nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Contract Design and Self Control: Theory and Evidence

How do rational firms respond to consumer biases? In this paper, we analyze the profit-maximizing contract design of firms if consumers have time-inconsistent preferences and are partially naive about it. We consider markets for two types of goods: goods with immediate costs and delayed benefits (investment goods) such as health club attendance, and goods with immediate benefits and delayed costs (leisure goods) such as credit card-financed consumption. We establish three features of the profit-maximizing contract design with partially naive time-inconsistent consumers. First, firms price investment goods below marginal cost. Second, firms price leisure goods above marginal cost. Third, for all types of goods firms introduce switching costs and charge back-loaded fees. The contractual design targets consumer misperception of future consumption and underestimation of the renewal probability. The predictions of the theory match the empirical contract design in the credit card, gambling, health club, life insurance, mail order, mobile phone, and vacation timesharing industries. We also show that time inconsistency has adverse effects on consumer welfare only if consumers are naive.
Significance of substrate temperature on the properties of flash evaporated CuIn0.75Ga0.25Se2 thin films

The substrate temperature is an important parameter in thin film deposition regardless of the deposition technique being used to deposit thin films. In this paper the effects of the substrate temperature on the properties of CuIn0.75Ga0.25Se2 (CIGS) thin films are reported. Structure, surface morphology and optical properties of CIGS thin films deposited at various substrate temperatures have been investigated using a number of analysis techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis at room temperature shows that CIGS films exhibit a strong 〈112〉 preferred orientation. As expected, at higher substrate temperatures the films displayed a higher degree of crystallinity. The 〈112〉 peak was also enhanced and other CIGS peaks appeared simultaneously. These results were supported by experimental work using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of the as-grown CIGS thin films show only the A1 mode peak. The intensity of this peak was enhanced at higher deposition temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results revealed very small grains separated by larger voids in films fabricated at room temperature. When the substrate temperature was increased the average grain size also increased together with a reduction in the number and size of the voids. The deposition temperature also had a significant influence on the transmission spectra.
THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE AND THE COMMISSION RATE STRUGGLE

♦Member, California Bar. 1. The NYSE commission rates and service charges are set forth in art. XV of the NYSE Constitution. See CCH NYSE Guide fl 1701. 2. This is the famous NYSE Rule 394, CCH NYSE Guide fl2394. The Exchange has issued a blanket exemption from the rule for most listed, guaranteed and preferred stocks. The list is published in CCH NYSE Guide fl 2394.10. Members are expected to execute transactions in these stocks on the Exchange unless a better market exists elsewhere, taking into account the price and size of the transaction. Subject to these restrictions, members may use the Third Market in these stocks if a better execution may be obtained.
Imagining Alternativas to Global, Corporate, New Economy Academic Capitalism

In this article, the authors detail the conditions and patterns of academic capitalism and the new economy in US higher education. Subsequently, a conceptual model is offered for considering the international reach and national and local patterns of academic capitalism. Further, a distinctive Mexican case of entrepreneurialism is offered. The article concludes with a discussion of alternatives for a model of a universidad latinoamericana that is grounded in the historical role of Latin American universities.
The Construction of Space: Spatial Considerations for the Contemporary Debate on Property Rights and the Informal Economy

Property rights systems and their relationship to the informal spaces are a contested and highly relevant part of contemporary development discourse. This study explores the reproduction of the concept of the informal in urban space. The central problematic of this study then departs by asking in what ways does the debate on property rights and the informal economy emerge as a representation of space? Resolving these will be achieved by examining how property is incorporated as a means of transforming social relationships, and the conceptualization of the informal and formal divide These concepts will then be put in relation to Henri Lefebvre’s theory of the reproduction of social space. 
This study presents a critique of the way that space is theorized and the way interpretations of the contemporary context are reproduced in ideologically-motivated construction of the social world. This is accomplished through an analysis of the relationship between property rights and the informal/formal conceptualization. Ideas of developing property systems and social institutions will be examined with reference to both the literature on the informal and the underlying ideology of private property rights systems. The intention is to allow a more comprehensive vision of the relationships between people, governments, and material appropriation to be examined.
Commentary: after the fall

A.  Let me thank the organizers of this conference for the invitation to come to this beautiful place and to attend what is always an intellectually challenging conference. In fact, the challenges today are not just intellectual, but they also have enormously important practical implications. How can we restore growth, and how can we do so in a sustainable way? This paper by Carmen and Vince Reinhart is essentially a paper about facts, assuming of course that historical data is more or less factually correct. Someone once said that facts can be awkward things, indeed even ugly things, but they can also be useful things—and that applies whether you prefer the use of inductive or deductive methods , or even some healthy mixture of both. Keynes famously addressed the awkwardness of facts when he replied to a journalist, " When the facts change, I change my mind. What do you do, sir? " Both Keynes and Hayek began their analysis of the 1930s with the observation of a simple fact: Deep slumps are possible, and the evidence presented in this paper further confirms that fact. The awkward thing is that much of modern macro theory seems to deny this possibility. New Keynesian and New
The Responsibility of Historians

During twenty years as an historian teaching Native American Studies at California State University, I have regularly required students to complete a specific research project: they must read or reread and analyze one university-level U.S. history text in current use, assessing the treatment of Native Americans, looking for both distortions and omissions. In this way I have followed U.S. history textbook development over two decades. In preparation for this panel I have read a number of new and revised textbooks and the commentaries published annually since 1992 in the Joumal of American History. My conclusion, in answer to the question posed for this panel—what has changed, what needs to change?—is that everything has changed and nothing has changed. The new textbooks include materials on the previously marginalized—Indians, Africans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Filipinos—who were forced into the United States project of wealth and empire building, as well as women, workers, socialists, pacifists, anti-imperialists—albeit mainly portraying them as victims, not actors. What has not changed, and why nothing has changed, is the essential origin myth.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Two-dimensional sheet resistance model for polycrystalline graphene with overlapped grain boundaries

Overlapped grain boundaries (OGBs) are an important feature of two-dimensional (2D) materials that are electrically, mechanically, and thermally different from conventional grain boundaries (CGBs). The properties of an individual OGB have been explored in some microscopic studies, but the effects of OGBs on the macroscopic properties of 2D materials such as sheet resistance and mobility have rarely been investigated. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and formulate the influence of the OGBs on the macroscopic properties of 2D materials. In this study, we propose a 2D sheet resistance and mobility model for polycrystalline graphene that considers the effects of OGBs and intra-grain defects. The proposed model is supported by a simulation of the growth and sheet resistance of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The electrical properties were investigated with respect to the average grain size, and a threshold grain size for mobility saturation was introduced, which can provide directions for the growth of high-quality 2D materials for commercial use. Moreover, the 2D characteristics reflected in the model can explain the variation in the sheet resistance and mobility of graphene grown under the same conditions. Since this model is applicable to general 2D materials, it will provide guidelines for the growth of various 2D materials.
Influence of Humic Acid Complexation with Metal Ions on Extracellular Electron Transfer Activity

Humic acids (HAs) can act as electron shuttles and mediate biogeochemical cycles, thereby influencing the transformation of nutrients and environmental pollutants. HAs commonly complex with metals in the environment, but few studies have focused on how these metals affect the roles of HAs in extracellular electron transfer (EET). In this study, HA-metal (HA-M) complexes (HA-Fe, HA-Cu, and HA-Al) were prepared and characterized. The electron shuttle capacities of HA-M complexes were experimentally evaluated through microbial Fe(III) reduction, biocurrent generation, and microbial azoreduction. The results show that the electron shuttle capacities of HAs were enhanced after complexation with Fe but were weakened when using Cu or Al. Density functional theory calculations were performed to explore the structural geometry of the HA-M complexes and revealed the best binding sites of the HAs to metals and the varied charge transfer rate constants (k). The EET activity of the HA-M complexes were in the order HA-Fe > HA-Cu > HA-Al. These findings have important implications for biogeochemical redox processes given the ubiquitous nature of both HAs and various metals in the environment.
Sampling-based path planning with goal oriented sampling

Path planning in complicated environments is a time consuming and computationally expensive task. Especially in high-dimensional configuration spaces with complex obstacles, searching for a proper path while avoiding collisions is still challenging. This paper presents an improved sampling-based algorithm, called the Goal Oriented sampling method (GO sampling) that quickly generates an initial solution overcoming these problems. GO sampling extends the sampling method of the Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm. GO sampling is able to identify the initial solution in a shorter time than that of the RRT algorithm and shows significant improvement in computational efficiency. The algorithm is evaluated with simulations in 2D and 3D space.
Management and outcome of vein of Galen malformation.

To describe our experience of treating children with vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGM) in a single UK centre between 2003 and 2008.



Retrospective review of case notes and neuroimaging.



33 children were seen (26 neonates, seven infants), of whom 28 underwent endovascular treatment. Four were not offered treatment as they had evidence of severe diffuse brain injury at presentation; treatment was deferred in another who subsequently died. Seven children died (two of whom had endovascular treatment). Of the survivors (all treated), 13 (39%) are neurodevelopmentally intact, seven (21%) have mild neurodevelopmental impairment and the remaining six (18%) have significant neurological impairment. The authors were not able to identify clinical or radiological parameters which strongly predicted outcome. Of note, two children with initially low Bicêtre scores were neurologically intact after successful embolisation.



The outlook for children with VGM is significantly better since the advent of endovascular treatment. Decisions about the appropriateness and timing of treatment should be taken by an experienced multidisciplinary team.
Current status and development of metallic ceramic coatings prepared by thermochemical reaction method

Preparation of metallic ceramic coatings by thermochemical reaction method has the advantages of simple process,low cost,very strong adhesion of coatings to metal surface.The characteristics of the ceramic coatings prepared by thermochemical reaction method were discussed from two aspects of process and interface,and the study progress of the coating's mechanism was also introduced.The pre-treatment of substrates,selection of ceramic particles and hardening techniques were described.The developments and current status of the ceramic coatings prepared by thermochemical reaction method were overviewed.
Debating authenticity : concepts of modernity in anthropological perspective

Acknowledgements  Authenticity Aujourd'hui Thomas Fillitz and A. Jamie Saris PART I: AUTHENTICITY AND AUTHENTICATING Chapter 1. Culture, Genuine and Spurious:" Reflections on Icons and Politics in Ireland A. Jamie Saris Chapter 2. Deceptive Tentacles of the Authenticating Mind: on Authenticity and Some Other Notions that are Good for Absolutely Nothing Rajko Mursic PART II: MORAL DISCOURSES OF AUTHENTICITY Chapter 3. Authentic Wilderness: The Production and Experience of Nature in America Lawrence J. Taylor Chapter 4. The Moral Economy of Authenticity. And the Invention of Traditions in Franche-Comte (France) Jean-Pierre Warnier Chapter 5. Oh, That's So Typical!" Discussing Some Spanish "Authentic" Essential Traits Jorge Grau Rebollo PART III: AUTHENTICITY: POPULAR AND ACADEMIC DISCOURSES Chapter 6. Is Form Really Primary or, What Makes Things Authentic? Sociality and Materiality in Afro Brazilian Ritual and Performance Inger Sjorslev Chapter 7. Cultural Search for Authenticity: Questioning Primitivism and Exotic Art Paul Van der Grijp Chapter 8. Wooden Pillars and Mural Paintings in the Saudi Southwest: Notes on Continuity, Authenticity, and Artistic Change in Regional Traditions Andre Gingrich Chapter 9. True to Life: Authenticity and the Photographic Image Marcus Banks PART IV: ENTANGLED SPACES OF AUTHENTICITY Chapter 10. Questions of Authenticity and Legitimacy in the Work of Henri Gaden (1867-1939) Roy Dilley Chapter 11. Constructing Culture Through Shared Location, Bricolage and Exchange: the Case of Gypsies and Roma Judith Okely Chapter 12. Cultural Regimes of Authenticity and Contemporary Art of Africa Thomas Fillitz Notes on Contributors Index
Massive Electrodynamics and Magnetic Monopoles

Including torsion in the geometric framework of the Weyl-Dirac theory we build up an action integral, and obtain from it a gauge covariant (in the Weyl sense) general relativistic massive electrodynamics. Photons having an arbitrary mass, electric, and magnetic currents (Dirac's monopole) coexist within this theory. Assuming that the space-time is torsionless, taking the photon mass zero, and turning to the Einstein gauge we obtain Maxwell's electrodynamics.
Specialist intervention is associated with improved patient outcomes in patients with decompensated heart failure: evaluation of the impact of a multidisciplinary inpatient heart failure team

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of a multidisciplinary inpatient heart failure team (HFT) on treatment, hospital readmissions and mortality of patients with decompensated heart failure (HF).



A retrospective service evaluation was undertaken in a UK tertiary centre university hospital comparing 196 patients admitted with HF in the 6 months prior to the introduction of the HFT (pre-HFT) with all 211 patients seen by the HFT (post-HFT) during its first operational year.



There were no significant differences in patient baseline characteristics between the groups. Inpatient mortality (22% pre-HFT vs 6% post-HFT; p<0.0001) and 1-year mortality (43% pre-HFT vs 27% post-HFT; p=0.001) were significantly lower in the post-HFT cohort. Post-HFT patients were significantly more likely to be discharged on loop diuretics (84% vs 98%; p=<0.0001), ACE inhibitors (65% vs 76%; p=0.02), ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers (83% vs 91%; p=0.02), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (44% vs 68%; p<0.0001) pre-HFT versus post-HFT, respectively. There was no difference in discharge prescription rates of beta-blockers (59% pre-HFT vs 63% post-HFT; p=0.45). The mean length of stay (17±19 days pre-HFT vs 19±18 days post-HFT; p=0.06), 1-year all-cause readmission rates (46% pre-HFT vs 47% post-HFT; p=0.82) and HF readmission rates (28% pre-HFT vs 20% post-HFT; p=0.09) were not different between the groups.



The introduction of a specialist inpatient HFT was associated with improved patient outcome. Inpatient and 1-year mortality were significantly reduced. Improved use of evidence-based drug therapies, more intensive diuretic use and multidisciplinary care may contribute to these differences in outcome.
Climate and environmental systems

This analysis features remote-sensing pictures to develop a student's ability to follow images of weather systems and interpret vegetation patterns. It also includes case studies on climate and environmental systems from around the world. There are two parts to the book. Part One covers topics from micro-habitats to major biome and includes the circulations of energy and matter which create climatic characteristics, soil profiles, and forms of vegetation. Part Two considers ways in which we disturb our environmental systems, and points to accurate means of predicting the effects of environmental change.
The Consistency of Probabilistic Regresses. A Reply to Jeanne Peijnenburg and David Atkinson

In a recent paper, Jeanne Peijnenburg and David Atkinson [Studia Logica, 89(3):333-341 (2008)] have challenged the foundationalist rejection of infinitism by giving an example of an infinite, yet explicitly solvable regress of probabilistic justification. So far, however, there has been no criterion for the consistency of infinite probabilistic regresses, and in particular, foundationalists might still question the consistency of the solvable regress proposed by Peijnenburg and Atkinson.In this paper, we employ Robinsonian nonstandard analysis to prove that a probabilistic regress is already consistent if it is admissible in the sense that its forward-iteration solution does not lead to obvious contradictions; naturally, the converse also holds true. As a consequence, it turns out that there is a rich class of probabilistic regresses, which generically will fail to be solvable.We therefore propose a weaker version of the Probabilistic Regress Problem which concedes the existence of solvable regresses, but denies their genericity.
Computational aspects of preference aggregation

In a preference aggregation setting, a group of agents must jointly make a decision, based on the individual agents' privately known preferences. To do so, the agents need some protocol that will elicit this information from them, and make the decision. Examples include voting protocols, auctions, and exchanges. Mechanism design is the study of designing preference aggregation protocols in such a way that they work well in the face of strategic (self-interested) agents. In most real-world settings, mechanism design is confronted with various computational issues. One is the complexity of executing the mechanism. Particularly in expressive preference aggregation settings (such as combinatorial auctions), many mechanisms become hard to execute. Another is the complexity of designing the mechanism. When general mechanisms do not apply to, or are suboptimal for, the setting at hand, a custom mechanists needs to be designed for it, which is a nontrivial problem that is best solved by computer (automated mechanism design). Finally, there is the complexity of participating in the mechanism. In complex settings, agents with limited computational capabilities (bounded agents) will not necessarily be able to act optimally, which should be taken into account in the mechanism design process. 
My thesis statement is that we can employ the study of computational aspects of the mechanism design process to significantly improve the generated mechanisms in a hierarchy of ways, leading to better outcomes (and a more efficient process). The dissertation outlines this hierarchy, and illustrates and addresses representative issues at various levels of the hierarchy with new results. It also serves as a significant step towards a longer-term research goal: realizing a mechanism design approach that addresses all of these issues simultaneously, comprehensively, and optimally, in settings with real-world complexity.
A randomized trial to increase physical activity in breast cancer survivors.

Interventions to increase physical activity among breast cancer survivors are needed to improve health and quality of life and possibly to reduce the risk of disease recurrence and early mortality. Therefore, we report the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a pilot randomized trial designed to increase physical activity in sedentary breast cancer survivors receiving hormone therapy.



Forty-one sedentary women on estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors for stage I, II, or IIIA breast cancer were randomly assigned to receive a 12-wk multidisciplinary physical activity behavior change intervention or usual care.



Recruitment was 34%, intervention adherence was 99%, and complete follow-up data were obtained on 93%. Most participants (93%) were white with mean age of 53 +/- 9 yr. Differences favoring the intervention group were noted for accelerometer physical activity counts (mean difference = 72,103; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 25,383-119,000; effect size (d) = 1.02; P = 0.004), aerobic fitness (mean difference = 2.9; 95% CI = -0.1 to 5.8; d = 0.64; P = 0.058), back/leg muscle strength (mean difference = 12.3; 95% CI = 0.4-15.9; d = 0.81; P = 0.017), waist-to-hip ratio (mean difference = -0.05; 95% CI = -0.01 to -0.08; d = -0.77; P = 0.018), and social well-being (mean difference = 2.0; 95% CI = 0.3-3.8; d = 0.76; P = 0.03). However, the intervention group also reported a greater increase in joint stiffness (mean difference = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.1-2.2; d = 0.70; P = 0.04).



A behavior change intervention for breast cancer survivors based on the social cognitive theory is feasible and results in potentially meaningful improvements in physical activity and selected health outcomes. Confirmation in a larger study is warranted.
Metodologia de pesquisa das crenças sobre aprendizagem de línguas: estado da arte

Language learning beliefs have been a topic in Applied Linguistics for 15 years now. Beliefs are considered as one of the individual learning differences that may influence the learning/acquisition process. Many studies have been published about language learning beliefs but few of them have examined the methodology of investigating beliefs. This paper is a state-ofart review of current research methodology on students' language learning beliefs. The author groups studies on language learning beliefs into three approaches according to their definition of beliefs, methodology, and the relationship between beliefs and actions. The main advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed and questions for the future research on students" language learning beliefs are offered at the end.