nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Business Value of IT Investments from the Combined Macro/Micro Views

Research aimed at understanding of how Information Technology (IT) investments impact on firm performance has produced incomplete and controversial results over the years. To improve understanding of the business value of IT investments we propose a theoretical framework to conduct and cross-examine a market (macro) view and an organisational (micro) view of IT investment value. This framework guides and informs a multi-method empirical study that is underway. It includes a) an examination of stock market returns on 10,000 IT investment announcements between 1990 and 2009, and b) in-depth case studies of value creation after IT is deployed in selected firms. The research will have three important contributions. First it will produce a comprehensive model of IT business value informed by both the market and the organisation view of the IT business value. Second, it will provide a thorough analysis of the impact IT investments (1990-20090) have had on the market value of firms, first of its kind in Australia. The third contribution from the study will include qualitative case studies of IT value creation in selected firms, providing a more nuanced interpretation that reveals contextual factors such as industry, environment, market conditions, and the like. This paper presents the theoretical model, research design and the first phase of the empirical study of the IT investment value from the market perspective. The study is expected to improve understanding of numerous factors relevant for assessing and predicting the business value of IT investments and thereby assist business and IT managers in making better informed IT investment decisions.
Semiquantum versus semiclassical mechanics for simple nonlinear systems

Quantum mechanics has been formulated in phase space, with the Wigner function as the representative of the quantum density operator, and classical mechanics has been formulated in Hilbert space, with the Groenewold operator as the representative of the classical Liouville density function. Semiclassical approximations to the quantum evolution of the Wigner function have been defined, enabling the quantum evolution to be approached from a classical starting point. Now analogous semiquantum approximations to the classical evolution of the Groenewold operator are defined, enabling the classical evolution to be approached from a quantum starting point. Simple nonlinear systems with one degree of freedom are considered, whose Hamiltonians are polynomials in the Hamiltonian of the simple harmonic oscillator. The behavior of expectation values of simple observables and of eigenvalues of the Groenewold operator are calculated numerically and compared for the various semiclassical and semiquantum approximations.
Faith, reason, and power in the early modern world

BOOK 4: FAITH, REASON, AND POWER IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD Part I: The Age of the Baroque Chapter 20: The Catholic Reformation and the Baroque Style The Catholic Reformation / 4.1 From Loyola: Spiritual Exercises / Catholicism: Global Reach / Literature and the Catholic Reformation / 4.2 From Saint Teresa: Visions / 4.3 From Crashaw: The Flaming Heart / The Visual Arts and the Catholic Reformation / Baroque Music Chapter 21: The Baroque in the Protestant North The Rise of the English Commonwealth / The King James Bible / 4.4 From the Douay Bible, 1609, and the King James Bible, 1611 / English Literature of the Seventeenth- Century / 4.5 From Donne: Meditation / 4.6  Holy Sonnets / 4.7  Paradise Lost / The London of Christopher Wren / Rembrandt and Protestant Devotionalism / The Music of the Protestant North Chapter 22: The Scientific Revolution and the New Learning The Scientific Revolution / The New Learning / 4.8 From Bacon: Novum Organum / 4.9 From Bacon: Of Studies / 4.10 From Descartes: Discourse on Method (Part IV) / 4.11  Essay Concerning Human Understanding / Newton: Scientific Synthesis / The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on Art / Baroque Instrumental Music Chapter 23: Absolute Power and the Aristocratic Style The Aristocratic Style in France / The Aristocratic Portrait / The Aristocratic Style in Europe / Music and Dance at the Court of Louis XIV / Neoclassicism and French Literature / 4.12 From la Rochefoucauld: Maxims / 4.13 From Moliere: Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme / Absolute Power and the Aristocratic Style Beyond Europe / The Aristocratic Style in India / The Aristocratic Style in China: The Ming and Manchu Dynasties / the Aristocratic Style in Japan Part II: The Age of Enlightenment Chapter 24: The Promise of Reason The Political Theories of Hobbes and Locke / 4.14 From Hobbes: Leviathan / 4.15  Of Civil Government / 4.16  Declaration of Independence / Adam Smith and the Birth of Economic Theory / 4.17 From Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations / The Philosophes / 4.18 From the Encyclopedie / The Crusade for Progress / 4.19 From Condorcet: Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind / The Journalistic Essay and the Birth of the Modern Novel / Pope: Poet of the Age of Reason / 4.20 From Pope: Essay on Man Chapter 25: The Limits of Reason The Transatlantic Slave Trade / 4.21 From Equiano: Travels / Satire: Weapon of the Enlightenment / 4.22 From Swift: A Modest Proposal / 4.23 From Voltaire: Candide / 4.24 From Li Ruzhen: Flowers in the Mirror / Rousseau: Revolt Against Reason / 4.25 From Rousseau: Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men / Kant: Mind/World Revolution / The Revolution of the Late Eighteenth Century Chapter 26: Eighteenth-Century Art, Music, and Society The Rococo Style / Eighteenth-Century French Genre Painting / Eighteenth-Century Neoclassicism / Eighteenth-Century Western Music
Pushes and Pulls Hi(S)tory of the Demand Pull Model of Innovation

Much has been written about the linear model of innovation. While it may have been the dominant model used to explain technological innovation for decades, alternatives did exist. One such alternative—generally discussed as being the exact opposite of the linear model—is the demand-pull model. Beginning in the 1960s, people from different disciplines started looking at technological innovation from a demand rather than a supply perspective. The theory was that technological innovation is stimulated by market demand rather than by scientific discoveries. However, few traces of the demand-pull model remain in the literature today. This article looks at what happened to the demand-pull model from a historical perspective, at three points in time: birth, crystallization, and death. It suggests that the idea of demand as a factor explaining technological innovation emerged in the 1960s, was formalized into models in the 1970-1980s, then got integrated into “multidimensional” models. From then on, the demand-pu...
Henry George and the Institution of Private Property in Land: A Property Rights Approach

Conflicting statements concerning whether the implementation of Henry George's single tax proposal would destroy the institution of private property in land have appeared in the literatures of economics and other disciplines. A number of writers have implied that the taxation of Ricardian rent is equivalent to land nationalization. In the main, followers of George have denied that the single tax would abolish private property in land. Their claim is based on the fact that land titles would remain in private hands under the single tax. Since the whole question of private property is beset with ideological difficulties, a property rights approach is applied to this issue in an attempt to resolve the controversy. The conclusions are that the actual implementation of George's system would not destroy private property in land and that it is incorrect to equate the single tax with land nationalization.
Power and energy engineering program development at the University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering - electric power engineering (I)

In launching a proactive approach to problems faced by the power and energy industries of an aging workforce, infrastructure degradation, and technology development deficiencies, the School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh is developing comprehensive academic and research programs in three key areas: electric power, nuclear, and mining engineering. This over-arching program, entitled the Power and Energy initiative, includes the development of options for undergraduate and graduate students across the School's six departments (i.e., Chemical, Civil, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Industrial, and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science). In combination with the School's Mascaro Sustainability Initiative, the groundwork is being laid for a comprehensive approach to energy and the environment. Recently, students from these diverse engineering disciplines have shown a strong interest in these fields; concomitantly, the power and energy industries are anticipating the need for a significant number of new hires and a 'new generation' of power and energy engineering professionals. The University of Pittsburgh has traditionally been an educational leader in the energy arena. This has provided a rich history and natural base for an academic and research resurgence in these fields. Here we provide a detailed description of the curriculum and research programs that are being developed and implemented for modernizing efforts in one of these areas - electric power engineering. An overview is also given on the unique opportunity that the Pittsburgh region provides for developing a strong industry-academia collaboration that can address the needs of the power and energy industries. It is important to note that although the present manuscript focuses on electric power, the academic framework described herein is concurrently being implemented for the fields of nuclear and mining engineering and sustainability.
FENCE DIAGRAM OF LITHOSPHERE STRUCTURE OF CHINA CONTINENT AND ITS EXPLANATIONBY USING GEOPHYSICAL DATA OF 10 GGTS

We edited and explained the fence diagram of lithosphere structure in China by using the geophysical data of 10 GGTs in China continent. Through correlation on the geophysical characteristic and geological analysis, we achieved some conclusions. Firstly, China continent can be divided into three lithospheric tectonic regions and the edges of the regions are the gravitational gradient zone in Daxing'an Mountain-Taihang Mountain-Wuling Mountain and the gravitational gradient zone around Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Secondly, China continental crust has not only trisection structure but also dichotomy structure. Finally, a series of low-velocity zones, high-conduction zones and earthquake belts were identied . At the both side of the gravitational gradient zone of Daxing'an Mountain-Taihang Mountain-Wuling Mountain, the basin has different geophysical characteristics, which is connected with the course of the tectogenesis and the isostatic adjustment. Moho has inner structure and can be found all over the continent. The geophysical anomaly in the bottom of lower crust may be connected with Moho or the change in the top-part of the mantle.
Bernini’s S. Andrea al Quirinale and Early Modern Architectural Representation

My research project focuses on Gianlorenzo Bernini's S. Andrea al Quirinale (1658-71), Rome, church of the Jesuit novitiate and largely underwritten by Prince Camillo Pamphili. This is not, however, a monographic study. S. Andrea is a vehicle for assessing fundamental and influential themes in early modern architectural representation as well as challenging several longstanding assumptions in current methodological approaches. The church is a milestone in any history of early modern architecture and a staple on most survey courses of western art. Over the last thirty years scholars have demonstrated that it was not built to an initial, unitary design but is instead the residue of protracted adaptation and revision (Connors, Frommel, Marder, Terhalle); elucidated the mechanisms of patronage; and explained its iconography (Cather, Careri, Levine). Yet, a full and coherent analysis of the intellectual priorities behind its formal choices, general and particular, is lacking. Indeed, as things stand, it is difficult to understand why Bernini himself considered S. Andrea his best work. The basic understanding probably remains that of a pioneering apologist of Baroque architecture,  Wittkower essentially characterized S. Andrea as a centrifuge, powered by an " overflowing vitality " that would burst the church apart were it not gripped and anchored by strategic architectural components. Wittkower's larger point was that, in Bernini's hands, the religious interior had ceased to be the formerly neutral vessel for mediation between man and God, and that a quiet and centripetal Renaissance had been substituted by an expressive and centrifugal Baroque. As this " dynamic " fallacy remains such a mental habit of virtually all analyses of early modern architecture, even at the level of simple metaphor, its conceptual genealogy deserves thorough historiographical investigation. For any such notion is completely absent from early modern thought and certainly any writings on architecture, whether treatise or anecdote. Dynamism, formal or spatial, is in fact a retrospective projection of modernist expectations onto early modern architecture. Ascribing motion to its undulating forms can be traced back to Jacob Burckhardt; equating this perceived motion with emotion, however, was the product of a late nineteenth-century aesthetic of empathy (influenced by the physiological theories of Johannes Volkeit and others) that matched the purported energy of the architecture with the supposed psychological state of the maker, as well as ascribing an animism to the buildings that haptically matched the (e)motions of the beholder. In architectural history this theory of design …
Science, Society, and Software Engineering Part 1: Scientists at work and play

"Nothing exists from whose nature some effect does not follow."-Baruch Spinoza Scientists have a different perspective than engineers. I didn't realize there was a difference until now, not having much interaction with them as a contractor to the Military-Industrial Complex. There, the ratio was maybe one scientist per 50 engineers. Now employed at an academic institution, scientists outnumber engineers two to one. The characteristic difference between scientists and engineers may be identified in the difference of the nature of their work. Scientists identify patterns and relationships by studying the world, to validate and create theories. Engineers work with scientists in constructing the tools used to acquire, search, manipulate and maintain data, which in turn allows the scientists to formulate new theories, for which engineers create new tools to acquire new data from which scientists can identify new patterns and relationships – a never-ending cycle. There is one constant in engineering, whether working for the Military-Industrial Complex or for a research institution-engineers are second-class citizens. " They " (the scientists, systems engineers, or managers) specify the work to be done, and " we " (the engineers of various specialties) design, build, test, integrate and maintain. There may be differences in how well second-class citizens are treated, however. From my albeit limited experience, engineers are better treated in academia than their counterparts in for-profits. At for-profits, employees seem to be constantly reminded by their bosses of Machiavelli's advice to princes, " it is better to be feared than loved. " In academia, the word " colleague " seems to have real meaning, and engineers good-naturedly refer to their scientists as " our scientists. " Outside of academia, do engineers use a tone other than sarcasm when talking of " our managers " ? So, I'm in a semi-weekly staff meeting to get the scientists to talk about what they are doing, else we, the staff, would never know. I volunteered to organize the meetings after a two-year hiatus where the meetings were not held at all because the scientists seemed to be always too busy. Coordination is simple: I schedule a room every other week; ask a secretary to prepare coffee; and I pick up donuts on the day of the meeting. After the meeting starts, I keep track of the time so that it doesn't go too far past an hour – everyone gets antsy when forced to sit too long. …
The State of Things

This curatorial project, Norway’s official representation at the 54th Venice Biennale, explored innovative forms of national representation within the context of the Biennale. Here the ‘curation’ departed from the conventions of exhibiting objects and took a discursive form, with an international orientation realised through collaborations with Venetian cultural institutions. 
 
The project, co-curated by Lafuente with Marta Kuzma and Peter Osborne, comprised two programmes that questioned the conventional Venice Biennale curatorial practices. One, ‘Beyond Death’, a pedagogical programme at postgraduate level at Universita Iuav di Venezia conducted by artist Bjarne Melgaard and concluding in a collaborative exhibition between the artist and the students. Two, ‘The State of Things’, a series of ten lectures at different Venetian institutions by internationally leading philosophers, activists and art theorists.
Expanding the Mother-Child Paradigm: An Examination of Dissertation Research 1986–1994

Reliance on the mother-child dyad as the primary context for understanding child development has caused fathers to be underrepresented in published research on child development and developmental psychopathology. In order to investigate whether this pattern was also evident in the work of future psychologists, we reviewed Dissertation Abstracts from 1986 through 1994. Results showed that fathers were the focus of significantly fewer dissertation studies (10.5%) than were mothers (59.5%) or both parents (30.0%). We argue that essentializing the mother-child bond is a political philosophy about the roles of men and women that places the discipline of psychology at risk for inadvertently becoming an apologist for the neoconservative political right. Specific suggestions for revising graduate training are presented. The social policy implications for continuing this trend into the next generation of psychologists are discussed.
The investigation of the hcn derivative diiminosuccinonitrile as a prebiotic condensing agent. The formation of phosphate esters

Diiminosuccinonitrile (DISN) is formed readily by the Fe3+ oxidation of diaminomaleonitrile, a tetramer of HCN. DISN effects the phosphorylation of uridine in 13% yield to a mixture of the isomers of UMP when the reaction is performed in dimethylformamide solution. A 4% yield of the UMP isomers is obtained in neutral aqueous solution using 2 times the DISN concentration and 7 times the phosphate concentration used in DMF. DISN did not effect the conversion of adenosine to AMP or 5′-AMP to 5′-ADP in aqueous solution. The cyclization of 3′-AMP and 3′-UMP to the corresponding 2′,3′-cyclic phosphates proceeds in yields as high as 40–50% at 60°C in pH 6 aqueous solutions in the presence of divalent metal ions. Lower yields of the cyclic phosphate are observed when 2′-AMP is the starting material. Substitution of acetate buffer for imidazole buffer results in a decrease in the yield of cyclic phosphate, the extent of which depends on the metal ion used in the reaction. No 3′,5′-cyclic AMP was detected as a reaction product with either 5′-AMP or 3′-AMP as the starting material except for a 2.4% yield from 3′-AMP in the presence of Zn2+. BrCN effects the conversion of 3′-AMP to the 2′,3′-cyclic AMP in 37–65% yield depending on the divalent cation used as catalyst. A mechanism has been proposed for these cyclization reactions and their potential significance to the prebiotic synthesis of ribonucleic acid derivatives is discussed.
Building a project-driven enterprise [Book Review]

This is a book in project management that adds a useful dimension to the subject matter. It is written in a language that appeals more to practitioners rather than students of the subject. The book, Building a Project-Driven Enterprise , consists of four parts that are divided into nine chapters. In part one, the principles of efficiency in management of projects are described. Part two, presents methods for lean project management, while in parts three and four, product development processes and enterprise-building issues are addressed. The following paragraphs summarize the contribution of these parts and their respective chapters. Through the entire book, the author’s emphasis is on how to be lean, yet efficient. He begins Chapter 1, by stating “Five principles of lean thinking” 1) Principle 1—the value of each project must be precisely specified; 2) Principle 2—calls for the identification of the value stream for each project; 3) Principle 3—deals with impetus of “value to flow uninterrupted;” 4) Principle 4—preaches the need of letting customers pull value from the project team; 5) Principal 5—the continuous pursuit of perfection. The essence of these principles of lean thinking is to eliminate waste from value. It should be noted that the author recognizes the difficulty of this endeavor. Also in this chapter, the author provides an interesting analysis where he tabulates the activities of an employee’s 8.5-h workday. He reports that out of these 8.5 h, only 1.5 h have added value. At the end of the chapter, some of the learning points are given. One of the most important of these suggested points is that one has to develop counter measures to fight sources of waste. He mentions this to be “the heart of the book.” Chapter 2 begins by quoting Henry Ford’s saying, “From time waste there can be no salvage, it is the easiest of all waste and it is the hardest to correct because it does not litter the floor.” This quote sets the tone of this chapter, where basically the author addresses time batches and the value of just-in-time (JIT) information. In this chapter, the dichotomy between waiting for information before proceeding with successor activities, which their viability could be significantly impacted when the information is received, or taking the risk of proceeding in parallel in order to save time, is discussed. An example is given to show what could be done to avoid delays (or loosely, as the author refers to them, as time batches) without having to incur the risk of going forward before the proper information is collected. In the example, the author also describes three sources that create “time batches” and concludes the chapter with them. These sources are holding information when needed, indecision, and traditional operational methods, such as “first job in first job out” (FIFO). The author describes in general terms ways to work around these obstacles. Nevertheless, in our view, these recommendations seem to lack specificity and necessary details.
Spatial Econometrics, Economic Geography, Dynamics and Equilibrium: A ‘Third Way’?

An important item of agreement between the 'new' economic geography and economic geography 'proper' is the role of increasing returns in regional economic development. This provides a focal point for the model proposed in this paper, which suggests a 'third way' somewhere between the analysis provided by these 'two' competing modes of explanation. The paper provides empirical evidence supporting the proposed model using data on manufacturing productivity growth across 178 NUTS2 regions of the European Union. The paper also includes expressions for an equilibrium implied by the fitted model and argues that this helps to identify the proposed `third' way as an approach which is clearly different from the first two ways.