nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Foreign subsidiaries as channel of international technology diffusion. Some direct firm level evidence from Belgium

The use of FDI as a channel of international spillovers is by now fairly established in the empirical literature on innovation and growth. It is often argued that subsidiaries of foreign MNEs are a mechanism through which technological know-how flows across borders. For foreign subsidiaries to be channels of international spillovers, these subsidiaries need to source know-how internationally and at the same time transfer their know-how to the local economy. Using direct firm level evidence from Belgian CIS-survey data on the occurrence of technology transfers, we find that foreign subsidiaries are indeed more likely to acquire technology internationally. But once controlled for the superior access to the international technology market that foreign subsidiaries enjoy, we find that these firms are not more likely to transfer technology to the local economy. This suggests that foreign subsidiaries are not necessarily interesting sources for local transfers. What seems to be important for local technology transfers is having an international network that provides access to international technology
Study on Preparation and Application Performance of P-Type Conducting SnO2 Ceramic Target

To obtain high quality SnO2 film, high conductivity and high quality SnO2 target should be obtained first. In this paper, high-conductivity Sb: SnO2 (ATO) ceramic targets were fabricated using SnO2, Sb2O3 powder as raw material. The chemical composition and morphology of SnO2 targets were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of different forming pressure on the morphology and electrical properties of targets were studied in our paper. The results show that molding pressure has a significant impact on the density of ATO targets and performance during sintering process. When molding pressure is 15 Mpa, the target has the minimum resistivity for 2.38 Ωcm. XRD results show that ATO target possess tetragonal rutile structure with the preferred orientation of (101). XPS indicate that the chemical state of Sn element in the target is Sn4+ and that of Sb is Sb3+. In addition, the shrinkage rate of conductive SnO2 target is 10.34% so that target can be used to sputtering in the magnetron sputter. The preparation process is simple and cost of SnO2 target is low. The transparent conductive SnO2 thin film was successfully deposited on glass substrate with good performance of high hole concentration and low resistivity of 3.334×1019 cm-3 and 3.588 Ω·cm, respectively. The average transmission of p-type SnO2 films was above 80% in the visible light range.
The effect of solute concentration on fluidity and structure in aqueous solutions of electrolytes—V. Strong acids and alkali-metal hydroxides

An examination has been made of the effect of concentration on the temperature dependence of fluidity in aqueous solutions of the strong acids HCl, HBr, HNO 3 , HClO 3 , H 2 SO 4 and H 3 PO 4 , and the alkali-metal hydroxides LiOH, NaOH and KOH. The results suggest that, because of ion association and complex hydration effects in the other systems, only HCl and KOH are capable of giving the least equivocal information about the behaviour of H + and OH − in fluid motion. It is also concluded that both H + and OH − are positively hydrated structure-brea entities, and that despite their special properties their effect on fluidity is not materially different from other positively hydrated structure-break ions.
The Practical and Reconstructing Chinese Pedagogics.

This paper explores the relevance and significance of the Practical in Schwab’s the ‘Practical 1’ paper in relation to the reconstruction of pedagogics as an educational discipline in China. It begins with employing Schwab’s medical framework–in terms of symptoms, diagnosis and prescription–to analyse the crisis in Chinese pedagogics, and then articulates what is entailed in reconstructing pedagogics in terms of the Practical as a solution to the crisis. The paper next examines the construction of ‘life-practice’ pedagogics by Professor Ye Lan and associates–a remarkable undertaking which in many respects instantiates the Practical, while not influenced by the thinking of Schwab. It concludes by linking the Practical to the European Padagogik tradition and Chinese educational wisdom concerning theory development.
Rules and Patterns for Website Orchestration

Information-intensive websites are constantly changing. It concerns the enhancement as well as the maintenance of existing content, also layout changes are common practice. Changes often imply the need to reorganise some content parts to keep an adequate representation. At present, such changes will be performed statically, changing the rules of presentation regarding each content object. However, it is possible to generalise the content presentation in the way that layout definitions and restrictions determine the representation of content objects or their types. Therefore, this paper proposes dynamic placement and representation of content objects to avoid manual customisations and grave errors in layout development. The approach is based on patterns that allow to change and adapt the layout as well as help to reuse components and concepts.
Computer simulations of 3-d Lorentzian quantum gravity

We investigate the phase diagram of non-perturbative three-dimensional Lorentzian quantum gravity with the help of Monte Carlo simulations. The system has a first-order phase transition at a critical value k c 0 of the bare inverse gravitational coupling constant k 0 . For k 0 > k c 0 the system reduces to a product of uncorrelated Euclidean 2d gravity models and has no intrinsic interest as a model of 3d gravity. For k 0 k c 0 , extended three-dimensional geometries dominate the functional integral despite the fact that we perform a sum over geometries and no particular background is distinguished at the outset. Furthermore, all systems with k 0 k c 0 have the same continuum limit. A different choice of k 0 corresponds merely to a redefinition of the overall length scale.
[A zoologist on a different path--Richard B. Goldschmidt (1878-1958) as sexuality researcher and his reception by the Third Reich].

At the beginning of 20th century, genetic research was carried out by many different branches of science. Biology, zoology, medicine, psychiatry, and psychology took part, so some results were a mixture of the involved sciences and not pure genetic. One researcher, who used his experiences from zoology to explain sexual orientation in the human race, was Richard B. Goldschmidt (1878-1958). He published several articles between 1916 and 1927 on this topic before he reconsidered his own theses. Greatest feedback he became during the Third Reich. Although being Jewish he became professor for life in autumn 1933. When he left Berlin for Berkeley in 1936, he began a new scientific career, leaving all old theories and ideologies behind. But his "Umwandlungsmännchen"-theory was restarted by some German psychiatrists to explain homosexuality. One of these men was Theo Lang (1898-1957), who was allowed to publish his articles in the USA and in Switzerland. Lang had been one of the founders of the association of Nazi doctors and was a member of the SA. Moreover, after 1945 during Denazification he was allowed to call for Richard Goldschmidt as witness for his own defence.
Saving time and memory in computational intelligence system with machine unification and task spooling

There are many knowledge-based data mining frameworks and it is common to think that new ones cannot come up with anything new. This article refutes such claims. We propose a sophisticated unification mechanism and two-tier machine cache system aimed at saving time and memory. No machine is run twice. Instead, machines are reused wherever they are repeatedly requested (regardless of request context). We also present an exceptional task spooler. Its unique design facilitates efficient automated management of large numbers of tasks with natural adjustment to available computational resources. Dedicated task scheduler cooperates with machine unification mechanism to save time and space. The solutions are possible thanks to very general and universal design of machine, configuration, machine context, unique machine life cycle, machine information exchange, configuration templates and other necessary concepts. Results gained by machines are stored in a uniform way, facilitating easy results exploration and collection by means of a special query system and versatile analysis with series transformations. No knowledge about internals of particular machines is necessary to extensively explore the results. The ideas presented here, have been implemented and verified inside Intemi framework for data mining and meta-learning tasks. They are general engine-level mechanisms that may be fruitful in all aspects of data analysis, all applications of knowledge-based data mining, computational intelligence, machine learning or neural networks methods.
A Self-Study of Factors Affecting Success in Two Collaborations on the Teaching of Social Justice

This paper describes a self-study of two collaborations. The first collaboration focused on an attempt to study the teaching of social justice issues to pre-service student teachers. The second collaboration was an attempt to understand why the first collaboration was only partially successful. The study charts the process of collaboration over two years. The methodology is highly reflective, depending primarily on sources that were seen as being significant in retrospect rather than collected with a sense of purpose. Data include emails, conversations noted at the time or remembered, notes made of discussions at conference presentations, and reflective journal entries. Conclusions are drawn with significance beyond this self-study. They include clarification of the nature of collaboration and the parts played by the role and personality of the collaborators, factors to be taken into account for success, reasons for collaboration, and the importance of focusing on the self who is inviting or persuading ot...
Teaching the Implicit Assumptions Underlying Firm Behavior in the Neoclassical Model

The neoclassical model imposes narrow assumptions on firm behavior and in the process hides implicit assumptions regarding the behavior of individuals. Although the firm is a complicated organization composed of many individuals, the neoclassical model simplifies its behavior to one objective—the maximization of profits. This assumption implicitly assumes that individuals within the firm subordinate their own self-interest for the firm’s benefit. A classroom activity is described which assists students in discerning whether the assumption of profit maximization fits reality.
Ecosystems and world systems: Accumulation as an ecological process

World-systemic processes of capital accumulation are inextricably intermeshed with ecology. Not only do they have obvious repercussions on landscapes and ecosystems ( e.g., erosion, deforestation), but they are also fundamentally dependent on ecological aspects such as topsoil, forests, or minerals. The analytical disjunction of ecology and economics is a persistent feature of modern science. The minority of researchers who have seriously tried to integrate them in a common theoretical framework (cf. Martinez-Alier 1987) have run into major, conceptual difficulties. This paper addresses some of the issues raised in an attempt to ground the notion of capital accumulation in the physical realities of ecology and thermodynamics.
Intra-Ordovician deformation in southeast Ireland: evidence from the geological setting, geochemical affinities and U—Pb zircon age of the Croghan Kinshelagh granite

The Croghan Kinshelagh alkali granite intrudes a cleaved volcano-sedimentary sequenceon the border of counties Wicklow and Wexford in southeast Ireland. U-Pb dating of zircons fromthe granite indicate a mid-Caradoc emplacement age of 454 ± 1 Ma. The Duncannon Group hostrocks form the southwestern end of the Avoca Volcanic Belt, a Mid-Ordovician (Caradoc) sequenceof acid and intermediate lavas and volcaniclastics. Dolerite dykes intrude the granite; elsewhere in theregion dolerites are generally associated with volcanic rocks. The main, Dl deformation within theDuncannon Group rocks is manifest as a steep Dl cleavage generally regarded as a product of LateCaledonian regional deformation in southeast Ireland. The Croghan Kinshelagh granite showsstrong geochemical coherence with subalkaline varieties of the Caradoc volcanic rocks; relativelyhigh Th, Y, Nb and REE contents set it apart from any other known granite type in southeastIreland. Together with the geochemical evidence, the age determination of 454 Ma indicates that theCroghan Kinshelagh granite was generated and emplaced during Ordovician volcanism in southeastIreland. Volcanism was closely followed by penetrative deformation and emplacement of the granite.The intra-Ordovician deformation may have been a consequence of closure of the Iapetus Ocean ormore localized events such as accretion on the hanging wall of the subduction zone. The age of theCroghan Kinshelagh granite provides an important datum for Ordovician volcanism and subductionin southeast Ireland.
The structure and ore deposits of the Carboniferous Limestone of the Eyam district, Derbyshire

The area described consists of Carboniferous Limestone almost surrounded by Edale Shales and an account of the stratigraphy is given. The uppermost group of limestones, belonging to the "reef", is shown to lie unconformably on the normal-bedded D 1 -D 2 limestones. Descriptions are given of the principal exposed sections through the limestones. Structure-contours based on the Orwnastraea placenta horizon high in the D 2 limestones demonstrate the tectonic movements of the mid-Carboniferous. The distribution of the main lead-ore veins is shown to be nearly related to the structures of the limestones.
Primitive Civilizations: Or, Outlines of the History of Ownership in Archaic Communities

The later twentieth century saw a huge wave of academic interest in women’s writing, which led to the rediscovery of neglected works from a wide range of genres, periods and languages. Many books that were immensely popular and influential in their own day are now studied again, both for their own sake and for what they reveal about the social, political and cultural conditions of their time. A pioneering resource in this area is Orlando: Women’s Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present (http://orlando.cambridge.org), which provides entries on authors’ lives and writing careers, contextual material, timelines, sets of internal links, and bibliographies. Its editors have made a major contribution to the selection of the works reissued in this series within the Cambridge Library Collection, which focuses on non-fiction publications by women on a wide range of subjects from astronomy to biography, music to political economy, and education to prison reform.
Urinary biomarkers and acute kidney injury in children: the long road to clinical application

Pediatric acute kidney injury is rising with the advances in technology available for children with chronic conditions or those who are critically ill. Serum creatinine and urine output, traditional markers of renal function, often allow only delayed and unreliable diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Biomarker development in pediatric patients with low disease prevalence is challenging (small cohorts, few analyzable events). In this issue of Pediatric Nephrology, Ivanisevic and colleagues report that urinary liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein (L-FABP) can be used for early identification of pediatric acute kidney injury in a small cohort undergoing cardiac surgery. Addition of the biomarker resulted in an improvement in early diagnosis compared with a clinical model (age, gender, body weight, cardiopulmonary bypass duration, and aortic clamp time). It is noteworthy that the preoperative clinical model performed excellently in predicting postsurgery pediatric acute kidney injury. Further work is needed before this or other novel biomarkers (alone or in combination) can be implemented in clinical practice. Large-scale observational studies are needed to test these biomarkers against hard clinical endpoints, independent of serial measurements of serum creatinine concentrations. Prospective randomized interventional trials using exclusively high biomarker levels to define acute kidney injury should demonstrate improved clinical outcomes.
Integrating Human Capital Concepts in Productivity and Growth Topics

Knowledge management and intellectual capital have become the mantra of cutting edge business topics; however, the building block of human capital has never been fully integrated into a knowledge based approach to productivity – specifically, how to develop human capital or analyze it. During the course of this paper, a careful framework detailing the relationship between formal education, informal education, acculturation, earnings and economic growth has been developed. A review of economic, education, and educational psychology literature develops the linkages between education and productivity, productivity and earnings growth, and ultimately education and economic growth. The central argument embraces applying human capital concepts in integrated business applications in a fashion that captures how human capital is developed, harnessed, and translated into productivity. Epistemologically, the paper argues that economists must develop firm microeconomic underpinnings to human capital theory beyond wage-earnings arguments to fully develop the economic growth – education relationship.
Classifying and sharing O-O course materials reuse in the classroom

A very successfnl half-day workshop focused on cooperation in o-o education. It attracted forty participants from five continents, which made it the largest of all the workshops at this year’s OOPSLA. The workshop consisted of three consecutive breakout sessions, spread over two rooms. The organizers, Ed Gehringer of North Carolina State, and Mary Lynn Manns, of the University of North Carolina at Asheville, would like to thank the organizing committee for providing the extra space.
Art and music research1

In taxonomies of Western knowledge, ‘art’ and ‘music’ are grouped conventionally within a cluster of disciplines labeled ‘humanities’. Research on art and music, however, encompasses a wider array of disciplines and interdisciplinary fi elds. Music research also spans natural sciences (e.g. acoustics, physiology), formal sciences (mathematics, computing), and social sciences (psychology, sociology). Likewise, art research draws on the concepts, theories, and methodologies of social sciences as well as science and technology. Moreover, in both cases research spans not only historical studies of aesthetic forms and movements but also the nature of creativity, the physiology and cognition of perception, the reception of aesthetic works within particular groups and cultures, and the institutional formations of research and education. While much has been written about the universality of art and music across cultures and in general theories of the arts, the disciplines are constructed differently. In the Anglo-American academy, for example, ‘art history’ became an umbrella label for research centered initially on the history of Western art but later including other disciplines and art forms. In European practice ‘musicology’ (Musikwissenschaft) is often thought to include both humanities and sciences, whereas in North America it was more confi ned traditionally to humanities. Like all collaborators who cross knowledge boundaries to work on a common project, the co-authors of this comparative refl ection grappled with differences shaped by their academic and cultural backgrounds. One, a professor of humanities, was trained in literary studies in North America, then her research and teaching interests broadened to include interdisciplinary humanities, American cultural studies, and the theory and practice of interdisciplinarity. The other studied music, physics, and psychology in Australia, then conducted researched at the interface of music psychology, music theory, and music performance, and as a professor in Austria developed new infrastructures to encourage musicological interdisciplinarity. Even such basic terms as ‘humanities’ and ‘science’ became boundary objects
大學生對於社交行為及擇偶的態度Attitudes of Chinese University Students toward Dating and Mate Selection

A questionnaire concerning attituaes toward dating and mate selection has been given to 321 students at National Taiwan Nrma1 University. Results show that majority of the subjects approve the going-steady relationship between boys and girls while at the same time, recognize its negative effects on their academic work. Most of the young people agree that the more friends of opposite sex one has, the greater the opportunity that one would understand them. However, they feel that kissing and exchange of valuable gifts should be limited to those who are deeply in love. Nearly 80% of the subjects disapprove pre-marital sex behaviour and 90% of them shem negative attitude against extra-marital sex relations. In regard to mate selection, a girl student prefers to have a partner who is 3-5 years older than she is, with educational and economic background better than her own. A male student tends to have opposite preferences. In general, boys have more “open” and less restrictive atitudes twoard hetereosexual relations where as girls pay more attention to social conventions. As the same questionnaire was also used in the same university in 1959, it gives an opportunity to study the change of attitudes among university students in these years. In general, the attitudes of the young people today toward dating and mate selection are more practival and less restrictive than those fifteen years ago. In selecting a mate, they are more tolerant toward all those personal factors listed in the questionnaire, from believing in a religion different from ones own to having a criminal record. However, the relative importance of those factors remains unchanged. Likewise, their unfavorable attitude toward pre-marital and extra-marital sex behaviour shows little change during this period of time. This seems to be contradictory to what people generally believe, a fact which justifies the need of a survey like the present one.
Quantum theory without logical paradoxes

In contribution published in AIP Conference Proceedings, No. 1018 (p. 40-5) some discrepancies in Copenhagen quantum mechanics have been summarized and the arguments have been gathered why in the description of microscopic reality the hidden-variable theory should be preferred. It has been shown, too, that the earlier gap in physical descriptions of the microscopic and macroscopic worlds may be practically removed. All corresponding statements have been based on proofs that have been published earlier and reproduced in the given contribution only partially. In the present paper the whole approach will be explained more systematically. Some important points newly analyzed will be added.
Labtse and the Reinscription of Sacralized Social Space

One of the most widely reported, yet ignored, Tibetan folk rituals concerns labtse. In westernliterature, the longest discussion of labtse is S. Hummel’s, which appeared in Anthropos some 30years ago. There Hummel discussed the symbolic significance of labtse from the perspective of Kul-turkreislehre. Most writings on the subject, both in China and the west, seem to have followed inthe same epistemological footsteps. Studies of labtse have been dominated by what we shall call the