nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Investor Behavior and Fund Performance Under a Privatized Retirement Accounts System: Evidence from Chile

In the U.S. and in Chile, there have been heated debates about the relative merits of a decentralized privatized pension system relative to a more traditional social security system. On the firm side, there are concerns that pension funds engage in anticompetitive behavior and take advantage of consumers’ by charging high fees and account maintenance changes. On the consumer side, there are concerns that consumers do not select wisely among funds and take on too much risk. Any pension system with insurance features to protect against low levels of pension accumulations is potentially subject to moral hazard problems, in the form of consumers’ taking on too much risk. In the case of Chile, the government provides a minimum pension benefit to those with low pension accumulations, which can make some consumers more willing to take risks. For these reasons, the Chilean government introduced regulations on pension fund firms’ investments designed to limit risk. This paper analyzes the determinants of consumers’ choices of pension fund and of pension fund characteristics (performance and fees), taking into account governmental regulations. In particular, it estimates a demand and supply model of the pension fund investment market using a longitudinal household dataset gathered in 2002 and 2004 in Chile, administrative data on fund choices, and longitudinal data on cost determinants of pension funds. We find that the existing regulation actually increases the level of risk in the market, reduces heterogeneity across firms, and reduces incentives for consumers to participate in the pension fund program. We suggest alternative more effective forms of regulation.
Excavating Culture: Ethnicity and Context as Predictors of Parenting Behavior

Ethnic, socioeconomic, and contextual predictors of parenting and family socialization practices were examined among African American and European American families. This is one of a set of coordinated studies presented in this special issue (Le et al.). With the goal of sampling African American and European American children and families that were roughly equivalent on socioeconomic indicators, 103 mothers and their children were interviewed when the children were in kindergarten, and 83.5% were interviewed again in fourth grade. There were no ethnic differences in mothers' reports of warmth and communication at kindergarten; mothers' and children's reports of behavioral control at fourth grade, and children's reports of warmth at fourth grade. Among the ethnic differences in the parenting constructs, a number of them were related to cultural variables. For example, African American mothers expressed higher levels of self-efficacy and this was positively related to beliefs in communicating ethnic pride ...
Conventions of Georgian Caricature

Although the influence of Hogarth on English fiction and on European art has received much scholarly attention, little notice has been taken of Hogarth's successors in the art of graphic satire. Nonetheless, the Georgian caricaturists who flourished from the 1780s through the 1820s exercised a profound influence on English culture. They forged a popular art out of the disparate materials of an iconographic, ideological, political, scientific, and social heritage and transmitted to nineteenth-century artists and audiences ways of looking at and talking about the world that fundamentally reoriented and reinvigorated the fine arts and literature. Since so little is known about caricature as a cultural institution and as an aesthetic program, I shall concentrate on those aspects; but this whole essay is a prolegomenon to a fuller study that would trace the effects of Georgian graphic satire on nineteenth-century art.
Miocene fluvial-tidal sedimentation in a residual forearc basin of the Northeastern Pacific Rim: Cook Inlet, Alaska case study

Cook Inlet in southern Alaska represents a Cenozoic residual forearc basin in a convergent continental margin, where the Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath the North American Plate. This basin accumulated the >6,700-m-thick, mainly nonmarine, Eocene-Pliocene Kenai Group. These rocks contain biogenic coal-bed methane estimated to be as high as 245 TCF. Lignites to subbituminous coals with subsurface R{sub o} ranging from 0.38 to 0.73 percent and the stage of clay-mineral diagenesis and expandibility indicate a thermally {open_quotes}cool{close_quotes} basin. Miocene Tyonek and Beluga Formations compose 65 percent (>4,300 m thick) of the Kenai Group. The Tyonek includes conglomeratic sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, coals, and carbonaceous shales, interpreted as braided- stream deposits. These fluvial deposits are interbecided with burrowed, lenticular, and flaser-bedded sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones, interpreted as tidal deposits. Tyonek framework conglomerates formed in wet alluvial fans incised on paleovalleys of the Chugach terrane. Coal-forming mires are well developed on abandoned braided-stream deposits. Tyonek drainages formed in high-gradient alluvial plains inundated by tides similar to environments in the modern upper Cook Inlet. The upper Miocene Beluga consists of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, carbonaceous shales, and coals deposited in meandering (low sinuosity) and anastomosed fluvial systems. These fluvial deposits alternated vertically with deposits more » of coal-forming mires. The Beluga drainages formed in low-gradient alluvial plains. The high-gradient Tyonek alluvial plain was probably controlled by provenance uplift and eustatic change, whereas the low-gradient Beluga alluvial plain was influenced by subdued provenance uplift and rapid basin subsidence. Rapid sedimentation on both these low- and high-gradient alluvial plains, which kept up with subsidence, produced a thermally {open_quotes}cool{close_quotes} basin. « less
Frida Kahlo 1907–1954

Frida Kahlo (1907–1954) was a painter, poet, and political activist who lived in Mexico City and married Mexican muralist, Diego Rivera. Her life was laced with tragedy, which led her to paint her inner reality, all the aspects of life usually hidden. Known for her flamboyant life-style of Tehuana dress, unibrow, Communist party affiliation and her numerous affairs, she was a self-taught artist, whose paintings have been compared to many artistic styles, but she herself rejected such labels, as she ‘painted her own reality.’ Her fame emerged after her death and she is now considered one of Mexico's best artists and icon for many women.
Challenges in software aspects of aerospace systems

For many years, NASA Langley Research Center has cooperated with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in research about software engineering methods for aerospace applications. Recent research has focused on software aspects of the FAA's certification process. In this paper, the results of the Streamlining Software Aspects of Certification (SSAC) program are examined to provide insight into current challenges in the aerospace industry in developing and assuring complex, software-based systems. The paper concludes that at the root of many of the current challenges lies the challenge of accurately communicating requirements between groups of people.
Study of molybdate ion sorption on chitosan gel beads by different spectrometric analyses.

Molybdate ion uptake both by raw chitosan and by glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan beads was investigated. This study focused on the identification of sorption mechanisms by means of several analytical procedures such as infra-red and reflectance spectrophotometries and CP-MAS 13C NMR analyses. Although the amine functions of glucosamine residues remain the major sites of interaction with the metal species, other functional groups can also be involved. It is certainly the case with carbonyl functions provided by the glutaraldehyde structure in cross-linked sorbents. Due to the large size of the polynuclear hydrolysed molybdate species, the sorption may involve several monomer units, resulting in additional linkages between the polymer chains. This behaviour can be confirmed by the chemical shifts of the carbon atoms observed by CP-MAS 13C NMR on raw chitosan beads, showing that the carbon atoms supporting the amino sites are not the only atoms affected by molybdate ion sorption. Moreover, cross-linking promotes a partial reduction of molybdenum species in the presence of some unreacted aldehyde groups.
Some proof-theoretic contributions to theories of sets

Publisher Summary The set and set existence constitute an important part of the research in mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics. Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with or without the axiom of choice is the generally accepted formalism and can be considered as the official framework for doing mathematics. Proof theory is concerned with the investigation of the proof possibilities of mathematical systems. One aspect of this research is the ordinal analysis of formal theories. The proof-theoretic ordinal ׀ Th ׀ of a theory Th is often defined as the least ordinal α such that the consistency of Th can be proved in primitive recursive arithmetic (PRA) plus the scheme of transfinite induction along a standard primitive recursive well-ordering of order-type α. Furthermore, experience shows that the ordinal ׀ Th ׀ is a good measure for the proof-theoretic strength of Th , so that ׀ Th ׀ is said to be the proof-theoretic strength of Th .
Artifice and virtue in theXunzi

Xunzi was chronologically the third of the three great Confucian thinkers of China’s classical period, after Confucius and Mencius. Having produced the most comprehensive philosophical system of that period, he occupies a place in the development of Chinese philosophy comparable to that of Aristotle in the Western philosophical tradition. This essay reveals how Xunzi’s understanding of virtue and moral development dovetailed with his positions on ritual propriety, the attunement of names, the relation betweenli (patterns) andlei (categories), and his view ofdao (the way) in general. I have argued for a “constructivist” understanding of each of these aspects of Xunzi’s philosophy in some detail elsewhere (see Hagen 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003), and so here I will just briefly review a few key points before addressing their relation to moral development.
Uncertainty in Economics and Other Reflections

This book is a collection of some of Professor Shackle's papers written between 1939 and 1953 is largely concerned with the problems of 'expectation' and 'uncertainty' and with reducing these universal factors to some sort of plausible rules. Also included are essays on interest rates, on investment and employment, and on the philosophy of economics. This book, by one of the finest economic writers of his time, will appeal to anyone with an interest in the history of economics.
Molecular simulations and critical pH studies for the interactions between 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid and calcite surfaces in circular cooling water systems

AbstractThe adsorption of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC) on calcite surfaces (), (1 0 2), (1 0 4), (1 1 3), (2 0 2) was studied by molecular simulation. The phosphoric acid and carboxylic acid functional groups energetically interacted with the faces and preferentially occupied the carbonate ion sites by chemisorption, which is in agreement with the critical pH experiments. The strength of adsorption followed the order of () > (1 1 3) > (1 0 2) > (2 0 2) > (1 0 4). The binding energy gradually decreased with increasing temperature. The relationship between the critical pH and the adsorbed PBTC2− configuration indicates that the adsorbed inhibitor configuration plays an important role in inhibitor efficiency.
Privacy-aware Linked Widgets

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) brings new challenges for companies, who must demonstrate that their systems and business processes comply with usage constraints specified by data subjects. However, due to the lack of standards, tools, and best practices, many organizations struggle to adapt their infrastructure and processes to ensure and demonstrate that all data processing is in compliance with users’ given consent. The SPECIAL EU H2020 project has developed vocabularies that can formally describe data subjects’ given consent as well as methods that use this description to automatically determine whether processing of the data according to a given policy is compliant with the given consent. Whereas this makes it possible to determine whether processing was compliant or not, integration of the approach into existing line of business applications and ex-ante compliance checking remains an open challenge. In this short paper, we demonstrate how the SPECIAL consent and compliance framework can be integrated into Linked Widgets, a mashup platform, in order to support privacy-aware ad-hoc integration of personal data. The resulting environment makes it possible to create data integration and processing workflows out of components that inherently respect usage policies of the data that is being processed and are able to demonstrate compliance. We provide an overview of the necessary meta data and orchestration towards a privacy-aware linked data mashup platform that automatically respects subjects’ given consents. The evaluation results show the potential of our approach for ex-ante usage policy compliance checking within the Linked Widgets Platforms and beyond.
Three theorems regarding testing graph properties

Property testing is a relaxation of decision problems in which it is required to distinguish YES-instances (i.e., objects having a predetermined property) from instances that are far from any YES-instance. We presents three theorems regarding testing graph properties in the adjacency matrix representation. More specifically, these theorems relate to the project of characterizing graph properties according to the complexity of testing them (in the adjacency matrix representation). The first theorem is that there exist monotone graph properties in NP for which testing is very hard (i.e., requires to examine a constant fraction of the entries in the matrix). The second theorem is that every graph property that can be tested making a number of queries that is independent of the size of the graph can be so tested by uniformly selecting a set of vertices and accepting iff the induced subgraph has some fixed graph property (which is not necessarily the same as the one being tested). The third theorem refers to the framework of graph partition problems, and is a characterization of the subclass of properties that can be tested using a one-sided error tester making a number of queries that is independent of the size of the graph.
On the efficient use of mathematics in economics: results of an attitude survey of British economists

The use of mathematics in Economics has grown significantly over the post-war period. Little research effort has been expended in evaluating professional attitudes to this growth. Given the importance of mathematics in economic research and in economist's training, the issue warrants consideration. This paper investigates the attitude of British economists to the use of mathematics in economics. It reports the results of a survey of academic economists in British Universities and contrasts the results with those of a similar exercise in the United States.
On the SO(5) Effective Field Theory of High T c Superconductors

We construct the low-energy effective theory for the SO(5) model of high-Tc superconductivity, recently proposed by S.C. Zhang (cond-mat/9610140). This permits us to develop a systematic expansion for low-energy observables in powers of the small symmetrybreaking interactions. The approximate SO(5) symmetry predicts relations amongst these observables, which are model-independent consequences of Zhang’s proposed symmetrybreaking pattern.
Spacecraft engineering and research at Saint Louis University

Parks College of Engineering and Aviation of Saint Louis University has a tradition of offering an outstanding aerospace engineering education to prepare students at the undergraduate and graduate level for careers in commercial aviation, defense systems, and space systems fields. Courses are offered across the engineering spectrum (aerospace, electrical and computer engineering, and physics departments) ranging from an introduction to aerospace engineering to spacecraft design, spacecraft communications, and space physics. Students participate in courses that include orbital mechanics, space dynamics, spacecraft engineering, and space systems. Senior capstone project work is also included. A separate Astronautics Engineering track as well as a Minor in Space Systems Engineering for non-aerospace engineering students is currently being developed. A, number of student-driven space systems projects are in process that involve design, development, and test of small satellites similar to those recently highlighted in the March 2009 Systems article entitled The First one Hundred University-Class Spacecraft 1981 - 2008. Reference identifies student spacecraft launched over the past 27 years.
OUTLINE OF SCIENTIFIC ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS OF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

The special issue, Researches on Basic ecological Processes of Ecosystem Management, collects some staged achievements supported by ecosystem management researches of One hundred Talents Project, part of which is first published publicly. The subjects of these achievements, mainly focusing on the basic ecological processes of ecosystem management, involve comprehensive theoretical issues of ecosystem management, evaluation of ecosystem service, agricultural and forest ecosystem management, vegetation evapotranspiration, water resource management, and digitizing methods of regional resource ecosystem, and so on. As preface of this special issue, discussions of this article are rested upon the scientific issues, developmental trends, and disciplinary orientation of ecosystem management. And then, the main progresses of our research group are introduced in brief.
Must Boards Go Overboard? An Economic Analysis of the Effects of Burgeoning Statutory Liability on the Role of Directors in Corporate Governance

On July 21, 1992, six outside directors on the board of Westar Mining Ltd. resigned abruptly from the company's board of directors. Westar was a troubled mining company operating in British Columbia. In 1991, the company had lost $62.2 million, mainly as the result of a poorly performing export coal mine. While resigning from the board, the directors assured the public that there had been no wrongdoing by the company. Rather, the reason for their departure was related to concern over personal liability for wages and other benefits that might be owed to more than 1900 of the company's employees under provincial employment standards legislation should the company become insolvent. Despite the fact that their departure might not absolve them from liability for other duties and would greatly complicate the company's bid for survival, the size of the personal liabilities they faced more than $20 million left the directors little choice. Predictably, the announcement of the resignations created considerable consternation in the financial community, the magnitude of which was enhanced when, just one week after the Westar resignations, the entire board of PWA Corp. resigned en masse from the boards of each of its subsidiaries, including Canadian Airlines Ltd. As in the case of Westar, the directors attributed their decision to the fear that they "would be forced to pay employee wages, taxes or some other obligation out of their own pockets should the struggling airline run out of money". These highly publicized defections have been invoked by critics as exemplifying the rather myopic and unthinking addiction that Canadian governments have developed to the elixir of directors' liability. By one legal practitioner's account, in Ontario alone more than 100 different federal and provincial statutes prescribe some type of directors' liability. Some critics have gone further and have viewed the board resignations as a powerful passion play that demonstrates in vivid terms the callous and hostile treatment that Canadian shareholders and business managers can expect to receive at the hands of populist legislatures.
Vico and Herder: Two studies in the history of ideas

Vico and Herder was widely acclaimed when it was first published in1976. In the first section Isaiah Berlin studies the philosophical ideas of Giovanni Battista Vico (1668-1744), a profound and original thinker, who has probably even more to say to the present age than to his own. Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803), the subject of the second study, although commonly regarded as the father of European nationalism, originated other perhaps equally influential currents of artistic and political thought which Berlin reviews here.
Carbon Dioxide Monitoring in Air Pollution by Adabas and Natural Software Based on CO_2 Deposition Spatial Analysis in Forest Cover

A system of spatial analysis of carbon deposition on forest cover using ADABAS and Natural software is suggested.The system gives a possibility for automatic actualization of data of forest biomass plots and of data of National Forest Inventory System(NFIS) that is synchronized with the interactive map-scheme of territorial arrangement of forest cover carbon.The value of carbon emanating or sink from atmosphere is determined as difference between the value of deposited carbon change and the value of its atmospheric concentration change in some time interval.This gives a possibility for monitoring the level of air pollution by carbon and other greenhouse gases.
Evidence for predominant clones in a cyclically parthenogenetic organism provided by combined demographic and genetic analyses.

Aphids are particularly interesting models in the study of genetic and demographic components of plant adaptation because of their breeding system which combines parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction (i.e. cyclical parthenogenesis), and the frequent emergence of host-adapted races reported in this group. In this paper, patterns of host adaptation were assessed on local populations of the aphid Sitobion avenae by following their demographic and genetic structure in a maize field for two consecutive years. The existence of putative generalist (polyphagous) or specialized (host-adapted) genotypes was also investigated by comparing the genotypic distribution of this aphid on maize and other cultivated host plants, using five microsatellite loci. Although population dynamics revealed strong variation in aphid abundance during the colonization period on maize, two genotypes identified at seven additional microsatellite loci were predominant and exhibited stable frequencies over cropping season and between years. Based on present and earlier studies, these two prevalent genotypes were shown to survive on different host plants other than maize, to colonize large geographical zones and to persist parthenogenetically for several years. All these data strongly suggest that these two genotypes are asexual generalist clones that could have been favoured by agricultural practices encountered in western Europe. Besides these two clones, a continual replacement of rare genotypes was observed on maize in both years. Hypotheses involving selection via aphid-plant interactions and natural enemies were proposed for explaining the disappearance of these genotypes on maize.