nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Fight Against Tuberculosis in the Mid-nineteenth Century: The Pivotal Contribution of Edoardo Maragliano (1849-1940).

The second half of the nineteenth century saw the development of new medical "specialties", which, like the idea of constitutional disease, had a profound influence on medical practice. Against this lively "backdrop", Edoardo Maragliano played a central role in medicine's "renaissance" in Italy. Having graduated in medicine in 1870 at the University of Naples, he worked as an assistant in the University Medical Clinic. After beginning his academic career as professor of pathology at the Faculty of Medicine in Genoa in 1877, he became full professor of internal medicine in 1881. While he studied all fields of internal medicine, his research focused mainly on tuberculosis.His experiments in the medical clinic enabled Maragliano to announce the possibility of immunization against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although criticized for using an inactivated vaccine, Maragliano continued to advocate vaccination with any type of vaccine.In the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy, Maragliano actively debated social, economic and sanitary questions, without neglecting his duties as a physician and professor. As an officer during the First World War, he organized military health services and taught medicine at the Military University of Padua.In 1924, Maragliano created the first Italian specialty school in the study of tuberculosis, which provided physicians with specific training in the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of the disease. His scientific zeal and his vision of modern medicine prompted the introduction of new specializations, such as radiology and, especially, pneumology, which led to the creation of one of Europe's most renowned medical schools.
Iconography in Medieval Spanish Literature

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Cost-based Feature Transfer for Vehicle Occupant Classification

Knowledge of human presence and interaction in a vehicle is of growing interest to vehicle manufacturers for design and safety purposes. We present a framework to perform the tasks of occupant detection and occupant classification for automatic child locks and airbag suppression. It operates for all passenger seats using a single overhead camera. A transfer learning technique is introduced to make full use of training data from all seats, whilst still maintaining some control over the bias necessary for a system designed to penalize certain misclassifications more than others. An evaluation is performed on a challenging dataset with both weighted and unweighted classifiers that demonstrates the effectiveness of the transfer process.
Magnetotelluric soundings and the geological structure and tectonics of the Senegalo‐Mauritanian Basin in northern Senegal, West Africa

The results of the magnetotelluric soundings provide new insights on the geological structure and tectonics of the onshore Senegalo-Mauritanian basin in northern Senegal (West Africa). Electrical resistivities can be correlated with the major geological units. In the upper 1000 m, resistivity variations indicate a transition from freshwater saturated sediments near the surface to saline water saturated sediments above the basement. The resistivity of the sediments is dominated by their porosity and the resistivity of the contained fluids. The resistivity of the Cretaceous sediments is unexpectedly low, especially in the western part of the basin. The top of the metamorphic/granitic basement cannot be located on the west portion of the profile because of the feeble resistivity contrast between the impervious, compacted Aptian-Jurassic limestones and the metamorphic/crystalline rocks. The magnetotelluric estimates of the depth of the basement range from 600 m in the east to 4000 m in the west. Based on the magnetotelluric interpretation and other independent geophysical and geological information, a cross section through the Senegalo-Mauritanian basin along the magnetotelluric traverse is presented. A zone of high electrical conductivity is observed in the crust, at depths of 4–6 km, on the eastern margin of the deep basin. This conductive structure may be the extension of one further south that was revealed by an earlier investigation. The entire conductive zone, which runs north–south between longitudes 15° and 16°W, may be a major fracture zone related to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean; however, its origin remains to be established.
Anti-Oedipus? Dada and surrealist theatre, 1916-35

In a sequel to his essay ‘Sexuality and Structure in Expressionist Theatre’ in NTQ26, Peter Nicholls here explores a very different set of developments in the French avant-garde drama of the period. Arguing that Dada and Surrealist theatre have a strongly marked ‘anti-oedipal’ tendency, he suggests that their polemics against the family and paternal law contrast with the increasing prominence given to Freud's masterplot in Expressionism. Peter Nicholls teaches English and American Literature at the University of Sussex: his publications include Ezra Pound: Politics, Economics, and Writing, and articles on postmodernism, contemporary poetry, and French cubism. His Modernisms: a Literary Guide will be published by Macmillan in 1992.
Comparison between Weber’s electrodynamics and classical electrodynamics

We present the main aspects of Weber’s electrodynamics and of Maxwell’s equations. We discuss Maxwell’s point of view related to Weber’s electrodynamics. We compare Weber’s force with Lorentz’s force. We analyse the relation between Weber’s law and Maxwell’s equations. Finally, we discuss some experiments performed and proposed with which we can distinguish Weber’s force from Lorentz’s one.
Instanton-Driven Saturation at Small x

We report on the interesting possibility of instanton-driven gluon saturation in lepton-nucleon scattering at small Bjorken-x. Our results crucially involve non-perturbative information from high-quality lattice simulations. The conspicuous, intrinsic instanton size scale ~ 0.5 fm, as known from the lattice, turns out to determine the saturation scale. A central result is the identification of the ``colour glass condensate'' with the QCD-sphaleron state.
Does the human capital of board directors add value to firms? Evidence from an Asian market

This paper investigates the effect of the human capital of directors on the financial performance of Vietnamese-listed companies. The dynamic system generalised method of moments (system GMM) estimator is used to examine a panel data-set consisting of 315 firm-year observations over a four-year period from 2008 to 2011. In line with resource dependence theory, we report that the human capital of directors appears to have a positive influence upon a firm’s financial performance. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first work on the topic of human capital of directors and firm performance for publicly listed companies in Vietnam. This study, by applying a dynamic longitudinal modelling approach, extends the nascent literature on board human capital as well as more generally to the corporate governance literature by providing robust empirical evidence showing that the general human capital of board directors may add value to firms. Our finding, therefore, supports the efforts made by Vietnamese policy-makers in setting up qualification standards as well as skills diversity for the boards.
Equalizing Outcomes and Equalizing Opportunities: Optimal Taxation when Children's Abilities Depend on Parents' Resources

Empirical research suggests that parents' economic resources affect their children's future earnings abilities. Optimal tax policy therefore treats future ability distributions as endogenous to current taxes. We model this endogeneity, calibrate the model to match estimates of the intergenerational transmission of earnings ability in the United States, and use the model to simulate such an optimal policy numerically. The optimal policy in this context is more redistributive toward low-income parents than existing U.S. tax policy. It also increases the probability that low-income children move up the economic ladder, generating a present-value welfare gain of one and three-quarters percent of consumption in our baseline case.
Towards CERes in intuitionistic logic

Cut-elimination, introduced by Gentzen, plays an important role in automating the analysis of mathematical proofs. The removal of cuts corresponds to the elimination of intermediate statements (lemmas), resulting in an analytic proof. CERes is a method of cut-elimination by resolution that relies on global proof transformations, in contrast to reductive methods, which use local proof-rewriting transformations. By avoiding redundant operations, it obtains a speed-up over Gentzen's traditional method (and its variations). CERes has been successfully implemented and applied to mathematical proofs, and it is fully developed for classical logic (first and higher order), multi-valued logics and Godel logic. But when it comes to mathematical proofs, intuitionistic logic also plays an important role due to its constructive characteristics and computational interpretation. 
 
This paper presents current developments on adapting the CERes method to intuitionistic sequent calculus LJ. First of all, we briefly describe the CERes method for classical logic and the problems that arise when extending the method to intuitionistic logic. Then, we present the solutions found for the mentioned problems for the subclass LJ- (the class of intuitionistic proofs of an end-sequent containing no strong quantifiers and no formula on the right). In addition, we explain, with an example, some ideas for improving the method and covering a bigger fragment of LJ proofs. Finally, we summarize the results and point the direction for future research.
A Brief History of the Japanese Computer Industry Before 1985

Some of the software packages used on the 7040/1401 system in the mid-1960s were MAP (machine assembly Program), Fortran II and Cobol compilers, an ALGOL compiler from the University of Grenoble, the LP I11 linear programming system, the BMD Biomedical Statistical Package, and the AGGIE student Fortran I1 compiler, which was soon replaced by WATFOR from the University of Waterloo. One system implemented at the University of Alberta was a simulator for the MENTOR and MENTORSAP languages which were used briefly to teach simplified machine language and assembly language programming. Basic played a minor role in the department until personal computers came into use in the mid 1980s. Neither the first Basic interpreter that was available in the 1960s nor Waterloo Basic, which replaced it in the early 1970s received much use. However, in the 1980s a subset of Basic emphasizing structured programming concepts began to be taught in some courses. The Fortran language has been in continuous use since it frst became available at the University of Alberta on the IBM 1620. Fortran II was soon replaced by various implementations of Fortran IV including WATFOR and WATFIV from the University of Waterloo and other versions more suitable for production work, and finally by Fortran 77 in the 1980s. Fortran was used for a number of years as the fmt conventional hgher-level language in all courses. Only in the past year has it been replaced by Pascal in ENCMP 100 Computer Programming for Engineers, which is taught jointly with the Faculty of Engineering. In about 1970 Algol W replaced Fortran as a first language for computing science students. It was used throughout the 1970s when it was then replaced by Pascal, ‘which was used as an introductory language until 1994 when it was replaced by Modula-2. Both Algol W and Pascal not only encouraged the use of structured progrmming techniques but also introduced the notion of a formal description of a programming language. TEXTFORM, an extremely large, complex and even cumbersome word processing and typesetting package implemented by the department of Computing Services was used in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although primitive when judged by today’s standards for word processors, it was used by countless numbers of faculty, staff and students throughout the University and provided almost all of them with their first introduction to word processing. The introduction of the personal computer in the 1980s had a profound effect on the teaching and practice of programming. The implementation of a language became a programming environment consisting of a compiler or interpreter, or both, together with an editor, debugging tools, program library, online help and tutorial. Many students purchased or had access to computers and could do many of their assignments independently of the University’s computing facilities.
Beyond the Central Limit theorem: Asymptotic Expansions and Pseudorandomness for Combinatorial Sums

We prove a new asymptotic expansion in the central limit theorem for sums of discrete independent random variables. The classical central limit theorem asserts that if {X<sub>i</sub>}<sub>i=1</sub><sup>n</sup> is a sequence of i.i.d. random variables, then S = Σ<sub>i=1</sub><sup>n</sup> X<sub>i</sub> converges to a Gaussian whose first two moments match those of . Further, the rate of convergence is O(n<sup>-1/2</sup>). Roughly speaking, asymptotic expansions of the central limit theorem show that by considering a family of limiting distributions specified by ≥ 2 moments (k = 2 corresponds to Gaussians) and matching the first moments of to such a limiting distribution, one can achieve a convergence of n<sup>-(-1)/2</sup>. While such asymptotic expansions have been known since Cramér , they did not apply to discrete and non-identical random variables. Further, the error bounds in nearly all cases was non-explicit (in their dependence on {X<sub>i</sub>}), thus limiting their applicability. In this work, we prove a new asymptotic expansions of the central limit theorem which applies to discrete and non-identical random variables and the error bounds are fully explicit. Given the wide applicability of the central limit theorem in probability theory and theoretical computer science, we believe that this new asymptotic expansion theorem will be applicable in several settings. As a main application in this paper, we give an application in derandomization: Namely, we construct PRGs for the class of combinatorial sums, a class of functions first studied by  and which generalize many previously studied classes such as combinatorial rectangles , small-biased spaces  and modular sums  among others. A function f : [m],<sup>n</sup> → {0, 1} is said to be a combinatorial sum if there exists functions f<sub>1</sub>,..., f<sub>n</sub> : [m] → {0, 1} such that (x<sub>1</sub>, ... , x<sub>n</sub>) = f<sub>1</sub>(x<sub>1</sub>) + ... + ,f<sub>n</sub>(x,<sub>n</sub>). For this class, we give a seed length of (log + log<sup>3/2</sup>(n/∈)), thus improving upon [2] whenever ϵ ≤ 2<sup>-(log n)3/4</sup>.
The effect of small cations on the positive electrospray responses of proteins at low pH.

Solutions consisting of protein and small molecule mixtures have been subjected to electrospray ionization to study the influence of small molecule/cation components at high concentrations on the electrospray responses of proteins. Emphasis was placed on solutions consisting of equal parts methanol and water and containing 1 vol % acetic acid. The results, therefore, are relevant to low pH solutions with significant organic content, a commonly used set of conditions in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry that tends to denature proteins. A variety of small cations/molecules were selected to sample a range of chemical characteristics. For example, sodium and cesium cations were studied to represent metal ions, tetrabutylammonium and tetramethylammonium cations were studied to represent quaternary ammonium compounds with different surface activities, and octadecylamine and glycine were studied to represent species that compete for protons but have different surface activities. A methodology for measuring relative ion suppression efficiencies was developed and applied for protein ions derived from bovine cytochrome c. The form of the small cation (i.e., metal ion, quaternary ammonium ion, or protonated molecule) did not appear to be a factor in determining the efficiency with which protein ion signals were suppressed. The extent to which ions are expected to concentrate on the surface, however, was the major factor in determining the ion suppression efficiency. Itwas found that the ion suppression efficiency of the most surface active species in this study was comparable to that of a protein on another protein after normalization by charge. These results are particularly relevant to the development of mixture analysis strategies based on ionization and tandem mass spectrometry applied to mixtures of whole proteins.
The glass transition in a nutshell: A source of inspiration to describe the subcritical transition to turbulence

The starting point of the present work is the observation of possible analogies, both at the phenomenological and at the methodological level, between the subcritical transition to turbulence and the glass transition. Having recalled the phenomenology of the subcritical transition to turbulence, we review the theories of the glass transition at a very basic level, focusing on the history of their development as well as on the concepts they have elaborated. Doing so, we aim at attracting the attention on the above-mentioned analogies, which we believe could inspire new developments in the theory of the subcritical transition to turbulence. We then briefly describe a model inspired by one of the simplest and most inspiring models of the glass transition, the so-called Random Energy Model, as a first step in that direction.
Scientific Knowledge from the Perspective of Quantum Cosmology

Existing physical theories do not predict every feature of our experience but only certain regularities of that experience. That difference between what could be observed and what can be predicted is one kind of limit on scientific knowledge. Such limits are inevitable if the world is complex and the laws governing the regularities of that world are simple. Another kind of limit on scientific knowledge arises because even simple theories may require intractable or impossible computations to yield specific predictions. A third kind of limit concerns our ability to know theories through the process of induction and test. Quantum cosmology -- that part of science concerned with the quantum origin of the universe and its subsequent evolution -- displays all three kinds of limits. This paper briefly describes quantum cosmology and discusses these limits. The place of the other sciences in this most comprehensive of physical frameworks is described.
Effects of N doping on photoelectric properties of along different directions of ZnO bulk and nanotube

The electronic structures and optical properties of N-doped Zn O bulks and nanotubes are investigated using the firstprinciples density functional method. The calculated results show that the main optical parameters of Zn O bulks are isotropic(especially in the high frequency region), while Zn O nanotubes exhibit anisotropic optical properties. N doping results show that Zn O bulks and nanotubes present more obvious anisotropies in the low-frequency region. Thereinto, the optical parameters of N-doped Zn O bulks along the [100] direction are greater than those along the [001] direction, while for N-doped nanotubes, the variable quantities of optical parameters along the [100] direction are less than those along the[001] direction. In addition, refractive indexes, electrical conductivities, dielectric constants, and absorption coefficients of Zn O bulks and nanotubes each contain an obvious spectral band in the deep ultraviolet(UV)(100 nm～ 300 nm). For each of N-doped Zn O bulks and nanotubes, a spectral peak appears in the UV and visible light region, showing that N doping can broaden the application scope of the optical properties of Zn O.
Make Up Your Mind: The Price of Online Queries in Differential Privacy

We consider the problem of answering queries about a sensitive dataset subject to differential privacy. The queries may be chosen adversarially from a larger set $Q$ of allowable queries in one of three ways, which we list in order from easiest to hardest to answer:Offline: The queries are chosen all at once and the differentially private mechanism answers the queries in a single batch. 
Online: The queries are chosen all at once, but the mechanism only receives the queries in a streaming fashion and must answer each query before seeing the next query. 
Adaptive: The queries are chosen one at a time and the mechanism must answer each query before the next query is chosen. In particular, each query may depend on the answers given to previous queries.Many differentially private mechanisms are just as efficient in the adaptive model as they are in the offline model. Meanwhile, most lower bounds for differential privacy hold in the offline setting. This suggests that the three models may be equivalent. 
We prove that these models are all, in fact, distinct. Specifically, we show that there is a family of statistical queries such that exponentially more queries from this family can be answered in the offline model than in the online model. We also exhibit a family of search queries such that exponentially more queries from this family can be answered in the online model than in the adaptive model. We also investigate whether such separations might hold for simple queries like threshold queries over the real line.
THE ISSUE OF DETERMINISM AND FREEDOM AS AN EXISTENTIAL QUESTION: A CASE IN THE BHAGAVAD GīTā

A reading of the Bhagavad Gītā is proposed here that shows a new way of formulating the philosophical issue of determinism and freedom, that is, not as a moral but as an existential question. To do so we first briefly draw upon the American philosopher Stanley Cavell's practice of ordinary language philosophy as a conceptual bridge to the ancient text. This leads to a revised notion of freedom, not as "self-determination" in a Kantian sense but as "existential achievement," which can be described as a form of autonomy in the sense of becoming what you are or having the will to be responsible to yourself.
Electrical properties of hydroxyapatite thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition

The formation of bioceramic hydroxyapatite (HAp) thin films has been accomplished on various substrates, such as Ti, α -Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 //Si(100) and SrTiO 3 (100) using an ArF pulsed laser deposition. The surface morphology of the HAp films was also examined using an atomic force microscope. Au/HAp/Nb doped SrTiO 3 (100) structures have been fabricated to measure the electrical properties of the HAp films, and the dielectric constant and breakdown voltage at 25 °C are 5.7 (at 1 MHz) and 10 4 V cm −1 , respectively. From our results, it is suggested that the HAp films are useful not only as a biocompatible coating material for implantation but also for insulating and dielectric materials used in electric circuits and bio-electronic devices.