nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Precambrian metallogeny related to tectonics in the eastern part of the Baltic Shield

The bulk of the eastern Baltic Shield is underlain by Archaean continental crust composed of three segments with varying tectonic settings. • - The Kola Peninsula Province consists of granulite-gneiss terrain with Fe, NiCu deposits; greenstone belts with NiCu, BIF and REE deposits; a highly deformed volcanic-sedimentary basin with kyanite deposits and Late Archaean gabbroanorthosite intrusions hosting FeTiV ores. • - The Karelian Province is a typical granite-greenstone belt terrain. The greenstone belts were formed during the Lopian orogeny (2.9-2.6 Ga) in tectonic environments resembling rifts and island arcs. They contain NiCu and massive pyrite deposits with Cu mineralizations, and BIF deposits. Late orogenic granites host Mo, CuMo deposits of the porphyry type. • - The Belomorian Province is a region of granulite-gneiss and granite-greenstone belt terrains reworked tectonically and metamorphically during the Lopian and Svecofennian orogenies (2.0–1.75 Ga) which involved continent-continent collision. Here, muscovite and rare metals-muscovite pegmatite deposits are related to Svecofennian igneous and metamorphic processes. In the Early Proterozoic the main metallogenic events were associated with intracontinental rift structures of the Karelian stage (2.5-2.0 Ga) in the Kuolajarvi-Vetrenny Poyas zone and the Monchegorsk-Fedorova-Pana Toundri zone and of the Svecofennian stage (2.0–1.8 Ga) in the Pechenga-Imandra-Varzuga zone. The above mentioned zones contain major NiCu, PGE and Ti deposits hosted by layered intrusions (2.45-2.35 Ga) and gabbro-wehrlites (2.0–1.9 Ga), and Cu and Au mineralizations hosted by metavolcanic rocks. Epicontinental sediments of the Jatulian Group (2.2-2.0 Ga) in a slightly deformed within-plate basin contain Cu, CuCo and schungite deposits. The Early Proterozoic Svecofennian Province is represented by the Ladoga belt only. Metamorphic zoning, thrusts, deformation and granite-gneiss domes developed, and some Cu, CuZn, FeTi, W and graphite mineralizations formed there. The tectonic setting of the Ladoga belt is interpreted as that of a deformed shelf deposit on a rifted and passive continental margin. In addition to this an abortive continental-rift belt with rapakivi granite intrusions (1.65-1.55 Ga) developed along the southern boundary of the Baltic Shield. Sn and SnCuZnFe deposits and fluorite and rare-metal mineralizations are associated with these granites.
EXPECTATION BUBBLES IN A SPIN MODEL OF MARKETS: INTERMITTENCY FROM FRUSTRATION ACROSS SCALES

A simple spin model is studied, motivated by the dynamics of traders in a market, where expectation bubbles and crashes occur. The dynamics is governed by interactions, which are frustrated across different scales: while ferromagnetic couplings connect each spin to its local neighborhood, an additional coupling relates each spin to the global magnetization. This new coupling is allowed to be anti-ferromagnetic. The resulting frustration causes a metastable dynamics with intermittency and phases of chaotic dynamics. The model reproduces main observations of real economic markets as power-law distributed returns and clustered volatility.
Image Critique and the Fall of the Berlin Wall

Although we are now accustomed to watching history unfold live on the air, the fall of the Berlin Wall was one of the first instances when history was produced on television. Inspired by the Wall and its powerful resonances, Sunil Manghani’s breakthrough study presents the new critical concept of “image critique,” a method of critiquing images while simultaneously using them as a means to engage with contemporary culture. Manghani examines current debates surrounding visual culture, ranging from such topics as Francis Fukuyama’s end of history thesis to metapictures and East German film. The resulting volume is an exhilarating interweaving of history, politics, and visual culture
Return Migration and Geography of Innovation in MNEs: A Natural Experiment of On-the-Job Learning of Knowledge Production by Local Workers Reporting to Return Migrants

I study whether return migrants and their direct reports facilitate knowledge production and transfer across borders for multinationals. Using unique personnel and patenting data for 1315 inventors at an emerging market R&D center for a Fortune 50 technology firm, I exploit a natural experiment where the assignment of managers for newly hired college graduates is mandated by rigid HR rules and is uncorrelated to observable characteristics of the graduates. Given this assignment protocol, I find that local employees who report to return migrants file disproportionately more U.S. patents. I also find evidence that return migration facilitates knowledge transfer across borders.
Structure-properties relationship study in niobium oxide containing GaO3/2-LaO3/2-KO1/2 gallate glasses

The investigation has been devoted to the effect of the KNbO 3 in a gallate based glasses of composition (100-x) (69GaO 3/2 -11LaO 3/2 -20KO 1/2 ) – x KNbO 3 with x varying from 0 to 20 mol.% allowing the use of standard melt technique. The thermal and optical properties were characterized and the local structure has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The gallium ions are mostly found in tetrahedra thanks to charge balancing of potassium and lanthanum ions. The continuous increase of the KNbO 3 concentration gives rise to the progressive formation of a niobate subnetwork composed of corner shared NbO 6 octahedra which does not depolymerize the gallate glass network. This addition has a limited impact on the multiphonon edge in the infrared while it causes a significant increase of the refractive index. For KNbO 3 concentrations above 14 mol.% a phase separation occurs due to the absence of formation of a mixed gallo-niobate glass skeleton.
Towards the possibility of a self-maintained vacuum-traversable wormhole

We calculate the renormalised vacuum expectation values of the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor in the static spherically-symmetrical wormhole topology. Let us suppose that the derivatives of the metric tensor over a radial distance are sufficiently small (on the scale of the radius) to ensure the validity of a quasiclassical (WKB) expansion over the derivatives. Then we find that violation of the averaged weak energy condition takes place irrespective of the detailed form of the metric. This is a necessary condition for the electromagnetic vacuum to be able to support the wormhole geometry.
Methodological issues in the study of broader consequences

The study of the broader effects of international regimes is just beginning. For a long time, regime analysts operated with a two-fold fiction, namely that a regime could be established largely in isolation from other regimes and that its consequences were concentrated to its own domain. In the real world, the international system is increasingly densely populated by international governing institutions. A study elaborated for the Rio Summit of 1992 counted more than 125 important multilateral environmental regimes alone, most of which were institutionalized separately from each other (Sand 1992). Every year, states conclude about five new important environmental agreements (Beisheim et al. 1999: 350 – 51). Against the backdrop of this trend and the sheer number of independently established international regimes, it is difficult to image that interaction among regimes is an irrelevant phenomenon.
Sun Yat-sen

Note to reader Maps Introduction Part I. The Adventurer of the Southern Seas, 1866-1905: 1. The formative years, 1866-1894 2. The symbolic creation of a revolutionary leader, 1894-1897 3. The symbolic creation of a revolutionary movement, 1897-1900 4. The awakening of Chinese nationalism and the founding of the revolutionary alliance, 1805 Part II. The Founding Father? 1905-1920: 5. Sun and the revolutionary alliance 6. The conspirator 7. The (adoptive) father of the Chinese republic 8. Crossing the desert, 1913-1920 Part III. Sun's Last Years: National Revolution and Revolutionary Nationalism, 1920-1925: 9. Sun Yat-sen, soviet advisers, and the Canton revolutionary base, 1920-1924 10. Sun Yat-sen's three principles of the people 11. Sun Yat-sen's death and transformation Biographical sketches Notes Bibliography Index.
Lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders among impaired physicians in a physicians health program: comparison to a general treatment population: psychopathology of impaired physicians.

The prevalence of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders among physicians is not well-established. We determined differences in lifetime substance use, and abuse/dependence as well as other psychiatric disorders, comparing physicians undergoing monitoring with a general population that had sought treatment for substance use.



Participants were 99 physicians referred to a Physician's Health Program (PHP) because of suspected impairment, who were administered the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version IV (CDIS-IV) to assess the presence of psychiatric disorders. Referred physicians were compared with an age, gender, and education status-matched comparison group from National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Wave 1, in a 1:1 ratio.



Although referred physicians did not differ from their counterparts on lifetime use of alcohol, opiates, or sedatives, they did have significantly higher conditional odds of meeting criteria for alcohol, opiate, and sedative The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV abuse/dependence disorders. Physicians referred to the PHP had significantly lower odds of obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, and specific phobia compared with their counterparts.



Physicians referred to a PHP have significantly higher odds of abuse/dependence disorders for cannabinoids and cocaine/crack compared with a matched general population sample that had ever sought treatment for substance use, even though physicians were less likely to report use of those substances. Although the rate of alcohol use was similar between the 2 populations, physicians had higher odds of abuse/dependence for opiates, sedatives, and alcohol. More research is needed to understand patterns of use, abuse/dependence, and psychiatric morbidity among physicians.
Experimental Evidence for p Ka-Driven Asynchronicity in C-H Activation by a Terminal Co(III)-Oxo Complex.

C-H activation by transition metal oxo complexes is a fundamental reaction in oxidative chemistry carried out by both biological and synthetic systems. This centrality has motivated efforts to understand the patterns and mechanisms of such reactivity. We have therefore thoroughly examined the C-H activation reactivity of the recently synthesized and characterized late transition metal oxo complex PhB ( tBuIm)3CoIIIO. Precise values for the p Ka and BDFEO-H of the conjugates of this complex have been experimentally determined and provide insight into the observed reactivity. The activation parameters for the reaction between this complex and 9,10-dihydroanthracene have also been measured and compared to previous literature examples. Evaluation of the rates of reaction of PhB( tBuIm)3CoIIIO with a variety of hydrogen atom donors demonstrates that the reactivity of this complex is dependent on the p Ka of the substrate of interest rather than the BDEC-H. This observation runs counter to the commonly cited reactivity paradigm for many other transition metal oxo complexes. Experimental and computational analysis of C-H activation reactions by PhB( tBuIm)3CoIIIO reveals that the transition state for these processes contains significant proton transfer character. Nevertheless, additional experiments strongly suggest that the reaction does not occur via a stepwise process, leading to the conclusion that C-H activation by this CoIII-oxo complex proceeds by a p Ka-driven "asynchronous" concerted mechanism. This result supports a new pattern of reactivity that may be applicable to other systems and could result in alternative selectivity for C-H activation reactions mediated by transition metal oxo complexes.
Comparison ofνμ↔ντandνμ↔νsoscillations as solutions of the atmospheric neutrino problem

The simplest explanation for the atmospheric neutrino anomaly is the transition of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos into states of different flavor. Data from the reactor experiment Chooz, and the measurement of the energy and angle distribution of electron--like events in Super--Kamiokande put strong constraints on $\nu_\mu$--$\nu_e$ mixing, but the transitions $\nu_\mu \to \nu_\tau$ and $\nu_\mu \to \nu_s$ are viable possibilites. If the muon neutrinos are mixed with a singlet sterile state, the energy and zenith angle dependence of the oscillation probability is modified by matter effects, that are important for $E_\nu/|\Delta m^2| \aprge 10^3$ GeV/eV$^2$. We confront the theoretical predictions with existing data on contained events and neutrino--induced upward going muons.
After international relations : critical realism and the (re)construction of world politics

How it all Started? Can it End? A Genealogy of the International Problematic 2. Learning from Alker: From Quantitative Peace Research to Emancipatory Humanism 3. How to Tell Better Stories About World Politics II. Explicating a Critical Realist Methodology 4. Critical realist Ontology 5. Double Hermeneutics of Iconic Modeling 6. The Normative Logic of Explanatory Emancipation III. Visions of World Politics 7. Modeling Thucydides' Melos Episode 8. A Global Security Community 9. From Security to Emancipatory World Politics: Beyond 'Nordic Nostalgia' Epilogue
Enhanced solubility of proteins and peptides in nonpolar solvents through hydrophobic ion pairing

A new technique for enhancing the solubility of peptides and proteins in organic solvents is described. Complexation of polypeptides with stoichiometric amounts of an anionic detergent, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), produces diminished aqueous solubility, but enhanced solubility in organic solvents. Consequently, the partitioning of a polypeptide into a nonpolar solvent can be increased by two to four orders of magnitude. In the case of an insulin–SDS complex, the solubility in 1-octanol is more than tenfold greater than in water. In 1-octanol, the native structure of insulin remains intact, as determined by CD spectroscopy, and the thermal denaturation temperature (Tm) is increased by approximately 50°C relative to unfolding in water. Finally, peptides and proteins can be extracted back into an aqueous phase provided the chloride concentration is sufficient to displace bound detergent molecules.
A force of nature

WOMEN IN ENGINEERING MAGAZINE WINTER 2007/2008 18 07/$25.00 The most rudimentary science course will tell you that hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and water is a copious compound. Early mathematics teaches that 2+2=4. The beginning stages of both math and science lay the framework for problem solving, an art which Mary Petryszyn, vice president of civil security and response programs at Raytheon in Waltham, Massachusetts, has become quite adept. Petryszyn is a model for girls since her childhood love of math and science has led to a career as a celebrated engineer for a top defense company. “My career choices trace back to my interests in math and science and being able to create solutions from those basics,” explains Petryszyn. “That’s what I still do, only from a broader perspective.” As an executive at Raytheon, Petryszyn leads a business area focused on helping companies develop homeland security systems that join different types of services together. “There is really a need to ensure that we’re protecting our homeland,” she says, “and services really have to interact with one another.” As customers reorganize themselves, Petryszyn and her team aid in security by integrating solutions across all service lines.
Electronic structure of amorphous InGaO3(ZnO)0.5 thin films

The electronic structure of amorphous semiconductor InGaO 3 (ZnO) 0.5 thin films, which were deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering process, was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and O K -edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The overall features of the valence and conduction bands were analyzed by comparing with the spectra of Ga 2 O 3 , In 2 O 3 , and ZnO films. The valence and conduction band edges are mainly composed of O 2 p and In 5 sp states, respectively. The bandgap of the films determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry was approximately 3.2 eV. Further, it is found that the introduction of oxygen gas during the sputter-deposition does not induce significant variations in the chemical states and band structure.
More about nursing homes and medical education.

Academic Medicine, Vol. 88, No. 1 / January 2013 9 encounters in the nursing home offer an excellent opportunity to teach students about the physician–patient relationship. At the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, we recently developed a course to increase clinical training in history and physical examination and student exposure to patients with chronic illness/disability.2 All 104 firstyear students spend four half-days in nursing homes with a geriatrics physician. Students work in teams to independently evaluate patients and then review findings with the preceptor. Formal partnerships now exist with 14 community nursing homes.
Burden of illness, quality of life, and healthcare utilization among patients with herpes zoster in South Korea: a prospective clinical-epidemiological study.

To assess the herpes zoster (HZ) disease burden, including the severity and duration of HZ-associated pain, its impact on quality of life (QoL), and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) in a South Korean clinical setting.



Patients aged ≥50 years were followed prospectively for ≤6 months. Based on the duration of their episode at enrollment, cases were classified as incident (<7 days) or prevalent (≥7 days). HZ pain and discomfort were measured with the HZ Severity of Illness (HZ-SOI) severity-by-duration composite score.



One hundred fifty-one patients (69.5% prevalent cases) were enrolled. Prodrome pain was experienced by 68.2% of patients, of whom 95.1% experienced moderate-to-severe pain; post-herpetic neuralgia was experienced by 38.4%. Prevalent disease, higher acute pain, and older age were significant predictors of greater HZ-SOI, while use of antivirals was associated with decreased HZ-SOI. HZ-associated pain was associated with reduced QoL and affected all daily living activities (particularly mood, life enjoyment, general activities, and sleep), resulting in significant HCRU, including primary care doctor, specialist, or physiotherapist consultations, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits.



Severe morbidity, impaired QoL, and significant HCRU are associated with HZ in South Korea, especially in older patients, supporting the need for early intervention and preventive strategies to reduce the HZ-associated disease burden.
Motivators, Barriers and Concerns in Adoption of Electronic Filing System: Survey Evidence from Malaysian Professional Accountants

Worldwide, electronic filing (e-filing) system and its’ adoption has attracted much attention, however, scholarly study on accounting professionals’ acceptance of e-filing system is scant.  This study aimed (i) to examine factors that motivated professional accountants to use e-filing (ii) to solicit their usage experience and (iii) to assess the barriers to adoption and other compliance considerations. The questionnaire survey was administered on 700 professionals from tax practice and commercial sectors who attended “Budget 2008” Tax Seminars, organized by the Malaysian Institute of Accountants in Peninsular Malaysia. In total, 456 usable responses from accounting and tax professionals were collected and analyzed.  The survey found out of 456 respondents, just 23.7% had used e-filing in 2007 to file personal tax return forms. Majority of the e-filers opted to use e-filing for the sake of convenience (55.8%), in faith to get faster tax refund (16.8%) and speed of filing (15.9%). For those who did not use e-filing, the key impediments were concerned over the security and did not trust of e-filing system. Some (4.8%) were unable to access to the e-filing website. Overall, just 26.1% of the professionals surveyed had confidence in the IRBM in managing the e-filing system successfully. Majority (41.2%) thought that ‘speedy tax refund’ to be the most desirable incentive to motivate individuals to use e-filing.  As the IRBM is counting on professional accountants to promote the usage of e-filing system, this study provided important insights to the IRBM to developing marketing and business strategies to motivate professional accountant in business to use e-filing in order to accelerate the diffusion of e-filing system in a developing country like Malaysia.
George on Free Trade, At Home and Abroad: The American Economist and Social Philosopher Envisioned a World Unhindered in Production and Exchange

. Henry George's theories on international trade are little known though he is respected as an advocate of free trade. He went along with the free traders of his time in three-fourths of his classic, Protection or Free Trade. But he went far beyond the others in the last fourth of his book. “True” free trade, he argued, in the debate over protection that engaged some of the best minds in England and America, applied to domestic production as well as production for export. Hindrances to trade, like most tariffs, taxes, subsidies or other government policies, make products more expensive for the working people, worsen their situation by increasing economic rent to resource owners at the expense of labor and capital, and misallocate resources, maximining inefficiency and cost. The principle of free trade leads to Justice and equal rights, he held, seeking to advance his vision of a free society. Short run and long run solutions to protectionism are presented.
Obiter scripta : essays, lectures, articles, interviews, and reviews on music, and other subjects

This volume of Albi Rosenthal's work was originally conceived as a small selection in celebration of his 85th birthday. It rapidly expanded to a larger volume as the range and depth of his scholarship, and the fascination of his material, became apparent. This more comprehensive collection is presented here in the belief that it will now also be of interest to a much wider audience Obiter Scripta spans the author's output of over sixty years, touching on many subjects on which he is an expert. There are specific studies on Mozart-the field in which he is pre-eminent-and on Monteverdi, Paganini, Haydn, Liszt, and Kodaly. He also writes on music collecting and bibliography, fakes and frauds, discoveries, the perils of auctions, the earliest depiction of a musical instrument in a printed book, and anecdotes and coincidences. He is a Trustee of the Paul Sacher Foundation in Basel and describes how many of the Foundation's major acquisitions were secured. There is a section of tributes, and a number of articles arising from his lifelong interest in Nietzsche. Finally, there are some interviews in which, among other things, Albi talks about himself, his family, and his life in Oxford. Forced by the political situation to leave Germany, Albi Rosenthal had to abandon his hopes of an academic career. He has combined a lifetime of study and business, and in the course of doing so, has become the foremost authority in the field of music manuscripts while simultaneously pursuing academic work-not from an ivory tower, but from the hectic environment of an international businessman, commuting almost daily from Boars Hill to Belsize Park Gardens, with frequent visits to all parts of the world where music manuscripts are appraised, bought or sold.