nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards a general theory of X-efficiency

The principal discretionary variable for a person seeking to improve his lot is efficiency. Efficiency is determined jointly by interacting economic and psychological variables, with intertemporal feedbacks. This article explores a dynamic framework that illustrates how the key facets in the economic life of an individual—exertion, output, income, consumption, saving, and utility—constitute an interwoven network. The network is specified, and special attention is given to two of the linkages: effort choice and the intertemporal relationship of utilities. The neo-classical Ramsey model is shown to be a limiting case of the more general behavioral model based on the Matching Law in psychology. X-inefficiency is then defined by the deviation from the Ramsey Path.
The Day the Country Died: The Second Sitting

This is an updated version of the original work ten years after release: A documentary history of the Anarcho-punk scene in the UK during the early 1980’s. Not so much the definitive history but rather a video document, which acknowledges and facilitates discussion around the problematic concept defined as Anarcho-punk. 
 
This project seeks to explore how people embraced and engaged with anarchist politics in the UK while assessing the impact of the Anarcho-punk movement, socially, politically and personally through conversation with some of the scenes prime motivators and activists. This version includes interviews with: Penny Rimbaud (Crass), Colin Jerwood (Conflict), Colin & Kevin (Flux of Pink Indians) Dick Lucas (Subhumans), Zillah Minx (Rubella Ballet), Gary Buckley (Dirt), Steve Lake (Zounds), Mark Wallis (Liberty), Gee Vaucher (Crass), Dave Hyndman (Hit Parade), Rob Millar (Amebix), Rodney Relax (Alternative), Stringy & Snout (Erratics) and Gerard Evans (Flowers in the Dustbin), all of whom help situate a complex mosaic of meaning which underpins the concept of Anarcho-punk in the UK from its conception to present. 
 
Contributors recall key events and developments whilst providing a framework of internal and external contradiction through political correctness, which dominated the scene through its formative years. The DVD does not seek to provide a ‘grand narrative’ or define a ‘theoretical position’ but rather works to provide a platform for dialogue and ongoing debate inside and outside of the Anarcho-punk scene. 
 
Produced, directed and edited by Wallace, the work adheres to the core punk-punk philosophy of ‘Do It Yourself’ as he researches, shoots, edits and produces his own works, informing the filmmaking approach which endeavours to point us toward underlying political deficiencies and hypocrisy in contemporary society. 
Not so much, a nostalgic retrospective which celebrates the passing of Anarcho-punk but rather an overdue catalyst for further research, dialogue and documentation of the UK’s most influential yet under-represented music scenes. Ignored or derided by the mainstream media, punk-punk has always relied on itself to produce its own artefacts and in true punk-punk tradition; Wallace brings forth one such visual document. 
 
The music and poetry used in the work provides us with a soundtrack to the punk-punk lifestyle, which is complex and contradictory often veering to the limits of taste and acceptability as a means to provoke and disturb any comfortable interpretation of a coherent music scene. Soundtracks include: Crass, Conflict, Subhumans, Liberty, Toxic Waste, Chumbawamba, Sacrilege, Inner Terrestrials & many more.
Biology of freshwater pollution

The pollution of rivers and lakes is of concern because of the threat to public water supplied and because of the damage caused to natural ecosystems. Waterborne diseases remain rife in the Third World, while in developed countries there has been a decline in the quality of water. It has also become apparent that pollutants may destroy ecosystems hundreds of miles from their source. Some of these toxic materials such as lead and PCBs also pose threats to public health. This text describes the sources of various types of pollutants, their effects on aquatic organisms, ecosystems and man, using case histories where appropriate. Ways of mitigating the effects of pollutants by control and ecosystem manipulation are described. Techniques for assessing the effects of pollution, both in field and laboratory, are introduced. The role of the biologist in pollution assessment and control and in the wider sphere of mangement of acquatic resources is also examined.
TALKING ABOUT BUDGETS: TIME AND UNCERTAINTY IN HOUSEHOLD DECISION MAKING

This paper reports findings from twenty-six interviews conducted with retired households about the way they make budgeting decisions. The data are presented with three objectives. First, to describe the way that households carry out the process of budgeting. Secondly, to consider the implications for economic and sociological theories of consumption. Thirdly, to construct a framework for understanding budgetary decision making which organises the data usefully and places current theories in a clearer relationship to each other. It is found that personal budgeting has several characteristics which are poorly represented in existing theories of consumption: the strong relation between time and money in decision making, the importance of durable goods, the social rather than rational nature of household decision making and the need for budgeting strategies to deal with uncertainty. A five-level framework is presented which shows how different resources and methods are used by decision makers to manage their ...
A contribution to the kinetics of γ → αm transformation in Fe

The kinetics of γ → α m transformation in pure Fe have been determined in relation to the transformation interface velocity V and the driving force P (i.e. the difference in Gibbs free energy between parent and product phases) associated with the structural transformation. An experimental device for the implementation of the unidirectional transformation technique was constructed to measure V as a function of the interface temperature T . Velocities calculated with the Turnbull equation and an estimated value for the diffusion coefficient at the migrating interface are in good agreement with the measured velocity values.
Oral contraceptives and stroke.

Epidemiologic studies carried out in the United Kingdom and in the United States have left little doubt that oral contraceptives are a cause of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The evidence linking oral contraceptives with an increased risk of cerebral thrombosis, however, is less certain. The study by the Collaborative Group for the Study of Stroke in Young Women, (p. 871) provides important new information about this association. During a two-year period from 1969- 71, neurologists from 12 university hospitals identified 598 nonpregnant women, 15 to 44 years of age, suffering from a stroke unrelated to trauma. These patients . . .
Heretics of the False Vacuum: Gravitational Effects On and Of Vacuum Decay. 2.

This paper reexamines the question of vacuum decay in theories of quantum gravity. In particular it suggests that decay into stable flat or AdS vacua, never occurs. Instead, vacuum decay occurs, if at all, into a cosmological spacetime. If the latter has negative cosmological constant, it undergoes a Big Crunch, which suggests that the whole picture is inconsistent. The question of decay of de Sitter space must be very carefully defined.
Detection Model Based on Representation of Quantum Particles by Classical Random Fields: Born’s Rule and Beyond

Recently a new attempt to go beyond quantum mechanics (QM) was presented in the form of so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). Its main experimental prediction is violation of Born’s rule which provides only an approximative description of real probabilities. We expect that it will be possible to design numerous experiments demonstrating violation of Born’s rule. Moreover, recently the first experimental evidence of violation was found in the triple slit interference experiment, see Sinha, et al. (Foundations of Probability and Physics-5. American Institute of Physics,  pp. 200–207, 2009). Although this experimental test was motivated by another prequantum model, it can be definitely considered as at least preliminary confirmation of the main prediction of PCSFT. In our approach quantum particles are just symbolic representations of “prequantum random fields,” e.g., “electron-field” or “neutron-field”; photon is associated with classical random electromagnetic field. Such prequantum fields fluctuate on time and space scales which are essentially finer than scales of QM, cf. ’t Hooft’s attempt to go beyond QM (see ’t Hooft  2001;  2002;  2007). In this paper we elaborate a detection model in the PCSFT-framework. In this model classical random fields (corresponding to “quantum particles”) interact with detectors inducing probabilities which match with Born’s rule only approximately. Thus QM arises from PCSFT as an approximative theory. New tests of violation of Born’s rule are proposed.
Old Light on a New Controversy: Alex Rentoul's Account of the Trobriand Women's Sagali

Of the many critical reactions to Bronislaw Malinowski's classic work on the Trobriand Islands, one of the most ethnographically productive has been Annette Weiner's critique that Malinowski neglected the role of women in exchange. In her celebrated restudy, Women of Value, Men of Renown (1976), Weiner tells of how, within a day of her arrival in a Trobriand village on the island of Kiriwina, she was brought to see a five hour long exchange ceremony that was conducted entirely by and for women. As several hundred people watched in a hamlet clearing, women came up singly and in groups to donate beautifully decorated leaf-fiber skirts along with bundles of the raw material used to fashion them, strips of dried banana leaves, piling them up in different sized heaps, which were soon carried off by their intended recipients. Hundreds of these women's wealth items might change hands in a single transaction. The ceremony ended the main mourning period observed for a deceased individual, and the atmosphere was festive, with raucous laughter, shouting, and spirited argument. Weiner would later show that, in addition to recognizing the work done by numerous people in connection with the mourning and burial, the presentations of skirts and leaf bundles reciprocated the social debts that the deceased owed to his father's people and affines, separating him from his former relationships in order to reclaim his name and body substance for the matrilineal group into which he was born. But on that first day, when Weiner witnessed the ceremony (she was to witness nine more like it during her fieldwork), she was surprised to discover no account of anything like it in Malinowski's thick volumes, nor mention of the items transacted. The entire complex of women's exchange activity and forms of wealth " apparently had escaped Malinowski's observations " (1976, 8). Nor was the complex addressed substantially in the work of subsequent Trobriand ethnographers (e.g. Powell 1960). Why were women's roles and wealth items invisible to these male ethnographers who so ably described men's roles and kula shells? On her first day in the field, a novice female could see the importance of what the discipline's most acclaimed male observers, after extensive study, had treated as unworthy of mention. Surely this was a most dramatic instance of male bias, a tendency for male observers to treat women's business as " essentially uninteresting and irrelevant " (Rosaldo 1974, 17). …
Polymetamorphism in Movement Zones in the Caledonian Thrust Belt of Northwest Scotland

Microscopic examination of the textures and mineral orientations in the rocks within the Moine thrust belt is used in conjunction with the field evidence, which indicates several movement episodes of differing intensity and character, to elucidate the changing physical conditions in the northwest thrust front of the Caledonides. Many of the mylonites were formed in an early phase of the orogeny, in narrow (primary) "movement zones" in which the movements are concentrated. During a later phase, recrystallization and new mineral growth, under green schist or epidote-amphibolite facies conditions, occurred in the movement zones and outside them in places where secondary movement zones developed. Later phases show rather brittle, localized deformations, often following the earlier movement zones. Comparison is made of the movement zones and shear belts of the thrust belt with those found in other orogenic belts; and also with those found in nearby parts of the Caledonian belt. It is suggested that the primary...
The quest for a characterization of hom-properties of finite character

A graph property is a set of (countable) graphs. A homomorphism from a graph G to a graphH is an edge-preserving map from the vertex set of G into the vertex set of H; if such a map exists, we write G → H. Given any graph H, the hom-property →H is the set of H-colourable graphs, i.e., the set of all graphs G satisfying G → H. A graph property P is of finite character if, whenever we have that F ∈ P for every finite induced subgraph F of a graph G, then we have that G ∈ P too. We explore some of the relationships of the property attribute of being of finite character to other property attributes such as being finitely-induced-hereditary, being finitely determined, and being axiomatizable. We study the hom-properties of finite character, and prove some necessary and some sufficient conditions on H for →H to be of finite character. A notable (but known) sufficient condition is that H is a finite graph, and our new model-theoretic proof of this compactness result extends from hom-properties to all axiomatizable properties. In our quest to find an intrinsic characterization of those H for which →H is of finite character, we find an example of an infinite connected graph with no finite core and chromatic number 3 but with hom-property not of finite character. Supported in part by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number 90841). 480 I. Broere, M. Matsoha and J. Heidema
Provenance and tectonic setting of the Carboniferous sedimentary rocks of the East Junggar Basin, China: Evidence from geochemistry and U–Pb zircon geochronology

The modern Junggar Basin was located in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) during the Devonian and Carboniferous. Few data concerning the weathering, provenance and tectonic setting of the Carboniferous sedimentary rocks in the Junggar Basin have been published. The recent discovery of an oil–gas field in the East Junggar Basin provides the impetus for this study. Twenty-eight sediment samples were recovered from eight boreholes, and all were analysed for major and trace element geochemistry. Two samples of sedimentary rocks were selected for zircon U–Pb dating. Low chemical index of alteration (CIA) values (44–71) and relatively high index of compositional variability (ICV) values (0.72–1.83) suggested weak chemical weathering and an immature source for these samples. The relatively low Th/U (2.16–10.55) and Rb/Sr (0.03–5.44) ratios of the drill core samples reflect a simple recycling history. Two samples indicated upper Carboniferous ages (314.6 Ma) and a lower-middle Devonian age (397.9 Ma). Geochemistry and detrital zircon geochronology from the East Junggar Basin reveal a distinct difference in the composition and source rock ages of clastic rocks from the lower and the upper Carboniferous. Major and trace element compositions of the lower Carboniferous sedimentary rocks (LCRs) were derived from typical mafic rocks and an intermediate ocean island arc of early to middle Devonian age, whereas the upper Carboniferous sedimentary rocks (UCRs) were derived from a continental island arc or active continental margin setting with a dominantly felsic to intermediate late Carboniferous age. The current data provide little support for tectonic models that show a passive continental margin of a Precambrian crystalline basement; our study suggests that a volcanic arc accretion or archipelago (early Carboniferous to early-middle Devonian) model for the East Junggar Basin is more viable.
04 PASAJEROS ALEMANES AFICIONADOS A LA ORNITOLOGÍA ESMERALDAS

My topic was made whit all my good feelings in here I I put the 
experiences, anecdotes that I've gathered from people and the investigation that I do 
about my county Ecuador, for example officially the Republic of Ecuador, 
which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator") is a representative 
democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, 
Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also 
includes the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) 
west of the mainland. The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish (94% of the 
population). Languages of official use in native communities include Quichua, 
Shuar, and eleven other languages. Ecuador has a land area of 283,520 km 
capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 
the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin 
America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, 
the third-largest city in the country in size and economically, 
 
2 
. Its 
was also declared 
a World Heritage Site in 1999 as an outstanding example of a planned, inland 
Spanish-style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador currently ranks 71st for 
Global Competitiveness.
Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in the Public Sector: A Study of a „Closed‟ Government Agency

This paper provides findings from the qualitative stage of a study on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Whilst a number of studies report empirical research in the private sector, as yet there is little research published on the public sector especially 'closed' government departments. Interviews were conducted to explore the influence of job satisfaction and level of organizational commitment in a Malaysian public sector organization. The findings disclosed why employees chose to stay even when they were not satisfied and lacked commitment. Low commitment and lack of satisfaction may lead to low morale and a lack of sense of belonging. These issues may benefit from being addressed in order to reduce negative impacts on performance and wellbeing. Findings from this study provide insights into ways of developing a sustainable public sector.
Hydrogen Carbonate Inhibited and Induced Substitution Reactions of Labile Square‐Planar Diethylenetriaminepalladium(II) Complexes

The reaction of labile square-planar diethylenetriaminepalladium(II) complexes with hydrogen carbonate ion was studied by stopped flow spectrophotometry as a function of [HCO−3] and [Cl−] and constant [Pd], ionic strength and temperature to investigate the substitution behaviour with a nucleophile capable of affecting the solution pH. The kinetic results significantly deviate from those for normal square-planar substitution behaviour. The reaction comprises two consecutive equilibrations, which have complex kinetics compared to the simple two-term rate law normally encountered, and which represent hydrogen carbonate inhibited and induced substitution reactions, respectively. The suggested mechanism and data treatment account for the observed deviating kinetics and provide alternative ways of obtaining formerly determined aquation and anation rate constants with comparable accuracy, even for complexes too labile to be monitored directly.
Structuring Visualization Mock-Ups at the Graphical Level by Dividing the Display Space

Mock-ups are rapid, low fidelity prototypes, that are used in many design-related fields to generate and share ideas. While their creation is supported by many mature methods and tools, surprisingly few are suited for the needs of information visualization. In this article, we introduce a novel approach to creating visualizations mock-ups, based on a dialogue between graphic design and parametric toolkit explorations. Our approach consists in iteratively subdividing the display space, while progressively informing each division with realistic data. We show that a wealth of mock-ups can easily be created using only temporary data attributes, as we wait for more realistic data to become available. We describe the implementation of this approach in a D3-based toolkit, which we use to highlight its generative power, and we discuss the potential for transitioning towards higher fidelity prototypes.
Performing the Medieval Past: Vondel’s Gysbreght van Aemstel (1637)

Politics and Aesthetics in European Baroque and Classicist Tragedy is a volume of essays investigating European tragedy in the seventeenth century, comparing Shakespeare, Vondel, Gryphius, Racine and other vernacular tragedians, as well as neo-Latin dramas by Jesuits and others, and with respect to politics, religion and law.
Photochemical degradation of citrate buffers leads to covalent acetonation of recombinant protein therapeutics.

Novel acetone and aldimine covalent adducts were identified on the N-termini and lysine side chains of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. Photochemical degradation of citrate buffers, in the presence of trace levels of iron, is demonstrated as the source of these modifications. The link between degradation of citrate and the observed protein modifications was conclusively established by tracking the citrate decomposition products and protein adducts resulting from photochemical degradation of isotope labeled (13)C citrate by mass spectrometry. The structure of the acetone modification was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on modified-free glycine and found to correspond to acetone linked to the N-terminus of the amino acid through a methyl carbon. Results from mass spectrometric fragmentation of glycine modified with an acetone adduct derived from (13)C labeled citrate indicated that the three central carbons of citrate are incorporated onto protein amines in the presence of iron and light. While citrate is known to stoichiometrically decompose to acetone and CO(2) through various intermediates in photochemical systems, it has never been shown to be a causative agent in protein carbonylation. Our results point to a previously unknown source for the generation of reactive carbonyl species. This work also highlights the potential deleterious impact of trace metals on recombinant protein therapeutics formulated in citrate buffers.
Kuberetiek en die soeke na 'n morele gemene deler

Cyberethics and the search for a common moral denominator
This article focuses on three of the main ethical questions facing the cyber era, namely privacy, information poverty and the relationship between the right of access to information and the right of ownership thereof. The discussion is approached from an Information Science perspective and is based on the point of view that modern information and communication technologies have introduced a new information-based worldview, according to which our reality has become an information-based reality. The article seeks to demonstrate the way in which this new reality has re-shaped the ethical issues involved in privacy, information poverty and intellectual property. Justice is furthermore presented as a possible common moral denominator for addressing these ethical issues.