nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Audience assessment of bias in continuing medical education programs.

Several investigators are developing tools to help mitigate bias in CME programs. Many CME providers ask audiences about perceived bias as part of their program-monitoring processes; it is uncertain, however, that audiences are able to detect bias reliably or consistently. Lack of a common definition of bias makes it difficult to compare bias assessments between programs or CME providers. Additionally, personal bias can be present in CME programs even in the absence of industry program support or industry-speaker relationships. We are developing a tool that asks CME participants to rate specific aspects of CME programs to create a more objective and consistent assessment of bias and balance in and across CME programs.
Cadmium ion adsorption on different carbon adsorbents from aqueous solutions. Effect of surface chemistry, pore texture, ionic strength, and dissolved natural organic matter.

Adsorption of Cd(II) species at pH = 5 was studied on three carbon adsorbents: granular activated carbon, activated carbon fiber, and activated carbon cloth. As-received and oxidized adsorbents were used. Cd(II) adsorption greatly increased after oxidation due to the introduction of carboxyl groups. The use of a buffer solution to control the pH introduced some changes in the surface chemistry of carbons through the adsorption of one of the compounds used, biphthalate anions. The increase in ionic strength reduced Cd(II) uptake on both as-received and oxidized carbons due to a screening of the electrostatic attractions between the Cd(II) positive species and the negative surface charge, which in the case of as-received carbons derived from the biphthalate anions adsorbed and in the oxidized ones from the carboxyl groups. Tannic acid was used as a model compound for natural organic matter. Its adsorption was greatly reduced after oxidation, and most of the carbon adsorbents preadsorbed with tannic acid showed an increase in Cd(II) uptake. In the case of competitive adsorption between Cd(II) species and tannic acid molecules, there was a decrease in Cd(II) uptake on the as-received carbon whereas the contrary occurred with the oxidized carbons. These results illustrate the great importance of carbon surface chemistry in this competitive adsorption process. Finally, under all experimental conditions used, when the adsorption capacity of carbons was compared under the same conditions it increased in the following order: granular activated carbon < activated carbon fiber < activated carbon cloth.
The Influence of Culture on Retail Sales Promotion Use in Chinese Supermarkets

Current challenges to supermarket retailers posed by the growing popularity of online retail, customer desensitisation to advertising, and globalisation of large grocery retail firms, has led to an increased reliance on sales promotion as a means of attracting and retaining customers. Retailers recognise the need to make the shopping experience more rewarding for the consumer (Keh and Teo 2001), and have a keen understanding of which supplementary activities are likely to achieve this in their market. The difficulty faced by manufacturers, therefore, is in assessing which sales promotion activities that support their own goals will be favoured by retailers in culturally diverse environments. In light of China's attractiveness as an export destination for food products (Lo et al 2001), those wishing to do business effectively in China must understand specifically how sales promotion and culture are linked (Lee 2002). This exploratory study considers the use of, and preferences towards, different sales promotion methods in supermarkets in China and New Zealand, highlighting the potential impact of cultural influence on the application of particular tools.
On the Unnecessity of Multiple Overlaps in Completion Theorem Proving

Theorem Proving is based on the observation that the task of proving a formula can be transformed into the task of solving a system of equations over a boolean polynomial ring. The latter can be accomplished by means of the completion of a set of rewrite rules obtained from the equational system. The central operation in this completion process is the generation of critical pairs comprising the computation of overlaps on products of atoms. This computation requires weak AC-unification, which is known to be NP-hard. Motivated by the THEOPOGLES system (Muller 1987), we show that Hsiang’s (1985) N-strategy can still be strengthened by precluding multiple overlaps. This results in a drastical reduction of the search space. Moreover, these systems manage with unification in a free theory, which can be performed in linear time. Since this special critical pair generation can be translated into a resolution step, provided the two rules correspond to clauses, our result also amounts to a generalization of Dietrich’s (1986) result on the translation from superposition steps into resolution steps.
Rome and Italy : books VI-X of The History of Rome from its foundation

Books VI-X of Livy's monumental work trace Rome's fortunes from its near collapse after defeat by the Gauls in 386 bc to its emergence, in a matter of decades, as the premier power in Italy, having conquered the city-state of Samnium in 293 bc. In this fascinating history, events are described not simply in terms of partisan politics, but through colorful portraits that bring the strengths, weaknesses and motives of leading figures such as the noble statesman Camillus and the corrupt Manlius vividly to life. While Rome's greatest chronicler intended his history to be a memorial to former glory, he also had more didactic aims - hoping that readers of his account could learn from the past ills and virtues of the city.
On defects in solids

The thermodynamical potential for dilute solutions is rederived, generalized and applied to defects in solids. It is shown that there are always defects in solids, i.e. there is no perfect solid at any finite temperature. Apart from the temperature-dependent concentration of defects, another case is presented, where the defect concentration does not depend on temperature. With standard notations we may write dE = −pdV + T dS + µdN (1) at equilibrium, whence d(E + pV − T S − µN) = V dp − SdT − Ndµ. (2) We may introduce the thermodynamical potential Θ = E + pV − T S − µN , (3) and, noticing that E, V, S, N are extensive, while p, T and µ are intensive quantities, we have Θ = ∂Θ/∂N · N. On the other hand, we have from 1
Borderline personality disorder from both sides : staff and client perspectives

The difficulties faced by individuals attracting a diagnosis of Borderline 
Personality Disorder (BPD) are multiple and varied. Whilst the psychological 
difficulties characteristic of this diagnosis have a significant impact on these clients’ 
everyday lives, they also contend with others’ attitudes and responses to their 
diagnosis, which has proved both controversial and stigmatising. 
Chapter one concentrates on the stigma that surrounds the BPD label by 
presenting a systematic review of the literature relating to professionals’ attitudes 
and responses to individuals diagnosed with BPD. This highlights the predominantly 
negative perceptions of this client group, the strength of countertransference 
experienced by professionals working with this client group, and the ways in which 
clinicians respond to this. 
Chapter two concentrates on the perspectives of clients with BPD by 
reporting an empirical study investigating the lived experiences of parenting for 
mothers with BPD. The experiences of six mothers are explored using a 
phenomenological approach and the themes emerging from their interviews are 
discussed in detail. The findings are considered in relation to the existing literature 
and the implications in terms of providing support for mothers with BPD are 
discussed. 
Chapter three continues the theme of motherhood by presenting a reflective 
paper focussing on the analysis of parenting–related dreams experienced by the 
author during the course of the research. The personal and professional implications 
of the dream analysis and research completion are considered.
Breaking bad news in obstetrics and gynecology: educational conference for resident physicians

SummaryTo educate the Obstetrics and Gynecology residents about how to conduct conversations about poor prognoses, a panel discus-sion was scheduled, with patient-educators teaching about their experiences receiving bad news. The resident physicians reported that this conference format was an effective method for teaching this content. The patient-educators appreciated assisting the physicians, were comfortable in the conference setting, and reported a willingness to return for conferences in the future.
Art Markets and Economics: Introduction

There are close relationships between art and social science. This is certainly one of the features which has attracted many scholars to engage in the economics of the arts. One of the striking similarities is the sequence in which an artistic or scientific “movement” develops over time. In their contribution to this special issue, Leslie Singer and Gary Lynch (1997) distinguish three phases (and construct corresponding qualitative categories; see their Appendix 1) of the development of a major art movement as identified by art historians:
Palaeomagnetism of the Puerto Vallarta intrusive complex and the accretion of the Guerrero terrain, Mexico

The batholith exposed around Puerto Vallarta is part of the Guerrero tectonostratigraphic terrain, presumably accreted to Mexico during the Laramide orogenic phase. Fourteen sites on this batholith were studied palaeomagnetically and geochemically. Nine sites define a paleopole at 76.6°N, 181.8°E, with α 95 = 6.6°, coinciding with the reference pole for stable North America. It is proposed that no important movements of the region relative to North America have occurred since emplacement of the intrusive rocks ∼ 80 Ma ago. This would mean that the Guerrero terrain was accreted to the Mexican continental margin before that time. Geochemical data support this interpretation, characterizing the rocks as volcanic-arc granites intruded at an active continental margin.
The three Graces, or the allegory of the gift

Marcel Mauss’ The gift is one of the most revered texts of social anthropology. It is also one of the most debated. But, paradoxically enough, these debates have not focused on the main cultural tradition to which the famous essay may be attached. In this article, I attempt to show that Mauss’ anthropological theorization of the gift perpetuates and slightly modifies a very ancient tradition of reflection, fundamentally based on a few concepts—charis, gratia, and grace—all of which played a crucial role in European cultural history. This article also reveals the specific function played in this context by the allegory and iconography of the three Graces.
Drug use patterns in young German women and association with mental disorders.

There is a lack of data about drug use patterns in young women. Mental disorders may influence those drug use patterns.



To evaluate drug use patterns (prescribed drugs, self-medication) in general and in relation to the prevalence rates of mental disorders in young German women.



A total of 2064 women (18-24 y old), obtained in a random clustered sample, were asked about their actual and former medication use. Moreover, a structured psychological interview (Diagnostic Interview for Mental Disorders) was conducted with each woman to evaluate the prevalence of mental disorders (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition).



Oral contraceptives (55.9%), thyroid preparations (7.1%), respiratory system drugs (9.4%), and nervous system drugs (8%) were the most commonly used medications. Only 10% of the women with one or more mental disorders used psychotropic medication. As expected, women with mental disorders were significantly more likely to use antidepressants and psycholeptic agents (ie, sedatives/hypnotics, antipsychotics) than were women without any mental disorder. However, there were no significant differences in use of pain medication.



The results of this study indicate an apparently inadequate supply of drugs acting on the nervous system for women with mental disorders in Germany. Further studies on different age and gender groups are needed. It is important to evaluate the prevalence of diseases and drug use at the same time so as to identify deficits in drug therapy and optimize prescription and self-medication use.
Thermomechanical properties of mineralized nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites by molecular dynamics simulations

In this paper, we investigate thermomechanical characteristics of silica-mineralized nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (SC-NCNT)-reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites for the first time by molecular dynamics simulations. An in-situ mineralization algorithm is employed for the mineralization of the silica layer where the thickness is determined from an atomic stress calculation. Young's modulus, shear modulus, and yield strength of SC-NCNT/PMMA systems are compared with those of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube(NCNT)/PMMA and carbon nanotube (CNT)/PMMA systems at various filler weight percentage (wt%). Compared with the reinforcing effect of CNTs, SC-NCNT fillers revealed a superior reinforcing effect in the transverse direction. Additionally, the glass transition temperature ( T g ) of nanocomposites at different filler wt% is studied. Both the SC-NCNT/PMMA and the CNT/PMMA system show a T g decrease according to the filler wt% where the former decreases only 6 K and the latter decreases 31 K at 3 wt%. The enhanced thermomechanical properties of the SC-NCNT/PMMA system are attributed to the improved interfacial interaction between the silica layer and the PMMA matrix. Since thermomechanical properties of SC-NCNT/PMMA nanocomposites have not been studied since the discovery of the SC-NCNT filler, our simulation study can be a good guide for experimental researches on the thermomechanical behavior of mineralized CNTs.
Calculations predict a stable molecular crystal of N8.

Nitrogen, one of the most abundant elements in nature, forms the highly stable N2 molecule in its elemental state. In contrast, polynitrogen compounds comprising only nitrogen atoms are rare, and no molecular crystal made of these compounds has been prepared. Here, we predict the existence of such a molecular solid, consisting of N8 molecules, that is metastable even at ambient pressure. In the solid state, the N8 monomers retain the same structure and bonding pattern as those they adopt in the gas phase. The interactions that bind N8 molecules together are weak van der Waals and electrostatic forces. The solid is, according to calculations, more stable than a previously reported polymeric nitrogen solid, including at low pressure (below 20 GPa). The structure and properties of the N8 molecular crystal are discussed and a possible preparation strategy is suggested.
Quantifying Tonal Analysis in

The Mayor of Casterbridge is in basic ways an unusual novel. Its protagonist, Michael Henchard, has personality traits and motivational dispositions that are more typical of antagonists than of protagonists, and Hardy's own perspective on the events seem remote and detached, thus discouraging the reader's own emotional involvement in the story. Because of these peculiar features, Mayor constitutes an especially difficult challenge to interpretive criticism, and it is a challenge that previous criticism has been only partially successful in meeting. The main interpretive models that have been made available for Mayor presuppose passional involvement with a protagonist and seek resolution in some kind of affirmation embodied in the protagonist's own experience—an affirmation of ethical order, grandeur, freedom, dignity, human amelioration, or a more complete humanity. We collected data from 85 readers about the characters in Mayor and about the readers' emotional responses to the characters. This data suggests an interpretive structure very different from that which is embodied in the interpretive history of the novel. Our data suggest that readers of this particular novel do not commonly experience passional involvement with the protagonist or with the other characters. As many critics of the novel have recognized, Hardy identifies closely with the perspective of Henchard's step-daughter, Elizabeth-Jane, and, for Elizabeth-Jane, the spectacle of Henchard's career culminates in a state of compassionate, detached meditation. That also is a form of resolution, but it is a form different from that of passional involvement with the protagonist. We shall first give an account of the interpretive history of the novel and then explain the alternatives suggested by our data. Our study of Mayor is part of a much larger study of characters in the Victorian novel, generally. The larger study provides the framework of norms within which we assess motives, personality, role assignments, and emotional responses in Mayor. Before going into detail about
Histoire et sciences sociales : les paradigmes des Annales

Is there, as has recently been stated, such as thing as a "paradigm of Annales"? At present, we lack the sociological studies needed to understand more clearly the nature, over the last fifty years, of the movement which has coalesced around the journal founded by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre. The identity of 'Annales' is undoubtedly bound up with a scientific project, a network, institutions, a form of sensibility : still, it has undergone some marked changes. This article seeks to understand the logic behind these changes by analysing the shifting relations between history and the social sciences over the last half-century. These relations are explicitly at the heart of the 'Annales' enterprise, and they help us to understand the shifts and adjustments of an intellectual policy.
The Effects of Logistics Leverage in Marketing Systems

An effective logistics system when incorporated into marketing can strengthen its operations and further give the firm a competitive edge. To design a marketing system which must maintain its market share, a firm must consider the effects of logistics and how its integration into marketing can produce several points of leverage. It is the purpose of this paper to highlight the leverage points available in any logistics units and to further analyze how marketing managers can work in sync with logistics managers to effectively utilize the points of leverage to gain competitive advantage in their industry.
Remarks on the Upper Paleozoic strata in the Menglian—Manxin area of the southern part of the Changing—Menglian Belt, western Yunnan

The opinion/model that the Changning—Menglian Belt is the remnant of the main oceanic basin of Paleotethys has given to much controversy. Since many of the data that were used to support this model are from the Menglian—Manxin area, the geological problems of this area have drawn much attention. According to the author's long-period field observation and study, it is found that many data do not support the large ocean model, and that there are several confusions and mistakes in the stratigraphic systems, on which the model was constructed. The preliminary conclusions of the author are: Late Paleozoic sediments of this area are not oceanic sediments; there are obvious sedimentary hiatuses in the succession, the stratigraphic system needs to be revised.
Recent developments in EU law on migration: the legislative patchwork and the Court approach.

Union law on migration of persons developed over decades and inevitably in a patchwork way. The focus of this article is on the relative role of the Union legislator and the Court of Justice in that development. It is argued that eu migration law consists of three main elements (rules on free movement of Union citizens, rules in agreements with third countries and the new migration and asylum instruments adopted after 1999) and that the Court of Justice deals with those elements not as separate or isolated categories but as closely related sets of rules in real life and in law.
Adapting to climate change: Are British Columbia's community forests meeting the challenge?

Community forest organizations in British Columbia are on the front lines of our changing climate. Such local grassroots groups, usually run by voluntary boards of directors, are often more effective than topdown, rigid, centralized organizations in building resilience to environmental stressors. Nevertheless, communities and organizations vary widely in their ability to adapt to changing conditions. By adopting practical adaptation strategies, the province’s community forest organizations can improve their ability to cope with future conditions. This extension note describes research I conducted that explores the current ability of active community forest organizations in adjusting to the effects of climate change (Furness 2012).1 I also discuss some ways in which these organizations could improve this ability.
One for the task allocation of resources during a method and system for constructing

The present invention belongs to the field of software engineering, discloses a process for the task allocation of resources for construction method. The process includes constructing a plurality of tasks, the method comprising: acquiring metadata task, the task metadata comprises a second plurality of tasks in the task of the task type; acquiring a metadata, the metadata comprising performing said plurality task execution result in the first task, wherein the second task execution result of the first-dependent tasks; determining resources required for the second task according to the execution task metadata and the metadata. The present invention also discloses a system for allocating resources to tasks in the process of construction. By using the method and system of the present invention provides, we can confirm the resources required to build a dynamic task in the process, and accordingly the dynamic resource allocation, thereby improving resource utilization, but also improve the efficiency of the build process.
Corporate philanthropy: The redefinition of enlightened self-interest

Three events in the 1980's have caused the legitimacy of corporate philanthropy to be reexamined. The first two events—the election of Ronald Reagan and the subsequent election of George Bush—have resulted in a call for increased corporate giving to replace government cuts in certain social programs. The third event, the Tax Reform Act of 1986, provided reduced tax incentives for corporate giving. The result has been a renewed debate over the appropriateness of corporate philanthropy. The debate over corporate philanthropy is not new; it has existed for decades. What is new is how American corporations are now dealing with philanthropic activity. They are no longer content to justify their giving on the basis that they will receive some general, unspecified benefit from a grateful society at some time in the future. Many firms view their corporate giving as a form of investment, and they require a concrete, measurable return from their philanthropic activity. This article examines the reasons for the shift from philanthropic giving to social investing.