nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Katholische Verbände und moderne Gesellschaft: Organisationsgeschichte und Vereinskultur im Bistum Münster 1918 bis 1945 by Christoph Kösters (review)

Katholische Verbande und moderne Gesellschaft: Organisationsgeschichte und Vereinskulturim Bistum Munster 1918 bis 1945. By Christoph Kosters. [Veroffentlichungen der Kommission fur Zeitgeschichte, Reihe B: Forschungen, Band 68.] (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh.  Christoph Kosters's work, a revised version of his University of Munster dissertation, is a study of the intersection of the Church, society, and politics between 1918 and 1945,"the crisis years of classical modernism" (p. 18). Based on intensive research into primary sources, the book focuses on Catholic, male youth groups in the Diocese of Munster, the "Catholic bulwark of Northern Germany" (p. 23).The author's ambitious intellectual program includes a discussion of Catholic responses to the social and political crises of the first half of the twentieth century, and also a new evaluation of Catholic resistance to the Nazi regime in the light of his research into the social history of religion. Kosters begins with an account of the construction of a network of Catholic associations in the decades before World War I. Such groups, he notes, were part of a Catholic subculture, separate from the rest of German society, but internally divided by social class. Generally led by the clergy, the associations were nonetheless separate from parish life and diocesan structures. After the war, a growing number of Catholics felt that the old network of associations was no longer appropriate to new social and political circumstances. They sought to break out of their confessional ghetto and create new kinds of organizations, with distinct similarities to contemporary non-Catholic youth groups, that would tear down the barriers between social classes. Adherents of this course were often supporters of the eucharistic and liturgical movements, that sought a renewal of religious life by encouraging a greater and more intensive participation of laypeople in church services (the author details the scandalous occurrences of priests saying Mass while facing the congregation), a current of religious renewal ultimately culminating in the Second Vatican Council. Although the author does not particularly emphasize this point, his own evidence shows that such initiatives were the work of a distinct minority and met with relatively little success.The new Catholic youth groups formed during the Weimar Republic had a much smaller membership than the older Kolping (journeymen's) associations or the Marian Sodalities, and this apparently continued to be the case well into the Nazi era. For all their claims to overcoming class barriers, the new organizations tended to be as segregated by class as the older ones were. The bulk of the diocesan clergy showed no great enthusiasm for new liturgical practices. These caveats are important, because Kosters argues against the notion, advanced by other social historians, that the Catholic confrontation with Nazism was a clash between a traditionalist religion and a modernizing totalitarian regime.
Heroic Indolence: Realism and the Politics of Time in Raffaëlli's Absinthe Drinkers

First shown at the sixth Impressionist exhibition in 1881, Jean-Francois Raffaelli's Absinthe Drinkers represents a location, an activity, and a social type—the banlieue, drinking, and the declasse—which, when mixed together, offered a volatile cocktail to its original audience. A detailed historical examination of the social signification of these subjects demonstrates that the core meaning of the work resides in its representation of time. Recuperating a durational pictorial temporality from midcentury Realism, the painting managed to suggest, for certain viewers, a critical alternative to Impressionism and to the intensifying restructuring of the cultural experience of time under modernity.
Surface Ferromagnetism and Superconducting Properties of Nanocrystalline Niobium Nitride

Nanocrystalline δ-NbN x samples have been synthesized by reacting NbCl 5 and urea at three different temperatures. A comparison of their structural, magnetic, transport and thermal properties is reported in the present study. The size of the particles and their agglomeration extent increase with increasing reaction temperature. The sample prepared at 900 °C showed the highest superconducting transition temperature ( T c ) of 16.2 K with a transition width, ∼1.8 K, as obtained from the resistivity measurement on cold-pressed bars. Above T c , magnetization measurements revealed the presence of surface ferromagnetism which coexists with superconductivity below T c . Heat capacity measurements confirm superconductivity with strong electron–phonon coupling constant. The sample prepared at 800 °C shows a lower T c (10 K) while that prepared at 700 °C exhibit no superconductivity down to the lowest temperature (3 K) measured.
The hypergenome in inheritance and development.

Both theory and experimentation suggest that during development, the DNA of multicellular organisms, recognized as graced with a lifelong intrinsic stability, is instead target of several modifications (point mutations, larger structural variations, epigenetic marks) and partner of complex interactions with non-DNA moieties (RNAs and proteins). Some of these modifications probably affect a fraction of the genome larger than standard point mutations and are more likely to respond to environmental cues. Thus, the traditional concepts of gene and genome need revision: the structure serving as depository of the overall bioinformation of the cell is more dynamic and less homogeneous than allowed for by the Central Dogma, since in addition to DNA, it includes also RNA and proteins. Each of the individual contributors as well as their stoichiometry undergo modifications. Compared to the traditional unidimensional and static genome, the resulting dynamic aggregate could be more competent to cope with different regulatory requirements: its structural variations may respond to unscheduled macro- and microenvironmental stresses as well as to scheduled genetic programs. A detailed assessment of these variations in time and space should provide a basis for a deeper comprehension of the phenotypic changes punctuating the organism's physio-pathological development, aging and transgenerational transmission. The variations of such information storage-delivery system may interest also the germ cells: the inheritance of parental traits and hence their evolutionary transmission would be affected. For the structure featuring all these properties, we propose the term 'hypergenome' to underscore the dynamic composition of a complex nucleoprotein responsive to both unpredictable environmental stimuli and internal built-in programs.
"Now His Time Really Seems to Have Come": Ideas about Mahler's Music in Late Imperial and First Republic Vienna

In Vienna from about 1918 until the 1930s, contemporaries perceived a high point in the music-historical significance of Mahler's works, with regard to both the history of compositional style and the social history of music. The ideas and meanings that became attached to Mahler's works in this milieu are tied inextricably to the city's political and cultural life. Although the performances of Mahler's works under the auspices of Vienna's Social Democrats are sometimes construed today as mere acts of political appropriation, David Josef Bach's writings suggest that the innovative and controversial aspects of Mahler's works held social value in line with the ideal of Arbeiterbildung. Richard Specht, Arnold Schoenberg, and Theodor Adorno embraced oft-criticized features in Mahler's music, regarding the composer as a prophetic artist whose compositional style was the epitome of faithful adherence to one's inner artistic vision, regardless of its popularity. While all three critics addressed the relationship between detail and whole in Mahler's music, Adorno construed it as an act of subversion. Mahler's popularity also affected Viennese composers during this time in obvious and subtle ways. The formal structure and thematic construction of Berg's Chamber Concerto suggest a compositional approach close to what his student Adorno described a few years later regarding Mahler's music.
Tarrying with the Apocalypse: The Wary Messianism of Rosenzweig and Levinas

This article is aimed against the recent practice of narrowing the concept of messianism to its “hot” — or, in Kafka’s words, “impatient” — version, today usually associated with the name of Saint Paul (in Jewish, Christian, and post‐secular interpretations). This “impatient messianism”, championed by Taubes, Agamben, Badiou and Žižek (regardless of all differences between them), privileges the situation of apocalyptic anomy in which Law becomes sublated or, simply, negated. Contrary to these readings, I would like to remind us of a “subtler language” of Jewish messianism, elaborated mostly by Rosenzweig and Levinas, which treats the Law not as an enemy but as its — however ambiguous — ally.
Aeromagnetic and gravity anomaly constraints on the crustal geology of Ohio

The U.S. Geological Survey and the Ohio Geological Survey recently compiled aero-magnetic anomaly maps and revised gravity anomaly data for crustal studies of Ohio. Updated structural and lithologic maps of the Precambrian basement surface provide additional constraints to limit interpretational ambiguities of the geopotential anomaly data. The combined modeling of five east-west gravity and magnetic anomaly profiles supports a generalized crustal model for Ohio involving a lower zone of intermediate composition, a more felsic and relatively homogeneous middle zone, and an upper zone consisting of intrusive and extrusive igneous rock in the western third of the state and medium-grade Grenville metamorphic rocks to the east. Modeling of the geopotential field anomalies indicates the presence of large, dense lower crustal bodies in western and south-central Ohio that may be related to a paleo-rift system. Large, possibly anorthositic masses in southern Ohio, post-tectonic granitization in northwestern Ohio, and a volcanic source for igneous rocks in southwestern Ohio may also be interpreted from the combined anomaly analysis.
Part 4. Plate boundary evolution in the Solomons region: Geochemistry of the Koloula Igneous Complex, Gaudalcanal

The Plio-Pleistocene Koloula Igneous Complex is situated close to the south or Weather Coast of central Gaudalcanal and intrudes moderately dipping basaltic andesites, andesites and pyroclastics of the Suta Volcanics. Numerous small lenses of limestone, interbedded with the upper portions of the Suta Volcanics, yield Early Miocene foraminifera and the considerable thickness of underlying volcanics are thus considered to be of Oligocene to Early Miocene age (Hackman, 1971).
Treatment needs of patients admitted for acute chest pain.

To examine the characteristics, subsequent resource use and outcome of a consecutive cohort of admissions with acute chest pain not due to myocardial infarction.



Subjects (N=356) identified in the course of a epidemiological study of myocardial infarction were interviewed and completed HAD, SF-36 and other self-report information in hospital and at 3 months and 1 year. Hospital casenotes were reviewed at 1 year.



A total of 218 subjects were given cardiac diagnoses and 138 noncardiac diagnoses. Cardiac subjects were more distressed and disabled and used more resources. Those in the noncardiac group reported distress and disability and resource use comparable to infarct admissions.



Awareness of psychosocial variables would aid in the assessment and management of those with and without ischaemic heart disease.
The work of two Scottish medical graduates in the control of woolsorters' disease.

The Society held the Annual General Meeting and the subsequent Ordinary Meeting in the Hall of the Scottish Branch of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain at 36 York Place, Edinburgh, on 26 October 1974. Appropriately, Mr. Charles G. Drummond, F.P.S., was elected president, the first pharmacist member to hold that office. The subsequent Ordinary Meeting was a joint one with members of the Branch and it was an outstanding success. Two papers were read, by Mr. Drummond and Dr. William Cunningham respectively. The president's subject was:
Периодическая печать США в восприятии русских обозревателей на рубеже XIX-XX веков (по материалам дореволюционной периодики)

An important aspect of international relations is the question of experience, which the State produces to other countries. Russia and the U.S. are the two great powers of today. Their mutual interest is due to multilateral relations in the international arena. Key aspects of the internal and external policies of each state largely are refl ected in the mutual perceptions of Russians and Americans. This issue has been covered by the U.S. periodical press since early XX century. Observers of Russia in their essays pay particular attention to this issue. The article examines the perception of periodicals United States by Russian travelers, the analysis of different categories of journalism and journalism « land of freedom at the turn of the century is given.
Firm Assets and Investments in Open Source Software Products

Open source software (OSS) has recently emerged as a new way to organize innovation and product development in the software industry. This paper investigates the factors that explain the investment of profit-oriented firms in OSS products. Drawing on the resource-based theory of the firm, we focus on the role played by pre-OSS firm assets both upstream and downstream, in the software and the hardware dimensions, to explain the rate of product introduction in OSS. Using a self-assembled database of firms that have announced releases of OSS products during the period 1995-2003, we find that the intensity of product introduction can be explained by a strong position in software technology and downstream market presence in hardware. Firms with consolidated market presence in proprietary software and strong technological competences in hardware are more reluctant to shift to the new paradigm. The evidence is stronger for operating systems than for applications. The fear of cannibalization, the crucial role of absorptive capacity, and complementarities between hardware and software are plausible explanations behind our findings.
Formalism and the Freudian Aesthetic: The Example of Charles Mauron

This study has a double focus: in the first place, it seeks to chart the parallel re-evaluation of both formalism and psychology in twentieth-century literary theory by using the work and career of the French literary critic, Charles Mauron (1899-1966) as a scaffolding. Using a structure of biography and literary history, it investigates Mauron's rather odd position, both inside and outside two different critical contexts, the French and the English, a position that makes his work a particularly revealing reflection of the diverse critical trends and tensions of our age. The second focus of this study is suggested in the tension in Mauron's work created by his need to objectivise the subjective. The recent conflicts between continental and British criticism or, more generally, between the new formalism (represented by structuralism and semiotics) and the liberal humanist tradition raise an important contemporary issue prefigured in Mauron. The broader context of his work is that of the eternal theoretical debate regarding the designation of literary criticism as an objective or a subjective activity, as a science or as the ultimate human and humane act.
An Organon for Theology: Whately's Rhetoric and Logic in Religious Context

This essay argues that Whateley9s rhetorical and logical theories are systematically related to his religious thought and the religious controversies in which he was involved. It analyzes Whately9s works on reasoning in light of his pertinent religious notions, namely, a distinction between true and nominal Christianity; rejection of idolatry; abrogation of Mosaic Law; the relationship of the empirical facts of God9s Creation and Revelation to human speculations; the priesthood of all believers; and the concomitant necessity of private judgment.
Dynamical Evolution: Spirals and Bars

Non-axisymmetric modes like spirals and bars are the main driver of the evolution of disks, in transferring angular momentum, and allowing mass accretion. This evolution proceeds through self-regulation and feedback mechanisms, such as bar destruction or weakening by a central mass concentration, decoupling of a nuclear bar taking over the gas radial flows and mass accretion, etc.. These internal mechanisms can also be triggered by interaction with the environment. Recent problems are discussed, like the influence of counter-rotation in the m=1 and m=2 patterns development and on mass accretion by a central AGN. 1. Bar formation and destruction 1.1. Rapid evolution of disks Galaxy disks are far from stationary. They are unstable, with timescales that can be very short according to the radius. This ranges from Myr in the centers to Gyr in the outer parts, According to the environment, companions, mass accretion, etc.. normal modes can be excited. With the mass distribution of normal nearby galaxies, the most rapidly growing mode is the m=2 (spirals and bars). Trailing waves transfer angular momentum to the outer parts, and concentrate the mass. This mass concentration itself changes the development condition of the modes, and weakens them. Alternatively, the disk is heated by waves and the perturbation fades away, until the next excitation. The evolution of the disk is then controlled by recurrent waves, through regulation and feedback processes. One of these is related to gravitational instabilities, suppressed or favored by heating and gas cooling. When the disk is cold (Toomre Q parameter < 1), and therefore unstable to spiral and bar waves, it develops non-axisymmetric perturbations and gravity torques, that transfer the angular momentum outwards. The disk is progressively heated by the waves until the Q threshold is reached. A disk with only old stars cannot cool and will then remain stable, while a galaxy rich in gas will continue to be unstable by gas cooling. Young stars formed out of the gas reform a cool unstable stellar disk. The gravity torques that drive the gas inwards play the role of a viscosity; the galaxy disk can then be considered as an accretion disk. An exponential stellar disk can then be built, through star formation, if there is approximate 1
A simple enigma

Early a century after its invention, the electromechanical Enigma cipher machine still strikes a deep chord among the digerati. Used by the German military to encode communications in the run-up to and during World War II, the Enigma has achieved a mythic quality in computing history-the Medusa slain by the hero Turing with the new weapon of digital logic. Consequently, original Enigma machines are now collector's items that sell for tens of thousands of dollars. Even replicas are pricey. So the only alternative for those wishing to get to grips with this machine-and to better understand the mathematical, engineering, and operational feats that defeated it-has been to use one of a number of software emulators. But now there's a middle ground: a hardware kit that duplicates the physical operation of the Enigma's keyboard, display, and plugboard while replacing the rotating metal discs at the machine's heart with an Arduino Mega microcontroller.
Doping-induced strain in heavily B-doped (100) diamond films prepared by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition

Diamond semiconductor has attracted attention for use in next-generation high-power, low-loss, high-radiation proof power devices. Heavily B-doping of diamond produces low-resistivity contacts that enhance the maximum output current, however, unintended lattice strain cause defect formations, degrading the device performance. In this study, we investigated the doping-induced lattice strain of heavily B-doped (100) films fabricated by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition. X-ray reciprocal space mapping indicated coherent, pseudomorphic growth between film and substrate. The perpendicular lattice strain as a function of B concentration followed Vegard's law, which accounts for substitutional incorporation. Synchrotron X-ray absorption fine structure showed no signature of lower-coordinated B-clusters. We believe that maintaining pseudomorphic growth is a key factor in suppressing electrically non-active B impurities.
Achieving Non-Discrimination in Data Release

Discrimination discovery and prevention/removal are increasingly important tasks in data mining. Discrimination discovery aims to unveil discriminatory practices on the protected attribute (e.g., gender) by analyzing the dataset of historical decision records, and discrimination prevention aims to remove discrimination by modifying the biased data before conducting predictive analysis. In this paper, we show that the key to discrimination discovery and prevention is to find the meaningful partitions that can be used to provide quantitative evidences for the judgment of discrimination. With the support of the causal graph, we present a graphical condition for identifying a meaningful partition. Based on that, we develop a simple criterion for the claim of non-discrimination, and propose discrimination removal algorithms which accurately remove discrimination while retaining good data utility. Experiments using real datasets show the effectiveness of our approaches.
Geography and the classical world : unearthing historical geography's forgotten past

the Search for a Source Chapter 1 - The Society of Dilettanti and Ancient Geography Chapter 2 - Classical Geography in the Colonial and Post-Revolutionary American College Chapter 3 - Classical Geography in Thomas Jefferson's University Chapter 4 - From the Age of Enlightenment to the Age of Professionalization Chapter 5 - William E. Gladstone and the Reconstruction of Bronze Age Geography Chapter 6 - British Historians, Classicists, and Classical Geography Chapter 7 - Classics, History and Geography in Nineteenth-Century Harvard Chapter 8 - Classical Geography in the Oxford School of Geography Chapter 9 - Classical Geography in the Nineteenth-Century Classroom Chapter 10 - Classical Geography in the New American Universities Epilogue - Anglo-American Classical Geography since the 1930s Index
Social Psychology and Public Support for Trade Liberalization

This study argues that a central factor in the determinants of citizen attitudes toward trade is the social psychology of the individual in question. Namely, we contend that the level of social trust an individual has will condition the degree to which an individual wants to open her country to imports from other countries. Those individuals with lower relative levels of social trust are less likely to support the notion of freer trade. We base this contention on the logic that those people who are distrustful of people in general are more likely to distrust that which comes from people who are unknown to them, such as goods coming into their country from abroad. This argument is a departure from previous studies of public attitudes toward trade, which have focused on various economic utilitarian considerations and xenophobia that shape citizen attitudes toward trade liberalization. To test our argument, we employ data from the 1995�1997 wave of the World Values Survey. Using a logit regression analysis, we find, as predicted, that the more social trust an individual has, the more likely that person is to support the idea of liberalized trade.