nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Caveat Lector

it does not really focus on them. Further , some of the reviewed background, such as the section on carbon-based A-life, seems out of place. For that section to be at all accessible, the reader must have some background in biochemistry-not what you would expect in the first chapter of an introductory book. The next six chapters are the real surprise. These are " Information Theory, " " Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynam-ics,'' " Complexity of Simple Living Systems , " " Self Organization to Criticality, " " Percolation, " and " Fitness Landscapes , " These are interesting topics and do provide some foundations for A-life. For example, although few books discuss statistical mechanics as being necessary for evolutionary and A-life systems, they offer much for the analysis of such complex systems. However , the complexity of topics in these chapters make them inappropriate for an introductory book. Furthermore, these chapters don't really " hang together " to sustain a cohesive theme through the book. Rather, they stand as individual " fundamental concepts, " written at the level of researchers in the field. A-life system, Avida. Here is where the author tries to pull together the various concepts presented and show how they apply in an experimental setting. Overall, I get the impression that this is more a book of fundamental principles that the author suggests could and should be applied to A-life (or other related research), thus providing a firmer mathematical foundation for the work. As such, I think the title is misleading. The author (and therefore the reader) would have been better served if all pretenses of introduction were dropped and instead the focus shifted to concepts that form a foundation for A-life researchers. Two aspects of the title " Introduction to Artificial Life " somehow don't seem to square with this book's contents. The first is the word " introduction, " and the second, " artificial life. " For an introductory text, this book is Should you judge a book by its cover? 78 very mathematical; it includes almost 400 equations. Mathematics is a descriptive tool, not an explanatory one, and it's hard to grasp an overview of a field from a jumble of symbols. In any case, introductions ought to be made with passion and enthusiasm , receiving the neophyte into the fold; cold equations and dense expositions of theory do little to engender a sense …
On Formally Measuring and Eliminating Extraneous Notions in Proofs

Many mathematicians and philosophers of mathematics believe some proofs contain elements extraneous to what is being proved. In this paper I discuss extraneousness generally, and then consider a specific proposal for measuring extraneousness syntactically. This specific proposal uses Gentzen’s cut-elimination theorem. I argue that the proposal fails, and that we should be skeptical about the usefulness of syntactic extrane-
War Always Finds a Way

The first shot shows a section of land, taken from a camera in a helicopter, an airplane, or in a drone–the name for unmanned light aircraft used for aerial reconnaissance. Crossing the center of the image are the lines marking the target. The projectile hits, the detonation overloads the contrast range, the automatic fade counteracts it; the image breaks off. The second shot comes from a camera installed in the head of a projectile. This camera crashes into its target–and here as well, of course, the image breaks off.
Uma leitura de “Greve”: a vanguarda e o social

Since the Week of Concrete Art (1956), there has been a discursive tendency of concentration on Augusto de Campos’ poetry. This concentration creates an effect of poetic objectivity, leading to a discursive process of “tri”. It has been found a change in the poetic practice of the author during the decade of the sixties. The poem “Greve”(1961) is one of the first members of that political period. It differs from the previous poems, so-called – orthodox – (Aguilar, 2005), because its geometry is diluted in the poetic structure. In this way, we analyze the poem “Greve” to highlight a moment in this long movement of concentration and expansion of the poetic work of Augusto de Campos. The presentation of a reading based on european semiotic concepts, does not exclude the expression plane, in other words, the visual possition of the verses on the page, its anagrammatic resources, its phonetic and its respective association with the content plane. Through the semiotic theories of Claude Zilberberg and Jean-Marie Floch, this article tries to show the poetic ingenuity of an author that surpasses the vanguard created by himself.
Success and Failure in Marketing Strategy Making: Results of an Empirical Study across Medical Markets

This is the second in a trilogy of papers reporting on a five-year research project into marketing strategy making in medical markets. Following on from the weak marketing strategy observed in the first paper, this work explains the origins of marketing strategy process failure in terms of incongruence with market and organisational culture conditions. It concludes that any generic approach to marketing strategy making fails most companies, and that an organisationally tailored process is required.
The Financial Crisis a New Chance for Labour Movements? Not Yet (Discussion Forum I: Labour and the Global Financial Crisis)

At the 21st SASE Conference in Paris, in July 2009, a group of political economy and industrial relations scholars discussed whether the current legitimation crisis of financial capitalism could be viewed as a turning point for labour internationally. Following are an introduction by the panel organizer, Lucio Baccaro, and revised versions of presentations by Robert Boyer, Colin Crouch, Marino Regini, Paul Marginson, Richard Hyman and Rebecca Gumbrell-McCormick, and Ruth Milkman.
Cannibals in the Postcolony: Sierra Leone's Intersecting Hegemonies in Charlie Haffner's Slave Revolt Drama

Through an examination of publications by Sierra Leone's president, the United States Information Service, and Sierra Leonean playwright Charlie Haffner, this article explores how the narrative of the 1839 Amistad slave revolt emerged in the late 1980s as a key modality through which meanings of Sierra Leonean nationalism and claims to state power were contested.The article argues that in its dialogic engagement with the two governmental texts, Haffner's play Amistad Kata-Kata transforms the fear of cannibalism that sparked the slave rebellion into a politically charged trope whereby it couples cannibalism as a name for the excesses carried out by local authorities with cannibalism as a description of the dehumanizing consumption of enslaved African labor within the Atlantic slave system. The trope thus forms a key for translating the slave revolt into a discrediting, disrupting critique of the complex interrelationships between global capitalism and excessive elite accumulation in the postcolony.
Valuation of Ecosystem Services in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

The concept of ecosystem services has become increasingly influential in conservation policy, uniting natural and social scientists in efforts to develop values for environmental benefits consistent with underlying ecological and social processes. Understanding the consequences for ecosystem services is crucial for crafting well-designed environmental policies and management practices. For example, in the United States, new air pollution policies are driving a reduction in atmospheric emissions of sulfur dioxide and reducing acid precipitation in the Southern Appalachians, which, in turn, is expected to contribute to the ecological recovery of the region. Linking detailed ecosystem modeling to stated preference methods, we illustrate how multidimensional ecosystems can be evaluated to identify policy priorities. We also report estimates of willingness to pay for these policies that can be used in benefit-cost analysis. We estimate these benefits to be $15.67 per year per household in the region to be achieved by 2060.
Myths of the English

1. Gilbert & Sullivan:. The Making and Un-making of a British 'Tradition': David Cannadine. 2. Speaking with Double Tongue:. Mother Goose and the Old Wives' Tale: Marina Warner. 3. The Fifth of November Remembered: David Cressy. 4. The Tramp: M. A. Crowther. 5. The English Bobby: .  Clive Emsley. 6. Name upon Name:. The Great War and Remembrance: Robert Bushaway. 7. Discretion, Sobriety and Wisdom:. The Teacher in Children's Books: Margaret Kinnell. 8. Authority in the University:. Balliol and Newnham in  Reba Soffer. 9. The Gentleman and the Hero:. Wellington and Napoleon in the 19th Century: Iain Pears. 10.  Trudi Prescott Nuding. Notes on Contributors. Index.
Question: What Are the Fruitful New Directions in Subaltern Studies, and How Can Those Working in Middle East Studies Most Productively Engage With Them?: Pensée 1: Of Horses and Ponies

More than twenty-five years ago, a small group of South Asianists challenged the bourgeois-nationalist and colonialist historiography of Indian nationalism. Based mostly in India and critical of “economistic” Marxism, they aimed to recover the occluded histories of what Antonio Gramsci calls “subaltern social groups” and to put into question the relations of power, subordination, and “inferior rank” more generally. The influence of subaltern studies quickly became international, inspiring research projects in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America, and the Middle East.
Organoboron compounds as Lewis acid receptors of fluoride ions in polymeric membranes.

Newly synthesized organoboron compounds - 4-octyloxyphenylboronic acid (OPBA) and pinacol ester of 2,4,6-trifluorophenylboronic acid (PE-PBA) - were applied as Lewis acid receptors of fluoride anions. Despite enhanced selectivity, the polymer membrane electrodes containing the lipophilic receptor OPBA exhibited non-Nernstian slopes of the responses toward fluoride ions in acidic conditions. Such behavior was explained by the lability of the B-O bond in the boronic acids, and the OH(-)/F(-) exchange at higher fluoride content in the sample solution. In consequence, the stoichiometry of the OPBA-fluoride complexes in the membrane could vary during the calibration, changing the equilibrium concentration of the primary anion in membrane and providing super-Nernstian responses. The proposed mechanism was supported by (19)F NMR studies, which indicated that the fluoride complexation proceeds more effectively in acidic solution leading mainly to PhBF(3)(-) species. Finally, the performances of the membranes based on the phenylboronic acid pinacol ester, with a more stable B-O bond, were tested. As it was expected, Nernstian fluoride responses were recorded for such membranes with worsened fluoride selectivity.
Thermochronology of Detrital Minerals in the Silurian Strata from Southern China and Its Geological Implications

Thermochronology of detrital minerals is auseful means to reveal the tectonic evolution of multi-cycle sedimentary basin. According to the fission track age of detrital zircon and apatitesamples collected from 5 areas of the Silurian strata in Southern China,the conclusion can be drawnthat the Silurian strata have experienced at least three regional uplifting and cooling events since Indosinian,in early Middle Triassic,Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous and Eocene-Oligocene,respectively. Ofthem,the latter two are the key periods for reformation of Silurian strata. The former is the time in which the Silurian source rock stopped generatinghydrocarbon,while the latter went up to the surface,resulting in that the seal rock was destroyed intensively.
A Review of Engineering Education in China: History, Present and Future

In this globalization and information era, the level of engineering technology represents a country's core competitiveness. With the rapid development of China’s industrialization, the high requirement for engineering talents become increasingly urgent. Then, engineering education is facing a great challenge. The history, current situation and problems of engineering education in China are systematically summed up and analyzed in this paper. The challenges and opportunities have also been deeply studied, which constitute the theoretical basis of the sustainable development of engineering education in China.
UML tools: what is their role in undergraduate computer science courses?

There is strong disagreement among many computer science educators as to whether UML tools can be effectively used in undergraduate computer science courses. Two of the main points of disagreement are whether the tools that exist are appropriate for undergraduate education and whether the learning curve for these tools is too steep for the benefits that they bring. We will discuss both tools for developing class diagrams, appropriate for CS1/CS2 courses as well as tools for developing use-case models, sequence diagrams, etc. – tools appropriate for advanced courses on such topics as object-oriented analysis and design, software engineering, etc.
Reactivity and Transformation of Antimetastatic and Cytotoxic Rhodium(III)-Dimethyl Sulfoxide Complexes in Biological Fluids: An XAS Speciation Study.

Rhodium(III) anticancer drugs can exert preferential antimetastatic or cytotoxic activities, which are dependent on subtle structural changes. In order to delineate factors affecting the biotransformations and speciation, mer,cis-[RhCl3( S-dmso)2( O-dmso)] (A1) and mer,cis-[RhCl3( S-dmso)2(2N-indazole)] (A2) have been studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Interactions of these complexes with saline buffer, cell culture media, serum proteins (albumin and apo-transferrin), native and chemically degraded collagen gels, and A549 cells have been studied using linear combination fitting (LCF) and 3D scatter plots of XAS data. Following initial aquation and hydrolysis reactions involving stepwise displacement of Cl- and S-/ O-dmso ligands, the Rh(III) complexes underwent further ligand substitution reactions with biological nucleophiles (e.g., amino acid residues of serum proteins). The reaction of A1 with chemically degraded collagen gel was postulated to be a key reason for its antimetastatic activity. Analyses of the XAS of Rh-treated bulk cells were consistent with structure-reactivity relationships in which the more reactive A1 was predominantly antimetastatic and the less reactive A2 was predominantly cytotoxic, showing relationships parallel to typical Ru(III) anticancer agents, i.e., NAMI-A ([ImH] trans-[RuCl4( S-dmso)( N-imidazole)2], ImH = imidazolium cation) and KP1019/NKP1339 (KP1019, [IndH] trans-[RuCl4(N-indazole)2], IndH = indazolium cation; NKP1339, sodium trans-[RuCl4(2N-indazole)2]), respectively.
Towards real-time crops surveillance for disease classification: exploiting parallelism in computer vision

Considering the incessantly increasing economic losses due to plant diseases in the agricultural sector, we have designed a real-time system capable of classifying plant diseases. In this context, we have proposed an image processing algorithm that transforms the image into three colorspaces, which are processed simultaneously. The algorithm executes in a series of intermediate steps, including contrast stretching, feature vector construction, and identification of salient regions. To enable effective execution, we have also proposed the underlying On-Chip communication architecture that allows efficient interconnection between the three digital signal processing cores, each processing its own colorspace. The architecture has been synthesized for 90 nm process, as well as on an FPGA, achieving a post-layout operational frequency of 644 MHz, and an area of 1208.9 µm 2 on the die. We demonstrate that our system outperforms few existing works in literature in terms of accuracy and computation time.
Joint Venture for Product Innovation and Cartel Stability under Vertical Differentiation

We describe a vertically differentiated market where firms choose between activating either independent ventures leading to distinct product qualities, or a joint venture for a single quality. Then, firms either repeat the one-shot Nash equilibrium forever, or behave collusively, according to discount factors. We prove that there exists a parameter region where the joint venture makes it more difficult for firms to sustain collusive behaviour, as compared to independent ventures. Therefore, public policies towards R&D behaviour should be designed so as not to become inconsistent with the pro-competitive attitude characterising the current legislation on marketing practices.
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS

Geological factors, such as damages, can cause health determinants in people, which were a little-studied and if they have been raised on occasion, usually referred to no communicable diseases. The aim of this work, which is a more or less updated bibliography, has been to develop a holistic idea for a better understanding of a problem and force latent or potential risk that they can carry and consider scientific basis infectious diseases especially complex.  In essence, the focus of ecosystem health that should be considered in terrestrial ecosystems. It also provides the basic elements for the development of new research in this field.
Corporate Machiavellianism and Macintyrian Capitalism: The Battle for the Soul of Business

The pursuit of profit and business success has always been the goal of CEOs and many business practitioners. This has further led to the devaluation of the human person in many business practices. This global economic system can best be described as the reinvention of the â€•Hobbessian Jungleâ€– that is described as the state of â€—war of all against allâ€˜ (bellum omnium contra omnes), and a state of â€—man becoming wolf to manâ€˜ (homo lupus homini). The present economic arrangement bequeaths on us a state where man is involved in constant economic war of self-survival to the detriment of other peoplesâ€˜ happiness and wellbeing. That the business world embodies its own morality different from other practices is the final conclusion of some ethicists. Therefore, this paper, with the use of appropriate secondary data, critically examines the fundamental strategy of the corporate world with particular attention placed on the recurrent battle between â€•Corporate Machiavellianistsâ€– and â€•MacIntyrian Capitalistsâ€–. Alasdair MacIntyreâ€˜s intellectual-moral intervention is worthy of critical assessment in any interpersonal relationship, the corporate world inclusive. Alasdair MacIntyreâ€˜s theory of virtue forms the basis of interrogating unethical business practices generated from the loopholes in the capitalist economic system. This paper concludes by recommending the emergence of virtuous corporations or MacIntyrian capitalists.
Evaluation and management of pediatric hypertensive crises: hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergencies.

Hypertension (HTN) in the pediatric population is estimated to have a world-wide prevalence of 2%-5%. As with adults, pediatric patients with HTN can present with hypertensive crises include hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergencies. However, pediatric blood pressure problems have a greater chance of being from secondary causes of HTN, as opposed to primary HTN, than in adults. Thorough evaluation of a child with a hypertensive emergency includes accurate blood pressure readings, complete and focused symptom history, and appropriate past medical, surgical, and family history. Physical exam should include height, weight, four-limb blood pressures, a general overall examination and especially detailed cardiovascular and neurological examinations, including fundoscopic examination. Initial work-up should typically include electrocardiography, chest X-ray, serum chemistries, complete blood count, and urinalysis. Initial management of hypertensive emergencies generally includes the use of intravenous or oral antihypertensive medications, as well as appropriate, typically outpatient, follow-up. Emergency department goals for hypertensive crises are to (1) safely lower blood pressure, and (2) treat/minimize acute end organ damage, while (3) identifying underlying etiology. Intravenous antihypertensive medications are the treatment modality of choice for hypertensive emergencies with the goal of reducing systolic blood pressure by 25% of the original value over an 8-hour period.
Генезис лингвистической философии в эпистемологии античности

The purpose of the paper is researching linguistic philosophy genesis. The ancient doctrines are used as research base.  The basic hypothesis is a concept, which implies the interrelation between language and thinking. Analysis for the presence of this concept is carried out. The subjects of inquiry are Xenophanes, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Democritus, the Sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics and Chrisippos’ proceedings. Historical analysis is based on the original sources, as well as on the findings of subsequent research.  The interrelation between language and thinking was first discussedin the pre-Socratic period. This concept saw multidimensional investigation in the antique proceedings. Direct and dialectical interrelations between language and thinking, as well as ethical and psychological aspects are discovered.  The results stimulate the in-depth study of linguistic philosophy history. They contribute to the formation of fuller appreciation of its process of establishment.
In-situ investigation of the kesterite formation from binary and ternary sulphides

The formation of kesterite (Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 ) from different stoichiometric mixtures of binary and ternary sulphides was investigated by in-situ high temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The data were collected during the heating, the annealing and the cooling cycle. The Rietveld analysis of the diffractograms led us to determine temperature dependent phase changes qualitatively and quantitatively as well as the lattice constants of the different phases. Showing exemplarily with the mixture 2CuS + SnS + ZnS the formation of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 starts just below 300 °C. The volume size of the fcc anion substructure of the newly formed kesterite at 300 °C corresponds to the one of the ZnS phase. The lattice parameter of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 increases nonlinearly with increasing temperature showing possibly the trend of different formation stages. Comparing the lattice constants a and c of the several synthesized kesterites at 700 °C among each other and with a pre-synthesized kesterite, remarkable variations were obtained, whereas the ratio of the lattice parameter ( c /2 a ) is comparable. These features led to the assumption that the cation distribution may vary in dependence on temperature and on the phase mixture used as starting material.
Project Hypo : an intensive study of the Lake Erie central basin hypolimnion and related surface water phenomena

The work reported in this volume is unique in several ways. One was the close co-operation 
achieved between the scientists of the Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Department of Environment, and those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Cleveland office. This high degree of co-operation was achieved in a very informal way rather than through establishment of formal committees and other structures. Perhaps this was the key to its success. A second unique feature of the project was the range of 
disciplines brought to bear on questions of the reasons for, the extent of, and the effects of oxygen depletion in the bottom waters of Lake Erie. In this volume you will find reports by bacteriologists, biologists, chemists, physicists, engineers, and other specialists.