nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanocauliflower like structure of CdS thin film for solar cell photovoltaic applications: In situ tin doping by chemical bath deposition technique

We report on surface morphology changes of in situ tin (Sn) doped cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin film nanostructures prepared on a glass substrate using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. Sn-doping in the presence of triethanolammine (TEOA) as complexing agent resulted in the formation of nanocauliflower like structure of CdS thin film. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that Sn-doped CdS thin films show a hexagonal structure with a preferential orientation growth along the c -axis (0 0 2). The Sn 4+ doping markedly influenced on the evolution of the CdS nanostructures, resulting in the formation of nanocracks due to the substitution of Cd 2+ ions by larger-than-host Sn 4+ ions as well as a drastic increase in electrical conductivity. An improved optical transmittance property was also achieved by the Sn-doping with no considerable change in the energy band gap. Moreover, a large improvement in both electrical conductivity and photosensitivity observed in the Sn-doped CdS thin films suggests that Sn-doping is highly effective for applications as window/buffer layers in future solar cell applications. Structural evolution of cauliflower like nanostructures are also discussed in this paper.
Henry George on Chattel and Wage Slavery: The American Social Philosopher Condemned Both Forms as Immoral, Irrational Denials of Equality

In the writings of Henry George two types of slavery are mentioned: chattel (human) and industrial (economic), or wage slavery. Greater attention is paid to the latter than to the former. In fact, chattel slavery was typically referred to only as an example or analogy in the analysis of issues that were of more fundamental concern to George: wealth, property, land, etc. Nonetheless it is possible to construct from these references a remarkably comprehensive critique of human servitude on three levels: practical, economic, and philosphicotheological. Practically, chattel slavery is inefficient and a hindrance to technological discovery and production. Economically, it does not increase the wealth of the political economy, the “Greater Leviathan.” Philosophico‐theologically, it denies the natural equality of human beings, and is based on erroneous assumptions concerning the rightful basis and nature of property. Economic (industrial) or wage slavery is worse, however. Chattel slavery is a dead or dying institution as George writes, whereas the more cruel and relentless industrial servitude is alive and growing.
Instantiation of SMT problems modulo Integers

Many decision procedures for SMT problems rely more or less implicitly on an instantiation of the axioms defining the theories under consideration, and differ by making use of the additional properties of each theory, in order to increase efficiency. We present a new technique for devising complete instantiation schemes on SMT problems over a combination of linear arithmetic with another theory T. The method consists in first instantiating the arithmetic part of the formula, and then getting rid of the remaining variables in the problem by using an instantiation strategy which is complete for T. We provide examples evidencing that not only is this technique generic (in the sense that it applies to a wide range of theories) but it is also efficient, even compared to state-of-the-art instantiation schemes for specific theories.
Performance of foreign banks in developing countries: evidence from sub-Saharan African banking markets

Do foreign banks perform better than domestic banks in host developing economies? Relying on financial statements and survey data I compare the performance of three different categories of foreign banks to the group of domestic banks in sub-Saharan Africa: global banks from developed countries, regional African banks and banks from non-African emerging economies. While emerging-market banks and global banks consistently outperform domestic banks, the difference is not significant for regional African banks. The higher performance of global banks and emerging-market banks is related to higher operational efficiency and lower cost of funding, while there is no strong evidence of segmentation by business segment in the loans market. Regional African banks, which started their foreign expansion more recently, are less able to generate interest income compared to domestic banks. These findings highlight the importance of taking into account foreign banks’ heterogeneity when assessing the impact of financial FDI on the host economy.
Righting the Victorian Artists: The Redgraves' A Century of Painters of the English School and the Serialization of Art History

4. Bourdieu, Cultural Production, p. 77. The Victorian century experienced an explosion of biographies in multiple forms. Production of lifewriting genres continues to this day from celebrity biographies to the grand revision of the DNB. Perhaps no single area was more revised and shaped by biographies than art history biographies in magazines, publishers' series, collective biographical volumes, family biographies and biographical dictionaries. Victorian lifewritings shaped concepts of art, artists, genius, and aesthetic worth. Less obviously, they shaped notions about the intersection of individual artistic productivity with national interests and concepts of history. The Victorian literature of art produced 'art', defining its social, economic and political roles. Crucial to this shaping and its antecedent was the construction of the 'artist', a persona whose production, daily life, personality and role as bearer of national character became increasingly inseparable from the valuation of art works in particular and of cultural production in general. As Pierre Bourdieu argues, discourse about art constitutes art's cultural meanings; the 'work' is generated by
Chapter 15 Antitrust

This is a survey of the economic principles that underlie antitrust law and how those principles relate to competition policy. We address four core subject areas: market power, collusion, mergers between competitors, and monopolization. In each area, we select the most relevant portions of current economic knowledge and use that knowledge to critically assess central features of antitrust policy. Our objective is to foster the improvement of legal regimes and also to identify topics where further analytical and empirical exploration would be useful.
Dopant Distribution and Electrical Characteristics of Boron-Doped Si 1−x Ge x /Si p + /N Heterojunction Diodes Produced by Gas Immersion Laser Doping (GILD) / Pulsed Laser-Induced Epitaxy (PLIE)

Pulsed Laser-Induced Epitaxy / Gas Immersion Laser Doping is used to create borondoped heteroepitaxial p + /N Si 1−x Ge x /Si layers and diodes. Borontriflouride is used as the gaseous dopant source. The mechanisms of heteroepitaxial layer growth of Si 1−x Ge x using PLIE are described and impurity incorporation from the gas phase into the molten layer is investigated. Compared to other heteroepitaxial techniques, very different process parameters determine the growth. The energy fluence of the pulsed laser beam determines the melt depth and thus the layer thickness; Si and Ge intermix in the liquid phase, the diffusion of B dopant also depends on its diffusivity in the liquid phase. Boron incorporation is investigated as a function of laser energy fluence and number of laser pulses using SIMS and Hall-effect measurements. The dose of incorporated dopant is on the order of 10 13 cm −2 per pulse. The obtained boron profiles are flat except for a pile-up at the interface which is due to segregation. Boron and Germanium distribution are compared to turn-on voltage shifts obtained from p + /N Si 1-x Ge x /Si heterojunction diodes fabricated with the technique. A two-step Laser process to independently control metallurgical and electrical junction depth of the diodes has been implemented. The selective nature of the epitaxial process is emphasized.
Distributed Control Applications: Guidelines, Design Patterns, and Application Examples with the IEC 61499 [Book News]

This is an edited book with 21 chapters contributed by who created the MDA discipline. The book is divided into four parts: IEC 61499 Basics; Design Guidelines and Application Development; Industrial Application Examples; and finally, Laboratory Automation Examples. The editors did a great job with this volume, whichmay open the eyes of many who, until recently, doubted the usefulness of the IEC 61499 reference model-based design. It is a must for anyone interested or involved in engineering design.
The women-friendly welfare state revisited

The concept of the women-friendly welfare states, introduced by the Norwegian political scientist Helga Maria Hernes in 1987, has had a considerable influence on welfare theory and research. In this article the normative basis and the analytical potential of the concept are explored. The concept can be criticized for its bias towards social democratic welfare states, which has challenged its analytical potential. Instead of abandoning it altogether, the authors suggest that an alternative could be to reformulate and contextualize the concept with gender equality as the key notion. The reformulation would make it possible to distinguish analytically between women-friendliness and policies that promote gender equality between different dimensions of welfare, and between civil and political from social aspects of citizenship.
The influence of political events and ideologies on Nathaniel Hawthorne's political vision and writings

Nathaniel Hawthorne and political reform Nathaniel Hawthorne and conservative philosophy Hawthorne's concept of human nature and original sin in the philosophy of conservative reform Hawthorne's conservatism and the democratic dilemma the role of the "past" in Hawthorne's philosophy of conservative reform Hawthorne's response to Comtean positivism in the philosophy of conservative reform Hawthorne and conservative reform in the American Revolution Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edmund Burke -conservative perspectives on reform in "Earth's Holocaust" and the French Revolution conclusion - Nathaniel Hawthorne and the philosophy of conservative reform.
A register allocation algorithm in the presence of scalar replacement for fine-grain configurable architectures

The aggressive application of scalar replacement to array references substantially reduces the number of memory operations at the expense of a possibly very large number of registers. In this paper we describe a register allocation algorithm that assigns registers to scalar replaced array references along the critical paths of a computation, in many cases exploiting the opportunity for concurrent memory accesses. Experimental results, for a set of image/signal processing code kernels, reveal that the proposed algorithm leads to a substantial reduction of the number of execution cycles for the corresponding hardware implementation on a contemporary Field-Programmable-Gate-Array (FPGA) when compared to other greedy allocation algorithms, in some cases, using even fewer number of registers.
A Generalisation of Parikh's Theorem in Formal Language Theory

We show that when a family of languages F has a few appropriate closure-properties, all languages algebraic over F are still equivalent to languages in F when occurrences of symbols are permuted. At the same time, the methods used imply a new and simple algebraic proof of Parikh’s original theorem, directly transforming an arbitrary context-free grammar into a letter-equivalent regular grammar. Further applications are discussed.
Special issue on collaboration in software testing between industry and academia

Testing is the most widely practiced method to detect defects and to improve quality in the software industry. Many projects rely on testing as their primary quality assurance measure (Orso and Rothermel 2014). The practical importance of testing is also reflected by the often enormous budgets dedicated to this form of quality assurance (Huang and Boehm 2006). The academic interest is emphasized by a long and outstanding research history on static and dynamic testing of software systems (Orso and Rothermel 2014). Software testing is covered by dedicated academic conferences and events, tracks in major software engineering venues, and a wide array of scientific publications. Yet, how does this research impact the software industry? Despite the numerous ideas and approaches developed in academia, few research results have turned into practical applications that create a lasting benefit for practitioners. There is still a significant gap between the state of academic research and the state and needs of industrial practice. Bridging this gap is of mutual interest as collaboration between industry and academia supports improvement and innovation in industry and ensures industrial relevance in academic research. This special issue focuses on collaboration between industry and academia in the context of software testing. It follows a series of events on industry-academia collaboration, such as the Workshop on Testing: Academia-Industry Collaboration, Practice and Research Techniques (TAIC PART) (Ramler et al. 2016; Alshahwan et al. 2015). The special issue comprises six papers that describe lessons learned from collaboration initiatives, share insights into the challenges and opportunities involved in the joint work of researchers and practitioners, and provide suggestions and approaches for better connecting the two sides. The first paper Industry-academia collaborations in software testing: experiences and success stories from Canada and Turkey by Vahid Garousi, Matt M. Eskandar, and Kadir Software Qual J
How local are IT services markets: Proximity and IT outsourcing

We examine the question of which services are tradable within a concrete setting: the outsourcing of IT services across a broad cross-section of establishments in the US. If markets for IT services are local, then we should expect increases in local supply should increase the likelihood of outsourcing by lowering the cost of outsourcing. If markets are not local then local supply will not affect outsourcing demand. We analyze the outsourcing decisions of a large sample of 99,775 establishments in 2002 and 2004, for two types of IT services: programming and design and hosting. Programming and design projects require communication of detailed user requirements whereas hosting requires less coordination between client and service provider than programming and design. Our empirical results bear out this intuition: The probability of outsourcing programming and design is increasing in the local supply of outsourcing, and this sensitivity to local supply conditions has been increasing over time. This suggests there is some nontradable or “local” component to programming and design services that cannot be easily removed. In contrast, the decision to outsource hosting is sensitive to local supply only for firms for which network uptime and security concerns are particularly acute.
Austronesian Geographical prospects

While linguistic geography with regard to Western European languages is developing towards ever greater sociolinguistic and geographical detail in its endeavours to map linguistic change in progress and to reveal the linguistic past, large parts of the rest of the world are virtually blank spots. The necessity to improve upon this deplorable state of affairs is underlined by the recent publication of S. A. Wurm and Shir? Hattori (eds.), Language Atlas of the Pacific Area. Part I, New Guinea Area, Oceania, Australia, Pacific Linguistics C-66 (1981); Partii, Japan Area, Philippines and Formosa, Mainland and Insular South-east Asia, Pacific Linguistics C-67, 1983. The area covered by this atlas extends over about one third of the world and comprises some of the linguistically most diversified regions. For few of the languages involved do detailed dialectological surveys exist; for many there are at least preliminary outlines and wordlists available; but of far too many hardly anything is known beyond the name. Language maps only existed for a limited number of areas. This atlas is therefore in many respects a pioneering work. The two parts together cover the whole of the "Greater Pacific" area. Each is divided into sections. Part I consists of one index map, fourteen maps of the New Guinea area (one survey map and three more detailed maps of Irian Jaya, one survey map of Papua-New Guinea and nine maps covering separate parts of it), five maps of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, four maps of Australia and Tasmania, and one additional map relating to pidgins and lingue franche in the area covered by this part. Part II includes one general map of language groups in the Greater Pacific area, four maps of the Japan area, one map of Formosa, four maps of the Philippines, three maps of mainland Southeast Asia, eight maps of insular Southeast Asia, and two additional maps, one for the pidgins, cre?les and lingue franche in the area covered by Part II, and one showing the distribution of varieties of Chinese in the Greater Pacific area. Each section has a general introduction, as well as an index to the names of the dialects, languages and language groups covered by the map or maps of that section. On the reverse side of each non-survey map the languages and dialects indicated on that map are listed according to
Investment under uncertainty, market evolution and coalition spillovers in a game theoretic perspective

The rationality assumption has been the center of neo-classical economics for more than half a century now. In recent years much research has focussed on models of bounded rationality. In this thesis it is argued that both full and bounded rationality can be used for different kind of problems. In the first part full rationality is assumed to analyse technology adoption by firms in a duopolistic and uncertain environment. In the second part, boundedly rational models are developed to study the evolution of market structure in oligopolistic markets as well as price formation on (possibly) incomplete financial markets. The third part of the thesis presents an alternative to the framework of Transferable Utility games in cooperative game theory. The model introduced here explicitly takes into account the outside options that players often have in real-life situations if they choose not to participate in a coalition.
Automating Patching of Vulnerable Open-Source Software Versions in Application Binaries

Mobile application developers rely heavily on opensource software (OSS) to offload common functionalities such as the implementation of protocols and media format playback. Over the past years, several vulnerabilities have been found in popular open-source libraries like OpenSSL and FFmpeg. Mobile applications that include such libraries inherit these flaws, which make them vulnerable. Fortunately, the open-source community is responsive and patches are made available within days. However, mobile application developers are often left unaware of these flaws. The App Security Improvement Program (ASIP) is a commendable effort by Google to notify application developers of these flaws, but recent work has shown that many developers do not act on this information. Our work addresses vulnerable mobile applications through automatic binary patching from source patches provided by the OSS maintainers and without involving the developers. We propose novel techniques to overcome difficult challenges like patching feasibility analysis, source-code-to-binary-code matching, and in-memory patching. Our technique uses a novel variabilityaware approach, which we implement as OSSPATCHER. We evaluated OSSPATCHER with 39 OSS and a collection of 1,000 Android applications using their vulnerable versions. OSSPATCHER generated 675 function-level patches that fixed the affected mobile applications without breaking their binary code. Further, we evaluated 10 vulnerabilities in popular apps such as Chrome with public exploits, which OSSPATCHER was able to mitigate and thwart their exploitation.
International Zapatismo: The Construction of Solidarity in the Age of Globalization

1.  The Transnational Zapatista Solidarity Network 1.1. Mapping the 'Invisible  Questions and Levels of Analysis 1.2. Explanatory Threads in the Literature: Subjective, Systemic, and Technological Approaches to Research Question 1.3. Weaving the Explanatory Threads Together: An Outline of the Theoretical Argument in Relation to Research Question 1.4. Studying the Transnational Zapatista Solidarity Network: Issues of Methodology and Dissertation Structure 1.5. Synthesis of the Discussions 2. Theorizing Transnational Framing 2.1.  Facilitative Conditions 2.3.  The Social Terrain of Informal Transnational Movement Networks 2.4. Synthesis of the Discussions 3. The Infrastructure of the Transnational Zapatista Solidarity Network 3.1. The 'Putty' Holding the Transnational Zapatista Solidarity Network Together: The Computer Mediated Circulation of Information 3.2. Face-to-Face Encounters: The Reciprocity of the Physical and Mediated Aspects of the Transnational Zapatista Solidarity Network 3.3. Node of Special Influence: The EZLN in the Infrastructure of the Transnational Zapatista Solidarity Network 3.4. Synthesis of the Discussions 4. The Activities of the Transnational Zapatista Solidarity Network 4.1.  Direct Solidarity and Information Activities 4.2.  Making the Politicians Listen 4.3. Blurring the Distinction between Civil Society and Institutional Politics: The Formation of a Transnational Counterpublic 4.4. Synthesis of the Discussions 5. Mutual Solidarity and Global Consciousness: The EZLN and the Mediation between Particularity and Universality 5.1. Solidarity and Global Consciousness: From Altruism to Mutual Solidarity 5.2. The 'Politics of Overflowing': Transcending the Particularity of the EZLN Struggle 5.3. Synthesis of the Discussions 6. Neoliberalism and the Left: The Diffusion and Expansion of the EZLN Injustice Frame 6.1. The National Dimension in the EZLN Injustice Frame 6.2. The 'Fourth World War' against 'Humanity': The Recognition Component and the Transnationalization of the EZLN Injustice Frame 6.3. The 'Ultimate Underdogs': The Action Component and the EZLN's Impact on the Left after the End of the Cold War 6.4. The EZLN and the Transnational Protest Network: Overlapping Networks and the Politicization of Solidarity 6.5. Synthesis of the Discussions 7. The Struggle 'Inside' the Democratic Master Frame: The EZLN and Radical Democracy 7.1. The EZLN and Radical Democratic Social Change in Mexico 7.2. Traces of the EZLN Radical Democratic Action Master Frame beyond Mexico 7.3. Synthesis of the Discussions 8. The Internet, the EZLN, and the Zapatista Communities: The Mediation of Everyday Experiences 8.1. The Internet as Social Space 8.2. 'We Denounce...': Diminishing Social and Cultural Distance via the Internet 8.3. The 'Illusion of
The beat goes on : a commentary on Kelley's 'Expanding the analysis of social orientations ...'

Kelley's recent expansion of the analysis of social orientations is seen to be a logical extension of the interdependence concepts emanating from his extraordinary collaboration with the late John Thibaut. This expansion, extending the nomenclature of transitions lists to analysing the control of transition choices, is briefly summarized. The analysis holds much promise, which will be fully realized, however, only when valid assessments of the constituent components are available.