nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis on metallogenic conditions of ISL-amenable sandstone-type uranium deposits in Kelulun down-faulted basin,Inner Mongolia

Kelulun down-faulted basin is a secondary tectonic unit of Hailaer basin.It is located at the southwestern margin of the Hailaer basin and is a rectangular-shaped basin stretching in NE direction with an area of about 2000 km~2.The northwestern margin of the basin is a tectonic slope with a complete and independent recharge-run off-discharge system of groundwater.Basement rocks are characterized by high original uranium content,moreover,most uranium in basement rocks may be reactivated and released during epigenetic reworking process.The paleoclimate in Kelulun basin experienced an evolution from mild-humid to hot-arid period,being favorable for the metallogenesis of ISL-amenable sandstone-hosted uranium deposits.The upper member of the Damoguaihe Formation,Lower Crtaceous is regarded as the prospecting target in Kelulun basin because favorable sand bodies occur in the member.Two uranium mineralization types have been recognized,namely the interlayer oxidation zone type and the phreatic oxidation type.In a word,favorable uranium metallogenic conditions exist in Kelulun down-faulted basin.It is of further prospecting potential.
Bi-Cultural Content Publication on a Digital Noticeboard: a Design and Cultural Differences Case Study

We present our observations of Aboriginal Australian practices around a custom digital noticeboard and compare our insights to related research on cultural differences, literacy and ICT4D. The digital noticeboard was created, upon a request by the community Elders, to foster communication across the community. The initial design, informed by discussions and consultations, aimed at supporting the local Aboriginal language and English, both in written and spoken form, at supporting the oral tradition, and at accommodating for different perceptions and representations of time. This paper presents observations about the first encounters with the digital noticeboard by those members of the community that took part in its conceptualization. Such observations reinforce existing knowledge on such cultural phenomena as collectivism and time perception, issues related to literacy, moderation and censorship. We contribute to framing such knowledge within a concrete case study and draw implication for design of tools for bi-cultural content publication.
Scenario-Driven Selection and Exploitation of Semantic Data for Optimal Named Entity Disambiguation

The rapidly increasing use of large-scale data on the Web has made named entity disambiguation a key research challenge in Information Extraction (IE) and development of the Semantic Web. In this paper we propose a novel disambiguation framework that utilizes background semantic information, typically in the form of Linked Data, to accurately determine the intended meaning of detected semantic entity references within texts. The novelty of our approach lies in the definition of a structured semi-automatic process that enables the custom selection and use of the semantic data that is optimal for the disambiguation scenario at hand. This process allows our framework to adapt to the particular characteristics of different domains and scenarios and, as experiments show, to be more effective than approaches primarily designed to work in open domain and unconstrained situations.
Thermally oxidized aluminum as catalyst-support layer for vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotube growth using ethanol

Characteristics and role of Al oxide (Al-O) films used as catalyst-support layer for vertical growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were studied. EB-deposited Al films (20 nm) were thermally oxidized at 400 °C (10 min, static air) to produce the most appropriate surface structure of Al-O. Al-O catalyst-support layers were characterized using various analytical measurements, i.e., atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and spectroscopy ellipsometry (SE). The thermally oxidized Al-O has a highly roughened surface, and also has the most suitable surface chemical states compared to other type of Al-O support layers. We suggest that the surface of thermally oxidized Al-O characterized in this work enhanced Co catalyst activity to promote the vertically aligned SWCNT growth.
Hydrothermal alteration of a seamount complex on La Palma, Canary Islands: Implications for metamorphism in accreted terranes

The hydrothermal metamorphism of a sequence of Pliocene-age seamount extrusive and volcaniclastic rocks on La Palma, Canary Islands, is characterized by a relatively complete low-pressure-high-temperature facies series encompassing the zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, and greenschist facies. The observed mineral zonations imply metamorphic gradients of 200-300 °C/km. The metamorphism of the seamount, at least in its core region, is distinct from ocean-floor metamorphism: the former is characterized by a serially continuous facies series encompassing zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, and greenschist assemblages, and the latter by a discontinuous metamorphic gradient in which prehnite-pumpellyite assemblages are absent. These metamorphic features, presumably reflecting fundamental thermal-tectonic differences between extending oceanic crust at mid- oceanic ridges vs. the more static crust underlying seamount volcanoes, should aid in the recognition of incoherent fragments of seamount metamorphic rocks within accreted terranes which typically have undergone subsequent higher pressure-temperature regional metamorphism, albeit to comparable grades.
National Climate Assessment Indicators: Background, Development, and Examples

Indicators are usually thought of as measurements or calculations that represent important features of the status, trend, or performance of a system of interest (e.g. the economy, agriculture, air quality). They are often used for the most practical of reasons – one cannot measure everything important about systems of interest, so there is a practical need to identify major features that can be reported periodically and used to guide both research and decisions (NRC 2000).
A Plea for a Historical Epistemology of Research

The paper approaches the topic of what a general philosophy of science could mean today from the perspective of a historical epistemology. Consequently, in a first step, the paper looks at the notion of generality in the sciences, and how it evolved over time, on the example of the life sciences. In the second part of the paper, the urgency of a general philosophy of science is located in the history of philosophy of science. Two attempts at the beginning of the twentieth century are particularly highlighted: that of Karl Popper and that of Martin Heidegger. Both of them concentrate, albeit in widely different form, on the phenomenon of research as an open-ended process. This trend is even more pronounced in Gaston Bachelard’s version of a historical epistemology, whose work is taken as a point of reference for a general historical epistemology of research. The paper concludes with a plea to look, with Georges Canguilhem, at the history of the sciences as a laboratory for epistemology.
The algorithmic side of Riemann’s mathematics

“My efforts in number theory have been directed toward basing the work not on arbitrary representations [Darstellungsformen] or expressions but on simple foundational concepts and thereby—although the comparison may sound a bit grandiose—to achieve in number theory something analogous to what Riemann achieved in function theory, in which connection I cannot suppress the passing remark that in my opinion Riemann’s principles are not being adhered to in a significant way by most writers—for example, even in the newest works on elliptic functions; almost always they disfigure the theory by unnecessarily bringing in forms of representation [Darstellungsformen again] which should be results, not tools, of the theory.”
Candidates for Fame: The Society of Artists of Great Britain 1760-1791

In 1760 an innovation transformed the character of artistic life in Great Britain: the first public exhibition of art. The successful London exhibition was repeated in 1761, but a dispute in the wake of the first show split exhibitors into rival groups, among them the Society of Artists of Great Britain. This book is the first to examine closely the Society from its origins to its demise in 1791. Matthew Hargraves looks at the politics and personalities behind the earliest public exhibitions of British art and uncovers the profound impact of the Society of Artists on the history of British art.The book analyzes the motivations behind public exhibitions and the competing interests that shaped their development. It offers new insights into the infighting in the Society of Artists that led to the foundation of the Royal Academy and the subsequent rivalry between the two institutions. Far from being eclipsed by the Royal Academy, the Society provided a serious alternative and acted as a haven for some of the leading artists of the time.
Phase evolution of an aluminized steel by oxidation treatment

Effects of temperature and time on the microstructure and phase evolution for different thermal treatments were investigated with respect to the measurement of intermetallic layer thickness, phase identification and microhardness distribution in the aluminized zone of a steel substrate. The intermetallic phases present in the aluminized region after hot dip aluminizing is mainly Fe 2 Al 5 . The thickness of the intermetallic layers increases with increasing oxidation temperature and time. In the oxidation treatments of the aluminized steel in air, the initial Fe 2 Al 5 phase remains at the temperature below 950 °C in 2-h, and the Fe 2 Al 5 phase is completely transformed into low iron content Fe–Al intermetallics due to oxidation at 950 °C for 4 h. However, the Fe 2 Al 5 phase remains in the outer layer of the aluminized samples diffusion-treated in vacuum regardless of diffusion time. The microhardness values of the Al 2 O 3 and the intermetallic Fe 2 Al 5 , FeAl 2 , FeAl and Fe 3 Al phases are HV1150, HV1010, HV810, HV650 and HV320, respectively. The oxide layer formed on the steel substrate has an extremely fast adherence to the steel substrate and excellent properties of thermal shock resistance, high temperature oxidation resistance and anti-liquid aluminum corrosion.
Fast trajectory simplification algorithm for natural user interfaces in Robot programming by demonstration

Trajectory simplification is a problem encountered in areas like Robot programming by demonstration, CAD/CAM, computer vision, and in GPS-based applications like traffic analysis. This problem entails reduction of the points in a given trajectory while keeping the relevant points which preserve important information. The benefits include storage reduction, computational expense, while making data more manageable. Common techniques formulate a minimization problem to be solved, where the solution is found iteratively under some error metric, which causes the algorithms to work in super-linear time. We present an algorithm called FastSTray, which selects the relevant points in the trajectory in linear time by following an “open loop” heuristic approach. While most current trajectory simplification algorithms are tailored for GPS trajectories, our approach focuses on smooth trajectories for robot programming by demonstration recorded using motion capture systems. Two variations of the algorithm are presented: 1) aims to preserve shape and temporal information; 2) preserves only shape information. Using the points in the simplified trajectory we use cubic splines to interpolate between these points and recreate the original trajectory. The presented algorithm was tested on trajectories recorded from a hand-tracking system. It was able to eliminate about 90% of the points in the original trajectories while maintaining errors between 0.78-2cm which corresponds to 1%2.4% relative error with respect to the bounding box of the trajectories.
Diagnosis of cataracts.

Sir .—The resident seminar "Differential Diagnosis of Cataracts in Infancy and Children" ) will be a useful reference. There are a number of points that deserve mention. The review overlooked cataracts associated with atopic dermatitis. 1.2 With the high incidence of atopic dermatitis (3% to 5% of the general pediatric population), this may be an important exclusion. Perhaps a slit-lamp examination should be routinely ordered for the child with chronic, moderate to severe eczema. Finally, corticosteroids are commonly used to treat chronic disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic renal disease. The incidence of cataracts in cortico steroid-treated patients varies from 10% to 38% in reported studies. 3.4 We currently recommend that a slit-lamp examination be performed at least every six months on all patients receiving corticosteroids regularly. This simple examination will complete the comprehensive care of children placed on long-term corticosteroid therapy.
Development of Complex System Design Oriented Curricula: The Example of the Grande Ecole CentraleSupélec

Demand for complex system and Systems Engineering curricula is on the rise. This trend is in particular supported by current technology and economic developments such as the Internet of Things, Artificial intelligence, Servitization, the need to develop Product Service Systems (PSS) as well as System of Systems (SoS). In this context, one of France’s top engineering schools has been developing a complex-system-focused curriculum. One of the majors is focusing on complex system design: Large-scale interacting systems. We give details of the curriculum orientations, we discuss the specificity of the education system of engineering schools (Grandes Ecoles) and the process that has been proposed to develop this new educational program.
Actions and reactions : an autobiography of Roger W. Babson

His autobiography colorfully illustrates Babson’s pride in his own history and his undertakings in all areas of life—his self acclamations abound in the biography he publishes at age sixty. Beginning with the question of whether or not genetics plays a role in determining one’s vocational inclinations, Babson progresses to describe his childhood in Gloucester, MA, in the chapter “Tragedies of Childhood.” After his college years at M.I.T. are also discussed, Babson began to find his own career in the business world. When he suffered and overcame a life-threatening case of tuberculosis, Babson acquired a greater respect for health maintenance and good conditioning. He also resolved to leave an educational legacy, founding Babson College. During this period, Babson’s religious involvement, which had always been an important part of his life, grew to take an even greater precedence in his days. He continued to make business ventures, and his statistical organization flourished, persevering through national crises such as the Great Depression and wartime difficulties. Babson presents these and many other times in his life, infusing humorous anecdotes and serious reminiscences into his autobiography, which may give the reader a better sense of the author’s views about social involvement, political movements and the church. While he refrains from delving deep into the subject of his personal family life, Babson does give enthusiastic advice about marriage, hobbies and recreations, and spiritualism in the book that often reads more like an instructive “guide to better living” than a narrative of one man’s life.
17. The Make-or-Buy Decision: Lessons from Empirical Studies

The “transaction cost” theory of the firm introduced by Coase (1937) has become a standard framework for the study of institutional arrangements. The Coasian framework helps explain not only the existence of the firm, but also its size and scope. Why, in Coase’s (1937, pp. 393‐94) words, “does the entrepreneur not organize one less transaction or one more?” Some firms are highly integrated: IBM, for example, produces many of its components and software and maintains its own sales force for mainframe computers. Others are much more specialized: Dell Computer outsources virtually all its hardware and software components, selling directly to end users through its catalog and website, while the shoe company Reebok owns no manufacturing plants, relying on outside suppliers to make its products. U.S. manufacturing and service companies are increasingly contracting with specialized information technology firms for their computing and data warehousing needs, spending $7.2 billion on outsourced computer operations in 1990. Standard and Poor’s estimates total worldwide outsourcing for 2003 at $170 billion. 1 Why do some firms choose a vertically integrated structure, while others specialize in one stage of production and outsource the remaining stages to other firms? In other words, should a firm make its own inputs, should it buy them on the spot market, or should it maintain an ongoing relationship with a particular supplier? Traditionally, economists viewed vertical integration or vertical control as an attempt to earn monopoly rents by gaining control of input markets or distribution channels. The transaction cost approach, by contrast, emphasizes that vertical coordination can be an efficient means of protecting relationship-specific investments or mitigating other potential conflicts under incomplete contracting. As transaction cost economics was developed in the 1970s and 1980s, a stream of empirical literature emerged explaining the “make-or-buy decision” using transaction cost reasoning. (The traditional approach has generated relatively few empirical applications beyond analyses of particular antitrust cases.) This chapter surveys the empirical literature
Strange Foreign Bodies

I curated this group exhibition, which includes works by seven internationally acclaimed artists, as a response to The Hunterian's tercentennial celebration 'William Hunter and the Anatomy of the Modern Museum.' It reconsiders the aesthetic and political legacies of Hunter's Enlightenment inquiry into human and animal embodiment, and his encyclopaedic collecting of art and ethnography. The works included newly-commissioned prints and sculptures by Claire Barclay along with films, prints and sculptures by Christine Borland, Sarah Browne, Alex Impey, Shahryar Nashat and Phillip Warnell. An essay was published to accompany the exhibition.
European Geopolitics Resurgent

The Return of Geopolitics in Europe: Social Mechanisms and Foreign Policy Identity Crises. Edited by Guzzini Stefano. .

The academic field of geopolitics has experienced something of a resurgence in recent years, driven by a changing international environment and advances in the field of critical geopolitics. Moreover, with the growth of—perhaps temporary—questions relating to the future of European integration after the 2008–2009 financial crisis, there has been particular interest in the field of European geopolitics. From a more classical perspective, analysts like Simon and Rogers (2010, 2011), Kaplan (2012), and Grygiel (2012) have sought to chart the changing geopolitical dynamics on the European continent, tracing the role played by the European great powers as they jostle for wealth and power—even during European integration. At the same time, critical geopolitical analysts have sought to analyze the discourses sustaining the geopolitical perspective and worldview, which, despite their hopes to the contrary, refuse to die away.

The Return of Geopolitics in Europe —edited by Stefano Guzzini—is informed decidedly by the second camp, but does something quite unique in that it focuses on the return of geopolitical thinking within Europe before—and not after—the 2008–2009 financial crisis, and its related economic and political fallout. As Guzzini puts it: “a movement to a more Hobbesian culture happened not despite the end of the cold war but because of it” (p. 5). This book therefore shows that—contrary to received wisdom—many European countries witnessed a resurgence of geopolitical thinking after the Cold War, …
Public history and popular memory: issues in the commemoration of the British militant suffrage campaign

Drawing on Raphael Samuel's work on the construction of historical knowledge, this article argues that British militant suffrage feminists had a strong sense of their role in history. Once the vote was won, militants became the first public historians of their own suffrage history by collecting ‘relics’ of the campaign and commemorating suffrage events. The work of curators, especially at the Museum of London and National Library of Australia, Canberra, also enabled wider access to the movement's ephemera. Subsequent generations have ‘remembered’ suffrage in different ways, including depiction in fiction, film, local histories and the physical landscape. An exploration of such depictions might help us start to understand the continuing fascination with this aspect of women's history.
Secret of the Muses Retold: Classical Influences on Italian Authors of the Twentieth Century

Precious repositories of ancient wisdom? Musty relics of outmoded culture? Timeless paragons of artistic achievement? Hegemonic tools of intellectual repression? Just what are the classics, anyway, and why do (or should) we still pay so much attention to them? What is the literary canon? What is myth, and how do we use it? These are some of the questions that gave rise to John Kirby's "Secret of the Muses Retold". This new study of works by five 20th-century Italian writers investigates the abiding influence of the Greek and Roman classics, and their rich legacy in our own day. The result is not only a splendid introduction to contemporary Italian literature, but also a lucid and stimulating meditation on the insights that writers such as Umberto Eco and Italo Calvino have tapped from the wellspring of ancient tradition. Kirby's book offers an impassioned plea for the recuperations of the humanities in general, and of classical studies in particular. No expertise in Greek, Latin, Italian or literary theory is presumed, and both traditional and postmodern perspectives are accommodated.
Analysis of competitiveness of value-net enterprise based on game theory

The value-net is the product of the rapid development of information economy. It is a new business design that uses digital supply chain concepts to achieve both superior customer satisfaction and company profitability, and coordinates member firms within the value-net, and extracts the core capabilities of the value creation. This paper introduces the concept and model of value-net. According to Michael Porter's Five Forces Model, this paper explores enterprises game description of the value-net by game theory, and explains the mechanism of creating profit by cooperative ways between enterprise and its co-workers, and also discusses the existence of value-net.
British Women Writers and the Short Story, 1850–1930

Feminine Occupations 1. The Spinster Re-Drawing Rooms in Elizabeth Gaskell's Cranford 2. M.E. Braddon, Rhoda Broughton, and the Specter of Social Critique 3. Possessing London: The Yellow Book's Women Writers 4. Barbara Baynton and Katherine Mansfield's Unsettling Women
The mafic Audawib Suite in the Central Damara orogen of Namibia: geochemical evidence for volcanic arc volcanism

The Damaran metagabbro-norites and metagabbros (now hornblendite) of the mafic Audawib Suite occur as unfoliated xenoliths in the well foliated, syn-D 1 -intruded, dioritic Okongava Batholith. Geochemically the rocks classify as low-K tholeiitic gabbroids likely to have formed in a volcanic arc setting overlying a subduction zone. The magma fractionated (approximately 30 per cent melt) from depleted mantle which was wedged between the over riding Congo Craton and the subducted ocean crust of the Kalahari Plate. The cumultic and porphyritic Audawib Suite represents crystallisation in a magma chamber/s at depth. Here magmatic differentiation and solidification was completed before the andesitic Okongava magma intruded into the Andean-type continental margin which existed during the Pan-African times.