nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Applicability of the polymeric precursor method to the synthesis of nanometric single- and multi-layers of Zn1−xMnxO (x = 0–0.3)

Polymeric precursor method (Pechini) was employed to fabricate single- and multilayers of Zn1−xMnxO (x = 0–0.3) on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that crystal structure of Zn1−xMnxO multilayers is the typical hexagonal würzite structure of pristine ZnO. A reduced peak intensity and widened full width half maximum (FWHM) value of prominent peaks suggested that the Mn2+ ions have substituted the Zn2+ ion without changing the würzite structure of pristine ZnO up to Mn concentrations x ≤ 0.2. A distinct redshift of the absorption edge was observed as the Mn concentration x was increased. Additionally, the absorption edge was less sharp due, probably, to s–d and p–d interactions, which give rise to band gap bowing. Nevertheless, amorphous states appearing in the band gap as a consequence of reduced crystallinity may also be responsible for the shrinking of the band gap in this material. Interestingly, the field dependence of the magnetization showed typical paramagnetic behavior for all the chosen Mn concentrations with no evidence of ferromagnetic ordering. Probably, the absence of ferromagnetism in the studied Zn1−xMnxO films is strongly related to defects (say Mn impurities at the interface between nano-crystallites) in ZnO due to partial substitution of host Zn ions by Mn ions.
Philosophy, Logic, Science, History: Philosophy, Logic, Science, History

Analytic philosophy is sometimes said to have particularly close connections to logic and to science, and no particularly interesting or close relation to its own history. It is argued here that although the connections to logic and science have been important in the development of analytic philosophy, these connections do not come close to characterizing the nature of analytic philosophy, either as a body of doctrines or as a philosophical method. We will do better to understand analytic philosophy—and its relationship to continental philosophy—if we see it as a historically constructed collection of texts, which define its key problems and concerns. It is true, however, that analytic philosophy has paid little attention to the history of the subject. This is both its strength—since it allows for a distinctive kind of creativity—and its weakness—since ignoring history can encourage a philosophical variety of “normal science.”
Three Plays: Our Town, The Skin of Our Teeth, The Matchmaker

Three of the greatest plays in American literature collected in one volumeThis important new omnibus edition features an illuminating foreword by playwright John Guare and an extensive afterword for each play drawing on unpublished letters and other unique documentary material prepared by Tappan Wilder.Our Town--Wilder's timeless 1938 Pulitzer Prize-winning look at love, death, and destiny is celebrated around the world and performed at least once each day in the United States. The Skin of our Teeth--Wilder's 1942 romp about human follies and human endurance starring the Antrobus family of Excelsior, New Jersey. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1943.The Matchmaker--Wilder's brilliant 1954 farce about money and love starring that irrepressible busybody Dolly Gallagher Levi. This play inspired the Broadway musical Hello, Dolly!.
Zircon U-Pb geochronology of the mesozoic to lower Cenozoic rocks of the Coastal Cordillera in the Antofagasta region (22°30′-23°00′ S): Insights to the Andean tectono-magmatic evolution

This work reports on new zircon U-Pb ages (U-Pb LA-ICPMS Geochronology) obtained from volcanic, intrusive and sedimentary rocks which have been exposed in the Coastal Cordillera of the Antofagasta region (22°30′-23°00′S). A frequency diagram was performed with all the obtained ages. The diagram showed peaks representing emplacement or crystallization, depositional and inherited zircon ages. The zircons showed to be 300 Ma and younger form four major peaks. These peaks are consistent with previously dated emplacement and depositional ages, as well as, with the ages of the rock units recognized in this work. The oldest cluster ranges between 250 and 230 Ma and represents the first volcanic episode in the study area that corresponds to the Middle Triassic Sierra Miranda-Cerro Camaleon Rhyolites which yielded a zircon age of 240 ± 1.2 Ma. A second age cluster, between 220 and 130 Ma, can be associated with the Lower Jurassic volcanic and plutonic rocks, to Middle-Upper Jurassic plutonic rocks and Lower Cretaceous subvolcanic rocks. The Lower volcanic rocks correspond to La Negra Formation, which yielded ages that range between ca. 196 and 177 Ma. These ages are older than the Middle-Upper Jurassic ages commonly reported for this formation. The La Negra Formation and the interbedded marine Rencoret Beds are in stratigraphic continuity with the Middle Triassic Sierra Miranda-Cerro Camaleon Rhyolites. The ages that range between 170 and 150 Ma can be associated with the larger intrusive rock bodies from the Middle-Upper Jurassic Coastal Batholite of Northern Chile and Southern Peru. Lower Cretaceous ages ( ca. 140 Ma) corresponds to subvolcanic rocks related to the metallogenic belt of the easternmost Coastal Cordillera of the Antofagasta region. A zircon ages gap is observed in the Lower Cretaceous (between 130 and 100 Ma). This gap indicates that either the study area did not undergo magmatic and volcanic activity at that time, or that the Peruvian tectonic phase allowed for the erosion of the geological record of such activity. An Upper Cretaceous cluster occurs at ca. 100-80 Ma and is correlated with the Cerro Empexa, Quebrada Mala, and Hornitos volcanic formations. The last volcanic activity occurred at about ca. 70-60 Ma. Lower Paleocene ( ca. 63 Ma) volcanic unit indicates that the products of the Paleocene volcanism reached as far west as the Coastal Cordillera at the latitude of Antofagasta. Even the presence of lava indicates the proximity of effusive volcanoes, which, in turn, suggests that the Paleocene volcanic arc extended west away from the Domeyko Cordillera. Both Upper Cretaceous and Lower Paleocene volcanic units are restricted to the west by the Atacama Fault System.
Importance of sulfate radical anion formation and chemistry in heterogeneous OH oxidation of sodium methyl sulfate, the smallest organosulfate

Organosulfates are important organosulfur compounds present in atmospheric particles. While the abundance, composition, and formation mechanisms of organosulfates have been extensively investigated, it remains unclear how they transform and evolve throughout their atmospheric lifetime. To acquire a fundamental understanding of how organosulfates chemically transform in the atmosphere, this work investigates the heterogeneous OH radical-initiated oxidation of sodium methyl sulfate (CH 3 SO 4 Na) droplets, the smallest organosulfate detected in atmospheric particles, using an aerosol flow tube reactor at a high relative humidity (RH) of 85 %. Aerosol mass spectra measured by a soft atmospheric pressure ionization source (direct analysis in real time, DART) coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer showed that neither functionalization nor fragmentation products are detected. Instead, the ion signal intensity of the bisulfate ion (HSO 4 − ) has been found to increase significantly after OH oxidation. We postulate that sodium methyl sulfate tends to fragment into a formaldehyde (CH 2 O) and a sulfate radical anion (SO 4  ⋅ − ) upon OH oxidation. The formaldehyde is likely partitioned back to the gas phase due to its high volatility. The sulfate radical anion, similar to OH radical, can abstract a hydrogen atom from neighboring sodium methyl sulfate to form the bisulfate ion, contributing to the secondary chemistry. Kinetic measurements show that the heterogeneous OH reaction rate constant, k , is (3.79 ± 0.19)  ×  10 −13  cm 3  molecule −1  s −1 with an effective OH uptake coefficient, γ eff , of 0.17 ± 0.03. While about 40 % of sodium methyl sulfate is being oxidized at the maximum OH exposure (1.27  ×  10 12  molecule cm −3  s), only a 3 % decrease in particle diameter is observed. This can be attributed to a small fraction of particle mass lost via the formation and volatilization of formaldehyde. Overall, we firstly demonstrate that the heterogeneous OH oxidation of an organosulfate can lead to the formation of sulfate radical anion and produce inorganic sulfate. Fragmentation processes and sulfate radical anion chemistry play a key role in determining the compositional evolution of sodium methyl sulfate during heterogeneous OH oxidation.
Encouraging International Technology Transfer

The Project is being implemented by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (Project Number INT/OT/1BH). The broad aim is to improve the understanding of intellectual property rights-related issues among developing countries and to assist them in building their capacity for ongoing as well as future negotiations on intellectual property rights (IPRs). document has been produced under the UNCTAD-ICTSD Project on IPRs and Sustainable Development. Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce this material for educational, non-profit purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of ICTSD, UNCTAD or the funding institutions.
Hydraulic Engineering into the 21st Century: the Rediscovery of the Wheel ? (1) A Review

Hydraulics is the branch of civil engineering related to the science of water in motion, and the interactions between the fluid and the surrounding environment. It is shown that hydraulic engineers were at the forefront of science for centuries. The end of the 20th century marked a change of perception in our society for hydraulic engineering. Is there a need for further hydraulic engineering? Yes, definitely. This is illustrated with an example (culvert design) and complemented by a second paper (CHANSON 2003). Some reflexions on the role of water engineering are presented. It is suggested that hydraulic engineers and academics must be pro-active to develop further scholarship and quality expertise as a part of a long-term strategy.
A Review of the Research on Asset Allocation Theory

Effective asset allocation is considered the key to successful investment. The research on the theory of asset allocation began in the 1930s. The traditional configuration strategies included 60/40 combination, equal weight combination and mean-variance model. In the 1990s, in order to relax the hypothesis of the strategy, the feasibility of the theory in practice was put forward. A series of asset-based asset allocation strategy based on the GEYR model was proposed. In 21st century, the global economic volatility strengthened, in order to effectively control the risk, to maximize the diversified portfolio, risk-based asset allocation strategy to become the focus of investor attention, risk parity model is one of the typical representatives. At the same time, in addition to the application of quantitative models, investors have begun to pay attention to the impact of the economic cycle, policy cycle and management capabilities, with proud performance of the University Endowment Fund and the operability of the Merrill Lynch clock model to become investors and Use the object.
[History of professionalization of modern clinical pharmacist (2): reformation of medical systems before and after the French Revolution].

Paradoxically the medical reformation at the French Revolution is based on two concepts; one was the free medical and pharmaceutical practices without professional licence and another was the nationalistic centralization. The newborn nationalistically centralized institution was applied simultaneously in the field of politics and modern medicine. The physicians of "Société Royale de Médecine" started to investigate the epidemic diseases all over France in 1778. After the French Revolution, it soon developed into a larger public organization that represented the knowledge of medicine and the collegiate mind of the Société shared among the practicioners.
Quantum Mechanics as a Classical Theory II: Relativistic Theory

In this article, the axioms presented in the first one are reformulated according to the special theory of relativity. Using these axioms, quantum mechanic's relativistic equations are obtained in the presence of electromagnetic fields for both the density function and the probability amplitude. It is shown that, within the present theory's scope, Dirac's second order equation should be considered the fundamental one in spite of the first order equation. A relativistic expression is obtained for the statistical potential. Axioms are again altered and made compatible with the general theory of relativity. These postulates, together with the idea of the statistical potential, allow us to obtain a general relativistic quantum theory for {\it ensembles} composed of single particle systems.
Seismic image of an early Proterozoic rift basin

Three high-resolution vibroseis reflection profiles were acquired across the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup (2.5-2.2 Ga) of the Canadian Shield, in the vicinity of the Temagami Lake magnetic anomaly, one of the largest positive magnetic anomalies in North America. The Supergroup, formed as a passive margin sequence and composed of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, unconformably overlies Archean rocks of the Superior Province. Quality seismic images, obtained through innovative pseudo-3D seismic processing and constrained by lithological data from deep boreholes, reveal a 20-km-wide early Proterozoic rift basin beneath a thick cover of metasediments, one of the oldest well-preserved rift basins on Earth.
Bending the curve

A Comparative Review of the Senate Finance Committee Reform Proposal In early September, the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform released a report, Bending the Curve: Effective Steps to Address Long-Term Spending Growth, which was developed by a group of leading experts in health care and economics. The report contains a set of concrete and feasible steps to slow long-term growth in health care spending – a priority also articulated by leaders in Congress. This brief provides a high-level review of the legislation introduced by Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus, including a side-by-side summary of key provisions of the Bending the Curve report and those in the Baucus proposal.
A New Porous Metal–Organic Framework Constructed from 2, 5-Thiophenedicarboxylate and Melamine Ligands: Catalysis Dye Degradation and Anti-tumor Activity in Myocardioma

A new three-dimensional transition Co(II)–organic framework {[Co2L2MA]·(DMA)(MeOH)}n (MA = melamine, H2L = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid) bearing the rigid S-containing organic ligand 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and the N-rich organic linker melamine has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The presence of abundant micropores in the resulting activated 1a has been confirmed via the N2 sorption experiments at 77 K, which reflects a BET surface area of 925 m2/g and a pore size distribution of 7.4 A. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of complex 1 for the degradation of methyl orange in a Fenton-like process have also investigated, which reveals that complex 1 could behave as effective as heterogeneous catalyst to activate persulfate anions and to degrade methyl orange. To evaluate the inhibitory effect of compound 1 on H9C2 myocardioma cells, the viability of cells after compound treatment was detected by CCK-8 assay, and the proliferation of cells were observed by colony formation assay. Next, the detail mechanism of compound 1 was further explored, the western blot was performed to determine the relative expression of apoptotic protein Blc-2 and Bax.
Myths die hard-Why?

The author defines a myth as a falsehood perpetuated by a population that chooses not to investigate the underlying truth. He points out that the myth that aerospace engineers are nonproductive in nondefense work hurts the profession. He examines the mechanism used in promoting myths and finds that some myth perpetuators, including the ones that perpetuated the aerospace-engineer myth, are well-compensated for their services. Substantial financial rewards are also seen to be available to those who can correctly recognize the falsehood in myths.<<ETX>>
Auditing, consulting, and audit market concentration

In its recently published Green Paper, the European Commission (Audit policy: lessons from the crisis. Brussels, 2010) discusses various methods to enhance the reliability of audits and to re-establish trust in the financial market. The Commission primarily focuses on increasing auditor independence and on reducing the high level of audit market concentration. Based on a model in the tradition of the circular market matching models introduced by Salop (Bell J Econ 10(1):141–156, 1979), we show that prohibiting non-audit services as a measure intended to improve auditor independence can have counter-productive secondary effects on audit market concentration. In fact, our model demonstrates that incentives for independence and the structure of the audit market are simultaneously determined. Because market shares are endogenous in our model, it is not even clear that prohibiting non-audit services indeed increases an auditor’s incentive to remain independent.
EE at work: Improving and advancing computer-aided design: Progressive and changeable fields offer limitless stimulation and opportunity for advancement

“The work we are doing here at MCC,” stated John Hardin, a member of the Technical Staff, “is helping to advance technology.” Hardin is currently involved in the VLSI CAD program, an eight-year research project created specifically for the improvement and advancement of computer-aided design. Involvement with this research project at MCC (Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation), in addition to the experience he derived from his former position at Hewlett-Packard and graduate studies at Texas A&M, has afforded him a great opportunity for future professional advancement.
A Survey of Symbolic Execution Techniques

Many security and software testing applications require checking whether certain properties of a program hold for any possible usage scenario. For instance, a tool for identifying software vulnerabilities may need to rule out the existence of any backdoor to bypass a program’s authentication. One approach would be to test the program using different, possibly random inputs. As the backdoor may only be hit for very specific program workloads, automated exploration of the space of possible inputs is of the essence. Symbolic execution provides an elegant solution to the problem, by systematically exploring many possible execution paths at the same time without necessarily requiring concrete inputs. Rather than taking on fully specified input values, the technique abstractly represents them as symbols, resorting to constraint solvers to construct actual instances that would cause property violations. Symbolic execution has been incubated in dozens of tools developed over the past four decades, leading to major practical breakthroughs in a number of prominent software reliability applications. The goal of this survey is to provide an overview of the main ideas, challenges, and solutions developed in the area, distilling them for a broad audience.
Multiple and Polynomial Recurrence for Abelian Actions in Infinite Measure

The $(C,F)$ -construction from a previous paper of the first author is applied to produce a number of funny rank one infinite measure preserving actions of discrete countable Abelian groups $G$ with ‘unusual’ multiple recurrence properties. In particular, the following are constructed for each $p\in\Bbb N\cup\{\infty\}$ :
 (i) a $p$ -recurrent action $T=(T_g)_{g\in G}$ such that (if $p\ne\infty$ ) no one transformation $T_g$ is $(p+1)$ -recurrent for every element $g$ of infinite order; (ii) an action $T=(T_g)_{g\in G}$ such that for every finite sequence $g_1,\dots,g_r\in G$ without torsion the transformation $T_{g_1}\times\cdots\times T_{g_r}$ is ergodic, $p$ -recurrent but (if $p\ne\infty$ ) not $(p+1)$ -recurrent; (iii) a $p$ -polynomially recurrent $(C,F)$ -transformation which (if $p\ne\infty$ ) is not $(p+1)$ -recurrent. $\infty$ -recurrence here means multiple recurrence. Moreover, it is shown that there exists a $(C,F)$ -transformation which is rigid (and hence multiply recurrent) but not polynomially recurrent. Nevertheless, the subset of polynomially recurrent transformations is generic in the group of infinite measure preserving transformations endowed with the weak topology.
Strange mesons as a probe for dense nuclear matter

The production and propagation of kaons and antikaons has been studied in symmetric nucleus-nucleus collisions in the SIS energy range. The ratio of the excitation functions of K^+ production in Au+Au and C+C collisions increases with decreasing beam energy. This effect was predicted for a soft nuclear equation-of-state. In noncentral Au+Au collisions, the K^+ mesons are preferentially emitted perpendicular to the reaction plane. The K^-/K^+ ratio from A+A collisions at beam energies which are equivalent with respect to the threshold is found to be about two orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding ratio from proton-proton collisions. Both effects are considered to be experimental signatures for a modification of kaon properties in the dense nuclear medium.
Standardization System in Mexico

This presentation introduces the current situation and a vision of the future of the standardization system in Mexico. This includes a view of relationship of IEEE PES Standards and the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the participation that Mexico should have in these standards. In relation to the Electrotechnical Standards their utilization and development, we have to consider that these standards have been started by the only two electric power supply companies that exist in Mexico and they are the Federal Commission for Electricity (Comision Federal de Electricidad, CFE) and the Light and Power (Luz y Fuerza del Centro, LyFC). In this presentation, we refer mainly to the CFE.
Market Anomalies Under Saving Constraints: Evidence from the Kenya Dairy Industry

When suppliers face saving constraints, buyers can compete by oering deferred payments. However, with limited enforcement, the ability to credibly promise deferred payments may vary across buyers. A simple model of a market with these features is developed and tested using multiple experimental designs and data sources from Kenyan dairy farming. The evidence unveils interlinkages between saving and product markets. A segmented market emerges in which buyers serve distinct purposes: small traders provide liquidity and pay a higher price; whereas a large buyer provides deferred payments that alleviate saving constraints. In this interlinked market structure, standard price incentives are ineective in increasing deliveries.
The new Degree in Materials Engineering at the Technical University of Madrid (UPM)

The Technical University of Madrid (UPM) is pioneering the introduction in Spain of a new Degree in Materials Engineering, with a four-year duration, accessed directly from the baccalaureate-level studies. The materials engineers from the UPM will be prepared to meet the challenges not only in the field of structural materials, but also in functional materials and biomaterials. With the objective of enhancing student exchange programmes, the third year of studies will be taught entirely in English.