconception of the context and nature of the marketing management decision process. The conclusion ultimately reached not only questions the basis of Kent's argument but also suggests that whilst there are many interfaces between the functional and the conceptual views of marketing, the dichotomy remains, largely on account of the inherently differing objectives of the two branches of the discipline.
New nonperturbative approach to the Debye mass in hot QCD

The Debye mass m D is computed nonperturbatively in the deconfined phase of QCD, where chromomagnetic confinement is known to be present. The latter defines m D to be m D = c D σ s , where c D ≅ 2.06 and σ s = σ s ( T ) is the spatial string tension. The resulting magnitude of m D ( T ) and temperature dependence are in good agreement with lattice calculations. Background perturbation theory expansion for m D ( T ) is discussed in comparison to standard perturbative results and recent gauge-invariant definitions.
Report to the Competition Bureau of Industry Canada Efficiency Considerations in Designing Electricity Markets

This report summarizes my perspective on several aspects of restructured wholesale markets for electricity. It is intended as a contribution to the Bureau’s examination of design issues in jurisdictions considering restructuring. The Introduction lays out some background and issues that motivate the subsequent discussion. The following sections consider the general architecture of wholesale markets for electricity. The first examines the choice among forms of organization, such as bilateral contracting or multilateral trading, and in the latter, the choice between a market-clearing exchange or a tight pool with centrally optimized scheduling. The second examines the transmission market in some detail, and the third examines the energy market similarly. The final two sections examine linkages among multiple markets in decentralized designs, focusing on the role of contractual commitments and the requirements for inter-market efficiency. To establish a point of departure: the current restructuring of electricity markets is consistent with the analysis by Joskow and Schmalensee in Markets for Power, 1983. They foresaw competitive markets for generation, transmission facilities operated on an open-access common-carrier basis, and retail competition among power marketers that rely on regulated utility distribution companies for delivery. Regulation of the wholesale and retail energy markets would be reduced to structural requirements and operational guidelines and monitoring, while retaining substantial regulation of the “wires” markets for transmission and distribution. These changes entail unbundling energy from T&D, thereby reversing the vertical integration of utilities. The current issues that I address here concern mainly the organization of the wholesale markets for energy and transmission, interpreted as including ancillary services and other requirements for system reliability and security. The examination of these issues in Canada can benefit from the history of restructuring in the provinces, such as Alberta, and other countries such as Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and Norway, newly implemented designs in countries such as Spain, and current developments in several states in the U.S. 2 I emphasize the implications of the general principles of market design based on ideas from economics and game theory, but on some practical aspects my views are parochial because my practical experience has been mostly in California.
Stoichiometric active site modification observed by alkali ion titrations of Sn-Beta

Sn-Beta zeolite can convert carbohydrate feedstocks through different pathways into a variety of chemical building blocks. Alkali salts influence the selectivity between these pathways, but the details of the alkali ion effect on the catalyst have remained unclear. Here, we combine the systematic variation of tin content in Sn-Beta zeolite with alkali ion titrations and functional assays to assess the stochiometry of alkali binding and the prospect of predicting operation optima from catalyst properties. The approach is used to evaluate the product selectivity of defined catalyst states for the conversion of glucose to methyl lactate formation and to characterise the catalytic behavior of the active site with respect to the degree of titration. The optimum selectivity to methyl lactate was found at similar ratios of alkali and active tin for catalyst of different tin loadings, indicating a stochiometric correlation between added alkali ions and tin content in the Sn-Beta zeolite. The observations also indicate that a double dissociation of the active site occurs and that titration between three states is possible. The proton form of Sn-Beta has a poor methyl lactate selectivity, whereas a single exchange of a proton by potassium at the active site leads to a catalytic form with a very high selectivity, while double exchange leads to a catalytically inactive state of the active site. Exchange phenomena at the active site were corroborated by FT-IR spectroscopy, which showed that potassium interacts with hydroxyl groups in the vicinity of Sn.
Service Discovery Mechanism for an Intentional Pervasive Information System

Pervasive Information System (PIS) provides a new vision of Information System available anytime and anywhere. The users of these systems must evolve in a space of services, in which several services are offered to him. However, PIS should enhance the transparency and efficiency of the system. We believe that a user-centric vision is needed to ensure a transparent access to the frequently changing space of services regardless of how to perform it. In this paper, we propose a new approach of PIS, both context-aware and intentional called IPIS. In this approach, services are proposed in order to satisfy user's intention in a given context. Then, we propose a context-aware intentional service discovery mechanism. Such mechanism is based on an extension of OWL-S taking into account the notion of context and intention. We present in this paper IPIS platform. Then, we detail the proposed service discovery mechanism and present experimental results that demonstrate the advantage of using our proposition.
Gender differences in cardiovascular prophylaxis: Focus on antiplatelet treatment.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of death worldwide, and equally affects both sexes although women develop disease at an older age than men. A number of clinical evidence has identified the female sex as an independent factor for poor prognosis, with the rate of mortality and disability following an acute cardiovascular (CV) event being higher in women than men. It has been argued that the different level of platelet reactivity between sexes may account for a different responsiveness to anti-platelet therapy, with consequent important implications on clinical outcomes. However, conclusive evidence supporting the concept of a gender-dependent effectiveness of platelet inhibitors are lacking. On the contrary, sex-related dissimilarities have been evidenced in cardiovascular patients in terms of age of presentation, comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes and renal disease, and a different pharmacological approach to and effectiveness in controlling classical cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, glucose profile and lipid dysmetabolism. All these factors could place women at an increased level of cardiovascular risk compared to men, and may concur to an enhanced pro-thrombogenic profile. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of gender-related differences in cardiovascular treatment, in order to highlight the need to improve the pharmacological prophylaxis adopted in women through a more accurate evaluation of the overall cardiovascular risk profile with consequent establishment of a more effective and targeted anti-thrombotic strategy which is not limited to the use of anti-platelet agents.
Ethics of Belief

The broad question asked under the heading “Ethics of Belief” is: What ought one believe? An ethics of belief attempts to uncover the norms that guide belief formation and maintenance. The dominant view among contemporary philosophers is that evidential norms do; I should always follow my evidence and only believe when the evidence is sufficient to support my belief. This view is called “evidentialism,” although, as we shall see, this term gets applied to a number of views that can be distinguished from one another. Evidentialists often cite David Hume (1999: 110) as their historic exemplar who said “a wise man … proportions his beliefs to the evidence” and thus argued against the reasonableness of believing in miracles (see Hume, David; Wisdom). Those who argue that there can be good practical reasons for believing, independent of one's evidence, can turn for inspiration to Blaise Pascal (1966: 124), who argued that the best reason to form a belief in God was a practical one, namely the possibility of avoiding eternal suffering (see Reasons; Reasons for Action, Morality and; Faith). 
 
 
 
 
ethics; 
James, William; 
philosophy; 
Williams, Bernard; 
duty and obligation; 
knowledge; 
rationality; 
responsibility