nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Search for Nucleon Decay with Final States l+ eta, nubar eta, and nubar pi+,0 Using Soudan 2

We have searched for nucleon decay into five two-body final states using a 4.4 kiloton-year fiducial exposure of the Soudan 2 iron tracking calorimeter. For proton decay into the fully visible final states mu+ eta and e+ eta, we observe zero and one event, respectively, that satisfy our search criteria for nucleon decay. The lifetime lower limits (tau/B) thus implied are 89 x 10^30 years and 81 x 10^30 years at 90% confidence level. For neutron decay into nubar eta, we obtain the lifetime lower limit 71 x 10^30 years. Limits are also reported for neutron decay into nubar pi0, and for proton decay into nubar pi+.
Conservation and variation in Hox genes: how insect models pioneered the evo-devo field.

Evolutionary developmental biology, or evo-devo, broadly investigates how body plan diversity and morphological novelties have arisen and persisted in nature. The discovery of Hox genes in Drosophila, and their subsequent identification in most other metazoans, led biologists to try to understand how embryonic genes crucial for proper development have changed to promote the vast morphological variation seen in nature. Insects are ideal model systems for studying this diversity and the mechanisms underlying it because phylogenetic relationships are well established, powerful genetic tools have been developed, and there are many examples of evolutionary specializations that have arisen in nature in different insect lineages, such as the jumping leg of orthopterans and the helmet structures of treehoppers. Here, we briefly introduce the field of evo-devo and Hox genes, discuss functional tools available to study early developmental genes in insects, and provide examples in which changes in Hox genes have contributed to changes in body plan or morphology.
Linear Polymeric C702- Ions.

Under mild conditions, a linear polymeric (C702- )n fulleride was synthesized as single crystals which allow, for the first time, a complete structural analysis of a polymeric fulleride. Starting from the strongest "disturbance" of the cage geometry at the linkage sites, the pronounced alternation of the bond lengths decreases towards the middle of the C70 units (see Schlegel diagram of the C702- building block; color coding of the bond lengths [Å]: blue <1.39, black 1.39-1.47, red 1.47-1.52 Å, green >1.52).
Strategizing discourse: strategy-as-practice and the discursive turn

The "Strategy-as-Practice" (SAP) perspective seeks to illuminate the activity and practice of strategizing by re-conceptualising strategy as something that people do in organizations rather than something organizations have. The purpose of this sub-theme is to further expand the study of SAP so that it includes the study of discursive practices as a means by which to explore the socially situated, day-to-day shaping and transforming of strategy in organizations. Specifically, the sub-theme will explore the production, dissemination and consumption of strategy discourse(s), how these discourses are largely constituted, enacted, maintained or transformed through discursive work, and their implications for work and organisation. 
 
The SAP research agenda connects with the broader "practice turn" in contemporary social sciences by attending to the micro-level of social activity in particular organizational settings and to the location of such activity in relation to broader social, discursive and material practices. This sub-theme will therefore address multiple facets of discourse research including the textual, contextual, performative and material aspects of strategy-related discourses and will also address questions of research design and methodology.
Dementia–A Spiritual Journey Towards the Divine: A Personal View of Dementia

This chapter presents a moving account of one woman's journey into fronto-temporal dementia. Bryden grapples with the difficult issues of loss of self and relationship with God. She examines the significance of memory in the Christian journey, and finally, she proposes ways for relating to her as she moves further into dementia. The strategies suggested uphold her as a fellow member of the Body of Christ, where others may become her memory, and where she can still be nurtured through the love of others and feel God's love through them.
Topological Matching

There is a lot of practical and theoretical interest in designing algorithms to process digital pictures. Of particular interest are problems arising when one starts with an nxn array of pixels and stores it, one pixel per processor, in some sort of array-like parallel computer. In this paper we give an optimal &thgr;(n) time solution, based on a simpler &thgr;(n) time solution for a more powerful computer called a mesh computer. Beyer suggested that this problem was a prime candidate for a non-linear recognition problem, but our result shows that this is not true.
Solvent effects on the redox properties of thioethers.

The one-electron reduction potential of the radical cations of thioanisole (1), benzyl methyl sulfide (2) and 2-hydroxyethyl benzyl sulfide (3) in water, formamide, acetonitrile, acetone, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol, methanol and 2-propanol was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. For comparison the one-electron reduction potentials in water were also measured using pulse radiolysis. The redox potential is strongly influenced by the nature of the solvent and the solvent sensitivity increases with charge localization. The present results have been used to evaluate solvent effects in view of the Kamlet-Taft relationship. The Kamlet-Taft expression quantitatively describes the solvent effects on the redox properties of 1-3 and gives the relative importance of the different solvent properties. The dominating contribution to the solvent effects is the solvent dipolarity/polarizability pi*, whereas alpha appears to be of minor importance. Furthermore, the relationship between the pi* and reduction potential of radical cations of 1-3 appear to be linear. It was also possible to find the same trend between the solvent dipole moment and peak potential of 1-3. These facts indicate that the nature of solvation is mainly nonspecific.
QED in 2+1 Dimensions with Fermi and Gap Anisotropies

QED in 2+1 dimensions has long been studied as a model field theory which exhibits both asymptotic freedom and non-trivial IR behaviour. There is also a trend towards viewing it as a candidate low energy effective theory for the pseudogap phase of high temperature superconductors. One feature of these theories is their lack of isotropy in the x and y directions (a common feature of Dirac theories in condensed matter systems). A model motivated by this work is outlined, and tentative evidence presented for chiral symmetry restoration as the relative anisotropy is increased.
Looking at Architecture with Ruskin

widely been recognized, and not merely in the large and fascinating domain of psychology itself; in the employment of psychoanalysis in neighboring fields, such as history, there is much room for work and some hope for fame. Farber, I submit, has chosen another way: of correcting what needs no correction, certainly not in his way. It is, thus, only in the margins of his exposition, not in its heart, that Lying, Despair, Jealousy, Envy, Sex, Suicide, Drugs, and the Good Life is rewarding. There is no index.
Dutch And Australian Experiences On Teaching Technical Innovation To Engineers And Product Designers

Research on industrial applicability of design methods (project motto: “it depends”) show that, more importantly than geographic differences, there are different disciplineworlds, having their own inherent design methods. For the education in Integrated Design Engineering it predicts that the subject order and curriculum build up have a strong influence on the results. This was confirmed in comparative experiments on educating Product Design Engineering (PDE) students with a different background which were carried out in Groningen, the Netherlands and in Melbourne, Australia. The paper will deal with the background and effects of these phenomena.
Kinetics of cobalt oxidation in solvent extraction by 8-quinolinol and Kelex 100

During solvent extraction by 8-quinolinol and Kelex 100, Co(II) chelates are irreversibly oxidized, by atmospheric oxygen, to Co(III) chelates which are poorly strippable. This oxidation which is first order with respect to Co(II) is influenced by organic phase features: Strong donor compounds stabilize Co(II) by formation of mixte complexes and considerably reduce the oxidation rate, the order of efficiency being: octanol Acidic compounds also stabilize Co(II), the order of efficiency being: “VERSATIC” 10 = acetic acid = benzoic acid
Outlaw Language: Creating Alternative Public Spheres in Basque Free Radio

Recent rethinking of Habermas' Stntctural Transformatiort of the Public Sphere by Negt and Kluge (1993), and feminist and social historians Nancy Fraser (1993), Joan landes (1988), and Geoff Eley (1992), among others, has argued persuasively that the bourgeois public sphere has, from its inception, been built upon powerful mechanisms of exclusion. The idealized image of a democratic theatre of free and equal participation in debate, they claim, has always been a fiction predicated on the mandatory silencing of entire social groups, vital social issues, and indeed, "ot any difference that cannot be assimilated, rationalized, and subsumed" (Hansen 1993b: 198). This is especially clear in the case of those cit izens who do not or wil l not speak the language of civil society. The linguistic terrorism performed with a vengeance during the French Revolution and reenacted in Official English initiatives in the United States more recently, reveal to us how deeply monolingualism has been ingrained in l iberal conceptions of Libert6, Egalit6, anci Fraternit6. But perhaps silencing may not be the best way to describe the fate of linguistic minorit ies or other marginalized groups. For, as Miriam Hansen (1993b) notes, what he more recent work on public spheres uggests i that "the" public sphere has never been as uniform or as totalizing as it represents itself to be. Proliferating in the interstices of the bourgeois public -in salons, cofteehouses, book clubs, working class and subaltern forms of popular culture -are numerous counterpublics that give lie to the presumed homogeneity of the imaginary public. Spurred in part by ethnic nationalist movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, speakers and writers of "barbarous" tongues and "i l legitimate patois" can be seen as one among the counterpublics who avail themselves of any number of "media" from novels to oral poetry, from song and regional presses to, more recently, various forms of electronic media to give expression to other kinds of social experience and perspectives on who the public is. what its interests might be, and what its voice sounds like. This article examines the contemporary fbrmation of one such counterpublic
Trees versus Bushes

When Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species in 1859, he drew a diagram of a tree to represent divergence through natural selection. His work focused on plants and animals—he had no clue what microbes were or how they would impact his conclusions (R. Kolter and S. Maloy, Microbes and Evolution: The World that Darwin Never Saw. ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2012). However, it was the comparison of gene sequenc-es in microbes that provided the most conclusive evidence for a “universal tree of life.” In the late 1970s, Carl Woese argued that the 16S subunit of ribosomal RNA provided an ideal tool for evaluat-ing genetic relationships between organisms—16S rRNA from different organisms shared regions with sufficient sequence similarity to recognize the 16S gene from divergent organisms, while having regions that were sufficiently variable to distinguish closely related organisms. This discov-ery led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of evolution, dividing all living organisms into three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Oxidation induced decomposition of ethylene carbonate from DFT calculations--importance of explicitly treating surrounding solvent.

The oxidation induced reactions of the common lithium battery electrolyte solvent ethylene carbonate (EC) have been investigated for EC(2) using density functional theory and for selected reaction paths using Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP4). The importance of explicitly treating at least one solvent molecule interacting with EC during oxidation (removal of an electron) on the EC oxidation potential and decomposition reactions was shown by comparing oxidation of EC and EC(2). Accuracy of DFT results was evaluated by comparing with MP4 and G4 values for oxidation of EC. The polarized continuum model (PCM) was used to implicitly include the rest of the surrounding solvent. The oxidation potentials of EC(2) and EC(4) were found to be significantly lower than the intrinsic oxidation potential of an isolated EC and also lower than the oxidation potential of EC-BF(4)(-). The exothermic proton abstraction from the ethylene group of EC by the carbonyl group of another EC was responsible for the decreased oxidative stability of EC(2) and EC(4) compared to EC. The most exothermic path with the smallest barrier for EC(2) oxidation yielded CO(2) and an ethanol radical cation. The reaction paths with the higher barrier yielded oligo(ethylene carbonate) suggesting a pathway for the experimentally observed poly(ethylene carbonate) formation of EC-based electrolytes at cathode surfaces.
Dirac Monopole in Non-Commutative Space

We consider static U(1) monopole in non-commutative space. Up to the second order in the non-commutativity scale $\theta$, we find no non-trivial corrections to the Dirac solution, the monopole mass remains infinite. We argue the same holds for any arbitrary higher order. Some speculation about the nature of non-commutative spacetime and its relation to the cosmological constant is made.
The Beilinson-Bernstein correspondence for quantized enveloping algebras

Theory of the quantized flag manifold as a quasi-scheme (non-commutative scheme) has been developed by Lunts-Rosenberg . They have formulated an analogue of the Beilinson-Bernstein correspondence using the q-differential operators introduced in their earlier paper . In this paper we shall establish its modified version using a class of q-differential operators, which is (possibly) smaller than the one in .
Energy, Environment, and Climate

In this new study of energy use and global climate change, Richard Wolfson outlines basic science concepts as well as specific, contemporary applications in energy production and their environmental consequences. "Energy, Environment, and Climate" is structured on the premise that climate change is the dominant energy-related environmental issue of the twenty-first century.Traditional concerns like pollution and conservation of energy resources are covered with clear, scientific explanations. Unique to this text, a full five chapters - about one-third of the content - are devoted to climate and an understanding of the energy-climate link. Included are over 250 photographs and illustrations.
The principal difficulty: Besley’s neo-Rousseavian aspirations

The use of the “principal–agent” model makes an implicit assumption about the existence of an underlying global optimum or “general will.” This assumption is debatable, and Besley does not defend it sufficiently or even seem to realize how strong an assumption it is. Still, it is standard in the literature, and Besley’s book is a very strong contribution to that literature. Its two greatest strengths are its solid microfoundations, and its use of the classical “comparative statics” approach to analyze dynamics.
Carboxylations of alkali metal phenoxides with carbon dioxide.

The reaction mechanism of the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction of phenol and 2-naphthol has been investigated. An alkali metal phenoxide-CO2 complex is not an intermediate that can be easily transformed into a carboxylic acid, such as salicylic acid (SA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA). A direct carboxylation of phenoxide with CO2 takes place even at room temperature, and is competitive with the formation of the CO2 complex. The resulting complex decomposes thermally (above ca. 100 degrees C) to phenoxide, which then undergoes further competitive reactions. Experiments using a carbon-13 labeled complex support a mechanism of direct carboxylation, and not the mechanism via a CO2 complex. The reactivity, C-13 NMR and MOPAC/PM3 calculations suggest a new carbonate-like structure for the CO2 complex.
Ocean and Coastal Data Stewardship

As the ocean community looks to the next decade of ocean observations, end-to-end data management must be considered as an integral part of the design of any ocean observing system. Ocean data stewardship ensures that observations deliver the maximum service to society. Ocean data stewardship means more than mere mechanical or electronic acts of data archiving and transfer. It consists of an integrated suite of functions to preserve and realize the full value of environmental data. Data stewards and data providers need to work toward standardization of vocabularies and formats, quality and complete metadata, and making the archival and dissemination of data a part of the initial design of an observing system. These functions must be successfully implemented to ensure optimal use of oceanographic data and information, both now and in future. 1. WHY OCEAN DATA STEWARDSHIP? No single country can monitor the entire world ocean alone. Over the past decade, the international ocean community has launched a number of highly successful programs that have led to an understanding of how the Earth’s climate system and its many components function and change over time. Data from the implementation of global ocean monitoring programs, such as the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) , Argo , and the Repeat Hydrography Program , have been used to document changes in the ocean heat and freshwater content, as well as changes in the acidity of the oceans. However, to understand how both the ocean and climate are changing, we must first quantify and understand past variability. Therefore, we must ensure the quality and preservation of the data that provide the historical record of Earth's changing marine environment so it can be used for operational applications and ocean climate research. Observation data are unique, irreplaceable, and collected at great cost. The acquisition, processing, preservation, quality assurance, and dissemination of coastal and ocean data by national and international data centers are key elements of curating and archiving data – what we call “Data Stewardship”. These functions are required to ensure future accessibility, readability, quality (e.g. richness, trustworthiness, etc.), and usefulness of all types of oceanographic and related ecosystem data.). National Data Centers, Data Assembly Centers, and World Data Centers (WDC) data collections and databases are a result of international data exchange and all countries and scientists benefit from this cooperation. For example, the international Global Temperature-Salinity Profile Program (GTSPP) and Global Argo Data Repository project coordinate with the US NODC/WDC World Ocean Database to archive historic, delayed-mode and real-time oceanographic profile and Argo float data and produce atlases and analysis products . The importance of NODC/WDC databases, and atlases based on those databases, can be quantified: Figure 1 shows that NODC/WDC databases and products based on those databases have been cited more than 5,900 times since 1982. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Microscopic derivation of the effective Lagrangian for skyrmions in an interacting two-dimensional electron gas at small g -factor

and quantize the problem, assuming the standard commuta-tion relations P i X i   i" h to be fulfilled. This yields the cyclotron frequency of the skyrmion as a whole " ho s  2g and the minimum energy E s  g. Thus, in experiments the skyrmion should exhibit a cyclotron resonance at a frequency 2g. The quantity g is determined as the exchange energy per electron, in the case of a completely filled Landau level g  e 2 l B   2p p X The energy g must be added to expression (5) obtained above for the total energy. It is also interesting to find a term with the Hopf invariant in the action which, according to modern views, determines the skyrmion statistics [11]. For this purpose we should calculate the terms containing one time-dependent O l t and two space-dependent O l in the expansion of the action in terms of O l. Calculations up to the third order are rather cumbersome and require the consideration of numerous diagrams, the second-order diagrams also contributing, since their non-local character in time and space must be taken into account [9, 10]. We present only the final result corresponding to thèfermion' character of vortex-sky-rmions:  e ljm O t O j Â O l d 2 r dt Y 7 where e ljm is the unit antisymmetric third-rank tensor. The integer Hopf invariant H is expressed in terms of O l . This result does not coincide with that obtained within the method of Landau functions projected onto the zero level [7] which is a sum of several spatial derivatives. At the same time, formula (7) has a standard form and agrees with that suggested in note [13]. In conclusion we emphasize once again that the solution of differential equations of the Hartree ± Fock approximation is necessary, since it determines the discrepancy between our results and those obtained by projection onto a single Landau level, when the differential form of the kinetic energy in the SchroÈ dinger equation is replaced by a constant energy. It is of special importance in the calculation of the thermodynamic energy of the vortex-skyrmion where the additional term À" ho c a2Q appears, which can lead to spontaneous appearance of vortices and a rearrangement of the ground state in a rather strong magnetic field.
Interest Groups and the Glass-Steagall Act

Banks are regulated and supervised according to technical criteria, and banking contracts are enforced according to abstruse laws, but those criteria and laws are not created and enforced by robots programmed to maximize social welfare. They are the outcomes of a political process – a game, as it were – whose stakes are wealth and power. There is, in fact, no getting politics out of bank regulation, because public officials have inherent and unavoidable conflicts of interest when it comes to the banking system. First, governments simultaneously regulate banks and look to them as a source of finance. Second, governments enforce the credit contracts that discipline debtors on behalf of banks (and in the process assist in the seizing of debtor collateral), but they rely on those same debtors for political support. Third, governments allocate losses among creditors in the event of bank failures, but they may simultaneously look to the largest group of those creditors – bank depositors – for political support.
An Analytical Study of the Expanded and Revised Map of Chongqing City

The Expanded and Revised Map of Chongqing City,which was optimized by Liu Ziru,has a history of over 100 years.It is the most elaborated ancient map of Chongqing City.During the recent years,it has attracted attention of the academic circle,but the research about it still waitsto be advanced.The author elaborately introduced and analyzed the origin,appearance and background of this map,especially investigated its finishing epoch from various aspects,and drew the personal conclusion.Furthermore,the author compared this map with the other ancient maps of Chongqing City and pointed out its historical value.The conclusion is that it provides many precious materials for the academic research of this city,including geography,history,and the economic development of this city.