nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
N1-methylnicotinamide oxidation in a number of mammals.

Mammalian livers contain an enzyme system which can oxidize N1-methylnicotinamide to N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide (4-pyridone) and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2-pyridone). Many of the properties of this enzyme system are similar to those which have been reported for rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. Both pyridones are made in all the mammals examined, although in varying ratios. The ratio of the 2-pyridone to the 4-pyridone is constant for a a given species. The ratio characteristic of the oxidation of N1-methylnicotinamide by the enzyme system in the livers of mice and hogs is maintained under a variety of conditions including purification, heat denaturation, variation in type and amount of oxygen accepter, variation in substrate concentration, inhibition by cyanide, and loss of activity due to storage at -15°. These data have been taken as preliminary evidence in support of the concept that the two pyridones are synthesized from N1-methylnicotinamide by a single enzyme. The differential effects on the synthesis of the two pyridones exerted by Amytal and variation in the pH of the assay media have been observed. These findings may be indicative of different binding states or catalytic requirements for the two different oxidation processes or both. The gross similarities in the hog, mouse, and rabbit activities are compatible with all being attributable to aldehyde oxidases having similar but not identical structures.
Toward a Theory of Income Determination

The goal of this article is to construct a theoretical framework for the study of income determination that incorporates elements of three major approaches we characterize as status attainment, human capital, and structural approaches. These three approaches are briefly reviewed and criticized. The framework is introduced through the theoretical concepts of the social relations of production and exchange, the sociotechnical relations of production, and individual characteristics. Hypotheses are introduced and data and measures are generated to test them. In general, the model and its measures perform promisingly.
Long Waves and Social Structures of Accumulation: A Critique and Reinterpretation

This paper offers a critique and reinterpretation of the social structure of accumulation (SSA) approach to long waves in economic growth. The SSA approach is contrasted to earlier theories of long run macro-instability. Strengths and weaknesses of this approach are analyzed. A focus on class conflict and competition among capitals is proposed to clarify the relation between institutions and accumulation. Conceptual and historical problems in the SSA approach are considered, and a modified version of the approach is put forward to resolve the problems.
An Axisymmetric Object-Based Search for a Hypertorus Cosmology

A method is presented to search for a hypertorus symmetry axis by the alignment of distant objects. This offers greater sensitivity than previously proposed object-based methods. When applied to the catalog of objects with z > 1, we find no evidence for a compact dimension. We deduce a lower limit to the compact dimension size D > 0.9 of the distance to the cosmic horizon. This is consistent with independent constraints from the recent analysis of the WMAP microwave background data.
The peridotite ridge province in the southern Iberia Abyssal Plain: Seismic constraints revisited: Peridotite ridge province west of Iberia

The west Iberia margin has become the type example of a magma-starved margin in which extension during breakup led to the exhumation of mantle rocks apparently over a broad area. Much of our understanding of this process is based on geophysical and drilling data from the southern Iberia Abyssal Plain, where the seaward part of the region of exhumed mantle is comprised of a series of margin-parallel basement ridges. Here we analyse wide-angle and normal incidence seismic data from a series of intersecting profiles across this peridotite ridge province and develop a three-dimensional picture of its structure. Using these seismic data, we infer a location and age (magnetic anomaly M1; 125-127?Ma) of first-formed oceanic crust in this region that are consistent with Ocean Drilling Program data and data from the conjugate margin. We infer that the peridotite ridge province is about 70?km wide with strong serpentinization (>75%) at the top of basement reducing to much lower degrees (< 25%) around 2?km below. We map the geometry of some prominent reflectors on the landward margin of the peridotite ridge province that likely represent detachment faults and show that one of these has a domal structure similar to that of detachment faults at slow- to ultra-slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges.
Contemporary Social Psychology in Historical Perspective.

This paper presents an assessment of the current state of social psychology in the light of its historical and social context. The discipline is viewed as a social system, and an attempt is made to show how the properties of this system have influenced the research techniques, substantive content, and theories of contemporary social psychology. It is suggested that the field's basic mission should be defined as the attempt to understand how society influences the cognition, motivation, development, and behavior of individuals and, in turn, is influenced by them. It is proposed that this definition provides a basis for integrating all of social psychology, including its two main subdivisions and several areas of specialization. The entire history of social psychology as a field of empirical research extends over a period of only approximately eighty years. And since most of its growth has occurred within the past four decades, it is largely the product of scholars who are still active in the field. In this paper, I would like to draw upon my own experience as a social psychologist over the past
Native Scholarship: The Enigma of Self-Definition Among Jewish and Mennonite Scholars

The perennial search for a way to bridge the gap between human experience (both past and present) and academic discourse has produced an impressive array of theoretical perspectives and research strategies. However, despite attempts to depict the relationship between the self and other, few have considered the impact of native scholarship on the construction of knowledge. This paper examines Mennonite and Jewish scholarly efforts to represent and/or invent their own particular traditions and proposes that their frequent appeals to particularistic sentiments, which often offend academic sensibilities, raise crucial questions and offer unique insights into historical and sociological analysis.
Great Piece of Turf

Finlay Taylor curated ‘Great Piece of Turf’ at Danielle Arnaud, London (http://www.daniellearnaud.com) and published limited edition bookwork of commissioned pieces, combining digital and screen print technologies. Tate Britain and the National Art Library purchased the bookwork. The exhibition invited ten artists to explore notions of landscape. The brief asked participants to consider the following three references in their research: ‘Against Nature’ a text by Joyce Carol Oates, ‘Deliverance’ a film by James Boorman and ‘Cortez the Killer’ music and lyrics by Neil Young. The artists included Dalziel and Scullion, Peter Dukes, Denis Masi, Jem Southam and Sarah Woodfine. Their works agitate thinking about political, scientific and ecological issues and this emerged to fuse the show. It also emphasized how difficult it is, at this point in history, to divorce these notions from artists’ practice.The exhibition was named after Durer’s watercolour ‘Das Grosse Rasenstuck’ which is often considered as a starting point in observing ‘nature’ as a subject matter in a manner not connected to symbolism. From this standpoint it influenced science and artistic practice, which impacts on the exhibition works and contextualization. An important decision in selecting the artists was practice that revelled in details, but also contrasted visual minutiae with complex concepts. For example Kate Scrivener’s miniscule painted texts depict sea creatures but read as environmental phenomena and relate extraordinary accounts of human survival at sea. Phil Coy recreated life size pixels from a NASA photo-detail of central park, losing all notion of specifics beyond colour. Finlay Taylor’s work ‘British Butterflies and Moths' represented migratory Lepidoptera specimens from distant geographical locations, but identified within UK species identification guides as British species. The exhibition was reviewed in Contemporary (Contemporary, issue no 50, 2003, http://www.contemporary-magazine.com/reviews50_2.htm) by Ben Tuffnell curator at Tate Britain.
Accounting, risk, and revolution

In response to the position of Steve Toms, this article argues that risk must be understood not as it has been posited by capital but rather as it might be taken up by labour. It uses Marx's socialization thesis to maintain that risk is a symptom of possibility for labour. Drawing on the work of Randy Martin the argument culminates in a consideration of the interanimation of capital in labour occasioned by the second helping of risk produced by its commoditisation. It concludes that far from being just what Michel Aglietta calls a social evaluation of private economic activity, risk offers the opportunity to develop an accounting not just to provoke capital's contradictions with its own tools but to develop an immanent accounting of socialized labour in revolution, an accounting to come.
ENGINEERING EDUCATION FOR A STRONG KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY IN ROMANIA

This paper aims to X-ray the engineering education from Romania, as the technical tertiary education is seen as a promoter of a smart and strong economic growth that is necessary to exit the present economic crisis. This goal is achieved by portraying the current engineering education developed in Romania and by placing it in an international context. The engineering education proves to be one of the pillars of a strong knowledge society as it offers the key competencies and skills to produce quality outcomes in terms of research and innovation.
The Development of Innovation Activities within the Selected Czech Regions

The level of development of the company itself is very closely linked to the evolution of the business environment and therefore it is essential that business practice to pay attention not only to work with innovative potential, but the actual design and practical use of innovations. Use of innovative potential and creating innovation plays currently one of the important roles not only for performance management of individual enterprises, but also plays a key role in the development of territorial units. The article deals with the development of selected innovative activities (number of patent applications filed, export high-tech goods and services, the amount of total spending on research and development) within the selected territorial units of the Czech Republic.
Correlation of amorphization effects in titanium solid solutions via mechanical milling and annealing

Powders of titanium solid solutions were amorphized completely via mechanical milling. Bulk samples of bcc titanium solid solution were also partially amorphized through low-temperature annealing. The reference alloy Ti 65 Cr 13 Cu 16 Mn 4 Fe 2 requires the shortest milling time to achieve complete amorphization. A strong dependence of critical milling time for complete amorphization on alloy composition is found near the reference alloy. Meanwhile, the reference alloy is also the easiest to amorphize partially by annealing. The strong correlation of amorphization effects observed is consistent with the mechanism where the formation of amorphous areas is dependent on the size of the free-energy gap ΔG c→a between the crystalline phase and the amorphous phase and on how easily this gap can be closed. The smaller the free-energy gap ΔG c→a of the solid solution, the less milling is required for complete amorphization, and the more favourable amorphization by annealing becomes.
Extensive IT outsourcing: advice from providers.

In summary, providers are reporting some benefits related to resources and knowledge, improved service levels/performance and stronger IT staff/leadership. Also, on average, providers are reporting satisfactory experiences with application support and CIO outsourcing. However, not all of their expectations are being met, and some providers have discontinued outsourcing due to unmet expectations. Clearly, outsourcing is an option one must research in depth--it is not for everyone. When one evaluates the results of extensive IT outsourcing, it becomes easier to see what outsourcing mix and firm may be a good match for your organization's needs and expected outcomes. As you decide upon the outsourcing mix and firm that is right for you, providers advise you to pay special attention to contractual arrangements. With adequate research and contractual provisions, organizations can find the outsourcing mix that is right for them.
Process-Relational Philosophy: An Introduction to Alfred North Whitehead

Process thought is the foundation for studies in many areas of contemporary philosophy, theology, political theory, educational theory, and the religion-science dialogue. It is derived from Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy, known as process theology, which lays a groundwork for integrating evolutionary biology, physics, philosophy of mind, theology, environmental ethics, religious pluralism, education, economics, and more. In "Process-Relational Philosophy," C. Robert Mesle breaks down Whitehead's complex writings, providing a simple but accurate introduction to the vision that underlies much of contemporary process philosophy and theology. In doing so, he points to a "way beyond both reductive materialism and the traps of Cartesian dualism by showing reality as a relational process in which minds arise from bodies, in which freedom and creativity are foundational to process, in which the relational power of persuasion is more basic than the unilateral power of coercion." Because process-relational philosophy addresses the deep intuitions of a relational world basic to environmental and global thinking, it is being incorporated into undergraduate and graduate courses in philosophy, educational theory and practice, environmental ethics, and science and values, among others. "Process-Relational Philosophy: A Basic Introduction" makes Whitehead's creative vision accessible to all students and general readers.
High-sensitivity aeromagnetic survey of the U. S. Atlantic continental margin

The U.S. Geological Survey contracted a high‐sensitivity, digital aeromagnetic survey that was flown over the U.S. Atlantic continental margin over a period of 15 months between 1974 and 1976. The 185,000 km of profile data have a relative accuracy approaching a few tenths of a nanotesla, which allowed compilation into maps at a scale of 1:250,000, with a contour interval of 2 nT. Automatic data processing using the Werner method allowed calculations of apparent depth to sources of the magnetic anomalies on all of the profiles, assuming a dike or interface as a source. Comparison of the computed depths to magnetic basement with multichannel seismic profiles across the survey area helped to reduce ambiguities in magnetic depth estimates and enabled interpolation of basement structures between seismic profiles. The resulting map showing depth to basement of the Atlantic continental margin is compatible with available multichannel seismic data, and we consider it a reasonable representation of the base of th...
What Is a Philosophical Tendency

This article clarifies and resituates Althusser’s materialist philosophical project in relation not only to such predecessors as V.I. Lenin and Jean-Toussaint Desanti but also to such successors as Pierre Macherey and Pierre Raymond. The thesis of the article is that Althusser’s project to establish a philosophical practice that would be appropriate for Marxism did not simply consist of identifying and defending a ‘materialist’ position in philosophy against external ‘idealist’ challenges or threats. On the contrary, it recognised that there exists an interminable struggle between inextricably linked but ever-shifting materialist and idealist tendencies – a struggle that operates as a defining feature in the history of philosophy. As a result, the problem explored in this article concerns how best to conceptualise this struggle and to determine whether or not the term ‘tendency’ genuinely holds analytical value and can serve as an important conceptual resource for Marxists working within the field of philosophy.
Mission in Latin America: An Evangelical Perspective

Some forms of evangelical and Pentecostal Protestantism that could be described as ‘popular” have grown significantly in Latin America during the most recent decades. Social scientists and church leaders have been studying and interpreting the phenomenon, sometimes making use of conspiracy theories. Missiologists seem to have more adequate keys to understand it. l%is article provides a brief historical background from an evangelical perspective, and considers the missiological lessons that can be learned from this dynamic movement, using especially the insights of three Catholic missiologists who work as missionaries in Latin America.
In-group and role identity influences on the initiation and maintenance of students' voluntary attendance at peer study sessions for statistics.

Although class attendance is linked to academic performance, questions remain about what determines students' decisions to attend or miss class.



In addition to the constructs of a common decision-making model, the theory of planned behaviour, the present study examined the influence of student role identity and university student (in-group) identification for predicting both the initiation and maintenance of students' attendance at voluntary peer-assisted study sessions in a statistics subject.


SAMPLE
University students enrolled in a statistics subject were invited to complete a questionnaire at two time points across the academic semester. A total of 79 university students completed questionnaires at the first data collection point, with 46 students completing the questionnaire at the second data collection point.



Twice during the semester, students' attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, student role identity, in-group identification, and intention to attend study sessions were assessed via on-line questionnaires. Objective measures of class attendance records for each half-semester (or 'term') were obtained.



Across both terms, students' attitudes predicted their attendance intentions, with intentions predicting class attendance. Earlier in the semester, in addition to perceived behavioural control, both student role identity and in-group identification predicted students' attendance intentions, with only role identity influencing intentions later in the semester.



These findings highlight the possible chronology that different identity influences have in determining students' initial and maintained attendance at voluntary sessions designed to facilitate their learning.
Analysis of Recycling Plastic Waste Activities as AQUA's Corporate Social Responsibility Program

In this technological development era, companies need to pay more attention to the environment and the surrounding community in order to avoid the various demands put forward by the public due to the impact of company’s production in running its business. The classical economic doctrine, "maximization profit", which the main goal of the company is to lower costs as low as possible and increase efficiency as high as possible in order to maximize profits, then shifted into a new paradigm, namely how companies need to create a "positive image" to its stakeholders. One way that companies do to form a positive image is the procurement of Corporate Social Responsibility program. Qualitative descriptive analysis method is used in this research to clearly describe the problems that exist in the object of research which will eventually be seen related to the related theories. The result showed that the Corporate Social Responsibility program in the form of recycling plastic waste activities conducted by AQUA Group is in line with the concept of CSR definition, which is to minimize negative impact and maximize the positive impact of its operation to all stakeholders in economic, social and environmental aspect in order to achieve the goal Sustainable development. In addition, recycling plastic waste activities conducted by AQUA Group also contains three bottom lines of the concept of corporate social responsibility, namely Profit, People, and Planet.
Slotting allowances to coordinate manufacturers’ retail sales effort

Slotting allowances are fees paid by manufacturers to get access to retailers’ shelf space. Although the main attention towards slotting allowances has been within the grocery industry, slotting allowances have also been applied within e.g. e-commerce and mobile telephony. In these industries we observe that distributors have large market power due to their control of access to the customers.We analyze how shifting bargaining power from manufacturers to retailers and the use of slotting allowances affect consumers’ surplus and channel profit when the manufacturer undertakes non-contractible retail sales effort (through e.g. advertising, promotions and product quality control). We show that with a simple linear wholesale tariff consumers are better off if the retailer has the bargaining power than if it belongs to the manufacturer. With retail bargaining power a change from a linear wholesale tariff to slotting allowances harms the consumers and increases channel profit. As a consequence, the welfare effects of slotting allowances are ambiguous. 1We would like to thank Derek Clark and seminar participants at the University of Tromso and at the 14th International Conference on Retailing and Service Science, San Francisco, for valuable comments
Reflections on Continental Divide: An Author's Response

SummaryIn this article, I offer a series of responses to comments by four scholars on my book, Continental Divide: Heidegger, Cassirer, Davos. In my remarks, I take up various questions of both methodology and interpretation, clarifying, for example, why the term “Continental” still seems to me an apt description for the philosophies of both Cassirer and Heidegger, how the two thinkers related to the tradition of philosophical anthropology, how each philosopher conceived of the relation between myth and science, and so forth. Along the way, I also clarify why the terms “spontaneity” and “thrownness” still strike me as helpful for distinguishing between the two rival philosophies, and I explain why it is misguided to believe that philosophical disputes must conclude in dialectical reconciliation.
Financial development, exporting and firm heterogeneity in Chile

Using plant-level data from the manufacturing sector of Chile for the period 1990–2000, this paper examines the effect of financial development on the probability of exporting at the plant level, with a special focus on the heterogeneous responses of plants with different characteristics. The main results are that an improvement in financial development increases the probability of exporting of more productive plants and those with foreign ownership operating in manufacturing sectors that are more dependent on external finance. Our estimates also show that financial development does not appear to improve the probability of exporting for relatively smaller and younger plants. This result suggests that, at least for the case of exporting in Chile, smaller and younger plants are not necessarily more likely to benefit than larger and older plants from improvements in access to credit.