nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Business Intelligence on Strategic Management of Enterprises

Discipline of informatics must contain one of the significant issues that need to develop for especially processing systems of large-scale enterprises. At this point, a well-designed business intelligence (BI) system, which includes a structure of regular business activities and analyses within whole an enterprise, requires to manage stored data and transform the data into information as an output and forecasting targets and provide sustainable growth for an enterprise or an organization. Information systems (IS) support to constitute these processes by using the information technologies (IT) that cause to capture data which will be transformed into information and integrate whole subsystems that need to develop for all departments of the enterprise. BI tools organize all parts of these business analysis and processes and effect on the top management level of enterprises or organizations. Decision makers at the top-level of management must use these information and knowledge to orient future decisions for the enterprise that includes investments, company policies, precautions for the future negations, etc. This study shows that the BI is not only an IS, but also reinforcement for strategic decisions of the enterprises and/or organizations.
The Germination of German Economics: A Bounded School through European Integration, Which Theorized Without Theory

Some scholarly works do not consider the German School, often called the German Historical School, as its own school of economics. Contrary to this view, this paper answers this question, and argues, through comparisons and contrasts with other schools of thought, that it was, and is, its own bounded school with lasting influences, but was derived from timely culture. Unique for economics, which usually prefers mathematical techniques, it placed less methodological stress upon theory and more upon historical analysis. It struggled between deduction and induction, but viewed society biologically like an organism, with concern for the development of societies and societal issues, popular in today’s economics. Through the works of such brilliant minds as Friedrich List, Gustav von Schmoller, and Wilhelm Roscher, this paper traces the German School’s influence from its origins in the mercantilist period up to the Freiburg School and ordo-liberals. Relying on qualitative foundations, it shows that these economists were their own bounded school, theorizing not with mathematical theory but qualitatively. They have had lasting influences, including through the development of neoclassical economics, modern sociology, and economic changes brought on by German unification, the two world wars, and particularly the development of the European integration process.
A moment of perfect clarity I: the parallel census technique

We discuss the history and uses of the parallel census technique---an elegant tool in the study of certain computational objects having polynomially bounded census functions. A sequel [GH] will discuss advances (including [CNS95] and Gla&szlig;er [Gla00]), some related to the parallel census technique and some due to other approaches, in the complexity-class collapses that follow if NP has sparse hard sets under reductions weaker than (full) truth-table reductions.
The Geological Features of Ophiolites of Xiaohuangshan in Beishan Area,Inner Mongolia

Xiaohuangshan ophiolites outcropps in active continental margin,a great fault zone during the Early Paleozoic Era in northeastern edge of Talimud land mass.The ophiolite was mainly composed of serpentinite,peridotite,pyroxenite,gabbro,diabase and limestone,the features of major elements and REE of basic volcanic rocks were similar to the OIT,and the features of trace elements were similar to the IAT.It had the general characteristics of tectonic ophiolite mixtite.According to the outcropping scale and the rock-group,the forming tectonic environment showed that it was the outcome of island arc spreading,and formed during late Cambrian Epoch-early Ordovician Epoch.It was later superimposed and reconstructed during at least 4 age deformation-metamorphism,and moved to the earth's surface at late Devonian.
Filastereans and Ichthyosporeans: Models to Understand the Origin of Metazoan Multicellularity

The origin of animals or metazoans from their unicellular ancestors is one of the most important evolutionary transitions in the history of life. To decipher the molecular mechanisms involved in this transition, it is crucial to understand both the early evolution of animals and their unicellular prehistory. Recent phylogenomic analyses have shown that there are at least three distinct unicellular or colonial lineages closely related to metazoans: choanoflagellates, ichthyosporeans and filastereans. However, until recently, choanoflagellates had been the only lineage for which an entire genome sequence was available. Moreover, the lack of transgenesis tools in any of these unicellular lineages had precluded the possibility of performing functional analyses. To better understand the unicellular prehistory of animals, we have recently obtained the genome sequences of both filastereans and ichthyosporeans. Analyses of their genomes identified many important genes for metazoan multicellularity and development, some of which are absent from the choanoflagellate genomes and thus were thought to be metazoan-specific. We have also established methods for transgenesis and gene silencing in ichthyosporeans. The combination of genomic information and molecular tools in filastereans and ichthyosporeans facilitate efficient functional analyses to understand how the key genes in the evolution of multicellularity were co-opted during the unicellular-tomulticellular transition that gave rise to metazoans. We propose that filastereans and ichthyosporeans are ideal model organisms for investigating the origin of metazoan multicellularity.
Reductionisms and physicalisms

Causal exclusion arguments, especially as championed by Kim, have recently made life uncomfortable for would-be non-reductive physicalists. Non-reductive physicalism was itself, in turn, partly a response to earlier arguments against reductionism. The philosophy of science, though, distinguishes more forms of reduction than philosophy of mind generally cares to. In this paper I review four major families of reductionist thesis, and give reasons for keeping them more carefully separate than usual.
Temporal operators viewed as predicate transformers

In this paper we present a calculus of temporal operators that is intended as an alternative to temporal logic in program verification. Temporal logic is a form of modal logic, designed for the description of time-dependent phenomena. Several different kinds of temporal logic have been proposed, but in the present paper only the linear time version  is treated. A common characteristic of all kinds of temporal logic is that they require a large number of irregularly-shaped axioms; as a result, proofs within such a system tend to be tortuous and mystifying. The cause of this problem is that these logics were designed to satisfy theoretical demands such as completeness, not to optimize ease of manipulation. It is our contention that the calculus proposed below, while equivalent in its descriptive power, places less of a burden on the user. Our approach was inspired by work of Boute  and Hehner , but diverges from these in that we refrain from explicit mention of time coordinates. In , E.W. Dijkstra and C.S. Scholten presented a version of predicate calculus based on equational reasoning rather than natural deduction. Their work, whose style owes more to algebra than to logic, leads to very smooth calculational proofs. We emphasize that their calculus, although quite rigorous in a mathematical sense, is not a formal system: for instance, it allows every theorem from mathematics to be used in proofs without the addition of anything like ‘domain axioms’. This may be a disadvantage if one is interested in proving properties of the calculus itself, but it is a great advantage when the calculus is being used as a tool in proving properties of actual programs [4]. When the same principles are applied to program semantics, the axioms and inference rules of Floyd-Hoare logic are replaced with the definition of a class of predicate transformers called weakest preconditions. In the present paper, we shall follow a similar path and enrich the calculus of Dijkstra and Scholten with the definition of a class of predicate transformers called shift operators, to be used as a replacement for the axioms and inference rules of temporal logic. The organization of the paper is as follows. In section 2 we define the concept of a shift operator, and in section 3 we show how a shift operator can be used to construct a predicatetransformer model for the axioms of temporal logic. In section 4 we prove that, in fact, every such model can be obtained from a shift operator, which establishes the equivalence of both approaches. Finally, in section 5, examples demonstrate that reasoning with shift operators
Geomorphic Transformational Event Around 1.2 Ma B.P. in the Southern Shanxi Province

Based on the studies of magnetic susceptibility, paleomagnetism and loess-paleosol sequence of the Chaizhuang and Yangfan sections in the southern Shanxi Province, it is suggested that these sections documented a geomorphic transformation from fluvial environment to the loess environment around 1.2 Ma B. P. Combining with the analyses of the sedimentary environment and tectonic background, we proposed that this event is likely the result of the uplift of the transverse horsts, the Chaizhuang horst between the Linfen and Houma basins, the Emeitai horst between the Houma and Yuncheng basins, in the Shanxi graben system which probably linked with the tectonic movement in the Tibet Plateau.
GLOBAL EXPOSURE: USING PHOTOGRAPHY, ART AND IMAGINATION TO CONNECT STUDENTS AND THEIR LOCAL COMMUNITIES TO THE WORLD

Incorporating a “global vision” into the classroom is an imperative objective in modern social studies education. One of the 10 key themes in the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) standards is that social studies programs should encourage “experiences that provide for the study global connections and interdependence” (NCSS, 2010). This article examines one specific lesson plan, a series of collaborations with a foreign school, and how collaborations can thrive in translating global themes into local action. First, I examine the research regarding the various constructs, theories, and standards debated within the study of global education. Second, using photography, art, and web-based communications, this article aims to show the connection between students via personal experiences and interests with their foreign counterparts. Finally, I highlight pedagogical options, resources, and suggestions for the practitioner.
Effect of anisotropy on microellipsometry in the TiTiO2 system

Electrochemical in situ ellipsometry with a focused laser beam (microellipsometry) is used to determine properties of oxide layers on single grains of Ti. The data for δ and Ψ differ from grain and also a strong dependence on the sample rotation around the surface normal occurs. This is due to the anisotropy of the Ti TiO 2 system. The measurements deliver information about the epitaxy of oxide layer formation and the orientation of the substratum's optical axis, which is proved by measurements on well-oriented single crystals. A method for data interpretation is presented which possibly allows the determination of oxide growth rates on Ti single grains despite their anisotropy. Measurements with microreflection spectroscopy and a photocurrent laser-scanning method confirm the microellipsometric results.
Bicycling Science [Book Review]

application of the computational algorithms. Such author insight would have been extremely valuable. From the standpoint of extending the applicability of the receding horizon optimal control to faster processes, computational complexity represents an especially critical area. In the text, input constraints are generally emphasized more than state constraints. However, other techniques, such as antiwindup compensation and gain scheduling, exist for dealing with pure input constraints. A discussion of the relative benefits of the techniques described in the text over those prevalent in the literature would have been beneficial. Overall, a deeper look at links or extensions to nonlinear systems with general state and input constraints as well as at the associated computational issues would have been valuable. To be fair, the book does provide pointers to the literature should the reader desire a thorough look at these and other topics. In summary, the book provides a self-contained, well-thought out, and accessible introduction to a wide range of topics and fundamental principles underlying receding horizon constrained control and estimation. The developments are presented at a sufficient level of detail and mathematical rigor to accomplish this objective. The book can be used as a textbook for a graduate-level course, for independent reading, or as a reference. Several other books have recently appeared on the subject of receding horizon optimal control for constrained systems, including [2] and . While the present book has some overlap with these two texts in terms of its coverage (namely the consideration of discrete linear systems having input constraints), Constrained Control and Estimation stands on its own as a complete work and a rigorous yet accessible introductory text with unique perspectives on the application of convex optimization tools to systems having input constraints.
Symphonic Texts and the Cultural Ideology of Mahler's Lieder

ion, could not have come about without the intermediate and preparatory step of the Kindertotenlieder, where Mahler begins to explore placing symphonic forms into the highly literary, textual genre of the song cycle. This overlapping occurs on the level of structure, and is not merely a matter of scoring the cycle for orchestra in a mimicry of the symphony. Rather, symphonic forms inform the foundation of the cycle, including – perhaps most importantly – its textual construction. I would argue that there is an internal teleology within the Kindertotenlieder, as well as an external one concerning its placement in Mahler’s oeuvre as a whole, and that the explication of the former is crucial to an understanding of the function of the work within the latter. With the Kindertotenlieder, Mahler begins his project of uniting song and symphony, and the song cycle begins to take on some of the structural characteristics of the symphony. To understand the structural teleology of the cycle, then, it is necessary to examine how the symphonic genre has influenced its form and construction and how this creates a different end than the characteristic goal of the song cycle as such. The defining difference created by the incorporation of symphonic structure into the Kindertotenlieder is the replacement of a narratively based teleology with one founded on structural connections. The model of the symphony and sonata form provides a loose framework around which to build the cycle, rather than solely the framework of a narrative or of thematic connections. We do not find the same sort of 103 Donald Mitchell, “Mahler’s ‘Kammermusikton,’” The Mahler Companion, ) 217. 104 “Mahler himself, one has to conclude, demonstrated this integral relationship in the very last years of his life by writing Das Lied von der Erde, the symphony that is also a song-cycle (or the song-cycle that is also a symphony, which was Mahler’s choice of nomenclature).” (Donald Mitchell, “Mahler’s ‘Kammermusikton,’” 217.)
The evolutionary origins of organelles.

Analysis of organellar genomes strongly supports the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria originated in evolution as eubacteria-like endosymbionts, whose closest contemporaries are cyanobacteria and purple photosynthetic bacteria, respectively. However, there is still much debate about whether a single endosymbiotic event or multiple ones gave rise to each organelle in different eukaryotes, and considerable uncertainty about what has happened to the genomes of chloroplasts and mitochondria since their appearance in the eukaryotic cell.
The Policy of the State and Supra-Individual Memory (Collective Memory) of the People(Taking Russia and Germany as an Example)

The paper presents the concept of supra-individual memory and considers the influence of supra-individual memory on the political relations between countries. People usually consider memory as the past, but this is not true.In today's society and politics the phenomenon of globalization destroys the cultural memory which really changes people in a dramatic way. Cultural memory is no longer a personal matter for each nation. Cross-national cultural exchange leads to a cultural debate: what one country may forget, its neighbors can clearly remember. At the same time, the requirements for memory have become less stringent. Over the past 20 years the fighting for human rights has changed the collective memory in many ways. The problem of the influence of supra-individual memory on modern politics in both domestic and in foreign studies has not been specifically examined. As a rule, it is usually conceptualized with the help of a sufficiently large set of terms and does not stand out as a separate generating model of different concepts of memory.Supra-individual memory has two necessary functions required for the establishment and operation of life support systems. Supra-individual memory, serving as a communion of the individual consciousness to the semantic structure of culture serves as a necessary condition for self-identity of the individual and society in a cultural time and social space.
Consumption as the Main Determing Factor of the Modern Society

The Japanese society entered “The Consumption Society” owing the consumption revolution in the '50's. From that revolution the Japanese society has changed every 10 years as the variation of the consumption society. '60's was high-mass-consumption society age. '70's was consumer's independence revolution from industries, and '80's is to be called as “Post-mass-consumption society” according to my analysis.There are three reasons why the logic of consumption became a ruling factor from '70's. First, the accumuration of “Consumer surplus” of intelligence and sensitivity. Second, “the variables of the social structure” seems to have lost its validity more than before. Third, the household is now the place where the lifestyle culture comes out and not the place where only labor power and lives are produced as defined by old economics. And I discuss some sociological hypothesises including Marx's.In the democratic society where the consumers freely and creatively express themselves through the act of consumpiton, it is necessary to determine the factors of social change in a new way. The society should now be regarded as having more flexibility.In my conclusion, today's mass-consumption society does not depend on production relationship (Marx's hypothesis) but on consumption relationship. And consumption as the under-system of the society affects much the upper-system ; social culture and consciousness.
The (Perceived) Roles of Corporate Governance Reforms in Malaysia: The Views of Corporate Practitioners

The purpose of this paper is to understand the roles of corporate governance reforms in Malaysia following the 1997/1998 Asian crisis from the perspectives of corporate managers.  The primary evidence used is drawn from a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews with Malaysian corporate managers involved in the overseeing of the governance structures within their companies.  This study shows that most interviewees believed that an appropriate corporate governance system could play a role in resolving the problems associated with the interlocking and concentrated corporate ownership structure in Malaysia. However, the effectiveness of the corporate governance reforms in dealing with this issue is questionable. It also reveals that Malaysian companies 'changed' their corporate governance practices predominantly to recover (foreign) investor confidence lost during the crisis and to fulfil the legal requirements enforced by the government, where the latter was under pressure from the international community (especially, the World Bank and IMF) to 'improve' the Malaysian corporate governance practices after the crisis.  This paper adds to the literature on corporate governance, especially in the context of developing countries. Prior research investigating corporate governance issues in developing countries has been limited, particularly the lack of in-depth examination of corporate governance practices from the perspectives of corporate managers. This paper will be of great value to researchers and practitioners seeking to gain a better understanding of the roles of corporate governance in Malaysia.
Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety

Herbal medicines play an increasingly important role in the perception of physicians and patients looking for equally effective, albeit safer approaches to conventional management of certain diseases. The controversy surrounding effective management regimes for respiratory tract infections (RTI) has made many healthcare providers reconsider current therapeutic strategies. This review presenting the available evidence from clinical trials and non-interventional studies on the safety and tolerability profile of EPs 7630 is based on publications and study reports of 29 clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance studies completed by February 2010. It includes study data from 10,026 adults and children suffering from acute or chronic RTI such as acute tonsillopharyngitis, rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, or COPD and from 31 healthy subjects. In 19 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, the type and incidence rate of adverse events under EPs 7630 were similar to those in patients treated with placebo. For gastrointestinal complaints and epistaxis, event rate differences of 2.9% and of 0.6% against EPs 7630 were determined; hypersensitivity reactions and all other system groups showed rate differences <0.5%. For liver associated events, rate differences of 0.0% for all events and of 0.1% for potentially related events were observed. Patients treated with EPs 7630 did not exhibit increased liver enzyme or bilirubin values – neither in terms of a shift in the mean, nor according to individual deviations from the reference ranges. These findings were fully supported by the data from the post-marketing surveillance studies reviewed. EPs 7630 appears to be a well-tolerated herbal medicine in the management of RTI in adults and children alike. Evidence for hepatotoxic effects in humans during routine administration was neither provided in the literature, nor by our own analyses.