nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Algebraic Foundation for Graph-based Diagrams in Computing

We develop an algebraic foundation for some of the graph-based structures underlying a variety of popular diagrammatic notations for the specification, modelling and programming of computing systems. Using hypergraphs and higraphs as leading examples, a locally ordered category Graph(C) of graphs in a locally ordered category C is defined and endowed with symmetric monoidal closed structure. Two other operations on higraphs and variants, selected for relevance to computing applications, are generalised in this setting.
Incremental evolution of local search heuristics

In evolutionary computation, incremental evolution refers to the process of employing an evolutionary environment that becomes increasingly complex over time. We present an implementation of this approach to develop randomised local search heuristics for constraint satisfaction problems, combining research on incremental evolution with local search heuristics evolution. A population of local search heuristics is evolved using a genetic programming framework on a simple problem for a short period and is then allowed to evolve on a more complex problem. Experiments compare the performance of this population with that of a randomly initialised population evolving directly on the more complex problem. The results obtained show that incremental evolution can represent a significant improvement in terms of optimisation speed, solution quality and solution structure.
Geological characteristics and genesis of Beizi crystal graphite deposit in Lushan,Henan Province

Beizi mine area is located at the north end of Hua-Xiong Depression.Up to now, 58 graphite ore bodies have been discovered around whole mine area.The ore bodies, appearing parallel, stratiform, stratiform-like and lenticular, have the same attitude as strata and strike northwest.These ore bodies locally have branches.The graphite ore bodies are hosted in Shuidigou Formation of Taihua Group and the main host rock is biotite plagioclase gneisss and marble.It is concluded that it belongs to a regional metamorphism deposit.
SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF CARBON-BONDED TRANSITION ELEMENTS

New experimental results recently obtained in this and other Laboratories are presented. These results suggest the following hints for further research :a) apparently slight modifications in the donor atoms set around a metal can alter the energetic situation considerably at the metal-carbon bond; b) the molecular parameters obtained by diffraction studies should always be complemented by studies of reactivity and/or of spectral behaviour in solution in order to have a reasonable description of a chemical species.
Homeschooling the Child with Autism: Answers to the Top Questions Parents and Professionals Ask

The Authors. Acknowledgments. Foreword.  1 Questions About Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). 1 What Is ASD and How Do the Core Areas of Impairment Affect Students in a Traditional School Setting? 2 Is There Peer-Reviewed Research That Supports Homeschooling for Students with ASD? 3 Why Do Some Families of Children with ASD Consider Homeschooling? 2 Questions About Homeschooling. 4 What Are the Different Types of Homeschooling? 5 How Do Parents Choose the Right Type of Homeschool Program for Their Child? 6 What Are the Reported Advantages of Homeschooling Children with ASD? 7 What Are the Challenges of Homeschooling Children with ASD? 3 Questions About Resources for Homeschoolers. 8 What Supports, Resources, and Curricula Are Available and How Can Families Access Them? 9 What Special Education Services Is My Child Entitled to If I Choose to Homeschool? 10 How Should a Family Get Started with Homeschooling? 4 Questions About Teaching Strategies. 11 How Should the Core Defi cits of Social Skills and Social Thinking Be Addressed? 12 How Can Social Opportunities Be Incorporated into the Homeschooler's Day? 13 How Should the Core Defi cits in Organizational Skills and Thinking Be Addressed? 14 How Can Interests Be Incorporated into Instruction? 15 How Should the Daily Schedule Be Designed? 16 How Can Parents Address Behavioral Issues? 17 How Can Parents Determine the Appropriate Accommodations and Modifi cations That are Necessary for Curricular Success? 5 Questions About Transition. 18 When Should Parents Consider a Transition Back to Traditional Educational Settings or Programs and How Is This Done? 19 How Should a Family Plan for Transition to College? 20 What Are Other Postsecondary Options Besides College? 6 Questions for Homeschooling Parents. Interview with Janelle Lewis. Interview with Karen Crum. Interview with Connie Ajay. Interview with Michelle King. Interview with  Interview with Ben-Age Eleven. Interview with Bobby-Age Thirteen. Interview with Katie-Age Fifteen Interview with Ian-Age Seventeen. Glossary of Terms and Acronyms. Notes. Index.
THE HUMAN FIGURE IN LE CORBUSIER'S WORK:A study on Le Corbusier's production No.14

The purpose of this study, based on the series of Le Corbusier's Production 14, is to clarify the meaning of the human figure in Le Corbusier's work. Through his work of strong correlation between paintings and architecture, Le Corbusier's realizes a symbolic human figure for the Modern Age. This human figure consists of three aspects for Le Corbusier's : his early paintings of Purism, the expression of bodies in folklore, and his self-consciousness as an individual traveling in the Orient. The most important point, however, is that his work exists in a transcendental mechanics reflected in his early paintings, which show the construction of still lives. It shoud be noted that the transcendental human body as a separated individual re-finds a link of circle, a solidarity in the Modern Age, in the square of the Open Hand in Chandigarh which is a remarkable development of the representation of the “hand” in his paintings.
A Conversation with Linda Tillery and Mary Watkins

and June Millington have brought in pop/rock influences; Izquierda and Holly Near have drawn on Latin rhythms. Watkins and Tillery are largely responsible for the strong strain in women's music of various black musical idioms-jazz, rhythm and blues, gospel. I spoke with Tillery and Watkins the day after their featured performance at a women's music festival in Austin, Texas. The festival had been a perfect illustration of the eclecticism of women's music. All the performers except these two were local, and all were women, but they represented many different musical traditions. The circumstances of the interview seemed to steer the conversation toward the topics of originality versus tradition, the dynamics between the musician and the audience, and women in music. And because I believe that we owe it to ourselves and our artists to understand the processes of their art, I asked some theoretical questions about how songs are written, how arrangements are established, how it feels to collaborate with other musicians, and what is involved in the recording process.
Ontology-based cloud platform for human-driven applications

The number of systems and applications where large groups of people are included into the information processing “loop” is growing. Common problem with this kind of systems is that each of them requires large number of contributors and collecting this number may take significant time and effort. This paper aims at development of an ontology-driven cloud platform that would support deployment of various human-based applications and therefore reuse the existing crowd. Three features that distinguish the proposed platform from similar developments are ontologies, digital contracts and resource monitoring facilities. Ontological mechanisms (ability to precisely define semantics and use inference to find related terms) are used to find and allocate human resources required by software services. Digital contracts are used to achieve predictability required by cloud users (application developers). Finally, explicit mechanisms for resource monitoring are essential, as human resources are always limited and the developers of applications deployed in the platform should be aware of particular limitations.
Cosmological perturbations from cosmic strings

Some aspects of the theory of cosmological perturbations from cosmic strings and other topological defects are outlined, with particular reference to a simple example: a spatially flat CDM-dominated universe. The conserved energy-momentum pseudo-tensor is introduced, and the equation for the density perturbation derived from it. It is shown how the scaling hypothesis for defect evolution results in a Harrison-Zel'dovich spectrum for wavelengths well inside the horizon.
Causes and prognosis of delirium in elderly patients admitted to a district general hospital.

delirium is common and is associated with a high early mortality, but less is known about the longer term prognosis.



case-controlled prospective study.



all relevant wards were contacted weekly by a research nurse and the nurses were asked to report all patients presenting with confusion. Patients satisfying the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III criteria were included. The diagnosis of delirium was confirmed by a consultant physician. Delirious patients were then followed-up throughout their hospital admission to ascertain the cause of their delirium, and assessed for visual and hearing impairment. The patients were assessed again at 6 and 12 months. Control patients, who were in hospital at the same time and on similar wards, but were not confused, were also examined and followed-up.



171 patients with delirium were identified (78 men and 93 women, mean age 81 years). The commonest cause of delirium was infection (34% of cases), but in 25% there were multiple equally contributory causes. Vision and hearing impairment was significantly more common in patients with delirium [odds ratio (OR) 12.62; confidence intervals (CI) 2.86-114.04, P < 0.001). After 1 year, patients presenting with delirium had an increased mortality (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.25-4.35, P = 0.006), an increased institutionalization rate (OR 4.53; 95% CI 1.80-13.56, P = 0.001) and an increased likelihood of having been re-admitted (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.19-3.54, P = 0.008).



delirium has a poor long-term prognosis and may be a marker for functional deterioration and decline in elderly people.
Special issue on climate change impacts and mitigation on water quality and ecological health in aquatic systems.

The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is projected to cause climate change and global warming. The understanding of climate change impacts on water quality in aquatic systems (lakes, streams, reservoirs, and estuaries) is fundamental in providing better environmental strategies and mitigation methods to protect ecological health of aquatic systems. Water quality is a critical issue due to its direct influence on public health, biological integrity of natural resources, and the economy. The climate change leads to possible changes in local and global weather conditions, such as higher air temperatures and variable precipitation (both intensity and magnitude). Climate conditions affect hydrology in watersheds and then water quality conditions in aquatic systems. To make the projection on future climate, various General Circulation Models (GCMs) of the earth’s atmosphere have been developed. These GCM models simulate time series of climate parameters that can be used to create future climate scenarios for hydrological and water quality studies in watersheds and aquatic systems.
Canadian Universities as Institutes for Civic Pedagogies

Sucked into the centrifugal force of the global economy, Canadian universities are failing the Canadian collective. Canadians want their society to be distinguished by social cohesion, social justice, and social responsibility, outcomes poorly addressed by higher education organized around disciplines and professions. A more promising approach would be a higher education initiative organized around contemporary citizenship per se, particularly participatory processes for late modernity. 1 Institutes for civic pedagogies in Canadian universities are proposed. Canadians and critical citizenship Canadians are puzzling about the complex and interrelated dynamics of late capitalism and democracy. Aware that Canada is ranked as highly as any country by the UN’s Human Development Index, residents of this country are still disquieted about the quality of life—their lives and that of others. Simply put, sleeping in the Canadian outdoors during summer vacations is still thought desirable; Canadians sleeping in the doorways of 7-Eleven stores is not. Signally, Canadians yearn for an economic sphere nested within a societal and cultural sphere and are dismayed that resources for the latter seem to be scraps left over from the economic juggernaut. 2 In the same vein, they are alarmed that Canadian technical know-how seems to be outstripping social know-how and that the Canadian ‘commons’ is—well, less common. Constructing meaningful lives as subjects within the opportunities and constraints of historical materialism is the perennial and ubiquitous task. But the concurrency, intensity, and paradoxical nature of issues in late modernity make the formulation of any sense-making, big picture particularly labyrinthine. Nonetheless, Canadians are doggedly searching for ‘solutions’ that emerge from collectivity, solutions for which there are no handy or immediate referents. In this quest, the ‘old’ subject of citizenship—as both an analytic idea and normative ideal—acquires new relevance and urgency. 3 Unsure about boundaries (Canadian? global? local?), nonetheless Canadians are adamant about democratic citizenship, whatever the sphere. The unheeding university Education— publicly-funded, democratically available—has been a structural means for Canadian society to approach common problems and realize shared aspirations. Currently, all Canadian educational institutions highlight education for individuals to compete in the global economy. Patently, education configured for individuals, competition, and economic functioning is not addressing the collective dimension of development so embedded in the Canadian psyche. Sadly, there’s a short supply of education for citizens whose desire is to find a Canadian balance between individual and collective well-being. Canadian universities, too, accentuate education
Hypertension Improvement Project (HIP): study protocol and implementation challenges

BackgroundHypertension affects 29% of the adult U.S. population and is a leading cause of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Despite numerous effective treatments, only 53% of people with hypertension are at goal blood pressure. The chronic care model suggests that blood pressure control can be achieved by improving how patients and physicians address patient self-care.Methods and designThis paper describes the protocol of a nested 2 × 2 randomized controlled trial to test the separate and combined effects on systolic blood pressure of a behavioral intervention for patients and a quality improvement-type intervention for physicians. Primary care practices were randomly assigned to the physician intervention or to the physician control condition. Physician randomization occurred at the clinic level. The physician intervention included training and performance monitoring. The training comprised 2 internet-based modules detailing both the JNC-7 hypertension guidelines and lifestyle modifications for hypertension. Performance data were collected for 18 months, and feedback was provided to physicians every 3 months. Patient participants in both intervention and control clinics were individually randomized to the patient intervention or to usual care. The patient intervention consisted of a 6-month behavioral intervention conducted by trained interventionists in 20 group sessions, followed by 12 monthly phone contacts by community health advisors. Follow-up measurements were performed at 6 and 18 months. The primary outcome was the mean change in systolic blood pressure at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were diastolic blood pressure and the proportion of patients with adequate blood pressure control at 6 and 18 months.DiscussionOverall, 8 practices (4 per treatment group), 32 physicians (4 per practice; 16 per treatment group), and 574 patients (289 control and 285 intervention) were enrolled. Baseline characteristics of patients and providers and the challenges faced during study implementation are presented. The HIP interventions may improve blood pressure control and lower cardiovascular disease risk in a primary care practice setting by addressing key components of the chronic care model. The study design allows an assessment of the effectiveness and cost of physician and patient interventions separately, so that health care organizations can make informed decisions about implementation of 1 or both interventions in the context of local resources.
The Existentialists: Critical Essays on Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Sartre

Chapter 1 Introduction Part 2 Kierkegaard Chapter 3 The Knight of Faith Chapter 4 The Sickness unto Death: Critique of the Modern Age Part 5 Nietzsche Chapter 6 A More Severe Morality: Nietzsche's Affirmative Ethics Chapter 7 How One Becomes What One Is Part 8 Heidegger Chapter 9 Intentionality and World: Division I of Being and Time Chapter 10 Becoming a Self: The Role of Authenticity in Being and Time Part 11 Sartre Chapter 12 Sartre's Early Ethics and the Ontology of Being and Nothingness Chapter 13 The Sartrean Cogito: A Journey between Versions
THE CHALLENGES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS DISCIPLINE 1

Islamic economics is challenged whether it can be called a discipline in the sense of having a clear subject-matter, well-organized body of knowledge, methodology to appraise theories and systematic accumulation of knowledge. Islamic economics is still in the formative stage to be a discipline. Many fundamental issues need to be seriously addressed by the scientific community for Islamic economics to be a legitimate discipline. This essay attempts to identify several challenges to be answered by Islamic economics scientific community in their effort to develop a discipline of Islamic economics. Embarking from the Islamic worldview that gives foundations in our understanding of economic phenomena, efforts are to be put to develop the conceptual foundations, key-terminologies, discipline conceptual scheme, methodology to appraise and evaluate theory and Islamic ethics framework. The answer to those challenges will determine the scientific direction of Islamic economics, ensure a sustainable growth of knowledge and expedite the speed of the evolutional process of Islamic economics towards becoming a distinct discipline.
THE PURITAN PARADIGM OF ENGLISH POLITICS, 1558–1642 *

Traditionally puritanism has been treated as a religious phenomenon that only impinged on the world of that ‘secular’ politics to a limited extent and mainly in relation to church reform. Such an approach, however, is to employ a misleadingly narrow definition which ignores the existence of a much more all-embracing puritan political vision traceable from the mid-sixteenth century. First clearly articulated by some of the Marian exiles, this way of thinking interpreted the Bible as a manifesto against tyranny whether in church or state. Under the successive regimes of Elizabeth I, James I, and Charles I, puritans can be found who continued to judge the actions of government by the same biblical criterion, which also helps to explain among other things their prominence in opposing unparliamentary taxation. Puritan ideology itself was transmitted down the generations partly via a complex of family alliances, underpinned by teaching and preaching, and this in turn provided a basis for political organization. Moreover, the undiminished radical potential of puritanism is evident from responses to the assassination of Buckingham in 1628. Given these antecedents the subsequent resort to Civil War appears less surprising than historians often claim.
Matters of Gravity, The Newsletter of the Topical Group on Gravitation of the American Physical Society, Volume 38, Fall 2011

GGR News: 
New version of LISA, by Karsten Danzmann 
We hear that, by David Garfinkle 
Research Briefs: 
Finally, results from Gravity Probe B, by Clifford M. Will 
Discovery of the highest mass neutron star, by Wynn C.G. Ho 
Conference reports: 
Numerical relativity beyond astrophysics, by Carsten Gundlac 
Cold materials, hot nuclei and black holes, by Vijay Balasubramanian 
Benasque workshop on gravity, by Oscar J.C. Dias
Probabilistic Semantic Web Mining Using Artificial Neural Analysis

Most of the web user's requirements are search or navigation time and getting correctly matched result. These constrains can be satisfied with some additional modules attached to the existing search engines and web servers. This paper proposes that powerful architecture for search engines with the title of Probabilistic Semantic Web Mining named from the methods used. With the increase of larger and larger collection of various data resources on the World Wide Web (WWW), Web Mining has become one of the most important requirements for the web users. Web servers will store various formats of data including text, image, audio, video etc., but servers can not identify the contents of the data. These search techniques can be improved by adding some special techniques including semantic web mining and probabilistic analysis to get more accurate results. Semantic web mining technique can provide meaningful search of data resources by eliminating useless information with mining process. In this technique web servers will maintain Meta information of each and every data resources available in that particular web server. This will help the search engine to retrieve information that is relevant to user given input string. This paper proposing the idea of combing these two techniques Semantic web mining and Probabilistic analysis for efficient and accurate search results of web mining. SPF can be calculated by considering both semantic accuracy and syntactic accuracy of data with the input string. This will be the deciding factor for producing results.
Team-oriented, project-based instruction in a new mechatronics course

The design of a new course in mechatronics is described, which will serve as the focal point of a wider curriculum development effort to integrate the teaching of mechatronic principles throughout the relevant engineering curricula at the University of Detroit Mercy, USA. The course has a balanced combination of theory and application and seeks to impart competencies that are in great demand in the automotive industry, as well as in other engineering sectors. One of the prominent and innovative features of the course is that it is structured around instructional activities that are predominantly team-oriented and project-based.