nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Independent Control for Present Time-Scales: GEOLOGICAL NOTES

The Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks in the northcast pari of the basin are thrust from north to south onto the Tertiary rocks. The Eocene vol­ canic rocks in the south of the basin are thrustfaulted from south to north over the Upper Red formation. The basin is filled with Tertiary rocks, mostly Upper Red formation, and covered by Quaternary deposits over large areas. The recently developed faulting which was first observed after the earthquake shocks trends X. 80° W. and the maximum observed vertical displacement is about .50 centimeters. This recent fault has been traced for a distance of about 90 kilometers. The senior writer observed this fault in two localities south of Amirabad Xow (35°44'N. and 49°59'E.) and south of Yazan (35°44'N. and 49°). It passes south of Eypak (35°37'X. and 58°18'E.) and continues its course 3 kilo­ meters north of Rudak (35°41'X. and 49°53'E.) where it turns south and passes along an old fault —through Kuh-i-Sardab north of Rostamabad (35°40'X. and 49°S1.5'E.) and on into the Abassabad valley, finally dying out north of Ab-iGarm (35°45'N. and 49°). This recent fault is parallel with the general direction of the older faults . In the mountainous area south of the Qazvin Basin there are sets of parallel faults with X. 80° W. orientation. The intermountain "basins" are limited by these faults. The main tectonic movement of the area began during Eocene and has continued to late Pliocene time and with minor tectonic activity to Recent. Also Recent earthquakes with concomitant fault­ ing attest the tectonic processes which have formed these younger mountains. In the Ab-i-Garm area and between the Kharaghan syncline and Mazlaghan Chai, Mesozoic rocks and partly fossiliferous Cretaceous rocks are exposed, for the most part in fault contact with Tertiary rocks. Xorth of Krafs (35°21'N.
Mathematics: Truth and Fiction? Review of Mark Balaguer's

Mark Balaguer’s project in this book is extremely ambitious; he sets out to defend both platonism and fictionalism about mathematical entities. Moreover, Balaguer argues that at the end of the day, platonism and fictionalism are on an equal footing. Not content to leave the matter there, however, he advances the anti-metaphysical conclusion that there is no fact of the matter about the existence of mathematical objects. Despite the ambitious nature of this project, for the most part Balaguer does not shortchange the reader on rigor; all the main theses advanced are argued for at length and with remarkable clarity and cogency. There are, of course, gaps in the account (some of which are described below) but these should not be allowed to overshadow the sig-
Discussion of “edith Jacobson's major contributions to psychoanalytic theory of development”

We are all indebted to Dr. Tuttman for his effort in bringing to us Dr. Jacobson's contributions to psychoanalytic metapsychology, developmental ego psychology, and clinical psychoanalysis. Dr. Jacobson possessed, among other qualities, the ability to integrate the various currents in the field of psychoanalysis. Her writing touches on many areas of the field. Dr. Tuttman states, "Hers was the first attempt to trace within a strictly psychoanalytic framework the development of the self-a term introduced into psychoanalysis by Hartmann to signify the whole person as a subject in contrast to the world of objects." Kernberg believes that her most valuable contribution was the development of a "comprehensive, developmental, and psychostructural model that includes an integrated object relations theory, a sophisticated model that provides a clearly circumscribed, yet broad frame of reference for the psychoanalytic understanding of the entire spectrum of psychopathology and normal development." Indeed, in her work can be seen the enormous breadth of her contribution. She was able to work well with very disturbed patients, and from this enterprise was able to hypothesize regarding early development. She was able to integrate a theory of object relations with the tripartite structural model of classical psychoanalysis. By doing this she increased the likelihood of the extension of treatment to the more disturbed so-called preoedipal patients by the competent analysts of the day. Although Dr. Jacobson never really parted company with classical psychoanalytic drive theory, she was able to broaden it somewhat, by integration with ideas about early human relations. She noted especially the
Phase transformations of mechanically alloyed Fe-Cr-P-C powders

Fe 77 Cr 4 P 8 C 11 alloy was prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) of elemental Fe, Cr, P and C (graphite) powders in a planetary ball mill type Fritsch P7 under argon atmosphere. Morphological changes, microstructural and structural evolutions during ball milling were followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 57 Fe Mossbauer spectrometry (MS) as a function of the milling time. The crystallite size refinement against the milling time is accompanied by an increase of the atomic level strain. After 6 h of milling, the dissolution of phosphorous into the α-Fe matrix is evidenced by the formation of a small amount (∼4%) of the paramagnetic Fe 2 P phase as revealed by Mossbauer spectrometry. The complete mixing of all the elemental powders at the atomic level is achieved at 12 h of milling and results, after 24 h, in an amorphous matrix where nanocrystalline phosphides and carbides with nearly equal crystallite sizes are embedded. Further milling time up to 190 h gives rise to the formation of both the orthorhombic and the hexagonal (FeCr) 7 C 3 carbide as well as the superparamagnetic ɛ′-Fe 2.2 C carbide through the recrystallisation of the amorphous phase.
Tracking Academic Research in Selling and Sales Management: Authors, Authorships, Academic Institutions, and Journals

This study examines and tracks the extent of selling and sales management research from 1993-1997. Two hundred and sixtysix published journal articles representing sixteen journals are examined to identify where and when selling and sales management researchers received their doctoral training, their employment location at time of publication, regional trends in the location of these researchers, and a count by-journal of selling and sales management articles that have appeared during the time period. A total of 280 individual authors from 175 different colleges and universities are included in the study. Overall, the general trends for scholarly activity in selling and sales management appear to be robust when compared to prior studies of sales research productivity.
Properties of the Zirconia-leucite Composites

The dental zirconia-leucite composites were synthesized by high temperature solid-state method using potassium feldspar,potassium carbonate and zirconium oxide as raw materials.All the samples were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffractometer(XRD),Raman spectrometer,and Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDX).The mechanical properties and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the samples were also measured.The average bending strength,the fracture toughness and the metal-ceramic bonding strength of the samples were 110 MPa,3.5MPa/m~(1/2) and 45MPa,respectively.The results also indicate that zirconium oxide and leucite in the samples are not only beneficial to the mechanical properties but also favorable to the expansion coefficient of the ceramic material(～13.73×10~(-6)/K) to match with that of the Ni-Cr dental alloy.The increase of the metal-ceramic bonding strength is resulted from the formation of the diffusion-type and combination-type interfaces due to the mutual diffusion of elements in the metal-ceramic interfaces.
Chairman Fred Hampton Way An Autoethnographic Inquiry Into Politically Relevant Teaching

I begin this article at the site of the murder of Black Panther Party Leader Fred Hampton. I then visit the school where I teach and I recall elements of my life history that explain how I became aware of the political repression and murder of Fred Hampton. I then focus on how I brought a discussion of Hampton's work into the classroom and how this discussion created a moment where I believe students had a conscious recognition of what I was doing: working against common practice to provide them with a politically relevant school experience. I provide additional examples of politically relevant teaching from my classroom, I discuss research on the subject, and I call for increased efforts by teachers to offer politically relevant instruction to their students.
The effect of post-synthesis aging on the ligand exchange activity of iron oxide nanoparticles.

Ligand exchange is a widely-used method of controlling the surface chemistry of nanomaterials. Exchange is dependent on many factors including the age of the core particle being modified. Aging of the particles can impact surface structure and composition, which in turn can affect ligand binding.



To quantify the effects of aging on ligand exchange, we employed a technique to track the exchange of radiolabeled 14C-oleic acid with unlabeled, oleic acid bound to iron oxide nanoparticles. Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) was used to determine the amount of 14C-oleic acid adsorbing to the particles throughout the duration of the exchange for particles aged for 2days, 7days, and 30days.



Results revealed an increase in the total amount of ligands exchanged with aging up to 30days. Kinetic analysis of these results revealed a significant decrease in the overall rate of ligand exchange between 2 and 30days. The change in extent of adsorption with age could suggest increased availability of free binding sites. A follow-up study comparing exchange with oxidized and unoxidized particles suggested this increase in ligand adsorption may be due to changes in the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio on the surface as the particles aged.
Not medical solutions, but overmedicalization by pharmaceutical company policies endanger both sexological care, science, and sexual medicine. A commentary.

Not Medical Solutions, But Overmedicalization by Pharmaceutical Company Policies Endanger Both Sexological Care, Science, and Sexual Medicine. A Commentary Marcel D. Waldinger a b a Department of Psychiatry and Neurosexology, Haga Hospital Leyenburg , The Hague, The Netherlands b Section Psychopharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands  Aug 2009.
Why Study Lawrence, Why Not Teach Lawrence in a New Way?: D. H. Lawrence in the Decade of the British New Left and Now

Faced with the crisis of literary studies and the declining reputation of D. H. Lawrence worldwide, this essay examines where the significance of D. H. Lawrence studies lies now by historicizing Lawrence studies, and, based on the historical perspective thus gained, proposes a new approach to literary education using one of his novels. Particular attention is paid to the nineteen fifties, the period of prosperity and disillusionment for the British people, when Lawrence was eulogized for his integrated mode of thinking, and when the then-emerging New Left also advocated the merits of integrated thinking, in the face of the power politics of the Cold War controlled by the logic of instrumental reason. The importance of integrated thinking remains the same in this age of utilitarianism, scientism and professionalism. It must, therefore, be conveyed to future generations, and we can do so using Lawrence`s writings. For that purpose, I organized a week-long educational experiment at Keio University in August 2007, using Lady Chatterley`s Lover as the principal text. The latter half of the essay is devoted to a discussion of this successful experiment.
Toward Semantic Foundations for Program Editors

Programming language definitions assign formal meaning to complete programs. Programmers, however, spend a substantial amount of time interacting with incomplete programs -- programs with holes, type inconsistencies and binding inconsistencies -- using tools like program editors and live programming environments (which interleave editing and evaluation). Semanticists have done comparatively little to formally characterize (1) the static and dynamic semantics of incomplete programs; (2) the actions available to programmers as they edit and inspect incomplete programs; and (3) the behavior of editor services that suggest likely edit actions to the programmer based on semantic information extracted from the incomplete program being edited, and from programs that the system has encountered in the past. As such, each tool designer has largely been left to develop their own ad hoc heuristics. 
This paper serves as a vision statement for a research program that seeks to develop these "missing" semantic foundations. Our hope is that these contributions, which will take the form of a series of simple formal calculi equipped with a tractable metatheory, will guide the design of a variety of current and future interactive programming tools, much as various lambda calculi have guided modern language designs. Our own research will apply these principles in the design of Hazel, an experimental live lab notebook programming environment designed for data science tasks. We plan to co-design the Hazel language with the editor so that we can explore concepts such as edit-time semantic conflict resolution mechanisms and mechanisms that allow library providers to install library-specific editor services.
Reducing dementia-related aggression through a staff education intervention

This article presents findings from a research study that examined the impact of a staff education programme on aggression as displayed by people with dementia living in residential aged care. The staff education programme was designed to change staff attitudes and perceptions towards their care management of the person with dementia. A simple interrupted time series, with the resident acting as his/her own comparison, was used to measure residents' aggressive behaviour both before and after the education intervention — Emotional Responses as Quality Indicators (ERIC). Forty-three residents and 85 staff were involved in the study. Staff attitudes to their work were assessed before and six weeks after the education intervention using the Attitude to Elderly Severely Mentally Infirm Care Scale. Findings indicate that people with dementia display cues about impending physical aggression, but such cues are often ignored by staff, as they may not see or understand anger as a legitimate human emotion within the...
A Process Calculus with Logical Operators

In order to combine operational and logical styles of specifications in one unified framework, the notion of logic labelled transition systems (Logic LTS, for short) has been presented and explored by L\"{u}ttgen and Vogler in [TCS 373(1-2):19-40; Inform. & Comput. 208:845-867]. In contrast with usual LTS, two logical constructors $\wedge$ and $\vee$ over Logic LTSs are introduced to describe logical combinations of specifications. Hitherto such framework has been dealt with in considerable depth, however, process algebraic style way has not yet been involved and the axiomatization of constructors over Logic LTSs is absent. This paper tries to develop L\"{u}ttgen and Vogler's work along this direction. We will present a process calculus for Logic LTSs (CLL, for short). The language CLL is explored in detail from two different but equivalent views. Based on behavioral view, the notion of ready simulation is adopted to formalize the refinement relation, and the behavioral theory is developed. Based on proof-theoretic view, a sound and ground-complete axiomatic system for CLL is provided, which captures operators in CLL through (in)equational laws.
Politicizing caricature/caricaturing politics : Re-interpreting James Gillray's counter revolutionary prints (1780-1800)

This thesis intends to address the marginalization of loyalist visual culture by focusing on political prints produced by James Gillray (1757-1815) during the last 
decades of the eighteenth century (1780-1800). It engages with the cross-linkages between British Loyalism and counter-revolutionary politics by reading political 
caricatures as historiographical accounts. 
Gillray's caricatures are central to understanding the fears that the excesses of the French Revolution generated in the conservative heartland of England. But his prints continue to be read as graphic metaphors for counter-revolutionary protest, and he himself heralded as a Tory hireling or propagandist. In this inter-disciplinary study visual and verbal texts will engage with each other in an attempt to show that a reading of Gillray's visual semiotics through a lens of either/or is reductive because his prints form a complex compendium of Loyalist, Republican, revolutionary and anti-revolutionary historiographies. This thesis scrutinizes his prints to challenge conventional polarities used to describe British politics between 1780 and 1800; Pitt versus Fox, Burke versus Paine, Church versus Dissenters, Jacobin versus anti-Jacobin. 
The central argument is articulated by examining the context in which these prints were produced; Gillray is here situated in a wider context by studying historical and literary texts including a series of late eighteenth-century literary pamphlets, religious pamphlets, ballads, broadsheets, historical treatises, 'vulgar' radical texts and polite literature. These are used to highlight the mutual interdependence of the visual and the verbal in the establishment of meaning. The argument is consolidated using theories of inter-textuality developed by Roland.
Red algal parasites: models for a life history evolution that leaves photosynthesis behind again and again.

Many of the most virulent and problematic eukaryotic pathogens have evolved from photosynthetic ancestors, such as apicomplexans, which are responsible for a wide range of diseases including malaria and toxoplasmosis. The primary barrier to understanding the early stages of evolution of these parasites has been the difficulty in finding parasites with closely related free-living lineages with which to make comparisons. Parasites found throughout the florideophyte red algal lineage, however, provide a unique and powerful model to investigate the genetic origins of a parasitic lifestyle. This is because they share a recent common ancestor with an extant free-living red algal species and parasitism has independently arisen over 100 times within this group. Here, we synthesize the relevant hypotheses with respect to how these parasites have proliferated. We also place red algal research in the context of recent developments in understanding the genome evolution of other eukaryotic photosynthesizers turned parasites.
Introduction to the 3+1 Einstein equations

The 3-metric gij and extrinsic curvature (second fundamental form) Kij are the fundamental variables describing the geometry in any space+time decomposition of the Einstein equations. (g,K) describe the local geometry of a single space-like hypersurface M , and it is then natural to describe the evolution of the space-time geometry by a 1-parameter family (g(t), K(t)), describing the local geometry of the (space-like) hypersurfaces Mt. In order to piece these hypersurfaces together, however, we must also specify the lapse N and shift vector X , which describe the relation between the time evolution vector ∂t 1 and the space-time vector n normal to the hypersurfaces:
Requisite expertise, firm reputation, and status in venture capital investment allocation decisions

Drawing together research in the upper echelon perspective, strategy, and organizational sociology, this paper examines (1) the relationship between the finance expertise of a venture capital (VC) firm's management team and investment selection, and (2) the moderation of this relationship by the VC firm's social position. We find that while finance expertise is associated with a lower proportion of early-stage investments, this relationship is weaker for firms with high reputation and stronger for firms with high status. We conclude with a discussion of the importance and nuances of external image considerations on investment decisions as well as insights into the importance of the requisite nature of expertise.
Stationary spacetimes and the Simon tensor

For stationary vacuum spacetimes the Bianchi identities of the second kind equate the Simon tensor to the Simon-Mars tensor, the latter having a clear geometrical interpretation. The equivalence of these two tensors is broken in the nonvacuum case by additional source energy-momentum terms, but absorbing these source terms into a redefinition of the Simon tensor restores the equality. Explicit examples are discussed for electrovacuum and rigidly rotating matter fields.
Copper-induced hydrolysis of the disulfide bond.

Hydrolysis of the disulfide bond of a model compound, the disodium salt of 2,2′-(2-hydroxy-6-sulfonaphthyl-1-azo) diphenyl disulfide, in the presence of cupric ion has been demonstrated by the change of the spectrum of the dye during reaction. The effect of pH and of anaerobic conditions upon the hydrolysis was investigated, and the activation energy of the reaction was determined. Solutions of Pb(NO 3 ) 2 , AgNO 3 , ZnCl 2 , and CoCl 2 were inactive in promoting hydrolysis at concentrations where copper salts readily activated the reaction. Kinetic evidence points to the formation of a metal-disulfide dye complex prior to nucleophilic attack upon the disulfide bond.
Thin SiGe buffer layer growth by in situ low energy hydrogen plasma preparation

A new method to relax thin constant composition molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown SiGe buffer layers on silicon (100) substrates has been studied. A low energy plasma cleaning process (LEPC) using hydrogen prior to deposition can reduce the Si 1− x Ge x layer thickness to approximately 10% of a standard graded buffer. The layers were characterised by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The threading dislocation density is 10 5 cm –2 (TEM measurement) and is comparable to or even lower than in standard buffers. Ge concentration and Si 1− x Ge x layer thickness are limited by spontaneous relaxation during growth. The critical thickness on hydrogen prepared wafers is reduced to nearly 50% of that prepared in the standard manner. A complete post-epitaxial relaxation has been obtained for a 160-nm-thick Si 0.83 Ge 0.17 layer at temperatures as low as 600°C. AFM investigations of such samples show significantly reduced area-RMS values of 0.3–0.9 nm. By means of multistep growth the Ge content can be increased. In a two-step mode thin buffers up to 34% Ge were grown with a high crystal quality.