nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of some alkylating agents on the structure of DNA in vitro.

The influence of the industrially used mutagenic agents β-propiolactone (BPL), propylene oxide (PO) and butylene oxide (BO) on the structure of DNA in vitro was studied. The heat denaturation of DNA and its reversibility were used as a criterion of the structural change in the DNA molecule. The rate constants for the reaction of the different compounds with DNA were determined. The effects were correlated with the degree of alkylation. Butylene oxide and propylene oxide caused a decrease of the reversibility of the heat denaturation at a degree of alkylation at which the melting temperature was only slightly decreased. β-propiolactone had no influence on the reversibility, but decreased the melting temperature of DNA as a function of the degree of alkylation.
Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier

When it appeared in 1949, the first edition of Ray Allen Billington's 'Westward Expansion' set a new standard for scholarship in western American history, and the book's reputation among historians, scholars, and students grew through four subsequent editions. This abridgment and revision of Billington and Martin Ridge's fifth edition, with a new introduction and additional scholarship by Ridge, as well as an updated bibliography, focuses on the Trans-Mississippi frontier. Although the text sets out the remarkable story of the American frontier, which became, almost from the beginning, an archetypal narrative of the new American nation's successful expansion, the authors do not forget the social, environmental, and human cost of national expansion.
Ethics and Moral Philosophy of Karol Wojtyla

Karol Wojtyla or John Paul II is more well known for his Papacy and for his teachings and writings as the Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church for over a quarter of century. He wrote extensively about the dignity of the human person and defined the social doctrine of the Church. Through his encyclical letters, John Paul II affirmed the dignity of the human person more especially women and workers, and the importance of the family for the future of humanity. He was criticized for upholding the Church's teachings against artificial contraception and the ordination of women, the reform of the Liturgy and for his ecumenical efforts. Not much is known about the underlying thoughts of Wojtyla or John Paul II about ethics and morality which form as the basis of his papal teachings. This paper aims to elucidate on the thoughts of Wojtyla on ethics and ethical theory and his own brand of moral philosophy.
Bone health in prostate cancer patients: A survivorship issue requiring intervention.

In general, men are not routinely screened for bone health. Prostate cancer patients are at an increased risk because of treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Unlike other patients diagnosed with a malignancy, they may survive a long time. Some risk factors include inadequate calcium, vitamin D deficiency, tobacco use and alcohol abuse. We implemented a pre-ADT program to mitigate the effects of ADT on bone health. This study evaluates the pre-existing risk factors and bone health by baseline DEXA scans pre-ADT initiation.



We completed a chart review of 182 veterans referred to Radiation Oncology for curative treatment of prostate cancer from 2009 to 2013. Of those, 160 patients underwent baseline DEXA scans. Clinical variables analyzed were demographics, tobacco and alcohol use, vitamin D levels, incidence of AODM (adult onset diabetes mellitus), and calcium or vitamin D intervention. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis including Chi Square tests and odds ratios were carried out.



The mean age of the study participants was 66.6 years (range 47-82.8 years). Baseline DEXA scans were abnormal in 63% of patients, showing osteoporosis and/or osteopenia. Vitamin D levels were abnormal in 61% of patients- 26% of whom had normal DEXA scans. Twenty percent had a history of alcohol abuse, and 56% used tobacco; 33% had AODM. Smokers with an abnormal Vitamin D level were at increased risk of bone disease as compared to non smokers (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.35-7.69 p<0.01). Variables significantly impacting bone health were age (OR 1.087, p=0.012, 95% CI 1.018-1.161) and Tobacco use (OR 0.424, p=0.045, 95% CI 0.183-0.980). Almost 90% of the patients in this study had intermediate risk prostate cancer with an expected cancer specific survival of 85 to 90% at 5 to 10 years.



Pre-ADT screening confirms the risk of underlying bone disease in this veteran population with an expectation of long term survival. Guidelines for treatment and prevention of bone disease should be implemented in all patients over age of 50. Particular attention should be paid to patients who underwent ADT. This can affect the quality of life in this group of cancer survivors.
Citizenship, Politics and Technology: The (Im)Possible of Other Forms of the Ordinary (In Spanish)

This article point out that the information communication technologies are integrated to the current social transformations (politics, social, economics, cultural and scientific) and they are a very important infrastructure for the social production of meaning. From there are being created new possibilities to understand and deconstruct the citizenship concept. In the first part are presented the techno-politic transformations where technology, culture and politics are connected in a complex and relational way. In the second part, it is analysed the question about how to understand the citizenship today. In the third part the relationship between ciberculture, politic and citizenships is studied. Finally, it is presented a study-field case with two women’s collective. The potential of political creativity related with the use of these technologies are showed, but also the ambiguities and challenges.
The origins of Schwinger׳s Euclidean Green׳s functions

This paper places Julian Schwinger׳s development of the Euclidean Green׳s function formalism for quantum field theory in historical context. It traces the techniques employed in the formalism back to Schwinger׳s work on waveguides during World War II, and his subsequent formulation of the Minkowski space Green׳s function formalism for quantum field theory in 1951. Particular attention is dedicated to understanding Schwinger׳s physical motivation for pursuing the Euclidean extension of this formalism in 1958.
The portrayal of religion in Europe: the media and the arts: Le portrait de religion en Europe: le médias et les arts

This volume contains studies, from the perspective of the countries of the European Union, on the communication of religion in the media and the arts, in the context of the interface between freedom of expression and freedom of and respect for religion. The studies deal with the basic legal framework of each state as it regulates the coverage of religious matters in the press, television, radio and the arts, and the extent to which, and the ways in which, these institutions regulate themselves in religious affairs.
Systems view of commercial organizations' evolution

Organizational structure has a significant impact on performance of organizations and the way companies utilize their resources, develop new products and compete in the marketplace. As companies mature and grow, they undergo several developmental stages, characterized by different organizational structures and management styles used. The questions that this research aims to answer are: (1) What are the reasons for success and failure of various management styles? (2) What reasons or constraints render certain management styles obsolete or inadequate as an organization develops? (3) Based on the knowledge gained, what are the guidelines for applying different management styles in organizations at various stages of their growth, whether naturally or through mergers & acquisitions? This research recapitulates the concepts and principles of General System Theory and Universal Organizational Theory (Tektology) to establish the theoretical and philosophical basis for general methods and frameworks of evaluating complex systems. The broad approach to the studies of organizational structures and evolution is motivated by the conviction that all systems evolve under the influence of the same forces and are subject to the same general principles and universal laws of systems. Therefore, the general system methodologies and frameworks can be applied to solve problems faced by a variety of commercial organizations. This research confinns that a vast majority of modem organizations are based on division of labor, the principle formulated by Adam Smith in 1776. As the complexity of individuals' tasks is being reduced through specialization of labor and knowledge, and complexity of systems increases, more complex organizational structures evolve. Common trends of the organizations' evolution are analyzed. This analysis evaluates each stage of the organizational evolution model aiming to identify organizational structures and management styles most suitable at each developmental phase. As each stage of organizational development is characterized by a period of growth followed by a crisis, the management tends to overemphasize the aspects of organizational behavior that helped solve a previous crisis, inevitably causing the next one. The research highlights the necessity for a balance among several key aspects of organizational performance in order to remain successful at each phase.   Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Research Affiliate, Engineering Systems Division, MIT THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Issues and challenges in the development of the debt market in India

This paper discusses the issues and dilemmas faced in the development of the debt market in India. After narrating the country context, the profile of the debt market in terms of outstanding issues, instruments and participants is highlighted along with the institutional arrangements. This is followed by an articulation of the broad objectives of development of financial markets by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The subsequent sections consider the important issues faced by the RBI in the simultaneous development of the debt and money markets in India, the dilemmas encountered in its role as monetary authority and debt manager, its function as regulator vis-à-vis supervisor of the banking system and its role as regulator of debt markets. The penultimate section discusses the processes adopted in the implementation of reforms in the financial markets. The last section gives the medium-term outlook for debt market reforms.
The Borsuk-Ulam-property, Tucker-property and constructive proofs in combinatorics

This article is concerned with a general scheme on how to obtain constructive proofs for combinatorial theorems that have topological proofs so far. To this end the combinatorial concept of Tucker-property of a finite group $G$ is introduced and its relation to the topological Borsuk-Ulam-property is discussed. Applications of the Tucker-property in combinatorics are demonstrated.
Effects of pH, ionic strength, and solutes on DNA adsorption by andosols

The adsorption of DNA by two andosols was investigated as function of solution pH, ionic strength in solution and some solutes, so as to understand the behavior of extracellular DNA molecules in two andosols. DNA adsorptions greatly decreased by increasing pH of suspensions in a pH range of 3.0–9.0. The adsorption of DNA molecules by both andosols was not affected by ionic strength from 0.1 to 0.5 mol L−1 NaCl. However, the DNA adsorption increased proportionally by increasing Mg2+ concentration in the suspension. Addition of phosphate decreased DNA adsorption, indicating competition between DNA molecules and phosphate ion in the adsorption by andosols. These results suggest that there are several DNA adsorption mechanisms in soil.
Detrital modes of the Pyeongan Supergroup (Late Carboniferous–Early Triassic) sandstones in the Samcheog coalfield, Korea: implications for provenance and tectonic setting

Medium to coarse sandstones of the Carboniferous to Early Triassic Pyeongan Supergroup in the Samcheog coalfield, Korea, were studied to infer the provenance and tectonic settings of the source areas. Sandstone detrital modes change upwards stratigraphically. Sandstone types from the Manhang to Dosagog formations low to middle in the sequence are quartzarenite, and sublitharenite to litharenite, whereas sandstones of the Gohan and Donggo formations high in the sequence are feldspathic litharenite and arkose, respectively. Using various ternary diagrams, the provenance of the Manhang to Gohan formations is suggested to be a recycled orogen setting. Some Gohan Formation sandstones plot within the arc-related setting field, and the Donggo Formation sandstones plot within both continental block and recycled orogen fields. Results of quartz grain petrography are consistent with those of detrital modes. Quartz in sandstones of all units except the Donggo Formation indicates derivation from low-rank metamorphic sources. Quartz in Donggo sandstones was derived from medium- to high-rank metamorphic and plutonic source rocks. Considering the sandstone composition and palaeocurrent data, the Pyeongan Supergroup probably was deposited in a molasse foreland basin and was derived from a synbasinal orogenic belt, probably the Akiyoshi orogen located in southwest Japan.
Lagrangian approach to the dynamics of dark matter-wave solitons

We analyze the dynamics of dark matter-wave solitons on a Thomas-Fermi cloud described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with radial symmetry. One-dimensional, ring, and spherical dark solitons are considered, and the evolution of their amplitudes, velocities, and centers is investigated by means of a Lagrangian approach. In the case of large-amplitude oscillations, higher-order corrections to the corresponding equations of motion for the soliton characteristics are shown to be important in order to accurately describe its dynamics. The numerical results are found to be in very good agreement with the analytical predictions.
Total Factor Productivity: An Ecological-Economic Critique

Total factor productivity (TFP) is a central concept in the mainstream analysis of economic growth. Using aggregate production functions, economists estimate the shares of economic growth explained by increases in capital, labor, and (in some applications) natural resource inputs. The residual of unexplained growth is then ascribed to “disembodied” technological advance or TFP. This article develops a radical ecological-economic critique of TFP analysis. The critique uses Marxist theory to synthesize relevant nonmainstream perspectives including ecological economics (especially Georgescu-Roegen's critique of the aggregate production function and Daly's rejection of the mainstream “circular flow” vision of the economy), neo-Schumpetarian criticisms of disembodied technological change, and the “identification” critique which shows that TFP estimates merely capture the accounting identity between income and value added. From a Marxist perspective, TFP theory's false dematerialization of production technology...
The Wilhelmøya Formation (Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic) at Bohemanflya, Spitsbergen

An 18.5 m thick shale sequence of Norian-Rhaetian age is described from the Bohemanflya-Syltoppen area (north of Isfjorden. central Spitsbergen). Lithological, petrographical and palynological analyses show that the sequence represents a marginal development of the lower part of the Wilhelmeya Formation. The depositional history at the Triassic-Jurassic transition is discussed in the light of this new evidence. The Wilhelmoya Formation was probably deposited during a weak marine transgression over an area of low relief. Low sediment supply and current and wave reworking of the sediments characterized the depositional conditions.
VOLCANIC ARC DERIVED, MESOZOIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Triassic through Cretaceous eugeoclinal strata on the Vizcaino Peninsula were deposited in association with the emplacement of volcano-plutonic complexes at the North American continental margin. The oldest associated unit is a 220 m.y. old partial, dismembered ophiolite that is conformably overlain by generally fine-grained marine volcaniclastic rock, impure limestone and chert of Late Triassic age. These Triassic strata are locally, unconformably overlain by Late Jurassic age or older coarse-grained marine volcaniclastic and extrusive rocks. Lithostratigraphic relationships indicate contemporaneous arc-type magmatism in close proximity during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous deposition. This magmatic arc terrane is represented on the Peninsula by volcanic and plutonic rocks which cluster in age between 140 to 155 m.y.
Developing a distributed research network to conduct population-based studies and safety surveillance.

The Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions about Effectiveness (DEcIDE) centers at the HMO Research Network Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics (HMORN CERT) and the University of Pennsylvania are developing a design for a scalable distributed research network (DRN) to support a wide array of purposes related to therapeutics, including comparative effectiveness, safety, and utilization, as well as quality of care research. The project will implement a system prototype, conduct a proof of principle research project on hypertension therapy, and make recommendations for future expansion of the network.
A New Systematical Approach to the Exact Solutions of the Relativistic Dirac Woods Saxon Problem

Using a recently applied systematical method for solving the Dirac equation with spherically symmetric local interaction, we analyzed the problem of a relativistic Dirac particle in the presence of the q-deformed Woods-Saxon potential. The relativistic energy spectrums and two-component spinor wavefunctions, established in terms of the Jacobi polynomials, are obtained analytically. It is shown that the utilizing nonrelativistic limit can be easily and directly reproduced the nonrelativistic Schrödinger Woods-Saxon problem. The method which is labelled by the Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) is used in the calculations so as to attempt the formalism that is introduced for the first time by A. D. Alhaidari [ (2003)]. It is also observed that the energy eigenvalues of the ”new” type Woods-Saxon potential depend on the deformation parameter q. PACS number(s): 03.65.Pm, 03.65.Ge, 02.30.Gp
Globalization and Conflict: Welfare, Distribution,and Political Unrest

The consequences of globalization for the development of a more peaceful world remain highly controversial. This article seeks to clarify the impact that the globalization of the economy may have on civil war and political instability. Liberals argue that countries heavily dependent on the global economy (whether measured by trade or investment) are likely to experience higher economic growth, greater affluence, more democracy, and increasingly peaceful conditions at home and abroad. In stark contrast, most dependency theorists argue that high levels of trade and investment tend to generate greater economic inequality. Relative deprivation theory suggests that such inequality will increase the risk of political instability. From these two broad perspectives, a set of hypotheses is developed and tested on a global dataset for the period 1965-93. The consequences of an open economy prove to be quite complex. A high level of trade does generate more domestic peace; at the same time, direct foreign investment also creates conditions conducive to political instability. However, the consequences of trade are dependent on what is being exported. Exports of manufactured goods create high levels of welfare and equality, while exports of agricultural products promote poverty and inequality. Inequality emerges as but one of many factors which lead to political instability.
Meanings and motivation in education research - introduction

Meanings and Motivation in Education Research demonstrates the vibrant and vital connection between the researcher and their research. Research is often perceived as an entity which is seemingly produced in isolation; however, there are many important factors which are involved, and this book explores the complexities of investigating the specific areas of meaning and motivation for researchers working in the education sector. 
 
With contributions from authors drawn from the field of education in various stages of their career, the perspectives shared in this book are from a diverse range of countries including Australia, Canada, Malaysia, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Key topics include: personal and professional identity; narrative inquiry as method; teacher educators as researchers 
conducting education research; mixed methods in educational research. 
 
Foregrounding the personal experiences, interests and motivations of educational researchers Meanings and Motivation in Education Research proves important insights into current discussions in educational research including researchers’ identities, the ways they conduct research and most importantly the impact institutional and personal politics have on their work.
Hilbert's ‘Verunglückter Beweis’, the first epsilon theorem, and consistency proofs

In the 1920s, Ackermann and von Neumann, in pursuit of Hilbert's programme, were working on consistency proofs for arithmetical systems. One proposed method of giving such proofs is Hilbert's epsilon-substitution method. There was, however, a second approach which was not reflected in the publications of the Hilbert school in the 1920s, and which is a direct precursor of Hilbert's first epsilon theorem and a certain ‘general consistency result’ due to Bernays. An analysis of the form of this so-called ‘failed proof’ sheds further light on an interpretation of Hilbert's programme as an instrumentalist enterprise with the aim of showing that whenever a ‘real’ proposition can be proved by ‘ideal’ means, it can also be proved by ‘real’, finitary means.
Completeness and Decidability Results for CTL in Constructive Type Theory

We prove completeness and decidability results for the temporal logic CTL in Coq/Ssreflect. Our main result is a constructive proof that for every formula one can obtain either a finite model satisfying the formula or a proof in a Hilbert system certifying the unsatisfiability of the formula. The small model property of CTL and completeness of the Hilbert system follow as corollaries. Our proofs mostly refine the mathematical proofs given by Emerson and Halpern. One important deviation is our use of an inductive semantics for CTL to avoid reasoning about infinite paths. On finite models the inductive semantics agrees constructively with the standard path semantics. The proof amounts to the verification of a simple model checking algorithm. For general models, the agreement between the inductive semantics and the path semantics requires excluded middle and dependent choice.