nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
African dust carries microbes across the ocean: are they affecting human and ecosystem health?

northwest Africa to the western Atlantic Ocean region may be responsible for a number of environmental hazards, including the demise of Caribbean corals; red tides; amphibian diseases; increased occurrence of asthma in humans; and oxygen depletion (eutrophication) in estuaries. Studies of satellite images suggest that hundreds of millions of tons of dust are transported annually at relatively low altitudes across the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean Sea and southeastern United States. The dust emanates from the expanding Sahara/Sahel desert region in Africa and carries a wide variety of bacteria and fungi.
Schlömilch series that arise in diffraction theory and their efficient computation.

We are concerned with a certain class of Schlomilch series that arise naturally in the study of diffraction problems when the scatterer is a semi-infinite periodic structure. By combining new results derived from integral representations and the Poisson summation formula with known identities, we obtain expressions which enable the series to be computed accurately and efficiently. Many of the technical details of the derivations are omitted; they can, however, be obtained from Linton 2005 Schlomilch series that arise in diffraction theory and their efficient computation Technical Report Loughborough University available online at http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~macml1/schlomilch-techreport.pdf.
m-Balanced words: A generalization of balanced words

Consider to construct an infinite sequence, or an infinite word, from a finite set of letters such as each letter is distributed with "good balance," that is, as evenly as possible, when the densities of letters are provided. Such words have been applied to many scheduling and routing problems in various areas. Concerning the balancedness of words, the notions of regularity and balanced words have been exploited. However, it is known that there does not always exist a balanced word for given densities of letters. In this paper, we introduce a new notion called m-balanced words, which gives a measure of "well balancedness" for any words with any densities of letters. We derive some properties of m-balanced words and give a set of algorithms generating well balanced words. We further give a few examples of applications to simple network scheduling problems.
Hanoi consumers'point of view regarding food safety risks: An approach in terms of social representation

This paper makes an analysis of consumer point of view regarding the sanitary risks related to food consumption. Based on a case study of consumers in Hanoi (Vietnam), it shows that this point of view must be analysed in terms of social representation in order to understand the complexity and the social dimension of the interface between risk and the individual. The social representation is analysed using three components: information, attitude and anchorage. Perceived gravity and frequency (of risks) are used to characterise the component "information ", declared fear (by consumers) for the component "attitude" and trust (in food quality) for the component "anchorage". This approach shows that consumers of Hanoi are aware of food safely risks, and estimate that available foodstuffs are actually dangerous. However, because they trust in their own practices (of purchasing and preparing food) they do not fear foodborne diseases greatly. This trust might be over enthusiastic. It may just be a way for consumers to reassure themselves, in a context where their demand for insurance, is built in from past domestic and civic co-ordination, yet is not satisfied in the context of urbanisation and economic liberalisation. (Resume d'auteur)
Formation of Light Absorbing Soluble Secondary Organics and Insoluble Polymeric Particles from the Dark Reaction of Catechol and Guaiacol with Fe(III).

Transition metals such as iron are reactive components of environmentally relevant surfaces. Here, dark reaction of Fe(III) with catechol and guaiacol was investigated in an aqueous solution at pH 3 under experimental conditions that mimic reactions in the adsorbed phase of water. Using UV-vis spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, dynamic light scattering, and electron microscopy techniques, we characterized the reactants, intermediates, and products as a function of reaction time. The reactions of Fe(III) with catechol and guaiacol produced significant changes in the optical spectra of the solutions due to the formation of light absorbing secondary organics and colloidal organic particles. The primary steps in the reaction mechanism were shown to include oxidation of catechol and guaiacol to hydroxy- and methoxy-quinones. The particles formed within a few minutes of reaction and grew to micron-size aggregates after half an hour reaction. The mass-normalized absorption coefficients of the particles were comparable to those of strongly absorbing brown carbon compounds produced by biomass burning. These results could account for new pathways that lead to atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formation and abiotic polymer formation on environmental surfaces mediated by transition metals.
Divinizing the Community: Implications for Luther’s Social Ethics from the Finnish School of Luther Interpretation

This article applies insights from the Finnish school of Luther interpretation to the issue of communal social ethics. After outlining the relevant points, the article contends that Luther’s theology of Christ present in faith can be translated into communal unification of Christ with the believing community. The article draws implications from this translation for communal action on behalf of social justice and transformation. Communal unification with Christ in faith provides a Lutheran theological warrant for action of the believing community toward systemic social reformation toward justice.
The role of magnetic fields in governing the angular momentum evolution of solar-type stars

I review the development of ideas regarding the angular momentum evolution of solar-type stars, from the early 60's to the most recent years. Magnetic fields are the central agent that dictates the rotational evolution of solar-type stars, both during the pre-main sequence, through star-disk magnetic coupling, and during the main sequence, through magnetized winds. Key theoretical developments as well as important observational results are summarized in this review.
PHYSICAL ILLNESSES AMONG ELDERLY PSYCHIATRIC OUT-PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION

Forty elderly psychiatric out-patients with an ICD-9 diagnosis of depression and twenty matched controls were studied for the presence of physical illnesses, using a pre-defined battery of investigative techniques. While the prevalence of physical illness diagnosis was not significantly different between the two groups, the number of subjects with undiagnosed illnesses and those with multiple illnesses was significantly higher among the depressives. Among specific illnesses, hypertension, osteoarthritis and cataract were significantly more common among depressives. Significance of the findings is discussed.
Agriculture in a Changing Landscape Modeling shifts in the geospatial distribution of crops in response to climate change

Altered patterns of temperature and precipitation associated with global climate change are expected to affect the productivity of agricultural regions around the world, with varying regional impacts. Since ideal environmental conditions vary depending on the physiological needs of specific plant types, the regions where we grow different crop varieties are likely to shift in response. This shift will have profound implications for rural landscapes and communities, as well as global food supply and international markets. In this research I use Classification and Regression Tree (CART) modeling to investigate whether changes in climate over the past 50 years have contributed to shifts in the distribution of crops in Minnesota. I incorporate climate, soil, and agricultural management data to create a time series of regression tree models which predict the acreage of three different important commodity crops, corn, soy, and wheat, for each county. The resulting models indicate that farmers' decisions to grow corn are positively associated with warmer winter temperatures, with the temperature threshold increasing over time. Soil quality is the primary predictor of soybean acreage, with a stable threshold over time. Wheat models produced inconsistent results, possibly due to displacement by conversion of wheat acreage to corn acreage. This suggests that farmers are already employing crop-switching strategies in response to climate changes. As the impacts of climate change increase in severity, additional research and investment will be needed to help agricultural producers continue to adapt.
A critique and integration of the major social psychological approaches to the study of coalition formation

This paper integrates more closely the personality trait approaches and the structural approach to coalition formation. It is intended to stimulate inquiry and provide some major methodological critiques. The paper begins with a historical description of the area, addressed mainly to the sociologist of science. It contains a section on learning and cumula tive score. There is a critique of the sex and machiavell ianism studies, which concludes with theoretical speculation merging these two approaches. The merits of the competing utilitarian theories are examined and bases of the super iority of Gamson's exchange theory are posited. A brief summary of coalition theory is presented. Finally, the major previously stated restrictions on the application of coalition theory are criticized, and a broader range of application is set forth.
Hormone replacement therapy and stroke: are the results surprising?

Despite major progress in treatment and prevention, stroke remains the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer, in the United States.1 An estimated 500 000 to 600 000 first and 100 000 recurrent strokes occur each year, and ≈160 000 of these are fatal.2 Among stroke survivors, the burden of long-term disability is great. In the Framingham Heart Study, 71% had impairments that affected their ability to work in their previous capacity and 31% needed help in caring for themselves.3 Stroke rates in women increase sharply with age, doubling in each successive decade after the age of 55 years. Stroke incidence is substantially lower in younger women than in age-matched men, but it tends to equalize in the two sexes in the postmenopausal years.1 Thus, stroke is a major health problem for postmenopausal women and one that merits aggressive preventive strategies.

A number of preventive strategies have been proven effective in reducing the risk of stroke. A review of 14 prospective, randomized, controlled trials demonstrated a 42% risk reduction for stroke when the diastolic blood pressure was reduced by 5 to 6 mm Hg,4 and the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) study showed that treating isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly reduced stroke by 36%.5 Similarly, pharmacological intervention with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statin agents), aspirin, and warfarin in patients with decreased left ventricular function or evidence of left ventricular thrombi after myocardial infarction has proven effective in stroke prevention. Oral anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy also reduce the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, and carotid endarterectomy is effective in preventing stroke in persons with asymptomatic carotid stenosis with 60% to 99% occlusion. Lifestyle modifications, including smoking cessation, …
Home-Explorer: Search, Localize and Manage the Physical Artifacts Indoors

A new system named Home-Explorer is proposed to search and localize physical artifacts in smart indoor environment. Our view is object-centered and sensors are attached to several objects (named smart objects) in the space. Different from others' research, our system tackles not only smart objects but also hidden objects (e.g. no sensor attached objects). Home-Explorer resolves the hidden object problem by reasoning the physical context from smart objects. A series of inference rules are presented for context reasoning. Moreover, in order to deal with the uncertainty problem when estimating the identity of the hidden objects, we present two effective ways: attribute matching mechanism and associated relation method. Besides, to enhance user-friendly, multiple search modes are provided.
Hydrogen peroxide/iron oxide-induced catalytic oxidation of organic compounds

This paper describes a novel heterogeneous catalytic oxidation process involving the use of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) with granular size iron oxide particles (FeOOH) in aqueous phase. The generation of hydroxyl radical (OH○) in the process is demonstrated through the use of a probe chemical, n-chlorobutane (BuCl). Based on the experimental evidence, it is concluded that the OH○, which is produced through the interaction of H 2 O 2 with the surface sites, reacts with solutes adsorbed on the iron oxide surface, causing oxidation of the organic compounds. The generation rate of OH○ increases slightly with increasing pH in the range of 5-9. The oxidation rate of BuCl by OH○ is relatively insensitive to the pH and the level of bicarbonate ion in subject water due to low affinity of bicarbonate for the surface. Phosphate, on the other hand, inhibits the oxidation rate by preferential adsorption on the surface. This new process provides a viable alternative to the existing oxidation technologies, especially when water has high alkalinity and/or it is desired to oxidize target compounds that have high affinity for the surface selectively.
Similarity Assessments, Spacetime, and the Gravitational Field: What Does the Metric Tensor Represent in General Relativity?

In this paper I explore the dialectics underlying the choice between a geometrical and a field interpretation of the metric tensor gab in general relativity. My aim is to examine the role of a specific type of reasoning process (which I call ‘similarity-based reasoning’) in interpreting gab. In recent years, philosophers of physics have claimed that the problem of choosing between the two interpretations in question is somehow insubstantial. This appearance of insubstantiality, I contend, stems from a basic form of underdetermination that affects the concepts of spacetime and physical field in the context of general relativity.
Origin of Structure in a Supersymmetric Quantum Universe

In this report we advance the current repertoire of quantum cosmological models to incorporate inhomogenous field modes in a supersymmetric manner. In particular, we introduce perturbations about a supersymmetric FRW model. A quantum state of our model has properties typical of the no-boundary (Hartle--Hawking) proposal. This solution may then lead to a scale--free spectrum of density perturbations.
“The absurdity of animals having the passions and the faculties of man” : Charlotte Smith’s Fables (1807)

In both The Natural History of Birds and Beachy Head; with Other Poems, Charlotte Smith includes bird‐poems cast as fables in which she portrays elements of her own personal and poetical history. Signalling her indebtedness to past fabulists like La Fontaine, Pilpay (Bidpai), and Aesop, she recreates their vignettes as dark tales of spousal betrayal, neglect and abuse, self‐deception, and overweening vanity. Smith’s fables thus move beyond their source material, exploring with psychological depth not only the base emotions of others but also past representations of herself.
Economic Interests and Sectoral Relations: The Undevelopment of Capitalism in Fifteenth‐Century Tuscany1

Many preconditions for a rapid transition to industrial capitalism existed in Tuscany in the late medieval/early modern period, including relatively efficient agricultural production; a well‐developed, commercial manufacturing sector; the absence of a powerful feudal nobility and feudal obligations; a large, precocious urban economy; and the development of a territorial state. No such transition occurred, however. Previous explanations for this are inadequate, because they discount the strength of the Tuscany economy or downplay the presence of these preconditions. To explain the Tuscan outcome, this article draws on sectoral theories (agriculture vs. manufacturing) from the neoclassical and Marxist literature. Since these theories often give the wrong prediction, because they are based on formal attributes of actors, the author combines them with a Weberian conceptualization of substantively specific economic interests.
The sword went out to sea : (synthesis of a dream), by Delia Alton

The modernist poet and novelist H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) was profoundly interested in the occult and during WWII conducted spiritualist seances in her home. Those experiences form much of the basis for her novel "The Sword Went Out to Sea", which features an experimental structure and a blending of autobiography, dream, and vision. Even though it was far too complex and eccentric for the popular presses of her day, H.D. believed "The Sword Went Out to Sea" was "the crown" of her years of serious study of esoteric doctrine as well as of her daily writing practice. It has never before been published.
“A heart that has felt the love of god and longs for others to know it”: conventions of gender, tensions of self and constructions of difference in offering to be a lady missionary

The article is based on a detailed study of the applications of female candidates who applied to the London Missionary Society for consideration as missionaries to serve in the foreign field, from 1875 to 1900. Drawing on the candidates' own letters, formal applications and the selection process as revealed in the archives of the Ladies' Committee of the Society, the article describes the process of professionalisation of the female missionary's role during this period. A textual analysis reveals how this process of professionalisation negotiated the boundaries of gender and class in late nineteenth-century England, maintaining a conventionality through the religious rubric within which the offer to be a lady missionary was constructed. Critical to this religiosity and its ability to twin convention with iconoclasm was the discursive presence of the imperial and colonial other. The article also reflects on themethodological issues of interpreting and re-presenting the narratives of the past from ...
Thermodynamic Modelling of Mantle–Melt Interaction Evidenced by Veined Wehrlite Xenoliths from the Rockeskyllerkopf Volcanic Complex, West Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany

The oldest volcanic center of the Rockeskyllerkopf Volcanic Complex (RVC) in the West Eifel volcanic field hosts three distinct compositional groups of mantle xenolith: two groups of lherzolite and harzburgite and a group of wehrlite xenoliths that are cross-cut by phlogopite–clinopyroxene veins and variably impregnated by these same minerals. The lherzolite and harzburgite xenoliths represent mantle that was affected by metasomatism prior to the Quaternary magmatic activity below the RVC. We interpret the wehrlites to be the result of infiltration of orthopyroxene-undersaturated alkaline melt into the orthopyroxene-bearing lithospheric mantle. Reaction between mantle and melt consumed orthopyroxene and precipitated olivine and clinopyroxene as well as phlogopite. Models of the equilibration of peridotite and infiltrated melt created with alphaMELTS produce wehrlite with olivine, phlogopite and spinel compositions that are similar to those observed in the natural samples for melt:rock ratios between 0 11 and 1 11. Model clinopyroxene compositions do not match the observed range of compositions in wehrlite. The intra-sample range in clinopyroxene composition in wehrlite xenoliths suggests that clinopyroxene did not reach equilibrium, whereas olivine compositions in the same samples show much less variation, suggesting that they attained equilibrium. We calculate the time required for olivine homogenization to be around 3300 years, whereas the time needed for clinopyroxene to be homogenized is 100 times longer. We suggest that the range of clinopyroxene compositions within and between the wehrlite xenoliths is the result of varying degrees of equilibration of the initial lherzolite or harzburgite clinopyroxene with clinopyroxene formed by reaction with the melt. Melt compositions from the alphaMELTS models suggest that the differences in lava composition observed in the RVC can be produced by mixing between melts from a garnet peridotite source with secondary melts produced by peridotite–melt reaction in the spinel-facies mantle. We suggest that mixing occurred during melt transport through the lithospheric mantle as secondary melts produced during wehrlite formation were drawn into fractures that were exploited by several generations of magma rising from the garnet peridotite source.
Progress in group psychotherapy; a summary of the literature.

GROUP psychotherapy has aroused much interest in psychiatric and general medical circles. The literature is voluminous and varied, indicating many approaches and as many purposes, with coincident confusion. This report summarizes the recent literature. Medical group psychotherapy was initiated in Boston in 1905 by Dr. Joseph H. Pratt. Psychiatric group therapy has been practiced in the Boston Dispensary since 1930. Military necessity and a shortage of psychiatric personnel resulted in the employment of this form of treatment by the armed forces in World War II. At the same time its use became expedient in civilian mental hospitals. Results indicate the . . .
The process of degassing the earth's mantle and the ways of development of the earth's crust

The amount of 40 Ar existing in the earth's atmosphere is compared with the amount which could have been emitted from the mantle in the process of formation of the earth's crust. It is shown that the hypothesis that the continental crust once occupied the whole surface of the earth gives an amount of 20.6 × 10 19 g of argonium in the atmosphere, as compared with the actual content of 6.5 × 10 19 g. On the contrary, the hypothesis that the continental crust has never covered an area remarkably greater than it does at present gives 7 × 10 19 g of argonium, which is in close agreement with the observed value.