nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The marketing of bank risk-management services

This article analyzes the need to reform the structure of bank risk-management services (RMS), including the sale of derivatives. It reviews the contribution derivatives make to corporate financial management and discusses threatened restrictions on bank RMS following large losses reported by corporate clients. The two major weaknesses in RMS are characterized by incentive incompatibility and asymmetric information. Steps are proposed for aligning bank RMS incentives with client objectives. This requires reskilling bank management of RMS consistent with the holistic demands of globalization on corporate operations and strategies. Additional steps are proposed for equalizing buyer-seller information on the risks of opaque derivatives. These steps involve assistance to clients in setting policies leading to position limits and loss tolerances and instituting monitoring and disclosure.
Metal and Hydrogen-Ion Binding Properties of O-Phosphoserine

As pointed out by Mellander1, organic phosphoryl compounds derived from phosphoproteins may behave as effective chelating agents and therefore may be of great biological importance. For the study of the chelating ability of such compounds, synthetic model substances of similar structure are under investigation. Apparent ionization constants of synthetic O-phosphoserine, and apparent stability constants of some metal complexes of that compound have been examined.
Wrapping And Integrating Heterogeneous Databases With OWL

The Web-based information systems have been much developed since the Internet is known as a global accessible open network. The Semantic Web vision aims at providing supplementary meaningful information (meta-data) about Web resources in order to facilitate automatic processing by machines and interoperability between different systems. In this paper, we present an approach for the integration of heterogeneous databases in the Semantic Web context using semantic mediation approach based on ontology. The standard OWL language is used here as the ontology description language to formalize ontologies of local data resources and to describe their semantic correspondences in order to construct an integrated information system. We propose an architecture adopting mediator-wrapper approach for a mediation based on OWL. Some illustrations of database wrapping and semantic mediation using OWL are also presented in the paper.
Characterisation of PVD TiCN layers by physical and electrochemical methods

AbstractTiCN coatings were deposited by magnetron sputter ion plating onto high speed AISI M2 steel. The physical vapour deposition TiCN coatings were produced with various partial pressures of nitrogen and methane, at a constant substrate bias of 0, 50 or 100 V and constant deposition temperature of 300, 350, 400 or 450°C, respectively. Next, the substrate bias was varied for constant ratios of partial pressures and constant temperature. The amount of methane flow affects the coating composition as well as its lattice parameters and residual stresses. These properties are also affected by the substrate bias. The joint effect of increasing the substrate bias, the presence of interstitial carbon and the formation of CN–Ti bonds could probably be responsible for strong fcc lattice distortion and consequently high residual stresses of the TiCxNy coatings. The deposition temperature affects the lattice parameters and the residual stresses only to a small extent. The substrate bias of 0 to −100 V yields known ...
Managing the Risk of Sanctions in the Global Oil & Gas Industry: Corporate Response Under Political, Legal and Commercial Pressures

VI. HELMS-BURTON AND D’AMATO-KENNEDY: UNILATERAL U.S. ACTIONS CLAIMING AN EXTRATERRITORIAL AND GLOBAL PRESCRIPTIVE POWER 197 A. The Helms-Burton “Libertad” Act: Extraterritorial Scope of U.S. Sanctions Against Doing Business in and with Cuba—Punishing Fidel Castro 199 B. The D’Amato-Kennedy Act: Sanctions Against Iran and Libya— Punishing the Mullahs and Ghadafi 202
Social Scientific Models for Interpreting the Bible: Essays by the Context Group in Honor of Bruce J. Malina

Fourteen members of The Context Group honor Bruce J. Malina and his scholarship in this volume by following his consistent example of developing or using explicit social scientific models to interpret documents from the ancient Mediterranean world. Ordinary features of that cultural world such as gossip, reciprocity, a pervasive military presence, the power of women, and becoming a follower of Jesus stand out with greater clarity in the Bible when a reader understands the cultural matrix in which such social dynamics function. These essays reflect The Context Group's more than twenty years of collaborative experience in researching the cultural context of the Bible. New insights are built on the solidly established foundations of their earlier cross-cultural studies. Readers will find the individual essays enlightening and challenging. Taken as a whole they form a valuable resource and a stimulating and helpful aid to further study. John J. Pilch, Ph.D., a founding member of The Context Group, is Professor of Biblical Literature at Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
Mission Smart Production1

New technologies and tools are among the most important ways of covering the technological gap required in process optimization and increased competitiveness. Where conventional techniques are mature and robust enough to guarantee stable performance, smart production should contribute to developing more flexible, cost optimal and environmental friendly production processes. Powerful ICT (Information and Communication Technology) solutions are an important enabler towards smart steelmaking processes. In this context important relevant future challenges and opportunities in the steel industry will be discussed and selected applications in steelmaking processes will be presented.
Alternative methods of corporate control in commercial banks

In this article, Stephen Prowse investigates how owners of commercial banks encourage management to follow value-maximizing policies. While the "corporate control mechanism" in nonfinancial firms is well documented, for the banking industry much less evidence is available. Moreover, unique factors in the operating environment of commercial banks may mean that their corporate control mechanism operates differently from that of nonfinancial firms. ; Prowse analyzes a sample of bank holding companies (BHCs) from 1987 to 1992 to determine how many underwent a change in corporate control by hostile takeover, friendly merger, action by the board of directors, or intervention by regulators. Prowse finds that the primary market-based corporate control mechanism among BHCs is action by the board, although bank boards appear to be much less assertive than boards of nonfinancial firms. Overall, the market-based corporate control mechanisms in banks do not appear as efficient at disciplining managers as they are in other firms. By default, this has given a primary role to regulators to provide a "last resort" control mechanism. Prowse analyzes reasons for this and evaluates how proposed banking legislation might affect corporate governance.
Variational Continual Learning

This paper develops variational continual learning (VCL), a simple but general framework for continual learning that fuses online variational inference (VI) and recent advances in Monte Carlo VI for neural networks. The framework can successfully train both deep discriminative models and deep generative models in complex continual learning settings where existing tasks evolve over time and entirely new tasks emerge. Experimental results show that variational continual learning outperforms state-of-the-art continual learning methods on a variety of tasks, avoiding catastrophic forgetting in a fully automatic way.
Integrating Sex and Drugs into the Principles Course: Market-Failures Versus Failures-of-Market Outcomes

The author's central argument in this article is that the current micro principles course is structured around an approach to policy that avoids many of the controversial but central issues of policy. These include (1) the interplay of moral issues and efficiency, (2) questions of consumer sovereignty, and (3) questions of the interrelation between measures of efficiency and income distribution. The current market-failure organizing framework of microeconomics principles textbooks excludes discussion of a broader set of failures of market outcomes: situations in which the market is doing everything it is supposed to be doing, but society is still unhappy with the result. The author suggests a dual market-failure and failure-of-market-outcome policy framework that encourages discussion of these broader issues.
3. Rectification: Party Discipline, Intellectual Remolding, And The Formation Of A Political Community

The story of rectification is one of both political idealism (the transformation of people's minds in the formation of a new political community) and political persecution, utopian Maoist philosophy and bald Maoist politics. Rectification offered individuals the appealing possibility of joining with the dynamic flow of history. As Apter and Cheek point out, the Yan'an Rectification shows at once the Janus-faced nature of the Communist movement - idealist and collectivist on the one hand, and repressive and intolerant on the other - and the complex interrelationship between these two faces. Rectification is the principal tool, therefore, for forging a collective community with shared values, something necessary for mass mobilization and social transformation, but also for the foundation of a totalitarian state.  Chinese Communist movement; Maoist philosophy; party discipline; political community; Yan'an Rectification
2007 Archaea: Ecology, Metabolism and Molecular Biology

The Archaea are a fascinating and diverse group of prokaryotic organisms with deep roots overlapping those of eukaryotes. The focus of this GRC conference, 'Archaea: Ecology Metabolism & Molecular Biology', expands on a number of emerging topics highlighting the evolution and composition of microbial communities and novel archaeal species, their impact on the environment, archaeal metabolism, and research that stems from sequence analysis of archaeal genomes. The strength of this conference lies in its ability to couple reputable areas with new scientific topics in an atmosphere of stimulating exchange. This conference remains an excellent opportunity for younger scientists to interact with world experts in this field.
Assessing Performance and Standards in Education and Training: a British view in comparative perspective

contribution of human capital to the productivity and competitiveness of national economies in a global environment, where flexibility and rapid response to markets are at a premium. This relatively new emphasis on human capital contrasts with the accepted wisdom of the neo-classical model which emphasised the investment in fixed capital equipment and largely ignored human capital. This increased interest has led economists to widen their studies of education beyond traditional 'rate of return' studies to examining how education systems themselves function. Inevitably, they brought to the study of education systems the paradigms and conceptual framework which had been developed within their own discipline to study the performance of economic systems. The application of these simple but powerful analytical tools-for example the quantification of output based upon standard measures of performance as a prior condition of input/output analysis-has given rise to some disquiet in educational disciplines which stress the humanistic-and essentially unquantifiable-contribution of education to human civilisation. Britain,* like any other advanced industrialised nation, has no alternative but to seek to remain competitive in the global market place in order to generate the resources necessary to preserve its own essential standards and values. In the same way, the smaller microcosm of education must accept and come to terms with its role as a prime contributor to economic success if the resources necessary to maintain a humane and civilising education system are to be generated. Nor should this coming-to-terms simply imply an uneasy co-existence of the humanist and the scientific tradition of educational enquiry. Social scientists from the discipline of economics must be aware of the necessary limits of measurement and quantification; 'humanists' must realise that educational aims and ideals can and should be questioned on grounds of efficiency and competitiveness in the same way that any other allocation of scarce resources is normally scrutinised. In 1981, a study published by the independent National Institute for Economic and Social Research (NIESR) identified low levels of skill in the British labour force as the factor which could most convincingly explain the failure of Britain to match German productivity levels in industrial manufacturing (Prais, 1981a). That study laid the founda
Neck injury to women in automobile accidents.

Their statement that "the proportion (about 75%) of women with symptoms 6 to 26 months after the accident was as great in the groups not involved or no longer involved in litigation as in the group with pending litigation" is at substantial variance with the experience of other authors. In a series of 313 cases of rearend collisions treated by me and my associates from 1958 to 1962, the recovery period averaged 6.1 weeks. Prolongation of convalescence occurred in practically every instance in those patients with preexisting degenerative disk disease or arthritic changes in the cervical spine. Disability benefits, apart from litigation, may well influence the recovery of industrial employees, and it would be of interest to know how many of the 15 patients remaining symptomatic 6 to 20 months after the accident, either without suit or status of the litigation being unknown, continued to receive disability benefits
A geometric identity for Pappus' theorem.

An expression in the exterior algebra of a Peano space yielding Pappus' theorem was originally given by Doubilet, Rota, and Stein [Doubilet, P., Rota, G.-C. & Stein, J. (1974) Stud. . Motivated by an identity of Rota, I give an identity in a Grassmann-Cayley algebra of step 3, involving joins and meets alone, which expresses the theorem of Pappus.
Lithology of vendian terrigenous reservoirs of the south of the Siberian Craton

Vendian aluminosiliciclastic deposits of the southern Siberian Craton is the most prospective stratigraphic level for oil and gas exploration in Eastern Siberia. Lithological factor significantly contributed to the formation of these high-capacity reservoirs. Most of the hydrocarbons are confined to the Upper Vendian petroliferous complex, in particular to the Parfenovskiy productive horizon and its analogs. Deep drilling in central regions of the Angara–Lena Step (ALS) and in the northeastern Nepa–Botuoba Anteclise (NBA) elucidated the composition and structure of these collectors .
Sweetgrass Arch, Geologic Frontier: ABSTRACT

The Kevin-Sunburst, Pondera, Cut Bank, and Bannatyne oil fields are located along or across some part of the Sweetgrass arch. Oil has been produced from these fields since the 1920's. Relatively little is known and clearly understood of the importance stratigraphy and subsurface geology play in the accumulations of oil and gas in this province. Numerous wells have been drilled and are still being drilled in the continued search for oil and gas in this area. However, few electric or radioactive logs are run and few if any samples of the cuttings are taken for geologic study. Consequently, much valuable geologic information is going to waste. East-west stratigraphic cross sections show a pre-Middle Jurassic positive area east of the present Sweetgrass arch in the Chinook-Bearpaw mountain area. Between Middle and Upper Jurassic time this positive area was depressed and the Belt Island positive area came into being. The present northwestward plunge of the Sweetgrass arch was probably established at this time. Periods of erosion and truncation of sediments followed by redeposition have caused numerous wedge belts of porosity in sediments from Lower Mississippian to Lower Cretaceous. Changes in facies from the predominantly clastic sediments of the Big Snowy group (Upper Mississippian) into the limestone and dolomites of the miogeosyncline west to the present Sweetgrass arch offer multiple stratigraphic trap possibilities for the accumulation of oil and gas. Relatively little has been done to explore these stratigraphic traps or wedge belts. The wedge edge of the Middle Jurassic Sawtooth sandstone and limestone remains unexplored. Changes in tilt and hydraulic gradient may have caused oil accumulation off the top of structurally high areas forcing a re-evaluation of formerly condemned struct res. The area is further complicated by thrust faulting along its western margins. The Sweetgrass arch area offers a challenge to the petroleum geologist to solve its stratigraphic and structural complexities. Rewards will be high--the oil is here, find it! End_of_Article - Last_Page 947------------
Towns of Europe: to each country its definition*

Europe's towns bear the stamp of their shared history. Most of them developed around an ancient centre in line with a concentric growth model. However, the definitions used for agglomerations vary from one country to the next. There are two complementary approaches to such definitions. The first focuses on the economic relations between the urban core and its environment and defines the towns' "spheres of influence". The second defines the town in terms of building density: it determines urban areas likely to join up into conurbations. Yet even when using this second method, it is difficult to make international comparisons. In most of the countries (especially in France), the uninterrupted built-up zones around a centre are defined first. The urban area then results from adjusting these zones to the administrative or statistical districts that cover them. The size of the basic districts (generally local administrative areas or inframunicipal gridding patterns) varies considerably from one country to the next (from one in France and to one hundred in Sweden). In other countries, a municipality is called a "town" when it has a certain legal or administrative status (Germany) or when it tops a certain population threshold (Spain, Italy and Portugal). Here, the building fabric is not even taken into consideration. A total of five countries have no definition for the notion of an urban area. In the other countries, disparities between basic gridding patterns and chosen thresholds limit the scope of international comparisons. This is why the French definition, with its low population threshold of 2,000 inhabitants, can appear to be extremely extensive compared with that used in the other countries.
The Institutional Revelation: A comment on Douglas W. Allen’s The Institutional Revolution

Institutions are a central topic in economic history. Allen’s work differs in that he is interested in institutions per se, not as a means to economic performance and prosperity. The purpose of this book is to explain the institutions of the premodern world and to show why they changed. His argument is that in a Principal-Agent situation, before the Industrial Revolution, it was harder for the Principal to attribute whether the failure of the project was due to acts of nature or some acts of the agent, hence the “strange” institutions. In a modern world, with a much improved monitoring technology, we can use more “efficient” institutions, hence the Institutional Revolution. Although innovative and interesting, the author over-stresses his argument. Much more than monitoring in a principal-agent relationship is needed to explain the Industrial Revolution and the changes in institutions associated with it.
Upper Neoproterozoic–Lower Cambrian sedimentary successions in the Central Iberian Zone (Spain): sequence stratigraphy, petrology and chemostratigraphy. Implications for other European zones

2O3, TiO2, Zr, and Nb abundances in shales from all the units, strongly suggest a gradual compositional change within this sedimentary succession. Together with the petrological data, the chemical results do not reveal any obvious coeval volcanic contribution to the sediments. On the basis of the chemical data, a comparison is made with other European zones containing detrital sediments composed of reworked crustal components.
Psychiatric and neurologic lessons in the oldest Persian medical liber. Akhawayani Bokhari (?-died 983 AD), physician of insane.

There is a rich history of medicine in Persia. Experiences and knowledge of medicine in this area continued and connected to a new era named Islamic golden age (9th–twelfth century AD). Great Persian physicians such as Raban Tabari , Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Akhawayani Bokhari, Avicenna, and jurjani all grew up, studied and worked in this period. Akhawayani Bokhari (Abubakr Rabi ibn Ahmad alAkhawayni al-Bokhara,?-died 983 AD), most likely worked and lived all his life in Bukhara, a city currently at the Republic of Uzbekistan. Bukhara was prospered during the Samanid dynasty (875–999 AD). Samanids established an autonomic state in north east of Persia and revived the Persian literature and traditions that had lost its official status after the Arab conquest in seventh century. During the Samanid rulers Persian language and culture revived and started to be used in art and sciences with increasing nationalistic vigor. Akhawayni was the student of one of the razes follower. He collected his medical experiences in a compendium named; Hidayat al-Mutaallemin fi al-Tibb (Learner’s Guide to Medicine). In this book he has referenced to his predecessors, Galen, Hippocrates, Rhazes, Yahya ibn Sarabyun, Dioscurides, Archigenes and Aristoteles, (1–3) Hidayat al-Mutaallemin fi al-Tibb is the oldest treatise on medicine written in Persian . Hidayat Al-Mutallimin fi al-Tibb consists of 185 chapters (Baabe). Five chapters are completely devoted to psychiatry, including’s; Ba ab mania (chapter on Mania),baabe Malikholia( chapter on Melancholia), baabe Kaboos (chapter incubus), Baabe Raja(chapter on pseudocyesis), Baabe Ghotrab(chapter on Hebpherenia/schizophrenia),baabe Honag-Al –Rahem ( conversion disorder ), there are also many psychiatric notes distributed in another parts of the text (4). As he quotes in his book, he had great success in the treatment of psychiatric and melancholic patient, and for this reason he was named pezeshk divanegan ( physician for the insane ). The oldest preserved script of this book (1058 AD) is the manuscript of the Bodleian Library in Oxford, The second, and third scripts are copies of the Fatih Library of Istanbul and the Iranian National Library of Malek in Tehran in succeeding (5, 8). Jalal Matini, a contemporary Persian scholar, compared the tree manuscripts and published a literary edition in 1965 (4). The following passages are extracted from this edition. Each passage is followed by simple explanation.
Practice on scientific research work on environmental monitoring for organic pollutants in Jiangsu Province

The scientific research work on environmental monitoring for organic pollutants done by Environmental Monitoring Center of Jiangsu during the recent ten years was reviewed,which included: Exploring new methods for monitoring organic pollutants in multi-matrix;Setting up National method standards;Planning for the future research;Investigating and evaluating the pollution status;Setting up environment quality standards and emission standards;Seeking the pollution sources of organics;Routine monitoring the organic pollutants for a long time.The experience and the future main direction of scientific research work on environmental monitoring for organic pollutants were also introduced.The purpose is to supply references to other authorities which will do researches on organic pollutant.