nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A framework for iterated revision

We consider in this work the problem of iterated belief revision. We propose a family of belief revision operators called revision with memory operators and we give a logical (both syntactical and semantical) characterization of these operators. They obey what we call the principle of strong primacy of update : when one revises his beliefs by a new evidence, then all possible worlds that satisfy this new evidence become more r~liable than those that do not. We show that those operators have a satisfying behaviour concerning the iteration of the revision process. Then we provide four particular operators of this family.
Discovery and creation: explaining collaboration between designers and scientists in scientific research

This paper examines the role of product/industrial design in scientific research. It reports the results of three case studies in which designers and scientist collaborated and describes the projects’ background, the scientists’ design requirements and the design team approach. The paper further reflects on the designers’ contribution to research, and on those aspects that can act as a barrier or as a facilitator in designers and scientists’ collaborative endeavour. The paper identifies relevant questions and areas of enquiry for further research on the subject. This paper pioneers empirical research on the subject, and has been first output of the EPSRC funded project: Design in Science, at the Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge. The paper is available to the public in the web page bellow.
Schools as learning communities : transforming education

Defining the nature and significance of the learning community for the learning society, this work shows how schools have the potential to become role models for society and its institutions as a whole. David Clark puts forward the idea that a much deeper appreciation of the meaning of potential of the community is needed - profoundly changing what we currently describe as education by communalizing it, as well as developing current understanding of community by bringing education to bear upon it. This text is intended for educational policy makers and advisors, researchers and sociologists, teachers and educational managers.
The Third Way and the End of Politics

Advocates of the Third Way have searched for a means of grafting traditional concerns for equality and social justice onto an economic system based on free markets. Yet they fail to consider whether attempts at reform are neutralised by the nature of consumer capitalism. The implicit philosophy of the Third Way is not based on any critical analysis of modern capitalism. In particular, it assiduously avoids any discussion of the sources and exercise of power, preferring to focus on ‘lifestyle choices’. The belief that inequality and exclusion can be resolved by education ignores structural disadvantage and emphasises the failings of individuals.
The Use of Exothermic Reactions in the Synthesis and Densification of Ceramic Materials

This article will provide information about chemical processes which rely on the heat evolved during reaction to synthesize and, in some cases, to simultaneously density single-phase or composite ceramic materials. Although the basic concept underlying these processes is simple, the high temperature reactions are complex and require careful study with individual systems before their potential as fabrication processes can be fully realized. Many reactions between solids involving elements and/or compounds, or between solids and gases are highly exothermic. Listed in Table I is a selected group of typical chemical reactions accompanied by their calculated adiabatic temperatures. As a general rule any reaction with an adiabatic temperature ~2000°C or over can be reacted under combustion conditions. For example, suppose that a cold-pressed cylindrical compact of titanium and boron powder (Eq. 1) is ignited at the top surface with a convenient source of heat such as a laser. From the igniting surface a combustion wave rapidly self-propagates down the compact, transforming the reactants into the TiB 2 product. Figure 1 shows a Ti and C powder compact where the combustion wave has progressed about halfway down the compact.
A new proof of a theorem of Hida

for all r > 0. (Here Γ denotes the group of units in Zp congruent to one modulo p, Γr denotes the kernel of the reduction of Γ modulo p, and Λ denotes the completed group ring Zp[[Γ]] = lim←− r Zp[Γ/Γr].) Hida proves this through a series of group cohomological calculations combined with his theory of the ordinary part of the p-adic Hecke algebra. In this note we present a simple proof of the same result (Theorem 5.3 below) using only the elementary algebraic topology of the Riemann surfaces Y1(p). As with Hida, we also consider the case of auxiliary Γ1(N)-level structure, for some N prime to p.
Inside Money , Business Cycle , and Bank Capital Requirements

A search theoretical model is constructed to study bank capital requirements in a respect of inside money. In the model bank liabilities, backed by bank assets, are useful for exchange, while bank capital is not. When the supply of bank liabilities is not sufficiently large for the trading demand, banks do not issue bank capital in competitive equilibrium. This equilibrium allocation can be suboptimal when the bank assets are exposed to the aggregate risk. Specifically, a pecuniary externality is generated because banks do not internalize the impact of issuing inside money on the asset prices in general equilibrium. Imposing a pro-cyclical capital requirement can improve the welfare by raising the price of bank assets in both states.
INSIDE THE BLACK BOX, WITH APOLOGIES TO PANDORA. A REVIEW OF ULRIC NEISSER'S COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY1

It behooves us, as good citizens of the science of psychology, to shirk no area of psychology as long as we can apply scientific method to it. The research in cognitive psychology is certainly interesting, on the whole well executed, and very challenging. It is well within the scope of a behavioristic approach. It merely awaits more attention from behaviorists.
Narratives of the Self in the Study of Religion. Epistemological Reflections Based on a Pragmatic Notion of Weak Rationality

This chapter presents a different approach to the study of self-narratives. It starts with key concepts of the self as narrative in personality psychology, which offer insight into the dynamic process of autobiographical reasoning and narrative processing. Next, the chapter examines the notion of weak rationality, which avoids both absolute truth claims and relativism. The concept of weak rationality, while assuming that all knowledge derives from a specific epistemic community, acknowledges the need to enter into conversation with other epistemic communities. The chapter outlines the characteristics of a study of religious self-narratives based on a pragmatic epistemology. These include the type of theory, knowledge, rationality, reasoning and methodology required in a pragmatic inquiry into self-narratives. Self-narratives reflect a psychological process of self-knowledge that is full of change, complexity and different I-positions, with few, if any, universal claims and marked by dual processing that is not always synchronized.  I-positions; personality psychology; pragmatic epistemology; relativism; religious self-narratives; weak rationality
A Girardian Critique o f the Lit eral Democratic Peace Theory

Rene Girard is unfamiliar to most political scientists, but the liberal democratic peace theory (LDPT) is known by almost all in the discipline. Rene Girard has developed a theory of the origin and perpetuation of violence that is well known to scholars in literature, anthropology, and theology. Girard's theory can be adapted to the LDPT in order to provide a causal explanation for the empirical evidence that finds democracies do not go to war with one another. Without understanding why democracies do not fight one another, the LDPT is only an empirical artifact. Uncovering a causal explanation, if one exists, can help lead researchers to unravel the paradox of why democracies do not go to war with one another but are just as war prone as nondemocracies. In addition to unraveling this paradox, understanding the causal link between peace and democracy will help us find out whether more democracies will lead to more peace. Girard poses a challenge to the democratization for peace thesis, a thesis that serves as the basis for much of the foreign policy of the United States.1 For Girard, violence originates in desire. A subject desires what others desire and
Can hidden gauginos form condensates

Supersymmetry breaking may be linked to the formation of gaugino condensates in a hidden sector. In this work, the process of formation of the condensate is examined in a cosmological context, using an effective field theory of the gaugino bilinear which provides a reasonable interpolation between the high- and low-temperature phases. The implementation of anomaly requirements generates a large potential barrier between the zero-condensate configuration and that of the true (SUSY-breaking) vacuum. As a consequence, the transition to bubbles of true vacuum may be subject to an enormous exponential suppression. This leads to the same difficulties with inhomogeneity of the universe which occurred in the original inflationary scenarios.
Safety of hormone replacement therapy in gynaecological cancer survivors.

Therapy for endometrial, ovarian and cervical cancer in young women can cause sudden onset of intense menopausal symptoms, such as hot flushes, emotional disorders and sexual dysfunction. In order to overcome these unpleasant and sometimes severe symptoms, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has proven to be very effective. However, its safety remains controversial. We reviewed English literature and examined whether administration of HRT in this specific population is related with more recurrences and worse prognosis. Current scientific data, comprising mainly retrospective studies, suggest that recurrence rates and survival are comparable between HRT users and non-users. However, large randomised trials are missing and definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. Gynaecological cancer survivors using HRT, although they seem to have little if any risk for recurrence, should be correctly informed about the lack of strong evidence.
The Spatial Dynamic Between Established Firms and Entrants

The research uses 377 firms that filed initial public offerings from 1990 to 1993 as the basis for existing firms and follows their financial performance from 1990 to 2004. In the first year of a new firm’s existence, before the entrant has time to contribute to positive local effects, its entry is more likely to hurt the financial performance of existing firms. By the third year after entry, however, the effect on the financial performance of existing firms is positive. In the short term, entrants are foes and in the long term, entrants are friends.
Typed realizability for first-order classical analysis

We describe a realizability framework for classical first-order logic in
which realizers live in (a model of) typed {\lambda}{\mu}-calculus. This allows
a direct interpretation of classical proofs, avoiding the usual negative
translation to intuitionistic logic. We prove that the usual terms of G\"odel's
system T realize the axioms of Peano arithmetic, and that under some
assumptions on the computational model, the bar recursion operator realizes the
axiom of dependent choice. We also perform a proper analysis of relativization,
which allows for less technical proofs of adequacy. Extraction of algorithms
from proofs of {\Pi}02 formulas relies on a novel implementation of Friedman's
trick exploiting the control possibilities of the language. This allows to have
extracted programs with simpler types than in the case of negative translation
followed by intuitionistic realizability.
Joyce's love stories

Introduction love and socialism in 'A Painful Case' The strange friendly pity of 'The Dead' Stephen Dedalus's market place of love The artist's amatory aesthetics Abjection and amor matris in Ulysses Richard Rowan's deep wound of doubt The Blooms' amatory metempsychosis Molly's return to Howth The politics of the new Bloomusalem Amatory Darwinism in Finnegans Wake Arrah Na Plurabelle Joyce's amorous collideorscape Afterword Bibliography Index.
Conflict in Remarriages

This paper uses interview data from a study of 232 remarried and 102 first married couples to test hypotheses about the sources and consequences of conflict in remarriages. The hypotheses are suggested by an analysis of the sources of difficulty in families having prior marriage children. Support was found for hypothese predicting elevated conflict over financial issues, child rearing, and presence of husband's prior marriage children. The hypotheses that remarried husbands would give in more often than those first married, when there was a spousal disagreement, was also substantiated.
Acute urinary retention: medical management and the identification of risk factors for prevention

Male lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia can be progressive in some patients and lead to adverse consequences such as acute urinary retention (AUR), which might require prostate surgery. This Review identifies baseline and dynamic variables that have been recognized as risk factors that might predispose men to AUR. Evidence for the use of medical therapy to reduce the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia progression, which might prevent AUR, has been critically evaluated. The literature describing the pharmacological management of men with AUR, and in those who have successfully voided after removal of a catheter, has been critically appraised in this article.
Conceptions of intelligence and learning and perceptions of self-efficacy among students at the end of primary school

AbstractSeveral studies have focused on the role of students’ conceptions of intellectual ability, the learning process and the self-efficacy. However, these three parameters have not been integrated and analysed within the same model. Against this background, the objective of our research is to identify the links that develop between these three constructs. To this end, we have put forward two hypotheses: 1. The conception that intelligence is constructed directly and positively affects the conception that learning is a constructive process. This has a positive impact on perceived self-efficacy. 2. The conception that intelligence is a fixed trait directly and positively affects the conception that learning is a reproductive process and leads to lower perceptions of self-efficacy. To test these hypotheses, we conducted research using a questionnaire distributed among 1112 students in their last year of primary school. The questionnaires were subject to statistical analysis using structural equation model...
Electric polarizability of the neutron in dynamical quark ensembles

The background field method for measuring the electric polarizability of the neutron is adapted to the dynamical quark case, resulting in the calculation of (certain space-time integrals over) three- and four-point functions. Particular care is taken to disentangle polarizability effects from the effects of subjecting the neutron to a constant background gauge field; such a field is not a pure gauge on a finite lattice and engenders a mass shift of its own. At a pion mass of m_pi = 759 MeV, a small, slightly negative electric polarizability is found for the neutron.
The Four Phases of Philosophy:Brentano's Theory and Austria's History

From the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present day, philosophy in Austria has progressed through four phases. The particularities of the first three of these phases have prompted a number of commentators rightly to distinguish a characteristic Austrian, as distinct from German, way of doing philosophy. The main figure of the second phase was Franz Brentano, and his distinctive theory of the four-phase cycle of philosophical development is outlined, and critically compared to other views of the development of philosophy. In Austria itself the caesuras between the phases were marked as much by political as by philosophical events, and the paper shows how philosophy in Austria has been notable in all its phases for the high level and overwhelmingly negative effect of political interference in intellectual life, a doleful saga which continues to this day.
Transforming Engineering Education For The 21 St Century As An Engineering R&D Work By Using The Systems Approach

At the beginning of the 21 st century, most of the world is moving rapidly towards a global, market-oriented, real-time economy. This accelerating transition has led to a dramatically rising level of know-how and use of technology. Driven by continuing market liberalization, the transition continues at an accelerating rate. The increasing competition between companies forces routine manufacturing to be transferred to countries with low manpower costs. It also forces companies to adopt modern ICT tools (Information and Communications Technology) for automating routine work. At the same time, the global development is progressing towards the fulfillment of the basic human needs and, consequently, to the increasing emphasis of higher individual needs.
Iron(III) binding in DNA solutions: complex formation and catalytic activity in the oxidation of hydrazine derivatives.

A strong interaction between iron(III) and calf thymus DNA at pH 7.4 was demonstrated in the present study by separation of the complex by column chromatography and by the slow kinetics of iron(III) removal from DNA by disodium-1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate (Tiron). An equilibrium constant of 2.1 x 10(14) was calculated by measurements of bound iron(III) by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and assuming a one iron to two nucleotide stoichiometry. Graphic analysis of the interaction however, indicated that DNA has two binding sites for iron(III) characterized by a stoichiometry of one iron to 12 nucleotides and one iron to 2 nucleotides, and association constants of 4.8 x 10(12) and 2.3 x 10(11), respectively. The DNA-iron(III) complex isolated by column chromatography was shown to catalyze the oxidation of both 2-phenylethylhydrazine and methylhydrazine by spin-trapping experiments with alpha-(4-pyridyl 1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN). By contrast, oxidation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine was not catalyzed. Catalysis of 2-phenylethylhydrazine oxidation was confirmed by oxygen consumption studies. The results suggest that iron chelated to DNA may be significant in DNA damage induced by oxidizable chemicals.
Governance and Short Sales

This paper investigates the relationship between short sales and governance. We argue that short sales are reversely linked to the overall level of corporate governance of a firm and that sellers react contemporaneously to changes in such governance. Our results show that short traders may also be able to forecast changes in corporate governance and to adjust their portfolios accordingly prior to the said changes. This reaction is asymmetric, with a pronounced increase in short positions for actual and anticipated negative changes in governance and a more subdued repurchase of shorted stock for positive expectations. These findings support the notion that short sellers are informed investors.
How to make institutional economics better

This comment criticizes Ha-Joon Chang's assessment of contemporary institutionalism, in his article entitled ‘Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History’, for failing to show fundamental problems in the discourse. I argue that the current discourse's insights are structurally biased because it fails to satisfactorily address methodological problems of doing meaningful comparative research. The discourse is characterized by a limited focus on differences of degree, a neglect of interaction, and a tendency to represent societies from a partial perspective. The result is an unbalanced debate that tends towards equating developed country institutions with economic success.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism After Spine Surgery in Korean Patients.

Data regarding the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after spine surgery are scarce. Identifying ideal candidates for pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis and balancing the risk of thromboembolic complications against the risk of permanent neurologic deficits from a spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) are difficult. Even guidelines cannot suggest the standard of thromboprophylaxis.



This study aimed to identify the incidence of and risk factors for VTE after spine surgery in the Korean population. In addition, the rate of pharmacoprophylaxis and the incidence of SEH after spine surgery were analyzed.



The study cohort was generated by extracting patients with disease codes of spine surgery and VTE from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service National Inpatient Sample in 2014. After analyzing the incidence of VTE after spine surgery, a univariate comparison was performed to examine the possible relationship between the incidence of VTE and the independent variable. Variables found to be significant were included in a multivariable analysis model for further analysis.



The incidence of VTE was 2.09% among all 21,261 patients who had spine surgery, and prophylaxis was applied to 7.89% of all patients who had spine surgery. Comorbidities and surgery-related risk factors were venous disease, cancer, respiratory disease, prolonged surgery hours, and increased total blood loss. Hospital-related risk factors were the location and hospital size.



On the basis of the incidence of VTE and the risk factors, more active prophylaxis is suggested for patients in the Korean population who undergo spine surgery.
Ethnic Networks and US Exports

This paper provides new estimates of the effects of ethnic networks on US exports. In line with recent research, our dataset is a panel of exports from US states to 29 foreign countries. Our analysis departs from the literature in two ways, both of which show that previous estimates of the ethnic-network elasticity of trade are sensitive to the restrictions imposed on the estimated models. Our first departure is to control for unobserved heterogeneity with properly specified fixed effects, which we can do because our dataset contains a time dimension absent from previous studies. Our second departure is to remove the restriction that the network effect is the same for all ethnicities. We find that ethnic-network effects are much larger than has been estimated previously, although they are important only for a subset of countries.
The Development Set: The Character of the _Journal of Development Economics_ 2002

We survey the six issues of the Journal of Development Economics that were published in 2002 in an effort to test the proposition that the field of development economics has been transformed by the institutional choice perspective in economics and political economy, and by the accumulating evidence on the failed policies of development assistance. These radical departures from business as usual research in development economics are evident in scholarly books, popular books, and public policy discussions. As we document, however, neither the theoretical perspective of institutional economics nor the empirical record of failed policy have had that significant of an impact on the field of development economics as reflected in the Journal of Development Economics. We find that the research agendas of scholars in the field mirror the research mandates of the leading international agencies and that the mode of argumentation attempts to mimic the professional biases in the economics profession toward formalism, and both of these forces conspire to limit the creativity and engagement with real problems of public policy by the "Development Set."