nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The strategic use of consumer search cost

Through their communications mix, firms make decisions that have implications for the ease with which consumers can search for product information. A common intuition is that firms would like to make information easily available to consumers, but choose not to because facilitating consumer search is costly to them. The main result of this paper counters this intuition – firms may not want to make consumer search easy, even if it is costless for them to do so. I identify two reasons why firms will choose to make search hard for consumers. First, firms can soften price competition by differentiating themselves on the basis of consumer search cost, even if consumers don’t differ in their disutility of search. Second, firms have an incentive to take advantage of consumer optimism. It is shown that the reduced cost of providing information in new electronic channels such as the Internet does not necessarily imply that firms will aid consumers in their search for information. Some of the marketing implications of this result are: The Internet may not develop into a smorgasbord of vendor provided information; firms can use the existence of multiple channels to ease price competition; the fact that stores have low service might not be related only to cost pressure.
Instability of the emission current of a cathode based on carbon fibers

Carbon materials used as field electron cathodes refer to nanostructured materials. Field emission of such materials occurs with micro-protrusions having characteristic sizes from 0.1 to 100 nm. Field emission cathodes made of carbon materials are currently used in various fields of vacuum electronics. Carbon can be in various forms: for example, graphite, amorphous carbon, fullerenes, nanotubes. One of the many types of carbon materials are polyacrylonitrile carbon fibers (PAN). Such types of carbon materials are widely used for manufacturing cathodes with field emission for general purposed lamps . This paper will discuss the method of plasma-chemical treatment with a corresponding apparatus and instability of field emission current from the cathode based on carbon fiber (PAN). After etching process of the cathode, a cathode with modulator using a carbon-fiber field emitter has been constructed and produced field emission current. We have performed some test of the field emission fluctuations from a carbon-fiber field emitter and examined the instability of the current at a system pressure of 10 -6 torr.
Introducing Object-Orientedness into a Breadth-First Introductory Curriculum

This article discusses a curriculum project whose purpose is to design and implement a sequence of four introductory courses that will constitute a breadth‐first curriculum. At issue is the strategy that the authors and their colleagues are using to introduce object‐orientedness into this curriculum. This article describes the original strategy that was class‐tested during the spring of 1992, and concludes with a description of a more ambitious strategy that has been implemented and is currently being class‐tested. Both strategies were quite ambitious in their coverage of concepts relating to object‐oriented programming. Perhaps the most important concepts are encapsulation, the power of polymorphism that derives from the use of virtual functions and generic data structures.
A Proof Theory for Tractable Approximations of Propositional Reasoning

This paper proposes an uniform framework for the proof theory of tractable approximations of propositional reasoning. The key idea is the introduction of approximate proofs. This makes possible the development of an approximating sequent calculus for propositional deduction where proofs can be sound, complete or multi-directional approximations of classical logic. We show how this calculus subsumes existing approaches to approximation such as the BCP - k family of anytime reasoners by Dalal and S - 1, S - 3 entailments by Cadoli and Schaerf.
An open coworking space to allow engineering students to develop innovative competences: UTEC GARAGE

Interactions between industry and academia are seen as one of the key elements of the quality of higher education and a key element of the system of innovation of the nations. However, there is a widely noted gap between industry needs and the education that new engineers receive. This manuscript presents an open co-working space implemented by the Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia equipped with electrical, mechanical and industrial tools, to allow students, faculty and industry's engineers not only to build engineering projects or products that solve real problems, but also to fix and adapt personal technical products by applying and developing theirs innovative skills. We have called it the ‘UTEC GARAGE’ and this space is transforming every time according with the different projects developed to assure the learning and collaboration between industry — academia — society. We are in the second version of the implementation. Started in 2014, the UTEC GARAGE is always open to the university community with a total of more than 250 projects developed in only 4 semesters, including 1 patent and 4 patent applications. We expect to have a full use of the UTEC GARAGE in the next semester to get up to 500 students, 170 engineering projects, per semester. We have started talking to close universities to replicate this model in their campuses to create a GARAGE network to provide more collaboration in engineering education and projects.
Extracting Programs with Exceptions in an Impredicative Type System

This paper is about exceptions handling using classical techniques of program extraction. We propose an impredicative formalization in the calculus of constructions and we illustrate the technique on two examples. The first one, though simple, allows us to experiment various techniques. The second one is an adaptation of a bigger algorithm previously developed in Coq by J. Rouyer, namely first order unification. Only small changes were needed in order to get a more efficient program from the original one.
Lev Vygotsky as seen by someone who acted as a go-between between eastern and western Europe:

It is one thing to deal with any aspect of Lev Vygotsky’s work from a purely scholarly standpoint. It is something quite different to deal with Vygotsky’s work from both an academic standpoint and also that of someone who is involved in East–West editorial and commercial projects. This article sheds light upon what it meant to work on Vygotsky’s theories for someone who was formally affiliated to West European academia and who also became involved more or less at the same time in various East–West publishing projects related to Vygotsky and his circle.
SEVERING THE TIES – ICELAND'S JOURNEY FROM A UNION WITH DENMARK TO A NATION‐STATE

At the time of the foundation of the Icelandic republic in 1944, most Icelanders regarded the dissolution of the union with Denmark as a natural conclusion of a long struggle for freedom. The fact is, however, that the idea of self‐determination only emerged in the early 19th century, gaining total hegemony a century later. This article explores this sudden paradigm shift in the Icelandic political discourse.
SOME PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF BACTERIAL SURFACES. XI. THE EFFECT OF PHENOL AND SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS ON THE ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY OF AEROBACTER AEROGENES.

The electophoretic mobility of cells of Aerobacter aerogenes , harvested early in the logarithmic growth phase, on treatment with phenol, p -alkyl phenols and p -halogenophenols in buffer solution, increases with increasing concentration of the phenol. 2. 2. The substituted phenols are more active than phenol, in that they produce changes of mobility similar to that produced by phenol, but at much lower concentrations. 3. 3. There is, for both series of substituted phenols, a parallel variation of bactericidal concentration and the concentrations required to produce a given mobility change of the cells. 4. 4. The variation of the mobility of phenol-treated young cells with pH indicates that at pH valeus exceeding 7, irreversible surface changes occur. 5. 5. Growth of cells in low concentrations of phenol produces no change in their electrophoretic mobility. Treatment of such cells in higher concentrations of phenol produces effects similar to those observed with normal cells. 6. 6. The results are discussed with reference to the variation of the capsular material (size and polysaccharide content) which occurs during the growth cycle, and the presence of phenoxy ions on the surface.
High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids, peptides and proteins. LXXXVI. The influence of different displacer salts on the retention and bandwidth properties of proteins separated by isocratic anion-exchange chromatography.

The influence of different displacer salts on the retention behaviour of seven globular proteins ranging in molecular weight from 12,000 to 69,000 was investigated using the Mono Q anion-exchange resin as the stationary phase. Isocratic retention data were collected using several different alkali metal halides as the displacing salt, thereby systematically varying the anion and cation species in the series F-, Cl- and Br- and Li+, Na+ and K+. The different anions were found to reduce protein retention in order of their decreasing hydrated ionic radii. Protein Zc values were found to be lower for fluoride and bromide than for chloride. It was demonstrated that the cationic co-ions also influence solute retention properties with this anion-exchange resin through, inter alia, preferential interactions with the protein solute. Protein band-broadening was found to systematically vary with the choice of displacer salt. These changes were related to known Hofmeister effects on protein aggregation kinetics and solubility and the degree of ion penetration at the double layer of the stationary phase-mobile phase interface. These studies now provide a rapid comparative basis for evaluating the mechanism of co- and counter-ion interactions with proteins in high-performance ion-exchange chromatographic systems.
Le Christ démultiplié dans The Gospels de Pietro Di Donato

This unpublished text is a theological fantasy based on the Gospels and John's Apocalypse. On their heavenly errands four independent Christs preach make love, not war ; stigmatize and punish man's sins with particular reference to the Vietnam War and the exercise of power in Washington from Nixon to Reagan. But all four Christs are double-faced, both God and Devil. The third and the fourth are both Male and Female. The relationship between the narrator and his Yellow and Black female Gods reveals the interplay of the life wish and the death wish, the ultimate triumph of the flesh over death in a fifth Gospel devoted to Stella Dunn, the last avatar of Lucifer/Venus Christ
Locus of control and self-esteem as predictors of teacher frustration in Lagos state secondary schools

Individual's perception of self has potential to enhance or impede his or her success at work. In view of this, there is a need to examine the relationship between locus of control and self-esteem as they jointly influence teachers' frustration in Lagos state, Nigeria. The participants were two hundred (200) teachers (100 males and 100 females) randomly selected from private and public secondary schools in Lagos state, South- Western Nigeria. Quantitative data were collected using some psychological scales namely: Index of self-esteem (ISE), Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale (N-SLCS) and Organizational Frustration Scale (OFS). Analysis of data with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-15.0) shows that self-esteem and locus of control jointly predicted ninety nine percent (99%) variance in teachers' frustration. Also a positive significant relationship was found between teachers' frustration, self-esteem and locus of control. The implication of the findings of this study in terms of managing teachers' frustration were discussed and recommendations made that organizations should make efforts to raise their employees' self-esteem and locus of control right from engagement to disengagement stage.
ARTICLES AND ESSAYS The Use and Abuse of the English Commons, 1845-1914*

Some of you here know how I met Raphael Samuel in whose memory these lectures are held, but for those who do not I will repeat it because it has significance for the lecture that follows - it also a good story. I met Raphael in November 1968 in the austere canteen at Ruskin Hall in Headington where he taught history and sociology and I was a new student. I was drawn to the table not by him but the luminous attractions of my fellow student Sally Alexander. Raph spoke first. - What are you studying comrade? - Economics. (Long pause) - But comrade economics is the property of the class enemy. (Another pause) - Where are you from? - Bicester. - Bicester is a most extraordinarily interesting place ... . He was wrong about Bicester, but subsequent conversations led me to be- lieve that I should be studying history - and Raphael's kind of history at that. This meant initially joining in the end of a collective research project on the village of Headington Quarry in my native Oxfordshire. Raphael wrote of this in 1974 as 'a project we had at Ruskin about four years ago, as an
The production engineering of products: A partnership of high tech companies with universities

Modern approaches in the field of staff training in design and manufacturing of electronic facilities based on the end-to-end design concept, which includes design and debugging of production processes using computer-aided design software are discussed. Standards which are used by designers and technological process planners in their professional work are also one of the key approach elements in staff training. A good opportunity for useful volume of work performance of production engineering in reasonable time could be cooperation between enterprises and universities.
Primary care of the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-part 3: pulmonary rehabilitation and comprehensive care for the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

This article reviews the rationale for and the benefits from a pulmonary rehabilitation approach to the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Key clinical trials, meta-analyses, and national guidelines or statements on pulmonary rehabilitation were identified. After formal presentations to a panel of pulmonary specialists and primary care physicians, key messages to assist in the implementation of guideline-based care in the primary care setting were developed and integrated into this article, the third in a 4-part mini-symposium. The main points of the roundtable consensus were as follows: (1) Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation includes patient education, exercise training, psychosocial support, and nutritional intervention; the evaluation for oxygen supplementation is also conveniently done in this setting. (2) These important components of care are often best delivered in an integrated fashion in a hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program; when pulmonary rehabilitation is a not feasible option, clinicians can provide elements of this care to individual patients. (3) Pulmonary rehabilitation has erroneously been considered a "last-ditch" intervention for patients with advanced respiratory disease; however, referral should be considered for any patient with chronic respiratory disease who remains symptomatic or has decreased functional status despite otherwise optimal medical therapy. (4) Pulmonary rehabilitation increases exercise capacity, reduces breathlessness, improves health-related quality of life, and decreases health care utilization; this improvement may be of greater magnitude than that achieved with pharmacologic therapy. (5) Pulmonary rehabilitation has no direct effect on usual pulmonary function tests. It works, in part, through reducing nonpulmonary comorbidity. We conclude that patients with COPD-who are commonly managed in primary care settings-may benefit from multiple components of pulmonary rehabilitation.
Subscriber churn in the Australian ISP market

Rapid growth in Internet use, combined with easy market entry by Internet service providers (ISPs), has resulted in a highly competitive supply of Internet services. Australian ISPs range in size from a few large national operators to niche ISPs focused on specialised service. With many ISPs currently not profitable, subscriber retention is an important aspect of survival. This study develops a model which relates the probability of subscriber churn to various service attributes and subscriber characteristics. Estimation results show that churn probability is positively associated with monthly ISP expenditure, but inversely related to household income. Pricing also matters with subscribers preferring ISPs which offer flat-rate pricing arrangements.
Making sense of the bazaar: 1st workshop on open source software engineering

Since the coining of the term "Open Source" in 1998, there has been a surge of academic and industrial research on the topic. Making Sense of the Bazaar: 1st Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering brought together 30 researchers and practitioners from 8 countries to discuss Open Source Software as an emerging Software Engineering paradigm. The full proceedings of the workshop have been made available online, and the full workshop report will be published in a special issue of IEE Proceedings --- Software on Open Source Software Engineering.
Ightham: topographical and geophysical survey and 3D analysis of the landscape.

This edited volume sets out the work of a team of scholars from Northwestern University and the University of Southampton led by Matthew Johnson, in collaboration with the National Trust. Between 2010 and 2014, different members of the group carried out topographical, geophysical and building survey at four different late medieval sites and landscapes in south-eastern England, all owned and managed by the National Trust: Bodiam, Scotney, Knole and Ightham. Studies were also undertaken into documentary, map and other evidence. A particularly important element of the research was to synthesise and re-present the ‘grey literature’ at all four sites. This volume seeks to present this work and discuss its archaeological and historical importance. It places the four sites and their landscapes in their setting, as part of the wider landscape of south-east England. It discusses the importance of these places in understanding later medieval elite sites and landscapes in general, and in terms of their long-term biographies and contexts. Central to the volume are the linked ideas of lived experience and political ecology in presenting a new understanding of late medieval sites and landscapes.
London Interiors: From the Archives of Country Life

Many of London's historic houses and even greater numbers of domestic interiors have been lost to us since 1939, as a result of political and social changes, war and a tradition of continual rebuilding. But, thanks to the unique photographic archive of Country Life, this book allows us a vivid glimpse of an age that now seems impossibly remote - the era of great political hostesses in their Park Lane Mansions, of society beauties in smart Art Deco flats and of famous painters at work in the studio houses of Holland Park. The 200 images reproduced here, mostly taken between 1918 and 1939, are arranged to follow the route of a leisurely walk through the capital's most exclusive residential districts - from the heart of Westminster to St James's, Mayfair and Park Lane, then 'North of the Park' and finally west from Belgravia to Kensington. They show the vanished magnificence of the interiors of the great aristocratic houses like Norfolk House or Chesterfield House. We are taken inside Robert Adam's Home House when it was home to Samuel Courtauld's celebrated collection of Impressionist masterpieces and shown the monumental Classical interiors of Dorchester House shortly before they were swept away. There are also many examples of the fashionable decorative arts of the interwar years, including Lady Diana Cooper's bathroom, 'Chips' Channon's staggering dining rooms and the elegant apartment of Lord and Lady Louis Mountbatten. As well as being a unique record of some of London's finest homes, this book is a collection of some of the twentieth century's finest architectural photography accompanied by an illuminating commentary by a leading historian of domestic architecture. John Cornforth, who died in 2004, was a regular contributor to Country Life for nearly forty years. His other books included The Country Houses of England 1948 -1998 and, with John Fowler, English Decoration in the 18th Century.
Las industrias culturales y de información: un enfoque socioeconómico

This article reviews the discussion that initiated in the 70’s about the relationship between communication and information phenomena, and decisions in the economic field. This discussion, according to Miege, has been undertaken from different perspectives that have placed economy and technology at the core of the analysis. The author proposes to study these phenomena through an interdisciplinary methodology, based on the theories of cultural industries and the political economy of communication . Miege argues that with industrialization of media contents, consumer product access is no longer direct and products may be available without any cost to the consumer, since the cost of informational and cultural products is paid through advertising. However, this new environment creates certain problems, such as regulating the sale of these products, turning them and their symbolic content as marketable goods or hiring intellectual and artistic workers under an unregulated framework. He also discusses a double economic operation: the sale of products to publicists, and the sale of the same products by the publicists according to the market demand. The last part of the article is an analysis made by the author on the consequences that economic changes might have on cultural industries, because of their current need to keep cooperation relationships with technological industries, as well as connections with large financial groups.