nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic hierarchical design: fantasy or reality?

The debate regarding the design of integrated systems, flat versus hierarchically, is almost as old as VLSI design itself. Through the years experts have predicted that future generations of design automation tools would have to adopt a strictly hierarchical scheme for mastering algorithmic and logistic complexity. However, the steady improvement of tools and algorithms and the desire to push integrated circuit performance to the ultimate extremes has pushed the flat design style into the multi-million gate domain. Will this development continue, or will hierarchy finally win? The panel will discuss the different views on this topic and explore possible options for future design and tool flows. In particular, the panel will address questions related to verification, system design, logic synthesis, and physical design.
Culture and Global Sourcing

This paper develops a model of global sourcing with culturally dissimilar countries. Production of final goods requires the coordination of decisions between the headquarter of a multinational firm and managers of their component suppliers. Managers of both units are assumed to have strong beliefs about the right course of action and are reluctant to adjust their decisions. We then characterize the optimal allocation of decision rights across firms when contracts are incomplete. Our theoretical model delivers two key predictions: An incentive of a firm to integrate (rather than outsource) its input supply is decreasing in cultural distance between the home and the host country and decreasing in trade cost between the two countries. Combining data from the U.S. Census Bureau s Related Party Trade with various measures for cultural distance and trade cost, we find empirical evidence broadly supportive of these two predictions.
Binding of fatty acids facilitates oxidation of cysteine-34 and converts copper-albumin complexes from antioxidants to prooxidants.

As a transition metal capable of undergoing one-electron oxidation-reduction conversions, copper (Cu) is essential for life and fulfills important catalytic functions. Paradoxically, the same redox properties of copper can make it extremely dangerous because it can catalyze production of free radical intermediates from molecular oxygen. Factors involved in regulation of redox activity of albumin-bound copper have not been well characterized. In the present study, effects of modification of the albumin cysteine-34 (Cys-34) and binding of nonesterified fatty acids on the redox-cycling activity of the complex of copper with human serum albumin (Cu/HSA) were studied. Because ascorbate is the most abundant natural reductant/scavenger of free radicals in blood plasma, the electron paramagnetic resonance assay of ascorbate radical formation was used as a method to monitor Cu/HSA redox-cycling activity. At Cu/HSA ratios below 1:1, the bound Cu was virtually redox inactive, as long as Cys-34 was in reduced state (Cu/HSA-SH). Alkylation, nitrosylation, or oxidation of Cu/HSA resulted in the appearance of redox-cycling activity. Experiments with ultrafiltration of Cu/HSA alkylated with N-ethylmaleimide (Cu/HSA-NEM) showed that at Cu/HSA-NEM ratios below 1:1, the ascorbate radicals were produced by Cu tightly bound to HSA rather than by Cu released in solution. The rate of ascorbate radical production in HSA-NEM and S-nitrosylated HSA (HSA-NO) was, however, more than one order of magnitude lower than that in a solution containing equivalent concentration of free copper ions. While Cu/HSA-SH was redox inactive, binding of oleic or linoleic acids induced Cu-dependent redox-cycling with maximal activity reached at a fatty acid to protein molar ratio of 3:1 for oleic acid and 2:1 for linoleic acid. Binding of fatty acids caused profound conformational changes and facilitated oxidation of the Cys-34 SH-group at essentially the same ratios as those that caused redox-cycling activity of Cu/HSA. We conclude that fatty acids regulate anti-/prooxidant properties of Cu-albumin via controlling redox status of Cys-34.
A framework of Ontology Guided Data Linkage for evidence based knowledge extraction and information sharing

There has been a surge of interests in developing probabilistic techniques for linking semantic equivalent datasets. The key objective is to transform the structure of the induced data into a concise synopsis. Current techniques primarily focus on performing pair-wise attribute matching and pay little attention in discovering direct and weighted correlations among ontological clusters through multi-faceted classification. In this research, we introduce a novel Ontology Guided Data Linkage (OGDL) framework for self-organising and discovering schema structures through constructing a hierarchical cluster mapping trees. Furthermore, we extend our OGDL framework by introducing a novel faceted search engine for semantic interoperability of data and subsequent decision support analysis, and use it to map fast cluster browsing, user friendly querying and semantic reasoning learning needs.
Роль денег в межличностном взаимодействии: обзор микросоциологических концепций денег

The author shows the division between structural and cultural theories of money in sociology. Structural theories explain money as economic exchange mediator, an element of the network of communication or as objective indicator of the qualities of communication. Cultural theories pay special attention to cultural context of interpersonal interaction, explaining money as a label of interaction itself. This division helps the author to systematize microsociological conceptions of money and indicate some problems for future studies of the social nature of money.
Writing Questions for Mail Questionnaires1

A solid state electronic device exhibiting negative differential resistance is fabricated by depositing a thin layer of amorphous silicon on a single crystal substrate, doped N+. The amorphous silicon is simultaneously crystallized and oxidized in a dry N2 and O2 mixture. The result is a layer of amorphous Sio2 surrounding microclusters of crystalline silicon. A layer of polycrystalline silicon is deposited to a thickness of approximately 0.5 micron. Ohmic metal contacts are made to the top and bottom. These active layers are isolated by insulating SiO2. A bias voltage applied between the metal contacts results in negative differential resistance due to tunneling through resonant energy levels in microclusters.
A new class of meta-pyridine-urea oligomers for selective identification of mercury(II) ions

A series of new pyridine-urea oligomers were synthesized and tested for their ability to recognize ions in PBS or Ac buffer solution by fluorescence. The results showed that the ability of oligourea urea to selectively recognize Hg 2+ was gradually enhanced with the increase of chain, which was further proved by DFT calculation. The 1:2 stoichiometry was established for the L7 -Hg 2+ complex on the basis of Job's plot. The binding constant ( K B ) and the lowest detection limit for Hg 2+ were also determined. DFT calculations were used to optimize the structures of L2-7 and its Hg 2+ complexes. Highly sensitive and selective probes for the recognition of Hg 2+ based on this report are expected to be developed and used for in vivo detection.
On the Pair Electromagnetic Pulse of a Black Hole with Electromagnetic Structure

We study the relativistically expanding electron-positron pair plasma formed by the process of vacuum polarization around an electromagnetic black hole (EMBH). Such processes can occur for EMBH's with mass all the way up to $6\cdot 10^5M_\odot$. Beginning with a idealized model of a Reissner-Nordstrom EMBH with charge to mass ratio $\xi=0.1$, numerical hydrodynamic calculations are made to model the expansion of the pair-electromagnetic pulse (PEM pulse) to the point that the system is transparent to photons. Three idealized special relativistic models have been compared and contrasted with the results of the numerically integrated general relativistic hydrodynamic equations. One of the three models has been validated: a PEM pulse of constant thickness in the laboratory frame is shown to be in excellent agreement with results of the general relativistic hydrodynamic code. It is remarkable that this precise model, starting from the fundamental parameters of the EMBH, leads uniquely to the explicit evaluation of the parameters of the PEM pulse, including the energy spectrum and the astrophysically unprecedented large Lorentz factors (up to $6\cdot 10^3$ for a $10^3 M_{\odot}$ EMBH). The observed photon energy at the peak of the photon spectrum at the moment of photon decoupling is shown to range from 0.1 MeV to 4 MeV as a function of the EMBH mass. Correspondingly the total energy in photons is in the range of $10^{52}$ to $10^{54}$ ergs, consistent with observed gamma-ray bursts. In these computations we neglect the presence of baryonic matter which will be the subject of forthcoming publications.
A Deep Evolutionary Perspective on Vertebrate Genome Biology

The lamprey genome provides unique insights into both the deep evolutionary history of vertebrate genomes and the maintenance of genome structure/integrity over development. The lamprey lineage diverged from all other vertebrates approximately 500 million years ago. As such, comparisons between lamprey and other vertebrates permit reconstruction of ancient duplication and rearrangement events that defined the fundamental architecture and gene content of all extant vertebrate genomes. Lamprey also undergoes programmatic changes genome structure that result in the physical elimination of ~20% of its genomic DNA (~0.5Gb from a ~2 Gb genome) from all somatic cell lineages during early embryonic development. Here, we outline recent progress in assembly and analysis of the lamprey germline genome, and progress in the development of methods for characterizing the cellular events that mediate DNA elimination. We have integrated information from several sampling approaches and sequencing technologies to achieve a highly contiguous assembly of lamprey genome (including: Illumina fragments/mate pairs, 20X coverage in Pacific Biosciences reads, dense meiotic maps and optical mapping data). This genome assembly has dramatically improved our ability to dissect the molecular basis and genetic outcomes of programmed genome rearrangements (PGRs), and has improved our understanding of the tempo and mode of large-scale duplications and translocations within the ancestral vertebrate lineage. Analysis of the germline genome identifies several genes that are expressed in germline but physically eliminated from all somatic tissues. These eliminated genes correspond to several known oncogenes and appear to identify several other novel oncogene candidates. Complementing this assembly, the development of approaches to in situ analysis of 3D preserved cells has revealed that PGR unfolds through a series of dramatic cellular events that involve the programmatic alteration of several fundamental mechanisms of genome maintenance, including: alignment of chromosomes at metaphase, chromatid cohesion, separation and segregation, and nuclear envelope formation.
Dynamic comparative advantage and the welfare effects of trade

Developing economies may face a trade-off between specializing according to existing comparative advantage (in low-technology goods) and entering sectors in which they currently lack a comparative advantage but may acquire such an advantage in the future as a result of the potential for productivity growth (in high-technology goods). Comparative advantage is endogenously determined by past technological change, while simultaneously shaping current rates of innovation. Hence, specialization according to current comparative advantage under free trade may be welfare reducing. Selective intervention may be welfare improving, both for the economy undertaking it and for its trade partner.
An Aspect-Oriented and Model-Driven Approach for Managing Dynamic Variability

Constructing and executing distributed systems that can adapt to their operating context in order to sustain provided services and the service qualities are complex tasks. Managing adaptation of multiple, interacting services is particularly difficult since these services tend to be distributed across the system, interdependent and sometimes tangled with other services. Furthermore, the exponential growth of the number of potential system configurations derived from the variabilities of each service need to be handled. Current practices of writing low-level reconfiguration scripts as part of the system code to handle run time adaptation are both error prone and time consuming and make adaptive systems difficult to validate and evolve. In this paper, we propose to combine model driven and aspect oriented techniques to better cope with the complexities of adaptive systems construction and execution, and to handle the problem of exponential growth of the number of possible configurations. Combining these techniques allows us to use high level domain abstractions, simplify the representation of variants and limit the problem pertaining to the combinatorial explosion of possible configurations. In our approach we also use models at runtime to generate the adaptation logic by comparing the current configuration of the system to a composed model representing the configuration we want to reach.
Insufficient Reason and Entropy in Quantum Theory

The objective of the consistent-amplitude approach to quantum theory has been to justify the mathematical formalism on the basis of three main assumptions: the first defines the subject matter, the second introduces amplitudes as the tools for quantitative reasoning, and the third is an interpretative rule that provides the link to the prediction of experimental outcomes. In this work we introduce a natural and compelling fourth assumption: if there is no reason to prefer one region of the configuration space over another, then they should be “weighted” equally. This is the last ingredient necessary to introduce a unique inner product in the linear space of wave functions. Thus, a form of the principle of insufficient reason is implicit in the Hilbert inner product. Armed with the inner product we obtain two results. First, we elaborate on an earlier proof of the Born probability rule. The implicit appeal to insufficient reason shows that quantum probabilities are not more objective than classical probabilities. Previously we had argued that the consistent manipulation of amplitudes leads to a linear time evolution; our second result is that time evolution must also be unitary. The argument is straightforward and hinges on the conservation of entropy. The only subtlety consists of defining the correct entropy; it is the array entropy, not von Neumann's. After unitary evolution has been established we proceed to introduce the useful notion of observables and we explore how von Neumann's entropy can be linked to Shannon's information theory. Finally, we discuss how various connections among the postulates of quantum theory are made explicit within this approach.
Geometric substitution using random L-systems

Most scientific disciplines rely on models to describe their objects of interest and their behavior. This is also the case in computer graphics where different models are used to describe different entities commonly used in computer graphics systems. Specifically, fractal and procedural models have experienced a recent comeback due to their suitability to represent natural phenomena. Our work mainly concentrates on this area, where we analyze the relationship between geometric substitution techniques and rewrite or symbol pushing systems. Our conclusion is that any substitution rule can be equivalently expressed as a production rule in what we call a random L-system. Random L-systems, however, are more powerful and versatile than earlier techniques like parametric and stochastic L-systems and geometric substitution models. We show in this paper how random L-systems can be used to improve modeling in computer graphics applications. First, we present the model and explain its main features. Then we describe how symbol strings obtained by substitution can be applied to generate both two-dimensional and three-dimensional textures. We also detail how to use local and global perturbations of geometric substitution to obtain realistic models of certain types of objects. Finally, we discuss how the model allows the possibility of generating different level-of-detail geometries of an object, depending on its distance to the viewer. Our main contribution is a new rule-based model, the random L-system, that provides a compact representation for complex procedural objects with added functionality not present in previous models.
The Winter of Our Discontent: Emotions and Contentious Politics in Ukraine during Euromaidan

Drawing upon 60 semi-structured interviews, this study adopts an emotion-centered approach to studying the non-violent phase of Euromaidan protests in Ukraine. We find that, first, the overlapping and mutual amplifying of two successive moral shocks was the primary mechanism of mobilization. The mobilizing success of the moral shocks is interpreted through introducing the notion of emotional path dependence. Second, the nature of moral shock is explained as a combination of emotional and cognitive components. Third, we find that emotional components of collective identity construction created moral barriers between a brotherhood of virtuous protesters and profoundly immoral antagonists, which, combined with the perceived universality of claims, rendered the bystanders’ position unacceptable.
Innovation and constraint leading to complex multicellularity in the Ascomycota

The advent of complex multicellularity (CM) was a pivotal event in the evolution of animals, plants and fungi. In the fungal Ascomycota, CM is based on hyphal filaments and arose in the Pezizomycotina. The genus Neolecta defines an enigma: phylogenetically placed in a related group containing mostly yeasts, Neolecta nevertheless possesses Pezizomycotina-like CM. Here we sequence the Neolecta irregularis genome and identify CM-associated functions by searching for genes conserved in Neolecta and the Pezizomycotina, which are absent or divergent in budding or fission yeasts. This group of 1,050 genes is enriched for functions related to diverse endomembrane systems and their organization. Remarkably, most show evidence for divergence in both yeasts. Using functional genomics, we identify new genes involved in fungal complexification. Together, these data show that rudimentary multicellularity is deeply rooted in the Ascomycota. Extensive parallel gene divergence during simplification and constraint leading to CM suggest a deterministic process where shared modes of cellular organization select for similarly configured organelle- and transport-related machineries.
The Economic Impact of Regulatory Information Disclosure on Information Security Investments, Competition, and Social Welfare

The Sarbanes-Oxley legislation is a mandate that is bringing new attention to IT security as a critical part of the risk management framework for the dual purposes of certifying internal controls and attesting to the accuracy of information. Regulatory compliance, security audits and mandatory information disclosure about internal weaknesses can be very costly from a budget standpoint because internal resources need to be allocated away from critical functions such as innovation and product development into increased investments in technologies that facilitate compliance. We propose a theoretical framework towards analyzing the economic impact of government mandated information disclosure and internal audits on flrms’ investments in IT security, the optimal levels of industry wide production and the extent of market competition. Our analysis reveals that mandatory investments in regulatory compliance may have several unintended consequences such as reduction in optimal production quantities, decrease in the extent of market competition and an overall reduction in social welfare due to distortions in IT security and internal control investments. In particular, our results highlight that smaller sized flrms are more severely afiected than larger flrms and this process may lead to a severe long term impact on the operations of both capital as well as product markets. Our results are in accordance with recent anecdotal and empirical evidence.
Capitalism, Landnahme and social time régimes: An outline

In this paper the influence of capitalist Landnahme on the modification of social time regimes will be discussed. The paper's main thesis is that time is distributed extremely unequally in processes of social acceleration. A regime of discontinuous time deprives part of the subordinates of material and cultural resources which are essential for rational actions in markets. Moreover, different forms of exploitation of time resources divide the subalterns. As a result, developed capitalist metropolises are defined by what is best described as stable instability.
The geography of a population mass-escape from the Tel Aviv area during the Gulf War

During the Gulf War Israel experienced an unexpected population mass-escape of about 100000 residents from the Tel Aviv area to the peripheral regions of the country. This paper provides a geographical interpretation of the directions, routes and destinations of that flow. The Jerusalem area and the Negev were the most favoured areas of refuge. The escapers chose their destinations according to their mental map of the country and their assumptions about regions of danger based on speculation concerning the range of the Iraqi missiles. This event exposed, for the first time, the relative weakness of the execution of Israel's population distribution policy which has existed as a national security issue since 1948.
An Evaluation of Keynes's Projected Possibilities

At the onset of the Great Depression, John Maynard Keynes made some startlingly optimistic predictions about the economic possibilities his grandchildren might face a century later. Within the next 100 years, Keynes proclaimed, technological progress would solve the economic problem facing human beings, individuals would devote themselves to noneconomic pursuits instead, and no one would continue to strive for relative goods. Was Keynes right? This article examines each of Keynes's three main prophecies and concludes that, even though over 75 years have transpired since they were made, and even though they were founded in part on the belief held by most classical economists in the value of technological progress and economic growth, not one of Keynes's predictions has been realized.
A Thousand Frames in Just a Few Words: Lingual Description of Videos through Latent Topics and Sparse Object Stitching

The problem of describing images through natural language has gained importance in the computer vision community. Solutions to image description have either focused on a top-down approach of generating language through combinations of object detections and language models or bottom-up propagation of keyword tags from training images to test images through probabilistic or nearest neighbor techniques. In contrast, describing videos with natural language is a less studied problem. In this paper, we combine ideas from the bottom-up and top-down approaches to image description and propose a method for video description that captures the most relevant contents of a video in a natural language description. We propose a hybrid system consisting of a low level multimodal latent topic model for initial keyword annotation, a middle level of concept detectors and a high level module to produce final lingual descriptions. We compare the results of our system to human descriptions in both short and long forms on two datasets, and demonstrate that final system output has greater agreement with the human descriptions than any single level.