nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Generational investment and social insurance for the elderly: balancing the accounts.

In the United States, more than elsewhere, the policy debate surrounding the reform of social insurance programs for older people has come to be conducted primarily within a framework within which the interests of the elderly are portrayed as fundamentally competitive with those of younger age groups—that is to say, children and their parental workforce. Further, the wealth that underwrites these programs, it is argued, arises from exorbitant forced welfare transfers from the production of the current workforce, not to mention liens against future production, that will unfairly burden future generations; all this enforced by the putatively disproportionate political power of the elderly population. This has led many commentators to the discovery and/or prediction of generational conflict, if not "warfare." Exactly ten years ago in this journal one of us (Greene) wrote an editorial arguing that this is a fundamentally misguided way of thinking about this issue, and that if ever an analysis were done that considered the full scope of intergenerational transfers (not just the Federal budget and state Medicaid expenditures), and used the proper accounting period (a life-cycle investment and expenditure model), that the scales would likely balance in favor of younger cohorts. This essay can be seen as a further extension of that argument, with some supporting evidence presented. The generational-conflict framework, along with the equalization of poverty rates among the elderly and the general population in recent years that these pro
The Journals of Ernest Becker, 1964-1969

Written from 1964 until 1969, the year in which Ernest Becker rediscovered the writings of Otto Rank, these journals offer a poignant answer to Becker's call to all of us, and most of all to himself, in his Pulitzer Prize—winning The Denial of Death (1973)— becoming “conscious of what one is doing to earn [one's] feeling of heroism is the main self-analytic problem of life.” Reflecting on what he was doing to earn his own feeling of heroism, Becker offers in these journals glimmers of hope for the future impact of his work as well as a riveting self-analysis of his dreams and nightmares.
Review Article: American civil–military relations today: the continuing relevance of Samuel P Huntington's 'The soldier and the state'

Fifty-five years after it was first published, Samuel Huntington's The soldier and the state remains an essential starting point for serious discussions of American civil–military relations. In part this is due to the boldness and ambition of the author. Huntington brought theory to a research area that had suffered from too little theorizing and then went on to formulate concepts that scholars and practitioners of civil–military relations still find useful. These include: the conceptualization of the military as a profession; the articulation of the two central forces shaping the nature of military institutions as the functional and the societal imperatives; and the formulation of subjective and objective control as the two main patterns of civilian control. This review article briefly revisits these concepts and argues that they retain utility in illuminating important issues in American civil–military relations today. It also argues, however, that Huntington's contributions were productive but not perfect. Some of his specific definitions, such as the content of military expertise, are debatable. Some of his central concerns, such as whether the United States could sustain a strong military over an extended period of time, are no longer central today. Finally, in some places the literature has moved beyond what Huntington offered. The best example is the ongoing debate over how the country's political leaders and its most senior military officers should interact. It is precisely on this point that Huntington's objective control is the weakest. While The soldier and the state certainly does not deserve uncritical acceptance, it does continue to merit a fair hearing. Current discussions of American civil–military relations are likely to be more reasonable and productive if Huntington is given a voice.
Hitachi--pioneering a "factory" strategy and structure for large-scale software development

This paper is part of a larger study examining the question of whether or not companies are choosing to manage a complex engineering activity such as large-scale software development with a range of strategic considerations and organizational as well as technological approaches that corresponds to the spectrum usually associated with "hard" manufacturing, i.e. job shops, batch organizations, and factories exhibiting various degrees of flexibility in product mixes and technologies. The research project includes the proposal of technology and policy criteria defining what a factory environment for software might look like; a survey of 38 software facilities in the U.S. and Japan to determine where firms stand in relation to these criteria; and detailed case studies examining the technology and policy implementation process followed at firms identified as being close to the factory model. ' There are several interrelated conclusions: (1) This spectrum, including "factory" approaches, is clearly observable in the sample of software facilities in the U.S. and Japan. (2) There appears to be nothing inherent in software as a technology that prevents some firms from creating strategies and organizational structures to manage product and process development more effectively, even with a relatively new and complex technology such as software. (3) The basic technological infrastructures to aid software process management are not significantly different between Japanese and U.S. firms.
Direct comparison of phase-space distributions of K- and K+ mesons in heavy-ion collisions at SIS energies -- evidence for in-medium modifications of kaons?

The ratio of K- to K+-meson yields has been measured in the systems 96Ru + 96Ru at 1.69 A GeV, 96Ru+96Zr at 1.69 A GeV, and 58Ni+58Ni at 1.93 A GeV incident beam kinetic energy. The yield ratio is observed to vary across the measured phase space. Relativistic transport-model calculations indicate that the data are best understood if in-medium modifications of the kaons are taken into account.
Effect of interlayer trapping and detrapping on the determination of interface state densities on high-k dielectric stacks

Al/HfO(2)/SiNx:H/n-Si metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors have been studied by electrical characterization. Films of silicon nitride were directly grown on n-type silicon substrates by electron-cyclotron-resonance assisted chemical-vapor-deposition (ECR-CVD). Silicon nitride thickness was varied from 2.96 to 6.64 nm. Afterwards, 12 nm thick hafnium oxide films were deposited by the high-pressure reactive sputtering (HPS) approach. Interface state densities were determined by deep-level transient spectroscopy and simultaneous high and low frequency capacitance-voltage (HLCV). The simultaneous measurements of the high and low frequency capacitance voltage provide interface trap density values in the range of 10(11) cm(2) eV(-1) for all the samples. However, a significant increase of this density of about two orders of magnitude was obtained by DLTS for the thinnest silicon nitride interfacial layers. In this work we probe that this increase is an artifact that must be attributed to traps existing at the HfO(2)/SiN(x):H interlayer interface. These traps are more easily charged or discharged as this interface comes near the substrate, that is, as thinner the SiN(x):H interface layer. The trapping/detrapping mechanisms increase the capacitance transient and, in consequence, the DLTS measurements have contributions not only from the insulator/substrate interface but also from the HfO(2)/SiN(x):H interlayer interface.
Făgăraș : patterns of Central and Eastern European life

This volume is a demographic case study of of a mixed population study. It attempts to reconstruct the demographic structures of the seventeenth-century central and southeastern European population by filling in the gaps of traditional sources of western demographies - parish registers, registers from feudal states and data from urbaria. The book provides a basis for the evaluation of conflicting historical claims and counter-claims made by various states in this region for territorial adjustments based on demographic factors.
Incentives versus Transaction Costs: A Theory of Procurement Contracts

Inspired by facts from the private-sector construction industry, we develop a model that explains many stylized facts of procurement contracts. The buyer in our model incurs a cost of providing a comprehensive design and is faced with a tradeoff between providing incentives and reducing ex post transaction costs due to costly renegotiation. We show that cost-plus contracts are preferred to fixed-price contracts when a project is more complex. We briefly discuss how fixed-price or cost-plus contracts might be preferred to other incentive contracts. Finally, our model provides some microfoundations for ideas from Transaction Cost Economics.
Does Peirce Reject Transcendental Philosophy?

The aim of this paper is to determine whether Charles S. Peirce's direct criticisms of the transcendental method in philosophy are effective. I will present two different views on transcendental arguments by introducing two ways of accounting for Kant's transcendental project. We will see that Peirce's criticisms are directed against a picture of transcendental philosophy which is in line with what I will call the justificatory account of Kant. Since this view is totally in contrast to what I will call the alternative account, Peirce's criticisms of the former cannot be considered a refutation of the latter. As far as Peirce's criticisms attack only justificatory accounts of transcendental philosophy, they are not in conflict with transcendental readings of his philosophy along the lines of the alternative account.
Optimal Distributed Searching in the Plane with and Without Uncertainty

We consider the problem of multiple agents or robots searching for a target in the plane. This is motivated by Search and Rescue operations (SAR) in the high seas which in the past were often performed with several vessels, and more recently by swarms of aerial drones and/or unmanned surface vessels. Coordinating such a search in an effective manner is a non trivial task. In this paper, we develop first an optimal strategy for searching with k robots starting from a common origin and moving at unit speed. We then apply the results from this model to more realistic scenarios such as differential search speeds, late arrival times to the search effort and low probability of detection under poor visibility conditions. We show that, surprisingly, the theoretical idealized model still governs the search with certain suitable minor adaptations.
American Almanacs in the Eighteenth Century

Denker makes the case for almanacs as important historical resources. He states that the collection in the library of Rutgers University, one which rivals the best in size, value and importance. In his research for this article, he examined a total of 3,902 almanacs, comprising 302 issues before 1800, 1,350 issues between 1800 and 1850 and 2,250 between 1850 and 1949. The files of the long series of issuesâ€”a collection of much value and importanceâ€”could well be the subject of special study by students of history, American civilization, economics, art, and journalism.
Housekeeping and plumbing - the investability of emerging markets

The authors look at the investment allocation process employed by portfolio investors in emerging markets. In particular, they examine the first of a two-stage decision process: first, investors create a subset of countries with investments potential, to be analyzed later in further detail; second, they weigh expected returns versus risk and subsequently allocate their funds. The authors hypothesize that the determination of whether a country has potential investment opportunities, or not is influenced by a number of factors, especially related to size, quality of"housekeeping,"(macroeconomic policies, political economy, local financial markets, corporate governance, and so on), and efficiency of"plumbing"(legal and regulatory framework, custody, clearing and settlement, taxes, and so on). By interviewing many types of these investors in both the United States and the United Kingdom, the authors delve into their decision-making processes, as well as attempt to uncover the factors they indicate, matter most in defining the"investment opportunities"universe. They determine the relative importance of such housekeeping, and plumbing factors while highlighting the role of external issues, such as index benchmarking and U.S. foreign policy. The authors recognize from the outset that the most profound effects on investment flows, or the required minimum expected returns, arise from improvements or deteriorations in macroeconomic policies. However, at the margin, improvements can be made in country policies that will, for a given macroeconomic situation, improve the ability of a country to attract international investment flows.
Financial Repression Approach to the Financing Difficulty of the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Empirical Evidence from China

It is a universal phenomenon of the financing difficulty of the small and medium-sized enterprises, and opinions vary from theory to practice about its causes. With the Grey Prediction GM (1, 1) Model, this paper predicts the monetization ratio and FIR in the next few years properly. With the theory of financial repression and financial deepening, this paper focuses on the performance of the financial repression in China and its influences on the financing of the small and medium-sized enterprises. The paper argues that the financial repression in China should be responsible for the financing difficulty of the small and medium-sized enterprises. The paper concludes that accelerating the process of the reform of interest rates and promoting the efficiency of the financial market system etc. Are the ways to overcome the difficulty.
Ohkawa's theorem: There is a set of Bousfield classes

Bousfield classes are a very useful tool in stable homotopy theory. Ten years ago, Ohkawa proved in  that there is a set of Bousfield classes, with cardinality at most 2 א0 . This result has some interesting consequences—see , for example—but it does not seem to be as well known as it should; we are trying to remedy this. In this short note, we give a simple proof of Ohkawa’s theorem, and we discuss some natural questions that arise from the proof. In particular, the proof leads us to consider “Ohkawa classes”, which provide a weaker equivalence relation than Bousfield classes do. Unfortunately, Ohkawa classes seem unwieldy, and we have not found any uses for them aside from proving Ohkawa’s theorem. We define Ohkawa classes and prove Ohkawa’s theorem (Theorem 1.2) in the Section 1; to prove the result, we show that there is a set O of Ohkawa classes, of cardinality at most 2 א0 , and that this set maps onto the collection of Bousfield classes. This map is in fact a map of partially order sets; in Section 2, we examine the partial ordering on O. It turns out to be rather different from the ordering on the set B of Bousfield classes; we are able to conclude from this that the surjection O −→ B is not one-to-one. In Section 3, we show that the cardinality of O is exactly 2 א0 , but we are unable to deduce anything useful about the cardinality of B from this. Throughout, we ask a number of questions; knowing the answers would shed some light on O and B and the relationship between the two. The authors would like to thank Dan Christensen and Neil Strickland for interesting discussions about this material.
Employee governance and the ownership of the firm

Employee governance, which includes employee ownership and employee participation in decision making, is regarded by many as morally preferable to control of corporations by shareholders. However, employee governance is rare in advanced market econo- mies due to its relative inefficiency compared with shareholder governance. Given this inefficiency, should employee governance be given up as an impractical ideal? This article contends that the de- bate over this question is hampered by an inadequate conception of employee governance that fails to take into account the difference between employees and shareholders. It offers a different, more ad- equate conception of employee governance that recognizes a sense in which employees currently have some ownership rights. The argu- ment for this conception of employee governance is built on an expanded understanding of the ownership of a firm. The article also suggests new strategies for strengthening the role of employees in corporate governance.
Piracy as an ethical decision

We consider a monopolist producer of information goods that may be subject to unauthorized copying. The key feature of our model is that we allow consumers to have ethical concerns based on equity theory that may reduce their utility of such a copy. We derive the formulas describing demand for the product. We find that piracy reduces prices and producers' profit, an effect that can be limited by such measures as copyright enforcement (proxied by expected value of punishment for piracy) and anti-piracy campaigns. Welfare effects are also analyzed and generally turn out to be ambiguous.
Materials “alchemy”: Shape-preserving chemical transformation of micro-to-macroscopic 3-D structures

The scalable fabrication of nano-structured materials with complex morphologies and tailorable chemistries remains a significant challenge. One strategy for such synthesis consists of the generation of a solid structure with a desired morphology (a “preform”), followed by reactive conversion of the preform into a new chemistry. Several gas/solid and liquid/solid reaction processes that are capable of such chemical conversion into new micro-to-nano-structured materials, while preserving the macroscopic-to-microscopic preform morphologies, are described in this overview. Such shape-preserving chemical transformation of one material into another could be considered a modern type of materials “alchemy.”
Fixed-Point Factorized Networks

In recent years, Deep Neural Networks (DNN) based methods have achieved remarkable performance in a wide range of tasks and have been among the most powerful and widely used techniques in computer vision. However, DNN-based methods are both computational-intensive and resource-consuming, which hinders the application of these methods on embedded systems like smart phones. To alleviate this problem, we introduce a novel Fixed-point Factorized Networks (FFN) for pretrained models to reduce the computational complexity as well as the storage requirement of networks. The resulting networks have only weights of -1, 0 and 1, which significantly eliminates the most resource-consuming multiply-accumulate operations (MACs). Extensive experiments on large-scale ImageNet classification task show the proposed FFN only requires one-thousandth of multiply operations with comparable accuracy.
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of International Financial Intervention

The two global international financial institutions, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, frequently, and often repeatedly, extend loans to developing nations. Recently, these loans have been blamed for generating adverse economic outcomes. An empirical growth model, which controls for the other determinants of growth, is used to assess the growth impact of Fund and Bank loan programs. The primary focus is on the heavily criticized IMF lending programs. Another unique feature of this study is the use of the value of lending programs rather that the number of programs. The estimates indicate that Bank lending stimulates growth in some cases, primarily by increasing public investment. Fund lending is either neutral or detrimental to growth. The channel for this effect is a negative impact of Fund lending on private investment.
In Strange Company: The Puzzle of Private Investment in State-Controlled Firms

A large legal and economic literature describes how state-owned enterprises (SOEs) suffer from a variety of agency and political problems. Less theory and evidence, however, have been generated about the reasons why state-owned enterprises listed in stock markets manage to attract investors to buy their shares (and bonds). In this Article, we examine this apparent puzzle and develop a theory of how legal and extralegal constraints allow mixed enterprises to solve some of these problems. We then use three detailed case studies of state-owned oil companies – Brazil’s Petrobras, Norway’s Statoil, and Mexico’s Pemex – to examine how our theory fares in practice. Overall, we show how mixed enterprises have made progress to solve some of their agency problems, even as government intervention persists as the biggest threat to private minority shareholders in these firms.
A SUBLIMAÇÃO EM FRIDA KAHLO

Frida Kahlo is an internationally recognized mexican artist, considered as the great icon of latin american painting, and one of the most valued artists worldwilde. Her life was striked by pain and suffering, tragedies, intense love affairs and a very strong will of life. She also had an important place in mexican politics, and since her adolescence was a member of the Mexican Comunist Party. The present work is the result of a psychoanalytical research about frida kahlo’s life and work, through the concept of sublimation. This approach is focused on the most relevant facts about her biography, the ones that allows us to work on the psychoanalytical concept of sublimation.
Photo-redox reactions of dicarboxylates and α-hydroxydicarboxylates at the surface of Fe(III)(hydr)oxides followed with in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.

Colloidal mineral-phases play an important role in the adsorption, transport and transformation of organic and inorganic compounds in the atmosphere and in aqueous environments. Artificial UV-light and sunlight can induce electron transfer reactions between metal ions of the solid phases and adsorbed compounds, leading to their transformation and degradation. To investigate different possible photo-induced oxidation pathways of dicarboxylates adsorbed on iron(III)(hydr)oxide surfaces, we followed UV-A induced photoreactions of oxalate, malonate, succinate and their corresponding α-hydroxy analogues tartronate and malate with in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in immersed particle layers of lepidocrocite, goethite, maghemite and hematite at pH 4. UV-A light (365 ± 5 nm) lead to fast degradation of oxalate, tartronate and malate, while malonate and succinate were photo-degraded at much slower rates. Efficient generation of OH-radicals can be excluded, as this would lead to fast and indiscriminate degradation of all tested compounds. Rapid photo-degradation of adsorbed oxalate and the α-hydroxydicarboxylates must be induced by direct ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) or by selectively oxidizing valence band holes, both processes requiring inner-sphere coordination with direct ligand-to-metal bonds to enable efficient electron-transfer. The slow photo-degradation of malonate and succinate can be explained by low-yield production of OH-radicals at the surface of the iron(III)(hydr)oxides.
The Singer of Tales in Performance

Preface I. Common Ground: Oral-Formulaic Theory and the Ethnography of Speaking II. Ways of Speaking, Ways of Meaning III. The Rhetorical Persistence of Traditional Forms IV.  The Serbian Tradition of Magical Charms V. Continuities of Reception: The Homeric Hymn to Demeter VI.  The PoetOs Self-Interruption in the Old English Andreas Conclusion Bibliography Index