nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reemergent Scientism, Postmodernism, and Dialogue Across Differences

The reemergence of a narrowly defined “scientifically based research” that marginalizes qualitative approaches represents a major threat to qualitative research. A postmodern perspective not only challenges this essentialist definition of “science” but also critiques tendencies of qualitative researchers to essentialize proponents of “science”. These arguments raise the issue of dialogue across the differences between researchers working in different paradigms. Such dialogue can promote a better understanding of the value of qualitative research; it can also sensitize qualitative researchers to the importance of validity concerns and alternative interpretations in their work. Addressing the latter issue strengthens the argument that at least some qualitative research can be fully “scientific” without giving up the essential characteristics of qualitative inquiry.
Some observations and solutions to short and long global Nim.

Short global and long global nim are variations on the rules of the classic game Nim. In short global nim, the move previously played cannot be immediately mirrored by the other player in any pile. In long global Nim, any move played in the game cannot be repeated for the rest of the game. The N and P positions are explored in this paper, as well as the Grundy numbers of positions in both games.
Multi-scale modularity in complex networks

We focus on the detection of communities in multi-scale networks, namely networks made of different levels of organization and in which modules exist at different scales. It is first shown that methods based on modularity are not appropriate to uncover modules in empirical networks, mainly because modularity optimization has an intrinsic bias towards partitions having a characteristic number of modules which might not be compatible with the modular organization of the system. We argue for the use of more flexible quality functions incorporating a resolution parameter that allows us to reveal the natural scales of the system. Different types of multi-resolution quality functions are described and unified by looking at the partitioning problem from a dynamical viewpoint. Finally, significant values of the resolution parameter are selected by using complementary measures of robustness of the uncovered partitions. The methods are illustrated on a benchmark and an empirical network.
Changing the world? The problem of action in international politics

The issue of how to achieve change—in short of how to act—in a complex international system of 192 member states, without authoritative structures, or even a clear hierarchy of power, has been neglected in the literature of the academic subject of international relations. The focus has been predominantly on structures at the expense less of individual actors—much is written about the foreign policies of the major powers—than of the problem of agency itself. In terms of effecting significant change, how much is it reasonable to expect, and of whom? This lecture, which was given to mark the establishment of the new Department of Politics and International Studies at Cambridge, surveys the parameters of the problems of action, concluding that while states are still the most important site of agency at the international level the critical dilemma is now that of accepting and managing complexity and diversity. In particular the West must accept that its ability to provide leadership, unquestioned over the last...
Literate Formal Development Of Ada From Z For Safety Critical Applications

This paper describes an approach to the formal speciication and subsequent development of software which permits various degrees of formality and rigour to be employed according to the degree of risk. The aim is to allow safety critical and non-critical code to be developed to the appropriate degrees of rigour in the same development environment. The technique, introduced by an illustrative example, is designed to allow Ada programs to be developed in a literate fashion within the context of a development document incorporating a Z speciication. It is supported by a suite of tools for checking the consistency and correctness of the development. These tools have been used in the production of this paper.
Adding obesity to the problem list increases the rate of providers addressing obesity.

Obesity is a common problem that increases risk of many other diseases, from heart disease to cancer. While counseling by a physician increases patient report of weight loss attempts and increased exercise, primary care physicians do not frequently address obesity. The objectives of this study were to determine how often obesity was included on the problem list and whether adding obesity to the problem list affected the rate at which it was addressed in future visits.



We conducted an initial assessment, followed by a randomized controlled trial of patient records at a family medicine residency office. The intervention was the addition of obesity to the problem list. The measured outcome was whether or not obesity was listed as an encounter diagnosis in the following 5 months.



At baseline, 36.2% of obese patients had obesity on their problem list. A total of 55.5% of these patients had obesity addressed by a provider in the past year, compared with 5.1% of patients who did not have obesity on their problem list. In the 5 months following the intervention, 38 (14.7%) of the 258 patients in the intervention group had obesity addressed, compared with 11 (4.6%) of the 239 patients in the control group.



There is a significant relationship between the addition of obesity to the problem list and providers addressing obesity at future visits. This simple intervention could be accomplished automatically by the EMR and has the potential to change provider behavior.
Ownership confinement ensures representation independence for object-oriented programs

Representation independence formally characterizes the encapsulation provided by language constructs for data abstraction and justifies reasoning by simulation. Representation independence has been shown for a variety of languages and constructs but not for shared references to mutable state; indeed it fails in general for such languages. This article formulates representation independence for classes, in an imperative, object-oriented language with pointers, subclassing and dynamic dispatch, class oriented visibility control, recursive types and methods, and a simple form of module. An instance of a class is considered to implement an abstraction using private fields and so-called representation objects. Encapsulation of representation objects is expressed by a restriction, called confinement, on aliasing. Representation independence is proved for programs satisfying the confinement condition. A static analysis is given for confinement that accepts common designs such as the observer and factory patterns. The formalization takes into account not only the usual interface between a client and a class that provides an abstraction but also the interface (often called “protected”) between the class and its subclasses.
Progress in Research on Groundwater Pollution in Our Country

Research on groundwater pollution is a key research project recently conducted by the hydrogeology circles both at home and abroad.This paper illustrated the related concepts of groundwater pollution,including research on groundwater quality assessment and modification of water quality standards,groundwater pollution sources,groundwater pollution risk assessment,groundwater pollution health risk assessment,as well as research on new technologies and new methods and their of applications and achievements.In addition,this paper also analyzed the existing problems concerning current groundwater pollution research in China,and pointed out the respects which need to be strengthened in the future.
Tutorial on the engineering principles of combat modeling and distributed simulation

This advanced tutorial introduces the engineering principles of combat modeling and distributed simulation. It starts with the historical context and introduces terms and definitions as well as guidelines of interest in this domain. The combat modeling section introduces the main concepts for modeling of the environment, movement, effects, sensing, communications, and decision making. The distributed simulation section focuses on the challenges of current simulation interoperability standards that support dealing with them. Overall, the tutorial shall introduce the scholar to the operational view (what needs to be modeled), the conceptual view (how to do combat modeling), and the technical view (how to conduct distributed simulation).
Agglomeration and Congestion in the Economics of Ideas and Technological Change

Urban economists have long recognized that space is economically important. Evidence of the importance of urban agglomeration and the offsetting effects of congestion are provided in a number of studies of productivity and wages. Little attention has been paid to this evidence in the economic growth literature. The new growth research focuses on technological change. We extend the production function for new ideas common to this research in a way that allows for congestion and agglomeration in innovation and test the hypothesis that these forces are important in explaining innovation. Strong evidence is found that agglomeration and congestion are important in explaining the vast differences in per capita patent rates across US states. This suggests an important new agenda in linking studies of urban economics with the rapidly advancing field of endogenous growth.
The succession crisis in European agriculture

This article addresses the issues raised by Chiswell and Lobley concerning our publication ‘Understanding Farm Succession as Socially Constructed Endogenous Cycles'. Our response rebuts Chiswell and Lobley's criticisms of the article and assembles evidence from the literature to suggest that in a number of countries and regions of Europe, farm succession failure is at crisis levels. We suggest that the primary source of Chiswell and Lobley's optimism is the international FARMTRANSFERS survey, which they interpret as providing a positive assessment of farm transfer within the family. We present an alternative interpretation of their conclusions.
An infinitary model of linear logic

In this paper, we construct an infinitary variant of the relational model of linear logic, where the exponential modality is interpreted as the set of finite or countable multisets. We explain how to interpret in this model the fixpoint operator Y as a Conway operator alternatively defined in an inductive or a coinductive way. We then extend the relational semantics with a notion of color or priority in the sense of parity games. This extension enables us to define a new fixpoint operator Y combining both inductive and coinductive policies. We conclude the paper by sketching the connection between the resulting model of lambda-calculus with recursion and higher-order model-checking.
Effect of Substrate Temperature on Microstructural Characteristics of Thermal Sprayed Superalloys

Recently, there has been a huge interest in application of thermal spraying processes to apply a protective layer on the surface of engineering components. Thermal spraying as a near net shape forming technique has also found applications in manufacturing of advanced engineering components. Spraying methods such as High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF), Vacuum Plasma Spraying (VPS), and Air Plasma Spraying (APS) are among the most commonly used deposition techniques. Coatings are built up from impact of molten particles on the substrate surface and their flattening and solidification (splat formation). Deposition of millions of individual splats connected to each other at different layers will result in a lamellae type structure. This is a typical example of an anisotropic microstructure. The microstructural features such as porosity, oxide layers define the physical and mechanical properties of coating material. This study investigates the influence of substrate temperature on microstructural characteristics of APS deposited superalloy 625 on steel substrate. The coatings were deposited on substrates at different temperatures. The porosity level was measured using prosimetry. Both image analysis technique and Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) was used to measure the amount of oxide phase. The results indicated that lower substrate temperature results in lower oxide in microstructure. There has been no significant change in porosity level due to substrate temperature.
Events and Sightings [Obituary of Lawrence A. Welke]

This Events & Sightings installment covers a range of recent events focusing on the history of computing. Luanne Johnson gives a brief obituary of Lawrence A. (Larry) Welke, who in the mid-1960s became the world's first publisher dedicated to the newborn software industry and was dubbed by early software industry leaders "the father of the software industry." Akihiko Yamada also recaps the work of the National Museum of Nature and Science (NMHS), IEEE, Japanese academic societies, and governmental organizations to recognize and commemorate important historical artifacts as part of Japan's technological heritage.
Target Organ Damage in Hypertension in an Academic Hospital

One hundred hypertensive patients were selected randomly from medicine indoor; 66 were males, 34 were females. Age ranges were 20 to 70+ years. Detail history was taken, comprehensive physical examination and relevant investigations were done to detect various target organ damage. These findings were correlated with age, sex, occupation, socioeconomic status, duration of hypertension, drug compliance and other risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Incidence of TOD were as follows: 65.15% of males and 52.94% of females developed stroke; 70% of total patients developed some forms of cardiac complications, 14% had left ventricular failure, 43.93% of males had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) 26.47% of females had LVH; 27% of patients had renal complications; 23% of patients had retinopathies; 6% of patients had malignant hypertension; 20% of patients had peripheral vascular disease. doi: 10.3329/taj.v21i1.3222 TAJ 2008; 21(1): 63-68
Quickly deciding minor-closed parameters in general graphs

We construct algorithms for deciding essentially any minor-closed parameter, with explicit time bounds. This result strengthens previous results by N. Robertson, P.D. Seymour [Graph minors. XII. Distance on a surface,  (1995) 240-272; Graph minors. XX. Wagner's conjecture,  (2004) 325-357], M. Frick, M. Grohe [Deciding first-order properties of locally tree-decomposable structures, Journal of the ACM 48 (6) (2001) 1184-1206], and M.R. Fellows, M.A. Langston [Nonconstructive tools for proving polynomial-time decidability, Journal of the ACM 35 (3) (1988) 727-739] toward obtaining fixed-parameter algorithms for a general class of parameters.
Burgess and Cottrell Data on "Desire for Children": An Example of Distortion in Marriage and Family Textbooks?

Burgess and Cottrell reported data on "desire for children" and "marital adjustment." Marriage and family textbooks have typically misrepresented the data in citing it. As one example of six criticisms, Burgess and Cottrell warn that the data refer to couples married only a few years; failure to mention this leads to gross misinterpretations. Textbook reporting of these data raise questions about the adequacy of marriage and family textbooks and, indeed, textbooks in the social sciences generally. Possibly a tightly organized, collaboratively prepared text would permit more depth in scholarship behind each chapter than is possible when one author must cover a huge range of material.
Interference measurements of non-Abelian e/4 & Abelian e/2 quasiparticle braiding.

The quantum Hall states at filling factors 5/2 and 7/2 are expected to have Abelian charge e/2 quasiparticles and non-Abelian charge e/4 quasiparticles. We test this by measuring resistance oscillations as a function of magnetic field in quantum Hall Fabry-Perot interferometers. At filling factor 5/2 they have four dominant frequencies, as expected for transport due to these two types of quasiparticles. At 7/2 filling a different set of frequencies is expected, and the measured oscillations match those. Furthermore, our results indicate that the e/4 oscillations are stable against fermionic parity fluctuations over long times (hours) near 5/2 and 72. The observed stability further strengthens the case for using non-Abelian e/4 quasiparticles for topological quantum computation.
Brane Inflation : String Theory viewed from the Cosmos

Brane inflation is a specific realization of the inflationary universe scenario in the early universe within the brane world framework in string theory. The naturalness and robustness of this realistic scenario is explained. Its predictions on the cosmological observables in the cosmic microwave background radiation, especially possible distinct stringy features, such as large non-Gaussianity or large tensor mode that deviates from that predicted in the slow roll scenario, are discussed. Stringy KK modes as hidden dark matter is also a possibility. Another generic consequence of brane inflation is the production of cosmic strings towards the end of inflation. These cosmic strings are nothing but superstrings stretched to cosmological sizes. The properties of these cosmic superstrings and their subsequent cosmological evolution into a scaling network open up their possible detections in the near future, via cosmological, astronomical and/or gravitational wave measurements. At the moment, cosmological data is already imposing strong constraints on the details of the scenario. Finding distinctive stringy signatures in cosmological observations will go a long way in revealing the specific brane inflationary scenario and validating string theory as well as the brane world picture. Precision measurements may even reveal the structures of the flux compactification. Irrespective of the final outcome, we see that string theory is confronting data and making predictions.
Relative natural classes and relative injectivity

Let τ be a hereditary torsion theory on the category R-Mod of left R-modules over an associative unitary ring R. We introduce the notion of τ-natural class as a class of modules closed under τ-dense submodules, direct sums, and τ-injective hulls. We study connections between certain conditions involving τ-(quasi-)injectivity in the context of τ-natural classes, generalizing results established by S. S. Page and Y. Q. Zhou (1994) for natural classes.
Political Capital in a Market Economy

This research applies a transaction-focused institutional analysis to compare the value of political capital in different institutional domains of China's market economy. Our results show that the value of political capital is associated with institutional domains of the economy in which agents can use political connections to secure advantages. Political capital is most fungible in institutional domains where government restricts economic activity. In this sense, the value of political connections in China does not differ fundamentally from patterns observable in established market economies. We interpret this as evidence suggesting China may have experienced a tipping point in its transition to a market economy around the turn of the new century.
The beginning of geography didactics in Norway

At the end of the 19th century geography became a mandatory subject in primary and secondary schools in Norway. Geography was seen as a useful subject that contributed to the modernization of society, but also as a subject that strengthened the national ideology. A need for better education in geography arose and consequently some authors of geography textbooks wrote about teaching geography. In order to strengthen teachers’ education, geography was taught at university level, and to develop the subject it became necessary to relate it to other subjects, especially geology. The author shows that there are several similarities between the content of geography taught in Norwegian schools in the late 19th century and geography taught in schools today.
Arrow's concept of the health care consumer: a forty-year retrospective.

The consumer of medical care is in a unique situation for several reasons. First, in general, the consumer is not well informed about health and medical care, certainly much less well informed than are physicians. Many, if not most, medical encounters are initiated, at least in part, for the explicit purpose of obtaining health information. In contrast to their roles in markets for most goods and services, given their lack of information, it appears that people in their roles as medical care consumers have no well-formed preferences. If people had the necessary amount of information to make themselves fully informed, patients would have “as good or nearly as good understanding of the utility of the product as the producer” (Arrow 1963: 951). Second, demand for care is probabilistic depending on the person’s health state, which is also probabilistic. Thus, although some consumption, such as physical exams, can be planned, demand for care following health shocks, such as heart attacks, cannot be planned before the shocks occur. Prior to treatment, consumers may be faced with choices that have important consequences for either life or death or good quality of life versus a life of disability without having sufficient time or emotional stamina for making adequate decisions. When health shocks occur, the consumer is likely not to be well positioned to search for quality and price among sellers. This set of problems would occur even if consumers
Local Actors, Nation States, and Their Global Environment: Conceptualizing Successful Resistance to the Anti-Social Impacts of Globalization

Nation-states are faced with multiple contradictions as they mediate the insertion of their domestic economies into the global economy. Drawing on a case study from the Caribbean country of St. Lucia, this paper explores how local community resources may infl uence the terms of their integration in the global economy. It is argued that socially embedded economic institutions that are typically neglected in discussions of economic development are in some ways better suited to the task of infl uencing the terms of globalization than state policy-making.