nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Newer Is Not Always Better: All Antihypertensive Medications Do Not Equally Reduce Cardiovascular Risk

Hypertension contributes more to cardiovascular mortality than any other modifiable risk factor including cigarette use, elevated LDL cholesterol, obesity, and  Forty-five percent of all cardiovascular deaths are attributable to hypertension. In addition, hypertension is a major risk factor for both stroke and myocardial infarction. In large part due to rising obesity rates, the prevalence of hypertension in the U.S. is increasing. According to the NHANES data, from the early 1990s to the most recently available data from 2005–2008, the prevalence of hypertension has risen from 25.5% to 30.9%.2 The majority of the U.S. elderly are hypertensive: the prevalence is 80% of woman and 67% of men aged 75 years or older. Given the pervasiveness and impact of hypertension, it is critically important to assess the effect of various antihypertensive medications on cardiovascular morbidity. Most studies of antihypertensive medication report proxy outcomes, commonly blood pressure reduction, rather than cardiovascular morbidity, and are of relatively brief duration. Two important questions for clinicians are: 1) Does the degree of blood pressure reduction correspond to the magnitude of cardiovascular risk reduction? and 2) Do all antihypertensive medications equally reduce cardiovascular risk?
Searoðonca Hord: Alfred’s Translation of Gregory the Great’s Regula Pastoralis

This chapter summarizes the earlier Anglo-Saxon and especially Continental reception of the Latin Regula pastoralis and the state of research on the Latin text. A section on the Pastoral Care begins with a survey of the surviving manuscripts and their relation, which reveals the author's pragmatic, yet self-confident approach and contributes to the subsequent discussion of the intended audience. The linguistic status of the body of the translation is then summarized briefly, which gives us valuable hints at the cultural climate during Alfred's reign and leads to the question of authorship. The chapter presents an outlook on the reception of the Pastoral Care in late Anglo-Saxon England. It evaluates the profound influence that Gregory's work had on Alfred's political and ethical thought: The Regula pastoralis must be understood as the ultimate inspiration for Alfred's plans for cultural and spiritual reform.  Alfred the Great; Anglo-Saxon England; Gregory's Regula Pastoralis ; Pastoral Care
Lorentz transform of black-body radiation temperature

The Lorentz transform of black-body radiation has been investigated from the viewpoint of relativistic statistical mechanics. The result shows that the well-known expression with the directional temperature can be derived based on the inverse-temperature four-vector. The directional temperature in the past literature was the result of mathematical manipulation and its physical meaning is not clear. The inverse-temperature four-vector has, in contrast, clear meaning to understand relativistic thermodynamical processes.
Jane Austen and Genre: Mansfield Park, Northanger Abbey, and the Triumph of the Realistic Novel

This paper analyzes Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park and Northanger Abbey in terms of genre. In particular, it examines the theatrical in Mansfield Park and the Gothic in Northanger Abbey. The production of Elizabeth Inchbald’s Lovers’ Vows and Catherine’s Gothic novel reading are key to the analysis of these genres. However, the use of subgenres goes far beyond the Bertrams’ production and Catherine’s books. Rather, the characters themselves adopt theatrical and Gothic characteristics throughout the novel. Furthermore, when these subgenres appear, they are presented in a manner that is harmful to the main characters. In this sense, Austen invokes the theatrical and the Gothic in order to underplay them, and in doing so, she validates the emerging realistic novel.
Public Stackelberg Leadership in a Mixed Oligopoly with Foreign Firms

This is the first paper to consider a mixed oligopoly in which a public Stackelberg leader competes with both domestic and foreign private firms. The welfare maximising leader is shown to always produce less than under previous Cournot conjectures. Introducing leadership also alters previous public pricing rules resulting in prices that may be either greater than or less than marginal cost depending on the relative number of domestic firms. Furthermore, entry of a foreign firm will increase welfare only when the relative number of domestic firms is small, but that share is shown to be larger than has been indicated without leadership. Unlike previous models, the influence on public profit of a foreign acquisition is ambiguous and is related to the relative number of domestic firms. Finally, the consequences of privatisation are shown, for the first time, to depend on the relative number of domestic firms.
Jesus Christ: The Jesus of History, the Christ of Faith

Illuminating the life of Jesus--his historical context, his religious teachings, and the changing perceptions of him over the centuries--this lavishly illustrated volume offers one of the most comprehensive and authoritative accounts available of this great and charismatic man. Featuring some 180 illustrations (including 20 full-color maps) and numerous boxed and sidebar features that shed light on interesting facets of the story, Jesus Christ paints a vivid portrait of Christ's life from the Nativity to the Ascension. Drawing on the Gospels and other evidence, J. R. Porter disentangles many of the mysteries and confusions surrounding the life of the historical Jesus--such as the role of women in his career and the political issues surrounding his trial--and paints a detailed background portrait of all aspects of society in first-century Palestine, from the fishing communities of Lake Galilee to life under Roman rule. Porter also explores the teachings of Christ, looking at his use of parable, his view of Hebrew Scriptures, his attitude toward the law, and his thinking about the Kingdom of God. The book assesses the many interpretations of Christ through the ages, from his immediate impact on the early Church, to the changing image of Jesus in art and illustration, to his perceived role as apocalyptic preacher, revolutionary, mystic, and prophet. A marvelous gift at Easter time or for a child's confirmation, this attractive, informative volume gives us an inspiring portrait of one of the most complex figures in world history.
Earth's Dynamic Systems

I. GEOLOGIC SYSTEMS. 1. Planet Earth. 2. Geologic Systems. 3. Minerals. 4. Igneous Rocks. 5. Sedimentary Rocks. 6. Metamorphic Rocks. 7. Structure of Rock Bodies. 8. Geologic Time. II. THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM. 9. The Atmosphere-Ocean System. 10. Weathering. 11. Slope System. 12. River Systems. 13. Groundwater Systems. 14. Glacier Systems. 15. Shoreline Systems. 16. Eolian Systems. III. THE TECTONIC SYSTEM. 17. Plate Tectonics. 18. Seismicity and Earth's Interior. 19. Divergent Plate Boundaries. 20. Transform Plate Boundaries. 21. Convergent Plate Boundaries. 22. Hotspots and Mantle Plumes. 23. Tectonics and Landscapes. IV. EPILOGUE. 24. Earth's Resources. 25. Other Planets. Glossary. Index.
SOCIAL ASSETS a

We present a model incorporating both social and economic components, and analyze their interaction. The notion of a social asset, an attribute that has value only because of the social institutions governing society, is introduced. In the basic model, agents match on the basis of income and unproductive attributes. An attribute has value in some equilibrium social institutions (matching patterns), but not in others. We then show that productive attributes (such as education) can have their value increased above their inherent productive value by some social institutions, leading to the notion of the social value of an asset.
Some magnetic properties of γ-Fe2O3 synthesized from ferrous fumarate half-hydrate

Abstractγ-Fe2O3 synthesized from ferrous fumarate half-hydrate was studied by measurements of D.c. electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, initial magnetization and magnetic hysteresis, and by Mössbauer spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The phase transformation observed by electrical conductivity measurements matched well with the phase transformation observed by the variation with temperature of initial magnetization measurements of γ-Fe2O3; this magnetic study also established the single-domain character of γ-Fe2O3. The magnetic hysteresis values of the γ-Fe2O3 synthesized indicated improved values over that of a γ-Fe2O3 sample synthesized by established procedures. The scanning electron micrographs showed that the γ-Fe2O3 particles were acicular in shape and the Mössbauer spectrum showed a well-resolved six-band spectrum. The presence of a hydrogen ferrite phase was also confirmed by the electrical and magnetic measurements.
Welfare Reducing Trade and Optimal Trade Policy

In contrast to some trade theorists' long-held beliefs, this study shows that free trade reduces the welfare of a small country with unemployment unless the free trade price of the importable falls below the autarky equivalent price. This study formulates a disequilibrium trade model with sticky money wages that has been generalized to fixed-price economies where output prices as well as wages are fixed, independent of excess demand or supply in the labor and goods markets. After describing the model and its solution, the authors discuss the implications of changing tariff rates on foreign products, construct a numerical example showing that their result is possible for many countries with unemployment, and analyze the issues of optimal tariff.
Modeling online reviews with multi-grain topic models

In this paper we present a novel framework for extracting the ratable aspects of objects from online user reviews. Extracting such aspects is an important challenge in automatically mining product opinions from the web and in generating opinion-based summaries of user reviews [18, 19, 7, 12, 27, 36, 21]. Our models are based on extensions to standard topic modeling methods such as LDA and PLSA to induce multi-grain topics. We argue that multi-grain models are more appropriate for our task since standard models tend to produce topics that correspond to global properties of objects (e.g., the brand of a product type) rather than the aspects of an object that tend to be rated by a user. The models we present not only extract ratable aspects, but also cluster them into coherent topics, e.g., 'waitress' and 'bartender' are part of the same topic 'staff' for restaurants. This differentiates it from much of the previous work which extracts aspects through term frequency analysis with minimal clustering. We evaluate the multi-grain models both qualitatively and quantitatively to show that they improve significantly upon standard topic models.
Post-Soviet and Liberal Transitions: Wherefore, to What Effect, and How?

In Pursuit of Liberalism: International Institutions in Postcommunist Europe. By Rachel A. Epstein. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. 288 pp., $55.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 987-0-801-88977-6).

Economic Liberalism and Its Rivals: The Formation of International Institutions among the Post-Soviet States. By Keith A. Darden. New York, NY:  2009. 366 pp., $90.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-86653-8).

Transnational Actors in Central and East European Transitions. By Mitchell Orenstein, Stephen Bloom, Nicole Lindstrom. Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburg Press, 2008. 272 pp., $27.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-822-95994-6).

The fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe and the dismemberment of the Soviet Union have arguably been the most important events in the contemporary international relations. They detonated momentous changes in the political, economic, and military landscapes of the formerly communist states thus setting off a natural experiment in broad transformations in the countries that endured decades of central planning and communism. Because of the unique and world-historic quality of these transformations and far-reaching implications of these reforms, they have attracted significant academic following, and have been a subject of growing scholarly concern. The early studies of liberal and post-Soviet transitions deliberated the optimal ways to transform the postcommunist states focusing on the sequence and pace of reforms as well as the country-specific initial conditions (Hardt and Kaufman 1995; Woo, Parker, and Sachs 1997). The recent scholarship expanded conceptual boundaries of transition and integrated the move toward a complex interdependence in Europe besides the democratic and market reform. It shifted accents from internal to transnational forces and began examining the precise role played by various international actors—non-governmental and international organizations, corporations, foundations, Church, just to name a few—in the transitional reforms. The books under review are a notable addition to this recent wave of literature on the transnational dimension of post-Soviet and liberal transitions.

Why do states liberalize despite the apparent contradiction of these reforms to their domestic preferences, political autonomy, and national tradition? This is the central puzzle of Rachel A. Epstein's monograph, In Pursuit of Liberalism . She underscores the role played by international institutions in mobilizing domestic support for reforms, and elucidates the conditions for the success of mobilization. Epstein contends that the ability of international institutions to cultivate support for reforms hinges on the degree of uncertainty in the policies in transition, the …
Low-energy ηd-resonance

Elastic ηd-scattering is considered within the Alt-Grassberger-Sandhas (AGS) formalism for various ηN input data. A three-body resonant state is found close to the ηd threshold. This resonance is sustained for different choices of the two-body ηN-scattering length aηN. The position of the resonance moves towards the ηd threshold when ReaηN is increased, and turns into a quasi-bound state at ReaηN∼ 0.7-0.8 fm depending on the choice of ImaηN.
Inscribing Difference: Maronites, Jews and Arabs in Mexican Public Culture and French Imperial Practice1

This paper traces the relationship between Arab, Maronite and Jewish populations that have circulated between the Mashreq – contemporary Lebanon, Israel and Syria – and Mexico over the past century and a half. It turns to historical anthropology to argue that a number of factors have contributed to the polarization of the Mashreqi migrant population along ethno-religious axes that were not salient in the same sense during the early decades of the migration, when families and individuals established cross-confessional networks based on a shared spoken language – Arabic – a shared culinary tradition and a shared space of life and labor – downtown Mexico City. It explores the categorization of migrants, through French administrative practice and the migrants’ creation of and participation in institutions, to describe the progressive erasure of common spaces and the privileging of allegiances articulated through ethno-religious categories, turned ethno-national labels. The French Mandate over the Mashreq, the...
Confined Disposal in the Canadian Great Lakes

The dredging activities of Public Works Canada, Ontario Region, extend over most of the Canadian Great Lakes thereby significantly impacting on its environment. The paper presents a brief review of current practices for disposal of contaminated dredged material. An overview of criteria/guidelines pertaining to environmental assessment and classification of dredged material is presented. The bulk of the contaminated dredged material is disposed of in engineered disposal facilities. The paper outlines distinctive design and construction features including a synopsis and results of various environmental monitoring programs in place at some of the major facilities in the Region.
Sustainable development in higher education in the Philippines: the case of Miriam College

The Philippines is one of the signatories to the historic Agenda 21 and was the first country to establish a National Council for Sustainable Development. Ten years after Rio, global society is again confronted with the question of whether sustainable development as a concept, philosophy and practice has improved the lives of peoples in different countries and cultures. This article attempts to discuss initiatives through which tertiary education has helped bring about sustainable development in the Philippines. It posits that for sustainable development to happen it must take root in the consciousness and cultures of society, a task in which education plays a very important part. The article discusses the efforts of two national networks for environmental education, the Environmental Education Network of the Philippines, Inc. (EENP) and the Philippine Association of Tertiary Level Educational Institutions in Environmental Protection and Management (PATLEPAM). Both advocate the integration of sustainable development in school curricula as well as in campus administration and organizational culture. It also examines the efforts of one institution, Miriam College, to integrate environmental education in its programs as part of its mission and commitment to produce a genuine “steward of creation”.
Long range forces from the cosmological neutrino background

The cosmological neutrino background will mediate long range forces between objects. For a background of temperature T , the potential decreases as 1 r 5 for r ⪢ 1 T and as 1 r for r ⪡ 1 T . These forces have large spin-dependent components. If the neutrino background is nonrelativistic, the long range forces are enhanced by a factor of the inverse neutrino velocity.
Polarized DIS in N=4 SYM: Where is spin at strong coupling?

Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, we calculate the polarized structure functions in strongly coupled N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory deformed in the infrared. We find that the flavor singlet contribution to the g_1 structure function is vanishingly small, while the flavor non-singlet contribution shows the Regge behavior at small-x with an intercept slightly less than 1. We explicitly check that the latter satisfies the moment sum rule. We discuss the `spin crisis' problem and suggest that at strong coupling the spin of a hadron entirely comes from the orbital angular momentum.
Energy-momentum localization in Marder space-time

Considering the Einstein, Møller, Bergmann-Thomson, Landau-Lifshitz (LL), Papapetrou, Qadir-Sharif and Weinberg’s definitions in general relativity, we find the momentum four-vector of the closed Universe based on Marder space-time. The momentum four-vector (due to matter plus field) is found to be zero. These results support the viewpoints of Banerjee-Sen, Xulu and Aydoġdu-Saltı. Another point is that our study agrees with the previous works of Cooperstock-Israelit, Rosen, Johri et al.
Problems of Measurement in the Environmental Field

The desire for improved environmental quality is continuing to be a nation wide goal. This year it was a key issue in many elections. The U.S. Congress has passed far reaching legislation in the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. California has been actively implementing the Mulford-Carrol Act of 1967 (air) and the Portor-Cologne Act of 1969 (water quality). . Environmental measurements are fundamental in achieVing the goals of the legislation. They are used to relate observed effects on health or welfare to expose, determine level of control needed to protect the public health, determine efficiency of controls installed and determine background levels. Of interest will be some of the newer aspects of environmental measurements. Instrumentation needs with respect to existing standards will also be considered. Air quality measurement will be of chief concern.
Race and Social Justice

Preface. Acknowledgments.  The Problem of Racism: 1. Alienation and the African-American Experience. 2. Race and Class Exploitation. 3. Racial Integration and Racial Separatism: Conceptual Clarifications. 4. The African-American Underclass and the Question of Values. Part II: The Response to Racism: 5. Morality and Collective Liability. 6. Justice and Reparations. 7. Reparations, Self-Respect, and Public Policy. 8.  A Review and Commentary. Part III: Racism and its Remedies: 9. The Race and IQ Controversy. 10. Police Discretion and Discrimination. 11. DuBois, the new Conservatism, and the Critique of African-American Leadership. 12. Racism, Social Justice, and Interracial Coalitions. Bibliography. Index.
The evolution of carbon fibers with Fe3+ doping and effects on the mechanical properties of Cf/BAS composites

The barium aluminosilicate glass ceramic (BAS) is a potential material for high temperature application due to its high melting point and low thermal expansion coefficient. However, the low mechanical performance has limited its widely using in industry. A lot of effort has been made to reinforce the BAS matrix by incorporating carbon fibers, but the enhancement is limited by the strong interface bonding. In this work, the Fe 3+ was employed to promote graphization of carbon fibers and increase mechanical properties by weakening the interface bonding. The evolution of carbon fibers with Fe 3+ doping and effects on the mechanical properties of C f /BAS composites were investigated. The results indicate that the incorporation of 1.35 wt.% Fe 3+ could increase the flexural strength and fracture toughness of the composites by 28.11% and 37.10%, respectively. This is attributed to the formation of brick micro-crystalline graphite interface layer and carbon nano-sized grains in the matrix. When Fe 3+ doping content is higher than 1.35 wt.%, the mechanical performance of composites undergo a gradually decrease, resulting from the excessive erosion of carbon fiber, accompanied by the growth of carbon nanofiber on the fiber surface. The mechanisms of the evolution of carbon fiber and the effects on mechanical properties are discussed.
Ezra Pound's Subject Matter and the Poetic Avant-Garde

This paper explores Ezra Pound’s poetics in light of certain American avant-garde poetic schools who claim literary inheritance from him. Specifically, critics in the 1970s to 1990s attempted to redefine Pound’s ars poetica strictly in political terms without acknowledging numerous essays in which he remained apolitical with respect to poetry. In addition to this, Pound’s conception of poetic meter and other theoretical bases are explored. Some of these include Pound’s belief that subject matter is the source of poetic form, and that authorial intention is intimately related to how cultures promote values and a literary tradition. Though Pound is named as a predecessor of American avant-garde-ism, this paper explores how these connections are more tenuous than previously accepted by the academy.
Quotient Space Model Based Hierarchical Machine Learning

We proposed a quotient space based model that can represent the world at different granularities and can be used to handle problems hierarchically. The model can be used in two different ways: top-down deduction and bottom-up induction. In this paper, we will discuss the quotient space model based bottom-up induction, i.e., hierarchical learning. Some approaches for learning the structural knowledge from data are presented. The main advantage of hierarchical induction is its efficiency, that is, the whole structure of data can be abstracted at once.