nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A regional and paleoenvironmental study on the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Bahariy Oasis, Libyan Desert, Egypt

The Bahariya Oasis represents an anticline with a major prevailing NE-SW major fault system. The present regional geological study proved that the Earth movement has undergone large changes in the sedimentary facies as well as lateral variation in the thickness of strata. These sedimentary rocks range in age from Cenomanian to Oligocene. The chronological sequence of the studied beds as well as the structure of the oasis are dealt with. The distribution of the sediment and its faunal association in the Upper Cretaceous deposits led to the distinction of three major phases of sedimentation which are also discussed in detail.
Crust and Upper Mantle Velocity Structure of the Southern Rocky Mountains from the Jemez Lineament to the Cheyenne Belt

We have interpreted the refraction/wide-angle reflection seismic profile acquired as part of the Continental Dynamics of the Rocky Mountains project. The profile extends ∼955km from northern New Mexico to southern Wyoming, crossing the Tertiary-Quaternary volcanics of the Jemez lineament, the Paleoproterozoic Mazatzal and Yavapai terranes, the Cheyenne belt, and the southern Archean Wyoming Province. We inverted the travel-time data from the 10 shot profile with both a layer based inversion method and a tomographic method. The two techniques yield comparable upper and middle crustal velocity structures. Lower crustal velocities are well constrained in the layer based model but are not in the tomographic model. From the layer based model, velocities in the crystalline crust and the upper mantle are lower than typical for continents and for modern orogens. Lower crustal velocities rarely exceed 7.00 km/s, likely due to the regionally high heat flow. We infer that the low upper mantle velocities beneath the Jemez lineament (7.70-7.76 km/s) are indicative of upper mantle partial melt. Crustal thickness increases from south to north, with thinner crust under the Jemez lineament (40-42 km), and thicker crust under northern Colorado, the Cheyenne belt, and southern Wyoming (51-53 km). Although the Cheyenne belt outcrops as a narrow zone separating Paleoproterozoic and Archean terranes, the seismic model shows broad lateral variation in crustal velocity near the suture, and a thick crust in the northern half of the profile. Part or all of the crustal thickening is likely to have occurred subsequent to continental accretion.
Carbonatites in a subduction system: The Pleistocene alvikites from Mt. Vulture (southern Italy)

We report here, for the first time, on the new finding of extrusive calciocarbonatite (alvikite) rocks from the Pleistocene Mt. Vulture volcano (southern Italy). These volcanic rocks, which represent an outstanding occurrence in the wider scenario of the Italian potassic magmatism, form lavas, pyroclastic deposits, and feeder dikes exposed on the northern slope of the volcano. The petrography, mineralogy and whole-rock chemistry attest the genuine carbonatitic nature of these rocks, that are characterized by high to very high contents of Sr, Ba, U, LREE, Nb, P, F, Th, high Nb/Ta and LREE/HREE ratios, and low contents of Ti, Zr, K, Rb, Na and Cs. The O–C isotope compositions are close to the “primary igneous carbonatite” field and, thus, are compatible with an ultimate mantle origin for these rocks. The Sr–Nd–Pb–B isotope compositions, measured both in the alvikites and in the silicate volcanic rocks, indicate a close genetic relationship between the alvikites and the associated melilitite/nephelinite rocks. Furthermore, these latter products are geochemically distinct from the main foiditic-phonolitic association of Mt. Vulture. We propose a petrogenetic/geodynamic interpretation which has important implications for understanding the relationships between carbonatites and orogenic activity. In particular, we propose that the studied alvikites are generated through liquid unmixing at crustal levels, starting from nephelinitic or melilititic parent liquids. These latter were produced in a hybrid mantle resulting from the interaction through a vertical slab window, between a metasomatized mantle wedge, moving eastward from the Tyrrhenian/ Campanian region, and the local Adriatic mantle. The occurrence of carbonatite rocks at Mt. Vulture, that lies on the leading edge of the Southern Apennines accretionary prism, is taken as an evidence for the carbonatation of the mantle sources of this volcano. We speculate that mantle carbonatation is related to the introduction of sedimentary carbon from the Adriatic lithosphere during Tertiary subduction.
STRUCTURE OF AMORPHOUS (Zr,Hf)-Fe ALLOYS

The structure of amorphous Zr 100-x Fe x and (Zr 100-y Hf y ) 76 Fe 24 alloys (22 ≤ × ≤ 40, 0 ≤ y ≤ 45) was examinated by X-ray diffraction. The calculated reduced radial distribution functions, G(r), deviate from those of typical metall-metalloid alloy glasses. Partial Zr-Zr distribution functions could be determined by varying the Fe concentration (between 22 and 28 at.%) as well as by isomorphous substitution of Zr by Hf. An unusually high packing density (74 %) of the (extrapolated) Fe-free ‘amorphous Zr matrix’ was observed.
Knowing the price of everything? Exploring the impact of increased procurement professional involvement on management consultancy purchasing

Much of the estimated $554 billion annual expenditure on management consultancy services is accounted for by projects with a direct link to client profitability. As such, it is critical for clients (and arguably the wider economy) that the purchase process for such services is managed effectively. For many within the management consultancy literature, this requires close, bilateral buy-side service end-user/supplier engagement. In recent years, however, this bilateral engagement has been modified by a significant increase in procurement professional involvement. This has caused concern within the management consultancy literature as it is believed it will inevitably lead to a cost-focused approach that disrupts close end-user/supplier engagement and causes sub-standard service outcomes. In this paper, we explore, via qualitative research, whether this concern is justified. In the event, the analysis suggested partial justification. However, examples of positive procurement involvement were also reported, suggesting that existing models and assumptions within the management consultancy literature regarding the impact of increased procurement involvement require modification.
Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Constructions of the Roman World

The late Hellenistic period witnessed the rise of an imperial power whose dominion extended across almost the whole known world. The Roman empire radically affected geographical conceptions, evoking new ways of describing the earth and of constructing its history. Katherine Clarke explores the writings of three literary figures of the age - the History of Polybius, two fragmentary works of Posidonius, and the universal Geography of Strabo. Analysis in terms of the philosophical concepts of time and space reveals the generic fluidity of such 'geographical' and 'historical' works. Furthermore, these broadly conceived accounts are shown to be appropriate literary media for the response to Roman power. They use, but transform, pre-existing Greek traditions in order to describe the new world of Rome, making them fitting products of a transitional age. This book provides a new approach to Roman imperialism by considering its impact on historiography and geographical thought.
The structure of broad topics on the web

The Web graph is a giant social network whose properties have been measured and modeled extensively in recent years. Most such studies concentrate on the graph structure alone, and do not consider textual properties of the nodes. Consequently, Web communities have been characterized purely in terms of graph structure and not on page content. We propose that a topic taxonomy such as Yahoo! or the Open Directory provides a useful framework for understanding the structure of content-based clusters and communities. In particular, using a topic taxonomy and an automatic classifier, we can measure the background distribution of broad topics on the Web, and analyze the capability of recent random walk algorithms to draw samples which follow such distributions. In addition, we can measure the probability that a page about one broad topic will link to another broad topic. Extending this experiment, we can measure how quickly topic context is lost while walking randomly on the Web graph. Estimates of this topic mixing distance may explain why a global PageRank is still meaningful in the context of broad queries. In general, our measurements may prove valuable in the design of community-specific crawlers and link-based ranking systems.
An Empirical Study on the Competitiveness of Jiangsu Province of China Cultural Industry

Since the beginning of the 21st century, more and more cultural factors have been infiltrated into economic activities, which makes the economy gain new developmental forms and motivations. It has become the most fundamental, the most difficult to replace and imitate, the most lasting and the most core competitive advantage in a comprehensive national strength competition. Healthy and mature cultural industry is an important embodiment of the city’s soft power, so the development of Jiangsu local cultural industry characteristic will become an important part of local economic development. It is very necessary to vigorously support and develop local characteristic cultural industry, commit to promote Jiangsu excellent culture and improve the competitiveness of cultural industry.
Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment in emerging markets

With the continued progression towards a more globalized economy, multinational businesses are having increased difficulty in protecting their intellectual properties from theft or infringement. This is most especially true when they have employed their intellectual property in foreign direct investments (FDI) in emerging markets. This paper details many important considerations regarding the security of intellectual properties that have been largely ignored by management in its environmental scanning and decision‐making prior to undertaking FDI. The author proposes an auditing procedure, the cross‐environmental technology audit (CETA), to ensure that all decisions specifically consider intellectual property issues prior to unnecessarily risking it in a foreign venture.
Stratigraphy, paleogeography, and tectonic setting of the Coldbrook Group in the Caledonia Highlands of southern New Brunswick

The late Precambrian Coldbrook volcanic sequence and stratigraphic equivalents in southern New Brunswick can be divided into three distinct belts. These have been named the Eastern, Central and Western Volcanic Belts.The Eastern Volcanic Belt, along the Bay of Fundy coast, is characterized by intensely deformed mafic and felsic flows, tuffs, and abundant related volcanogenic sediments. Two thick arkosic sedimentary units in this belt reflect extensive intervals of volcanic quiescence. Fine-grained siliceous siltstone and conglomerate, locally intercalated with these rocks, have probably been derived from erosion of older Precambrian basement rocks to the northwest.The Central Volcanic Belt is composed of generally weakly deformed felsic and lesser mafic flows, and coarse lithic tuffs (including ignimbrites), and very minor intercalated sediments. The almost complete lack of water-lain sediments and presence of ignimbrites suggests subaerial deposition for most of these volcanic rocks. The relationship bet...
Compression and machine learning: a new perspective on feature space vectors

The use of compression algorithms in machine learning tasks such as clustering and classification has appeared in a variety of fields, sometimes with the promise of reducing problems of explicit feature selection. The theoretical justification for such methods has been founded on an upper bound on Kolmogorov complexity and an idealized information space. An alternate view shows compression algorithms implicitly map strings into implicit feature space vectors, and compression-based similarity measures compute similarity within these feature spaces. Thus, compression-based methods are not a "parameter free" magic bullet for feature selection and data representation, but are instead concrete similarity measures within defined feature spaces, and are therefore akin to explicit feature vector models used in standard machine learning algorithms. To underscore this point, we find theoretical and empirical connections between traditional machine learning vector models and compression, encouraging cross-fertilization in future work
Characterization of NixCo1-xO/ZrO2(CaO) directionally solidified eutectic (DSE) ceramic composites with a ductile interphase

Ni x Co 1− x O/ZrO 2 (CaO) directionally solidified eutectics (DSEs) form a ductile metallic interphase after they are chemically reduced at high temperatures. Vickers indentation tests have previously shown a significant change in the crack propagation behavior of the reduced composites due to plastic deformation and strain energy absorption mechanisms operating in the system after reduction. This paper focuses on structural and chemical characterization of Ni x Co 1− x O/ZrO 2 (CaO) DSEs after reduction. Analytical transmission electron microscopy techniques such as energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) show elimination of oxygen and formation of nanoscale Ni(Co) solid.
Memory management for data streams subject to concept drift

Learning on data streams subject to concept drifts is a challenging task. A successful algorithm must keep memory consumption constant regardless of the amount of data processed, and at the same time, retain good adaptation and prediction capabilities by effectively selecting which observations should be stored into memory. We claim that, instead of using a temporal window to discard observations with a time stamp criterion, it is better to retain observations that minimize the change in outputted prediction and rule learned with the full memory case. Experimental results for the Droplets algorithm, on 6 artificial and semi-artificial datasets reproducing various types of drifts back this claim.
The cellular and genetic mechanisms underlying the morphological diversity of insects

Allometric growth patterns have been extensively examined in post-embryonic stages of insects. Here, we characterized differential growth dynamics of hind legs during embryonic development of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, and the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, two hemimetabolous species with a vast difference in the enlargement of the T3 legs. We found that Acheta exhibits a significant variation in size between the T2 and T3 legs only after the segments become clearly visible. In contrast, a much smaller percentage of the T3 leg enlargement occurs in Oncopeltus, and it is similar at the end of the initial (before segmentation) and final (after segmentation) stages of embryogenesis. Additionally, we determined the cellular mechanisms underlying the allometric leg growth by measuring the relative mitotic activity (RMA), a ratio of proliferating cells to total leg length. During the initial phase of embryogenesis, Acheta shows an increasing trend in RMA, however the RMA decreases in Oncopeltus as development proceeds. The mitotic activity ceases completely in both species during the final stage of development, while legs continue to
Investigating High Performance RMA Interfaces for the MPI-3 Standard

The MPI-2 Standard, released in 1997, defined an interface for one-sided communication, also known as remote memory access (RMA). It was designed with the goal that it should permit efficient implementations on multiple platforms and networking technologies, and also in heterogeneous environments and non-cache-coherent systems. Nonetheless, even 12 years after its existence, the MPI-2 RMA interface remains scarcely used for a number of reasons. This paper discusses the limitations of the MPI-2 RMA specification, outlines the goals and requirements for a new RMA API that would better meet the needs of both users and implementers, and presents a strawman proposal for such an API. We also study the tradeoffs facing the design of this new API and discuss how it may be implemented efficiently on both cache-coherent and non-cache-coherent systems.
Special issue on practical aspects of automated reasoning

Automated reasoning is one of the most exciting fields of research in computer science. It provides the ability to apply the speed, precision and endurance of computers to tedious tasks that currently require exquisitely trained and highly skilled human experts. Successful automated reasoning systems can ensure a much higher level of trust in complex mathematical proofs, they can enable us to automatically eliminate large classes of errors from software systems and communication protocols, and they can be used to support the creation and reasoning in large knowledge bases and theories. After a long time of significant, but mostly theoretical progress, the last decade has experienced a marked increase in useful implementations and applications of reasoning systems. We are seeing some of the fruits of this practical and application oriented research now. After a number of successes by various groups in mathematical reasoning , hardware verification [1,4,5], and software synthesis , NICTA in Canberra has just announced the first fully verified operation system kernel . In order to further help the transition from theory to practice we organized a number of workshops dealing with practical aspects of automated reasoning:
Social ties and economic development

We develop a parsimonious general equilibrium model where agents allocate time across three activities: production, trade, and leisure. Leisure includes time spent socializing, which economizes transaction costs. Our framework yields multiple equilibria in terms of the number of social ties and predicts that the number of social ties is positively associated with development, a relationship we observe in cross-country data. The model captures additional dimensions of data, namely: (i) increasing income inequality, but converging growth rates; (ii) an association between weak social ties and development; and (iii) an association between number of social ties and size of the transaction sector.
A Note on the Asymptotic Probabilities of Existential Second-Order Minimal Gödel Sentences with Equality

The minimal Godel class is the class of first-order prenex sentences whose quantifier prefix consists of two universal quantifiers followed by just one existential quantifier. We prove that asymptotic probabilities of existential second-order sentences, whose first-order part is in the minimal Godel class, form a dense subset of the unit interval.
Bureau of Ocean Management, Regulation, and Enforcement Arctic Oil Spill Response Research and Development Program “Two Decades of Achievement”

Oil and gas exploration, development, production, and transportation in the Arctic have increased dramatically in recent years. Oil spill response in cold environments must take into account the atmospheric, biological, oceanographic and physical features when developing appropriate plans and strategies. Factors such as extreme low temperatures, remoteness of the area, the presence of ice and seasonal darkness confront planners and first responders. From 1993 through 2009, the Bureau of Ocean Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE) (formerly the Minerals Management Service) initiated and successfully conducted thirty-one projects directly related to improving the equipment, technologies and methodologies for the prompt identification and removal of oil in Arctic environments and to provide regulators with the scientific data necessary to support regulatory decisions pertaining to permitting and approving plans, safety and pollution inspections, enforcement actions, training requirements,...
P-120: High Efficiency Method of Selective CNT Arrays Growth on the Metal/Dielectric/Semiconductor Substrates for FEDs Application

Multi-wall carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays growth by the atmospheric pressure CVD process of thermal decomposition of fluid (o- and p-xylole C8H10) hydrocarbons in the presence of volatile catalysts (ferrocene Fe(C5H5)2) with the use of Ar as a gas-carrier on the top of different metal/dielectric/semiconductor (MDS) structures, in particular Si/SiO2, Ti/SiO2/Si, Al2O3 matrix/Ni catalyst has been investigated for the FEDs application. The obtained results are showing that the CNTs growth selectivity and density of CNTs packing can be managed under certain conditions. At the investigated types of surfaces the vertically aligned close-packed and preferably oriented low density CNT arrays have been obtained as well as single CNTs in the pores of nanoporous Al2O3 matrix with Ni catalyst.
An analogue of Bull's theorem for Hybrid Logic

Hybrid logic extends modal logic with a special sort of variables, called nominals, which are evaluated to singletons in Kripke models by valuations, thus acting as names for states in models, see e.g. . Various syntactic mechanisms for exploiting and enhancing the expressive power gained through the addition of nominals can be included, most characteristically the satisfaction operator, @iφ, allowing one to express that φ holds at the world named by a nominal i. In , R.A. Bull famously proved that each normal extension of S4.3 has the finite model property. In the current paper we prove a hybrid analogue of Bull’s result. Like the proof of Bull’s original result, ours is algebraic, and thus our secondary aim with this work is to illustrate the usefulness of algebraic methods within hybrid logic research, a field where such methods have been largely ignored (with the exception of T. Litak’s algebraization  of a very expressive hybrid logic with binders, using algebras closely akin to cylindric algebras).
On extracting computations from propositional proofs (a survey)

This paper describes a project that aims at showing that propositional proofs of certain tautologies in weak proof system give upper bounds on the computational complexity of functions associated with the tautologies. Such bounds can potentially be used to prove (conditional or unconditional) lower bounds on the lengths of proofs of these tautologies and show separations of some weak proof systems. The prototype are the results showing the feasible interpolation property for resolution. In order to prove similar results for systems stronger than resolution one needs to define suitable generalizations of boolean circuits. We will survey the known results concerning this project and sketch in which direction we want to generalize them.