nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of compliance with a clinical pathway for suspected pulmonary embolism.

Clinical pathways to guide the investigation of suspected pulmonary embolism have been increasingly adopted by emergency departments worldwide. This study evaluated the compliance with a clinical pathway that combines risk assessment (Wells score) with d-dimer, ventilation-perfusion scanning or computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA). The aims of this study were to identify factors that contribute to compliance and to assess patient outcomes and resource utilization.



Repeated retrospective chart reviews of 239 patients who underwent investigation for pulmonary embolism through our emergency department extracted patient demographics, pathway parameters and patient outcomes. A phone interview at 3-month follow up was carried out.



Incidence of pulmonary embolism was 8.4% (n= 20). Compliance to the clinical pathway occurred in 120 subjects (50.2%). Non-compliance occurred in 71 subjects (29.7%). Forty-eight subjects (20.1%) underwent risk assessments, but subsequent diagnostic tests did not conform to the stated pathway (partial compliance). Compliance was poor in subjects assessed by non-emergency department doctors (χ(2) = 27.95, P≤ 0.001). Compliance occurred less in pregnant subjects (χ(2) = 7.27, P= 0.007) and those with chronic respiratory disease (χ(2) = 5.31, P= 0.021). Subjects in the compliant group were less likely to undergo CTPA (odds ratio 2.07 (1.16-3.70), P= 0.012).



Compliance with this clinical pathway allowed emergency department doctors in an Australian university teaching hospital to complete diagnostic testing for suspected pulmonary embolism appropriately unless non-emergency department doctors became involved. Compliance with this pathway altered the distribution of diagnostic tests performed with less reliance on CTPA, but was not associated with better patient outcomes.
The Interplay Between Hydrogen Bonding and Coulombic Forces in Determining the Structure of Sulfuric Acid-Amine Clusters.

Acid-base cluster chemistry drives atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), but the details of the growth mechanisms are difficult to experimentally probe. Clusters of ammonia, alkylamines, and sulfuric acid, species fundamental to NPF, are probed by infrared spectroscopy. These spectra show that substitution of amines for ammonia, which is linked to accelerated growth, induces profound structural rearrangement in clusters with initial compositions (NH4+) n+1(HSO4-) n (1 ≤ n ≤ 3). This rearrangement is driven by the loss of N-H hydrogen bond donors, yielding direct bisulfate-bisulfate hydrogen bonds, and its onset with respect to cluster composition indicates that more substituted amines induce rearrangement at smaller sizes. A simple model counting hydrogen bond donors and acceptors explains these observations. The presence of direct hydrogen bonds between formal anions shows that hydrogen bonding can compete with Coulombic forces in determining cluster structure. These results suggest that NPF mechanisms may be highly dependent on amine identity.
Ethical Issues in the Mental Health Treatment of Gender Dysphoric Adolescents.

This paper will focus on ethical dilemmas that arise in the treatment of adolescents with gender dysphoria. We will begin with a discussion of ethical and legal issues pertinent to the treatment of any adolescent, and then proceed to the gender dysphoric adolescent, since there is a great deal of overlap between the two areas. The authors re-view legal decisions, the existing data on adolescent decision-making, and ethical principles that may help the clinician in resolving some very complex situations. Utilizing case vignettes of three gender dysphoric adolescents, the authors provide a pragmatic illustration of the ethical dilemmas involved in evaluation and treatment of these youth. It is the authors' belief that treatment interventions should be based on respect for the adolescent's autonomy and confidentiality where he or she is deemed competent to make decisions.
On the CJT formalism in multi-field theories

The issues that arise when using the Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis formalism in multi-field theories are investigated. Particular attention is devoted to the interplay between temperature effects, ultraviolet structure, and the interdependence of the gap equations. Results are presented explicitly in the case of the evaluation of the finite temperature effective potential of a theory with two scalar fields which has attracted interest as a toy model for symmetry nonrestoration at high temperatures. The lowest nontrivial order of approximation of the Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis effective potential is shown to lead to consistent results, which are relevant for recent studies of symmetry nonrestoration by Bimonte and Lozano.
Risks of propofol sedation/anesthesia for imaging studies in pediatric research: eight years of experience in a clinical research center.

To quantify the incidence of adverse events associated with anesthesia given for research-driven imaging studies and to identify risk factors for those events in pediatric research subjects.



Retrospective cohort study.



National Institutes of Health Clinical Center.



Children and adolescents enrolled in clinical research protocols who required anesthesia for research-related imaging studies from January 2000 to September 2008.



Propofol sedation/anesthesia.



The occurrence of respiratory, cardiovascular, and all anesthesia-related adverse events that required intervention while receiving anesthetics for research-driven imaging studies and other noninvasive procedures.



We identified 607 children who received 1480 propofol anesthetic procedures for imaging studies. Seventy percent of anesthetics were given to subjects with severe diseases and significant disabilities (American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status [ASA] III). Anesthesia had a mean (SD) duration of 115 (55) minutes, and in 12.5% of procedures, an airway device was necessary. There were 98 notable respiratory, cardiovascular, and other events in 79 anesthetic procedures, a rate of 534 per 10 000 anesthetic procedures with 1 or more adverse events. There was no long-lasting morbidity or mortality. The ASA classification (odds ratio [OR], 2.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-6.88), anesthetic effect duration (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.25-1.70), and presence of airway abnormalities (OR, 4.41; 95% CI, 1.60-12.12) were independently associated with adverse events during anesthetic use.



In our clinical research sample of high-risk children who received sedation/anesthesia by an anesthesiologist, we observed a low incidence of adverse events and no long-term complications. Risk factors for adverse events included higher ASA classification, increasing anesthetic duration, and presence of airway abnormalities.
Severe pediatric head injuries (I). Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and course ☆

To describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and evolutive characteristics of pediatric patients with severe head injury (SHI).  A review was made of the patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with SHI between July 1983 and December 2009.  Of the 389 patients with head injuries admitted to the PICU during the study period, 174 (45%) presented SHI. The mean age in this group was of 67 ± 9 months, with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 5.5 ± 1.8 and a PRISM score of 10.7 ± 6.7. The most frequent etiology of SHI was traffic accidents (56%), though these have decreased significantly in the last decade (58.5% vs 45.3%; p p p Conclusions (a) The incidence of traffic accidents has decreased in the last decade in the studied population; (b) patients with SHI in which ICP was monitored showed a high incidence of intracranial hypertension; (c) morbidity–mortality among pediatric patients with SHI has decreased over the course of the study period.
Varieties of Languages in a Category

Eilenberg's variety theorem, a centerpiece of algebraic automata theory, establishes a bijective correspondence between varieties of languages and pseudovarieties of monoids. In the present paper this result is generalized to an abstract pair of algebraic categories: we introduce varieties of languages in a category C, and prove that they correspond to pseudovarieties of monoids in a closed monoidal category D, provided that C and D are dual on the level of finite objects. By suitable choices of these categories our result uniformly covers Eilenberg's theorem and three variants due to Pin, Polák and Reutenauer, respectively, and yields new Eilenberg-type correspondences.
The Transformation of Lowland Game Shooting in England and Wales in the Twentieth Century: The Neglected Metamorphosis

Scant attention has been devoted to game shooting, an activity regarded neither as a mainstream sporting nor an agricultural activity. This article seeks to address this omission by undertaking a detailed critique of the main changes which have taken place in the organisation of lowland game shooting since the iconic era of the great shoots in the Edwardian period (1901–1910). In particular, it will investigate how a minority sport, which was traditionally regarded as the exclusive preserve of the leisured classes, has been transformed into an important rural activity catering for a wide spectrum of society.
Spectra and Growth Rates of Fluctuating Magnetic Fields in the Kinematic Dynamo Theory with Large Magnetic Prandtl Numbers

The existence of a weak galactic magnetic field has been repeatedly confirmed by observational data. The origin of this field has not been explained as yet in a fully satisfactory way and represents one of the main challenges of the astrophysical dynamo theory. In both the galactic dynamo theory and the primordial-origin theory, a major influence is exerted by the small-scale magnetic fluctuations. This article is devoted to constructing a systematic second-order statistical theory of such small-scale fields. The statistics of these fields are studied in the kinematic approximation and for the case of large Prandtl numbers, which is relevant for the galactic and protogalactic plasma. The advecting velocity field is assumed to be Gaussian and short-time correlated. Theoretical understanding of this kinematic dynamo model is a necessary prerequisite for any prospective nonlinear dynamo theory. The theory is developed for an arbitrary degree of compressibility and formally in d dimensions, which generalizes the previously known results, elicits the structure of the solutions, and uncovers a number of new effects. The magnetic energy spectra are studied as they grow and spread over scales during the initial stage of the field amplification.  Green's function solutions are obtained. The spectral theory is supplemented by the study of magnetic field correlation functions in the configuration space, where the dynamo problem can be mapped onto a particular one-dimensional quantum-mechanical problem. The latter approach is most suitable for the description of the kinematic dynamo in the long-time limit, i.e., when the magnetic excitation has spread over all scales present in the system. A simple way of calculating the growth rates of the magnetic fields in this long-time limit is proposed.
Colossus: its origins and originators

The British Colossus computer was one of the most important tools in the wartime effort to break German codes. Based on interviews and on recently declassified documents, this article clarifies the roles played by Thomas Flowers, Alan Turing, William Tutte, and Max Newman in the events leading to the installation of the first Colossus at Bletchley Park, Britain's wartime code-breaking establishment, in December 1943.
Stone duality, topological algebra, and recognition

Our main result is that any topological algebra based on a Boolean space is the extended Stone dual space of a certain associated Boolean algebra with additional operations. A particular case of this result is that the profinite completion of any abstract algebra is the extended Stone dual space of the Boolean algebra of recognizable subsets of the abstract algebra endowed with certain residuation operations. These results identify a connection between topological algebra as applied in algebra and Stone duality as applied in logic, and show that the notion of recognition originating in computer science is intrinsic to profinite completion in mathematics in general. This connection underlies a number of recent results in automata theory including a generalization of Eilenberg-Reiterman theory for regular languages and a new notion of compact recognition applying beyond the setting of regular languages. The purpose of this paper is to give the underlying duality theoretic result in its general form. Further we illustrate the power of the result by providing a few applications in topological algebra and language theory. In particular, we give a simple proof of the fact that any topological algebra quotient of a profinite algebra which is again based on a Boolean space is in fact a profinite algebra and we derive the conditions dual to the ones of the original Eilenberg theorem in a fully modular manner. We cast our results in the setting of extended Priestley duality for distributive lattices with additional operations as some classes of languages of interest in automata fail to be closed under complementation.
Social state of the Netherlands

De sociale staat van Nederland 2017

Changes in the size and profile of the Dutch population have consequences in a host of societal domains. The labour market is an example: who is in work? Are there barriers to labour market entry? Until what age do people continue working? Another example is care and support: how have care needs changed in the light of the increase in the number of old people, and are there enough ‘hands around the bed’ to meet those needs? What new homes need to be built to meet changing housing needs? A changing population also has consequences for societal, social and cultural participation. A wide range of societal domains are discussed in this publication. This concluding chapter presents the key findings in an overarching review of the last 25 years, starting with the demographic context in which these developments have taken place.
Self-report Depression Scales-Reply

In Reply.— Mr Zimmerman has some exciting ideas for a self-report instrument to assess major depression. We have attempted to try out his ideas with some of the data from the 1975 to 1976 New Haven (Conn) Health Survey, although we did not have all the information suggested. Using items from the CES-D, the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), the Social Adjustment Self-report Questionnaire, and some questions on suicidal feelings, we have simulated a self-report instrument that has better face validity than the traditional CES-D for the detection of RDC-diagnosed major depression. In this reanalysis of the data we followed two principles suggested by Zimmerman. First, we used self-report items that are directly parallel to specific criteria in the RDC definition of major depression, and second, we counted only those Items that were scored above a given threshold. Specifically, we considered criterion A of the RDC definition of major depression (dysphoric mood) to be
String Theory: A Mere Prelude to Non-Archimedean Space-Time

It took two millennia after Euclid and until in the early 1880s, when we went beyond the ancient axiom of parallels, and inaugurated geometries of curved spaces. In less than one more century, General Relativity followed. At present, physical thinking is still beheld by the yet deeper and equally ancient Archimedean assumption which entraps us into the limited view of "only one walkable world". In view of that, it is argued with some rather easily accessible mathematical support that Theoretical Physics may at last venture into the Non-Archimedean realms.
Stability constants and complexation capacities of complexes formed between heavy metals and extracellular polymers from activated sludge

Conditional stability constants and complexation capacities of extracellular polymers extracted from activated sludge with copper, nickel, cadmium and cobalt have been determined at high and low free metal concentrations using gel complexometry. The results compare favourably with those for other bacterial extracellular polymers, but less well with those for competing metal-binding ligands present in sewage. The affinity of extracellular polymers for metals has been discussed in terms of their contribution to metal removal during the biological phase of wastewater treatment.
On Coleridge as translator of Faustus from the German of Goethe

The recent publication of Faustus from the German of Goethe, translated by Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 2007), edited by Frederick Burwick and James McKusick, has given rise to some controversy concerning whether Coleridge was properly identified as the translator. In this short essay I select a few telling facts from the comprehensive collection of evidence supporting Coleridge’s role as translator. In addition to a sampling of the phrases from Coleridge’s own poetry that are echoed in his translation, and of the references in his notebooks on rendering German words, this essay also briefly summarizes evidence from external sources.
Entrepreneurship, money and coordination : Hayek's theory of cultural evolution

Hayek's Theory of Cultural Evolution: A Critique of the Critique 2. 'Human Action, But Not Human  Evolution and Spontaneous Order as Theoretical Concepts in Economics and Social Science 3. Hayek's Theory of the Mind 4. Evolution of Legal Rules: Hayek's Contribution Reconsidered 5. Hayek and the Evolution of Designed Institutions: A Critical Assessment 6. Hayek Revisited: Entrepreneurship in the Theory of Cultural Evolution 7. Hayek's 'Free Money Movement' and the Evolution of Monetary Order in Historical Perspective 8. Money and Reciprocity in the Extended Order - An Essay on the Evolution and Cultural Function of Money Index.
Age and evolution of bacteria

Age and evolution of bacteria can be estimated, including facts and hypotheses belonging to morphology, biochemistry, paleontology, ecology and pathogenicity. The corresponding dates are summarized in the following. About 3.5×109 years: Origin of heterotrophic eobiontes.—About 3.0×109 years: The increasing lack of prebiogenic substances is due to the evolution of the respiratory pathway, that is due to the evolution of the photoautotrophy and now released O2 is due to the evolution of strictly aerobic cells. There is, simultaneously, a transition of spheres to long forms, development of an amoebalike motility, the evolution of spirochetes and the substitution of cholesterol for cardiolipin in the more evolved cells (i.e. strictly aerobic cells etc.).—About 2.0×1.0×109 years: Evolution of the eucyte by symbiosis of a great, primitive, anaerobic, cholesterol-containing cell with a little, strictly aerobic, cardiolipin-containing cell, with a spirochete and in some extent also with photoautotrophic cell.—About 1.0×109 years (maximum: 1.8–1.5×109 years, minimum: 7×108 years): Evolution of metazoa and begin of cell differentiation.—About 2.0–1.0×109 years: Evolution of the bacterial murein sacculus and then development of flagella mediated motility.—About 6×108 years (maximum:1.0×109 years, minimum: 4.5×108 years): Evolution of the gram-negative cell wall.—About 4.0×108 years: Evolution of the gram-positive cell wall.—About 5.0×108 years: Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic bacteria become the first enteric bacteria in coelenterates. About 4.0×108 years: gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria become Enterobacteriaceae in vertebrates in addition to the strictly anaerobic organisms.—About 3.0–2.0×108 years: Consolidation of the Salmonella in reptiles.—About 2.0–1.5×108 years: Consolidation of Escherichia and other coliform species in mammals.—About 106 years: Evolution of typically human pathogenic organisms, transmitted in homogeneous-homonomous infection ways, i.e. N. gonorrhoeae, S. typhi, T. pallidum, etc.
Paged Absolute Addressing Mode Optimizations for Embedded Digital Signal Processors Using Post-pass Data-flow Analysis

We address the problem of code generation for embedded DSP systems. In such systems, it is typical for one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), program memory, and custom circuitry to be integrated onto a single IC. Consequently, the amount of silicon area that is dedicated to program memory is limited, so the embedded software must be sufficiently dense. Additionally, this software must be written so as to meet various high-performance constraints, which may include hard real-time constraints. Unfortunately, existing compiler technology is unable to generate dense, high-performance code for DSPs since it does not provide adequate support for the specialized architectural features of DSPs. These specialized features not only allow for the fast execution of common DSP operations, but they also allow for the generation of dense assembly code that specifies these operations. Thus, system designers often hand-program the embedded software in assembly, which is a very time-consuming task. In this paper, we focus on providing compiler support for one particular specialized architectural feature, namely the paged absolute addressing mode – this feature is found in two commercial DSPs, the Texas Instruments' TMS320C25 and TMS320C50 fixed-point DSPs; however, it may also be featured in application-specific processors (ASIPs). We present some machine-dependent code optimizations that improve code density by exploiting this architectural feature. Experimental results demonstrate that for a set of typical DSP benchmarks, some of our optimizations reduce overall code size and data memory consumption by an average of 5.0% and 16.0%, respectively. Our experimental vehicle throughout this research is the TMS320C25.
A case study of systematic top-down design of cyber-physical models with integrated validation and formal verification

models are required to handle the complexity for designing and verifying large-scale systems. An open problem is to consistently and systematically derive a more concrete model from an abstract model with regard to verification of its behavior against certain properties. Based on our recently proposed workflow for systematic top-down design of models of a Cyber-physical System (CPS), we present an in-depth case study of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). It includes both verification through model checking and validation in the sense that a refined model is checked for its fit with reality. This approach works top-down for designing a concrete model by starting from an abstract model. The resulting concrete model was validated and indirectly verified in this case study. In addition, we made a cross-check by verifying it directly on the concrete level. Hence, our case study provides some empirical evidence on the feasibility of this new workflow for top-down design of models.
Rewriting with Strategies in ELAN: A Functional Semantics

In this work, we consider term rewriting from a functional point of view. A rewrite rule is a function that can be applied to a term using an explicit application function. From this starting point, we show how to build more elaborated functions, describing first rewrite derivations, then sets of derivations. These functions, that we call strategies, can themselves be defined by rewrite rules and the construction can be iterated leading to higher-order strategies. Furthermore, the application function is itself defined using rewriting in the same spirit. We present this calculus and study its properties. Its implementation in the language is used to motivate and exemplify the whole approach. The expressiveness of is illustrated by examples of polymorphic functions and strategies.