nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Navajo eclogites and hydration of the mantle wedge below the Colorado Plateau, southwestern United States: EVOLUTION OF NAVAJO ECLOGITES

Eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths from ultramafic diatremes of the Navajo province on the Colorado Plateau have been analyzed to investigate hydration of continental mantle and effects of low-angle subduction on the mantle wedge. Xenoliths have been characterized by petrographic and electron probe analysis and by Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, and O isotopic analysis of mineral separates from one eclogite and by U-Pb isotopic analysis of zircons from three samples. K-Ar analysis of phengite establishes eruption of a Garnet Ridge, Arizona, diatreme at 30 Ma. Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr analyses of clinopyroxene and garnet from that eclogite document recrystallization shortly preceding eruption. Three zircon fractions have been analyzed from that eclogite and from two others representing the nearby Moses Rock and Mule Ear diatremes. Seven of nine small multigrain fractions scatter about a poorly fit discordia between ca. 35 Ma and 1515 Ma (fractions range from overlapping concordia at the lower intercept to a 207Pb/206Pb age of ca. 1220 Ma). The discordant fractions establish a mid-Proterozoic zircon component in each eclogite, inconsistent with an origin from basalt of the Farallon plate. The pressure recorded by one of these eclogites (3.3 GPa) exceeds that of an eclogite previously attributed to the Farallon plate. Nonetheless, each of the eclogites contains a fraction of nearly concordant zircons with ages in the range 35 to 41 Ma, and one rock also contains a fraction that is nearly concordant at 70 Ma. These concordant ages are interpreted to record episodic zircon growth during recrystallization of Proterozoic mantle. The concordant zircon ages are consistent with published data that establish recrystallization of Navajo eclogites from 81 to 33 Ma, a time interval similar to that of the Laramide orogeny. The eclogite-facies recrystallization and growth of new zircon are attributed to the catalytic effects of water introduced into the mantle from the Farallon slab. Water penetrated fracture zones extending for at least tens of kilometers into the mantle wedge above the Farallon slab during low-angle subduction. Magmatism in the San Juan volcanic field to the northeast of the diatremes may be related to similar hydration.
"To Be a Girl": Culture and Class in Schools.

The problem of theorising multiplicities is one with which many feminists are currently engaged. This paper utilises recent feminist writing on social class to investigate the interplay of ethnicity, 'race' and class in the production of femininities. Drawing on ethnographic data gathered with children aged 8-11 years old, it argues that politically engaged cultural studies of class have most to offer in terms of analyses of the identifications of girls growing up in multi-ethnic urban locations. The case study of a London school provides rich insights into the complexities that both teachers and pupils deal with on a daily basis, and how it is that current formulations of 'anti-racist' thinking limit identifications for minority ethnic and 'mixed-race' children. Miranda's story is one of complex narratives of ethnic and class belongings that require careful self-regulation in order to find 'gendered acceptability' within the school environment. The paper argues that we must be ever mindful of the limits ...
The power of big ideas

I've been thinking about " big ideas " recently and how powerful they can be. What strikes me is that so many of these ideas are so easily stated, such as " Cure Cancer " or " Put a man on the moon, " but are really difficult to accomplish. Their simplicity hides enormous challenges, infinite details. At Google, the company began with a goal " to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. " As simply as this goal can be stated and, in some sense, understood, it also is a driver for an endless array of initiatives, intermediate goals, blind alleys, successes , and failures. One can adhere to this goal while motivating the development of machine translation, indexing and rank ordering searches of the World Wide Web, evolving massive datacenters and high capacity fiber networks and collaborative applications that allow concurrent editing of documents, presentations, and spreadsheets, to mention just a few examples. One reason these easily stated big ideas are so powerful is that one can test whatever one is doing against the idea to see whether the work contributes to achieving the goal. If your goal is to make autonomous, self-driving vehicles, it's easy to ask: " Is what I am doing contributing to this goal and if so, how? " This facet also helps multiple groups appreciate the work of others, assuming their work is understood to be relevant to the objective in hand. Big ideas are, in some ways, organizing principles that point in the direction of useful research, development, and engineering. Interestingly, these simply stated goals may also motivate the development of business models for sustainability , where the goal implies the need for continued, long-term maintenance and operation. The Internet started with a simply stated goal of connecting any number and kind of packet switched networks. As complex as the Internet has become , this is still a driving factor in its evolution. The arrival of smartphones and high-speed, digital wireless communication , Wi-Fi, optical fiber networks , and many other networking technologies have been integrated into the global network of networks we have come to view as the Internet. Artificial intelligence has been a long-sought goal in the computer science field, speculated about since the earliest days of computing. Alan Turing contemplated about this in 1950 with his famous paper on " Computing Machinery and Intelligence …
Logics for Specifying Concurrent Information Systems

This chapter concentrates on a challenging problem of information system specification and design, namely how to cope on a high level of abstraction with concurrent behaviour and communication as implied by distribution. Since distributed information systems are reactive and open systems maintaining data bases and applications, it is crucial to develop high-level specification techniques that can cope with data and programs as well as with concurrent workflow and communication issues. Techniques from conceptual modeling, abstract data types, concurrent processes and communication protocols are relevant and have to be combined. In the approach presented here, temporal logic is used for specifying sequential object behaviour, and communication facilities are added for specifying interaction between concurrent objects. We study two distributed temporal logics dealing with communication in two different ways. D0 adds basic statements that can only express synchronous “calling” of predicates, while D1 adds much richer facilities for making local statements about other objects in their respective local logics. D0 is more operational and can be animated or implemented more easily, while D1 is intuitively more appealing and convenient for modeling and specification. We demonstrate by example how D1 can be effectively reduced to D0 in a sound and complete way.
Engineering investments — An approach to management education for undergraduate engineers

The questions of do and should universities provide management education for undergraduate engineers are addressed. Then, the approach to management education that is being used at the State University of New York at Buffalo is described. This approach consists of a senior-level elective engineering course. The central theme of the course which unifies the many topics of discussion is the preparation and presentation of a proposal. The course is described in sufficient detail so that the reader can identify the various elements of management education that are woven into the material presented to students.
Experimental and computational investigations of the interactions between model organic compounds and subsequent membrane fouling.

The formation of aggregates of sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (as representative biopolymers) with humic acid were detected by Liquid Chromatography (LC) UV254 response in the biopolymer region for mixture solutions. BSA interaction with humic acid showed that aggregation occurred both in the presence and absence of calcium, suggesting that multivalent ions did not play a part in the aggregation process. Similar analyses of the alginate interaction with humic acid also showed a positive interaction, but only in the presence of calcium ions. The fouling characteristics for the BSA-humic acid mixture appeared to be significantly greater than the fouling characteristics of the individual solutions, while for the sodium alginate-humic acid mixture, the fouling rate was similar to that of the sodium alginate alone. The effectiveness of hydraulic backwashing, 10-15% reversibility, was observed for the BSA-humic acid mixture, while the % reversibility was 20-40% for the sodium alginate-humic acid mixture. Increased humic acid and DOC rejection were observed for both BSA-humic acid and sodium alginate-humic acid solutions compared to the individual solutions, indicating that the biopolymer filter cakes were able to retain humic acids. When compared with BSA-humic acid mixture solution, greater removal of humic acid was observed for alginate-humic mixture, suggesting that sodium alginate may have a greater capacity for associations with humic acid when in the presence of calcium than BSA. Complementary molecular dynamics simulations were designed to provide insights into the specific mechanisms of interaction between BSA and humic acid, as well as between alginate and humic acid. For the BSA-humic acid system; electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding were the dominant types of interactions predicted, whilst divalent ion-mediated bonding was not identified in the simulations, which supported the LC-results. Similarly for the alginate-humic acid system, the interactions predicted were divalent ion-mediated interactions only and this was also supported the LC results. This work suggests that LC-UV254 might be used to identify aggregated biopolymers, and that combined with current characterisation techniques, be used to better explain performance variations between water sources.
Hobbes, Language and Philip Pettit

In this article I explore two aspects of Pettit's thesis about Hobbes' innovation with regard to the transformative and central role of language in thought and politics. First, I argue that while Hobbes had many debts to both traditionalists and innovators, he did break new ground in characterising language as in some ways constitutive of thought – a conclusion he came to as a consequence not only of his extreme nominalism, but also of his views on the exceptional sensibility of words. Second, I argue that while language is part of a matrix of the forces which shape politics, it plays a powerful and indispensable part in both saving and cursing society.
The effect of stock market pressure on the tradeoff between corporate and shareholders’ tax benefits

The Taiwanese government offers firms that invest in qualified projects in emerging high-tech industries two mutually exclusive tax incentives—a corporate 5-year tax exemption or shareholder investment tax credits. This study examines whether corporate managers take shareholder tax benefits into account in their corporate tax planning. The results show that privately held firms are more likely than listed firms to choose shareholder investment tax credits and forego corporate tax benefits. Listed firms with relatively high earnings response coefficients tend to choose a corporate 5-year tax exemption, as it can enhance reported after-tax earnings. Further, in the 5-year period following their choice of a particular tax incentive, firms choosing a corporate 5-year tax exemption exhibit significantly lower earnings persistence than those choosing shareholder investment tax credits. Taken together, these results suggest that stock market pressure has a significant effect on firms’ choices between corporate and shareholder tax benefits, and that the choice of tax incentives has an effect on future earnings quality.
CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL OUTSOURCING EN LAS EMPRESAS DE MANIZALES Y MUNICIPIOS ALEDAÑOS CHARACTERIZATION OF OUTSOURCING FIRMS MANIZALES AND SURROUNDING MUNICIPALITIES

Manizales and nearby municipalities, there are companies that have successfully implemented the strategy of OUTSOURCING, as competitive and differentiating advantage, generating new productive dynamics in the region, why, this project has the following objectives: determine the criteria that lead companies to implement it, detect its advantages and disadvantages, changes resulting from its application and applied OUTSOURCING rates. The work was carried out in 10 companies (37,03); a total of 27 organizations under a sampling non-probability for convenience, in which interviews and surveys aimed at those responsible for outsourcing processes were applied. It is highlighted by means of OUTSOURCING organizations manage to focus on their knowledge do, generating greater productivity and competitiveness. Stands in the OUTSOURCING cultural, social, linguistic, geographical and political factors as well as the client relationship - provider play an important and decisive role.
Business models, world models: cultural features of the new economic order and of the resistance to it

The article looks at the cultural conflict found in the Brazilian economic arena in the 90's, between the defenders of the industrial order and the proponents of an organizational system anchored in financial logic. Based mainly on interviews with industrial sector managers and engineers and on the intense "neoliberal" intellectual output of recent times, the author finds a set of personal ambiguities and social alternatives implicit in this debate and proposes a more active and conscious role for the social sciences in order to help society to identify and explain them.
From Napoleon to the Second International : essays on nineteenth century Europe

Accident Prone, or What Happened Next The Historian as a Biographer Fiction in History Tory History The Thing British Pamphleteers Napoleon - On Himself, The Verdict of History Charles James Fox Talleyrand's Cut Metternich Metternich and His "System" for Europe Cobbett - Voice of the Many, The People's Champion Castlereagh Wellington - Silly Soldier Man? Sir Robert Peel - Orange Peel, The Cotton Spinner's Son Macaulay - The Man Who was Always Right, Leviathan of History Carlyle - Trevelyan's Carlyle, Carlyle Warts and All Lord John Russell - The Last Great Whig Genocide 1848 - Year of Revolution, The French Revolution, Vienna and Berlin,  Opening of an Era The Last of Old Europe Crimea - The War That Would Not Boil John Bright and the Crimean War John Bright - Hero or Humbug? Ranke - The Dedicated Historian Cavour and Garibaldi Men of 1862 - Napoleon III, Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, Lord Palmerston, Alexander I1, Tsar of Russia, Karl Marx, Bismarck Bismarck and Europe Marx's Better Half The Paris Commune Dizzy The G 0 M Parnell - The Uncrowned King Lord Salisbury - Last Tory and First Unionist John Morley - Intellectual in Politics Keir Hardie - Labour's Moses The Second International The Vienna of Schnitzler York Manchester Edge of Britain - A Lancashire Journey - A Southport Childhood, The Boarding House Culture, Across the Morecambe Sands, Preston Revisited.
Women in blue staging the nation: The gendered articulation of the 'New State' in early Francoist propaganda documentaries

Although previous studies have underlined how Francoist film propaganda during and immediately after the Spanish Civil War aimed to revive Spain’s glorious past, women’s role in national history and state building has barely been analysed. This article explores cinematographic representation of the Seccion Femenina (Women’s Section) of the Spanish Falange during the early years of Franco’s regime, when the propaganda was led by the Falangist sector. Through textual analysis, the rituals, symbols and rhetorical strategies deployed in two documentaries are analysed. These documentaries depict the two main public rallies of the Seccion Femenina, one in Medina del Campo at the end of the Civil War in 1939 and the other in El Escorial in 1944. A comparative analysis reveals that while the Seccion Femenina played an active and progressive role in the articulation of the nation in 1939, by 1944 its function was mainly to represent tradition but outside the spaces where politics were negotiated and were visible
Application of a two-state kinetic model to the heterogeneous kinetics of reaction between cysteine and hydrogen peroxide in amorphous lyophiles.

The bimolecular reaction between cysteine (CSH) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in amorphous PVP and trehalose lyophiles has been examined at different reactant and excipient concentrations and at varying pH and temperature. Initial rates of product formation and complete reactant and product concentration-time profiles were generated by HPLC analyses of reconstituted solutions of lyophiles stored for various periods of time. While only cystine (CSSC) forms in aqueous solutions, cysteine sulfinic (CSO(2)H) and sulfonic (CSO(3)H) acids are significant degradants in amorphous solids. The formation of alternative degradants was consistent with the solution reaction mechanism, which involves a reactive sulfenic acid (CSOH) intermediate, coupled with the restricted mobility in the amorphous solid-state, which favors reaction of CSOH with the smaller, mobility-advantaged H(2)O(2) over its reaction with cysteine. Complex rate laws (i.e., deviations from 1st order for each reactant) observed in initial rate studies and biphasic concentration-time profiles in PVP were successfully fitted by a two-state kinetic model assuming two reactant populations with different reactivities. The highly reactive population forms CSSC preferentially while the less reactive population generates primarily sulfinic and sulfonic acids. Reactions in trehalose could be described by a simple one-state model. In contrast to the reaction in aqueous solutions, the 'pH' effect was minimal in amorphous solids, suggesting a change in the rate-determining step to diffusion control for the model reaction occurring in amorphous lyophiles.
NMR structure of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase provides insight into copper binding, protein dynamics, and substrate interactions.

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases currently classified as carbohydrate binding module family 33 (CBM33) and glycoside hydrolase family 61 (GH61) are likely to play important roles in future biorefining. However, the molecular basis of their unprecedented catalytic activity remains largely unknown. We have used NMR techniques and isothermal titration calorimetry to address structural and functional aspects of CBP21, a chitin-active CBM33. NMR structural and relaxation studies showed that CBP21 is a compact and rigid molecule, and the only exception is the catalytic metal binding site. NMR data further showed that His28 and His114 in the catalytic center bind a variety of divalent metal ions with a clear preference for Cu(2+) (K(d) = 55 nM; from isothermal titration calorimetry) and higher preference for Cu(1+) (K(d) ∼ 1 nM; from the experimentally determined redox potential for CBP21-Cu(2+) of 275 mV using a thermodynamic cycle). Strong binding of Cu(1+) was also reflected in a reduction in the pK(a) values of the histidines by 3.6 and 2.2 pH units, respectively. Cyanide, a mimic of molecular oxygen, was found to bind to the metal ion only. These data support a model where copper is reduced on the enzyme by an externally provided electron and followed by oxygen binding and activation by internal electron transfer. Interactions of CBP21 with a crystalline substrate were mapped in a (2)H/(1)H exchange experiment, which showed that substrate binding involves an extended planar binding surface, including the metal binding site. Such a planar catalytic surface seems well-suited to interact with crystalline substrates.
Abstract science in America, 1776-1876

The paper written by the famous American scientist — astronomer, physicist, and economist S. Newcomb (1835—1909) reviews the development of American science in the 19th century. The author analyzes factors of the poor state of science in the USA and compares institutional and organizational features of science in America and in Europe. He shows that the USA lags behind not because of the lack of intellectual potential (such as low level of education), but due to the lack of interest on the part of society and to the absence of demand for science. It is possible to overcome this indifference if the society realizes the importance of abstract science and enormous practical opportunities stemming from it.
Pressure Study of Pure and Rh‐doped RuSr2GdCu2O8 Magnetic Superconductors

We carried out an investigation of the effect of quasi‐hydrostatic pressures up to 1.2 GPa in pure and Rh‐doped RuSr2GdCu2O8 compounds, by means of measurements of electrical resistivity in magnetic fields up to 9 T. The onset temperatures for superconductivity, and for magnetic order in the undoped RuSr2GdCu2O8 compound are Tc ≈ 50 K, and Tm ≈ 133 K, respectively. The partial substitution of Rh for Ru lowers both these transitions temperatures. However, the effect of pressure for all compositions studied, up to 10% substitution, was to increase both Tc, and Tm. The effect of pressure on the upper critical magnetic field of the pure, and Rh‐doped compounds is discussed.
Home oxygen therapy: adjunct or risk factor?

The use of home oxygen therapy has become increasingly commonplace and is frequently prescribed by medical specialists. In this study, we have identified a generally unexpected risk of home oxygen therapy. We performed a retrospective review of 3673 consecutive patients treated at our adult burn center over a 10-year period from 1992 to 2001. We identified 27 patients with burns directly attributable to oxygen therapy and also noted an increased incidence of these injuries over the study period. The average age of the patients was 68.1 +/- 9.2 years (range, 40-82 years). Twenty-three were using oxygen at home, three in nursing homes, and one was an inpatient in an acute care facility. Twenty-five patients (93%) were receiving oxygen therapy for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Twenty-four patients (89%) were smoking while using oxygen, two were lighting pilot lights, and one was lighting his wife's cigarette. Four patients (15%) sustained burns greater than 10% TBSA. Seventeen patients (63%) had only partial thickness burns. Thirteen patients (48%) required admission for treatment of their burn injuries. The average length of stay for those admitted was 4.4 days. The average hospital charge for admitted patients was US dollars 8055. There were four deaths (15%), all of which were correlated only with the extent of injury. Although intuitively obvious to most health care professionals, not all patients understand that oxygen therapy and cigarettes or open flame can result in a significant injury. Although some practitioners have advocated not prescribing home oxygen for those who continue to smoke, an alternative means of reducing the incidence of this preventable complication appears warranted. Prevention efforts should focus on the counseling of patients and their caregivers as well as educating primary care physicians, nurses, and home health providers as to the dangers of oxygen use.