nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The level of deliberacy in international market selection strategy: a look at a Finnish multi-sided platform start-up

Recently, there has been a growth in literature pertaining to international market expansion of companies described as ‘born globals’. Within this sphere, multi-sided platform businesses that connect two or more sides of a market, have gained significant traction. Much of the current research has focused on analysing the way the companies internationalize. There is, however, a gap in research relating to how the specific international market selection strategies are formed at early stage companies and with what level of deliberacy. Scholars such as Spence (2003) and Crick and Spence (2005) look into the level of deliberacy in startup international market selection but do not take an in-depth look into how it is formed and what factors influence it. The thesis sheds light on the strategy process within a highly dynamic environment and helps understand the intentions and patterns of the case company in view of international market selection.  The main objective of the study was to understand the initial international market selection strategy formation and execution from the perspective of deliberacy. This was achieved through an in-depth case analysis of a Finnish multi-sided platform start-up that was at a nascent state of development. The second objective focused on understanding the underlying processes resulting in the selection of a given internationalization market over another one. This was done by analyzing the key motivators in market selection decisions.  The key finding of the research was that the level of deliberacy in initial international market selection was driven by resource constraints and the managerial perceptions of the founders. These factors introduced a situation under which there were clearly identified internationalization markets based on the founders’ vision. The international market selection thus followed an entrepreneurial strategy path, as described by Mintzberg and Waters (1985). In contrary to existing literature, a highly emergent network view did not seem to be the fundamental approach to the selection of international markets.
Invariant Signatures and Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proofs are Equivalent (Extended Abstract)

The standard definition of digital signatures allows a document to have many valid signatures. In this paper, we consider a subclass of digital signatures, called invariant signatures, in which all legal signatures of a document must be identical according to some polynomial-time computable function (of a signature) which is hard to predict given an unsigned document. We formalize this notion and show its equivalence to non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs.
Machine learning in automated text categorization

The automated categorization (or classification) of texts into predefined categories has witnessed a booming interest in the last 10 years, due to the increased availability of documents in digital form and the ensuing need to organize them. In the research community the dominant approach to this problem is based on machine learning techniques: a general inductive process automatically builds a classifier by learning, from a set of preclassified documents, the characteristics of the categories. The advantages of this approach over the knowledge engineering approach (consisting in the manual definition of a classifier by domain experts) are a very good effectiveness, considerable savings in terms of expert labor power, and straightforward portability to different domains. This survey discusses the main approaches to text categorization that fall within the machine learning paradigm. We will discuss in detail issues pertaining to three different problems, namely, document representation, classifier construction, and classifier evaluation.
Abnormal Returns in Privatization Public Offerings: The Case of Portuguese Firms

This paper provides evidence on abnormal returns of Portuguese privatization public offerings for the period from 1989 to 2001. Previous empirical studies report the existence of underpricing for privatized firms in the short-run and positive abnormal returns in the long run. This study explores the abnormal performance of a comprehensive sample of Portuguese privatization transactions and investigates the determinants of the observed price behavior. Our results are not supportive of the underpricing phenomenon except if we exclude the very extreme observations. The results show further that privatization IPOs underperform private sector IPOs. In the long run, we observe negative abnormal returns. While in early event months, privatization public offerings yield more negative returns than private sector offerings, this effect is reversed in longer horizon periods. Initial underpricing is thus reversed and investors seem to require higher returns in partial privatizations.
Advice on a rough draft: The Pickwick papers' ‘Mr. Weller the Elder delivers some critical sentiments respecting literary composition’1

The author discusses a scene from Dickens's The Pickwick papers wherein the novelist describes and dramatises an inexperienced but earnest and determined young man writing a Valentine's letter under the tutelage of a confident yet incompetent tutor, his father. The author, presenting Dickens's marvellous comic scene, compares Sam Weller's difficulties and satisfactions, as well as his weary trailing off, to those of the author's students at a community college in Brooklyn, New York.
Predicting of the performance of franchise industry using Grey models - case study in United States

Along with the globalization of business, the opportunities and challenges in franchise business are increased. In order to ensure that the franchise industry grows stably, it has been always an important topic to forecast the franchise performance accurately. Thus, this study aims at utilizing Grey prediction as an analyze methodology to estimate the performance of US's franchise industry in order to understand the growth of the franchise industry in the near future The result revealed, the performance of US's franchise section will increase significantly year-on-year. Among that, revenue of business services franchises will be expected to reach 1,177 billion dollars in 2021. In addition, round of 817,986 franchise establishments will be expected to operate which will attract about 10 million employees in the franchise sector in 2021. This research can help investors to have a good overview of the franchise business in US in particular and in the global market in general.
Revenge of the Steamroller: ABCP as a Window on Risk Choices

We empirically examine financial institutions' motivations to take systematic bad-tail risk in the form of sponsorship of credit-arbitrage asset-backed commercial paper vehicles. A run on debt issued by such vehicles played a key role in causing and propagating the liquidity crisis that began in the summer of 2007. We find evidence consistent with important roles for both owner-manager agency problems and government-induced distortions, especially government control or ownership of banks.
Violence and punishment : civilizing the body through time

Violence and Punishment within Civilizing Processes page 1 PART ONE Violence 1 Long-Term Trends in Homicide: Amsterdam, Fifteenth Twentieth Centuries 19 2 Homicide and the Law in the Dutch Republic: A Peaceful Country? 39 3 Violence and Culture: Bloodshed in Two or Three Worlds 57 PART TWO Punishment and Social Control 4 Punishment, Power and History: Foucault and Elias 75 5 Monkey Butt s Mate: On Informal Social Control, Standards of Violence and Notions of Privacy 92 6 "The Green, Green Grass of Home:" Refl ections on Capital Punishment and the Penal System in Europe and America from a Long-Term Perspective 104 PART THREE Civilizing the Body in Human History 7 Elites and Etiquette: Changing Standards of Personal Conduct in the Netherlands until 1800 129 8 Civilizing Celebrations: An Exploration of the Festive Universe 151 9 The Body s End: Death and Paradise in Human History 163 Epilogue: A Personal Recollection of Norbert Elias and How I Became a Crime Historian 174 Notes 181 Archival Sources 200 Bibliography 201 Index 221
Religion in sociological perspective

PART ONE Introduction to the Sociology of Religion Chapter 1. What Do We Mean by the Term Religion? Chapter 2. A Scientific Perspective on Religion PART TWO The Complexity of Religious Systems: Integration and Conflict Chapter 3. The Role of Religion in Society: Macro Perspectives Chapter 4. Religious Experience, Symbol Systems, and World Views PART THREE Religion in the Lives of Individuals Chapter 5. Becoming and Being Religious Chapter 6. Conversion and Switching PART FOUR Formation and Maintenance of Religious Organizations Chapter 7.  Churches, Sects, and "Cults" Chapter 8. The Denominational Society PART FIVE Religion and Social Inequality Chapter 10. Religion and Racism Chapter 11. Religion, Gender, and Sexuality Chapter 12. Religion, Inequality, and Social Activism PART SIX Social Change and Religious Adaptation Chapter 13.  Religion in Decline or in Transformation? Chapter 14. Religion Outside the (God) Box Chapter 15. Religion and Globalization EPILOGUE The Sociological Perspective on Religion: A Concluding Comment
Molten salt synthesis and characterization of Li4Ti5−xMnxO12 (x = 0.0, 0.05 and 0.1) as anodes for Li-ion batteries

Sub-micrometer sized Li 4 Ti 5− x Mn x O 12 ( x  = 0.0, 0.05 and 0.1) particles were synthesized by a single step molten salt method using LiCl–KCl as a flux. The synthesized material was structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The XRD analysis revealed the particles to be highly crystalline and have a face-centered cubic spinel structure. The presence of possible functional group was confirmed through FTIR analysis. The FE-SEM images showed the particles to be polyhedral in shape with uniform size distribution. It was also revealed that there was a particle size reduction with the effect of Mn 4+ dopant ions. The electrochemical studies performed using cyclic voltammogram (CV), charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS) indicate that Li 4 Ti 4.9 Mn 0.1 O 4 possesses a better discharge capacity (305 mAh/g), cycling stability, and charge carrier conductivity than both Li 4 Ti 4.95 Mn 0.05 O 12 (265 mAh/g) and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (240 mAh/g). The cycling stability reveals that the acceptable capacity fading was observed even after 20th cycle. The results of electrochemical studies infer that Li 4 Ti 4.9 Mn 0.1 O 4 could be utilized as a suitable anode material for Li-ion batteries.
Let us entertain you [entertainment engineering and technology]

This article outlines a new engineering program at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, which teaches students how to design theme parks, theatrical productions, and other sophisticated amusements. From pyrotechnics to virtual reality, the biggest shows in Las Vegas rely on engineers. UNLV's entertainment engineering and technology program is teaching engineering students how to apply their imagination, as well as their technical know-how, to designing these lavish spectacles.
A Historical Geography of the Regional Centres in the Ancient Tohoku Frontier District

About the middle of the 7th century the Tohoku district attracted attention of ancient states under the System of Ritsuryo for their northern frontiers. Shiro or Saku (ancient castle) of both Mutsu and Dewa Kunis (ancient prefectures) were administrative centres as well as frontier forts in the northern borderland. In addition to these were there stationed Gundan, a purely military position and Gunke (Kohri-no-Miyake), an administrative centre of Kohri (ancient county), substructure to Kuni. It is supposed that to these regional establishments are practised gridded urban planning similar to those of Teito (ancient megalopolis) and Kokufu (ancient local capitals).The authors did researches on the urban planning of the ancient regional centres by following the methods of historical geography, comparing with their micro-topography and the present landscapes, examining Koaza (the smallest place name) on the land register maps. The objectives examined were Akita Jyo, Tamatsukuri Gundan, Mutsu-no-Kuni Shimeha-Gunke, Dewa-no-Kuni Murayama-Gunke, and so forth. The results show that there were the gridded plans as in Taga Jyo, Izawa Jyo, and Kinowa-no-Sake, reported already.Secondly, the authors investigated in what location those regional centres were situated in the view point of ancient topography and communication. Especially in respect to the way connecting Taga Jyo with Akita Jyo, we considered its probable route, by making field survey near the Sarubane Toge (pass), and examining its topographical position and attempting to identify the Sarubane Eki (stage).At the same time we investigated the Gridded Pattern, the land so-called Jori form practised under the System of Ritsuryo, near and around these regional centres mentioned above, its forms, areas and limit of distribution. Consequently, we can report such newly found areas with remains of the gridded land pattern as in the valleys of Naruse and Hazama rivers, and observe that allotted lands in each Tsubo, in general, adopt a peculiar form. As to the northern limit of its distribution the line is supposed to be drawn from Morioka to the Akita plain.To the north of the area distributing ancient castle and the gridded land pattern, there was located Noshiro-no-Tamuro, the northernmost fort of the Ritsuryo states. It is considered to be located on the plateau to the south of the Yoneshiro river.
Convex Polytopes: Extremal Constructions and f -Vector Shapes

The study of f -vectors has had huge successes in the last forty years. The most fundamental one is undoubtedly the “g-theorem,” conjectured by McMullen in 1971 and proved by Billera & Lee and Stanley in 1980, which characterizes the f vectors of simplicial and of simple polytopes combinatorially. See also Section 5.2 of Forman’s article in this volume, where h-vectors are discu ssed in connection with the Charney–Davis conjecture. Nevertheless, on some fundamental problems embarassingly little progress was made; one notable such problem concerns the shapes of f -vectors of 4-polytopes. A number of striking and fascinating polytope constructions have been proposed and analyzed over the years. In particular, the Billera–Lee construction produces “all possible f -vectors” of simplicial polytopes. Less visible progress was made outside the range of simple or simplicial polytopes — where our measure of progress is that new polytopes “with interesting f -vectors” should be produced. Thus, still “it seems that overall, we are short of examples. The methods for coming up with useful examples in mathematics (or counterexamples to commonly believed conjectures) are even less clear than the methods for proving mathematical statements” (Gil Kalai, 2000). These lecture notes are meant to display a fruitful interplay of these two areas of study: The discussion of f -vector shapes suggests the notion of “extremal” polytopes, that is, of polytopes with “extremal f -vector shapes.” Our choice of constructions to be discussed here is guided by this: We will be looking at constructions that produce interesting f -vector shapes.
Stateless model checking with data-race preemption points

Stateless model checking is a powerful technique for testing concurrent programs, but suffers from exponential state space explosion when the test input parameters are too large. Several reduction techniques can mitigate this explosion, but even after pruning equivalent interleavings, the state space size is often intractable. Most prior tools are limited to preempting only on synchronization APIs, which reduces the space further, but can miss unsynchronized thread communication bugs. Data race detection, another concurrency testing approach, focuses on suspicious memory access pairs during a single test execution. It avoids concerns of state space size, but may report races that do not lead to observable failures, which jeopardizes a user’s willingness to use the analysis. 
 We present Quicksand, a new stateless model checking framework which manages the exploration of many state spaces using different preemption points. It uses state space estimation to prioritize jobs most likely to complete in a fixed CPU budget, and it incorporates data-race analysis to add new preemption points on the fly. Preempting threads during a data race’s instructions can automatically classify the race as buggy or benign, and uncovers new bugs not reachable by prior model checkers. It also enables full verification of all possible schedules when every data race is verified as benign within the CPU budget. In our evaluation, Quicksand found 1.25x as many bugs and verified 4.3x as many tests compared to prior model checking approaches.
Evidence for non-electrostatic interactions between a pyrophosphate-functionalized uranyl peroxide nanocluster and iron (hydr)oxide minerals.

The terminal oxygen atoms of the pyrophosphate groups in the uranyl peroxide nanocluster U24Pp12 ([(UO2)24(O2)24(P2O7)12]48-) are not fully satisfied by bond valence considerations and can become protonated. This functionality could allow for specific interactions with mineral surfaces, as opposed to the electrostatically-driven interactions observed between non-functionalized uranyl peroxide nanoclusters and mineral surfaces. The sorption of U24Pp12 to goethite and hematite was studied using batch sorption experiments as a function of U24Pp12 concentration, mineral concentration, and pH. A suite of spectroscopic techniques, scanning electron microscopy, and electrophoretic mobility measurements were used to examine the minerals before and after reaction with U24Pp12, leading to a proposed conceptual model for U24Pp12 interactions with goethite. The governing rate laws were determined and compared to those previously determined for a non-functionalized uranyl peroxide nanocluster. The rate of uranyl peroxide nanocluster sorption depends on the charge density and functionalized component of the uranyl peroxide cage. Electrophoretic mobility and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses show that an inner-sphere complex forms between the U24Pp12 cluster and the goethite surface through the terminal pyrophosphate groups, leading to a proposed conceptual model in which U24Pp12 interacts with the triply-coordinated reactive sites on the (110) plane of goethite. These results demonstrate that the behavior of U24Pp12 at the iron (hydr)oxide-water interface is unique relative to interactions of the uranyl ion and non-functionalized uranyl peroxide nanoclusters.
A graphical foundation for interleaving in game semantics

In 2007, Harmer, Hyland and Mellies gave a formal mathematical foundation for game semantics using a notion they called a ⊸-schedule, and the similar notion of ⊗-schedule, both structures describing interleavings of plays in games. Their definition was combinatorial in nature, but researchers often draw pictures when describing schedules in practice. Moreover, several proofs of key properties, such as that the composition of ⊸-schedules is associative, involve cumbersome combinatorial detail, whereas in terms of pictures the proof is straightforward, reflecting the geometry of the plane. Here, we give a geometric formulation of ⊸-schedules and ⊗-schedules, prove that they are isomorphic to Harmer et al.'s definitions, and illustrate their value by giving such geometric proofs. Harmer et al.'s notions may be combined to describe plays in multi-component games, and researchers have similarly developed intuitive graphical representations of plays in these games. We give a characterisation of these diagrams and explicitly describe how they relate to the underlying schedules, finally using this relation to provide new, intuitive proofs of key categorical properties.
DIFFERENCES IN ATTRIBUTION STYLE AND SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS

There appears to be a relationship between shyness and the tendency to experience the self-conscious emotions of embarrassment, shame, and guilt. Shyness was highly correlated with these emotions in the present study. This does not suggest that individuals who are not shy do not also experience these self-conscious emotions. Attribution styles may also play an important role in shy individuals' tendency to experience self-conscious emotions as such individuals tend to make attributions that cause them to experience these emotions. It seems, therefore, that our emotional life is strongly tied to our cognitive interpretation of the world and ourselves. The present study examined the relationship between shyness and self-conscious emotions in terms of attribution style. Furthermore, the relationships between shame, guilt, and embarrassment and the different attribution styles were also examined. Self-conscious emotions were found to be highly correlated with shyness. Attribution styles may play a significant role in terms of an individual experiencing these emotions.
On the Power of Substitution in the Calculus of Structures

There are two contributions in this article. First, we give a direct proof of the known fact that Frege systems with substitution can be p-simulated by the calculus of structures (CoS) extended with the substitution rule. This is done without referring to the p-equivalence of extended Frege systems and Frege systems with substitution. Second, we then show that the cut-free CoS with substitution is p-equivalent to the cut-free CoS with extension.
Asymptotic Equivalence of Probabilistic Serial and Random Priority

The random priority (random serial dictatorship) mechanism is a common method for assigning objects to individuals. The mechanism is easy to implement and strategy-proof. However this mechanism is inefficient, as the agents may be made all better off by another mechanism that increases their chances of obtaining more preferred objects. Such an inefficiency is eliminated by the recent mechanism called probabilistic serial, but this mechanism is not strategy-proof. Thus, which mechanism to employ in practical applications has been an open question. This paper shows that these mechanisms become equivalent when the market becomes large. More specifically, given a set of object types, the random assignments in these mechanisms converge to each other as the number of copies of each object type approaches infinity. Thus, the inefficiency of the random priority mechanism becomes small in large markets. Our result gives some rationale for the common use of the random priority mechanism in practical problems such as student placement in public schools.
Social, economic and environmental capital : corporate citizenship in a new economy

Corporate Citizenship as a concept has been with us for many years now, but the 1990s saw a revitalisation of its main themes and issues, particularly around corporate social responsibility, business/community partnerships and social auditing/accountability. More recently, moves have been made, mostly in Europe, to reposition corporate citizenship more fully into new economics thinking. This paper examines this thinking and the effects this may have on the development of corporate citizenship as a new paradigm in the sustainability debate.