nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New Approaches for Modeling and Evaluating Agility in Integrated Supply Chains

In the exisiting hotly competitive environment, companies/enterprises/organizations are interesting by the following question: How to provide the desired products and/or services to customers faster, cheaper, and better than the competitors?. Managers have come to realize that they cannot do it alone; rather, they must work on a cooperative basis with the best organizations in their supply chains in order to succeed. Moreover, the emerging global economy and the advent of IC technologies have significantly modified the business organisation of enterprises and the way of doing business. New forms of organisations such as extended enterprises, virtual enterprises, long supply chains etc. appeared and are quickly adopted by most leading enterprises. It is more and more noticed that "Competition in the future will not be between individual organizations but between competing supply chains" (Christopher, 2004). More and more business opportunities are captured by groups of enterprises in the same supply chains. The main reason for this change is the global competition that force enterprises to focus on their core competences (i.e. to be what you do the best and let others do the rest). According to the visionary report of Manufacturing Challenges 2020 conducted in USA, this trend will continue and one of the six grand challenges of this visionary report is to ability to reconfigure manufacturing enterprises rapidly in response to changing needs and opportunities. While alliances like supply chains represent tremendous business opportunities, they also make related enterprises face greater uncertainties and risks. First supply chains are subject to market volatility and will have to be modified or dissolved once the business opportunities evolve or disappear. Changes or major perturbations at one enterprise will propagate through the supply chains to other enterprises and hence adversely influence the overall performance of the supply chains/networks. These issues are particularly important for SMEs. SMEs have to be part of some supply chains for business opportunities but they are not strong enough to face high uncertainties and risks, which are very common in today’s dynamic and volatile markets. The capabilities to evaluate agility, benefits, performances, risks, etc. of supply chains are crucial for the long term efficiency and thus need serious research attentions. Existing in both service and manufacturing activity sectors, generally speaking, a supply chain includes the transition and transportation of material from raw form through several O pe n A cc es s D at ab as e w w w .in te ch w eb .o rg
Commercial Culture, Political Culture and the Political Economy of Trade Policy: The Case of Japan

In this paper we present a model of endogenous trade-policy formation which captures crucial aspects of the Japanese commercial and political culture. We analyze the influence of the portrayed cultural traits and show that cultural idiosyncrasies are important determinants of trade policy formation; especially the complex interaction of the two types of cultures is shown to have significant consequence for the policy outcome. Contrasting our model's behavior with the stylized facts of Japanese politics, we arrive at the conclusion that the model's behavior is compatible with the observed (trade) policy positions held by Japanese politicians over the last fifty years.
Supersymmetric Theory of (Color)superconductivity

A few years ago, I published papers on the examinations of the theory of BCS superconductivity in systems (metal, metalic hydrogen, plasma, neutron star, etc.) they have various numerical values of chemical potential µ [1,2,3]. It was shown that the BCS behavior is quite universal under the variation of chemical potential. In this talk, I discuss the extension of these previous publications to the case where the effect of SUSY, namely superpartner, might appear clearly. We consider (color)superconductivity ((C)SC) of a condensed matter with µ ∼ O(∆), where ∆ is the SUSY breaking scale (∼ TeV). Recently, attempts to examine the theories of CSC from the viewpoint of SUSY appeared in literature . According as the results of the nonperturbative method of SUSY gauge theories, Ref.  discussed the symmetry breaking patterns of the N = 1 SQCD at µ = 0, and ∆ = 0 for squarks. Because the validity of the exact results of SUSY gauge theories to the problem of CSC is not clear, the method of Ref.  could apply to the situation of µ < ∆ ≪ Λ SQCD , where µ and ∆ could be regarded as a small perturbation to a SUSY gauge theory. The purpose and/or situation of this work are different from that of Refs. . The summary of the method of this work: (1) The case of both U (1) and SU (N c) gauge symmetries are examined. (2) Both the N = 1 4D and N = 2 3D cases are considered. (3) To construct a BCS-type theory, we employ the N = 1 4D generalized SUSY Nambu−Jona-Lasinio model with µ = 0 as the model Lagrangian. (4) The N = 2 3D theory is obtained by a dimensional reduction of the 4D counterpart. (5) After adopting SUSY auxiliary fields for diquark-type composites, the effective potential and the gap equation are obtained by the method of large-N expansion. The summary of the results: (1) By examining the quasiparticle excitation energy spectra and the gap equations, the conditions for Bose-Einstein condensation of the scalar sector, dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB), and (color)superconductivity were found. (2) The effects of the bosonic part in the gap equation in the SUSY BCS theory have been reviewed, while there is no SUSY effect in the thermodynamic character of the SUSY (C)SC. (3) The (C)SC shows the BCS character even if µ is close to …
A canonical partition theorem for trees

In this paper we prove a 

canonical partition theorem for weakly embedded subtrees of a given 

regular tree. It was broght to my attention that there is a paper of 

Milliken "Canonical partition theorem for strongly embedded subtrees of 

regular trees" circulated in the 1980's. This paper is still unpublished 

and the results in my paper are discovered independently. Although it is 

possible to conclude the result about weakly embedded subtrees from 

Milliken's paper, we give a direct proof which works for both, weakly and 

strongly embedded subtrees.
A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa

A major topic of interest in human prehistory is how the large-scale genetic structure of modern populations outside of Africa was established. Demographic models have been developed that capture the relationships among small numbers of populations or within particular geographical regions, but constructing a phylogenetic tree with gene flow events for a wide diversity of non-Africans remains a difficult problem. Here, we report a model that provides a good statistical fit to allele-frequency correlation patterns among East Asians, Australasians, Native Americans, and ancient western and northern Eurasians, together with archaic human groups. The model features a primary eastern/western bifurcation dating to at least 45,000 years ago, with Australasians nested inside the eastern clade, and a parsimonious set of admixture events. While our results still represent a simplified picture, they provide a useful summary of deep Eurasian population history that can serve as a null model for future studies and a baseline for further discoveries.
Canonical Seesaw Mechanism in Electro-Weak SU(4)L x U(1)Y Models

In this paper we prove that the canonical seesaw mechanism can naturally be implemented in a particular class of electro-weak SU(4)L x U(1)Y gauge models. The resulting neutrino mass spectrum is determined by just tuning a unique free parameter 'a' within the algebraical method of solving gauge models with high symmetries. All the Standard Model phenomenology is preserved, being unaffected by the new physics occuring at a high breaking scale m ~ 10^11GeV.
Water pollution situation and domestic water ecological restoration method research situation

After investigate water pollution situation at home,analyse investigation and research results,and investigate water ecological restoration technology research for polluted water,puts forward specific measures and methods of water pollution prevention and water ecological restoration in HanDan City.It has main physical method,chemical method,biological-ecological technology method,these methods provides the theory basis for landscape ecological restoration.Especially biological-ecological technology method is an important theoretical basis for the water ecological restoration of city water landscape,is an important method of ecological sustainable development.
Can Gravitons be Detected?

Freeman Dyson has questioned whether any conceivable experiment in the real universe can detect a single graviton. If not, is it meaningful to talk about gravitons as physical entities? We attempt to answer Dyson’s question and find it is possible concoct an idealized thought experiment capable of detecting one graviton; however, when anything remotely resembling realistic physics is taken into account, detection becomes impossible, indicating that Dyson’s conjecture is very likely true. We also point out several mistakes in the literature dealing with graviton detection and production.
Sexuality in the Church: toward a sociology of the Bible

Sexuality is an obsession of the Christian Church. It is one of the social behaviours that it has tried most to control amongst its flock and yet the Christian Church has failed to prevent the encroachment of modern attitudes towards sex and sexuality into the Church as an institution. The furore over the proposed appointment of an openly gay bishop in the Church of England is but the latest expression of this tension. However, this paper argues that this debate needs to be placed in a much broader context, namely, the hermeneutical problem of the authority of the Bible, which is itself only one part of a wider sociology of the Bible. The current debate on sexuality in the Church highlights the need for sociology to begin to apply its way of thinking to the Bible.
59 – Chemical reactions

Publisher Summary 
This chapter provides an overview on chemical reactions. Chemical reaction occurs when one or more substances undergo a rearrangement of their constituent atoms to form new substance. This rearrangement of atoms taking part in a chemical reaction is represented by chemical shorthand in which the elements and compounds undergoing reaction are assigned by their chemical symbols of formulae. The reactions are usually written in the form of an equation in which the number of atoms of each element on each side of the equality sign is the same. A recent addition to these chemical equations has been the introduction of suffices to show the phase of the substances, (s) to represent a solid, (l) a liquid, (aq) an aqueous solution and (g) a gas. Most chemical reactions can be broadly classified in three categories, namely, acid-base reactions, double decomposition reactions, and redox reactions.
Situational Sexual Behaviors: The Ideological Work of Moving toward Polyamory in Communal Living Groups

Drawing on interviews and participant observation, I analyze two communal living groups where members are encouraged to participate in the practice of polyamory. Through examining the ideological work these members perform as they transition from monogamous relationships to polyamorous practice, I reveal how circumstances shape sexual behavior. More specifically, I demonstrate how members practice and sometimes embrace a nonmonogamous relationship model because of links between structural and cultural factors in the communities and because of the ideological connection members draw between feminism and polyamory.
The Contribution of End-Users to the TransType2 Project

TransType2 is a novel kind of interactive MT in which the system and the user collaborate in drafting a target text, the system’s contribution taking the form of predictions that extend what the translator has already typed in. TT2 is also an international research project in which end-users are represented by two translation firms. We describe the contribution of these translators to the project, from their input to the system’s functional specifications to their participation in quarterly user trials. We also present the results of the latest round of user trials.
Structure of lava flows of the Nimbin Rhyolite, northeast New South Wales

The Tertiary Nimbin Rhyolite in northeast New South Wales comprises tiers of lava extending laterally up to 12 km. The geographic distribution of crystal‐poor (nearly aphyric) and crystal‐rich lava types indicates that these tiers comprise coalesced lava domes and limited flows rather than extensive flows. Bodies of crystal‐poor lava exhibit flow foliation and flow folds which aid in locating vents, whereas the weak foliation in bodies of crystal‐rich lava makes their internal structure difficult to resolve. The spacing of vents throughout the lava complex also suggests multiple lava bodies, ranging in diameter from 2 to 4 km.
The prevalence and severity of fatigue in men with prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature

BackgroundCancer-related fatigue is a significant clinical problem and is a symptom commonly experienced by patients with differing cancer types during and following treatment. It is a distressing symptom which interferes with functioning in daily life. However, much less is known about the prevalence and severity of fatigue in prostate cancer when compared to other cancer types, such as breast cancer.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to appraise the prevalence and severity of cancer-related fatigue in prostate cancer. Systematic searches of published quantitative research relating to the prevalence and severity of fatigue were conducted using databases, including Medline, PsychINFO, CINAHL and ISI Web of Knowledge (January 2012). Included papers measured the prevalence or severity of prostate-cancer-related fatigue and differentiated fatigue outcomes (prevalence, severity) between treatment modalities.ResultsNineteen studies were eligible for the review, of which 17 were cross-sectional and 2 longitudinal. Findings suggest that the prevalence of any fatigue is as high as 74 %, whilst chronic fatigue prevalence was highest (39 %) when hormone therapy was combined with radiotherapy. Fatigue severity is reported as worse in hormone therapy and treatment combining hormone therapy and radiotherapy.ConclusionsFatigue is a common symptom for men with prostate cancer, particularly those prescribed hormone therapy. A wide variety of tools were used to measure fatigue prevalence and severity, which made comparisons across studies difficult. The review is limited by methodological shortcomings in the studies included.
Mapping Frontiers Across Medieval Islam: Geography, Translation and the 'Abbasid Empire

The story of the 9th-century caliphal mission from Baghdad to discover the legendary barrier against the apocalyptic nations of Gog and Magog mentioned in the Quran, has been either dismissed as superstition or treated as historical fact. By exploring the intellectual and literary history surrounding the production and early reception of this adventure, Travis Zadeh traces the conceptualization of frontiers within early 'Abbasid society and re-evaluates the modern treatment of marvels and monsters inhabiting medieval Islamic descriptions of the world. Examining the roles of translation, descriptive geography, and salvation history in the projection of early 'Abbasid imperial power, this book is essential for all those interested in Islamic studies, the 'Abbasid dynasty and its politics, geography, religion, Arabic and Persian literature and European Orientalism.
Strategic Design of Engineering Education for the Flat World

We believe that two critical success factors for an engineer in the flat world are an ability to adapt to changes and to be able to work at the interface of different disciplines. Instead of educating traditional domain-specific and analysis-orientated engineers, we believe that the focus should be on educating and graduating strategic engineers who can realize complex systems for changing markets in a collaborative, globally distributed environment. We identify three key drivers that we believe are foundational to future engineering design education programs. These drivers are a) emphasis on strategic engineering, b) mass customization of courses, c) utilization of IT-enabled environments for distributed education. Strategic engineering is a field that relates to the design and creation of complex systems that are adaptable to changes. Mass customization of courses refers to adapting the course material to educational goals and learning styles of different students. IT enabled environments bring distributed students and instructors closer in the form of a virtual classroom.
England in 1819: The Politics of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism

The year 1819 was the "annus mirabilis" for many British Romantic writers, and the "annus terribilis" for demonstrators protesting the state of parliamentary representation. In 1819 Keats wrote what many consider his greatest poetry. This was the year of Shelley's "Prometheus Unbound", "The Cenci", and "Ode to the West Wind." Wordsworth published his most widely reviewed work, "Peter Bell", and the craze for Walter Scott's historical novels reached its zenith. Many of these writings explicitly engaged with the politics of 1819, in particular the great movement for reform that came to a head that August with an unprovoked attack on unarmed men, women, and children in St Peter's Field, Manchester, a massacre that journalists dubbed "Peterloo". But the year of Peterloo in British history is notable for more than just the volume, value, and topicality of its literature. Writing from 1819, as the author argues, was acutely aware not only of its place in history, but also of its place "as" history - a realization of a literary "spirit of the age" that resonates strongly with the current "return to history" in literary studies. Chandler explores the ties between Romantic and contemporary historicism, such as the shared tendency to seize a single dated event as both important on its own and as a "case" testing general principles. To animate these issues, Chandler offers a series of cases of built around key texts from 1819. Like the famous sonnet by Shelley from which it takes its name, this book simultaneously creates and critiques its own place in history. It sets out to be not only a crucial study of Romanticism, but also a major contribution to an understanding of historicism.
CONDORCET’S LEGACY AMONG THE PHILOSOPHES AND THE VALUE OF HIS FEMINISM FOR TODAY’S MAN

Enlightenment minds are often juxtaposed with their iconic foes, religious conservatives. When discussing the subject of women’s rights, however, this comparison creates a false impression that Enlightenment male thinkers held ideas very much opposed to a dogmatic institution such as the Catholic Church. Ironically, and damaging to their legacy of prejudice-free rationalism, nearly all of the philosophes, many of whom were “freethinking” atheists, viewed woman’s intellectual nature and societal purpose through a prejudice-tainted glass, not unlike the most conservative establishments of their time. Indeed, when it came to the perception of 
women, the philosophes had less in common with a virulently secular feminist such as Nicholas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, than they do with modern conservative Christians who believe women should be treated more fairly, but still cling to gender stereotypes.
COMPETITIVENESS, DEFENDER POLICY OF THE COMPETITION AND NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY: ESTIMATIONS ABOUT THE BRAZILIAN CASE

This article emphasizes that a System for the Defense of Competition is basic to ensure the legitimate interests of the population of a country. However, generally accepted assumptions limit the logic of national development, particularly for peripheral countries, based on the rapid changes observed in the technological paradigm. It has been in mind that the Capitalist Production System is efficient, just because there are barriers to competition sufficient for the consolidation of investments, necessitating of this kind of growth of scale and concentration 1 O presente artigo e fruto de contribuicao academica dos autores e nao reflete necessariamente a opiniao da
8 A More Constructive Encounter: a Bah’ View of Religion and Human Rights

The tension between human rights values and religious values has been reinforced by the emergence in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century of an increasingly aggressive form of religious extremism which is clearly contemptuous of human rights. This chapter explores the relationship between religion and human rights from a Baha’i perspective and examines the work of the Baha’i community in wholeheartedly supporting the theory and practice of universal human rights. It gives an example of a religion that has emerged in modern times, which clearly and directly addresses modern concerns and which is wholeheartedly committed to universal human rights. The chapter adduces evidence from the Baha’i sacred writings and other sources to demonstrate its commitment to human rights, and examines work done by the Baha’i International Community (BIC) in support of the human rights of the Baha’is in Iran and of human rights more generally.  Baha’i community; human rights;
A Domain-Theoretic Approach to Computability on the Real Line

In recent years, there has been a considerable amount of work on using continuous domains in real analysis. Most notably are the development of the generalized Riemann integral with applications in fractal geometry, several extensions of the programming language PCF with a real number data type, and a framework and an implementation of a package for exact real number arithmetic. Based on recursion theory we present here a precise and direct formulation of effective representation of real numbers by continuous domains, which is equivalent to the representation of real numbers by algebraic domains as in the work of Stoltenberg-Hansen and Tucker. We use basic ingredients of an effective theory of continuous domains to spell out notions of computability for the reals and for functions on the real line. We prove directly that our approach is equivalent to the established Turing-machine based approach which dates back to Grzegorczyk and Lacombe, is used by Pour-El & Richards in their foundational work on computable analysis, and, moreover, is the standard notion of computability among physicists as in the work of Penrose. Our framework makes it possible to capture partial functions in an elegant way and it extends to the complex numbers and the n-dimensional Euclidean space.
Stability of Binuclear Complexes

Empirical arguments lead to a relationship between the stability constant for the formation of a binuclear complex MXM(2m−x)+, and that for the corresponding mononuclear complex MX(m—x)+. As KMX increases along a series of metal ions Mm+, with a given ligand Xx−, it is predicted that KMXM will pass through a maximum value, in agreement with available data.