nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China (review)

Elman argues that China’s national civil-service examination system, as administered from 1384 to 1905, was a joint product of the ruling monarchy and the nation’s af uent classes. It perpetuated both a mandarin predominance in the higher levels of government and a scholar–gentry hegemony in local society. Elman characterizes his colossal, almost encyclopedic work, as “cultural” history, emphasizing exactly how the exams were run, what questions were put to candidates, and what grading standards were applied. The author  nds both strong continuity (Ch’eng-Chu Neo-Confucian orthodoxy) as well as surprising change (for example, the Qing dynasty’s dropping of “natural studies” in favor of questions about history and the new “evidential” studies that were developed in the eighteenth century). Too hastily, the Qing scuttled the whole system in 1905, creating serious, unforeseen cultural consequences. Elman acknowledges the in uence of Bourdieu and Passeron, with special reference to their ideas about cultural reproduction, although he modi es their ahistoricism and edits out their hostility to institutions and intellectual authority. In this context, it is possible to discern the in uence on his own thinking of the history-minded “evidential research” (k’ao-cheng) that was developed in Qing China, and to which he devoted a well-received book in 1984. No other society on the globe offers anything resembling to China’s exam system. In the United States, comparable tests for entry into any level of government would require (1) a rote knowledge of sacred texts, such as the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, with special emphasis on the founding fathers’ original intent; (2) a thorough grounding in the lessons of American political history; and (3) an ability to discuss the pros and cons of such past and current issues as the annexation of Hawaii, the rise of af rmative action, or the problems of illegal immigration. These exams would be written in Latin, or some other language different from English. Every male child whose parents could afford the expense would take the threetiered exams—at county, state, and national levels—but only a fraction short of 1 percent would make it all the way to the  nal level and of cial appointment. Dealing with the 99 percent failure rate would pose problems of major “cultural” dimensions. How that problem was handled in China throughout the 500 years of the examination REVIEWS | 673
De cara al architexto. Álvaro Mutis y el Realismo mágico

Among his contemporaries belonging to the boom generation, Alvaro Mutis, with his Empresas y tribulaciones de Maqroll el Gaviero, stands out by the original way he approaches the mystery. That approach, consisting of putting a “poetic mute” to the mystery, has obvious affinities with the historical Magical realism, “invented” in the interwar period by Italian Massimo Bontempelli. (Not to be confused with vague and imprecise theories that circulated under the same label in Latin America, from the 50s of the last century). In this paper, which is part of a broader research, it is intended to explore the architextual dimension of the Colombian author’s novel cycle, by referring to Gerard Genette, for whom the architext covers “all general or transcendent categories [...] each singular text notes”. In the specific case of Mutis, those categories are reality and mystery themselves, and especially the hero, which synthesizes both, at a mythical level.
Service Matters: The Influence of Military Service on Political Behavior, Ideology and Attitudes

The objective of this research is to explore the influence of military service on political behaviors and attitudes. Existing studies of the military have long recognized the existence of a predominantly conservative political ideology with a resulting propensity for strong Republican Party support within the military community, but have failed to explain the likely causal mechanism for this. Drawing on multiple sources of data from the 2008 Presidential election cycle, I utilized a descriptive analysis of campaign contribution data and bivariate and multivariate analyses of data from the 2008 Military Times Survey and the 2008 American National Election Survey. Much of the data also permitted me to analyze the effect of an individual's service branch on their attitudes as well. I examined the behavior and attitudes of the military across several dimensions, including candidate support and positions on policies of particular relevance to the military, including the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. This analysis found that people who serve in the military tend to be conservative but in many ways their political attitudes are reflective of those of the general population. An individual's race, ethnicity and gender appear to have more influence than military factors, with the exception of service in the Marine Corps, on ideology, partisan identification and policy preferences.
Welfare Effects of Distortionary Tax Incentives Under Preference Heterogeneity: An Application to Employer-Provided Electric Cars

This paper presents an approach for the estimation of welfare effects of tax policy changes under heterogeneity in consumer preferences. The approach is applied to evaluate the welfare effects of current tax advantages for electric vehicles supplied as fringe benefits by employers. Drawing on stated preferences of Dutch company car drivers, we assess the short-run welfare effects of changes in the taxation of the private use of these vehicles. We find that the welfare gain of a marginal increase in the taxation of electric company cars is substantial and even outweighs the marginal tax revenue raised.
Synthesis, characterization and low temperature electrical conductivity of Polyaniline/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites

Conducting polymer/ferrite nanocomposites with an organized structure provide a new functional hybrid between organic and inorganic materials. The most popular among the conductive polymers is the polyaniline (PANI) due to its wide application in different fields. In the present work nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel citrate-nitrate method with an average size of 21.6nm. PANI/NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple general and inexpensive in-situ polymerization in the presence of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. The effects of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles on the dc-electrical properties of polyaniline were investigated. The structural components in the nanocomposites were identified from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystalline phase of nanocomposites was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) reveals that there was some interaction between the NiFe2O4 particles and polyaniline and the nanocomposites are composed of polycrystalline ferrite nanoparticles and PANI. The dc conductivity of polyaniline/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites have been measured as a function of temperature in the range of 80K to 300K. It is observed that the room temperature conductivity sigma(RT) decreases with increase in the relative content of NiFe2O4. The experimental data reveals that the resistivity increases for all composites with decrease of temperature exhibiting semiconductor behaviour.
Teaching Air Pollution Effects on Plants

The Air Quality Learning and Demonstration Center (Learning Center) at the Arboretum at Penn State University encompasses nearly 0.30 ha of open land on a knoll overlooking the 150 ha arboretum . It is ideally situated downwind of air pollution sources located in the geographic area that stretches from Chicago across the Ohio River Valley and into western Pennsylvania. Onsite, a teaching pavilion accommodates up to 80 people and is used for presentations and general discussions. A bioindicator garden provides an outdoor learning lab where air pollution-sensitive plants are grown and monitored for injury symptoms. In addition, open-top chambers are used to demonstrate ozone effects on plants by using a charcoal filter to reduce ambient ozone levels. We also have a Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP), Bureau of Air Quality, Monitoring Station at the site that provides air quality and meteorological data on a real-time basis.
A New Fundamental Duality in Nuclei and its Implications for Quantum Mechanics

The Liquid Drop Models (LDM) and the Independent Particle Models (IPM) have been known to provide two conflicting pictures of the nucleus. The IPM being quantum mechanical, is believed to provide a fundamental picture of the nucleus and hence has been focus of the still elusive unified theory of the nucleus. It is believed that the LDM at best is an effective and limited model of the nucleus. Here, through a comprehensive study of one nucleon separation energy, we give convincing evidence that actually the LDM is as fundamental and as basic for the description of the nucleus as the IPM is. As such the LDM and the IPM provide simultaneously co-exiting complementary duality of the nuclear phenomena. This fundamental duality also provides solution to the decades old Coester Band problem in the nucleus. Similarity and differences with respect to the well known wave-particle duality, as envisaged in Bohr's Complementarity Principle, is pointed out. Thereafter implications of this new Duality in the nucleus for quantum mechanics is discussed.
Geochronological study of the Monte Amiata Lavas (Central Italy)

K/Ar and fission track age measurements were performed on lava samples of Monte Amiata volcano (Central Italy) which is formed by a sequence of lava flows and lava domes ranging in composition from trachybasalts to high-SiO2 quartzlatites.The ages obtained, except for the oldest volcanic products, range from 290,000 to 180,000 years.Excess40Ar was found in some mineral separates, especially biotite, causing apparent rather old ages. The correct ages were calculated by means of K/Ar isochrons, and were found to be very similar to the ages calculated on sanidine separates.The volcanic activity that built up the outcropping Monte Amiata units seems to have lasted a relatively short time.
Type sections, stratigraphy and problems relating to structure and magmatism of Karelides

The karelides are Karelian volcanic and sedimentary rocks in various stages of metamorphism which form broad northwesterly trending belts. These rocks occur in synclinoria between which are areas of the old granite-gneiss basement of the extensive Karelian massif. Details of the stratigraphic sequence, structure, magmatic and metamorphic events, and geologic history are described. Radioactive age determinations are interpreted within the framework of the inferred geologic history. This is a timely supplement to the recently published Volume 1 of The Precambrian, edited by K. Rankama. — C. G. Tillman.
The Development of the European States System since the Eighteenth Century

SFTER years of intense specialization in historical studies -in the history of ideas, of science, of historiography; in economic history, diplomatic history, administrative history, social history, legal history, world history, which last is fast becoming another specialism-there is perhaps no subject of historical enquiry that would not benefit from an attempt to amalgamate the results of all these disciplines. This is certainly true of international relations. The valuable labours of diplomatic historians have done no more than erect a scaffolding of established facts. In the work of understanding and explaining those facts we have not made much progress since von Ranke and Albert Sorel. Von Ranke's famous essay in interpretation, 'The Great Powers', was written more than 125 years ago, before the rise of specialist studies. For this reason, as well as on account of the preoccupation of his generation with national mission and divine intention in a universal scheme, it necessarily fell back on a mystical conception of the society of states, on a spiritual conception of the role of the individual state-on what must now be regarded as general history of the worst kind. Since von Ranke's day, while diplomatic history has been preoccupied with searching the archives and establishing the facts, no single specialist explanation of the facts of the sort that has become possibleneither the economic determinism of Marx and Lenin nor the concentration of Meinecke and, more recently, of Dehio on changing intellectual attitudes to power-has done justice to so complex a subject; and general historians have either remained content to adopt von Ranke's approach or have adopted it with the slight alteration of emphasis that results if his 'divine direction' is replaced by the balance of power or the struggle for mastery or the search for hegemony-none of which is any more adequate as a first cause. Sorel's great book of sixty years ago, Europe and 69
France in America

I continue to believe that national histories have a place in the university curriculum alongside courses on transnational themes, Western civilization, and world history. Indeed, they provide essential training in the historical depth and perspective needed for teaching and learning at other levels. In addition to teaching such broadly based courses as Western civilization or world history, a historian might offer, for example, a course entitled Autobiography and History (with a focus on French figures), Anthropology and History, or France in America—to name three I have given over the years in addition to those in my specialty, modern French history. So, how should the French historian tailor his or her expertise to meet a wider topical, temporal, and geographic scope without simply using French history as a case study to make a generalization already established in a more general course or to identify French variations to broad transnational historical issues (i.e., race, class, gender, religion, family, economic development, political change, or cultural mutation)? In this essay I will argue that we can devise a course that contributes to many of these transnational issues without being misled by our knowledge of French history into expecting certain preconceived responses and outcomes. Throughout, the goal should be to demonstrate over a wide range of issues how a new environment challenged and transformed the received wisdom and customary behavior of people born and raised in France. When I first thought about French encounters outside the metropole, I was convinced that ‘‘Frenchness’’ would remain strong and that
Tectonostratigraphic Study of Carbonate Breccias (Calciturbidites) in the Upper Triassic Baluti Formation (Northern Iraq): New Insights on Tethyan Geodynamics

This study aims at describing the sedimentology and geodynamics of the Upper Triassic Baluti Formation from north Iraq. During Late-Triassic period, rift tectonic movement started to spread the Neo-Tethys Ocean in northwest of Gondwana super continent. Intracratonic basins were created where carbonate sediments were deposited in a ramp setting and were interbedded with evaporite near the paleo shore line. The evolution of the rift spreading induced the deposition of polygenetic carbonate breccia and slumps the transition from the ramp to deeper margins. Several types of brecciated sediments are observed in the Baluti Formation. Slump carbonate breccias are arranged in calciturbidite succession and are interbedded with lithic sandstone and thick shale, and sometimes fragmented shales. Along rift-relate fault zones, tectonic breccia was formed. Karstic carbonate breccia type was formed due to the dissolution of evaporites and collapse of the cavities roofs, forming another type of carbonate breccia in the Baluti Formation. Tectogenic-diagenetic breccia was formed due to intense dissolution of the carbonate fragments resulting in a late diagenetic breccia. The circulations of fluids through fault zones led to partial dissolution, dolomitization, dedolomitization, micritic-recrystallization and calcitization processes. The fault systems which resulted from the continuous geodynamic evolution of the rift induced the formation of these various types of carbonate breccias in the Late Triassic period.
Wanted: A Mid‐Range Theory of International Peacekeeping

This essay provides a critical review of the existing scholarly attempts to conceptualize and theorize about peacekeeping operations. It reveals that even though studies of such operations are increasing, most of the available literature is idiosyncratic and atheoretical. Moreover, although a number of authors have recently begun to utilize conflict resolution and international relations concepts in their analyses, these theories are not yet fully integrated into the study of peacekeeping. After inspecting the future research agendas outlined by the leading experts in the field, the author critiques the recent calls for a “macrotheory” of international peacekeeping and concludes by making the case for the development of a “mid-range” theory that can more firmly place international relations, conflict resolution, and peace studies scholarship into the study of peacekeeping.
DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE GENE POOLS AT HIGH PLANT DENSITIES. I. EFFECT ON POPULATION STRUCTURE

It has been stated that in new gene pools, several generations of random mating should precede artificial selection. The effects of such an approach were studied in four maize (Zea mays L.) gene pools which differed in degree of diversity, adaptation, and number of previous cycles of recombination. The gene pools were developed for several generations under open pollination and high plant densities. Seed was bulked from standing plants which were bordered, disease-free, and produced a well-filled, normally developed ear; this included 0.5–3% of the total plant stand. Various generations of each gene pool were compared to determine any changes in plant characteristics and extent of genetic variability. The major phenotypic changes occurred during the first one or two generations of random mating and were those that allowed the population to make maximum use of the available growing season: the earliest maturing population became later and larger in stature; conversely, the least adapted population became e...
The direct foreign investment like a solution to the problem of the gap of capital assets and knowledge in Mexico

In this work we made an empirical application of the model of Romer (1993) for the 32 states of Mexico on period 1990-2000, in order to determine if this country faces a gap of physical goods or a technological gap in the ample sense (that is to say, that inlcluye knowledge and ideas). We found that in the indicated period, Mexico faces both gaps, and therefore, it can take advantage from the direct foreign Investment to cover both.
Lost in the Castle of Scepticism: Sceptical Philosophy as Gothic Romance

Scottish essayist and poet James Beattie’s fictional parody, ‘The Castle of Scepticism: A Vision’ (1767), maligns David Hume’s sceptical philosophy by re-casting it as Gothic romance.1 Beattie’s unnamed narrator recounts his visit in a dream to Hume’s Castle of Scepticism, a haunting fortress in which absurdity passes for wisdom, paranoia reigns, and darkness, madness and the threat of violence hang heavily over all. At the story’s climax, divine intervention brings Hume to his knees, where he recites the Apostles’ Creed (‘I believe …’), breaking scepticism’s spell and returning the narrator to the real world. Equating scepticism with Gothic romance allows Beattie simultaneously to ridicule scepticism by association with a literary genre infamous for its absurdities, while borrowing from Gothic romance’s arsenal of terrifying effects to highlight scepticism’s dangerousness.
The Value of Voice in an Experimental Labor Market

Procedural fairness research has argued that giving people a voice in decision-making procedures leads to increased outcome satisfaction and enhanced compliance with decisions. The impact of voice on agents’ motivation to perform well is investigated in a simple giftexchange experiment, thereby testing the fair wage-fair process-effort hypothesis. Before principals set wages, they decide whether or not to allow agents to voice their opinion by communicating their desired wages. Agents respond to principals’ wage offers and voice/no voice choices by choosing effort levels. We find a significant impact of voice on average effort levels. Principals who (a) give agents a voice and (b) offer high wages induce, on average, a higher performance and hence earn higher payoffs than principals who offer the same wage without voice. However, we also observe negative voice effects: agents who are given voice react to low wages with lower efforts than agents who were not given voice. Thus, a voice that is perceived to have no influence is even more detrimental than not giving a voice at all. ∗Institute for Labour Law and Industrial Relations in the European Community (IAAEG), University of Trier, D-54286 Trier, Germany, Tel: +49 651 201-4746 fax: +49 651 201-4742,  mertins@iaaeg.de
Vascular comorbidity is associated with more rapid disability progression in multiple sclerosis.

Vascular comorbidity adversely influences health outcomes in several chronic conditions. Vascular comorbidities are common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but their impact on disease severity is unknown. Vascular comorbidities may contribute to the poorly understood heterogeneity in MS disease severity. Treatment of vascular comorbidities may represent an avenue for treating MS.



A total of 8,983 patients with MS enrolled in the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis Registry participated in this cohort study. Time from symptom onset or diagnosis until ambulatory disability was compared for patients with or without vascular comorbidities to determine their impact on MS severity. Multivariable proportional hazards models were adjusted for sex, race, age at symptom onset, year of symptom onset, socioeconomic status, and region of residence.



Participants reporting one or more vascular comorbidities at diagnosis had an increased risk of ambulatory disability, and risk increased with the number of vascular conditions reported (hazard ratio [HR]/condition for early gait disability 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.41-1.61). Vascular comorbidity at any time during the disease course also increased the risk of ambulatory disability (adjusted HR for unilateral walking assistance 1.54; 95% CI 1.44-1.65). The median time between diagnosis and need for ambulatory assistance was 18.8 years in patients without and 12.8 years in patients with vascular comorbidities.



Vascular comorbidity, whether present at symptom onset, diagnosis, or later in the disease course, is associated with a substantially increased risk of disability progression in multiple sclerosis. The impact of treating vascular comorbidities on disease progression deserves investigation.
Organismic supercategories. I. Proposals for a general unitary theory of systems.

The present paper is an attempt to outline an abstract unitary theory of systems. In the introduction some of the previous abstract representations of systems are discussed. Also a possible connection of abstract representations of systems with a general theory of measure is proposed. Then follow some necessary definitions and authors' proposals for an axiomatic theory of systems. Finally some concrete examples are analyzed in the light of the proposed theory.