nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Open Source Software: Free Provision Of Complex Public Goods

Open source software, developed by volunteers, appears counter to the conventional wisdom that private provision of public goods is socially more efficient. But complexity makes a difference. Under standard models, development contracts for specialized software may be difficult to write and ownership rights do not necessarily elicit socially optimal effort. I consider three mechanisms that improve the likelihood that firms can obtain the software they need: pre-packaged software, Application Program Interfaces (APIs) and Free/Open Source software (FOSS). I show that with complex software, some firms will choose to participate in FOSS over both "make or buy" and this increases social welfare. In general, FOSS complements proprietary provision, rather than replacing it. Pre-packaged software can coexist in the marketplace with FOSS: pre-packaged software addresses common uses with limited feature sets, while firms with specialized, more complex needs use FOSS.
Diagnostic accuracy of asthma within a health maintenance organization.

Reported asthma morbidity and mortality are increasing in the U.S. We addressed one explanation, that the accuracy of the diagnosis of asthma is changing. The diagnosis of asthma was evaluated in 320 inpatient and outpatient records bearing the diagnosis of asthma for the periods 1970-73 and 1980-83 in a health maintenance organization (HMO). We determined whether or not our agreement with the chart diagnosis was a function of: sex, period of treatment, inpatient vs outpatient setting, whether or not asthma was the primary or secondary diagnosis, and patient age. The standard of comparison was an expert panel review in which asthma was divided into six categories. In both inpatient (97%) and outpatient settings (94%), the majority of charts examined exhibited a clinical picture consistent with asthma. The rate of the narrowly defined "definite asthma" category varied with respect to age, with the highest proportion in the under 20-year age group (74%) and the lowest (46%) in the over 60 age groups, probably because older individuals often have coexisting smoking related diseases. The increase in "definite asthma" among outpatients from the 1970s to the 1980s likely reflects increasing chart documentation among physicians, illustrating the need for clear, consistent chart documentation of signs and symptoms of asthma.
The geography of investment management contracts: the UK, Europe, and the global financial services industry

Contract is crucial for governing the relationships between asset owners and the many types of agents that underpin the production of financial services. We distinguish between discrete contracts for financial services and investment management contracts that are better described as relational in the sense that they are open ended and subject to renegotiation between the parties. Emphasis is placed upon the significance of risk and uncertainty in financial markets and the ways in which the parties to contracts adapt to these conditions. This provides the backdrop for understanding three different types of contractual arrangements apparent in the investment management industry, bringing to the fore the significance of the choice of jurisdiction when writing contracts for investment services. We explain how and why the UK is a favoured destination for European institutions just as offshore jurisdictions, such as the Cayman Islands, may be the favoured ‘home’ jurisdictions for certain types of UK and global investment managers. At the heart of the relationship between asset owners and asset managers is the power of these parties when choosing the type of contract and the jurisdiction which is the favoured location for formalising these relationships.  contract, governance, investment management, jurisdiction, performance
Live at the End of the Century : Aspects of Performance Art in Vancouver

An anthology made in conjunction with Vancouver’s performance art festival Live at the End of the Century (1999), organized by G. Alteen and B. Canyon. In his introductory text Canyon suggests the 13 essays in this book highlight different aspects of more than 35 years of performance activity in Vancouver. A wide range of issues are considered – aesthetics, politics, gender, sexuality, subjectivity and the body – in relation to subjects such as: the relationship between theatricality and performance; performance art presented through broadcast and telecommunications media; the role of Vancouver’s artist-run-centres; spiritual and philosophical aspects of performance by First Nations; lesbian identity; queer culture; and the influence of drag. Includes a detailed chronology of Vancouver performance since 1965. Biographical notes. 55 bibl. ref.
The Evolution and Equilibrium of Copyright in the Digital Age: Central players: authors, owners, intermediaries and users

1. Exceptional authorship: the role of copyright exceptions in promoting creativity Jane C. Ginsburg 2. After twenty years: revisiting copyright liability of online intermediaries Niva Elkin-Koren 3. Overlapping rights: using trademark law to enforce 'copyright'? Irene Calboli Part II. New Enforcement Regimes: 4. Beyond graduated response Rebecca Giblin 5. The rise of criminal enforcement of intellectual property rights ... and its failure in the context of copyright infringement on the Internet Christophe Geiger 6. Administrative enforcement of copyright law in China: a characteristic deserving praise or repealing? Luo Li Part III. Old Legal Techniques and New Challenges: 7. Out of time? Copyright law and the Australasian judiciary in the digital age Susan Corbett 8. Internet service provider liability for copyright infringement in Latin America Pablo Wegbrait 9. New technologies and the scale of copyright infringement: should size matter to liability?  Facilitating access to information: understanding the role of technology in copyright law Brad Sherman and Leanne Wiseman Part IV. The Collective Management Solution: 11. Is there potential for collective rights management at the global level? Perspectives of a new global constitutionalism in the creative sector Christoph Graber 12. Collective management in the twenty-first century from a competition law perspective Yee Wah Chin 13.
Bijective proofs for Schur function identities

Gurevich, Pyatov and Saponov recently stated an expansion for the product of two Schur functions and gave a proof based on the Pluecker relations. Here we show that this identity is in fact a special case of a quite general Schur function identity, which was stated and proved in a paper by Fulmek and Kleber, where it was used to prove bijectively Dodgsons condensation formula and the Pluecker relations, but was not paid further attention: So we take the opportunity to make obvious the range of applicability of this identity by giving concrete examples, accompanied by many graphical illustrations.
The Influence of Christian Identity 
on SME Owner–Managers’ Conceptualisations of Business Practice

This paper reports on the findings of a qualitative study to understand how active adherence to the Christian faith influences the way SME owner–managers conceptualise their business practices. The study was based on in-depth interviews with 21 Christian SME owner–managers in Germany and the UK. Using a socio-psychological approach, the data analysis yielded a range of linguistic and conceptual resources that are peculiar to Christian discourse and that have the potential to influence business activity in rather distinctive ways. This paper particularly focuses on those Christian concepts that could be regarded as distinct ‹frames’ for action. It outlines what effect these concepts had on the respondents and how they were related to business practices. The paper also discusses how this study could inform further research into the influence of other socio-cultural forms of identity on economic actors’ conceptualisations of their own practice.
Solving the Hierarchy Problem at Reheating with a Large Number of Degrees of Freedom.

We present a new solution to the electroweak hierarchy problem. We introduce N copies of the standard model with varying values of the Higgs mass parameter. This generically yields a sector whose weak scale is parametrically removed from the cutoff by a factor of 1/sqrt[N]. Ensuring that reheating deposits a majority of the total energy density into this lightest sector requires a modification of the standard cosmological history, providing a powerful probe of the mechanism. Current and near-future experiments can explore much of the natural parameter space. Furthermore, supersymmetric completions that preserve grand unification predict superpartners with mass below m_{W}M_{pl}/M_{GUT}∼10  TeV.
Role of Rydberg radicals in electrochemistry

A review is given of a relatively unknown area of the electronic structures of Rydberg radicals. The primary examples of such structures are H , NH4 and H30. The condens- ed phase existence of the latter 8wo has long been proposed. Mercury amalgams of organic ammonium radicals, R4N, have been reported. Theoretical studies are reported on some of these species. in liquid ammonia vis-a-vis NH4 + e . An estimate is made of the-relative stability of NH4
Doing Business in Indonesia: Legal and Bureaucratic Constraints

The World Bank's new series of Doing Business reports attempt to measure the relative ease of doing business in countries around the world. The output of this research is a set of rankings that enable each country to see how it looks relative to the others from the point of view of private sector businesses. This paper highlights a number of concerns about the Doing Business methodology, and presents a critique of the 'law and finance' view regarding the influence of legal system origins on countries' economic performance, which was highly influential in the first of the Doing Business reports. Selected data from the 2006 report are used to explain why Indonesia is having difficulty getting back to Soeharto-era rates of economic growth. The report's findings in relation to Indonesia are then interpreted within the framework of an analysis of the way the Soeharto 'franchise' operated.
Fabrication of vacuum-arc Ti-Al-N coatings using multicomponent SHS-compacted cathodes

The results of experiments on the deposition of vacuum-arc Ti-Al-N coatings using aluminum-containing pressed cathodes based on nonstoichiometric titanium carbide TC0.5 are presented. The composition and morphology of coatings are investigated using electron probe microanalysis and scanning electron microscopy. Hardness and elasticity modulus were determined using the nanoindentation method. It is established that carbon is absent in the coating, while the fraction of aluminum in it decreases compared with its content in the cathode material. A superhard coating with nanohardness H = 59 GPa and the Young modulus E = 475 GPa is obtained from the cathode with the calculated composition TiC0.5-30%Al. By the ratio of hardness to the elasticity modulus, which equals H/E = 0.124, this coating is an amorphous-crystalline material. When using cathodes based on refractory nonstoichiometric titanium carbide, the content of the drop phase in coatings substantially lowers with no separation of the plasma flow. In general, the application of multicomponent SHS-compacted cathodes based on nonstoichiometric titanium carbide TiC0.5 makes it possible to fabricate superhard nanocrystalline coatings according to the standard technology using a serial vacuum-arc installation.
Accommodating religion and integrating religious material during Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) proposes that irrational beliefs evident as absolutistic evaluations cause most self-defeating distress. Absolutistic evaluations are not present in most religious traditions allowing for accommodation of clients' religious beliefs during REBT. Religious doctrine usually includes material that contradicts absolutistic evaluations, allowing for integration of religious material with rational-emotive interventions. Brief excerpts from sessions that demonstrate both accommodating and integrating religious belief during REBT are presented. A project seeking to develop a catalog of religious material for integration with REBT is also briefly described.
Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition in Brazil

The Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition Project—officially the Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use for Improved Human Nutrition and Well-being project, or BFN project, is a multi-country initiative with an ambitious goal to mainstream biodiversity conservation to improve nutrition in four countries: Kenya, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Brazil. In Brazil, the BFN project is just one of many initiatives within a national strategy to eradicate hunger and extreme poverty, specifically by mainstreaming biodiversity into national food and livelihood efforts. The project is influencing the national policy landscape, both by filling critical data gaps through an online portal which will streamline national data on Brazilian biodiversity and ecosystems, and through strong partnerships.
Palliative care in low- and medium-resource countries.

Low- and medium-resource countries are facing a significant increase in the incidence of noncommunicable diseases such as cancer. Unfortunately, the majority of patients with cancer present with advanced disease, and disease-directed treatment may be unlikely to be effective and/or not available. Globally, there will be a growing need for palliative care services. There has been significant progress in the provision and integration of palliative care into the health care policy and systems. Nonetheless, palliative care services vary significantly between regions of the world and also between countries in the same region. Some common barriers to care include the lack of a trained workforce to provide palliative care, lack of availability of opioids or the restriction of their use, cultural attitudes of physicians and patients, and also funding. Despite these challenges, there are examples of low- and medium-resource countries that are providing excellent palliative care that is being integrated into the health care system and the cancer care continuum. This article provides an overview of the progress in providing palliative care in low- and medium-resource countries. In addition, more specific information is provided on palliative care in low-resource countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Finally, a more personal perspective is presented on the development of palliative care in Ethiopia, as an example.
The next 50 years of industrial management and engineering

Three interwoven threads of background trace the path that leads to the challenges and questions about IE: Where is IE practiced, what outcomes are expected from the profession, and what techniques form the skills IEs bring to an IE practice. Accordingly, finding answers for the next 50 years of industrial management and engineering, discussions have been done with distinguished and authoritative industrial engineers, managers, and educators with international experience in manufacturing, distribution, office and service work. The purpose of the paper was to provide guidance for young people entering the industrial engineering profession. Primary goal was to identify trends, directions and likely changes in the field and profession that may be helpful in career planning. A secondary goal was to help current practitioners and educators adapt to future demands. To students, I hope that you will find the paper insightful, stimulating and useful as you plan your education and your future career in industry. To educators, I hope that the reflections, predictions and discussions contained here will help you in developing our next generation of professionals. To practicing managers and engineers, I hope that you also will find value and guidance as you plan for continued personal and professional development.
Metaphor and Apophatic Discourse: Putting Sells in Dialogue with Lakoff and Johnson

In the book, Mystical Languages of Unsaying, Michael A. Sells presents a performative theory of apophatic discourse. His idea is that apophatic discourse functions as a semantic analogue to mystical experience through \"meaning events.\" Although he acknowledges that an appreciation of the subtleties of metaphor is crucial to an understanding of mystical language, Sells does not discuss the extensive literature on metaphor theory from the last few decades. In this essay, the author explores how George Lakoff and Mark Johnson\'s theory of metaphor may enrich Sells\' theory. Further, he addresses what Lakoff and Johnson may learn from Sells\' treatment. While there are no conflicts, strictly speaking, between the metaphysical pictures suggested by the two theories. Sells\' picture of the world allows for fissures of meaning at which Lakoff and Johnson\'s theory at best hints. Ultimately, Lakoff and Johnson\'s conception of metaphor requires that Sells\' theory of apophatic discourse be reexamined.
Re-embroidering the robe: faith, myth and literary creation since 1850

Religious faith, myths and legends have always been present in literature. However, their role has changed over time. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, with the diminishing role of religion in European society, writers with some kind of belief system, whether religious or political, have tended to use myth in two different ways. They have either retold the old, familiar myths of the past so that they carry fresh messages relevant to a contemporary audience or created their own, new myths as modern vehicles of traditional truths. Many writers have combined the two techniques. Such is the transforming artistry which the eighteen essays in Re-Embroidering the Robe examine: the remaking or new-minting of myth, in literature from 1850 to the present day, so that what it embodies and expresses speaks powerfully to the modern reader. In widely differing ways, therefore, all of the texts analysed here compel attention.
Pre-Lie algebra characterization of SISO feedback invariants

Transformation groups have been used extensively in system theory since its inception. Recently, a feedback transformation group for a nonlinear input-output system characterized by a Chen-Fliess functional expansion was described by the authors. In particular, an algorithm was given to identify a class of feedback invariant series. Their relationship to series having well-defined relative degree was also developed. This paper is a continuation of that work, but with three innovations. First, newly developed algebraic tools from the field of pre-Lie algebras are applied to give more insight into the invariance theory. The role of relative degree in this paper is diminished in favor of systems with arbitrary generating series. Finally, dynamic output feedback, as described by the feedback product, is considered explicitly.
The great experiment : George Washington and the American republic

To most Americans, George Washington is a remote figure encased in myth, more a monument than a man. This new books brings him vividly to life once again - a man who was born a loyal subject of the British crown and became the leader of a radical revolution, a victorious military leader who relinquished the trappings of power to return to farming, a reluctant statesman who forged the institutions of a popular government that have endured for two centuries. The text is enhanced by numerous illustrations that reproduce an array of original documents, contemporary portraits, artifacts, and personal memorabilia of Washington and his family. This book is the catalogue for an exhibition that opens at the Huntington Library in Los Angeles in October 1998 and moves on to the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City in September 1999.
Storage Solutions for Big Data Systems: A Qualitative Study and Comparison

Big data systems development is full of challenges in view of the variety of application areas and domains that this technology promises to serve. Typically, fundamental design decisions involved in big data systems design include choosing appropriate storage and computing infrastructures. In this age of heterogeneous systems that integrate different technologies for optimized solution to a specific real world problem, big data system are not an exception to any such rule. As far as the storage aspect of any big data system is concerned, the primary facet in this regard is a storage infrastructure and NoSQL seems to be the right technology that fulfills its requirements. However, every big data application has variable data characteristics and thus, the corresponding data fits into a different data model. This paper presents feature and use case analysis and comparison of the four main data models namely document oriented, key value, graph and wide column. Moreover, a feature analysis of 80 NoSQL solutions has been provided, elaborating on the criteria and points that a developer must consider while making a possible choice. Typically, big data storage needs to communicate with the execution engine and other processing and visualization technologies to create a comprehensive solution. This brings forth second facet of big data storage, big data file formats, into picture. The second half of the research paper compares the advantages, shortcomings and possible use cases of available big data file formats for Hadoop, which is the foundation for most big data computing technologies. Decentralized storage and blockchain are seen as the next generation of big data storage and its challenges and future prospects have also been discussed.
An Evaluation of Community Assessment Tools (CATs) in Predicting Use of Clinical Interventions and Severe Outcomes during the A(H1N1)pdm09 Pandemic

During severe influenza pandemics healthcare demand can exceed clinical capacity to provide normal standards of care. Community Assessment Tools (CATs) could provide a framework for triage decisions for hospital referral and admission. CATs have been developed based on evidence that supports the recognition of severe influenza and pneumonia in the community (including resource limited settings) for adults, children and infants, and serious feverish illness in children. CATs use six objective criteria and one subjective criterion, any one or more of which should prompt urgent referral and admission to hospital. A retrospective evaluation of the ability of CATs to predict use of hospital-based interventions and patient outcomes in a pandemic was made using the first recorded routine clinical assessment on or shortly after admission from 1520 unselected patients (800 female, 480 children <16 years) admitted with PCR confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 infection (the FLU-CIN cohort). Outcome measures included: any use of supplemental oxygen; mechanical ventilation; intravenous antibiotics; length of stay; intensive or high dependency care; death; and "severe outcome" (combined: use of intensive or high dependency care or death during admission). Unadjusted and multivariable analyses were conducted for children (age <16 years) and adults. Each CATs criterion independently identified both use of clinical interventions that would in normal circumstances only be provided in hospital and patient outcome measures. "Peripheral oxygen saturation ≤ 92% breathing air, or being on oxygen" performed well in predicting use of resources and outcomes for both adults and children; supporting routine measurement of peripheral oxygen saturation when assessing severity of disease. In multivariable analyses the single subjective criterion in CATs "other cause for clinical concern" independently predicted death in children and in adults predicted length of stay, mechanical ventilation and "severe outcome"; supporting the role of clinical acumen as an important independent predictor of serious illness.