nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Real Analysis for Complex Systems

Formal verification techniques are used routinely in finite-state digital circuits. Theorem proving is also used successfully for infinite-state discrete systems. But many safety-critical computers are actually embedded in physical systems. Hybrid systems  model complex physical systems as dynamical systems with interacting discrete transitions and continuous evolutions along differential equations. They arise frequently in many application domains, including aviation, automotive, railway, and robotics. There is a well-understood theory for proving programs. But what about complex physical systems? How can we prove that a hybrid system works as expected, e.g., an aircraft does not crash into another one? This talk illustrates the complexities and pitfalls of hybrid systems verification. It describes a theoretical and practical foundation for deductive verification of hybrid systems called differential dynamic logic (dL). The proof calculus for this logic is interesting from a theoretical perspective, because it is a complete axiomatization of hybrid systems relative to differential equations. The approach is of considerable practical interest too. Its implementation in the theorem prover KeYmaera [7] has been used successfully to verify collision avoidance properties in the European Train Control System  and air traffic control systems [6]. The number of dimensions and nonlinearities in they hybrid dynamics of these systems is surprisingly tricky such that they are still out of scope for other verification tools. This talk is based on recent work [2, 3, 4]. More comprehensive details can be found in a corresponding book .
On Estimating the State of a Finite Level Quantum System

We revisit the problem of mutually unbiased measurements in the context of estimating the unknown state of a $d$-level quantum system, first studied by W. K. Wootters and B. D. fields[7] in 1989 and later investigated by S. Bandyopadhyay et al  in 2001 and A. O. Pittenger and M. H. Rubin [6] in 2003. Our approach is based directly on the Weyl operators in the $L^2$-space over a finite field when $d=p^r$ is the power of a prime. When $d$ is not a prime power we sacrifice a bit of optimality and construct a recovery operator for reconstructing the unknown state from the probabilities of elementary events in different measurements.
Are We Going Toward a Coherence of the Institutional Arrangements in the Russian Oil Industry

This article is concerned with the current reorganization of the Russian oil industry, i.e. the increasing involvement of state-controlled companies in upstream oil activities. Conversely to the widespread idea that this reorganization is a mere re-nationalization of oil assets explained by short-run political interests, this article aims at supporting the thesis that this reorganization is a coherent oil policy regarding the privatization process's contradictions. These contradictions are brought to light by relying on the New Institutional Economics framework and especially works concerned with the institutional complementarity. It is stressed that the Russian oil model is currently incoherent and does not allow the effectiveness of institutions, private property rights on oil assets and oil contracts. Furthermore, the imposition of a state-controlled oil company beside privates ones could be an organizational arrangement likely to put an end to this incoherence. Then, it could allow the effectiveness of economic institutions. In this perspective, the current reorganization appears as a necessary stage for the Russian state to continue delegating oil upstream activities to private operators. The recent agreement signed by Gazprom and Total for exploring and developing the Shtockman field may be regard as a confirmation of this last assessment.
Literary Culture in Taiwan: Martial Law to Market Law

1. Academic Contexts and Conceptual Frameworks2. Political and Market Factors in the Literary Field3. Soft-Authoritarian Rule and the Mainstream Position4. The Modernist Trend and Aestheticization of the "China Trope" in Mainstream Literature5. Localist Position as a Product of Social Opposition6. Fukan-Based Literary Culture and Middle-Class Fiction7. High Culture Aspirations and Transformations of Mainstream Fiction8. New Developments in the Post-Martial Law Period
Petrology, petrofabrics, and structural geology of the Sierra de Outes — Muros Region (Prov. La Coruña, Spain)

The petrography and the structural geology of some parts of the ”Hercynian” orogene of western Galicia is discussed. The oldest rocks are metasediments and orthogneisses which have some relic-structures of an older orogeny. The ”Hercynian” migmatization gave rise to a large series of anatectic granite formations. Three ”Hercynian” phases of deformation, all with a WSW-ENE-directed stress-field, have been distinguished. Younger wrench-faults are originated by the same stress-field. Some fabric analyses show that the first two phases have a sub-vertical, NNW-SSE-striking schistosity, each with a horizontal B-axis, and that the third phase has a vertical N-S-striking cleavage with a vertical B’-axis. The migmatization took place after the first phase.
[Psychosomatic medicine and general practice].

In the last years, the scienti ic interest in studying human biological rhythms have renewed with the increase in number of publications devoted to people’s “internal rhythms”. For psychological practice, it is necessary to determine the patient’s condition qualitatively and quantitatively. So, we offer an adapted Ukrainian language version of the BRIANinterview. This is a pilot study, aimed to evaluate general structure, reliability, and validity of the scale and its items.  BRIAN-interview allows to assess the frequency of problems related to the maintenance circadian rhythm regularity in patients with acute psychosis. We have translated English version into Ukrainian and conducted an assessment of the 60 patients with schizophrenia using this scale.  During 6 months patients with psychotic disorders (ICD-10 F20-29) and average age 35.2 years were examined in general psychiatric department. The evaluationwas conducted during irst 4 days after admission. The total average BRIAN score ranged 41 points. Assessment revealed mild alterations in sleep patterns, daily and social activities, eating habits and chronotype. Determined the clear patterns dependence in different age groups.  The BRIAN-interview (Ukrainian version) results among patients with acute psychosis were obtained. Interview evaluates the biological rhythms of the patient during the last 15 days bymajor domains: sleep, daily and social activity, diet and identify preferred chronotype.
Crystallization behavior of CoSb3 and (Co,Fe)Sb3 thin films

The crystallization behavior of CoSb 3 and Fe-doped (Co,Fe)Sb 3 thin films prepared by d.c.-magnetron sputtering was studied via ex situ and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The as-deposited layers are amorphous. Crystallization takes place at temperatures of approximately 160±16 °C. Decomposition occurs in the temperature ranges of 575–610 °C for CoSb 3 and of 640–670 °C for (Co,Fe)Sb 3 . The decomposition products are CoSb and (Co,Fe)Sb, respectively. Both ex situ XRD measurements on annealed layers and in situ measurements on as-deposited samples show a rare dependence of the cubic lattice parameter of the skutterudite type structure on the temperature. Electron probe microanalysis investigations indicate that the composition varies from Co–Sb 1:4 at low temperatures to Co–Sb 1:3 after heating cycles.
New York Before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776-1882

From George Washington's desire (in the heat of the Revolutionary War) for a proper set of Chinese porcelains for afternoon tea, to the lives of Chinese-Irish couples in the 1830s, to the commercial success of Cheng and Eng (the "Siamese twins"), to rising fears of the "heathen Chinee", this work offers a look at the role Chinese people, things and ideas played in the fashioning of American culture and politics. Piecing together various historical fragments and ancedotes from the years before Chinatown emerged in the 1870s, historian John Kuo Wei Tchen redraws Manhattan's historical landscape and seeks to broaden our understanding of the role of port cultures in the making of American identities. Techen tells his story in three parts. In the first, he explores America's fascination with Asia as a source of luxury items, cultural taste and lucrative trade. In the second he explains how Chinese people and things become objects of curiosity in the expansive commercial marketplace. In the third part, Tchen focuses on how Americans' attitude toward the Chinese changed from fascination to demonization.
On Kinds of Indiscernibility in Logic and Metaphysics

Using the Hilbert-Bernays account as a spring-board, we first define four ways in which two objects can be discerned from one another, using the non-logical vocabulary of the language concerned. (These definitions are based on definitions made by Quine and Saunders.) Because of our use of the Hilbert-Bernays account, these definitions are in terms of the syntax of the language. But we also relate our definitions to the idea of permutations on the domain of quantification, and their being symmetries. These relations turn out to be subtle---some natural conjectures about them are false. We will see in particular that the idea of symmetry meshes with a species of indiscernibility that we will call `absolute indiscernibility'. We then report all the logical implications between our four kinds of discernibility. We use these four kinds as a resource for stating four metaphysical theses about identity. Three of these theses articulate two traditional philosophical themes: viz. the principle of the identity of indiscernibles (which will come in two versions), and haecceitism. The fourth is recent. Its most notable feature is that it makes diversity (i.e. non-identity) weaker than what we will call individuality (being an individual): two objects can be distinct but not individuals. For this reason, it has been advocated both for quantum particles and for spacetime points. Finally, we locate this fourth metaphysical thesis in a broader position, which we call structuralism. We conclude with a discussion of the semantics suitable for a structuralist, with particular reference to physical theories as well as elementary model theory.
A classification of classical representations for quantum-like systems

For general non-classical systems, we study the different classical representations that fulfill the specific context dependence imposed by the hidden measurement system formalism introduced in quant-ph/0008061. We show that the collection of non-equivalent representations has a poset structure. We also show that in general, there exists no 'smallest' representation, since this poset is not a semi-lattice. Then we study the possible representations of quantum-like measurement systems. For example, we show that there exists a classical representation of finite dimensional quantum mechanics with ${\Bbb N}$ as a set of states for the measurement context, and we build an explicit example of such a representation.
Photo-controlled metal-ion (Zn2+ and Cd2+) release in aqueous Tween-20 micelle solution.

Photo-controlled metal-ion (Zn(2+) and Cd(2+)) release in aqueous micelle solution (tris-HCl, pH = 7.4) has been described using 2-((2-mercaptophenylimino)methyl) phenol as ligand. It is found that both the ligand-Zn complex (1) and the ligand-Cd complex (2) are stable in micelle solution, and Zn(2+) (Cd(2+)) can be released from the complex with 365 nm light trigger. Accompanying the metal-ion release, the ligand is photo-converted to 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl) phenol (3) as product, and the turn-on fluorescence is detected. The fluorescence intensity increases with the photo-triggered release until Zn(2+) (Cd(2+)) is completely released, which is beneficial for monitoring the process of photo-controlled metal ion release. Control experiments demonstrate that no binding occurs between 3 and Zn(2+) (Cd(2+)) in micelle solution and there is no binding between cations and micelle, either.
Reforming International Institutions: The Domestic Origins and Conditional Logic of Governmental Reform Preferences

Governmental preferences are crucial to our understanding of European and international treaty reforms. Nevertheless, current research fails to explain why and under what circumstances governments prefer certain proposals for institutional reform. The present article analyzes the conditional nature of governmental reform preferences over different dimensions of institutional design. In doing so, it integrates endogenous and exogenous explanations for governmental reform preferences into a single theoretical framework. The longitudinal research design enables an explicit empirical analysis of the observed short-term changes in the governments' positions on European treaty reforms. In terms of political integration, these changes not only represent short-term trends in public opinion but also reflect the partisan composition of governments and parliaments. Both causal effects are mediated by the institutional design of the domestic preference aggregation process. With respect to institutional reforms, the governments' changing positions can be explained as a reaction to previous treaty reforms. Given a particular level of political integration, governments optimize the trade-off between decision-making power and efficiency. Hence, I find that preferences on political integration and institutional reform are conditional upon each other, with the direction and strength of this conditionality varying systematically across member states and changing over time.
Michael Oakeshott, 1901–1990

Michael Oakeshott, one of the most important political thinkers in the second half of the twentieth century, has been understood to be a skeptical conservative, a romantic, a liberal individualist, an historian of political thought, a philosopher, a charismatic teacher. Each of these characterizations conveys something to be found in his life and work. This essay offers an intellectual portrait of his life's work from early to late through consideration of his major works from Experience and its Modes (1933) to Rationalism in Politics (1962; 1991), to the culmination in On Human Conduct (1975). His understanding of political philosophy is examined. The usefulness of the aforementioned characterizations is assessed.
Northern Ireland: A Comparative Analysis

The author examines the tragic conflict in Northern Ireland in relation to other social conflicts, both past and present, that have similar characteristics. He sees Northern Ireland as a "frontier" society existing on a periphery of a highly developed modern state. Its people are split between a dominant population who regard themselves as citizens of the mother country, and a dominated population who are seen as being inferior or alien. Wright makes comparisons with the American South where racial conflicts have been contained and ameliorated to the point where the South is indistinguishable from the rest of the United States; and French Algeria, from which 95% of the French population emigrated when Algeria became independent in 1962. Also examined and compared with Northern Ireland is the zone of mixed German nationality on the pre-World War II German borderlands.
Pull My Daisy. A Bebop Revolution

On the 12th  May 1959  Pull My Daisy , a film written and narrated by Jack Kerouac and directed by Alfred Leslie and Robert Frank, was first projected at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Even though the film was enthusiastically acclaimed by critics like Jonas Mekas as one of the most accomplished productions of the New Cinema Group, as a "free improvisation" (Mekas, "New York Letter" 19) and as a fresh, lively sketch of Beat life, nonetheless some scholars  criticized the production.  What the adverse reviewers did not realize, however, is that the kind of truthfulness intended by both the directors of  Pull My Daisy  and by Kerouac himself was utterly different from the one which distinguishes the journalistic approach, the naked camera lenses that record the events of an ordinary moment just as they happen. This essay will explore the improvised techniques and 'bebop poetics' in  Pull My Daisy What the adverse reviewers did not realize, however, is that the kind of truthfulness intended by both the directors of  Pull My Daisy as a free improvisation  stemming from  a steady basis of pre-arranged themes, plots and filmic structures.
Evaluating the Efficiency of the FOMC's New Economic Projections

Since 2007, Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) policymakers have been publishing detailed numerical projections of macroeconomic series over the next 3 years. By testing whether the revisions to these projections are unpredictable, I find that FOMC's efficiency is generally accepted for inflation but often rejected for real economic variables, notably for the unemployment rate. The rejection is due to the strong autocorrelation of revisions, which may reflect information rigidity of FOMC's unemployment projections. The joint efficiency of the entire projection is accepted in most cases.
TVSP: A Tool for Validation Software Projects in programming labs

This work shows a testing tool used in Fundamentals of Programming II laboratory in Telecommunication Technologies Engineering Degree at University of Sevilla to check the student project. This tool allows students to test the proper operation of their project in autonomous way. This is a flexible and useful tool for testing the project because the tool identifies when the student has carried out a project that meet the given specifications of the project. This implies a high rate of success when the student delivers its project to the teacher.
Northwest Africa 4898: A New High-Alumina Mare Basalt from the Moon

Greshake, Anthony J. Irving, Scott M. Kuehner, Randy L. Korotev, Marko Gellissen, and Herbert Palme, Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany (ansgar.greshake@rz.huberlin.de), Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA, Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Universität zu Köln, 50674 Köln, Germany.
Constitutional Interpretation Through a Global Lens

This Article seeks to clarify the current debate concerning the use of non-U.S. persuasive authority within the context of constitutional interpretation. It begins by noting that commentary on comparative constitutional law often fails to make any distinction between foreign domestic sources and international law used comparatively, and thus risks evoking parallels between different systems of law that lack context and plausibility. It then draws on various normative theories and underpinnings of both domestic and international legal regimes to show that a proper comparative enterprise must take this distinction into account. The Article concludes by explaining that only when those policy goals of international law and domestic law coincide should international law materials be called upon as sources of persuasive authority for domestic constitutional interpretation.
Invention [Software Patents 101]

The four pillars of intellectual property-patents, copyright, trademarks, and trade secrets all play roles in protecting software. No wonder this is one of the most slippery subjects for an engineer's lawyer. To protect your intellectual property, choose the best tool for each stage in its creation. Luckily, the courts have established a framework that matches the way the real world works (up to a point). The framework begins by considering three milestones in software development: function, design, and code.
The binding of scandium ions to transferrin in vivo and in vitro.

1 
Studies on the binding of scandium to human apotransferrin showed that two Sc3+ were bound specifically at the two iron-binding sites. 
 
2 
The binding of each Sc3+ involves the ionisation of two phenolic tyrosyl residues. 
 
3 
The scandium · protein complex has similar resistance to denaturants and chemical reagents as the iron complex. 
 
4 
The only protein complex observed, when quantities of Sc3+ below the free iron binding capacity of serum were added to whole serum in vitro, was the Sc3+· transferrin complex. 
 
5 
The injection of Sc3+, as a 1:2 citrate complex, into rabbits led after 48 h to all the plasma Sc3+ being present as the transferrin complex.
Sinterability of carbide-nitride phases of titanium in high pressure conditions

Results of research in the field of sintering titanium carbonitride phases, its compactibility in high pressure (up to 8.0±0.2 GPa) and high temperature (1700±50 K) conditions. Mixed powders of TiC, TiN, or mixed phases Ti(C,N) type were tested in the order of increasing nitrogen content. All the samples reached density of 96–99% and their hardness depends on the nitrogen content and on the structure of the sintered powders. The applied sintering conditions did not cause any distinct growth of the mean grain of the sintered compact, nor any lost of nitrogen content. Electron Microprobe Analysis and X-ray diffraction studies proved, that with the above sintering parameters TiC and TiN partial homogenizing process occurs; powders of carbonitride phases are less active.
Designing competitive coherence protocols taking advantage of reuse information

The filter data cache scheme introduces two independent Ll data caches with different organizations placed in parallel. In this scheme, each cache block has a small counter attached for storing information needed for management-called reuse information. The Filter Data Cache micro-architecture offers lower miss rates and better speedups than conventional organizations; as well as saving die area. The reuse information included is directly responsible for improving the overall cache hit-ratio and reducing bus utilization, and this makes it relevant for multiprocessor systems. In this paper, we show how the reuse information of the Filter Data Cache scheme can also be used to design competitive coherence protocols tailored to that scheme. These offer better performance results than traditional write-invalidate and write-update policies.
[80 years of the Society of Friends of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover].

The Society of Friends of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover was established in 1926, in times of severe economical distress. According to its statutes its main purpose from the beginning was to complement the governmental budget of the University. During its 80 years of existence the so called "Friendly Society" has contributed to overcome many financial shortages in research, clinics and institutes. In addition it supported veterinary students in need. Some aspects of the Society's history and activities will be communicated.