nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Architectural Considerations in Seismic Performance of Buildings： A Case Study in Iran

Experience from recent earthquakes such as Gilan, Zanjan, Bam and Lorestan earthquakes in Iran indicated that the constructed buildings are vulnerable against earthquake. Vulnerability of these structures is due to various reasons such as designing without considering seismic regulations, problems of regulations (design goals), implementation problems, changing of the building occupancy class, increasing the weight of building stories, adding new stories to the building and changing in architecture of building without considering structural system. So the main objective of this research is to examine the features of building configuration and their effects as for the damages to buildings in past earthquakes. For this purpose, initially four occurred earthquakes in Iran are selected as case study. Then three types of buildings (steel structure, concrete structure and masonry buildings) are analyzed with details. Results showed that the most of damages are occurred in the old steel structures and masonry buildings which their ages are more than 25 years. The study showed that most of the buildings in the study area are steel structure and masonry buildings while concrete structures are infrequent which most of them had no or slight damages. Therefore, the importance and need to enhance the performance of available buildings against earthquake forces by rehabilitating methods would be more important than before. Also results indicated that the decisions related to architectural plan which have significant effect on seismic performance of buildings, can be divided into three categories: configuration of building, restrictive formal architectural plan and dangerous structural components, as these categories are not obstacle of each other, it is possible that each category has an influential effect on others. So organizing the design decisions in this way is very important so as to manage their effects and interdependencies.
Development Finance Via Diaspora Bonds Track Record and Potential

A diaspora bond is a debt instrument issued by a country or potentially, a sub-sovereign entity or a private corporation to raise financing from its overseas diaspora. Israel and India have raised $35-40 billion using these bonds. Drawing on their experiences, this paper discusses the rationale, methodology, and factors affecting the issuance of diaspora bonds for raising external development finance. The rationale behind the Government of Israel's issuance of diaspora bonds has been different from that of the Government of India's. The Government of Israel has offered a flexible menu of diaspora bonds since 1951 to keep the Jewish diaspora engaged. The Indian authorities, in contrast, have used this instrument for balance of payments support, to raise financing during times when they had difficulty in accessing international capital markets. Diaspora bonds are often sold at a premium to the diaspora members, thus fetching a patriotic discount in borrowing costs. Besides patriotism or the desire to do good in the investor's country of origin, such a discount can also be explained by the fact that diaspora investors may be more willing and able to take on sovereign risks of default in hard currency as well as devaluation as they may have local currency liabilities and they may be able to influence the borrower's decision to service such debt. In terms of process, India was able to bypass U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) registration in the past. But that appears unlikely for the foreseeable future since U.S. investors are unlikely to be allowed to choose the law and the forum governing bond contracts. Finally, having a sizeable diaspora, especially first-generation migrants, is understandably an important factor affecting the issuance of diaspora bonds. Countries with strong and transparent legal systems for contract enforcement are likely to find it easier to issue such bonds. Absence of civil strife is a plus. While not a prerequisite, presence of national banks and other institutions in destination countries facilitates the marketing of bonds to the diaspora.
The development of the resource-based view of the firm: A critical

Over the last 20 years, the resource-based view (RBV) has reached a pre-eminent position among theories in the field of strategy, but debate continues as to its precise nature. This paper contributes to the debate by critically reviewing the development of the RBV to date. The critical appraisal examines the development of the RBV in terms of theory, method, empirical evidence and practical insights. It is contended that the permeable and eclectic nature of the RBV stems from its being a theory about what firms are and how they function, and that its popularity is due to an absence of limiting behavioural assumptions. Finally, the authors provide their own subjective views on where they think RBV scholars should focus their efforts in the future.
What's wrong with consumer capitalism : The joyless economy after twenty years

The Joyless Economy seeks to explain the paradox of rising consumption and pervasive dissatifaction, and is thus often cited as a critique of consumer society. Yet it is rather ambivalent as critique. A less ambivalent critique would be predicated on the existence of biases toward private consumption as against public consumption, savings, free time, and the environment. These biases result from two sources: the importance of social comparison and the non‐existence of a market in working hours. Because positional competitions occur far more readily around visible private consumer goods, these take a privileged place in expenditures. This process is compounded by the fact that employers systematically deny opportunities to trade income for leisure.
Recent developments in childhood arterial ischaemic stroke

Stroke is increasingly recognised as a cause of childhood disability and lifelong morbidity: population-based estimates of the annual incidence of childhood stroke (ischaemic and haemorrhagic) range from 2.3 to 13.0 per 100,000 children, and incidence rates in neonates are closer to 1 per 5000 livebirths. Stroke in childhood can have many causes. Diagnosis is often delayed owing to low clinical suspicion and the need to exclude the frequent mimics of stroke in childhood. Outcomes are related to presentation, associated illnesses, the underlying cause, size, and location of the infarct, and stroke subtype, but more than a half of the children who have had a stroke will have long-term neurological sequelae. Furthermore, estimates of recurrence rates range from 6-19% in the first few years. Arteriopathy-including arterial dissection and other progressive and non-progressive arteriopathies-might account for up to 80% of childhood stroke in otherwise healthy children. Because children with cerebrovascular abnormalities are at the highest risk of recurrence (66% at 5 years), understanding of the nature and course of these arteriopathies is crucial to the development of secondary stroke prevention strategies.
Extracting free-space observables from trapped interacting clusters

The energy spectrum of two short-range interacting particles in a harmonic potential trap has previously been related to free-space scattering phase shifts. But the existing formula for this purpose is exact only in the limit of an infinitely shallow trap. Here we provide a systematically improved formula---describing the low-energy dynamics---that enables the use of finite traps. This paves the way for extracting nuclear scattering phase shifts from {\it ab initio} nuclear many-body structure calculations, a long-sought goal in nuclear physics. The derivation establishes effective field theory as a powerful framework for studying the connection between structure information of a trapped system (with two or more sub-clusters) and continuum physics in the fields of both nuclear and condensed-matter physics.
On Norman Geschwind’s Facility with Languages

I read with great interest Michael Geschwind’s reflections on Norman Geschwind, his distinguished cousin and pioneer of American behavioral neurology, in the June issue of Neuropsychology Review on disconnection syndromes. I myself, like so many other neurologists, was a disciple or co-worker of several trainees of the late Dr. Geschwind (Drs. Heilman, Ross, and Brown), which naturally greatly influenced much of my career path and neurological perspective. I would like to comment on Norman Geschwind’s facility with so many languages, which Michael Geschwind indicated. While I was in the Behavioral Neurology research fellowship program of Dr. Kenneth Heilman at the University of Florida in the 1980s, I lamented my inability to understand what had been reported in a good many legacy foreign case reports, and I admired how Norman Geschwind could make sense of these. My cofellow, Carol Kooistra, reacted to my despair by simply saying, “So why don’t you read them?” She pointed out that with a dictionary and a basic understanding of the grammatical rules from the language in question, one could access the foreign literature reasonably well. I already had a working knowledge of basic German from high school. Soon I signed up for French classes at night. Before too long, I was reading Dejerine, Wernicke, and so on. I labored over my translations, which I keep to this day. As indicated by Michael Geschwind, I too found that the details of these classic works were mostly unknown to American neurologists, and it was a thrill to read and dissect original case reports from a century earlier. In my own publications, as much as I can, I cite the original foreign-language version of a paper rather than a translated citation or a second-hand reference to that work. To this day, when something interests me in German or French neurology publications (and to a lesser extent Italian or Spanish), I will get busy translating. (I will even go so far as to arrange for colleagues, when possible, to translate for me from Japanese, Russian, or Polish case studies.) To be sure, I am probably incorrect about some of my renderings, but I would rather have partial insight than none at all. Norman Geschwind’s example in this regard strongly influenced me. I hope that we American neurologists never fail to learn, and always want to learn, from landmark case studies from other countries.
CHINESE GARDENS: THE RELATION OF MAN TO NATURE IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY

Taoism has for centuries inspired the spirit of poets, painters, garden designers, and tapestry, screen and porcelain makers. There is a close relationship of aesthetic theories, philosophy and cultural achievements in both garden design and landscape painting. The main intent of this inquiry is to seek a fresh approach to the main features of the Tao, the Chinese Way of life and creativity, and to relate these aspects to the landscape gardens in visions of poets, painters and musicians of seventeenth-century France.
Global ecology in human perspective

1. The Meaning and Scope of Global Ecology 2. Properties and Components of Planet Earth 3. The Biosphere 4. Ecological Principles - Ecosystems 5. Ecosystem Organization and Function 6. Energy Flow and Trophic Structure 7. Ecosystem Homeostasis, Succession and Stability 8. Our Global Condition: A Clash of Concepts 9. Global Change and Development 10. Land Degradation 11. Desertification 12. Deforestation 13. Historical Aspects of Environmental Destruction 14. Population Ecology 15.  Economics, Demography, and Health 22. Global Patterns of Health 23. Competition and Conflict 24. The Ecology of War 25. Sustainability 26. Assessment and Agenda 27.
Mechanistic implications of the intrahumic dechlorination of mirex

The hydrophobic chlorocarbon mirex readily binds to aqueous humic acids (HAs). In HA solutions irradiated at sunlight wavelengths (λ ≥ 290 nm), mirex molecules bound to HAs are transformed to photomirex by dechlorination. The mechanism of this intrahumic dechlorination was investigated both in HA solutions and in model systems simulating select photochemical capabilities of HAs. In HA solution, the reaction was unaffected by methanol and pentanol; was accelerated by hydroxide; and was inhibited by oxygen, 2-chloroethanol, nitrate, and hydrogen ion, all four of which can scavenge hydrated electron. Additional experiments probing for involvement of hydrated electron were consistent with it as the reactant. In irradiated N,N-dimethylaniline solution, a model system for generating hydrated electron, mirex was dechlorinated to form photomirex, the same product that is found in HA solution. Relative rate experiments in HA solution, while inconsistent with the reaction with hydrated electron in homogeneous solut...
China and the WTO : the theory and practice of compliance.

Since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December 2001, attention has turned to the issue of whether or not China is a responsible member of the organization and how compliant China is with WTO rules. This article discusses the difficulties faced by China, as a responsible rising power, in trying to adjust itself to global trading norms. It examines the theory of compliance in international relations from the perspectives of neo-realism, liberal institutionalism and social constructivism, and then tests these perspectives by examining the mechanisms used to gauge China's compliance, both bilaterally by the United States and multilaterally through the Dispute Settlement Mechanism and the Transition Review Mechanism of the WTO. The result is mixed: different opinions exist as to how compliant China has been but, on the whole, most monitors agree that China has tried hard to comply with WTO requirements in various areas, though much remains to be done. The most severe tests will come in the next few years when China's financial and service sectors will have to face fundamental changes to the way they operate.
Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: annelids.

Annelids (the segmented worms) have a long history in studies of animal developmental biology, particularly with regards to their cleavage patterns during early development and their neurobiology. With the relatively recent reorganisation of the phylogeny of the animal kingdom, and the distinction of the super-phyla Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa, an extra stimulus for studying this phylum has arisen. As one of the major phyla within Lophotrochozoa, Annelida are playing an important role in deducing the developmental biology of the last common ancestor of the protostomes and deuterostomes, an animal from which >98% of all described animal species evolved.
RENORMALIZATION PROGRAMME FOR EFFECTIVE THEORIES

We summarize our latest developments in perturbative treating the effective theories of strong interactions. We discuss the principles of constructing the mathematically correct expressions for the S-matrix elements at a given loop order and briefly review the renormalization procedure. This talk shall provide the philosophical basement as well as serve as an introduction for the material presented at this conference by A. Vereshagin and K. Semenov-Tian-Shansky .
MODERN GERMAN LITERATURE IN LETTERS TO KURT WOLFF

every literary generation enjoys the privilege and the benefits of being fostered by an ideal type of publisher, who in one person combines great business acumen with broad scholarship and the requisite love of the fine arts; who carries in his heart a great spiritual tradition which enhances his judgment and sharpens his skills to detect the true values in the present and preserve them for the future. In the Germany of recent years this ideal was personified in Kurt Wolff. During the second and third decades of the present century he gathered about himself virtually all the leading spirits of the younger generation of authors. Most of the outstanding names of this period passed through the portals of his publishing house to recognition and fame; or at least felt themselves honored to have gained the renown of his imprint for one or more of their works. There was scarcely an author who failed to correspond with this keen-visioned young publisher who so soon gained for himself the reputation of a tried and true sponsor to his literary friends. It is for this reason that the literary archives of the firm Kurt Wolff, recently acquired by the Library, contain in fact the epistolary heritage of the spiritual center of the Germany ofthat period. It is the correspondence of a period of great activity: die old power and freedom of the German spirit was as yet unbroken, the style is free, all sorts of views and opinions confront one another, wrestle with one another, and survive or fall in single combat. As the discussion grows heated, so does the tone of many a letter. Political fervor quite easily takes a turn toward personal clashes. The spirit of the time is often formless, willful, unrestrained, sometimes rude. Expressionists and Dadaists give loud voice to their pet views. And in sharp contrast with these are the polished letters of those who, about the middle of the 'twenties, move into the limelight: Hofmannsthal, Rilke, Kafka, Borchardt, Schroeder, and Thomas Mann. The free and catholic spirit of the publisher saw in these widely differing views only one important issue their contribution to the arts, to the great European cultural ideal, world-wide in its under-
The Fall of the Roman Republic

Dramatic artist, natural scientist and philosopher, Plutarch is widely regarded as the most significant historian of his era, writing sharp and succinct accounts of the greatest politicians and statesman of the classical period. Taken from the "Lives", a series of biographies spanning the Graeco-Roman age, this collection illuminates the twilight of the old Roman Republic from 157-43 bc. Whether describing the would-be dictators Marius and Sulla, the battle between Crassus and Spartacus, the death of political idealist Crato, Julius Caesar's harrowing triumph in Gaul or the eloquent oratory of Cicero, all offer a fascinating insight into an empire wracked by political divisions. Deeply influential on Shakespeare and many other later writers, they continue to fascinate today with their exploration of corruption, decadence and the struggle for ultimate power.
An Introduction to Collective Bargaining and Industrial Relations

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION:1. A Framework for Analyzing Collective Bargaining and Industrial Relations2. The Historical Evolution of the U.S. Industrial Relations System3. The Legal Regulation of Unions and Collective Bargaining4. The Role of the EnvironmentPART TWO: THE STRATEGIC LEVEL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND STRUCTURES FOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING5. Management Strategies and Structures for Collective Bargaining6. Union Strategies and Structures for Representing WorkersPART THREE: THE FUNCTIONAL LEVEL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS7. Union Organization and Bargaining Structures8. The Negotiations Process and Strikes9. Dispute Resolution Procedures10. Contract Terms and Employment OutcomesPART FOUR: THE WORKPLACE LEVEL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS11. Administering the Employment Relationship12. Participatory ProcessesPART FIVE: SPECIAL TOPICS13. Collective Bargaining in the Public Sector14. International and Comparative Industrial Relations15. The Future of U.S. Labor Policy and Industrial RelationsAppendix A: Private Sector Mock Bargaining Exercise Appendix B: Public Sector Mock Bargaining ExerciseAppendix C: Grievance Arbitration Exercises
Evaluating the Effectiveness of China's Financial Reform The Efficiency of China's Domestic Banks

This paper estimates the cost and profit efficiency of the Chinese domestic banking sector to evaluate the effectiveness of China's financial reforms since 1978. We use the performance of foreign banks as the benchmark because foreign banks, subject to intensive worldwide competition, are perceived as possessing superior governing structure and organization, more advanced technologies and better trained labor force. On the other hand, competition in China's banking sector is mainly in the form of nonprice measures, thus putting foreign banks at a disadvantage. We find domestic banks have gradually caught up the cost advantage of foreign banks in a manner consistent with the increased competitive pressure. On the other hand, the profit advantage of domestic banks over foreign banks is widening because of institutional arrangements, cultural and social networks as well as the profit scope and revenue scale economy.
A companion to Muslim ethics

Socrates famously said that the unexamined life is not worth living. In keeping with this dictum, taking ethics seriously means engaging with the real world where the human sense of right and wrong is daily tested. At their best, all faith traditions are challenged by such testing; and if faith-inspired ethics are thought to goven the whole of life, their guiding values need constantly to be interpreted by the believer to achieve a practical result. In the Muslim tradition, this is what the Qur'an really amounts to: a call to strive for belief with a social conscience. For fourteen centuries Muslim scholars have grappled with the implications of that call in matters of law, social practice and theology. And in our own time, the quests for civil society and the rule of law have much to do with the response given to these ethical questions. 'A Companion to Muslim Ethics' explores Islam's core conception of the good, shared with other great traditions. Leading experts examine issues such as gender equality, nonviolence, dispute resolution, the environment, health and finance. The volume will appeal to all those interested in how reason, faith and circumstance shape difficult moral choices in an increasingly globalised world.
Visible-Light Emission Properties of Erbium-Doped Tantalum-Oxide Films Produced by Co-Sputtering

The visible-light emission properties of erbium (Er)-doped tantalum-oxide films prepared by co-sputtering were evaluated. Photoluminescence (PL) peaks at wavelengths of 550 and 670 nm could be observed from these films by ultraviolet-laser excitation after annealing. The dependence of Er3+ concentration, annealing temperature, and annealing time on the PL peak intensities were investigated. Such light-emitting sputtered films can be useful as high-index materials of photonic crystals that can be applied to novel active devices.
Acute coronary syndromes in young women – the scale of the problem and the associated risks

Diseases of the cardiovascular system mainly affect elderly patients, but they are increasingly often encountered in young individuals. It is estimated that 1 in 20 patients with ischemic heart disease is under the age of 45 years. Only 20% of them are women. According to the PL-ACS register, cases of acute coronary syndromes in young women represent 0.6% of all acute coronary syndrome cases. The most common etiology is atherosclerosis (80%). Other causes include dissections and spasms of the coronary arteries as well as clotting disorders. Smoking tobacco is the most important risk factor, followed by hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. The long-term prognosis is usually favorable, but it deteriorates significantly in the event of complications. The literature on this subject is not extensive. Most data come from non-randomized studies of young patients conducted regardless of sex. The purpose of this paper is to present the problem posed by acute coronary syndromes in young women.