nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy and delivery in cardiac disease.

Although its prevalence is relatively low in pregnant women, heart disease is the most important cause of maternal mortality. Problems may arise due to hemodynamic burden and the hypercoagulable state of pregnancy. Heart disease may be congenital or acquired. In developed countries, the former composes the biggest part of women with heart disease. Patients with unrepaired lesions, cyanotic lesions, diminished systemic ventricular function, complex congenital heart disease, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, pulmonary hypertension, or mechanical valves are at highest risk of developing complications during pregnancy. All patients with known cardiac disease should preferably be counseled before conception. Pre-pregnancy evaluation should include risk assessment for the mother and fetus, including medication use and information on heredity of the cardiac lesion. Management of pregnancy and delivery should be planned accordingly on individual bases. The types of complications are related to the cardiac diagnosis, with arrhythmias and heart failure being most common. Treatment options should be discussed with the future parents, as they may affect both mother and child. In general, the preferred route of delivery is vaginal. The optimal care for pregnant women with heart disease requires multidisciplinary involvement and is best concentrated in tertiary centers.
G.-F. Müller and the Imperial Russian Academy

Gerhard Friderich Muller was born in Westphalia and studied in Leipzig. In 1725 he moved to Russia to teach as one of the first members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Muller's fifty-eight years with the institution were spent at or near the centre of intellectual and political activity in his adopted land. His writing interpreted Western culture to Russians and helped to create the West's image of its vast neighbour. Muller was a founder of modern Russian historiography. He explored and catalogued the resources - particularly historical - of Siberia during a remarkable decade-long expedition sponsored by the Russian Academy. He edited Russia's first popular journals, advised monarchs, helped to reform the school system, and acted as liaison between the Academy and its western European counterparts. Black's discussion of Muller's professional life as a historian and his descriptions of Muller's scholarly contacts, including battles with fellow academician Lomonosov, provide valuable insights into Russian social and political history. Muller is mentioned in almost every study of eighteenth-century Russian intellectual life, but this book is the first full-length biography. His long association with the Academy of Sciences also provides the setting for a definitive account of the birth and growth of one of Russia's most important institutions.
Feasible Functions over Co-inductive Data

Proof theoretic characterizations of complexity classes are of considerable interest because they link levels of conceptual abstraction to computational complexity. We consider here the provability of functions over co-inductive data in a highly expressive, yet proof-theoretically weak, variant of second order logic L+*, which we believe captures the notion of feasibility more broadly than previously considered pure-logic formalisms. 
 
Our main technical result is that every basic feasible functional (i.e. functional in the class BFF, believed to be the most adequate definition of feasibility for second-order functions) is provable in L+*.
Complexation studies of Co2+ion with orthosilicic acid

SummaryThe complexation behavior of Co2+with ortho-silicic acid (o-SA) has been studied as a function of ionic strength (I) from 0.20 to 1.00M (NaClO4) at pH 4.96±0.03 and 25 °C by solvent extraction with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) as the extractant. The stoichiometry of the extracted species was determined to be Co(DEHP)2(HDEHP)2. Co2+forms a 1:1 complex, CoOSi(OH)3+, as the predominant species witho-SA concentrations of 3.00. 10-4to 4.00. 10-3M. The stability constant (logb1) values for CoOSi(OH)3+complex decrease with the increase in ionic strength. These values were fitted with the extended Debye-Huckel expression to obtain the value of logb1at I=0.00M. The effect of aging time of the o-SA solution on logb1values for CoOSi(OH)3+complex was investigated and compared with those of the UO2OSi(OH)3+complex.
Barriers to Knowledge Sharing in Medium-Sized Enterprises in Transition Economies

Most of the studies carried out on identification of barriers to knowledge sharing have focused on developing and developed countries. The purpose of this study was to explore the barrier factors inhibiting knowledge sharing in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in transition economies that have different social, cultural, and economic conditions as compared to other developing and developed countries. A survey was conducted among 118 respondents working in 20 medium-sized enterprises representing the major sectors of economic activity in Albania, which was the last country in Europe to join the list of transition economies. This study identified the major barriers to knowledge sharing in SMEs in Albania, namely, cultural issues, motivational issues, lack of human resources, lack of technological resources, and lack of benefits as some of the key barrier factors. The identification of barrier factors would assist SMEs in transition economies in designing knowledge sharing activities and ensuring that these barrier factors are addressed in future knowledge management programs. This study is limited by the complexity involved in identification of factors constituting national cultural profiles because each country is likely to have a unique national cultural fingerprint. SMEs form a significant portion of economic activity in Albania, this study is one of the few studies carried out in Albania. This study will also help SMEs in other transition economies in Europe, particularly in the Balkans and Eastern Europe which have similar cultural and social conditions. The findings of this study will help SMEs to identify shortcomings and problems in existing knowledge sharing and management activities and also identify mechanisms to address these shortcomings.
FREE SOFTWARE FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEER'S EDUCATIONAL NEEDS

Free (as in freedom) and open source software have attracted more and more the society attention, specially in academia. The free software idea encourages the cooperative work and it is a strategic factor for scientific development. Under this philosophy, the users have the right to use, study, copy, modify, and redistribute computer programs. This foundation (based on freedom) gives a great deal of motivation for using free software in educational institutions. There are many available software applications for most areas of knowledge, including the Chemical Engineering area. As a result, there are many software tools built on this philosophy with the capability of enhancing the engineering learning process. This paper addresses the use of such tools in many educational Chemical Engineering activities where computer aided tools are a growing trend towards integrating computing and process simulators throughout the curriculum. This paper discusses the implications of the free software ideas in the engineering field, mainly in Chemical Engineering educational and professional career; it also reviews the main free packages available for the chemical engineer's needs with emphasis on numerical and symbolical math processing tools, and on chemical process flowsheet simulators. Discussions on their weaknesses and strengths characteristics as well as opportunities for contributions are presented with examples of their potential use for teaching plantwide process simulation.
The relationship of materialism to spending tendencies, saving, and debt

This study is a response to the Richins and Rudmin [ (1994) 217–231] call for work examining the relationship between materialism and aspects of economic psychology. The research was designed to investigate how people with differing levels of materialism vary in their propensity to spend and/or save and their attitudes and behaviors toward borrowing money. The results indicate that highly materialistic people are more likely to view themselves as spenders and have more favorable attitudes toward borrowing. These differences were evident in behavioral measures, although the differences were strongest for behaviors related to debt rather than saving. The implications of these findings for establishing a more comprehensive view of materialism in modern society are discussed.
Visible Structures in Number Theory

These are the words the great French mathematician used to describe his initial thoughts when he proved that there is a prime number greater than 11 [11, p. 76]. His final mental image he described as "... a place somehere between the confused mass and the first point". In commenting on this in his fascinating but quirky monograph, he asks "What may be the use of such a strange and cloudy imagery?". Hadamard was of the opinion that mathematical thought is visual and that words only interfered. And when he inquired into the thought processes of his most distinguished mid-century colleaugues, he discovered that most of them, in some measure, agreed (a notable exception being George Polya). For the non-professional, the idea that mathematicians "see" their ideas may be surprising. However the history of mathematics is marked by many notable developments grounded in the visual. Descartes' introduction of "cartesian" co-ordinates, for example, is arguably the most important advance in mathematics in the last millenium. It fundamentally reshaped the way mathematicians thought about mathematics, precisely because it allowed them to "see" better mathematically. Indeed, mathematicians have long been aware of the significance of visualization and made great effort to exploit it. Carl Friedrich Gauss lamented, in a letter to Heinrich Christian Schumacher, how hard it was to draw the pictures required for making accurate conjectures. Gauss, whom many consider the greatest mathematician of all time, in reference to a diagram that accompanies his first proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra, wrote
Tunable structures of copper substituted cobalt nanoferrites with prospective electrical and magnetic applications

Spinel ferrites (SFs) show high potential in different aspects of modern technology. Particularly, copper ferrite represents a promising electrode material for supercapacitors and lithium based batteries. This paper is devoted to synthesizing and characterizing nanostructured copper substituted cobalt ferrites using an eco-friendly sol–gel method. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and FT-IR analyses confirm the chemical composition and the successful formation of the cubic phase of CuFe2O4, respectively. XRD analyses based on Williamson–Hall (W–H) method indicate that the average crystallite size drops from 25.1 to 12.1 nm dependent on the Cu2+ content in the samples. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the CoFe2O4 (CFO) has a honeycomb structure, which gradually disappears with the soaring of Cu2+ content in the samples and converts to a porous sponge-like shape structure. The investigated copper substituted CFO holds a high specific surface area equals to 102.5139 m2 g−1 which satisfies the contaminant adsorption applications. The measured DC resistivity (ρDC = 108 Ω m) is high enough to meet the requirements of transformer cores applications. Due to the difference in the magnetic moment between Cu2+ and Co2+ cations, the coercivity of the CFO significantly depends on the Cu2+ content; it has declined by more than 50% for the system Co0.25Cu0.75Fe2O4 in comparison to the pure CFO (Hc = 1617.30 Gauss).
Leverage and House-Price Dynamics in U.S. Cities

In this paper, we use city-level data to analyze the relationship between homeowner borrowing patterns and house-price dynamics. Our principal finding is that in cities where homeowners are more leveraged--i.e., have higher loan-to-value ratios--house prices react more sensitively to city-specific shocks, such as changes in per-capita income. This finding is consistent with recent theories which emphasize the role of collateralized borrowing in shaping the behavior of asset prices.
Early Analog Computers in Sweden-With Examples From Chalmers University of Technology and the Swedish Aerospace Industry

This paper gives a short overview of early analog computing in Sweden in the 1940s and 1950s. Being a small country, Sweden tried to catch up with the development of computing that had been going on in the United States and elsewhere during World War II, and in the 1950s Sweden was pioneering this technology. By the late 1960s, Sweden was one of the most computer-intensive countries with a successful domestic computer industry. Unable to maintain a sustainable general computer production, some small sectors of Swedish computer R&D have prospered. In the concluding remarks, I suggest that the concept of "technological niches" is a useful tool, both analytically and for technology policy-making.
Future Policy Directions Challenges for the States

"Who is to decide?" is the quintessential question in politics. For energy and environmental policies, the issue will be partially determined by which level of government, federal or state, serves as the central decision-making arena. This article suggests that, if brought together, the insights of two separate literatures might usefully be applied to this question. An overview of natural resources and environmental policy literature will suggest that the locus of decision-making authority in states and regions may result in more rational, less environmentally damaging decisions. An examination of the literature on federalism points toward a trend of growing state influence over and capability for decision making. The article therefore concludes with a list of some of the challenges involved in effectuating state influence over energy and environmental policy.
New Measurements of the River Environment: River Ecosystem Health Assessment in China

With the developing awareness on the natural attributes of rivers and the problems of river ecosystems, the objectives of water environment management should extend from single water quality protection to the overall management of aquatic ecosystems. River health assessment can be used as a water environment management tool, which is important to sustainable management of watershed and regional ecological protection. However, the river health concept hasn't been introduced into environmental measurement systems, and a set of national river health assessment system is absent in China. As a result, in this paper, the significance of river health to water environmental management is discussed, and the methods and recommendations on building Chinese river health assessment systems are proposed.
Pathophysiology of congenital heart disease in the adult: part I: Shunt lesions.

Congenital heart disease is common, occurring in ≈8 of 1000 live  With the successes in cardiothoracic surgery over the past 3 decades and the ongoing improvements in the diagnostic, interventional, and critical care skills of pediatric cardiologists, ≈90% of children born with heart defects now survive to  In addition, using improved noninvasive techniques, adult cardiologists are increasingly identifying adults with septal defects that were undiagnosed in childhood. The adult congenital heart disease patients carry a spectrum of disease, from small septal defects and minor valvar obstructions to complex single-ventricle lesions that have been palliated with staged surgical repairs. It is estimated that >1 million adults in the United States now have congenital heart disease, outnumbering their pediatric counterparts for the first time.3,4

While the adult cardiology community struggles with a population that once was the exclusive domain of pediatricians, governmental agencies, national physician associations, and cardiology advisory boards are trying to define the scope of this national healthcare issue and to figure out how to train current and future generations of doctors.5 This specialized cardiac care will require the diagnosis of adult congenital heart disease in patients presenting de novo with new or chronic symptoms, the long-term maintenance of those previously diagnosed, and the ability to recognize when primary or additional interventions are required. As these patients increasingly present to cardiologists’ offices for care, healthcare professionals will need to develop a better level of comfort with adult congenital heart disease.

This 3-part series focuses on the pathophysiology of congenital heart lesions, which are seen commonly in adult patients. In this first portion, simple shunt lesions are reviewed. For each, the natural history and common clinical presentations resulting from the shunt are discussed. A discussion of therapeutic options and the literature supporting these options is …
A Possible Solution to the Smallness Problem of Dark Energy

The smallness of the dark energy density has been recognized as the most crucial difficulty in understanding dark energy and also one of the most important questions in the new century. In a recent paper[1], we proposed a new dark energy model in which the smallness of the cosmological constant is naturally achieved by invoking the Casimir energy in a supersymmetry-breaking brane-world. In this paper we review the basic notions of this model. Various implications, perspectives, and subtleties of this model are briefly discussed.
Childhood physical punishment and problem solving in marriage.

Drawing from social learning theories and symbolic interactionist understandings of social life, the authors suggest that physical punishment teaches aggressive and controlling strategies for solving the problems of living together and hinders the development of important problem-solving skills, specifically the ability to role take with others. These strategies and skills become part of an individual's toolkit for problem resolution within his or her marriage. The analysis is based on 188 married couples in Washington State who participated in a longitudinal study of the first 2 years of marriage. The analysis reveals the following: Individuals who were physically punished during childhood are more likely to engage in physical and verbal aggression with their spouses, individuals who were physically punished during childhood are more controlling with their spouses, and individuals who were physically punished during childhood are less able to take their spouse's perspective.
Tantra in practice

As David White explains in the Introduction to Tantra in Practice, Tantra is an Asian body of beliefs and practices that seeks to channel the divine energy that grounds the universe, in creative and liberating ways. The subsequent chapters reflect the wide geographical and temporal scope of Tantra by examining thirty-six texts from China, India, Japan, Nepal, and Tibet, ranging from the seventh century to the present day, and representing the full range of Tantric experience--Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, and even Islamic. Each text has been chosen and translated, often for the first time, by an international expert in the field who also provides detailed background material. Students of Asian religions and general readers alike will find the book rich and informative. The book includes plays, transcribed interviews, poetry, parodies, inscriptions, instructional texts, scriptures, philosophical conjectures, dreams, and astronomical speculations, each text illustrating one of the diverse traditions and practices of Tantra. Thus, the nineteenth-century Indian Buddhist Garland of Gems, a series of songs, warns against the illusion of appearance by referring to bees, yogurt, and the fire of Malaya Mountain; while fourteenth-century Chinese Buddhist manuscripts detail how to prosper through the Seven Stars of the Northern Dipper by burning incense, making offerings to scriptures, and chanting incantations. In a transcribed conversation, a modern Hindu priest in Bengal candidly explains how he serves the black Goddess Kali and feeds temple skulls lentils, wine, or rice; a seventeenth-century Nepalese Hindu praise-poem hammered into the golden doors to the temple of the Goddess Taleju lists a king's faults and begs her forgiveness and grace. An introduction accompanies each text, identifying its period and genre, discussing the history and influence of the work, and identifying points of particular interest or difficulty. The first book to bring together texts from the entire range of Tantric phenomena, Tantra in Practice continues the Princeton Readings in Religions series. The breadth of work included, geographic areas spanned, and expert scholarship highlighting each piece serve to expand our understanding of what it means to practice Tantra.
Another ‘Great Transformation’ or Common Ruin?:

In the aftermath of the 1930s Great Depression, and as the Second World War was drawing to a close, Karl Polanyi concluded a critical analysis of market capitalism on an optimistic — and with the benefit of hindsight we can add premature — note, remarking that the ‘primacy of society’ over the economic system had been ‘secured’. Eighty years later, amidst the unresolved turmoil of another comparable global capitalist economic crisis and accumulating signs of a growing environmental crisis, both a direct legacy of the operation of the ‘market economy’, the remedy advocated by governments and policy-makers is effectively a return to ‘business as usual’. Notwithstanding various manifestations of public expression of dissatisfaction with the consequences of global ‘free-market’ capitalism, which include increasing inequality, poverty, unemployment, depletion of scarce natural resources, environmental destruction, pollution and waste, the default policy setting remains to restore global economic growth, to generate further increases in production and cultivate ever-rising rates of consumption, even if the risk is ‘common ruin’. However, there are a number of realistic, progressive and radical alternatives proposed by critical analysts, including a political program for ‘de-growth’ , a reinvention of communism and detailed policy proposals outlining the measures necessary to promote a transition to a ‘post-capitalist’ society with a sustainable economy.
Financial Innovation and the Management and Regulation of Financial Institutions

New security designs, improvements in computer telecommunications technology and advances in the theory of finance have led to revolutionary changes in the structure of financial markets and institutions. This paper provides a functional perspective on the dynamics of institutional change and uses a series of examples to illustrate the breadth and depth of institutional change that is likely to occur. These examples emphasize the role of hedging versus equity capital in managing risk, the need for risk accounting and changes in methods for implementing both regulatory and stabilization public policy.
The effect of off-time and annealing on the magnetic behavior of CoxSn1−x alloy nanowires

Co x Sn 1 − x alloy nanowires were ac-pulse electrodeposited into the highly ordered alumina template in the same electrolyte concentration. The effect of off-time between pulses (0, 20, 50, 100 and 200 ms) on the magnetic properties and microstructure of the Co x Sn 1 − x nanowires was investigated. Using a single electrodeposition bath, Sn content increased in the range of 3–55 at.% with increasing the off-time. Improving hcp-Co (0 0 2) crystalline orientation with increasing the off-time was the main source to increase the coercivity of as-deposited alloy nanowires. Segregation of magnetic grains by Sn element led to improve the coercivity of the annealed samples. Existence of non-magnetic Sn prevented the oxidation of magnetic grains thereby saturation magnetization of the annealed samples was unchanged.