nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of osteopathic and allopathic medical schools’ support for primary care

To contrast prevailing behaviors and attitudes relative to primary care education and practice in osteopathic and allopathic medical schools. Descriptive study using confidential telephone interviews conducted in 1993–94. Analyses compared responses of osteopaths and allopaths, controlling for primary care orientation. United States academic health centers. National stratified probability samples of first-year and fourth-year medical students, postgraduate year 2 residents, and clinical faculty in osteopathic and allopathic medical schools, a sample of allopathic deans, and a census of deans of osteopathic schools (n=457 osteopaths; n=2,045  Survey items assessed personal characteristics, students’ reasons for entering medicine, learners’ primary care educational experiences, community support for primary care, and attitudes toward the clinical and academic competence of primary care physicians. Primary care physicians composed a larger fraction of the faculty in osteopathic schools than in allopathic schools. Members of the osteopathic community were significantly more likely than their allopathic peers to describe themselves as socioemotionally oriented rather than technoscientifically oriented. Osteopathic learners were more likely than allopathic learners to have educational experiences in primary care venues and with primary care faculty, and to receive encouragement from faculty, including specialists, to enter primary care. Attitudes toward the clinical and academic competence of primary care physicians were consistently negative in both communities. Differences between communities were sustained after controlling for primary care orientation. In comparison with allopathic schools, the cultural practices and educational structures in osteopathic medical schools better support the production of primary care physicians. However, there is a lack of alignment between attitudes and practices in the osteopathic community.
leanTAP: Lean Tableau-Based Theorem Proving (Extended Abstract)

“prove((E,F),A,B,C,D):- !, prove(E,[F|A],B,C,D). prove((E;F),A,B,C,D):- !, prove(E,A,B,C,D), prove(F,A,B,C,D). prove(all(H,I),A,B,C,D):- !, +length(C,D), copy_term((H,I,C), (G,F,C)), append(A, [all(H,I)],E), prove(F,E,B, [G|C],D). ; -(A)=B)) → (unify(B,C); prove(A,[],D,_,_)). prove(A,[E|F],B,C,D):- prove(E,F, [A|B],C,D).” implements a first-order theorem prover based on free-variable semantic tableaux. It is complete, sound, and efficient.
From the Philosophy of Consciousness to the Philosophy of Difference: The subject for education after humanism

AbstractBiesta has suggested that education after humanism should be interested in existence, not essence, in what the subject can do, not in what the subject is—the truth about the subject—and this is the way inspired by Foucault and Levinas. In this article, I analyze Foucault’s alleged deconstruction and reconfiguration of the subject and Levinas’ approach to human subjectivity and suggest that Foucault’s early and later works have already implied certain concepts of the subject and that Levinas’ approach to human subjectivity does not, as has often been perceived in educational circles, avoid theorizing about human subjectivity. Drawing on the French philosophy of difference, particularly Levinas’ ideas of alterity and subjectivity, I propose a post-humanist subject as a singular existence that ‘announces, promises, and at the same time conceals’, that cannot be exhausted, totalized, and replicated. The singular and unique subject, open and responsible to the world and beyond, is indispensible to the ...
Models of the Classical Electron after a Century

The point charge and the extended charge as models of the classical electron are studied. The problems inherent to each model with respect to self-interaction are disclosed and the possible solutions are analysed. The possible relation between these models is also discussed. We argue that a totally electromagnetic electron, as well as a point electron, is beyond the scope of classical electrodynamics. This work is intended as a complement to F. Rohrlich's recent account in the sense that it points at challenges still present in the way to a deeper understanding of the electron.
Concurrent Session: BAM and Genre Studies - The Black Man's Vision of the World: Rediscovering Black Arts Filmmaking and the Struggle for a Black Cinematic Aesthetic

This essay recovers filmmaking efforts within the Black Arts Movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, namely the films created by Larry Neal, one of the movement's key theorists, in collaboration with artists like Amiri Baraka, Edward Spriggs, and James Hinton, discovered in the Harvard Film Archive. It focuses on three finished films and one film that almost got made: the documentary films Moving On Up and The New Ark , a fictional story set in Harlem called Holy Days , and Revolution in Black America , which was an early documentary film project that, according to the archival record, was never completed. These films have so far not received any critical attention. In fact, scholars of the movement have assumed that Black Arts activists rejected popular media in favor of literary and theoretical output. Conversely, the Black Arts Movement plays only a minor role in the historiography of black cinema, even though film historians acknowledge the critique of mainstream cinema within the movement and black filmmakers inspired by Black Arts ideas. Analyzing these film texts and the circumstances of their production, this essay attempts to write the Black Arts Movement into the history of black cinema and reopen the question of a black cinematic aesthetic, connecting the concept to the black freedom struggle that simultaneously generated the early black film criticism to which scholarship of black film remains indebted. Bridging the movement and film history, in turn, also allows a rethinking of the Black Arts Movement and its involvement with mass popular culture.
Clinical efficacy of acute respiratory viral infections prevention in patients with chronic heart failure.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the ARVI prevention effectiveness in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) using interferon inducer amixin.



Conducted a comprehensive survey, dynamic monitoring and treatment of 60 patients aged from 49 to 70 years (mean age 60.25±4.57 years, 17 men and 43 women) with CHF with preserved ejection fraction of left ventricle (LVEF) (≥50%), II-III functional class (FC) according to the classification of new York Heart Association (NYHA), which developed as a result of coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertensive disease (HD). Of these, 30 patients (group 1) on the background of standard therapy for CHF received for the prevention of ARVI tiloron (Amixin) at a dose of 125 mg once a week for 6 weeks, two courses for 1 year. Group 2 patients received only standard therapy for CHF.



A decrease in the frequency of ARVI in patients with CHF treated with Amixin was found, which was accompanied by a decrease in the severity of subclinical inflammation by reducing the production of proinflammatory (IL-1β) and increasing the production of anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, reducing neurohumoral activation (reducing levels of aldosterone and Nt-proBNP), increasing the level of α- and γ-interferon. The positive dynamics of biomarkers of systemic inflammation and neurohormonal activation explains the improvement of the clinical course in patients with CHF (increase of tolerance to physical loads, reducing the number of visits to General practitioner and hospital admissions in the hospital during 12 months of observation).



A promising approach to the prevention of SARS in patients with CHF is course therapy with Amixin (2 times a year before the seasonal rising in the incidence of respiratory viral infections and influenza), which allows to achieve both decreasing in the frequency of SARS per year, and improvement the clinical course of CHF.
Effects of Weak Decay and Hadronic Scattering on the Proton Number Fluctuations in Au + Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5$ GeV from JAM Model

Proton number fluctuation is sensitive observable to search for the QCD critical point in heavy-ion collisions. To estimate the non-critical contributions, we studied the effects of weak decay and hadronic scattering on proton number fluctuation and its correlation functions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5$ GeV from a microscopic hadronic transport model (JAM). The JAM model calculation is also performed with different equation of states (EoS), which are cascade, mean field and attractive scattering orbit mode. The attractive scattering orbit mode is to simulate the softening of EoS in a first-order phase transition. In our study, we found that the effects of weak decay and hadronic scattering on the observables are small. This work can serve as a study for non-critical baseline for further QCD critical point search.
La tradición medieval y el realismo político moderno en el teatro de Calderón de la Barca The medieval tradition and the modern political realism in the theater of Calderón de la Barca

In the Spanish Golden Age, the process of political secularization was accompanied by remnants of the medieval tradition. For this reason, the modern political realism, based on the doctrine of Nicolas Maquiavelo, opposed the medieval political worldview, subject to the guidelines of theology. In this sense, the baroque theater was a privileged, for unlike the philosophical or theological treatise, marked by doctrinal orthodoxy the scene, while was controlled by censorship, allowed an incipient
The Solving of the Problems with Random Division of an Interval with Use of Computer Analytic Programs

An original approach to solving rather difficult probabilistic problems arising in studying the readout of random discrete fields and having no exact analytical solutions at the moment is proposed. Several algorithms for direct, iterative, and combinatorial-recursive calculations of multidimensional integral expressions, which can describe partial solutions of these problems, are presented (these solutions are further used to search for the common closed analytical regularities). The huge volume of necessary calculations forced us to formalize completely the algorithms and to transfer all the burden of routine analytical transforms to a computer. The calculations performed helped us to establish (and to prove later) a number of new earlier unknown probabilistic formulas responsible for random division of an interval. One more important feature of this study is the fact that we introduced a new concept of 'three-dimensional generalized Catalan numbers' and found their explicit form in solving problems associated with random division of an interval.
The generalized Crewther relation in QCD and its experimental consequences

We use the BLM scale-fixing prescription to derive a renormalization-scheme invariant relation between the coefficient function for the Bjorken sum rule for polarized deep inelastic scattering and the R -ratio for the e + e − annihilation cross section. This relation provides a generalization of the Crewther relation to non-conformally invariant gauge theories. The derived relations allow one to calculate unambiguously without renormalization scale or scheme ambiguity the effective charges of the polarized Bjorken and the Gross-Llewellen Smith sum rules from the experimental value for the effective charge associated with R -ratio. Present data are consistent with the generalized Crewther relations, but measurements at higher precision and energies will be needed to decisively test these fundamental relations in QCD.
Non-adherence to community oral-antibiotic treatment in children with fast-breathing pneumonia in Malawi– secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study

BackgroundDespite significant progress, pneumonia is still the leading cause of infectious deaths in children under five years of age. Poor adherence to antibiotics has been associated with treatment failure in World Health Organisation (WHO) defined clinical pneumonia; therefore, improving adherence could improve outcomes in children with fast-breathing pneumonia. We examined clinical factors that may affect adherence to oral antibiotics in children in the community setting in Malawi.MethodsWe conducted a sub-analysis of a prospective cohort of children aged 2–59 months diagnosed by community health workers (CHW) in rural Malawi with WHO fast-breathing pneumonia. Clinical factors identified during CHW diagnosis were investigated using multivariate logistic regression for association with non-adherence, including concurrent diagnoses and treatments. Adherence was measured at both 80% and 100% completion of prescribed oral antibiotics.ResultsEight hundred thirty-four children were included in our analysis, of which 9.5% and 20.0% were non-adherent at 80% and 100% of treatment completion, respectively. A concurrent infectious diagnosis (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 0.84–2.96/OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.21–2.71) and an illness duration of >24 h prior to diagnosis (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.27–3.60/OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.29–2.73) had higher odds of non-adherence when measured at both 80% and 100%. Older age was associated with lower odds of non-adherence when measured at 80% (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.21–0.78).ConclusionNon-adherence to oral antibiotics was not uncommon in this rural sub-Saharan African setting. As multiple diagnoses by the CHW and longer illness were important factors, this provides an opportunity for further investigation into targeted interventions and refinement of referral guidelines at the community level. Further research into the behavioural drivers of non-adherence within this setting is needed.
On the Pioneer acceleration as light acceleration

As early as in 1907, Einstein showed that the light speed must be larger at spacetime points with higher gravitational potential. This idea is used here to present a relativistic version of a recent model which explains the acceleration of the Pioneer 10 spaceship as the effect of a universal adiabatic acceleration of light. This phenomenon would have the same observational signature as an acceleration of the ship. It is shown in this work that such acceleration would be due to an acceleration of the proper time with respect to the coordinate time. PACS numbers: 04.80.Cc, 95.10.Eg, 95.55.Pe
Preliminary investigation of the geologic setting and chemical composition of the Pierre Shale, Great Plains region

._ _-___-__-_--______-______-___--__-__--_Introduction _______________________________________ Plan of study, _____________________________________ Acknowledgments__ ___-_-___---_-____---_--_______ Distribution of Pierre shale and equivalent rocks. ______ Stratigraphic relations of the Pierre shale and equivalent rocks_ ____________________________________________ Historical summary.____________________________ Correlation of units.____________________________ Description of units.____________________________ Facies belts._---__----------_-_-.-_-_-__------_ Geochemical history___----------_____-__-----_--_ Samples -_--_-_-----__________________________-____ Terminology ___________________________________ Field investigations.____________________________ Laboratory investigations..._.--___-_____________ Physical composition._______________________________ Size analyses.__________________________________ Mineralogy _________________________________ Material coarser than 74 microns _____________ X-ray analyses _____________________________ Chemical composition_______________________________ Average composition of selected samples of Pierre shale.-------___-___-________________________ Major constituents._____________________________ Mode of occurrence_________________________ Statistical distribution_____________________ Page 1
The Infinity Computer and Numerical Computations with Infinite and Infinitesimal Numbers

A new methodology allowing one to execute numerical computations with finite, infinite, and infinitesimal numbers (see [7,9,15]) on a new type of a computer – the Infinity Computer – is introduced (see EU, USA, and Russian patents ). A calculator using the Infinity Computer technology is presented during the talk. The new approach is based on the principle ‘The part is less than the whole’ introduced by Ancient Greeks that is applied to all numbers (finite, infinite, and infinitesimal) and to all sets and processes (finite and infinite). It is shown that it becomes possible to write down finite, infinite, and infinitesimal numbers by a finite number of symbols as particular cases of a unique framework (different from that of the non-standard Analysis). The new methodology (see surveys [9,15]) evolves ideas of Cantor and Levi-Civita in a more applied way and (among other things) introduces infinite integers that possess both cardinal and ordinal properties as usual finite numbers (its relations with traditional approaches are discussed in [4,5,9,15]). Note that foundations of the Set Theory dealing with infinity have been developed starting from the end of the XIX-th century until more or less the first decades of the XX-th century. Foundations of the classical Analysis dealing both with infinity and infinitesimal quantities have been developed even earlier, more than 200 years ago, with the goal to develop mathematical tools allowing one to solve problems arising in the real world in that remote time. As a result, these parts of Mathematics reflect ideas that people had about Physics (including definitions of the notions continuous and discrete) more than 200 years ago. Thus, these mathematical tools do not include numerous achievements of Physics of the XX-th century. Even the brilliant non-standard Analysis of Robinson made
Quantifying volume, velocity, and variety to support (Big) data-intensive application development

In the era of digital economies, data can be considered as the new commodity, fueling the next-generation software services and applications. Increasing amounts of data, generated on a daily basis by various domains, such as social networks, stock exchanges, the Internet of Things, and cyber-physical systems, are soon expected to exceed the yottabyte1 frontier. To process this overwhelming amount, Big Data solutions are being developed to enable a new generation of data-centric/data-intensive applications (DIAs) and services. However, many of such applications currently fail to meet the increasingly demanding data management requirements. In particular, proper techniques and tools to support architects and developers in DIA design are required to cope with these pressing Big Data challenges. This paper makes an initial step in this direction, aiming at reducing the gap between the architects and DIAs they have to develop. The proposed approach extends the conventional Big Data process workflow with a way of capturing and modeling the ‘three Vs’ of Big Data (i.e. volume, velocity, and variety) to provide useful insights on the overall process, knowing the behavior of its individual components. Starting from the V-attributes of the Big Data process components, the proposed framework provides an estimation of its V-metrics by evaluating a performance model generated from the process. To demonstrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the approach, a case study on a computer vision DIA is reported.
On the Hegelian roots of Lukács’s theory of realism

This article attempts two things. First, it aims to reassess the literary criticism that Georg Lukács produced in the 1930s while he was living in the Soviet Union in light of his earlier, and much-esteemed, The theory of the novel. Second, in order to carry out this reassessment, it examines the place of Hegelian aesthetics in Lukács’s theorization of realism in the 1930s criticism, in relation both to contemporary Soviet writings on the subject and to his own earlier, ostensibly Hegelian work. I argue that, at least in terms of the place of art in the historical dialectic, the later work is more consistent with Hegelian philosophy than The theory of the novel.
Do Labor Intensive Industries Generate Employment? Evidence from firm level survey in India

This study attempts to address the issue of declining labour intensity in Indias organized manufacturing in order to understand the constraints on employment generation in the labour intensive sectors. Using primary survey data covering 252 labour intensive manufacturing-exporting firms across five sectorsapparel, leather, gems and jewellery, sports goods, and bicycles for 2005-06 an attempt is made to find out the factors which constrain employment generation in labour intensive firms. The study shows several constraints in the path of employment generation in labour intensive sectorsnon-availability of trained skilled workers, infrastructure bottlenecks, low levels of investment, labour rules and regulations, and a noncompetitive export orientation. The study suggests a set of policy initiatives to improve the employment potential of these sectors.
Sparse coding for multitask and transfer learning

We investigate the use of sparse coding and dictionary learning in the context of multitask and transfer learning. The central assumption of our learning method is that the tasks parameters are well approximated by sparse linear combinations of the atoms of a dictionary on a high or infinite dimensional space. This assumption, together with the large quantity of available data in the multitask and transfer learning settings, allows a principled choice of the dictionary. We provide bounds on the generalization error of this approach, for both settings. Numerical experiments on one synthetic and two real datasets show the advantage of our method over single task learning, a previous method based on orthogonal and dense representation of the tasks and a related method learning task grouping.
A Tauberian Theorem for Stretchings

R. C. Buck fl] has shown that if a regular matrix sums every subsequence of a sequence x, then x is convergent. I. J. Maddox [4] improved Buck's theorem by showing that if a non-Schur matrix sums every subsequence of a sequence x, then x is convergent. Actually Maddox proved a stronger result: If x is divergent and A sums every subsequence of x, then A is a Schur matrix, i.e., It should be remarked that a matrix is a Schur matrix if and only if it sums every bounded sequence. In  we worked with stretchings of sequences, and obtained a result similar to Buck's theorem. The purpose of the present paper is to give a result on stretchings which is analogous to Maddox's theorem. Thus we have the THEOREM. / / x is a divergent complex sequence and A is a complex matrix which sums every stretching of x, then there exists N such that (i) a pq-> c q as p-» oo, q > N, 00 (ii) £ c q converges, q=N+l oo (iii) £ (a pq-c q)-> 0 as p-» oo. If D denotes the set of all matrices A such that for some N(A), (i), (ii), and (iii) hold for N = N(A), then our theorem can be formulated as a Tauberian theorem: If a non-D matrix sums every stretching of a sequence x, then x is convergent. We begin with a lemma which may be of independent interest. LEMMA. / / x is a sequence and A is a matrix with each Z a pq q = l convergent, then there exist a stretching x* of x and a row finite matrix A* such that if y is any stretching of x*, then Ay exists and Ay and A*y are either both convergent or