nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On Models and Mickey Mouse.

The re-issue of a nineteenth-century French Drawing Course is the occasion for an examination of issues of ‘models of good practice’ in current art teaching. These are listed as an expanded set of student-centred pedagogical paradigms, which embrace the forceful popular imagery of electronic games and comic strips. The formalist adaptations of comic-strip imagery by artists in the 1970s which challenged traditional divisions between high and popular art, are 
contrasted with the scathing Marxist analysis by Dorfman and Matterlart, Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic, which still has political resonance. The darkly ambivalent, if much theorised, appropriations of popular imagery by contemporary artists Pettibon and Murakami are adduced as part of an on-going problematic, where ideological readings are glossed over for fear of jeopardising the liberal consensus in art and education.
The Land Before Her: Fantasy and Experience of the American Frontiers, 1630-1860

To discover how women constructed their own mythology of the West, Kolodny examines the evidence of three generations of women's writing about the frontier. She finds that, although the American frontiersman imagined the wilderness as virgin land, an unspoiled Eve to be taken, the pioneer woman at his side dreamed more modestly of a garden to be cultivated. Both intellectual and cultural history, this volume continues Kolodny's study of frontier mythology begun in The Lay of the Land .
Unification of Gravity and Quantum Theory

An overview of the four fundamental forces of physics as described by the Standard Model (SM) and prevalent unifying theories beyond it is provided. Background knowledge of the particles governing the fundamental forces is provided, as it will be useful in understanding the way in which the unification efforts of particle physics has evolved, either from the SM, or apart from it. It is shown that efforts to provide a quantum theory of gravity have allowed supersymmetry (SUSY) and M-Theory to become two of the prevailing theories for unifying gravity with the remaining non-gravitational forces.
Weighted Polynomial Approximations: Limits for Learning and Pseudorandomness

Low-degree polynomial approximations to the sign function underlie pseudorandom generators for halfspaces, as well as algorithms for agnostically learning halfspaces. We study the limits of these constructions by proving inapproximability results for the sign function. First, we investigate the derandomization of Chernoff-type concentration inequalities. Schmidt et al. ( 1995) showed that a tail bound of delta can be established for sums of Bernoulli random variables with only O(log(1/delta))-wise independence. We show that their results are tight up to constant factors. Secondly, the “polynomial regression” algorithm of Kalai et al. ( 2008) shows that halfspaces can be efficiently learned with respect to log-concave distributions on R^n in the challenging agnostic learning model. The power of this algorithm relies on the fact that under log-concave distributions, halfspaces can be approximated arbitrarily well by low-degree polynomials. In contrast, we exhibit a large class of non-log-concave distributions under which polynomials of any degree cannot approximate the sign function to within arbitrarily low error.
Towards a Discipline of IoT-Oriented Software Engineering

Despite the rapid progresses in IoT research, a general principled software engineering approach for the systematic development of IoT systems and applications is still missing. In this article, by synthesizing form the state of the art in the area, we attempt at framing the key concepts and abstractions that revolve around the design and development of IoT systems and applications, and that could represent the ground on which to start shaping the guidelines of a new IoT-oriented software engineering discipline.
Dependence of solution thermodynamic functions on the character of the hetero-atom in sulfur- and oxygen-containing compounds

1. 
 
Substitution of an oxygen atom by a sulfur in aliphatic and cyclic ethers and aromatic heterocycles brings about a uniform increase in the energy of dispersive interaction, this being the thermodynamic basis for analogies in the GC behavior of S- and O-containing compounds. 
 
 
 
 
2. 
 
A simple method for calculating differences of differential molar free energies of solution δ(ΔG)ij from retention indices has been proposed and used to give a quantitative description of the differences in GC behavior of the compounds under discussion here.
Why the analyst needs to change: Toward a theory of conflict, negotiation, and mutual influence in the therapeutic process

Why the analyst needs to change: Toward a theory of conflict, negotiation, and mutual influence in the therapeutic process Malcolm Owen Slavin Ph.D. a b & Daniel Kriegman Ph.D. c a President of the Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis, 112 Lakeview Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138 E-mail: b Director of Training, Tufts University Counseling Center c faculty member of the Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis, 112 Lakeview Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138  Nov 2009.
Educational Determinants of Stock Market Participation In College

The stock market participation rate is the fraction of people who invest in the stock market, as defined by Hong [6] and others. The stock market (or equity market) is a public entity for the trading of company stock. A share of stock is one type of negotiable financial instrument representing financial value, or security. Other types of securities include bonds and derivatives. Stocks and bonds are the two main types of securities for common investors. Generally, stocks are riskier than bonds (but usually come with a higher return to compensate for the added risk). Anyone can choose to invest in the stock market, but not everyone chooses to do so. In 2008, one third of U.S. households owned stock directly (excluding those who only participated through various retirement vehicles) . The literature in this area concerns itself with why or why not people choose to invest in the stock market. There are some costs associated with stock investments that should be taken into consideration. First, there are monetary costs. In order to participate in the stock market, an investor must have money to initially set aside for the investment. Second, participating in the stock market takes some time and effort, particularly for gaining knowledge. Since there is little that can be done about the monetary costs, the literature in stock market participation is mostly concerned with figuring out why non-participating households which have the available funds do not participate in the stock market, and why participating households choose to particpate. Stock market participation is important for a number of reasons. First, personal investment decisions are important because they include accumulating funds for a home, car, education, and things pertaining to other personal goals and dreams. A household benefits greatly if their finances are managed well, especially when it comes to investment decisions. It can be argued that owning shares of stock can be an essential part of a persons investment portfolio. The more people that participate in the stock market, the more people that are better equipped when it comes to personal investment decisions.
Parental administration of antipyretics to children with upper respiratory tract infections without consultation with a physician

To evaluate the administration of antipyretics to children with upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) by their parents or guardians without consultation with physicians, and compare epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients who received antipyretics and of untreated patients.



A prospective observational study was performed in three pediatric clinics in Zagreb, Croatia, from March to June 2002. A total of 171 children aged from 2 to 14 years with symptoms and signs of URTI lasting more than 2 days and fever above 38 °C lasting more than 2 days were included in the study. Data were collected on the usage of antipyretics, patients' demographic and epidemiological characteristics, and clinical signs and symptoms.



Antipyretics, predominantly paracetamol, were used in 29.8% of patients. Their usage was less frequent in children attending day-care centers (49% of treated and 70% of untreated children, P = 0.014) and in children with reiterated URTIs (33.3% of treated and 55.8% of untreated children, P = 0.008). However, it was more frequent in children with recent URTIs in the family (33.3% of treated and 7.5% of untreated children, P < 0.001). Overall, most clinical signs and symptoms of URTI were notably less pronounced in patients treated with antipyretics.



Antipyretics use correlated with less pronounced clinical signs and symptoms of infection, which indicates their anti-inflammatory activity, but also with negative effects such as lethargy. It is necessary to educate parents on the positive and negative aspects of antipyretics use and on the optimal choice of an antipyretic drug.
Geology and Tectonic Development of the Czech Republic

Even if the Czech Republic occupies a small area in Central Europe, it is unique by the very interesting and varied geological and tectonic development that is recorded in the structure of the present-day Earth’s crust, especially in the case of the Bohemian Massif. The Bohemian Massif can be interpreted as a heterogeneous unit composed of four separate regional domains. Each of them is defined especially by a specific stratigraphic content, tectomagmatic development and tectonic limitation in relation to its surroundings. The history of its development involves a long time period from the Paleoproterozoic to the recent period, i.e. about 2.1 × 109 years. Basic features of the Earth’s crust structure, reflecting in geological maps, were however impressed on the area of the country only by relatively younger phases of Variscan orogeny and, to a lesser extent, Alpine orogeny that affected the eastern part of the country—the Western Carpathians. At the beginning of the Westphalian, the Bohemian Massif became part of the stabilised Variscan crust of the West European Platform, which in consequence meant that it began to act as a single unit, in which any mutual lateral displacement of units, metamorphosis and associated ductile deformation took place no longer. The Western Carpathians are one of partial branches of the vast orogenic belt of the Alpides created from the former Tethys Ocean. The development of the Western Carpathians already begins shortly after terminating the Variscan orogeny. At present, the Carpathians are divided from south to north into the Inner, Central and Outer Western Carpathians. The Central as well as the Inner Carpathians do not occur in the territory of the Czech Republic. The younger accretionary complex in the area of Moravia and Silesia is composed of the Pouzdřany, Ždanice, Subsilesian, Silesian and Fore-Magura Units.
Contemporary Outcomes of Combined Heart-Liver Transplant in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease.

As more patients survive into adulthood with repaired congenital heart disease (CHD), transplant centers now have patients presenting with both end-stage cardiac and hepatic failure. An understanding of the contemporary outcomes with combined heart liver transplantation (CHLT) in patients with CHD is needed.



A retrospective review of the outcomes of CHLT in CHD was conducted from October 1, 1987, to June 30, 2015, from the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Propensity score matched cohorts were formed for the assessment of posttransplant outcome: CHLT with CHD, CHLT without CHD, and isolated heart transplant for CHD (HT-CHD). Cohorts were matched based on age, body mass index, inotrope use, and ventilator support at the time of transplant. We assessed 30-day, 1-, 5-, and 10-year posttransplant survivals.



There were 61 437 heart transplants during the study period, of which 190 (0.3%) were CHLT. Among CHLT, 41(22%) patients had CHD. In 26 (63%) of these, the indication for CHLT was hepatic congestion/cirrhosis of cardiac origin. In the matched cohorts, the overall survival for CHLT with CHD at 30 days, 1, 5, and 10 years was 95%, 86%, 83%, and 83%, respectively; for CHLT without CHD, it was 100%, 92%, 92%, and 63%, respectively (vs CHLT with CHD: P = 0.49); and for HT-CHD, it was 90%, 84%, 63%, and 39% (vs CHLT with CHD: P = 0.03), respectively.



The posttransplant outcome of CHLT, with and without CHD, is comparable. However, there is a trend toward better survival for CHLT for CHD compared with isolated heart transplant for CHD.
Auto-generating fuzzy system modelling of physical systems

Nonlinear system identification has gained importance over the years as enhancement tool that can improve control design and performance significantly. This is particularly true for systems with non-linearity and unmodelled disturbances. This paper proposes an Auto-Generating Fuzzy System Modelling mechanism (AGFSM) with online tuning capability. The proposed mechanism offers a universal black-box modelling tool for any system, linear or nonlinear, regardless of any prior knowledge of the physical relationship inside the system or the system behaviour. The proposed mechanism comprises of two phases, a structure-generating phase and a parameter-learning phase. Structure generating phase is based on the entropy measure used to control the model accuracy. Parameter learning phase is based on supervised learning algorithms using the back propagation algorithm. The proposed AGFSM mechanism is used to develop the models of both linear and nonlinear systems using input-output data.
Similar but Not the Same: First Kinetic and Structural Analyses of a Methanol Dehydrogenase Containing a Europium Ion in the Active Site

Since the discovery of the biological relevance of rare earth elements (REEs) for numerous different bacteria, questions concerning the advantages of REEs in the active sites of methanol dehydrogenases (MDHs) over calcium(II) and of why bacteria prefer light REEs have been a subject of debate. Here we report the cultivation and purification of the strictly REE-dependent methanotrophic bacterium Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV with europium(III), as well as structural and kinetic analyses of the first methanol dehydrogenase incorporating Eu in the active site. Crystal structure determination of the Eu-MDH demonstrated that overall no major structural changes were induced by conversion to this REE. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements were used to determine optimal conditions for kinetic assays, whereas inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed 70 % incorporation of Eu in the enzyme. Our studies explain why bacterial growth of SolV in the presence of Eu3+ is significantly slower than in the presence of La3+ /Ce3+ /Pr3+ : Eu-MDH possesses a decreased catalytic efficiency. Although REEs have similar properties, the differences in ionic radii and coordination numbers across the series significantly impact MDH efficiency.
A new mathematical representation of Game Theory II

In another paper with the same name[1], we proposed a new representation of Game Theory, but most results are given by specific examples and argument. In this paper, we try to prove the conclusions as far as we can, including a proof of equivalence between the new representation and the traditional Game Theory, and a proof of Classical Nash Theorem in the new representation. And it also gives manipulation definition of quantum game and a proof of the equivalence between this definition and the general abstract representation. A Quantum Nash Proposition is proposed but without a general proof. Then, some comparison between Nash Equilibrium (NE) and the pseudo-dynamical equilibrium (PDE) is discussed. At last, we investigate the possibility that whether such representation leads to truly Quantum Game, and whether such a new representation is helpful to Classical Game, as an answer to the questions in . Some discussion on continuous-strategy games are also included.
Because we are human. A philosophical inquiry into discourses of environmental education from the perspective of sustainable development and man's caring responsability

What is it that inspires us humans to take responsibility for our involvement with the natural environment? And how do we familiarise children with practices of environmental responsibility? These questions are at the heart of this book, resulting from a comprehensive PhD-inquiry into the philosophical dimensions of environmental education. Two sources of inspiration and responsibility are discussed in particular. First, as citizens of a civil society, inspiration stems from our commitment to the continuation of the collective practices in which we are already engaged. Second, inspiration emerges from our sensual-aesthetic acquaintanceship with the natural surroundings in the course of our everyday activities. This study concludes that there is little room for these sources of inspiration and responsibility within the prevailing framework of Education for Sustainable Development. An alternative view on the nature and purpose of environmental education is put forward in light of these shortcomings. This view aims to retrieve an existential human sense of care for our natural environment, beyond the narrowly defined appeals made on behalf of future generations, as well as beyond the romantic appeals made on behalf of the intrinsic sovereignty of nature
A pictorial review of imaging in paediatric stroke.

Stroke is recognised as an important disease in adults. Paediatric stroke is less understood, yet still an important cause of morbidity and mortality, with an incidence of 5 per 100 000 children and is one of the top 10 leading causes of death in children. In adults the vast majority of strokes are ischaemic, whereas in children haemorrhage makes up half the cases. The incidence of neonatal stroke is much higher, at up to 45 per 100 000 population; however, the underlying causes are less understood. This paper acts as a guide to the different causes of stroke with the key differences on imaging discussed.
Relaxation of the sodium atom in the 4D level by collisions with noble gases. I. Experimental aspects

2014 The sodium atom is excited selectively in the 4D3/2 or 4D5/2 level using Doppler-free two-photon absorption. We analyse the fluorescence in intensity and polarization in presence of noble gas atoms. We measure the cross-sections corresponding to the transfer of population between 4D3/2 and 4D5/2 and between 4D and 4F, the relaxation of alignment in both fine sublevels and the transfer of alignment. In particular, we have observed a transfer of alignment in the case of helium and neon perturbers. LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE TOME 40, JUIN 1979, 1
Comparative Document Analysis for Large Text Corpora

This paper presents a novel research problem, Comparative Document Analysis (CDA), that is, joint discovery of commonalities and differences between two individual documents (or two sets of documents) in a large text corpus. Given any pair of documents from a (background) document collection, CDA aims to automatically identify sets of quality phrases to summarize the commonalities of both documents and highlight the distinctions of each with respect to the other informatively and concisely. Our solution uses a general graph-based framework to derive novel measures on phrase semantic commonality and pairwise distinction, where the background corpus is used for computing phrase-document semantic relevance. We use the measures to guide the selection of sets of phrases by solving two joint optimization problems. A scalable iterative algorithm is developed to integrate the maximization of phrase commonality or distinction measure with the learning of phrase-document semantic relevance. Experiments on large text corpora from two different domains---scientific papers and news---demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed framework on comparing documents. Analysis on a 10GB+ text corpus demonstrates the scalability of our method, whose computation time grows linearly as the corpus size increases. Our case study on comparing news articles published at different dates shows the power of the proposed method on comparing sets of documents.
POVERTY, FAMILIES AND THE INVESTMENT STATE

Finland and Germany are traditionally seen as members of different welfare regimes with rather different approaches to family policies. During the last decade or so, poverty concerns have received an increasingly prominent position within family policy in both countries. The objects for these concerns have been different constellations of ‘poor’ families, and the policies pursued to counteract poverty have ranged from targeted measures to investments in childcare services. It has been suggested that the motivation behind recent social policy developments in Europe is a stronger accentuation of so-called social investment ideas calling for more activation, targeting and higher future returns through investments in human capital. This article explores the impact of social investment ideas on policy discourses about family-related poverty in Finland and Germany since the late-1980s by analysing poverty constructions and anti-poverty policy recommendations in government and party programs. The findin...
Streamlining Foreign Exchange Management Operations with Corporate Financial Portals

Global competition and decreasing profit margins force companies to reduce their operational costs. This puts pressure on all business units and operations, including financial management. One approach to increase operational efficiency is the automation of existing processes by eliminating unnecessary manual interventions. Alternatively, one can design and implement new, improved processes. This is a challenging task that gets even more complex if the financial management has to deal with the heterogeneous environments of a multinational corporation. In this sense, the deployment of information systems that help to reduce the complexity of integration, communication, coordination, and collaboration challenges is required. Thus, financial management is in search for the equivalent of the global information system postulated by Chou (1999).
On the optical–mechanical analogy in general relativity

We demonstrate that the Evans–Rosenquist formulation of the optical–mechanical analogy, so successful in the application to classical problems, also describes the motion of massless particles in the Schwarzschild field of general relativity. It is possible to obtain the well‐known equations for light orbit and radar echo delay which account for two exclusive tests of Einstein’s field equations. Some remarks including suggestions for future work are also added.
Review of hard scattering and jet analysis

A review of hard-scattering and jet analysis in p-p and heavy ion collisions at RHIC is presented in the context of earlier work at the CERN ISR in the 1970's which utilized inclusive single or pairs of hadrons to establish that high transverse momentum particles in p-p collisions are produced from states with two roughly back-to-back jets which are the result of scattering of constituents of the nucleons as described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), which was developed during the course of those measurements. These techniques have been used extensively and further developed at RHIC since they are the only practical method to study hard-scattering and jet phenomena in Au+Au central collisions at RHIC energies.