nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Video email: a method of speeding up assignment feedback for visual arts subjects in distance education

The type of asynchronous communication offered by electronic mail has been shown to be particularly effective for providing feedback on assignments in distance education. However, the use of electronic mail has generally been restricted to the exchange of textual information. For practical assignments which include a large visual component, a method of providing feedback which enables the tutor to point to features of the student's work is needed. This paper reports the results of a recent investigation into the feasibility of providing visual feedback to students in practical art subjects by sending compressed digital video clips as attachments to email messages. It concludes that transmission of video by email is now technically feasible, although bandwidth constraints of dial-up links and the time taken for compression put a tight limit on the amount of video that it is practicable to transmit. Nevertheless, developments in technology are expected to improve this situation quickly. Many of the issues that are examined are relevant to other areas of multimedia delivery
Is Neutrino a Superluminal Particle

Based on the experimental discovery that the mass-square of neutrino is negative, a quantum theory for superluminal neutrino is proposed. Two Weyl equations coupled together via a mass term respecting the maximum parity violation lead to a new equation which describes the superluminal motion of neutrino with permanent helicity. Various strange features of subluminal and superluminal particles can be ascribed to the relative variation of two contradictory fields superposing coherently inside the particle with the change of its speed u in the whole range ($0<u<\infty$). Being compatible with the theory of special relativity, this theory may have various applications.
Polymer supported metal complexes as catalysts for oxidation of thiosalts by molecular oxygen: I. Poly(4-vinyl pyridine)—Cu(II) complex

A copper(II) complex of lightly cross-linked poly(4-vinyl pyridine) has been prepared and used as a catalyst for oxidation of thiosalts by molecular oxygen at ambient temperatures. This polymeric complex has been found to catalyse oxidation of thiosulphate, trithionate and tetrathionate to sulphate. A detailed study of the kinetics of oxidation of thiosulphate by molecular oxygen in the presence of this catalyst revealed that at 96.7 kPa total pressure and 30°C, resistance to the reaction using 106 – 149 μm-size particles is approximately equally divided between extraparticle mass transfer and the chemical activity of the complex. The mechanism of oxidation of thiosulphate has been suggested based on product distribution and kinetics. The rate of oxidation is not significantly affected by the activity of the reaction medium down to a pH of 2.0, but falls markedly as pH is reduced further.
An analysis of fine structure changes in As-cast single crystals of two-phase high-temperature alloy with isomorphous coherent particles during annealing

Two methods of lattice misfit determination in single crystals of two-phase high-temperature alloys with isomorphous coherent particles of a γ' phase (with volume fraction >60%), X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy, have been reviewed. It has been shown that the electron microscopic method allows one to determine the misfit directly at the interphase boundary at high temperatures (annealing temperatures). In the early stages of annealing (to 20 h), the degree of coherency loss is different for dendrite arms and interarm spaces, which is due to segregation of high-temperature elements during solidification of the melt
Ferrocenopapain, an organometallic protein formed by site-specific inactivation of papain using chloroacetylferrocene.

Papain is rapidly, specifically and irreversibly inactivated by chloroacetylferrocene in a time-dependent, two-stage process which involves initial, physical complexation between the enzyme and the organometallic reagent followed by chemical reaction. The kinetics of the process show saturation kinetics with respect to inactivator concentration. The modification occurs with a 1:1 stoichiometry and the degree of loss of enzymatic activity is directly reflected in the loss of thiol groups in the active-site that are accessible to Ellman's reagent. The modification is faster at higher pH. The ferrocenium ion of the modified papain can be generated at low pH by anaerobic treatment with ferric nitrate and shows a 180 percent increased lifetime at pH 3.3 compared to the acetylferrocenium ion under identical conditions. The spectral properties of the ferrocenopapain indicate that the ferrocene is in an unusual environment at the protein active-site and the implications of this are discussed.
Personal and Professional Boundary Attitudes and Effective Group Leadership in Classrooms

The influence of personal boundary orientation (Boundary and Fusion dimensions of the Personal Boundary Questionnaire) and views on classroom boundary regulation (Classroom Boundary Questionnaire) on effective group leadership was studied by observation in classrooms of 8 male and 22 female elementary school teachers. A preference for higher personal boundaries was associated with a preference for greater regulation of classroom boundaries, which was in turn associated with less boundary-related activity in the classroom. Classrooms with less boundary-related activity had less active deviancy (all correlations p < .05). Tendencies toward fusion were not associated with differences in classroom management attitudes or behavior, but teachers with greater fusion tendencies had classrooms with less work involvement and a social climate characterized by more competition and friction (My Class Inventory scales). Personal and professional boundary attitudes helped to account for differences among teache...
Computational intelligence based anomaly detection for Building Energy Management Systems

In the past several decades Building Energy Management Systems (BEMSs) have become vital components of most modern buildings. BEMSs utilize advanced microprocessor technology combined with extensive sensor data collection and communication to minimize energy consumption while maintaining high human comfort levels. When properly tuned and operated, BEMSs can provide significant energy savings. However, the complexity of the acquired sensory data and the overwhelming amount of presented information renders them difficult to adjust or even understand by responsible building managers. This inevitably results in suboptimal BEMS operation and performance. To address this issue, this paper reports on a research effort that utilizes Computational Intelligence techniques to fuse multiple heterogeneous sources of BEMS data and to extract relevant actionable information. This actionable information can then be easily understood and acted upon by responsible building managers. In particular, this paper describes the use of anomaly detection algorithms for improving the understandability of BEMS data and for increasing the state-awareness of building managers. The developed system utilizes modified nearest neighbor clustering algorithm and fuzzy logic rule extraction technique to automatically build a model of normal BEMS operations and detect possible anomalous behavior. In addition, linguistic summaries based on fuzzy set representation of the input values are generated for the detected anomalies which increase the understandability of the presented results.
Infrared Frequency and Dissociation Constant of the Carboxylate Group

THE hexuronic acids of polyuronides such as the alginates and chondroitin sulphates vary in their acid dissociation constants (pKa) and in their abilities to react with periodate1. Both phenomena could be explained by the formation of a hydrogen bond between the carboxylate group and a hydroxyl group at C2 or C3 of the uronic acid1. Hanrahan2 inferred that the increase in frequency (ν) of the antisymmetric stretching vibration of the ionized carboxylate group in the mono-ions of dicarboxylic acids is due to the formation of CO−2 … HO hydrogen bonds. A similar increase in ν was found by Nakamoto3 when the carboxylate group underwent monodentate coordination by metal ions.
A universal approach to self-referential paradoxes, incompleteness and fixed points

Following F. William Lawvere, we show that many self-referential paradoxes, incompleteness theorems and fixed point theorems fall out of the same simple scheme. We demonstrate these similarities by showing how this simple scheme encompasses the semantic paradoxes, and how they arise as diagonal arguments and fixed point theorems in logic, computability theory, complexity theory and formal language theory.
Evolutionary ecology of insect host-parasite interactions: an ecological immunology perspective.

Parasites and pathogens pose a ubiquitous threat to all organisms. However, until relatively recently, the impact of parasites on the ecology and evolution of their hosts had been largely ignored by biologists. Now, of course, parasites are recognized as an important selective force on their hosts and a key factor influencing their population dynamics (Hudson et al., 2002; Grenfell and Dobson, 1995). The majority of studies examining the evolutionary ecology of host–parasite interactions have been conducted on vertebrate hosts, despite the fact that most animals are insects and other invertebrates. In recent years, though, this taxonomic bias has been challenged, as biologists have exploited the logistical advantages that insects and their parasites often provide. The aim of this chapter is to review recent advances in our understanding of insect host–parasite interactions. The theoretical framework underpinning this work has largely come from the field of ‘ecological immunology’ (Sheldon and Verhulst, 1996; Rolff and Siva-Jothy, 2003; Norris and Evans, 2000; SchmidHempel, 2003), a new and growing field concerned with understanding the evolutionary ecology of parasite resistance mechanisms. Ecological immunology is about the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of variation in immunity, defined in its widest sense (see below), to include any mechanism that improves the capacity of an organism to resist a parasite or pathogen. Essentially, ecological immunology is examining the proximate and ultimate causes of variation in disease resistance, and it takes an evolutionary ecology approach. In the past, this field has been dominated by biologists working on vertebrate systems, particularly birds (Norris and Evans, 2000). However, there is a growing belief that because the insect immune system is relatively simple in comparison with that of vertebrates, in that it lacks a conventional acquired immune system, ecological immunology studies are likely to be most successful when applied to insects.
Behavioural Decision Theory and the Gains Debate in International Politics

The temptation to free ride and the fear of exploitation are traditionally offered as factors explaining individuals' choices under conditions of social dilemma. In two experimental studies of prisoner's dilemma behaviour we demonstrate that the ratio-differences of payoffs are as important as the absolute differences in affecting the likelihood of cooperation. The implications of this additional structural determinant of dilemma choice are developed and applied to the stalled gains debate in international relations theory. By incorporating ratio-differences into the analysis ‘realist’ and ‘liberal’ theories of state behaviour may be reconciled.
DIFERENTES COMPORTAMENTOS DOS USUÁRIOS DE PRODUTOS FINANCEIROS PELA INTERNET: UM ESTUDO EXPLORATÓRIO DIFFERENT FINANCIAL CONSUMERS BEHAVIOR INTERNET USERS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

The purpose of this study, was to verify and understand the consumer financial services behaviour in the internet environment. Consumers according Behavior Finance theories not always are rational in their decisions, sometimes affected by several other complex emotional issues and this is observed in the financial services and investment decisions. In this study we made a survey using as a sample high income class citizens of Rio de Janeiro, one of the major cities in Brazil, familiar with internet home banking operations. The results showed a different behaviour among the users, close related with the intensity of their involvement with the virtual world. This study was based in Lian and Lin (2008) online products purchase behaviour adapted for the brazilian financial service market.
Monetary Policy and Corporate Credit Conditions: Accounting for Firm-Specific Characteristics

This paper examines the relationship between UK firms’ choices over bank-based and market-based finance under different monetary conditions. The evolving financial environment facing the corporate sector provides many nonbank external finance options available as an alternative to bank finance. The paper shows that firms distributed according to their type (asset size, rating etc) have differential access to bank lending. As monetary policy tightens weak firms are excluded from bank credit and will seek alternative external funding, such as non-bank external finance or trade credit. We intend to look at the external finance 'mix' using a panel of 16,000 UK firm records taken from the FAME database for the years 1990 through 1999. The paper provides evidence consistent with a credit channel by demonstrating that there are distributional implications from tightening monetary policy. Non-bank forms of external finance are close substitutes for certain types of firms who switch into these types of finance from bank lending.
Drug prescribing during the last year of life in very old people with diabetes

To evaluate primary care drug utilisation during the last year of life, focusing on antidiabetic and cardiovascular drugs, in patients of advanced age with diabetes.



Population-based cohort study.



Primary care database in the UK.



Patients with type 2 diabetes who died at over 80 years of age between 2011 and 13.



Main outcome measures included proportions of patients prescribed different classes of drugs, comparing the first (Q1) and the fourth quarters (Q4) of the last year of life.



The study included 5,324 patients, with the median age 86 years and 50% female. Three-fourths of the patients received five or more drugs, and the total number of drugs prescribed was almost stable at 6.2 ± 3.1 (mean ± SD) during the last year of life. Substantial proportions of patients were treated with antidiabetic drugs (78%), antihypertensive drugs (76%), statins (62%) and low-dose aspirin (46%) in Q1. Prescribing of these drugs slightly decreased by 3–8% in Q4. There were increases in prescribing of anti-infectives (35% in Q1 to 50% in Q4), drugs for nervous system (63% to 73%), drugs for respiratory system (24% to 33%) and systemic hormonal drugs (22% to 27%).



Patients of advanced age with type 2 diabetes were often treated with antidiabetic and cardiovascular drugs even when approaching death. More research is needed to generate evidence to guide optimal drug utilisation for older people with a limited life expectancy.
Performance of Mergers and Acquisitions under Corporate Governance Perspective —Based on the Analysis of Chinese Real Estate Listed Companies

This paper investigates the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on corporate performance. This article selects 36 M&A cases of China’s listed real estate companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2008 to 2009. Regarding the corporate value in 2011 as the measure of the long-term performance, we will explore the relationship among check-and-balance Ownership Structure, board size, and institutional investors impact the performance. This paper concludes a positive impact ownership structure on the M&A performance. In addition, the empirical analysis reveals that that the board size has a significant negative effect on the performance. Additionally, the results of the paper indicate that the CEO-Chairman duality has a significant impact on the long-term performance. Besides, institutional investors have positive effect on M&A performance.
The Future of Fundamental Physics

Fundamental physics began the twentieth century with the twin revolutions of relativity and quantum mechanics, and much of the second half of the century was devoted to the construction of a theoretical structure unifying these radical ideas. But this foundation has also led us to a number of paradoxes in our understanding of nature. Attempts to make sense of quantum mechanics and gravity at the smallest distance scales lead inexorably to the conclusion that space-time is an approximate notion that must emerge from more primitive building blocks. Furthermore, violent short-distance quantum fluctuations in the vacuum seem to make the existence of a macroscopic world wildly implausible, and yet we live comfortably in a huge universe. What, if anything, tames these fluctuations? Why is there a macroscopic universe? These are two of the central theoretical challenges of fundamental physics in the twenty-first century. In this essay, I describe the circle of ideas surrounding these questions, as well as some of the theoretical and experimental fronts on which they are being attacked.
Evaluation of adequate antepartum care for the cardiac patient.

In reviewing the causes of maternal deaths in the Department of Obstetrics at the Cook County Hospital, we found that in an 11 year period only three women with adequate antepartum care had died of heart disease and its complications. In the same period however, 21 pregnant women with cardiac disease who had inadequate or no antepartum care died. This seemed to us significant enough to warrant a careful study of the value of antepartum care to pregnant women with cardiac disease. The Department of Obstetrics at the Cook County Hospital has had a special clinic for pregnancy-complicating heart disease since 1925. In 1935 one of us (J.E.F.) 1 reported on 126 closely controlled pregnant women with heart disease. In 1937 Engbring and Sutton 2 reported on the clinic. There was one death from malignant endocarditis in these two groups of patients who had been under the constant direction of
Changing the Work Behaviour of Chinese Employees using a Continuous Process Improvement Program and Action Research: a case study of an international elevator company located in China

The management of workplace change takes place in many industry contexts and micro-settings using a variety of approaches, all of which are widely reported in the academic and professional literature. There is less known about workplace change management in the context of an international company employing large numbers of Mainland Chinese employees. The company needed to improve its delivery of service quality; in this case to the maintenance of elevators and escalators, especially where breakdowns occur and customers get frustrated. It was imperative to change the mindset and work behaviour of the Chinese workforce. This case study reports the design, implementation and evaluation of a process improvement program ‘custom built’ for the Chinese employees of the international company.
Positive Inductive-Recursive Definitions

We introduce a new theory of data types which allows for the definition of data types as initial algebras of certain functors Fam ℂ → Fam ℂ. This theory, which we call positive inductive-recursive definitions, is a generalisation of Dybjer and Setzer’s theory of inductive-recursive definitions within which ℂ had to be discrete – our work can therefore be seen as lifting this restriction. This is a substantial endeavour as we need to not only introduce a type of codes for such data types (as in Dybjer and Setzer’s work), but also a type of morphisms between such codes (which was not needed in Dybjer and Setzer’s development). We show how these codes are interpreted as functors on Famℂ and how these morphisms of codes are interpreted as natural transformations between such functors. We then give an application of positive inductive-recursive definitions to the theory of nested data types. Finally we justify the existence of positive inductive-recursive definitions by adapting Dybjer and Setzer’s set-theoretic model to our setting.
Testing the Impact of Unemployment on Self-Employment: Evidence from OECD Countries☆

The impact of unemployment on self-employment is rather an ambiguous issue in economics. According to refugee effect approach, there are two counter arguments: the theory of income choice argument suggests that increased unemployment may lead to increased self-employment activities whereas the counter argument defends the view that an increase in unemployment rates may decrease the endowments of human capital and entrepreneurial talent causing a rise in unemployment rates further. The empirical evidence on this issue seems to support both hypotheses. This research presents fresh and more comprehensive evidence on this issue from 28 OECD countries using the ARDL approach to co-integration technique over the period 1986-2013. The empirical results indicate that the first hypothesis holds in the case of Belgium, Canada, Sweden and the UK whereas the second hypothesis is valid in the case of Greece, Luxembourg and Portugal. The empirical results for the remaining OECD countries did not reveal any long-run relationship between the variables in question. The empirical results are also evaluated briefly for policy recommendations.
Unemployment of people of foreign origin in France

This article has two primary objectives: (1) to understand the relationship between the origins of the children of immigrants and the likelihood of unemployment; and (2) to examine the possible role of discrimination in the likelihood of unemployment. The French Permanent Demographic Sample (EDP, a longitudinal database maintained by INSEE, which is the French equivalent of the English Longitudinal Survey) permits the study young foreign-born people who grew up in France and young people of foreign-origin who were born in France. The EDP is a census-based panel survey that, on average, comprises a 1 per cent sample of all immigrant groups. It contains information on a person’s nationality relative to his/her labour market position. According to most academics, it also contains valuable socio-demographic and socio-economic information on parents and their sons and daughters. The data registry was created in 1967 and includes data from the 1968, 1975, 1982, 1990, and 1999 censuses. The interest in individual trajectories requires us to consider the relations between personal labour market situations and the acquisition of French nationality. This relation must be analyzed in light of the population which consists of those children who, since childhood, have been in a position to acquire French citizenship. Although gaining citizenship is usually regarded as an important sign of civic and political assimilation among immigrants, it can also be seen as a factor in their economic assimilation. French nationality makes it easier for young immigrants to get jobs. It is better to be a young Algerian or Moroccan with French nationality than to be a young Algerian or Moroccan who does not have French nationality.
Lighting the path

Leadership comes naturally to Wanda Reder, vice president of the Power Systems Services Division of S&C Electric Company, and the president of the IEEE's Power & Energy Society (PES). Reder grew up on a ranch in a small town in western South Dakota and didn't really know what an engineer was. Though her father was mechanically oriented, she says her freshman high school algebra teacher put her on the engineering path. "My teacher said to me, 'If I had to do it over again, I would.' And so that was the beginning. I knew I was going into engineering."