nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide nanomaterials derived from nanotube sodium titanate precursor

Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (denoted as N-doped TiO2) nanomaterials were prepared through the ion exchange of sodium titanate nanotube (the precursor; denoted as STN) with aqueous NH4Cl and follow-up sintering at different temperatures in air. The morphology, structure, surface component, and optical properties of as-obtained N-doped TiO2 nanomaterials have been analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible light diffuse reflectance spectrometry. The formation mechanism and the origin of the visible light absorption for N-doped TiO2 nanomaterials have been discussed. Moreover, the thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis of N-doped TiO2 nanomaterial calcined at 100 °C are conducted as an example to examine the thermal stability of as-synthesized N-doped TiO2. It has been found that, as the calcination temperature rises, the initial nanotubular morphology of STN is transformed to the final nanoscale granular one, accompanied by a phase transformation from orthorhombic crystalline system to anatase TiO2. The N content in N-doped TiO2 is 7.04%, 6.22%, 3.20%, 1.14%, 0.61%, and 0.40% (atomic percentage), depending on calcination temperature rising from 100 to 600 °C. Moreover, N-doped TiO2 samples experience three stages of weight losses, and that calcinated at 300 °C and above have strong visible light absorption, due to the formation of Ti–O–N bonds thereat.
Microstructure of (Ti, Si, Al)N nanocomposite coatings

Ti,Si,Al)N nanocomposite coatings were prepared by a combination of r.f. and d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering. The composition of the films was evaluated by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). XRD experiments showed the development of crystalline phases whose structure is very similar to that of bulk TiN. Diffracted peak positions revealed changes of the lattice parameter from 0.418 to 0.429 nm when the ion adatom mobility was enhanced. The lowest lattice parameter corresponds to a Ti–Si–Al–N phase where some of the Si and Al atoms are occupying Ti positions in the fcc TiN lattice, while the highest corresponds to a system where a partial Si segregation has occurred being enough to nucleate and develop a Si 3 N 4 amorphous phase. Cross-sectional HRTEM images of samples grown under high adatom mobility shown grains with a diameter between 3 and 10 nm surrounded by an amorphous layer, while for the samples grown under limited adatom mobility conditions grains with a diameter between 18 and 28 nm were observed. Furthermore, through the visualization of bright field images it was possible to discern a columnar structure.
New Technology and Industrial Relations.

Part 1 Theoretical and methodological issues: industrial relations and technical change - the case for an extended perspective, Wolfgang Streeck and Arndt Sorge flexible specialization - miracle or myth?, Richard Hyman comparative research and new technology, Beat Hotz-Hart new technology and social networks at the local and regional level, Reinhard Lund and Jorgen Rasmussen. Part 2 Innovation initiatives: management strategy - towards new forms of regulation?, Serafino Negrelli between Fordism and flexibility?, Stephen Wood new technology in Scotbank, John MacInnes. Part 3 Skills, deskilling and labour market power: labour and monopoly capital, Peter Armstron skills, options and unions, Jon Gulowsen new technology and training, Helen Rainbird. Part 4 Trade union strategies: new technological paradigms, long waves and trade unions, Otto Jacobi technological change and unions, Greg Bamber policy debates over work reorganization in North American unions, Harry Katz the Australian metalworkers' union and industrial change, Stephen Frenkel. Part 5 Technological innovation and workplace relations: information, consultation and the control of new technologies, Robert Price consensual adaptation to new technology - observations on the Finnish case, Pertti Koistinen and Kari Lilja industrial relations and workers' representation at workplace level in France, Sabine Erbes-Seguin bargaining over new technology - a comparison of France and Germany, Michele Tallard.
Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America

The Difficulty of Keeping Faith. Cultural Criticism and Race 1. The New Cultural Politics of Difference 2. Black Critics and the Pitfalls of Canon Formation 3. A Note on Race and Architecture 4. Horace Pippin's Challenge to Art Criticism 5. The Dilemma of the Black Intellectual. Philosophy and Political Engagement 6. Theory, Pragmatisms and Politics 7. Pragmatism and the Sense of the Tragic 8. The Historicist Turn in Philosophy of Religion 9. The Limits of Neopragmatism 10. On Georg Lukacs 11.  Law and Culture 12. Reassessing the Critical Legal Studies Movement 13. Critical Legal Studies and a Liberal Critic 14. Charles Taylor and the Critical Legal Studies Movement 15. The Role of Law in Progressive Politics.  The Paradox of the African American Rebellion Notes Index
The economics of international investment incentives

The attitude towards inward foreign direct investment (FDI) has changed considerably over the last couple of decades, as most countries have liberalised their policies to attract all kinds of investment from multinational corporations (MNCs). On the expectation that MNCs will raise employment, exports, or tax revenue, or that some of the knowledge brought by the foreign companies may spill over to the host country private sector, many governments have also introduced various forms of investment incentives, to encourage foreign owned companies to invest in their jurisdiction. These include OECD country governments, which, from a developing country viewpoint, have sometimes been considered as discouraging FDI flows toward less developed economies. The most powerful arguments in favour of such incentives are based on the prospect for knowledge spillovers. Since technology to some extent is a public good, foreign investment can result in benefits for host countries even if the MNCs carry out their foreign operations in wholly-owned affiliates. These benefits take the form of various types of externalities or " spillovers ". For instance, local firms may be able to improve their productivity as a result of forward or backward linkages with MNC affiliates, they may imitate MNC technologies, or hire workers trained by MNCs. The increase in competition that occurs as a result of foreign entry may also be considered a benefit, in particular if it forces local firms to introduce new technology and work harder. However, the foreign MNCs will not include these spillovers in their private assessment of the costs and benefits of investing abroad, and may therefore invest less than what would be socially optimal. If, on the other hand, the benefits of FDI are adequately reflected in the private return accruing to an investment, market incentives ensure that this investment effectively takes place and no special government incentives should be necessary. The motive for public subsidies to foreign investors is to bridge the gap between the private and social returns, thus promoting larger inflows of FDI.
Digressive and Progressive Movements: Sympathy and Sexuality in Tristram Shandy; or, Plain Stories

The digressive nature of Tristram Shandy is notoriously challenging for the reader and rewarding for the critic. Because Sterne as Tristram not only digresses but theorizes about the significance of digression, Tristram Shandy has become a useful illustration of narrative principles for a range of critics and theorists. His squiggly experiments provide material for studies of the nature of the novel and of narrative beginnings, middles and levels (Shklovsky 1965; Said 1975; Brooks 1984; Genette 1996).1 Tristram Shandy provides a prop to arguments in studies of literature as different as Renaissance poetry and the modern Italian novel (Cotterill 2004; Santovetti 2007). There is disagreement among critics of Tristram Shandy about what Sterne’s digressions amount to. There are those who think that there is method in his madness (Baird 1936; Piper 1961) and those who conclude he is crazily chaotic. Early critics dismissed Tristram Shandy as a mess, even as imitators queued up to copy him (Bosch 2007: 259; for a selection of early responses, see Howes 1974: esp. 46–8, 119–24, 127, 138–9, 160, 168–9, 180–3). Samuel Johnson and Horace Walpole dismissed his narrative experiments as gimmicks. Two recent critics challenge Johnson’s pronouncement on the oddity of Tristram Shandy by comparing him to his predecessors and successors (Keymer 2002; Bosch 2007).
A Time Efficient Indexing Scheme for Complex Spatiotemporal Retrieval

The paper is concerned with the time efficient processing of spatiotemporal predicates, i.e. spatial predicates associated with an exact temporal constraint. A set of such predicates forms a buffer query or a Spatio-temporal Pattern (STP) Query with time. In the more general case of an STP query, the temporal dimension is introduced via the relative order of the spatial predicates (STP queries with order). Therefore, the efficient processing of a spatiotemporal predicate is crucial for the efficient implementation of more complex queries of practical interest. We propose an extension of a known approach, suitable for processing spatial predicates, which has been used for the efficient manipulation of STP queries with order. The extended method is supported by efficient indexing structures. We also provide experimental results that show the efficiency of the technique.
Microstructural Evolution and Phase Transformation on the X-Y Surface of Inconel 718 Ni-Based Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Different Heat Treatment

Microstructure, hardness, precipitates and phase transformation on the X-Y surface of Inconel 718 Ni-based alloys fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) were studied before and after a suitable heat treatment. The test results show that the obvious weld beads structure was observed on the surface of the as-built alloys, and the microstructure shows seriously inhomogeneous with distributing columnar crystals and fine dendrites. When the 720°C, 3 h/furnace cooling + 620°C and 3 h/air cooling was used, the columnar and small dendritic crystals begun to transform into bulk crystals, and the weld beads structure disappeared instantly. The X-Y surface hardness of alloys is about HV490-540, which is higher than the one of other heat treatment processes. With the increase of solid solution temperature, the microstructure on the surface of alloys shows an obvious refining characterization. The hardness value on the surface was also reduced gradually. The typical columnar crystals, dendrites, intermetallic compounds and precipitated hardening phase (Cr-Fe-Mo-Ni, FeNi and Ni8Nb) were also reduced or could not be found. Under the solid solution process of 950°C, the fine homogeneous δ phase and γ′ phase in the grain or near the grain boundary had an important effect on the suitable surface hardness value (HV476-500) of alloys.
Government Shareholding and the Value of China's Modern Firms

This paper documents the ultimate shareholding structures of 826 corporations listed on China's stock market and finds large equity holdings of the government. Using a panel data set, this paper further finds that corporate value decreases with an increased size of government shareholding when the government is a small shareholder. When the government equity holding is sufficiently large, corporate value increases with increased government shareholding. This U-shaped relationship between government shareholding and corporate value is interpreted by the aggregated impacts of the grabbing and helping hands of the government shareholder.
Comparing Architectures of Mobile Applications

This article describes various advantages and disadvantages of SMS, WAP, J2ME and Windows CE technologies in designing mobile applications. In defining the architecture of any software application it is important to get the best trade-off between platform's possibilities and design requirements. Achieving optimum software design is even more important with mobile applications where all computer resources are limited. Therefore, it is important to have a comparative analysis of all relevant contemporary approaches in designing mobile applications. As always, the choice between these technologies is determined by application requirements and system capabilities.
Managerial Perception of Intellectual Capital Disclosure Practices of Listed Companies in Sri Lanka

There is no any common method available in the financial reporting practices to disclose the intellectual capital in the financial statements. In this study it was aimed to examine the managerial perception of intellectual capital disclosure practices in the listed companies in Sri Lanka. The main problem was to find out the issues of existing intellectual capital disclosure practices and how managerial perceptions affecting to the disclosure practices of intellectual capital in listed companies of Colombo Stock Exchange. The sample was taken as 20% from the total companies covering all the sectors. It was found that the neediness of disclosing the intellectual capital to get the clear picture of the organizations wealth and success. According to the managerial perception, at the initial stage, it is fair to produce a common method to disclose intellectual capital rather going to value them. Further, it is a must to investigate the total scope of intellectual capital to identify the common variables.
Solvent isotope effects in the oxidation of dipeptides by aqueous chlorine

A kinetic study of the mechanism of oxidation of Ala-Gly and Pro-Gly by aqueous chlorine has been carried out. Among other experimental facts, the deuterium solvent isotope effects were used to clarify the mechanisms involved. In a first stage, N-chlorination takes place, and then the (N-Cl)-dipeptide decomposes through two possible mechanisms, depending on the acidity of the medium. The initial chlorination step shows a small isotope effect. In alkaline medium, two consecutive processes take place: first, the general base-catalyzed formation of an azomethine (β ca. 0.27), which has an inverse deuterium solvent isotope effect (kOH-/kOD- ~ 0.8). In a second step, the hydrolysis of the azomethine intermediate takes place, which is also general base-catalyzed, without deuterium solvent isotope effect, the corresponding uncatalyzed process having a normal deuterium solvent isotope effect (kH2O/kD2O ~ 2). In acid medium, the (N-Cl)-dipeptide undergoes disproportionation to a (N,N)-di-Cl-dipeptide, the very fas...
Analysis on Deep Metallogenic Trace and Simulation Experiment in Xiangshan Large-scale Volcanic Hydrothermal Type Uranium Deposit

Based on series experiments on field geologic analysis,and associated with deep metallogenic trace experiment model transformed from establishment of field deep metallogenic trace model,this paper come to the conclusion that distribution coefficients of U Th first domestic from the magmatic experiment,and then discuss the geochemical behaviors of U、Th、K during magmatic evolution stage. The experiment shows that close relationship between U and Na during the hydrothermal alteration stage; and relationship between U and K during metallogenic stage,which prove that U K are incompatible and regularity of variation between K and Na. The conclusion of uranium dissolving ability increased accompany with pressure increasing in basement metamorphic rocks and host rocks,is obtained from this experiment,which indicate a good deep metallogenic prospect. Furthermore,Pb、Sr、Nd、He isotopes show that the volcanic rocks and basement rocks are ore source beds; due to the combined functions of volcanic hydrothermal and mantle ichor,uranium undergo multi-migration and enrichment and finally concentrated to large rich deposit.
Association of multiple chronic conditions and pain among older black and white adults with diabetes mellitus

BackgroundAging is often associated with the challenge of navigating daily tasks with a painful chronic medical illness. Yet, there is concern of the number of older adults impacted with more than one chronic condition. Despite the increasing number of adults diagnosed with diabetes and comorbid chronic illnesses, there remains a lack of understanding in how multiple illnesses relate to experiences of pain. To assess the association between multiple chronic conditions and pain, this study aimed to identify clusters of chronic medical conditions and their association with pain among a sample of older Black and White adults diagnosed with diabetes.MethodsTwo hundred and thirty-six participants responded to a series of questions assessing pain frequency and severity, as well as health and social characteristics. A factor analysis was used to categorize clusters of medical conditions, and multiple regression models were used to examine predictors of pain.ResultsSeven of the assessed chronic medical conditions loaded on three factors, and accounted for 57.2% of the total variance, with heart disease (factor 1) accounting for 21.9%, musculoskeletal conditions (factor 2) for another 18.4%, and factor 3 (microvascular diseases) accounting for a final 16.9% of the variability among the chronic medical conditions. Covariate-adjusted models showed that fewer years of education and higher scores on the microvascular and musculoskeletal conditions factors were associated with higher pain frequency, with the musculoskeletal conditions factor being the strongest predictor.ConclusionsFindings from this study compliment existent literature underscoring the prevalence and importance of comorbid diagnoses in relation to pain. Examining health-related factors beyond a single disease diagnosis also provides an opportunity to explore underlying disease co-occurrences that may persist beyond organ system classifications.
Minimality of the correctness criterion for multiplicative proof nets

Almost a decade ago, Girard invented linear logic with the notion of a proof-net. Proof-nets are special graphs built from formulas, links and boxes. However, not all nets are proof-nets. First, they must be well constructed (we say that such graphs are proof-structures). Second, a proof-net is a proof-structure that corresponds to a sequential proof. It must satisfy a correctness criterion. One may wonder what this static criterion means for cut-elimination. We prove that every incorrect proof-structure (without cut) can be put in an environment where reductions lead to two kinds of basically wrong configurations: deadlocks and disconnected proof-structures. Thus, this proof says that there does not exist a bigger class of proof-structures than proof-nets where normalization does not lead to obviously bad configurations.
Programing by Demonstration: Coping with Suboptimal Teaching Actions

The difficulty associated with programing existing robots is one of the main impediments to them finding application in domestic environments such as the home. A promising method for simplifying robot programing is Programing by Demonstration (PbD). Here, an end user can provide a demonstration of the task to be programed, with a PbD “interface” interpreting the demonstration in order to determine low-level control details for the robot. A key aspect of the interpretation process is to make it robust to the noise typically included in a demonstration by the human. In this paper we present a method to help identify and eliminate any noise present in the demonstration. Our method involves two steps. The first step uses the demonstration to build up a partial knowledge of the geometry present in the task. Statistical regression analysis is used on demonstrated trajectories to determine equations describing curved surfaces in configuration space. The second step in our method uses the geometric information ob...
Prospecting: From Reader Response to Literary Anthropology

"An important transitional book, usefully summarizing the past and thoughtfully mapping out the future of a significant critic's theoretical project."--'Modern Philology.' "There is a much greater emphasis on the reader's function as `performer' of the text in 'Prospecting' than in Iser's other books. The two brilliant chapters on Beckett's fiction and drama are crucial here...Literature becomes `play' and `game,' and the reader becomes a performer of himself. This idea of performance becomes central to Iser's new theory. Art does not present life; it performs it."--'Yearbook of English Studies.
Efficient attribute selection strategies for association rule mining in high dimensional data

This paper presents a new computational approach to discover interesting relations between variables, called association rules, in large and high dimensional datasets. State-of-the-art techniques are computationally expensive due to reasons like high dimensions, generation of huge number of candidate sets and multiple database scans. In general, most of the enormous discovered patterns are obvious, redundant or uninteresting to the user. So the context of this paper is to improve apriori algorithm to find association rules pertaining to only important attributes from high dimensional data. We employ an information theoretic method together with the concept of QR decomposition to represent the data in its proper substructure form without losing its semantics, by identifying significant attributes. Experiment on real datasets and comparison with the existing technique reveals that the proposed strategy is computationally always faster and statistically always comparable with the apriori algorithms in terms of rules generated and time complexity.
History, Geography and the ‘Still Greater Mystery’ of Historical Geography

‘Historical geography’ is a term that has long been employed in the English-speaking world to describe certain varieties of topographical writing, and it is a term that in more recent years has come to identify a seemingly distinctive subdiscipline of academic geography. Certain difficulties attach to this subdiscipline, however, and students first encountering courses on historical geography are often bemused by precisely how these courses are to be distinguished from others given in departments of history and geography. Indeed, historical geography — unlike the more systematic geographies designated as ‘economic’, ‘social’, ‘political’, ‘urban’, ‘agricultural’, ‘medical’ and so on — cannot claim a clearly defined object of study, for what does it mean to say that ‘history’ is this object when history itself is so heterogeneous and can be studied in so many different aspects (and when historians themselves divide up their inquiries into boxes labelled ‘economic’, ‘social’, ‘political’)? Moreover, it is evident that researchers who call themselves historical geographers concentrate upon a diversity of substantive issues, and also tend to deploy a diversity of philosophical and methodological toolkits upon a diversity of primary and secondary sources. The situation is not so much one of a unitary academic enterprise spurred on by a commonality of interest, theory and practice, then, as of a loose and eclectic collection of inquiries adding up to what Mitchell (1954) described as the ‘still greater mystery’ of historical geography.
Construction and Repair with Wet-Process Sprayed Concrete and Mortar A Preview of the Forthcoming UK Concrete Society Technical Report

technical report has just been published inthe UK by the Concrete Society. This newreport has been prepared by a team fromthe Department of Civil and Building Engineering atLoughborough University: Simon Austin, professor ofstructural engineering; Peter Robins, senior lecturer;and Chris Goodier, a former research associate atLoughborough University, now a senior consult-ant with BRE’s Centre for Concrete Construction.