nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Protein-flexible chain polymer interactions to explain protein partition in aqueous two-phase systems and the protein-polyelectrolyte complex formation.

Complexes formation between two model proteins (catalase and chymotrypsin) and polyelectrolytes (polyvinyl sulphonate and polyacrilic acid) and a non-charged flexible chain polymer (PCF) as polyethylene propylene oxide (molecular mass 8400) was studied by a spectroscopy technique combination: UV absorption, fluorescence emission and circular dichroism. All the polymers increase the protein surface hydrophobicity (S(0)) parameter value as a proof of the modification of the protein surface exposed to the solvent. Chymotrypsin showed an increase in its biological activity in polymer presence, which suggests a change in the superficial microenvironment. The decrease in the biological activity of catalase might be due to a competition between the polymer and the substrate. This result agrees with the polymer effect on the catalase superficial hydrophobic area. It was found that, when flexible chain polymers increase protein stability and the enzymatic activity they could be used to isolate this enzyme without inducing loss of protein enzymatic activity. Our findings suggest that the interactions are dependent on the protein physico-chemical parameters such as: isoelectric pH, hydrophobic surface area, etc.
Product Engineering: Tools and Methods Based on Virtual Reality (Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation Science and Engineering) (Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation Science and Eng)

This book contains an edited version of the lectures and selected contributions presented during the Advanced Summer Institute on "Product Engineering: Tools and Methods based on Virtual Reality" held at Chania (Greece), 30th May-6th June 2007. The Advanced Summer Institute (ASI) was devoted to the Product Engineering field, with particular attention being given to the aspects related to Virtual Reality (VR) technologies, and their use and added value in engineering. The objective of the ASI was to create a meeting framework for leading scientists and advanced students carrying out research in the field of Virtual Reality Technologies, Haptic systems, CAD and VR integration, Virtual Testing and Prototyping and Virtual Manufacturing. The ASI was seen also as an opportunity for academics, practitioners and consultants from Europe and elsewhere who are involved in the study, management, development and implementation of product engineering principles in the learning and teaching sectors, as well a s professionals to come together and share ideas on projects and examples of best practice. As in the first ASI edition held in Romania in 2004, the topics have been chosen such as to bring together scientists from traditionally distinct areas of research such as Virtual Reality and Product Engineering, in order to catalyze cross-fertilization and enable new ideas in an interdisciplinary framework.
Henry Purcell : glory of his age

Henry Purcell is Britain's best-known and most distinguished composer, the author of musical works and compositions for court, church and theatre which attract increasing contemporary audiences. Within his short life-span he impressed his stamp on the music of the whole country, both as organist at Westminster Abbey and as official composer to four monarchs (Charles II, James II and William and Mary). He also collaborated with the greatest writers and poets of his age, including Dryden, and his music was the subject of lively debate in the pages of contemporary diarists such as Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn. This book relates Purcell's life to the political, artistic and social world in which he moved - from childhood in the Restoration and experiences of the Great Fire and the Great Plague, to the complex politics of the later 17th century.
Public interest and economic policy

The state, the market, and the relation between group (individual) and national interests are heatedly discussed in political essays and the mass media. However, emotional and ideological arguments impart the feeling that public contradictions are inherently insolvable and a compromise between the needs of different social strata is impossible. What about science? Does it analyze this problem? What views prevail? These points were discussed at an RAS Presidium meeting in September 2009. The paper and a summary of its discussion are published below.
Destruction of Fermion Zero Modes on Cosmic Strings

I examine the existence of zero-energy fermionsolutions (zero modes) on cosmic strings in an SO (10)grand unified theory. The current-carrying capability ofa cosmic string formed at one phase transition can be modified at subsequent phasetransitions. I show that the zero modes may be destroyedand the conductivity of the string altered. I discussthe cosmological implications of this, and show that it allows vorton bounds to be relaxed.
Private Irony and Public Decency: Richard Rorty's New Pragmatism

philosophy should be kept as separate from politics as should religion . . . the attempt to ground political theory in overarching theories of the nature of man or the goal of history has done more harm than good. We should not assume that it is our task, as professors of philosophy, to be the avant-garde of political movements. ... We should think of politics as one of the experimental rather than of the theoretical disciplines.
Notice of RetractionThe viral E-marketing strategy of the SMEs

The article focuses on small or medium enterprises(SMEs), and briefly discusses the necessity of electronic marketing (E-marketing) using second-hand data on the Internet analysis and comparison. Specifically, it indicates the viral Internet marketing strategy, and analyzes its advantages and applicability. Moreover, base on the characteristics and status of the SMEs, the author points out specific viral E-marketing strategy and implementation plans. Finally, the author analyzes the misunderstanding of the small or medium enterprises in the E-marketing and gives practicable rationalization proposals.
Mobility and exclusion : conflicts between autochthons and allochthons during political liberalisation in Cameroon

This chapter examines the deteriorating relations between autochthons and allochthons in the coastal forest area of anglophone Cameroon, present-day South West Province. This province is one of the few regions along the West African coast where a plantation economy was established during the German colonial period (1884-1916). The plantation economy stimulated large-scale labour migration to the coastal estates, particularly from the other anglophone province, North West Province. Following large-scale settlement of northwestern migrants in the South West, the 'autochthonous' population began to resent their increasing domination in demographic, economic and political terms. The present chapter examines why the current obsession with the autochthony-allochthony issue in South West Province relates foremost to relations between inhabitants of the two anglophone provinces. The South-West elite's fear of renewed North-West domination during the political liberalization of the 1990s was one of the main reasons for their incitement of the autochthonous minority against the dominant and exploitative northwestern settlers. Includes bibliographical references, notes, and summary.
A First Year Engineering Experience In Sustainable Design

For the past fifteen years, Brazil has been producing fuel ethanol from sugarcane, thereby decreasing their overall gasoline consumption by 50%. With decreasing oil supplies and increasing fuel costs, many countries hope to duplicate Brazil’s success. However, sugarcane, the ethanol staple crop in Brazil, does not cultivate well in other climates. Therefore, an effort must be made to determine the process feedstocks for different regions of the world. In the Spring of 2008, first-year engineering students at Michigan Technological University will investigate the potential of fuel ethanol produced from lignocellulosic (woody) biomass. During the course of this project, students will utilize the “waste equals food” principles of sustainable design outlined by William McDonough and Michael Braungart. Using these guidelines, students will learn to incorporate the principles of sustainable development in the design and simulation of an ethanol production facility. They will investigate the sustainability of the production of the ethanol product from a regional feedstock and the sustainability of the ethanol process by developing a facility to eliminate waste from the production process. This paper will describe the incorporation of the biomass-to-ethanol design project into our first year engineering program, the assessment methodology used and the expected educational outcomes of the project.
Melodrama : stage, picture, screen

Foreword and Acknowledgments Notes on Contributors and Editors Introduction Part I DEBATES Melodrama, Body, Revolution Peter Brooks Pauses of Mutual Agitation Simon Shepherd The Contending Discourses of Melodrama Jacky Bratton The Horror of Opacity - The Melodrama of Sensation in the Plays of Andre de Lorde Tom Gunning PART 2 TRANSFORMATIONS Scattered Chiaroscuro - Melodrama as a Matter of Seeing I Meisel Olympian Dreamscapes: The Photographic Canvas The Wide-screen Paintings of Leighton, Poynter and Alma-Tadema Caroline Dunant East Lynne to Gaslight - Hollywood. Melodrama and Twentieth-century Notions of the Victorian Guy Barefoot Music and the Melodramatic Past of New German Cinema Caryl Flinn PART 3 REVISIONS 'It will be a magnificent obsession' - The Melodrama's Role in the Development of Contemporary Film Theory Laura Mulvey 'Local' Genres - The Hollywood Adult Film in the 1950s Barbara Klinger Having a Good Cry over The Colour Purple - The Problem of Affect and Imperialism in Feminist Film Theory Jane Shattuc Realist Melodrama and the African-American Family - Billy Woodberry's Bless Their Little Hearts Chuck Kleinhans Society and Subjectivity - On the Political Economy of Chinese Melodrama Nick Browne PART 4 POLITICS Melodrama and Revolution Daniel Gerould Vigilante Chronicle - The Politics of Melodrama Brought to Life David Grimstead The Social Evil, the Moral Order and the Melodramatic Imagination, 1890-1915 Richard Maltby Fire and Desire - Race, Melodrama, and Oscar Micheaux Jane Gaines Index.
German Anti-Americanism in Context

The anti-American rhetoric which suddenly emerged in Western Europe’s intellectual discourse during the showdown of the Second Gulf War in 2002–3 is more than a political act. The new patterns of antagonism are symptoms of a process of cultural emancipation that commenced in the 1990s. Surprisingly, the rationale behind the growing demise of the project of Americanization which dominated the Cold War is a critical examination of Europe’s entanglement in a postmodern culture industry and its global markets. In the aftermath of unification, Germany’s cultural scene has been meticulously scrutinized by its own intellectuals, who perceived the cultural imperialism of the USA as a threat. To some extent based on anti-American traditions that originate in Germany’s period of Romanticism, contemporary intellectuals are acting as the guardians of the cultural values of so- called ‘Old Europe’. However, it will be argued that the appraisal of the political and cultural intimacy of both continents will not only result in a schism but will also foster new and exciting transatlantic liaisons.
E. A. Freeman (1823-1892), a Neglected Commentator on Byzantium and Modern Greece

E. A. Freeman, principally known as an historian of medieval Europe, is a neglected pioneer of Byzantine history. He was among the leading British commentators on the "Eastern Question". His friendship with George Finlay, reflected in letters preserved at the British School at Athens, informed his analysis of Greece and South-East Europe. He travelled and lectured widely throughout his life, publishing prolifically and repetitiously. However, he never published an overview of Greek history, leaving unfinished manuscripts. His writings demonstrate his commitment to "universal history" and to contemporary racial theories. He considered the Greeks to be a superseded strain of the Aryan race, whose potency had been bequeathed to the Teutons, and more particularly to the English.
Glueballs and hybrid mesons

The status of non-perturbative QCD calculations for mesons with gluonic excitation is presented. Lattice results for the glueball spectrum are reviewed. For hybrid mesons, the heavy quark results are summarised and new results are presented for light quarks. Preliminary results for the spectrum of light-quark hybrid mesons indicate substantial mixing with quark model states for non-exotic $J^{PC}$. For the exotic $J^{PC}$ hybrid mesons, the $J^{PC}=1^{-+}$, $0^{+-}$ and $2^{+-}$ states are explored.
Is there Demand for Formality among Informal Firms

Experimental data from microfirms in downtown Lima is exploited to analyse the demand for formality, i.e., obtaining an operating license. The results are paradoxical: most firms report greater disadvantages than advantages of being informal, yet when encouraged to obtain the license, only one out of four firms takes up the incentive. Thus, for some firms formalisation may not be desirable at any cost. This is likely to be associated with the recurrent costs of being formal, the low perceived value of the benefits of formalisation, and the limited growth perspectives of these firms.
Desert Island Column: Marooned on Mars: Mind-Spinning Books for Software Engineers

by William J. ClanceyChief Scientist, Human-Centered ComputingNASA/Ames Research CenterMoffett Field, CA 94035 (*)(*) On leave from the Institute for Human-Machine Cognition, Universityof West Florida, Pensacola.To appear in the Automated Software Engineering Journal, published byKluwer Academic Publishers, in Volume 7, year 2000I've just arrived on Mars, with 500 days before the next return shuttle.Fortunately, we have email and internet access to Earth (the line is fast,but there's a twenty minute delay on average, almost like time-sharing inthe 70s). My powerbook fits fine on my lap, but slouching on thehabitat's long couch, I prefer holding a book in my hands, settling downwith gleeful anticipation with a warm drink nearby (it's -70c today). So Ibrought along an armload of books, some for reference, some to read andstudy again, and others to share with the next generation, as we build ourcolony. All are mind-spinning, just what we need for opening a new worldwith new ways of thinking.To start, I brought along Burrough's (1998) Dragonfly: NASA and theCrisis Aboard MIR (New York: HarperCollins Publishers), the story of theRussian-American misadventures on MIR. An expose with almostembarrassing detail about the inner-workings of Johnson Space Center inHouston, this book is best read with the JSC organization chart in hand.Here's the real world of engineering and life in extreme environments. Itmakes most other accounts of "requirements analysis" appear glib andsimplistic. The book vividly portrays the sometimes harrowingexperiences of the American astronauts in the web of Russianinterpersonal relations and literally in the web of MIR's wiring. Burrough'sexposition reveals how handling bureaucratic procedures and bulkyfacilities is as much a matter of moxie and goodwill as technical capability.Lessons from MIR showed NASA that getting to Mars required a differentview of knowledge and improvisation--long-duration missions are not at
Influence of the Oxidation-Reduction Process on the Surface and Sub-surface Microstructure of Intercritically Annealed CMnSi TRIP Steel

The surface and sub-surface of an intercritically annealed Si-bearing CMnSi TRIP steel were investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy after pre-oxidation in a N2+0.3 vol-% O2 atmosphere and subsequent reduction in a N2+10 vol-% H2 atmosphere. After the initial pre-oxidation the surface consisted of areas covered with a thick Fe3O4 oxide with an open porous structure and areas covered with a thin compact Fe3O4 film connected to the steel by xMnO.SiO2 oxide bridges connecting the oxide film to the matrix. Both porous and compact oxide contained embedded grains of MnO. A grain boundary network of amorphous SiO2 was formed in the steel subsurface under the porous Fe3O4 after the pre-oxidation treatment. No internal oxidation was observed below the compact Fe3O4 layer. Whereas, the Fe3O4 was fully reduced to metallic Fe after reduction annealing, the selective oxides MnO, c-xMnO.SiO2 (x>1) and a-xMnO.SiO2 (x<0.9) were unaffected by the reduction annealing. As no amorphous a-SiO2 or a-xMnO.SiO2 (x<0.9) film forming oxides were present at the surface of the Si-bearing TRIP steel after the pre-oxidation and reduction annealing, the treatment is believed to lead to an improved wettability of the surface by liquid Zn during hot dip galvanizing and Zn-coatings which are free of bare spot defects. Zn-coating adhesion problems may however arise from the formation of large pores at the Fe3O4/steel interface, which are still present after the oxide reduction.
A Review of 99 Things Parents Wish They Knew Before® … Having “THE” Talk

Numerous books exist on parent-teen communication related to sex, sexuality, and sexual health. However, Chris Fariello and Pierre-Paul Tellier take a new, question-and-answer approach to reaching today's busy parents in their book 99 Things Parents Wish They Knew Before® … Having “THE” Talk. The concept behind the book is innovative, but the execution needs improvement. A revised, second edition is needed to address the clinical/colloquial language confusion, definitions of key words and concepts, and copy editing challenges.
Self-sensing of CNF and Ni nanowire/PVDF and cellulose composites using electro-micromechanical test

Self-sensing and actuation were investigated for carbon nanofiber (CNF) and Ni nanowire/polymer composites. Electro-micromechanical techniques can be used for evaluating self-sensing and interfacial properties indirectly under loading/subsequent unloading. Apparent modulus and contact resistivity for CNF/epoxy composites were evaluated as functions of different aspect ratio. CNF/epoxy composites with smaller aspect ratio shown to be higher apparent modulus due to high volume content in case of short aspect ratio. Surface energy via dynamic contact angle measurement was evaluated to obtain interfacial adhesion between nano-materials embedded matrix and carbon fiber sensor. Interfacial properties of CNF/epoxy with different aspect ratios were also obtained indirectly. CNF-PVDF, Ni nanowire-CNF-silicone and Ni nanowire-cellulose actuator were made successfully. Electrochemical actuator of CNF-PVDF was responded in electrolyte solution. Magnetic actuators of Ni nanowire-CNF-silicone and Ni nanowire-cellulose composites were monitored under electro-magnetic field with different frequency, wave function and voltage. Ni nanowire-CNF-silicone actuator with lightness and Ni nanowire-cellulose actuator with rapid frequency response having meaningful merits can be applied for various new smart structural materials.
Rethinking China Conquered or Not:A Cliometrics Approach

The change of dynasties in ancient China is an important field of Chinese cliometrics research.Chenqiang' paper analyzing the change of dynasties in ancient China has the weaknesses of(i) arbitrarily denying the theories of " individual quality" and "climate change";(ii) replacing the marginal incidence of floods and droughts by the average incidence of floods and droughts(which cannot exactly reflect the climate change);(iii) choosing the explanatory variables; (iv) the definition of the Central Plains Dynasty which is inconsistent with the traditional historiography.
Thermodynamics and biological properties of the aqueous solutions of new glucocationic surfactants.

Thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of newly synthesized compounds, namely, N-[2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonium bromides with hydrophobic tails of 12 (C12DGCB) and 16 (C16DGCB) carbon atoms, determined as a function of concentration by means of direct methods, are reported here. Dilution enthalpies, densities, and sound velocities were measured at 298 K, allowing for the determination of apparent and partial molar enthalpies, volumes, and compressibilities. Changes in thermodynamic quantities upon micellization were derived using a pseudophase-transition approach. From a comparison with the corresponding acetylated compounds N-[2-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium bromide (C12AGCB) and N-[2-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyanosyl)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonium bromide (C16AGCB), the role played in the micellization process by the acetylated glycosyl moiety was inferred: it enhances the hydrophobic character of the molecule and lowers the change in enthalpy of micelle formation by about 1.5 kJ mol(-1). By comparing the volume of C12DGCB with those of DEDAB and DTAB, the volumes taken up by the (beta- d-glucopyranosyl)ethyl and beta- d-glucopyranosyl groups were found to be 133 and 99 cm3 mol(-1), respectively. Regarding the interaction with DPPC membranes, it seems that the sugar moiety of the hexadecyl deacetylated compound gives rise to hydrogen bonds with the oxygen atoms of the lipid phosphates, shifting the phase transition of DPPC from a bilayer gel to a bilayer liquid crystal to lower temperatures. C16AGCB induces significantly greater changes than C16DGCB in the structure of liposomes, suggesting the formation of domains. The interaction is strongly enhanced by the presence of water. Neither compound interacts strongly with DNA or compacts it, as shown by EMSA assays and AFM images. Only C16AGCB is able to deliver little DNA inside cells when coformulated with DOPE, as shown by the transient transfection assay. This might be related to the ability of C16AGCB to form surfactant-rich domains in the lipid structure.
History, theology and the relevance of the translatio imperii

In his Sociology, Rosenstock-Huessy had argued that the translatio imperii was an important, but forgotten, Medieval Christian formulation which grasped that with the Church the aspiration of empire had entered onto a new historical path; the extinction that is the fate of all earthly empires need not be repeated if the powers of human endeavour are incorporated within a spiritual body (Augustine’s ‘heavenly city’) for whom ‘love is stronger than death’. This radical faith in the future has been retained in, and is indeed intrinsic to, the secular Western revolutionary consciousness. This faith also provides the discipline of History with an eschatological mission far beyond merely chronicling of the past. History inevitably shares the same theological and philosophical roots not only of Europe but the entire world. For the ‘world’ we now inhabit is what it is because of the outgrowths of revolutions and world wars that were initiated in Europe.
On the Length of the Wadge Hierarchy of ω-Context Free Languages

We prove in this paper that the length of the Wadge hierarchy of ω-context-free languages is greater than the Cantor ordinal eω, which is the ωth fixed point of the ordinal exponentiation of base ω. We show also that there exist some Σω0-complete ω-context-free languages, improving previous results on ω-context-free languages and the Borel hierarchy.