nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Uncovering ancient transcription systems with a novel evolutionary indicator

TBP and TFIIB are evolutionarily conserved transcription initiation factors in archaea and eukaryotes. Information about their ancestral genes would be expected to provide insight into the origin of the RNA polymerase II-type transcription apparatus. In obtaining such information, the nucleotide sequences of current genes of both archaea and eukaryotes should be included in the analysis. However, the present methods of evolutionary analysis require that a subset of the genes should be excluded as an outer group. To overcome this limitation, we propose an innovative concept for evolutionary analysis that does not require an outer group. This approach utilizes the similarity in intramolecular direct repeats present in TBP and TFIIB as an evolutionary measure revealing the degree of similarity between the present offspring genes and their ancestors. Information on the properties of the ancestors and the order of emergence of TBP and TFIIB was also revealed. These findings imply that, for evolutionarily early transcription systems billions of years ago, interaction of RNA polymerase II with transcription initiation factors and the regulation of its enzymatic activity was required prior to the accurate positioning of the enzyme. Our approach provides a new way to discuss mechanistic and system evolution in a quantitative manner.
On the Duties of Intellectuals to Truth: The Life and Work of Chemist-Philosopher Michael Polanyi

Michael Polanyi (1891–1976) is placed in the ongoing Enlightenment-reform tradition as one of the first twentieth-century scientists to propose a program to correct the gravest internal conflict of the modern Enlightenment project of radical criticism: scientific detachment and moral nihilism in conflict with humanist values. He held that radical criticism leads not to truth but to destructive doubt. Only the inclusion of the “personal element,” the judicial attitude of reasonable doubt and the acknowledgment of belief in the regulative principle of truth can overcome this end. Freedom — to reason, to criticize the method of doubt, and freedom of scientific thinking — is a precondition to reach truth. His epistemology of nonsubjective personal knowledge has redefined scientific knowing and objectivity as grounded in tacit knowing. Debate is continuing on objectivity and freedom versus the social duty of science. Polanyi's Hungarian correspondence highlights his commitment to truth and the contemporary cultural-political situation of Jewish intellectuals.
Non-linear field emission characteristics of copper oxide nanorod mesh: Geometrical interpretation of a structurally heterogeneous emitter

A variety of structurally heterogeneous nanostructured systems are known to exhibit nonlinear field emission characteristics (Fowler-Nordheim Plot). This behavior has earlier been ascribed to various reasons such as the emitter morphology or the state of aggregation of the individual components constituting the nanostructure. Here, we consider a random mesh of Cu 2 O nanorods as a model system, and investigate – both experimentally and analytically – the field emission from the sidewalls of this multi-layered nano-mesh. We show that the strongly non-linear emission characteristics (that is observed experimentally) can be simply and accurately simulated by summing over the emission from the successive layers of a model, multi-layer structure. The successive monolayers are shown to “turn on” at different values of applied voltage, naturally leading to a field-dependent enhancement factor.
The managerial rents model: Theory and empirical analysis

Managerial resources, defined as the skills and abilities of managers, are important contributors to the entire bundle of firm resources that enable some firms to generate rents. Here we build on our original analysis (Castanias & Helfat, 1991) and present an expanded classification of managerial resources, elaborate on how this classification relates to the fundamental resource-based characteristics of value, scarcity, inimitability, and difficulty of substitution, and highlight the issue of appropriability of rents from managerial resources. We then move well beyond the original analysis to examine a large number of empirical implications of our model, including many contingency factors, and discuss recent empirical research. Finally, we suggest extensions of the model to include managerial cognition and social capital, and draw implications for resource-based theory more generally.
Study the Effect of Nanoemissive Materials on M-Type Cathode Performance

In this study, the stoichiometric mixture of barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and aluminum oxide with ratio of 5:3:2 was produced by two individual methods: sol-gel combustion and ball-milling method used as a precursor of electron emissive material on impregnated cathodes which make up high power vacuum microwave tubes such as klystrons. Results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy on emissive material produced by sol-gel combustion technique show that its crystallite size is under 45 nm, and particle size is less than 100 nm, and the chemical composition of emissive material is uniform at nanoscale. The effects of two types of emissive materials on operation properties of M type cathode were also investigated. The two types of manufactured M cathodes were tested inside an electron gun under maximum anode voltage 10.5 kV in continues wave mode, at 1100 C, and the anode-cathode distance was fixed at 5 mm. results show that the emission current of M cathode impregnated by nano emissive materials is more uniform than conventional cathode, and its current density is about 2.7 A/cm2, while in I-V curve it does not reach at saturated-emission region at 10.5 kV.
Sources of Trust and Consumers' Participation in Permission-Based Mobile Marketing

The chapter investigates different sources of trust as factors affecting consumers’ willingness to provide companies with personal information and the permission to use it in mobile marketing. The chapter develops a conceptual model, which is tested with data from a survey of 200 young Finnish consumers. The data were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling (LISREL8.7). The main source of trust affecting the consumers’ decision to participate in mobile marketing is the company’s media presence, rather than personal experiences or social influence. Hence, mobile marketers should focus on building a strong and positive media presence and image in order to gain consumers’ permission for mobile marketing. Further, international research is required in order to investigate especially institutionally-based sources of trust in different regulatory and cultural environments.
Angels of the First Class: The Anthroposophic Art of Ernesto Genoni, Goetheanum, 1924

Ernesto Genoni (1885-1975) was the pioneer of biodynamics in Australia. The exhibition, Angels of the First Class, presents art that he produced under the tutelage of Rudolf Steiner at Dornach, Switzerland, in the year of Steiner's Agriculture Course. A century ago, Ernesto joined the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and served as a stretcher bearer on the killing fields of the Western Front in 1916, in the battles of the Somme and Pozieres. In 1923, Ernesto wrote to Rudolf Steiner from Italy offering his labour for advancing the Anthroposophy project. Ernesto arrived at Dornach early in 1924 and successfully applied to Dr Steiner for acceptance into the First Class (Erste Klasse der Freien Hochschule fur Geisteswissenschaft). The First Class was Steiner’s new course of instruction in Spiritual Science for Anthroposophists who were established in their practice. Ernesto had trained for five years in classical art at the prestigious Brera Academy of Fine Art in Milan (Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera). At Dornach, in 1924, Ernesto experimented with painting "in the anthroposophic way". The works in the exhibition, Angels of the First Class, are believed to be those works. Eleven images (front cover image and images 5 through 11) were recently revealed stored in a folder in a private collection along with Ernesto’s personal poster of the first Goetheanum (image 4). Images 15 and 16 are from two other private collections and are included in this exhibition because, by size, content, and style, they appear to be part of Ernesto’s suite of Anthroposophic paintings of 1924. In 1926, Ernesto migrated to Australia (after two previous visits) with the intention of exhibiting his art - most probably his classical style oil paintings - but he was thwarted in this plan by the prevailing Depression. In Australia, Ernesto cofounded the Michael Group in Melbourne (in 1928) for the study of Steiner’s works. He taught the First Class in Melbourne and Adelaide. Ernesto was the first Australian member of Steiner’s Experimental Circle of Anthroposophic Farmers & Gardeners (in 1928) and he pioneered biodynamics and organics in Australia. Angels of the First Class is believed to be the first exhibition of art works of Ernesto Genoni.
Cartografías de la (Des)esperanza: políticas y naufragios desde la posmodernidad

Shipwrecks have been a constant theme in Western visual culture and this subject has featured in political and moral contexts to express a variety of concepts. The aim of this text is to describe the relationships between shipwrecks, sea and Hope in the complex background of Western visual tradition to depict the survival of such notions in contemporary culture. Aesthetic preferences are superseded by political positions 
to study postmodern shipwrecks, a shift that highlights the social commitment of art historians. Walter Benjamin claimed to write the history of the defeated and now, following his advice, we can put them into images. It is then that images take political positions.
Coordination polymers of Fe(iii) and Al(iii) ions with TCA ligand: distinctive fluorescence, CO2 uptake, redox-activity and oxygen evolution reaction.

Fe and Al belong to different groups in the periodic table, one from the p-block and the other from the d-block. In spite of their different groups, they have the similarity of exhibiting a stable 3+ oxidation state. Here we have prepared Fe(iii) and Al(iii) based coordination polymers in the form of metal-organic gels with the 4,4',4''-tricarboxyltriphenylamine (TCA) ligand, namely Fe-TCA and Al-TCA, and evaluated some important physicochemical properties. Specifically, the electrical conductivity, redox-activity, porosity, and electrocatalytic activity (oxygen evolution reaction) of the Fe-TCA system were noted to be remarkably higher than those of the Al-TCA system. As for the photophysical properties, almost complete quenching of the fluorescence originating from TCA was observed in case of the Fe-TCA system, whereas for the Al-TCA system a significant retention of fluorescence with red-shifted emission was observed. Quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were performed to unravel the origin of such discriminative behaviour of these coordination polymer systems.
Calogero model with Yukawa-like interaction

We study an extension of one-dimensional Calogero model involving strongly coupled and electrically charged particles. Besides Calogero term g 2 x 2 , there is an extra factor described by a Yukawa-like coupling modeling short distance interactions. Mimicking Calogero analysis and using developments in formal series of the wave function Ψ ( x ) factorized as x ɛ Φ ( x ) with ɛ ( ɛ − 1 ) = g , we develop a technique to approach the spectrum of the generalized system and show that information on full spectrum is captured by Φ ( x ) and Φ ″ ( x ) at the singular point x = 0 of the potential. Convergence of ∫ d x | Ψ ( x ) | 2 requires ɛ > − 1 2 and is shown to be sensitive to the zero mode of Φ ( x ) at x = 0 .
Universal quantum computation with the v=5/2 fractional quantum Hall state

We consider topological quantum computation (TQC) with a particular class of anyons that are believed to exist in the fractional quantum Hall effect state at Landau-level filling fraction v =5/2. Since the braid group representation describing the statistics of these anyons is not computationally universal, one cannot directly apply the standard TQC technique. We propose to use very noisy nontopological operations such as direct short-range interactions between anyons to simulate a universal set of gates. Assuming that all TQC operations are implemented perfectly, we prove that the threshold error rate for nontopological operations is above 14%. The total number of nontopological computational elements that one needs to simulate a quantum circuit with L gates scales as L(ln L)to the 3rd.
Risk, Asset Markets and Inequality: Evidence from Medieval England

Between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries English peasants faced large income shocks relative to mean incomes. Innovations in property rights over land induced peasants to respond by trading small parcels of land as part of their risk coping strategy. The same period witnessed a dramatic increase in inequality in the distribution of peasant landholdings. We argue that these events are related. When agents are able to trade their productive assets to manage risk, wealth dynamics become unstable and generate increasing inequality over time. We analyze the effects of these dynamics in the context of medieval English land markets and peasant landholdings.
A importância de uma boa gestão financeira nas empresas The importance of a sound financial management acompany

Giventhe economic movements of the decades of 1990 and 2000 all Brazilian companies began to require an administrative restructuring in various departments, including financial, for therein is residing changes to the success of an enterprise. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of financial for therein is residing changes to the success of an enterprise. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of financial management for businesses, the main functions of financial management and identify tools to assist in the work of the manager of the new challenges that are imposed due to the strong financial globalization and the competitiveness of enterprises. Sound financial management has to overcome the problems and bring economic progress, hence the importance of a financial manager know the accounting financial management and auditing in the company you work with useful purposes
A General Model for MAC Generation Using Direct Injection

This paper presents a model for generating a MAC tag by injecting the input message directly into the internal state of a nonlinear filter generator. This model generalises a similar model for unkeyed hash functions proposed by Nakano et al. We develop a matrix representation for the accumulation phase of our model and use it to analyse the security of the model against man-in-the-middle forgery attacks based on collisions in the final register contents. The results of this analysis show that some conclusions of Nakano et al regarding the security of their model are incorrect. We also use our results to comment on several recent MAC proposals which can be considered as instances of our model and specify choices of options within the model which should prevent the type of forgery discussed here. In particular, suitable initialisation of the register and active use of a secure nonlinear filter will prevent an attacker from finding a collision in the final register contents which could result in a forged MAC.
‘We do the rest’: Photography, Labour, and Howellsian Realism

In Suburban Sketches (1871), one of William Dean Howells’ earliest publications, the Sallie family take a boat trip down Boston’s Charles River and along the East Coast. Like an increasing number of bourgeois American families of the 1870s, they memorialise their ‘Day’s Pleasure’ by having a picture  Waiting for the exposure, they arrange themselves into ‘striking and characteristic attitudes’ for a ‘brief space of time that seems so long’ (Suburban Sketches, p. 150). The photographer turns his back during the exposure ‘as photographers always do, with that air of hiding their tears’ (p. 150). The resulting image, which the reader never sees, may be realistic in the sense of recording what was in front of the lens, but it will be unrealistic in that what it records are the ‘characteristic attitudes’ known as posing. Like Levy and Stevenson, Howells concerned himself with the social implications of posing, though, unlike them, he felt it to be something of a moral and political danger.
the scientific association of the lake of constance psychiatrists 1919-1932 psychoanalytic contributions to the treatment of psychoses

From 1919 until 1932, psychiatrists from the mental hospitals near Lake Constance and from the Bellevue-Sanatorium in Kreuzlingen/Switzedand organized regular scientific meetings, where well-known representatives of all the relevant psychiatric and psychotherapeutic schools and important phenomen-ologicai philosophers came together. Getting in touch with psychoanalytical and social psychiatric trends led to a quite lively and fruitful exchange in theory and practice. Through the Reichenau psychiatrist Alfred Schwenninger, Ludwig Binswanger got to know personally the phenomenologic philosophers Alexander Pfander and Edmund Husserl, who also held lectures at meetings there. Hans Wolfgang Maier from the Burgholzli in Zurich and his colleagues from Herisau and Munsterlingen concentrated on the mainly social psychiatric and forensic work diey did. Quite a few of the lectures were published in the TZeitschrift fur die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie The paper concentrates on contributions related to...
Nuevos problemas y oportunidades en el desarrollo industrial de América Latina

Recognizing that economics lacks and adequate theory of economic growth, this aticle raises the following questions. What are the'differences between the current productive structure of Latin America and that of fifteen years ago? Does the new model of social organization of production generate a better or worse factor productivity than the substitution model? What will be the impact of the change in the global incentives regime on the different countries of Latin America? Whnat are the new scenarios of industrial organization and how are agents adapting to the new rules of the game? What chantes have there beenin the organization of labor and the planning of production inindividual firms? Are these changes neutral between factors or they biased towards the relative saving of work or labor? What are the lessons of this process for those countries which have abandoned the socialist regime?
Science and Sensation in Romantic Poetry: List of illustrations

lyrical forms and empirical realities: reading Romanticism's 'language of the sense' Part I. Senses of History: Between the Mind and the World: 1. Powers of suggestion: sensation, revolution, and Romantic aesthetics 2. The 'sense of history' and the history of the senses: periodizing perception in Wordsworth and Blake Part II. Senses of Community: Lyric Subjectivity and 'The Culture of the Feelings' 3.  Coleridge, 'common sense', and the literature of self-experiment 4. Sense and consensus: Wordsworth, aesthetic culture, and the poet-physician Part III. The Persistence of the Aesthetic: Afterlives of Romanticism: 5. John Keats and the sense of the future 6. More than a feeling? Walter Pater, Wilkie Collins, and the legacies of Wordsworthian aesthetics Select bibliography.
Fabrication and electrical characterization of the InSbS3/n-Si heterojunction

In this article, polycrystalline InSbS 3 thin films were fabricated successfully at first time on the n-Si wafer by spray pyrolysis system to produce InSbS 3 /n-Si heterojunction. The structural characterization of the InSbS 3 thin films was measured by FE-SEM and XRD techniques. The InSbS 3 thin films are polycrystalline with orthorhombic structure. The diode parameters of the InSbS 3 /n-Si heterojunction like the barrier height ( ϕ b ), series resistance ( R s ) and the ideality factor ( n ) were evaluated by measuring the I–V characteristic curve in the dark situations. The C–V analysis of the InSbS 3 /n-Si heterojunction illustrates the junction was abrupt. The efficiency of the InSbS 3 /n-Si device were evaluated from the J-V characteristics curve under illuminations and equal 3.82%
The impact of contractualism in social policies: The case of active labour market policies in Switzerland

This article's purpose is to analyse the current transformations of public action in two main respects: on the one side the relationships between individuals and institutions and their recent evolutions, on the other, the new contractual or market‐like ways of designing and implementing public action. This twofold transformation and the extent to which it represents a deep‐seated revolution or a more limited recalibration of the public realm are to be investigated against the case of Swiss active labour market policies. This issue is examined through the design of a theoretical and normative typology, which is then applied to the case of active labour market policies in Switzerland, based on an in‐depth empirical investigation (more than 50 interviews with field actors).Findings – The emergence of new modes of governance coincides with the promotion of market solutions to unemployment, thus leading to a conception of welfare and its individual beneficiaries as subord...
The Hierarchy of Excitation Lifetimes in Two-Dimensional Fermi Gases.

Momentum-conserving quasiparticle collisions in two-dimensional Fermi gases give rise to a large family of exceptionally long-lived excitation modes. The lifetimes of these modes exceed by a factor $(T_F/T)^2\gg 1$ the conventional Landau Fermi-liquid lifetimes $\tau\sim T_F/T^2$. The long-lived modes have a distinct angular structure, taking the form of $\cos m\theta$ and $\sin m\theta$ with odd $m$ values for a circular Fermi surface, with relaxation rate dependence on $m$ of the form $m^4\log m$, valid at not-too-large $m$. In contrast, the even-$m$ harmonics feature conventional lifetimes with a weak $m$ dependence. The long-time dynamics, governed by the long-lived modes, takes the form of angular (super)diffusion over the Fermi surface. Altogether, this leads to unusual long-time memory effects, defining an intriguing transport regime that lies between the conventional ballistic and hydrodynamic regimes.
Who wrote the Scots Musical Museum? Challenging editorial practice in the presence of authorial absence

James Johnson’s Scots Musical Museum, published in six parts in Edinburgh over the period 1787-1803, is now inextricably linked to its greatest contributor, the poet, song-writer and song-collector Robert Burns. This lecture builds from Murray Pittock’s recent editorial work on Johnson’s collection, forthcoming in the new multivolume Oxford Edition of Robert Burns, based at the University of Glasgow. The lecture shows that the apparently-innocent question “Who wrote the Scots Musical Museum?” is a complex one, raising very fundamental questions about the nature of authorship and editorship in the necessarily collaborative and social enterprise of song publication, and it raises issues of wide relevance to Scottish cultural studies and the editing of Scottish literary texts. Songs given detailed comment include "The Birks of Aberfeldy" (SMM 113), "McPherson's Farewell" (SMM 114), and "The winter it is past" (SMM 200).