nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Environmental quality provision and eco-labelling: Some issues

This paper is a literature survey of some relevant issues arising from environmental quality provision and eco-labelling schemes. First of all it is shown how the two topics are strictly related. Firms adopting a production process (or producing a good) more environmentally friendly than others (environmental quality provision aspect) may want to make it public (eco-labelling aspect). The survey addresses the question of optimal environmental quality provision (also as a policy tool) and firms compliance. With regard to eco-labelling, its impacts on market structure are analysed. It hasn’t been possible to consider all issues, like for example that of moral hazard in providing non truthful information. Different issues related to trade are also analysed, even if the literature is not abundant on this yet. In the literature both aspects, of environmental quality provision and eco-labelling, are analysed using product differentiation models. The usual result is that multiple equilibria arise depending also on the parameters. Models are also not robust to different assumptions. Environmental quality provision and eco-labelling are also compared to more traditional policy instruments like taxes (or subsidies) and standards. From the empirical evidence it can be concluded that information plays a crucial role both for consumers’ and producers’ decisions. Consumers are willing to pay a higher price to be informed about the greenness of a good, and a label can really be a determinant in their choice of which brand to purchase. On the supply side, disclosing information about the environmental performance of a firm can affect investment decisions and its stock value.
Petrology of sedimentary rocks

Part I. Principles: 1. Origin, classification and occurrence of sedimentary rocks Part II. Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks: 2. Sedimentary textures 3. Sedimentary structures 4. Sandstones 5. Conglomerates 6. Mudstones and shales 7. Provenance of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks 8. Diagenesis of sandstones and shales Part III. Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks: 9. Limestones 10. Dolomites 11. Diagenesis of carbonate rocks Part IV. Other Chemical/Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Rocks: 12. Evaporites, cherts, iron-rich sedimentary rocks, and phosphorites 13. Carbonaceous sedimentary rocks Bibliography Index.
Handsome Proof-nets: R&B-Graphs, Perfect Matchings and Series-parallel Graphs

The main interest of this paper is to provide proof-nets, a proof syntax which identify proofs with the same meaning, with a standard graph-theoretical description. More precisely, we give two such descriptions which both view proof-nets as graphs endowed with a perfect matching, and in both cases the graphs corresponding to proofs are recognized by a simple correctnes- s criterion (with and without the so-called mix rule). The first description may be viewed as a graph-theoretical reformulation of usual proof-nets; nevertheless it allows us to recover various results on proof-nets as the corollaries of a single graph theoretical result. The second description, inspired from the first one, is more innovative: a proof-structure simply consists in the set of its axioms - the perfect matching - plus one single series-parallel graph (a.k.a cograph) which encodes the whole syntactical forest of the sequent. Unlike other approaches, every such graph, with out any further specification, corresponds to a proof structure, and this description identify proof structures which only differ up to the commutativity or associativity of the connectives, or because final disjunctions have been performed or not. Thus these proof-nets are even closer to the proofs themselves than usual proof-nets.
A User Oriented System for Developing Behavior Based Agents

Developing agents for simulation environments is usually the responsibility of computer experts. However, as domain experts have superior knowledge of the intended agent behavior, it is desirable to have domain experts directly specifying behavior. In this paper we describe a system which allows non-computer experts to specify the behavior of agents for the RoboCup domain. An agent designer is presented with a Graphical User Interface with which he can specify behaviors and activation conditions for behaviors in a layered behavior-based system. To support the testing and debugging process we are also developing interfaces that show, in real-time, the world from the agents perspective and the state of its reasoning process.
Economic geography of Poland in the period of growth (14–16th c.) in the Polish historical study

The aim of this article is to present the results of works in the field of economic history and historical demographics, which make it possible to understand the economic geography of Poland in the period of economic growth 14–16 th c. better. I will focus on such issues as population geography, urbanisation, folwark economy, markets and dividion into regions of grain production.  editions have also been presented, which make it possible to analyse the condition and structure of the population and economy in the 16 th c., i.e. tax registers and inventories of royal estates from the years 1564–1565.
Aqueous chemistry of the vanadium(III) (V(III)) and the V(III)-dipicolinate systems and a comparison of the effect of three oxidation states of vanadium compounds on diabetic hyperglycemia in rats.

The aqueous vanadium(III) (V(III)) speciation chemistry of two dipicolinate-type complexes and the insulin-enhancing effects of V-dipicolinate (V-dipic) complexes in three different oxidation states (V(III), V(IV), and V(V)) have been studied in a chronic animal model system. The characterization of the V(III) species was carried out at low ionic strength to reflect physiological conditions and required an evaluation of the hydrolysis of V(III) at 0.20 M KCl. The aqueous V(III)-dipic and V(III)-dipic-OH systems were characterized, and complexes were observed from pH 2 to 7 at 0.2 M KCl. The V(III)-dipic system forms stable 1:2 complexes, whereas the V(III)-dipic-OH system forms stable 1:1 complexes. A comparison of these complexes with the V-pic system demonstrates that a second ligand has lower affinity for the V(III), presumably reflecting bidentate coordination of the second dipic(2)(-) to the V(III). The thermodynamic stability of the [V(III)(dipic)(2)](-) complex was compared to the stability of the corresponding V(IV) and V(V) complexes, and surprisingly, the V(III) complexes were found to be more stable than anticipated. Oral administration of three V-dipicolinate compounds in different oxidation states {H[V(III)(dipic)(2)H(2)O].3H(2)O, [V(IV)Odipic(H(2)O)(2)].2H(2)O, and NH(4)[V(V)O(2)dipic]} and the positive control, VOSO(4), significantly lowered diabetic hyperglycemia in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The diabetic animals treated with the V(III)- or V(IV)-dipic complexes had blood glucose levels that were statistically different from those of the diabetic group. The animals treated with the V(V)-dipic complex had the lowest blood glucose levels of the treated diabetic animals, which were statistically different from those of the diabetic group at all time points. Among the diabetic animals, complexation to dipic increased the serum levels of V after the administration of the V(V) and V(IV) complexes but not after the administration of the V(III) complex when data are normalized to the ingested dose of V. Because V compounds differing only in oxidation state have different biological properties, it is implied that redox processes must be important factors for the biological action of V compounds. We observe that the V(V)-dipic complex is the most effective insulin-enhancing agent, in contrast to previous studies in which the V(IV)-maltol complex is the most effective. We conclude that the effectiveness of complexed V is both ligand and oxidation state dependent.
In situ TEM and Continuum Modeling of Laser-induced Rapid Solidification of Aluminum and Aluminum Copper Alloys

In situ characterization of rapid solidification processes has proven too challenging for conventional characterization techniques as they fail to meet the spatio-temporal resolution requirements for observing the rapid transient processes. Recent advances in ultra-fast time-resolved in situ transmission electron microscopy enabled characterization of pulsed laser induced melting and rapid solidification processes in Al and Al – Cu alloys with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution using the unique Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope (DTEM). The DTEM achieves nano-scale spatio-temporal resolution by modifying a conventional TEM with two laser systems – the image formation laser system and process initiation laser system, for observing rapid solidification process in a thin film geometry. 
 
In this study, in-situ DTEM experimentation has been utilized to document rapid solidification processes in Al and Al – Cu alloy thin films, enabling accurate determination of average solidification velocity evolution and associated crystal growth mode changes during rapid solidification process in pure aluminum and hypo-eutectic and hyper-eutectic Al – Cu alloys. Enthalpy transport based computer modeling has been performed and benchmarked by experimental metrics obtained from in situ DTEM experimentation to calculate the spatio-temporal thermal field evolution during the rapid solidification process in Al. This demonstrated the unique capability of in situ DTEM experimentation to deliver quantitative metrics from direct observation with nano-scale spatio-temporal resolution for the validation of computer modeling. Post-mortem characterization provided detailed insights on microstructural evolution during rapid solidification process by establishing the correlation between solidification conditions and resultant microstructural constitution. The respective influence of heat transfer, crystallography and Cu concentration on the details of the dynamics of the rapid solidification process in hypo-eutectic and hyper-eutectic Al – Cu alloys were examined and quantified. The investigation showed that rapidly solidified microstructures in pulsed laser irradiated TEM transparent Al – Cu thin films exhibit equivalent microstructural features developed in bulk alloy samples after laser surface melting. DTEM experimentation uniquely allowed direct observation of rapid solidification processes in Al and Al-Cu alloys, and facilitated high precision determination of process metrics such as critical velocities for crystal growth mode changes, which are important to improved understanding of alloy microstructure evolution under the driven, far-from-equilibrium conditions pertaining to rapid solidification.
Description and composition of bio-inspired design patterns: a complete overview

In the last decade, bio-inspired self-organising mechanisms have been applied to different domains, achieving results beyond traditional approaches. However, researchers usually use these mechanisms in an ad-hoc manner. In this way, their interpretation, definition, boundary (i.e. when one mechanism stops, and when another starts), and implementation typically vary in the existing literature, thus preventing these mechanisms from being applied clearly and systematically to solve recurrent problems. To ease engineering of artificial bio-inspired systems, this paper describes a catalogue of bio-inspired mechanisms in terms of modular and reusable design patterns organised into different layers. This catalogue uniformly frames and classifies a variety of different patterns. Additionally, this paper places the design patterns inside existing self-organising methodologies and hints for selecting and using a design pattern.
Robin Peck : Sculpture

The artist and authors address Peck’s pet themes of whiteness, plaster, crystals, ancient art, ruins, fragmentation and complexity. Brewer claims that viewing Peck’s politically distasteful sculpture leads to an examination of its barbaric politics and the contemplation of horror. For Kliner, the reoccurrence of essentialist form in the work is complicated by traces of idiosyncratic distortion, both artist’s and viewer’s. Biographical notes. 30 bibl. ref.
Improved electrical and interfacial properties of RF-sputtered HfAlOx on n-GaAs with effective Si passivation

In this paper, we present the effects of ultrathin Si interfacial layer on the physical and electrical properties of GaAs MOS capacitors fabricated using RF-sputtered HfAlO x gate dielectric. It is found that HfAlO x /Si/n-GaAs stack exhibits excellent electrical properties with low frequency dispersion (∼4.8%), hysteresis voltage (0.27 V) and interface trap density (1.3 × 10 12  eV −1  cm −2 ). The current density of 3.7 × 10 −5  A/cm 2 is achieved with an equivalent-oxide-thickness of 1.8 nm at V FB  + 1 V for Si-passivated HfAlO x films on n-GaAs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows that the suppression of low-k interfacial layer formation is accomplished with the introduction of ultrathin Si interface control layer (ICL). Thus the introduction of thin layer of Si between HfAlO x dielectrics and GaAs substrate is an effective way to improve the interface quality such as low frequency dispersion, hysteresis voltage and leakage current. Additionally, current conduction mechanism has been studied and the dominant conduction mechanisms are found to be Schottky emission at low to medium electric fields and Poole–Frenkel at high fields and high temperatures under substrate injection. In case of gate injection, the main current conduction at low field is found to be the Schottky emission at high temperatures.
A comparative study on the mineralogy, chemistry and chronology of the Apollo 16 crystalline impact melt breccias. Part II: Chronology.

The controversy on how to interpret the ages of lunar highland breccias has recently been discussed by James . Are the measured ages testimony of true events in lunar history; do they represent the age of the ancient crustal rocks, mixed ages of unequilibrated matrix-phenocryst relationships, or merely thermal events subsequent to the formational event ? It is certain from analyses of terrestrial impact melt breccias that the melt matrix of whole impact melt sheets is isotopically equilibrated due to the extensive mixing process of the early cratering stage [2,3]. It has been shown that isotopic equilibration takes place between impact melt matrix and target rock clasts therein, with the intensity of isotopic exchange depending on the degree of shock metamorphism, thermal metamorphism and the size of the clasts . Therefore, impact melt breccias - if they are relatively clast-poor and mineralogically well studied - can be considered to be the most reliable source for information on the impact history of the lunar highland.
Prinsys - On a Quest for Probabilistic Loop Invariants

Prinsys (pronounced "princess") is a new software-tool for pr obabilistic in variant sy nthesi s . In this paper we discuss its implementation and improvements of the methodology which was set out in previous work. In particular we have substantially simplified the method and generalised it to non-linear programs and invariants. Prinsys follows a constraint-based approach. A given parameterised loop annotation is speculatively placed in the program. The tool returns a formula that captures precisely the invariant instances of the given candidate. Our approach is sound and complete. Prinsys's applicability is evaluated on several examples. We believe the tool contributes to the successful analysis of sequential probabilistic programs with infinite-domain variables and parameters.
An Audio-Taped Consciousness-Raising Group for Women: Evaluation of the Process Dimension

This study describes the development and assessment of an audiotaped women's consciousness-raising program. Two components of the program were communications skills training and the explorations of women's issues. These two components were designed to accomplish four goals: the development of effective communication; an awareness of the issues facing women; the discovery of new options for behavior; and the establishment of a supportive environment. Twenty-seven volunteer women were assigned to three groups, each of which received a different combination of the two components. Using ratings and structured descriptive narratives by trained experienced observers, progress toward the aforementioned goals was measured in each group. The group that only received the communications training component made steady significant progress over time toward all four goals. The group that received both the communication training and women's issues components made significant progress toward two goals: the development of effective communications and the discovery of new options for behavior. The group that received only the women's issues component made no apparent progress toward any of the goals. The results point toward the effectiveness of this audio-taped program and the importance of including communication skills training in consciousness-raising programs.
Linköping University Post Print Developing Local Emergency Management by Co-Ordination Between Municipalities in Policy Networks: Experiences from Sweden

This study aims to increase our understanding of how co-operation in inter-municipality policy networks in a Swedish region is established and maintained regarding emergency management. We discuss how a network of five municipalities emerged and took shape. Overall, we conclude that co-ordination and co-operation in municipal emergency management are probably relatively easy to develop, because it is easy for the involved actors to see the benefits. Sharing resources is seen as crucial when establishing and, not least, financing efficient, high-quality emergency management. The municipalities' lack of resources to provide effective emergency services, as required by law, makes them dependent on each other. Limits for co-ordination were connected to distance and other geographical factors. Other limits of equal importance were linked to factors such as culture/tradition, mutual understanding, size of partners, and unwillingness to give up authority as well as a prior barrier for co-operation between small and bigger municipalities.
The big picture for exploration in the Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia, defined by regional magnetic and gravity data

Geological understanding of the Eastern Goldfields has been limited in the past by poor outcrop owing to regolith and surficial cover. The economic importance of the greenstone belts relative to gneiss and granitoids, has led to geological maps and models concentrating on the geology and geological evolution of the greenstone belts. The regional aeromagnetic and gravity data are used to derive models for the whole area, and therefore also to subdivide the non-greenstone rock. lnterpretation of these regional geophysical data sets indicates the presence of features which are tens to hundreds of kilometres long. They include gneiss-granite domains, gneiss-granite domes, greenstone terranes and large bodies of granite. Recent more detailed surveys acquired under the National Geoscience Mapping Accord provide better resolution of the internal structure of these domains and enhance characteristic anomaly patterns used to discriminate between domains. Greenstone-belt deformation has been influenced by the shape of adjacent gneiss-granite domains, granites and lineaments. The geophysical models developed provide a valuable framework in which to assemble a wide variety of geological, geochemical, and geophysical information. It is through the generation of comprehensive regional models of the geology that effective exploration of areas of poor outcrop will be developed.
On the way of mechatronics

Hearing of mechatronics, even those who are not specialists, used to think of two things: mechanics and electronics. English expression of mechatronics was created by engineers more than one quarter of a century ago, and their aim was indeed to express some alloy of mechanics (machine engineering) and electronics. However, mechanics is more than interlocking of these two professions; under it we understand — beside computing (informatics) and electronics — also results of control technique, artificial intelligence and their common effect that are realised in the equipment that surrounds us. In the article we show how we arrived here, through origins of evolution of individual sciences up to mechatronics that establishes integration that creates a new value.
Prototyping distributed multimedia systems using communicating real-time state machines

The paper describes a methodology for the development of real time systems and shows its application to the modeling, analysis and implementation of distributed multimedia systems. The methodology is centered on Communicating Real-Time State Machines as the modeling language and is supported by jCRSM, a Java2 based toolset. The latter provides a graphical environment for editing, testing, debugging and Java code generation of a prototyped system. Multimedia systems are particular real time systems which normally do not have hard deadlines to fulfill but only soft deadlines concerning the achievement of a user-defined level of quality of service. For instance, timing QoS parameters refer to jitter, skew and end-to-end delay, which are to be kept bounded throughout a multimedia session. QoS constraints are monitored by assertions on the recorded timestamped event histories. The paper reports some experimental results of a modeled remote multimedia presentation system.
The Madelung Function of Elpasolites

für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 Lizenz. The Madelung Function of Elpasolites
Orthodox Christian Bioethics: Some Foundational Differences from Western Christian Bioethics

Just as the physics of Newton and Einstein are separated by foundationally different paradigms, so that key terms such as time, space, mass, and energy have different meanings in the different physics, this is also the case with respect to the various Christianities. Given different theological frameworks, the ‘same term’ can have different extensions and intensions. This essay explores the implications of the differences in the theological paradigm shaping Orthodox Christianity in contrast to Western Christianity, in particular Roman Catholicism, with a special focus on the differences in the communities’ appreciation of the wrongness of abortion. Using the example of abortion, the contrast between Orthodox Christianity’s noetically grounded approach to moral-theological issues and that which developed in the West and gave centrality to a philosophically shaped moral theology is explored.
Social policies at the crossroads

The 2008 global crisis impacted western societies in a number of ways, especially the way in which we understand the welfare state and social policies. In this context, examining the conceptual basis of social policies is needed. This review essay puts forward questions and data that analyse our difficult times of turbulence and uncertainty by considering two authors and their books. They offer two ways of thinking from different Anglo-Saxon perspectives about the question of social policies. These discussions are transferable to other contexts. That is because the economic crisis has been used to justify the mutation of social policies that had been in effect until less than a decade ago.