nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliability or Inventory? Analysis of Product Support Contracts in the Defense Industry

In the defense industry, traditional sourcing arrangements for after-sales support of weapons systems (“products”) have centered around physical assets. Typically, the customer, a military service, would pay the supplier of maintenance services in proportion to the resources consumed, such as spare parts, that are needed to maintain the product. In recent years, we have witnessed the emergence of a new service contracting strategy called Performance-based Logistics. Under such a performance-based contract (PBC), the basis of supplier compensation is actual realized uptime of the product. The goal of this paper is to compare the inefficiencies arising under the traditional consumption-based contract (CBC) and PBC. In both cases, the customer sets the contract terms, and as a response, the supplier sets the base-stock inventory level of spares as well as invests in increasing product reliability. We find that PBC provides stronger incentives for the supplier to invest in reliability improvement, which in turn leads to savings in acquiring and holding spare product assets. Moreover, the efficiency of PBC improves if the supplier owns a large portion of the spare product assets. Our analysis advocates usage of PBC in favor of CBC and supports a DoD recommendation for transforming suppliers into total service providers.
Women under Islam : gender, justice and the politics of Islamic law

How Islam treats women is one of the most hotly contested questions of our times. Islamic law is often misrepresented as a single monolithic concept, rather than a collection of different interpretations and practices. To move the debate on Islamic law and gender forward, it is necessary to establish how Islamic law actually operates. This groundbreaking work explores what conditions sustain the most liberal interpretation of Islamic law on gender issues. It examines the different interpretations, histories and practices of Islamic law in different countries. It finds that the political independence of judicial institutions is a far more important factor than the relative conservativism of the society. This wide-ranging book will provide new insights not only for those studying law and gender, but for anyone with an interest in Islamic societies.
Silent Large Shareholders and Entrenched Bank Management: Evidence from the Banking Crisis in Japan

We investigate the cause of this banking crisis that has jeopardized the stability of the financial and economic system since the 1990s. Following Hanazaki and Horiuchi (2001), we argue that the deficiency of effective corporate governance of banks in Japan has caused inefficient management. Our focus here is the role of largest shareholders who happen to be banks and insurers. We argue that these large shareholders appear to collude or conspire with management instead of being tough monitors. Consequently, the management became entrenched. Our empirical results show that during the 1980s these "entrenched banks" extended more lending. Even after the collapse of the bubble in the 1990s, they did not dramatically undertake restructuring to cope with the accumulated bad loans.
Historical Perspectives and the Interpretation of Unemployment

JN THE LAST DECADE, the levels of unemployment in industrialized countries have risen dramatically. Rates now are typically two, and in some cases, three and four times those prevailing in the 1950s and 1960s. The fact that these new higher levels are widely tolerated suggests that our thinking about the meaning and significance of unemployment has changed enormously over the period. Such a change is certainly present in the thinking among professional economists. In the 1960s the standard view was that the unemployed represented unutilized resources; their existence in an economy where the vast majority of people had unsatisifed wants was seen as a major social paradox and the most important unsolved intellectual puzzle of the capitalist economic system. This fed the rationale for Keynesian countercyclical fiscal policy and government deficit spending: The government could reasonably print money in order to hire the unemployed because the resources absorbed in the process were essentially "free goods." Today, a good number of professional economists, certainly in the United States but to a lesser extent throughout the world, have come to view measured unemployment in industrial economies as an artifact in at least three senses. It is a statistical artifact of a measurement process that classifies as unemployed people who are not really available for work. It is an institutional artifact of a system of social insurance and public welfare that encourages an extension of the process of job search. And it is an artifact of the language that uses a term which in everyday parlance means forced idleness for activities that have important productive functions akin to the functions of inventories, information processing, and investment associated with the utilization of capital goods. These interpretations to be sure hardly constitute a consensus about the meaning of unemployment. But they are no more diverse than the range of views that underlay the older orthodoxy. And for policy makers and economic researchers, they carry a single message: There are many more serious problems toward which to direct attention. These new views about unemployment were developed out of a set of ideas originally associated with the Chicago School of economics, where the emphasis-at once positive and normative-was placed on the competitive market as the gover* A Review of Alexander Keyssar, Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts.  Histoire et transformations d'une categorie en France des annees 1890 aux annees 1980.  Presses Universitaires de France, 1986.
Rethinking Uncle Tom : the political philosophy of Harriet Beecher Stowe

Rethinking Uncle Tom thoroughly explains Uncle Tom's Cabin as an articulation of the conditions of democratic life and the nature of modern humanism. The most mature elements of Stowe's political thought emerge from a close reading of Sunny Memories and of Oldtown Folks. This book develops familiarity with the moral discourse of abolition and nineteenth-century reformism, and it offers a glimpse of an America envisioned as producing a nobility of soul represented in the human model of surpassing excellence.
Norms, Power and the Socially Embedded Realities of Market Taxation in Northern Ghana. ICTD Working Paper 30

This article provides a ground-level view of market taxation in two local government areas in Ghana's relatively disadvantaged northern region. It describes a system shaped by informal practices that are grounded in social relationships and collective norms, which sometimes foster greater equity and in other cases serve to reinforce existing inequalities. The evidence suggests the need for a more nuanced understanding of the highly informal and socially embedded realities of local tax collection, and the possibility that improved outcomes could be achieved by "working with the grain" of these inescapable local realities, while seeking to minimize potential costs of informality.  Cet article donne une vue d'ensemble sur la fiscalite du marche du Ghana dans deux gouvernements locaux relativement desavantages de la region Nord. Il decrit un systeme marque d'une par des pratiques informelles ancrees dans les relations sociales et de l'autre dans des normes collectives, qui parfois favorisent une plus grande equite et dans d'autre cas servent a renforcer les inegalites existantes. La preuve suggere la necessite d'une comprehension plus nuancee d'une realite tres informelle et socialement integree du recouvrement des impots locaux et la possibilite que des resultats ameliores puissent etre obtenus en "travaillant avec le grain" de ces realites locales incontournables, tout en cherchant a minimiser les couts potentiels d' informalite.
In the crystal lattice incorporating nanometer crystalline particles containing a solid solution-like metal mesostructured material

The present invention, cerium, zirconium, nanoscale particles of a metal oxide selected from oxides of rare earth metals other than titanium or cerium, which are dispersed in the inorganic layer, preferably relates to the thermal stability of the mesostructured material . The oxides containing at least one metal element M of the solid solution like cationic form in the crystalline structure of the oxide. The present invention is further such materials also relates to a particular method of manufacturing a material in the form or carrier for the catalyst species of heterogeneous catalysts.
Contested Boundaries: Itinerancy and the Reshaping of the Colonial American Religious World

The First Great Awakening in eighteenth-century America challenged the institutional structures and raised the consciousness of colonial Americans. These revivals gave rise to the practice of itinerancy in which ministers and laypeople left their own communities to preach across the countryside. In Contested Boundaries , Timothy D. Hall argues that the Awakening was largely defined by the ensuing debate over itinerancy. Drawing on recent scholarship in cultural and social anthropology, cultural studies, and eighteenth-century religion, he reveals at the center of this debate the itinerant preacher as a catalyst for dramatic change in the religious practice and social order of the New World.

This book expands our understanding of evangelical itinerancy in the 1740s by viewing it within the context of Britain’s expanding commercial empire. As pro- and anti-revivalists tried to shape a burgeoning transatlantic consumer society, the itinerancy of the Great Awakening appears here as a forceful challenge to contemporary assumptions about the place of individuals within their social world and the role of educated leaders as regulators of communication, order, and change. The most celebrated of these itinerants was George Whitefield, an English minister who made unprecedented tours through the colonies. According to Hall, the activities of the itinerants, including Whitefield, encouraged in the colonists an openness beyond local boundaries to an expanding array of choices for belief and behavior in an increasingly mobile and pluralistic society. In the process, it forged a new model of the church and its social world.

As a response to and a source of dynamic social change, itinerancy in Hall’s powerful account provides a prism for viewing anew the worldly and otherworldly transformations of colonial society. Contested Boundaries will be of interest to students and scholars of colonial American history, religious studies, and cultural and social anthropology.
Non-Trivial Symbolic Computations in Proof Planning

We discuss a pragmatic approach to integrate computer algebra into proof planning. It is based on the idea to separate computation and verification and can thereby exploit the fact that many elaborate symbolic computations are trivially checked. In proof planning the separation is realized by using a powerful computer algebra system during the planning process to do non-trivial symbolic computations. Results of these computations are checked during the refinement of a proof plan to a calculus level proof using a small, self-implemented system that gives us protocol information on its calculation. This protocol can be easily expanded into a checkable low-level calculus proof ensuring the correctness of the computation. We demonstrate our approach with the concrete implementation in the ΩMEGA system.
Effect of Chemical Impurities on the Solid State Physics of Polyethylene

Computational quantum mechanics in the frame work of density functional theory (DFT) was used to investigate the effect of chemical impurities on high field conduction in polyethylene (PE). The impurity states in the band gap caused by common chemical impurities were characterized in terms of their ―depth‖, i.e. energy relative to their relevant band edge (valence band or conduction band), and in terms of the extent to which their wavefunctions were localized to a single polymer chain or extended across chains. It was found that impurity states can affect high field phenomena by providing ―traps‖ for carriers, the depths of which were computed from first principle in agreement with estimates in literature. Since the square of the wavefunction is proportional to the spatial electron probability density, transfer of charge between chains requires wavefunctions which are extended across chains. Impurity states which are extended between chains can facilitate the inherently limited interchain charge transfer in PE, as the DFT study of iodine doped PE revealed. The introduction of iodine into PE increases conductivity by several orders of magnitude, increases hole mobility to a much greater extent than electron mobility, and decreases the activation energy of conduction from about 1 eV to about 0.8 eV. These characteristics were explained in terms of the impurity states introduced by iodine and wavefunctions of those states.
The interface between personality and cognition

The interface or lack thereof between personality and cognition is discussed. It is suggested that personality and cognition have tilled separate vineyards. This paper reviews both historical and contemporary perspectives on trait psychology, cognitive social learning personality models, field-dependence versus field-independence cognitive styles, and interactionism. In reviewing these areas of personality research, it becomes evident that, until recently, there has been very little overlap between the fields of personality and cognition. Methodological and substantive reasons for this are presented. Recently, research has been conducted to relate personality to cognition, but the results have been equivocal and the various theories unintegrated. Proposals on how to integrate these two distinct fields are presented. It is suggested that part of the problem of uncovering the relationship between personality and cognition is a result of methodological hurdles. Thus, future research methods and hypotheses are proposed, which will help overcome these difficulties.
Universal Values: Spread in China and the Essence

theory of human nature and humanism are the philosophical and theoretical basis of "universal values" ideology. On the one hand, advocators of "universal values" believe that, in the study of human nature, people should put aside the social and class nature of humanity to understand and consider the universal nature of humanity, which, undoubtedly, denies and castrates the class and social properties of humanity, and sees human nature as something out of touch with the times. On the other hand, some people tend to exaggerate the common interests of mankind, and advocate the socalled "human interests above everything". They refer to the core philosophy and the system mode of the West as" humane", while label different values and social systems as "inhuman", which, indeed, serves the neo-colonial expansion of developed capitalist countries. Marx pointed out:" the essence of man is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In reality, it is the ensemble of the social relations." In the sixth Thesis on Feuerbach (1845), Marx criticizes the traditional conception of "human nature" as "species" which incarnates itself in each individual, on behalf of a conception of human nature as formed by the totality of "social relations". Thus, the whole of human nature is not understood, as in classical idealist philosophy, as permanent and universal: the species-being is always determined in a specific social and historical formation. No doubt, “universal values" such as "democracy", "freedom", "rationality" and "fraternity" can't stand reasoning. Deng Xiaoping once pointed out," I am amazed to find that some of our Party comrades are preaching humanism, the value of the human beings and so forth in abstract terms. They don't understand that neither in capitalist society nor in socialist society can there be an abstract value of the human being or abstract humanism, because even in our society there are still bad people, dregs of both the old and new societies......Discussion of human beings apart from these specific conditions and tasks is discussion not of real human beings but of abstractions; this is not Marxist approach, and it will lead young people astray." In this regard, we could only understand the essence of "universal values" ideology by adhering to the Marxist view of class and class analysis approach. Class analysis is research in sociology, politics and economics from the point of view of the stratification of the society into dynamic classes. It implies that there is no universal or uniform social outlook, rather that there are fundamental conflicts that exist inherent in society. That we corrected our mistakes in taking class struggle as the central task is quite right, but that does not mean that the class struggle no longer exists. As long as the class struggle still exists in a certain range, we cannot discard Marxist class analysis and class viewpoint. What we need to do is to employ the Marxist class viewpoint and class analysis approach to identify and analyze the hypocritical and deceptive nature of "universal values" ideology.
Jonathan Edwards's religious psychology.

Jonathan Edwards scholarship, thriving since the late 1940s when Perry Miller wrote his influential book on the great thinker, has flourished even more than usual in recent years with significant new books by Wallace E. Anderson, Norman Fiering, Terrence Erdt, and Patricia J. Tracy. 1 Though much of this recent work surpasses Miller, one is grateful for the 1981 reprinting of his Jonathan Edwards (1949), which, as it fades from influence among colonial historians, remains an interesting document of twentieth-century culture because of Miller's use of Edwards to attack modern American liberals. To so use Edwards, Miller had to render him palatable to modern readers and rescue him from the liberals' image of an inhuman preacher of fiery hell. His strategy was both to put Edwards at odds with his contemporaries and to bring him closer to us by arguing that his preaching "was America's sudden leap into modernity." A courageous man of existential angst, Miller's Edwards accepted the loneliness of human beings in a cold, inhuman universe. The source of Edwards's modern sensibility was his youthful reading"the central and decisive event in his intellectual life '-of John Locke's An Essay concerning Human Understanding. Miller, accepting Sereno Dwight's mistaken dating, believed that at age fourteen Edwards realized that the English empiricist was "the master-spirit of the age" and promptly wrote his brilliant notes on "The Mind," which firmly followed Locke's sensational psychology. It was only to be expected that the backwoods prodigy later described religious experience according to a strictly empirical model, reducing even divine grace, Miller thought, to the status of a sense perception. In Edwards's outwardly tragic life Miller found a nice morality play of the tough-minded thinker out of step with his prosperous and complacent society; voted out of the Northampton pulpit,
Real estate investment in Taiwan : an examination of the recent opening of real estate markets to foreign entities

In hope to revitalize the slumping real estate markets and sluggish economy, the government of Taiwan, Republic of China, has recently opened up direct real estate investment opportunities to foreign entities. In conjunction with the joining of WTO, Taiwan hopes that foreign funds and maybe even investment from Mainland China will infuse capital and uplift the markets. Nevertheless, the potential impacts to the real estate industries have not yet been fully examined. Several professionals and academia suggested that the projected effects of direct investment into Taiwan's real estate markets will not seem to be as optimistic as how the government has hoped for. Political uncertainties, slow market growth, low transparency, oversupply of products, and different real estate valuation expectations will prohibit bullish direct investment activities. The net result is complicated. A closer look shows that foreign capital will create a short-term turbulence in the real estate markets and further exaggerate value discrepancies between market sectors and geographical locations. As the formation of AMCs (Asset Management Corporations) will consolidate NPL's and thus further depress market value, the deeply discounted high quality properties in different regions, the possibility of securitizing real estate assets, and the continuing of general foreign business development will attract real estate investment opportunities into different product sectors and locations, and thus create value disparities. Long run effects will depend on the island's political and economic situations. Overall, as Taiwan is preparing to enter the WTO, the opening of real estate industries to the international marketplace will standardize valuation methods, reorganize industry structure and make the markets more transparent.  Ellen Swallow Richards Professor of Political Economy Department of Urban Studies and Planning
"Interpreting in the dark": Race and ethnicity in psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

In this article, I discuss the impact of race and ethnicity on the psychotherapeutic process of three patients in psychoanalytic psychotherapy with an African American therapist. The influence of race on the treatment process has been explored infrequently in psychoanalytic writing, despite consensus that it is conceptually and clinically relevant. This outcome stems from the complex web of attitudes attending talk about race in this country. Race and ethnicity remain topics that engender anxiety in social and clinical discourse. I selectively and critically review the psychoanalytic literature on race, which has been hampered by incomplete conceptualizations and overgeneralizations that often limit its clinical utility. I then explore, through clinical examples, the way in which attention directed at racial issues provided a framework for the treatment alliance and illuminated key transferences and resistances for these patients. Discussion of racial issues is most fruitful when racial themes are situated in bodily and social contexts and when the meaning that race has within the therapy dyad is negotiated by patient and therapist, apart from idealized or socially correct conceptualizations from outside of the treatment situation