nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nordic Action for a Transformation to Low-carbon Shipping.

The Paris Agreement aims to hold the increase in average global temperatures to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C,
1 but it does not refer specifically to emissions of greenhouse gases by the international maritime transport sector. This Report presents the findings of a project commissioned by the Nordic Council of Ministers through the Nordic Working Group for Global Climate Negotiations (NOAK) focusing on opportunities for Nordic countries to achieve a transition to low-carbon shipping globally, nationally and regionally. The Report is informed by a discussion paper released in November 2016 and a workshop convened in Malmo in December 2016, in which representatives of governments, businesses and the research community participated. The key findings of this Workshop Report are as follows.
(1) Technology and finance.
Promising technical and financial options are available to Nordic countries to support or lead a transition to low-carbon shipping. The Report presents these options in the form of a low-carbon road map for the sector , which includes illustrative actions and outcomes concerning technological and operational measures, partnerships between the public and private sectors, and supporting policies and finance.
(2) Public policy.
Opportunities exist for Nordic countries to support and lead development of the public policies needed for transitions to low-carbon shipping. Internationally, Nordic countries are well positioned to lead efforts by the International Maritime Organization and others to define global targets for the sector and to build global ambition through partnerships with developing countries and flag registries.
Outside the IMO, Nordic countries can catalyze transitions to low-carbon shipping through actions including market-based measures in Nordic countries, support for private-sector standards, low-carbon targets for Nordic fleets, arranging dialogue between stakeholders, including financiers and charterers, showcasing innovative Nordic practices, and building Nordic-led global partnerships such as “climate clubs”.
(3) Collaboration.
The actions described above are interdependent and interconnected. The success of a Nordic agenda for low-carbon shipping depends on the inclusion of all relevant stakeholders, the coordination of policies, and a holistic view of shipping and the important roles of Nordic governments, businesses and civil society within the sector.
Literary Fiction as a Tool for Teaching Social Theory and Critical Consciousness

In this paper, I discuss the possibilities that emerge from using literary fiction as a tool for teaching social theory and critical consciousness. Focusing on data from a social theory course I taught in fall 2007, along with my experiences teaching social theory, I evaluate the utility of utilizing literary fiction in the social theory classroom. Serving as a mechanism to encourage the development of critical consciousness, literary fiction can expand classroom dynamics and establish engaged dialogue between students and teachers. In particular, it has the potential to make social theory interesting and meaningful to students who are often anxious about learning social theory.
Mathematical characterization of quantum algorithm

We have studied quantum computation for many years, and defined the generalized quantum Turing machine by using completely positive channels and density operators on the Hilbert space. This mathematical model of quantum algorithm gives us the new language classes in which the class NP is included in a polynomial time class. It has also a possibility to expand the theory of computability which has philosophical significance. In this talk, we explain a definition of the model, the language classes, some theorems and applications.
On algorithms for simplicial depth

Simplicial depth is a way to measure how deep a point is among a set of points. EEcient algorithms to compute it are important to the usefulness of its applications, such as in multivariate analysis in statistics. A straightforward method takes O(n d+1) time when the points are in d-dimensional space. We discuss an algorithm that takes O(n 2) time when the points are in three-dimensional space, and we generalize it to four-dimensional space with a time complexity of O(n 4). For spaces higher than four-dimensional, there are no known algorithms faster than the straightforward method. A simplex in d-dimensional Euclidean space E d is the set of points that are convex combinations of d + 1 aanely independent points; that is, if the points are p 1 ; p 2 ; : : : ; p d+1 , they bring about the simplex fp : p = a 1 p 1 + a 2 p 2  + a d+1 p d+1 ; a i 0 and X a i = 1g: A simplex is a line segment in E 1 , a triangle in E 2 , and a tetrahedron in E 3. It is customary to say that a set of points in E d are in general position if any d + 1 points in the set are aanely independent. Let P be a set of n points in general position in E d ; take every d + 1 distinct points from P and they uniquely identify a simplex in E d ; let S P be the set of all such simplices; then, jS P j = (n d+1). Let (p; P) denote the simplicial depth of a point p with respect to a set P , deened by (p; P) = jfs 2 S P : p 2 sgj: For example, if p is outside the convex hull of P , then (p; P) = 0, and if p is a vertex of the convex hull of P , then (p; P) = (n?1 d). When p is in P , the following identity holds:
The peri-operative management of anti-platelet therapy in elective, non-cardiac surgery.

Cardiovascular complications are important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery, with adverse cardiac outcomes estimated to occur in approximately 4% of all patients. Anti-platelet therapy withdrawal may precede up to 10% of acute cardiovascular syndromes, with withdrawal in the peri-operative setting incompletely appraised.



The aims of our study were to determine the proportion of patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery currently prescribed anti-platelet therapy, and identify current practice in peri-operative management. In addition, the relationship between management of anti-platelet therapy and peri-operative cardiac risk was assessed.



We evaluated consecutive patients attending elective non-cardiac surgery at a major tertiary referral centre. Clinical and biochemical data were collected and analysed on patients currently prescribed anti-platelet therapy. Peri-operative management of anti-platelet therapy was compared with estimated peri-operative cardiac risk.



Included were 2950 consecutive patients, with 516 (17%) prescribed anti-platelet therapy, primarily for ischaemic heart disease. Two hundred and eighty nine (56%) patients had all anti-platelet therapy ceased in the peri-operative period, including 49% of patients with ischaemic heart disease and 46% of patients with previous coronary stenting. Peri-operative cardiac risk score did not influence anti-platelet therapy management.



Approximately 17% of patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery are prescribed anti-platelet therapy, the predominant indication being for ischaemic heart disease. Almost half of all patients with previous coronary stenting had no anti-platelet therapy during the peri-operative period. The decision to cease anti-platelet therapy, which occurred commonly, did not appear to be guided by peri-operative cardiac risk stratification.
Effect of ethanol concentrations on temperature driven structural changes of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2.

A series of atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a small enzymatic protein Chymotrypsin Inhibitor 2 (CI2) in water-ethanol mixed solutions were carried out to explore the underlying mechanism of ethanol driven conformational changes of the protein. Efforts have been made to probe the influence of ethanol concentrations ranging from 0% to 75% (v/v) at ambient condition (300 K (T1)) and at elevated temperatures (375 K (T2) and 450 K (T3)) to investigate the temperature induced conformational changes of the protein further. Our study showed that the effect of varying ethanol concentrations on protein's structure is almost insignificant at T1 and T2 temperatures whereas at T3 temperature, partial unfolding of CI2 in 10% ethanol solution followed by full unfolding of the protein at ethanol concentrations above 25% occurs. However, interestingly, at T3 temperature CI2's native structure was found to be retained in pure water (0% ethanol solution) indicating that the cosolvent ethanol do play an important role in thermal denaturation of CI2. Such observations were quantified in the light of root-mean-square deviations (RMSDs) and radius of gyration. Although higher RMSD values of β-sheet over α-helix indicate complete destruction of the β-structure of CI2 at high ethanol concentrations, the associated time scale showed that the faster melting of α-helix happens over β-sheet. Around 60%-80% of initial native contacts of the protein were found broken with the separation of hydrophobic core consisting eleven residues at ethanol concentrations greater than 25%. This leads protein to expand with the increase in solvent accessible surface area. The interactions between protein and solvent molecules showed that protein's solvation shell preferred to accommodate ethanol molecules as compared to water thereby excluded water molecules from CI2's surface. Further, concentration dependent differential self-aggregation behavior of ethanol is likely to regulate the replacement of relatively fast diffused water by low diffused ethanol molecules from protein's surface during the unfolding process.
Institutional Change and American Economic Growth

Part I. The Theory Developed: 1. A theory of institutional change: concepts and causes 2. The government, coercion, and the redistribution of income 3. A theory of institutional innovation: description, analogy, specification 4. Changes in the institutional environment: exogenous shifts and arrangemental innovation Part II. The Theory Applied: 5. Land policy and American agriculture 6. Organization and reorganization in the financial markets: savings and investment in the American economy, 1820-1950 7. Transportation developments and economic growth 8. Economies of scale, unsuccessful cartelization, and external costs: some sidelights on the growth of manufacturing in the United States 9. Institutional change in the service industries 9. The labor force: organization and education Part III.  11. The changing public-private mix 12. History and the analysis of arrangemental change: a look to the past with an eye to the future.
Combinatorial aspects of C.A.R. Hoare's FIND algorithm

D.H. Anderson l Operations Research Section, Civil Aviation Authority, Australia, GPO Box 367, Canberra, ACT, 2601 and R. Brown CRA Y Research (Australia) Pty. Ltd. 283 Normanby Rd. Port Melbourne, Vic, 3207 In his invited address to the 1971 IFIP Congress,   examined the average performance of C.A.R. Hoare's FIND algorithm  for finding the j-th largest out of n elements. Knuth commented that the recurrence relation that he derived was "not the kind of recurrence that we would normally expect to solve". Nevertheless, he went on to solve it, commenting on the "extra.ordinary coincidence" of a certain co:~nmon factor in each of the terms of a derived recurence relation. An extension due to R.C. Singleton [3} to the basic algorithm, knov.;n as "median-of-three selection", has seen widespread use in many important computational techniques applied to a. diverse set of problems. Because of the renewed interest in median-of-three selection, this paper addresses itself to a serious study of its average performance. In this paper the median-of-three selection problem is formulated in combinatorial terms and solved by generating function techniques. Closed form expressions are presented for the average of the underlying distribution. research was undertaken while this author was employed in the Computer Science Department, University College, University of New South 'Vales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, 2600.
High-temperature kinetics study of 430L steel powder oxidized in air at 600–850 °C

The 430L stainless steel powder with a mean particle size of 95 μm was studied to determine its high-temperature oxidation properties. Continuous thermogravimetric measurements were carried out for 100 h in air at temperatures in the range of 600–850 °C. Even though a considerable amount of Cr (up to ˜5 wt.% Cr) inside the grains was depleted – especially inside small grains – no breakaway oxidation was observed. This indicates that both the remaining Cr and the formed chromia scale remained protective with regard to the metallic core until the Cr concentration reached very low levels.
Mapping WordNets Using Structural Information

We present a robust approach for linking already existing lexical/semantic hierarchies. We used a constraint satisfaction algorithm (relaxation labeling) to select --among a set of candidates-- the node in a target taxonomy that bests matches each node in a source taxonomy. In particular, we use it to map the nominal part of WordNet 1.5 onto WordNet 1.6, with a very high precision and a very low remaining ambiguity.
Evolutionary microbial genomics: insights into bacterial host adaptation

Host-adapted bacteria include mutualists and pathogens of animals, plants and insects. Their study is therefore important for biotechnology, biodiversity and human health. The recent rapid expansion in bacterial genome data has provided insights into the adaptive, diversifying and reductive evolutionary processes that occur during host adaptation. The results have challenged many pre-existing concepts built from studies of laboratory bacterial strains. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed genetic changes associated with transitions from parasitism to mutualism and opened new research avenues to understand the functional reshaping of bacteria as they adapt to growth in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic host.
The Situationist International, Surrealism, and the Difficult Fusion of Art and Politics

This article has two inter-related aims. Firstly, I want to contribute to the growing debate about the politics and political theories of the Situationist International and Surrealism. Through a presentation of an episode where the later situationists distanced themselves from the surrealist favourite Chaplin, I will attempt to account for the way the surrealists and the situationists respectively engaged in politics, how they tried to locate themselves on the left and tried to navigate in a environment dominated by the French Communist Party. After a discussion of the complicated relationship between Surrealism and the Communist Party and Trotskyism, I analyse how the situationists after World War Two attempted to continue the project of the inter-war avant garde without repeating what they considered to be failures of Surrealism. I present the situationists' repudiation of the unconscious and their conscious effort to leave the art world in favour of ultra-left politics outside the confines of the Communist Party. Secondly, I want to offer some hypotheses as to why the Situationist International has been marginalised within theories of the avant-garde. Through a discussion of Peter Burger's important Theory of the Avant-Garde, I look into the strange omission of the situationists within accounts of the avant-garde and I unravel the roots of the situationists' and Burger's categorical critique of the neo-avant-garde.
Biogeochemical implications of the isotopic equilibrium fractionation factor between the oxygen atoms of acetone and water

Carbonyl oxygens of organic molecules undergo isotopic exchange with water during reversible hydration reactions. The equilibrium isotopic fractionation factors between the carbonyl oxygen of acetone and water at 15°, 25°, and 35°C are 1.028, 1.028, and 1.026 respectively. The differences between the δ 18 O values of the carbonyl oxygen of acetone and of the water with which it is in equilibrium are similar to the differences that have been observed between the δ 18 O values of cellulose and the water used in its synthesis by a variety of aquatic plants and animals. Additionally, the identity of the acetone-water fractionation factors at 15° and 25°C parallels the observation that the difference between the δ 18 O values of cellulose and water shows no temperature dependence for individual species of plants grown over the same temperature range. These results are discussed in relation to the proposal that the oxygen isotopic relationship between cellulose and water is established by isotopic exchange occurring during the hydration of carbonyl groups of the intermediates of cellulose synthesis.
Integrating Electrical Contracting Industry Into The Architectural Engineering Educational Setting To Promote Learning

Reception and processing of information are the elements of learning. How the information is presented is a critical element in student comprehension. In most engineering institutions, theory and fundamental concepts are taught with passive lectures and “recipe” labs. A balance must be provided between engineering science and engineering practice to prepare students for the real world. This preparation is already underway in the architectural engineering (AE) field at some universities. To build on this foundation, in the electrical and lighting option within AE, developing a relationship between the academic community and the electrical construction industry will help bridge the gap between fundamental engineering principles and practical installation experience. This relationship is currently being implemented between the National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA), its research foundation ELECTRI International (EI), and AE students at the University of Nebraska. Building this alliance will provide an additional element of proficiency that is essential to the students’ practical understanding of systems in the built environment and interaction with industry professionals. The proposed project will develop a series of workshops and seminars consisting of demonstrations, lectures, hands-on activities, and construction site visits conducted and attended by contractors, consultants, faculty, and students. This paper will present background information regarding the different learning styles of engineering students, distribution of learning style surveys to AE students and electrical apprentices, and analysis of those results. Based on the analysis of the learning surveys, a description about how to implement key learning concepts into classroom settings and the workshops will be provided. Expected outcomes and the organization of this project will conclude the presentation of this paper.
A Review of Avner Greif's Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade

Avner Greif's Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade ( 2006) is a major work in the ongoing project of many economists and economic historians to show that institutions are the fundamental driver of all economic history and of all contemporary differences in economic performance. This review outlines the contribution of this book to the project and the general status of this long standing ambition.
Explanation in Economics (La Explicación en Economía) (Spanish and Romanian)

The article aims to show how the epistemology of science can reassess the criteria of simplicity in economic research. It is made with this objective an evaluation of simplicity in the economy since the classic works of Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Then it extends the concept to work in Arrow neoclassical economics and Varian. Finally, it outlines the scope of the concept of simplicity in the economy to the contemporary field of rational choice theory, following the working of Robert Nozick.
Comments on 'Regular inflationary cosmology and gauge theories of gravitation'

In this note we comment recent paper by A.V. Minkevich 'Regular inflationary cosmol-ogy and gauge theories of gravitation' on the 'bouncing' character of flat-type inflationary cosmological models within gauge theories of gravity. Recently  it was argued that inflationary cosmological solutions in the case of flat models within the framework of gauge theories of gravity have 'bouncing' character and they can be used in order to build regular inflationary models. Below we show that this conclusion is not valid. In spite of the fact, that oscillations (when Hubble parameter changes sign twice) could take place in course of the evolution of the Universe, such solutions necessary experience singularity in the future or in the past. Analysis of flat-type inflationary cosmological models with massive scalar field within gauge theories of gravity was carried out in the paper . Qualitative analysis shows that unlike the case of General Relativity there are edges of the phase space separating 'physical' regions where Hubble parameter is real from 'unphysical' regions where Hubble parameter is complex. This allows to obtain the following conclusions: 1. At contraction stage the Hubble parameter tends to negative value depending on the mass of scalar field. 2. At expansion stage inflation is a generic feature of solutions of gauge theories of gravity cosmological equations. Our analysis was based on the idea that in the case of flat models Hubble parameter can be expressed as a function of the scalar field variables , namely ϕ and ˙ ϕ via cosmological equations: H =
Attention Problems and Peer Crowd Affiliation among Adolescents

This preliminary study explored the association between symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and self-identified peer crowd affiliation in a community sample of adolescents. Studying peer crowd affiliation in adolescents with ADHD is important to help clarify the nature of peer relationships and social functioning in this population. Participants were 41 adolescents aged 1117 who completed the lab-based study. ADHD symptoms were assessed using parent and teacher report, and peer crowd affiliation was based on self-report. Results suggested a negative relation between ADHD symptoms and affiliation with the Brains peer crowd, and a positive relation between ADHD symptoms and affiliation with the Jocks crowd. There was inconclusive evidence linking symptoms of ADHD to the Deviants or Populars peer crowds, perhaps because of the small sample size. The results have the potential to inform school mental health practices that seek to identity young people at risk for affiliating with speci...
Ten years on: Francis G. Castles and the Australian 'wage-earners' welfare state'

Francis Castles' The Working Class and Welfare (1985) has achieved classic status within mainstream policy studies and the historiography of the Australian welfare state. Exhuming the functionalist theoretical and 'positivist' methodo logical assumptions embedded in his prior comparative policy research helps to establish why he saw the puzzles he did in the Australasian experience and why the 'wage-earner's welfare state' model emerged as an answer to those puzzles. Castles' work reminds us that our theoretical and methodological assumptions can lead to a problem-setting process that generates a sophistic ated but misleading social heuristic. Castles' work, while it appears to affirm that 'politics matters' denies the contingency of history central to political processes. While he rightly insists we should look at 'occupational welfare', his work deflects attention away from the substantial experience with 'social policy by normal means' that labor governments have promoted.