nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Combining neural networks and tree search for task and motion planning in challenging environments

Task and motion planning subject to Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) specifications in complex, dynamic environments requires efficient exploration of many possible future worlds. Model-free reinforcement learning has proven successful in a number of challenging tasks, but shows poor performance on tasks that require long-term planning. In this work, we integrate Monte Carlo Tree Search with hierarchical neural net policies trained on expressive LTL specifications. We use reinforcement learning to find deep neural networks representing both low-level control policies and task-level “option policies” that achieve high-level goals. Our combined architecture generates safe and responsive motion plans that respect the LTL constraints. We demonstrate our approach in a simulated autonomous driving setting, where a vehicle must drive down a road in traffic, avoid collisions, and navigate an intersection, all while obeying rules of the road.
'A New Kind of Printing': Cutting and Pasting a Book for a King at Little Gidding

This article describes the harmonized gospel made by the Ferrar family at Little Gidding for King Charles I, c. 1635. This book, one of several of its kind, was made by cutting out printed materials and assembling the pieces into a single, illustrated narrative of the four gospels. The king’s book is particularly complex, employing three complementary methods of displaying the harmonized gospel accounts. As with the Ferrars’ other gospel books, it uses images not only of gospel scenes but also of typologically-related Old Testament scenes. The article pays particular attention to the textual materials used in the book. First, it identifies the particular editions used, which include a Cambridge gospel harmony and, surprisingly, an Edinburgh New Testament printed by Robert Young in 1633, the year of Charles's Scottish coronation, suggesting that a courtier or the king himself may have played a part in supplying that edition to the Ferrars. Second, it relates the layout and apparatus of these editions to those of the Little Gidding books, noting that while the Ferrars dismantled one layout to make a new one, their books in important ways take up the textual work of the original editions while adding the meditative affect (and political danger) of Roman Catholic images.
Crustal variations and terrane boundaries in southern Mexico as imaged by magnetotelluric transfer functions

To investigate the complex crustal structure of southern Mexico magnetotelluric (MT) data were acquired at 75 stations along two north‐south profiles, 200‐250 km apart, crossing several terrane boundaries whose interpretation has been controversial in the literature. Resulting sounding curves can be grouped, according to their shapes, into 10 different sets. Each of them may represent a crustal unit with a characteristic depth dependent electrical conductivity distribution. Often, the spatial extent of such a crustal unit matches well with a geological terrane. However, we also observed transition zones or sharp contrasts in crustal electrical properties which do not correspond to any defined terrane boundary. Transition zones are associated with low angle crustal structures (regional thrust faults or mylonitic zones) and/or with areas of plutonism, which are adding heterogeneities to the crust. In other cases our data suggest that terrane boundaries proposed on the basis of surface geology are probably shallow structures, which may not continue at depth. The comparison of apparent resistivity profiles with the available geologic information indicates that the MT method is capable of clearly defining zones affected by recent and active volcanism and tectonics as well as the part of the crust with Paleozoic and Precambrian metamorphic rock assemblages. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of the Associate Constant of a Phospholipid - Ca2+ Complex Using a Phospholipid Monolayer Adsorbed at an Aqueous |1, 2-dichloroethane Interface

formation of the phospholipid and the ion. The association constant for the complex formation of Ca 2+ with the lipid was three orders of magnitude higher than those of monovalent cations with the lipid. The present result suggests that the strong complex formation of highly hydrophilic metal cations with a lipid membrane results in a higher affinity to biomembrane surfaces.
To have or to be: on the problem of the interaction between State and economy and its ‘solidarist’ mode of regulation1:

In an attempt to arrive at a better understanding of the flexibility of various national configurations of the mode of regulation in the European Community, the paper introduces the concept of social topology into regulation theory. This concept allows us to specify theoretically the notion of the configuration of structural forms in a way which takes into account politics and the logic of the State. In this general framework, the wage-labour nexus, the Welfare State, as well as their articulation, are analysed. Finally, Fordism, Keynesianism, the Welfare State and pluralistic democrary are depicted as interdependent elements of a ‘solidarist’ mode of regulation.
Impact of carotid plaque screening on smoking cessation and other cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.

Screening of peripheral atherosclerosis is increasingly used, but few trials have examined its clinical impact. We aimed to assess whether carotid plaque screening helps smokers to improve their health behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors.



We randomly assigned 536 smokers aged 40 to 70 years to carotid plaque ultrasonographic screening (US group) vs no screening (control group) in addition to individual counseling and nicotine replacement therapy for all participants. Smokers with at least 1 plaque received pictures of their plaques with a 7-minute structured explanation. The outcomes included biochemically validated smoking cessation at 12 months (primary outcome) and changes in cardiovascular risk factor levels and Framingham risk score.



At baseline, participants (mean age, 51.1 years; 45.0% women) smoked an average of 20 cigarettes per day with a median duration of 32 years. The US group had a high prevalence of carotid plaques (57.9%). At 12 months, smoking cessation rates were high, but did not differ between the US and control groups (24.9% vs 22.1%; P = .45). In the US group, cessation rates did not differ according to the presence or absence of plaques. Control of cardiovascular risk factors (ie, blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hemoglobin A(1c) levels in diabetic patients) and mean absolute risk change in Framingham risk score did not differ between the groups. The mean absolute risk change in Framingham risk score was +0.6 in the US group vs +0.3 in the control group (P = .56).



In smokers, carotid plaque screening performed in addition to thorough smoking cessation counseling is not associated with increased rates of smoking cessation or control of cardiovascular risk factors.
Continuing Education at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory

This paper discusses the philosophy, organization, and rationale of the Continuing Education program for engineers and scientists at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in Livermore, CA. The importance of diversified offerings designed to fit the needs of the individual is stressed, as is the recognition that continuing education is not necessarily confined to the traditional teacher-student relationship. The impact of the video cassette player is discussed for employees unable to meet rigid class schedules, as are the television links to the major universities in Northern California.
Dedes in Dersim: Narratives of Violence and Persecution

The article is the result of an empirical research project that integrates historical, sociological and socio-psychological perspectives. The study is focused on the institution of religious leaders—dedes, the experts of oral tradition in Dersim, Eastern Anatolia. It attempts to trace back political obliteration strategies applied to these main agents of memory, by investigating their meaning and role for the maintenance of cultural identity. It analyses autobiographical memories of violence and persecution in narratives of dedes, especially in regard to their coping patterns and perceptions of history.
The charge state of titanium ions implanted into sapphire: An EXAFS investigation

X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) have been used to study the charge states and atomic environments of Ti+ ions implanted into a single crystal sapphire substrate. Fluorescence techniques have been shown capable of detecting signals from the implanted ions even though the implant density in the ∼100μm thick specimen used is ∼ 0.02 at% (the implant profile all being within 0.2μm of the surface). By comparison with TiO2, Ti2O3 and TiO standards, XANES data suggest that the implant species environment is disordered. Further, EXAFS Fourier transforms show that the first shell radius of the implant species is between that of the TiO and Ti2O3 standards. Again, this indicates considerable structural disorder. After annealing the implanted specimen in air at 1150° C for 2 h, a shift towards the shell radius of the TiO2 structure is observed together with a similar change in the XANES appearances. Our conclusion is that the initial titanium ion implant into sapphire exists in both the Ti2+ and Ti3+ charge states and is located in a range of sites in the radiation-damaged material. Annealing produces a shift in charge state towards Ti4+. Implications for the solid solution hardening effect of the implant in sapphire are discussed.
Impacts of climate change on British Columbia's biodiversity: A literature review

This Extended Abstract condenses a literature review that summarized research on the current and potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity in British Columbia. The review, which is preceded by a brief summary of observed and predicted climate changes, brings together the relevant information contained in those publications for the benefit of natural resource managers. Contemporary increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, average annual temperatures, and sea surface temperatures have been documented, and climatologists predict these increases will continue through this century. Research suggests that whole ecosystems and biogeoclimatic zones will not respond as a unit; rather, individual components of ecosystems will respond. Species will respond to these climate changes either by adapting in place, migrating, or going extinct. Examples of species responses have already been recorded in British Columbia. Finally, the review summarizes research on how to mitigate climate change impacts on biodiversity. Mitigation will require implementing conservation principles, reducing non-climate stressors, providing latitudinal and elevational migration corridors, and instituting long-term monitoring to define causality between climate change and biotic responses. Perhaps the most important advice for natural resource and biodiversity managers is to implement, to the extent possible, good conservation practices.
Síntesis y perspectivas del contexto macroeconómico colombiano 2006-2007

This paper presents an analysis of coyuntural and macroeconomic Colombian policy for 2006, and the perspectives on the performance of the economy in 2007. The study highlights the good behavior of the national economy and it presents some elements that justify it; this good behavior is reflected in a rate of growth of the GDP of 6.8% in 2006, data that has not been registered in 28 years. Additionally, there are analized some problematics that actually face the Colombian economy, related with the monetarian, cambiarian and fiscal policy handling, the employment, the poverty and the inequality.
Agnihotra technology in the perspectives of modern science – A review

Agnihotra, the simplest form of ‘Yajnya/Homa’ performed in many countries all over the world. Although it’s an ancient fire ritual, it is based on the scientific aspects. It invokes sunrise and sunset timings, when far infrared radiations are produced from the sun, the burning of cow ghee, dried cow dung, unpolished rice in the typical inverted pyramidal shaped copper pot with the chanting of mantras about sun (Surya) and fire (Agni). It is found that far infrared radiations of sun and that of Agnihotra resonate to generate a huge amount of vital energy useful for life processes. The fumes and ash of Agnihotra are useful to purify water and air, ameliorate agriculture, reduces the pathogenicity of microorganisms and help to improve the health of living beings. Performing Agnihotra with right timings and ingredients will create conducive atmosphere in the surrounding for the well-being of life.
Synthesis and Characterization of Electromagnetic Materials.

This report covers research on rare-earth magnetic materials and the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors. Studies were made of the magnetization reversal process in RCo5 particles and sintered permanent magnets and experimental verification of a model for the magnetization reversal in RCo5 particles were conducted. Research studies were conducted on both the optical and electrical properties of defect centers in semiconductors. A wavelength modulation spectrometer was designed to investigate the electrical characteristics of defects in Hg(x)Cd(1-x)Te.
Computers and Thought - The Back Story

This issue of Anecdotes gives a some of the back story behind the classic computer science and AI text Computers and Thought. One of the book's coeditors, Julian Feldman, describes some of their reasons for publishing the book and some of the challenges involved in its actually publication. This Anecdotes installment also gives a brief history of the first business-to-business and business-to-consumer applications in the UK in the 1980s, which presaged today's Internet-based home shopping industry.
Joe DiMaggio : a bio-bibliography

This is the book for the serious DiMaggio and sports-as-culture buff. Moore ...has sifted through most of what has been written and rumored about the Yankee Clipper in newspapers, magazines, books and even songs. The narrative portion--there's also a bibliography and DiMaggio's baseball stats--is divided into two sections: DiMaggio's life on and off the field, and his evolving stature as a mythic figure. All rendered in sensitive, but refreshingly unsentimental, prose. USA Today Anyone serious about building an excellent baseball library or interested in the role of sports in American society should get a copy of this book...All in all, an excellent and well-researched book. The Sporting News
Aspartate transcarbamylase. The use of primary kinetic and solvent deuterium isotope effects to delineate some aspects of the mechanism.

A novel aspect of the methodology is the use of 14C as a tracer to determine the isotope effect caused by 18O alone, without the need for analysis by mass spectrometry. At optimum concentrations of carbamyl phosphate and l-aspartate and at pH 7.8 (near the pH optimum of the enzyme), the effect of 14C at the carbonyl carbon or 18O at the anhydride oxygen of carbamyl phosphate is very small. One possible explanation, but not the only one, is that kinetic steps in which the bonds to these atoms change are not important in determining the observed rate. Such an interpretation is consistent with a rate-determining conformational change of the enzyme at the pH optimum. At pH 10, where the activity of the enzyme is low, the rate with 14C-labeled carbamyl phosphate is about 95% of the rate with the 12C compound. On the other hand, no substantial effect is seen for 18O in the anhydride position. Taken together, these observations indicate that a step in which the bonding to the carbon atom changes and the bonding to the anhydride oxygen does not change becomes important in the observed rate at pH 10. Such a process might be the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The solvent deuterium isotope effect in D2O has also been studied, at optimum concentrations of the substrates. The maximum velocity is essentially the same in D2O and in H2O. Thus, proton transfer does not seem to be involved in a ratedetermining step in the aspartate transcarbamylase reaction. The pH activity profile of the enzyme is shifted up by about 0.8 pH unit in D2O, an effect which can be accounted for approximately quantitatively by the expected change in the pKa of the amino group of l-aspartate.
Schultz and Barakat: Universal Recognition of National Ownership of Antiquities, 14 Art Antiquity & L. 21 (2009).

Two decisions, one in the United Kingdom and one in the United States, decided just about five years apart, are significant for universalising the principle that vesting laws - laws that vest ownership of antiquities in a nation - create ownership rights that are recognized even when such antiquities are removed from their country of discovery and are traded in foreign nations. This basic principle has proven to be very controversial in the United States and has been subjected to bitter criticism; yet virtually the same legal principle, when decided in a British court, received little comment or criticism. Compounding the interest of these two decisions is that, although both decisions came to virtually the identical conclusion, they did so utilizing different methods of analysis.Although laws regulating cultural heritage have a long history, nations have enacted national ownership laws since the nineteenth century for the dual purposes of preventing unfettered export of antiquities and of protecting archaeological sites in which antiquities are buried. When ownership of an antiquity is vested in a nation, one who removes the antiquity without permission is a thief and the antiquities are stolen property. This enables both punishment of the looter and recovery of possession of the antiquities from subsequent purchasers. By making looted antiquities unmarketable, these laws reduce their economic value. National ownership laws thereby deter the initial theft and the looting of archaeological sites that causes destruction to the historical record and inhibits our ability to reconstruct and understand the human past. While reinforcing these goals, the Schultz and Barakat decisions also bring uniformity to the national treatment of this central legal principle.
A Data Warehouse Schema to Support Financial Process in Local eGov

Organizations are constantly changing due to the evolution of technologies, requiring them to restructure their strategies. On this case, local autarchies are not an exception. Due to the big data volume involved within the government ecosystem, Business Intelligence (BI) systems were implemented to deal with several processes where effective and efficient decisions are crucial. These systems have proved to be worth on the global government and this article will show how those systems can also be applied to local autarchies, where Business Intelligence can make a positive difference. The multidimensional model created for the local autarchy will be presented, consisting on one fact table and eleven dimensions. This model was created aiming to optimize the autarchy’s decision-making processes, related with the financial department.
Ligation Kinetics as a Probe for Non-Covalent Electrostatic Bonding and Electron Solvation of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Cations with Ammonia

AbstractMono-ligation kinetics were measured for ammonia reacting with atomic cations in the first two groups of the periodic table (K+, Rb+, Cs+ and Ca+, Sr+, Ba+). Also, mono-ligation energies were computed using density functional theory (DFT) in an attempt to assess the role of non-covalent electrostatic interactions in these chemical reactions. The measurements were performed at room temperature in helium bath gas at 0.35 Torr using an inductively coupled plasma/selected-ion flow tube (ICP/SIFT) tandem mass spectrometer. Rate coefficients are reported for ammonia addition, the only reaction channel that was observed with all these cations. A systematic decrease in the rate of addition of NH3 was observed for both group 1 and 2 cations going down the periodic table. The computational studies predict a decrease in the adduct binding energy and an increase in the bond separation going down groups 1 and 2 of the periodic table and provide some insight into the role of the extra selectron in the group 2 radical cations in ligand bonding. A correlation is seen between the efficiency of ligation and the binding energy of the adduct ion and attributed to the lifetime of the intermediate encounter complex against back dissociation which is dependent on its well depth. Higher-order additions of ammonia were also observed. Remarkable differences in the extent and kinetics were seen between the group 1 and 2 cations, and these were attributed to the occurrence of ammonia solvation of the extra s electron in the higher-order adducts of the alkaline earth cations.
Hydrogen Isotope Exchange between Aromatic Molecules and Aqueous Acids

THE hydrogen isotope exchange between an aromatic compound and aqueous acid without the intervention of heterogeneous catalysts can be regarded as an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction1. It is also known qualitatively that the kinetic efficiency of the acid increases with its strength2. We have now examined quantitatively the nature of this dependence upon acidity in homogeneous solution at 25° and have drawn some more specific conclusions about the mechanism of the reaction.
Generalized Limits in General Analysis, First Paper

The analogies that exist between infinite series and infinite integrals are well known and have frequently served to indicate the extension of a theorem or a method from one of these domains of investigation to the other. According to a principle of generalization that has been formulated by E. H. Moore, the presence of such analogies implies the existence of a general theory which incltudes the central features of both the special theories.t It is the purpose of the present paper to develop the fundamental principles of that sectioll of this general theorv which contains as particular instances the theories of Cesaro and H6lder summability of divergent series and divergent integrals. Furthermore, the usefulness of the theory will be illustrated by proving a general theorem in it which includes as special cases the Knopp-Schnee-Ford theoremt with regard to the equivalence of the Cesaro and Holder means for summing divergent series, an analogous theorem due to Landau ? concerning divergent integrals, and a further new theorem with regard to the equivalence of certain generalized derivatives. The general theorem just mentioned can be extended to the case of multiple limits so as to include other new theorems, analogous to those referred to above, with regard to multiple series, multiple integrals, and partial derivatives. This extension, however, involves formulas that are considerably more complicated than in the case of simple limits. I shall therefore reserve it for a second paper, as I wish to avoid algebraic complexity in this first presentation of the general theory. Following the terminology introduced by E. H. Moore, we indicate the basis of our general theory as follows: