nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Variable-Length Markov Chain Models for Analysis of User Web Navigation Sessions

Markov models have been widely used to represent and analyze user Web navigation data. In previous work, we have proposed a method to dynamically extend the order of a Markov chain model and a complimentary method for assessing the predictive power of such a variable-length Markov chain. Herein, we review these two methods and propose a novel method for measuring the ability of a variable-length Markov model to summarize user Web navigation sessions up to a given length. Although the summarization ability of a model is important to enable the identification of user navigation patterns, the ability to make predictions is important in order to foresee the next link choice of a user after following a given trail so as, for example, to personalize a Web site. We present an extensive experimental evaluation providing strong evidence that prediction accuracy increases linearly with summarization ability
Structures and field emission properties of heat-treated C60 fullerene nanowhiskers

The structures and field electron emission properties of C 60 fullerene nanowhiskers were investigated. The single crystalline C 60 fullerene nanowhiskers were straight, surrounded by facets, and had a uniform submicrometer diameter along the long axis. Heat treatment of the nanowhiskers drastically transformed the inner structure from C 60 crystal to glassy carbon, while the outer structure kept its original morphology despite heat treatment. Field electron microscopy images of the heat-treated nanowhiskers showed striped patterns, characteristic of an agglomerate of crumpled graphitic layers.
Verifiable Computation with Massively Parallel Interactive Proofs

As the cloud computing paradigm has gained prominence, the need for verifiable computation has grown increasingly urgent. Protocols for verifiable computation enable a weak client to outsource difficult computations to a powerful, but untrusted server, in a way that provides the client with a guarantee that the server performed the requested computations correctly. By design, these protocols impose a minimal computational burden on the client, but they require the server to perform a very large amount of extra bookkeeping to enable a client to easily verify the results. Verifiable computation has thus remained a theoretical curiosity, and protocols for it have not been implemented in real cloud computing systems. 
 
In this paper, we assess the potential of parallel processing to help make practical verification a reality, identifying abundant data parallelism in a state-of-the-art general-purpose protocol for verifiable computation. We implement this protocol on the GPU, obtaining 40-120× server-side speedups relative to a state-of-the-art sequential implementation. For benchmark problems, our implementation thereby reduces the slowdown of the server to within factors of 100-500× relative to the original computations requested by the client. Furthermore, we reduce the already small runtime of the client by 100×. Our results demonstrate the immediate practicality of using GPUs for verifiable computation, and more generally, that protocols for verifiable computation have become sufficiently mature to deploy in real cloud computing systems.
Boolean versus ranked querying for biomedical systematic reviews

BackgroundThe process of constructing a systematic review, a document that compiles the published evidence pertaining to a specified medical topic, is intensely time-consuming, often taking a team of researchers over a year, with the identification of relevant published research comprising a substantial portion of the effort. The standard paradigm for this information-seeking task is to use Boolean search; however, this leaves the user(s) the requirement of examining every returned result. Further, our experience is that effective Boolean queries for this specific task are extremely difficult to formulate and typically require multiple iterations of refinement before being finalized.MethodsWe explore the effectiveness of using ranked retrieval as compared to Boolean querying for the purpose of constructing a systematic review. We conduct a series of experiments involving ranked retrieval, using queries defined methodologically, in an effort to understand the practicalities of incorporating ranked retrieval into the systematic search task.ResultsOur results show that ranked retrieval by itself is not viable for this search task requiring high recall. However, we describe a refinement of the standard Boolean search process and show that ranking within a Boolean result set can improve the overall search performance by providing early indication of the quality of the results, thereby speeding up the iterative query-refinement process.ConclusionsOutcomes of experiments suggest that an interactive query-development process using a hybrid ranked and Boolean retrieval system has the potential for significant time-savings over the current search process in the systematic reviewing.
The discovery of the Borobia world-class stratiform magnesite deposit (Soria, Spain): a preliminary report

A new world-class stratiform magnesite deposit has been recently discovered near the village of Borobia in Soria, Spain. The mineralization consists of a 25–45 m massive to banded magnesite layer sandwiched in between a Lower Cambrian carbonate formation and an upper shale horizon. It forms an arcuate belt striking NW–SE to W–E, which outcrops for 7.3 km in two elevations separated by a central valley that is covered by a thin layer of Pleistocene sediments. The orebody is confined by two regionally important faults and is probably associated with the dolomitization and silicification of the Cambrian limestones. Geological ore resources are estimated to exceed 175 Mt with MgO contents varying from 36 to 47% by weight. At present, the owners, Magnesitas y Dolomías de Borobia, S.L., are at an advanced stage of planning for extraction. This report presents some results of an ongoing geological exploration programme and shows the general features of the geology and mineralogy of the Borobia deposit.
A better way to reconstruct dark energy models?

To reconstruct dark energy models the redshift zeq, marking the end of radiation era and the beginning of matter-dominated era, can play a role as important as zt, the redshift at which deceleration parameter experiences a signature flip. To implement the idea we propose a variable equation of state for matter that can bring a smooth transition from radiation to matter-dominated era in a single model. A popular Λ∝ρ dark energy model is chosen for demonstration but found to be unacceptable. An alternative Λ∝ρa3 model is proposed and found to be more close to observation.
An Energy Rich Phosphate from 2 -Methylimidazole through Nonenzymatic Photophosphorylation * ‘ * * *

Sensitized photooxidation of imidazoles in aqueous solution and in the presence of inorganic phosphate afforded organic phosphates with yields up to 30%. The major phosphorylated product of oxidation of 2-methylimidazole was isolated and identified as the monophosphate of 4,5-dihydroxy-2-methylimidazoline with pKₐ values of 2.0, 5.2, and 9.8. The compound is energy rich in aqueous solution and hydrolyses in alkaline or neutral solutions irreversibly (ΔHₕyd = -9.8 kcal/mole). For the hydrolysis at pH 7 an activation-enthalpy of 25 kcal/mole and -entropy of 8 cal/deg.mole was observed. Be²⁺ ions catalyse the hydrolysis.
Fission-track dating of the tectonic development of the San Juan Islands, Washington

The San Juan Islands of Washington State form a geologically complex province located between the north Cascades, Vancouver Island, and the Olympic Peninsula. We have obtained 53 fission-track dates from the San Juan Islands province that help constrain its late Paleozoic to early Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentary history and its relationship to neighboring geologic terranes. The San Juan Islands can be divided into two main blocks separated by the Haro fault. South of the Haro fault, complexly deformed, metamorphosed, and probably exotic early Paleozoic to early Late Cretaceous rocks form four imbricate thrust plates separated by south- and east-dipping late Early to Late Cretaceous thrust faults. Reset zircon fission-track dates indicate that thrusting may have produced an upside-down geothermal gradient in the uppermost plate, the Decatur terrane. If present, this gradient was probably produced by conductive or frictional heating associated with a now-eroded overlying thrust fault and hot thrust plate....
Understanding complex host-microbe interactions in Hydra.

Any multicellular organism may be considered a metaorganism or holobiont-comprised of the macroscopic host and synergistic interdependence with bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and numerous other microbial and eukaryotic species including algal symbionts. Defining the individual microbe-host conversations in these consortia is a challenging but necessary step on the path to understanding the function of the associations as a whole. Dissecting the fundamental principles that underlie all host-microbe interactions requires simple animal models with only a few specific bacterial species. Here I present Hydra as such a model with one of the simplest epithelia in the animal kingdom, with the availability of a fully sequenced genome and numerous genomic tools, and with few associated bacterial species.
[Ryoun Takamatsu (1837-1916). The first Japanese physician to have studies modern medicine in France].

Ryôun Takamatsu, born in Japan in 1837, was a member of the delegation to the Universal Exposition 1867 in Paris. He worked as a trainee in the Hôtel-Dieu of Paris. After returning to Japan, he practiced and spread the modern technical and spiritual cares and cures he had learnt in France.
Interest Rate Consequences of Targeting Money

REVOLUTION in monetary policy attitudes in the past decade-a revolution ignited by that period's worldwide explosion of prices-has shifted the formulation and assessment of monetary policy from the behavior of interest rates to that of monetary aggregates. Increasingly, monetary authorities are striving to achieve specific, formal or informal, targets for monetary growth. Nevertheless, the behavior of interest rates, both rate levels and volatility, remains an abiding concern of policy. This paper examines the implications of pursuing monetary targets for the behavior of interest rates in the vastly differing economic and political environments found among countries. The paper starts with the case of a financially repressed, closed economy where independent interest rate and money supply targets are, at least in principle, possible. However, even in such economies the degree of this independence is easily overstated. In countries with active (secondary) markets in financial instruments, the existence of which presupposes market-determined interest rates, interest rate targets can be pursued only by subordinating the money supply to that end. Economic liberalization not only precludes independent monetary and interest rate targets, but ultimately makes the independent setting of interest rates impossible, since price level and balance of payments adjustments make the real quantity of money
Permian to recent volcanism in northern sumatra, indonesia: a preliminary study of its distribution, chemistry, and peculiarities

Sumatra has been a ‘volcanic arc’, above an NE-dipping subduction zone, since at least the Late Permian. The principal volcanic episodes in Sumatra N of the Equator have been in the Late Permian, Late Mesozoic, Palaeogene, Miocene and Quaternary.Late Permian volcanic rocks, of limited extent, are altered porphyritic basic lavas interstratified with limestones and phyllites.Late Mesozoic volcanic rocks, widely distributed along and W of the major transcurrent.Sumatra Fault System (SFS), which axially bisects Sumatra, include ophiolite-related spilites, andesites and basalts. PossiblePalaeogene volcanic rocks include an altered basalt pile with associated dyke-swarm in the extreme NW, intruded by an Early Miocene (19 my) dioritic stock; and variable pyroxene rich basic lavas and agglomerates ranging from alkali basaltic to absarokitic in the extreme SW.Miocene volcanic rocks, widely distributed (especially W of the SFS), and cropping out extensively along the W coast, include calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline basalts, andesites and dacites.Quaternary volcanoes (3 active, 14 dormant or extinct) are irregularly distributed both along and across the arc; thus they lie fore-arc of the SFS near the Equator but well back-arc farther north. The largest concentration of centres, around Lake Toba, includes the >2000 km3 Pleistocene rhyolitic Toba Tuffs. Quaternary volcanics are mainly calc-alkaline andesites, dacites and rhyolites with few basalts; they seem less variable, but on the whole more acid, than the Tertiary.The Quaternary volcanism is anomalous in relation to both southern Sumatra and adjacent Java/Bali: in southern Sumatra, volcanoes are regularly spaced along and successively less active away from the SFS, but neither rule holds in northern Sumatra. Depths to the subduction zone below major calc-alkaline volcanoes in Java/Bali are 160–210 km, but little over 100 km in northern Sumatra, which also lacks the regular K2O-depth correlations seen in Java. These anomalies may arise because Sumatra — being underlain by continental crust — is more akin to destructive continental margins than typical island-arcs such as E Java or Bali, and because the Sumatran subduction zone has a peculiar structure due to the oblique approach of the subducting plate. A further anomaly — an E-W belt of small centres along the back-arc coast — may relate to an incipient S-dipping subduction zone N of Sumatra and not the main NE-dipping zone to its W.Correlation of the Tertiary volcanism with the present tectonic regime is hazardous, but the extensive W coastal volcanism (which includes rather alkaline lavas) is particularly anomalous in relation to the shallow depth (<100 km) of the present subduction zone. The various outcrops may owe their present locations to extensive fault movements (especially along the SFS), to the peculiar structure of the fore-arc (suggested by equally anomalous Sn- and W-bearing granitic batholiths also along the W coast), or they may not be subduction-related at all.
Absolute And Relative Resources As Determinants Of International Acquisitions

We analyze the impact of absolute and relative levels of a foreign investing firm's resources on the choice of foreign entry mode. Specifically, we study the relationship between the fungibility of a firm's capabilities and the propensity of foreign investors to acquire domestic firms. On one hand, we argue that technology is fungible across national borders, and the relative technical capabilities of foreign investing firms, as compared to domestic firms, determine the entry mode. On the other hand, we argue that marketing capabilities are less fungible. Hence, the marketing capabilities of host country firms receives greater prominence in the entry mode decision. Our empirical tests, which are based on 2,175 foreign entries made into the US in the 1974-1991 period, largely support our predictions. From the analysis, we derive implications for the study of capabilities and entry mode choice.
Three Metaphors for Liminality of the Political Party Concept

The given study is circumscribed by anthropology and communication and its purpose is to research the perception and the social-anthropological concept of a political party. If we analyze the meta-analytical method and quality method, we will achieve three modes of reporting to the thought of what a political party means. The article is organized in three primary sections: the political party as a scene, the political party as a dispossession of a person, and the political party as a metamorphosis of freedom. This blend of transformation contains a multistructure in which anthropological reasoning guarantees the best possible measurements of liminality. The political party represents a social irradiation through the idea of liminality.
The Relationship between Knowledge Management and Trust: Malaysian Perspective

In delivering a professional service to its clients, knowledge is an auditing firm’s core capital. In conducting its practice and business, an auditing firm not only captures knowledge within its organization from among its own people but also from its clients to whom it has a responsibility and duty to protect. The nature of auditing firms somehow controls the flow of knowledge in the firms. Knowledge management is crucial, especially for knowledge-intensive firms that utilize and capitalize knowledge in all their transactions. The challenges are to highlight the knowledge management factors in auditing firms and how much knowledge management contributes to their organizational effectiveness. This empirical study reveals that knowledge dissemination, knowledge storing and knowledge protection are more prominent in this type of industry. In addition, trust plays a very crucial role in knowledge flow. Knowledge dissemination was found to be a main contributor towards organizational effectiveness and trust prevails as an important factor in knowledge management applications in the industry.
Re-stor(y)ing North West Sutherland, Scotland

This paper focuses on two high profile projects initiated by communities in north west Sutherland as part of Highland 2007. The first concerns the Ceannabeinne Township Trail near Durness which involves the telling of the story of reistance to the Clearances of the nineteenth century. The second, Summer in the Straths, retraces the route of the Summer Walkers and highlights their contribution to social and economic life in the Highlands. The paper argues that the projects remap the land in ways that suggest an alternative imaginary to that aligned with processes of dispossession that have for so long defined social and economic practice in the area. Literally and figuratively, the projects map openings which challenge the norms through which the land is frequently cast.
Dying of hematologic patients—treatment characteristics in a German University Hospital

The treatment of hematologic patients in palliative situations remains a major challenge as there are special clinical needs, e.g., transfusions and the high risk for infectious complications with subsequent use of broad anti-infective treatment. Furthermore, most hematologic patients have a relatively long history of disease and are acquainted with “their” wards; that is why most are treated on these hematologic and not on specialized palliative wards. The standardized approach to the care of hematologic patients with curative treatment intention is probably not fully appropriate for palliative patients. In order to evaluate the current situation of treatment characteristics in a German university hospital, we retrospectively evaluated the medical documentation of all patients who died on a hematologic ward between 2005 and 2008. While we found a high number of chemotherapeutic, anti-infective, analgesic, and sedative treatments, of transfusions, of treatment on the intensive care units, and of invasive nature, non-somatic interventions were rather scarce. Symptom control, e.g., for bleeding events or pain, was frequently not adequately achieved. With regard to the palliative situation, a holistic approach with the maintenance of patients’ autonomy and the preference for dying at home, the treatment of hematologic patients in a palliative situation has to be reconsidered.
Transcending the Boundaries of the ‘isms’: Pursuing Modernity through the Machine in 1920s and 1930s Japanese Avant-Garde Art

Japanese art critics and artists viewed the machine as an important element in the development of different 'isms' in the history of avant-garde art. This chapter first examines how the machine was discussed, portrayed, and elaborated across different artistic 'isms', and how the focus and emphasis of these conceptions changed over time to adjust to contemporary social or political exigencies. It explores how the machine provided a new format, new subject matter, or new theoretical lens for refining and redirecting preexisting concepts of art and artistic genres. The machine provides a 'healthy' and 'fresh' new model for art in modern society. Moving beyond how the machine was conceptualized within the discourses of art and literary theory, the remainder of the chapter examines how images of the machine and the mechanical were actually deployed within artworks produced in Japan during the 1920s and 1930s.  avant-garde art; Japanese art critics; literary theory; modern machine
When was the Earth’s conveyor belt set in motion?

The start of plate tectonics on Earth is one of the most controversial issues in modern geology, with proposed timings covering almost the entire history of our planet. On page 2387 of this issue (vol. 100, 2015), Blichert-Toft and co-authors report Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotopic and lithophile trace element data for early Archean komatiites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt (GB) in South Africa, and argue for the onset of plate tectonics on Earth as early as 3.5 Ga. The studied komatiites show a large decoupling of the two isotopic systems and lithophile trace element signatures that are most consistent with deep-water, pelagic sediments being present in the lower-mantle source of these lavas. Their conclusions have far-reaching implications for advancing our understanding of how the Earth system operated in the distant geological past.
The OECD and Human Rights: The Case of the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the National Contact Points

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development updated its Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in 2011, adding a human rights chapter and bolstering its implementation mechanism, the National Contact Points. These changes align the OECD instrument with the UN Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights, also adopted in 2011, and help to create a synergy and convergence at the international level regarding standards on corporate responsibility for human rights. They constitute an important element in the field of business and human rights, and contribute to the development of a culture of responsible business conduct.
Trialogue on the number of fundamental constants

This paper consists of three separate articles on the number of fundamental dimensionful constants in physics. We started our debate in summer 1992 on the terrace of the famous CERN cafeteria. In the summer of 2001 we returned to the subject tond that our views still diverged and decided to explain our current positions. LBO develops the traditional approach with three constants, GV argues in favor of at most two (within superstring theory), while MJD advocates zero.
Study of Tectonic Background and Reservoir-forming Condition of Volcanic Rock in Songliao Basin

Volcanic rock of Songliao Basin,which is divided into Huoshiling formation and Yingcheng formation,is the part of Xinganling Group.The difference of types of rocks,chemical constitution and distribution characteristics is the result of episodic tectonic evolution in depressed stage.Volcanic reservoir is mainly controlled by rock facies.Plentiful oil-gas supply,reservoirs and cap rocks well-developed and various kinds of traps well-corresponded are the foundations of reservoir formation.