nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Presenting Effective way to Model Strategic Debt Recovery in World Trade : A Strategic Management Approach

The current system of global trade, which has become the World Trade Organization (WTO), has been struggling to balance business ever since. The research has been designed to provide an appropriate model for predicting financial compensation for insolvent countries of the WTO member country. Therefore, along with important financial ratios for predicting financial compensation, the efficiency of countries that can add accuracy and model prediction power is used as a predictor variable. First, the data envelopment analysis method can be used to calculate the efficiency index of insolvent member countries of the WTO, and then the result of the efficiency indicator can be used as a variable for predicting financial debt compensation along with other financial ratios. In the proposed method, data envelopment analysis is used as a means to evaluate input-output efficiency of each country. Using statistical tests, the variables which have more power in separating insolvent member countries from healthy countries. Then, bankruptcy of countries has been predicted using logistic regression in two models. Findings from research indicate that use of efficiency in bankruptcy prediction model increases model prediction accuracy.
Translation and Law

On St. Jerome’s Day 2012, the specific issue of the relationship between translation and law has formed the subject of a lecture at NHH, Bergen. Law is present in many texts, and legal translators will, in their practice, apply a special perspective characterized by a duplicity of views when approaching them. In the scholarly talk of “translation and the law”, the focus is on two different academic disciplines – Translation Studies and Comparative Law. They do specific research – either on translation theories or on legal systems. And the relationship between both concepts – law and translation – is somewhat unclear at first sight. We might split it up into various questions: 1) What is law, can we translate it? 2) Where is translation in the field of law? 3) What are the special problems of translation here? 1 The purpose of law Law according to its purpose is a system of social convention defined by legislation that regulates the orderly living together of people within their culture. It has been created and developed in history. All aspects of life – in dealing with offence and crime, in trade, in family affairs, in administration, in education, etc. – are governed by law and legislation. The fields where such rules apply are both national and international. And today, there is even global interaction in economy and in the upcoming of hybrid societies, and various concepts of law confront each other. We cannot translate “law” as such. What we can do at first is to compare legal systems. Comparative law is an important field of research today and it concentrates on the differences in the legal concepts. At first sight, the human values seem to be the same for all peoples in the world: internal peace, justice, equality of persons, public order, freedom of speech and of religion, recognized education, punishment of crimes, etc. But the respective ideas are not identical everywhere and their legal treatment is different, according to the cultural background. The difference between existing legal systems is mainly visible in the central concepts regarding those values. The link between both areas of research – Comparative Law and Translation Studies – is the fact that law is deposited, handed down and interpreted within texts, by language. “The law is alive in language” , and this is the link to other questions regarding translation. There are texts in various fields of law such as civil, penal, trade, administrative, family, international, European law, etc. We find legal language here, and the translator will approach texts with a double perspective: regarding law and regarding linguistic features. The legal backgrounds in different cultures are decisive. 2 Various legal backgrounds and function of translation There is the well-known difference between the Common Law in the Anglo-Saxon countries with its old history of case law decisions, and the written law in most of the countries on the
Efficient set intersection for inverted indexing

Conjunctive Boolean queries are a key component of modern information retrieval systems, especially when Web-scale repositories are being searched. A conjunctive query q is equivalent to a |q|-way intersection over ordered sets of integers, where each set represents the documents containing one of the terms, and each integer in each set is an ordinal document identifier. As is the case with many computing applications, there is tension between the way in which the data is represented, and the ways in which it is to be manipulated. In particular, the sets representing index data for typical document collections are highly compressible, but are processed using random access techniques, meaning that methods for carrying out set intersections must be alert to issues to do with access patterns and data representation. Our purpose in this article is to explore these trade-offs, by investigating intersection techniques that make use of both uncompressed “integer” representations, as well as compressed arrangements. We also propose a simple hybrid method that provides both compact storage, and also faster intersection computations for conjunctive querying than is possible even with uncompressed representations.
Computational Complexity of Simultaneous Elementary Matching Problems

The simultaneous elementary E-matching problem for an equational theory E is to decide whether there is an E-matcher for a given system of equations in which the only nonconstant function symbols occurring in the terms to be matched are the ones constrained by the equational axioms of E. We study the computational complexity of simultaneous elementary matching problems for the equational theories A of semigroups, AC of commutative semigroups, and ACU of commutative monoids. In each case, we delineate the boundary between NP-completeness and solvability in polynomial time by considering two parameters, the number of equations in the systems and the number of constant symbols in the signature. Moreover, we analyze further the intractable cases of simultaneous elementary AC-matching and ACU-matching by also taking into account the maximum number of occurrences of each variable. Using combinatorial optimization techniques, we show that if each variable is restricted to having at most two occurrences, then several cases of simultaneous elementary AC-matching and ACU-matching can be solved in polynomial time.
Mountains: A Special Issue

The special issues of the Annals allow the editors to highlight themes of international significance that showcase the breadth and depth of geography in a format accessible to a broad array of readers. This ninth special issue of the Annals of the AAG focuses on mountains. The understanding of mountain environments and peoples has been a focus of individual geographers for centuries and for the organized discipline of geography for more than a century; more recently, the geographical interest in mountain regions among researchers has been growing rapidly. The articles contained within are from a wide spectrum of researchers from different parts of the world who address physical, political, theoretical, social, empirical, environmental, methodological, and economic issues focused on the geography of mountains and their inhabitants. The articles in this special issue are organized into three themed sections with very loose boundaries between themes: (1) physical dynamics of mountain environments, (2) couple...
The politics and poetics of Museology

It has become rather common to speak of the museum as a place of power. Whether one refers to it as media (Davallon, 1992), as medium (McLuhan, Parker & Barzun, 1969), or as device (Bennett, 1995), we must understand that this institution, emblematic of occidental civilization, has always aroused the interests of local political regimes, whatever they may be. The creation of the British Museum and the birth of the Louvre (Deotte, 1994; Pommier, 1995) illustrate the many different ways the pub...
Apollodoros the Son of Pasion

﻿ This thesis is a study of the fourth century B.C. Athenian politician Apollodoros the son of Pasion of Acharnae, and of the speeches which he delivered and which are preserved in the Corpus Demosthenicum . Chapter 1 contains a chronological survey of the lives of Pasion and Apollodoros. In Chapter 2, which contains an examination of the financial circumstances of the family, I am concerned not merely to tackle the vexed question of the size of Pasion's estate, but also to analyse the sources of that wealth, and the uses to which it was put. In Chapter 3 I examine the question of the authorship of the speeches which Apollodoros delivered, including the performance of some simple stylistic tests, which reveal a clear difference of style between these speeches and the genuine private speeches of Demosthenes. In Chapter 4 I discuss the form and function of the speeches, examining how far they diverge from the practice of other Athenian orators, and how far they are influenced by rhetorical theory. I also seek to question the generally held view that they are incompetently composed, and suggest that any diverges from Demosthenic practice or from rhetorical theory should not necessarily be considered indicative of a lack of ability on the part of their author. In Chapter 5 I try to assess whether Apollodoros received a rhetorical education, and I examine the likely sources of his legal and historical knowledge. In Chapter 6 I examine in detail one particular aspect of the speeches: the inclusion of a long and detailed historical narrative in Against Neaera . I attempt to determine the sources of this account, and then to look for any signs elsewhere in the speeches of an historical interest on Apollodoros' part. Chapter 7 deals with Apollodoros' political career, whilst in Chapter 8 I examine the position of the family within Athenian society. I attempt to determine the social circles in which Pasion and Apollodoros moved, the extent to which they were accepted into Athenian high society, and the ways in which they tried to use their money to acquire social acceptance. The two appendices contain a discussion of the authenticity of documents preserved in the manuscripts of the speeches, and the data from two stylistic tests which I performed.
An Analysis of the Economic Effects for Launching the Ubiquitous City

This study is to research into the economic effects of introducing of the ubiquitous City(u-City) industry in Korea. For the purpose, we define the conception of the u-City industry. And to analyze, we redistribute the Input-Output table from Korean bank. The methodological framework proposed in this paper addresses the strength of the economic effects that it reflects the endogenous model of the household. Also this paper is to estimate and analyze the forecast of final demand that do not exist in the marketplace. The results show that production derivative effect is about 2,940 trillions won, and value added creation 2,264 trillions won from 2007 to 2012.
The empirical research of the level of coordinated development of economy and environment based on environment entropy measure

Thanks to the rapid economic growth, people are happy to see their living standards have been greatly improved. However, the constantly increasing industrial pollutants also degrade the environment and seriously impact on people's life and work. What's even worse is that the environmental deterioration also hinders the sustainable economic development. This paper, based on the Entropy Theory, comes up with the environment entropy evaluation model featured by balanced economic-environmental development. In the second part of the paper, it takes the data of Inner Mongolia for 2006-2012 as the example. By applying the environment entropy model, the paper makes empirical analysis of how well Inner Mongolia is doing to balance its environmental-economic development. The empirical analysis reveals that the economic development in Inner Mongolia is in poor synergy with its environmental quality. In the future, Inner Mongolia should focus on adjusting its economic structure, adopt stricter pollutant discharge limits, work harder to harness pollution, improve the synergy between economic development and environmental quality, and realize sustainable development.
A Comprehensive Pythagorean Theorem for all Dimensions

AbstractWe use a 200-year-old theorem on determinants to prove a very general version of the Pythagorean theorem. It relates the square of the n-dimensional volume of an n-parallelotope in ℝm to the sum of the squares of the n-dimensional volumes of the orthogonal projections of the parallelotope onto the k-dimensional coordinate subspaces of ℝm.
Pragmatism, Then and Now

Chinese philosopher Sun Yong interviews Susan Haack on the history of pragmatism, its present standing, and its future. The interview begins with Haack’s account of the origins and evolution of pragmatism; then moves to Peirce’s, James’s, and Dewey’s understandings of truth; to Dewey’s ideas about epistemology and ontology; to Quine’s place in the pragmatist tradition (and specifically his work on logic and his ideas about truth, ontological commitment, and analyticity); Rorty’s Vulgar Pragmatism; and finally to the prospects for pragmatism in the future.
The Identity Status of Nigerian University Students

The concept of identity, developed by Erikson over the last 30 years, has as one of its main features the idea that a sense of identity is acquired by people in all cultures. In the present study the identity status of 106 Nigerian male and female university students was evaluated by means of Simmons' Identity Achievement Scale (I.A.S.). Findings include a mean I.A.S. score of 13.43 which is close to what Simmons obtained with a sample of American college students. The results also resemble Simmons' both in the lack of significant sex differences in mean I.A.S. scores and in the distribution of I.A.S. scores. The existence of this similarity, in spite of considerable sociocultural differences between Nigeria and United States, supports Erikson's notion of the universality of a sense of identity.
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ZAOZIGOU GOLD DEPOSIT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Zaozigou gold mine is located in the northern margin of the West Qinling orogenic belt,and its reserve has reached the super-large scale with the exploration during recent years.The geochemical characteristics of rock in mine revealed that the mine magmatic rock has the characteristics of the Himalayan granite.The paper analyzed the relation between the environment of magmatic rock and gold metallogenesis,and supposed that the source of gold was the crustal material under the thickening mechanism related to Himalayan granite.The coupled enrichment of magmatic hydrothermal solution-structures-country rock should be the main factor to develop the accumulation of gold deposit.
Establishment and sedimentary environment of the Holocene Liuguhe、Dalinghe formations in the coastal zone of western Liaoning,China

Through measuring the profiles of the Holocen stratigraphy located at the west coastal zone of Liaoning Province、14C、the OSL dating results,synthetical sample analysis on geological environment,we distributed a suit of khaki-nacarat loose accumulations and a suit of grey gravel bearing silt-silt-clay sediments above it to the middle-late Holocene sections according to their forming eras,and established the Holocene Liuguhe、Dalinghe Groups.
Social constraints on interethnic marriage/unions, differential reproductive success and the spread of ‘Continental’ Y chromosomes in early Anglo-Saxon England

Book description: Data from molecular genetics have changed our views on the origin, spread and timescale of our species across this planet. But how can we reveal more detail about the demography of ancient human populations? For example, is it possible to determine when and how many people arrived at a certain continent, and which route they took from a choice of geographically plausible options? One of the most promising tools for such investigation is computer simulation incorporating various demographic scenarios. The simulation outcomes must be evaluated by teams with archaeological expertise, since archaeological evidence is generally the best evidence currently available on the population histories of geographical regions. This book is a summary of the landmark conference held in Cambridge in 2005, where specialists in simulations and molecular genetics as well as archaeologists came together to present and evaluate the state of the art, and to discuss future possibilities.
Italian colonialism : legacy and memory

Until relatively recently, the Italian colonial experience was largely regarded as an incidental aspect of Italy's past. Studies of liberal Italy and even fascism underplayed both the significance of the state's colonial ambition and its broader cultural impact. In the post-war era, even less consideration has been given to how this colonial legacy still affects Italy and the countries it occupied and colonized. This book arises out of a major two-day international conference held at the Italian Cultural Institute in London in December 2001. The essays investigate the ways in which the Italian colonial experience continues to be relevant even after the end of empire. They explore the ways in which the memories of Italy's colonial past have been crafted to accommodate the needs of the present and the extent to which forgetting colonialism became an integral part of Italian culture and national identity. These issues have come into sharper relief of late as labour migration to Italy has led to new social and cultural encounters within Italy. The essays additionally investigate the colonial legacy from the perspective of Italy's former colonies, highlighting the enduring social, cultural and political ramifications of the colonial relationship. This interdisciplinary collection contains contributions from international experts in the fields of history, cultural studies (literature and film), politics and sociology.
DEVELOPMENT OF TI BASED TRANSITION EDGE SENSORS FOR CRYOGENIC DETECTORS

In the last decade transition Edge Sensors (TES) have found application both in calorimeters for particle detection and for high-resolution light detectors from X rays to the infrared waves. TES consists of a superconducting phase transition thermometer evaporated onto a substrate. The detector works within the superconducting-to-normal transition , where the strong temperature dependence of the electrical resistance makes the film a very sensitive thermometer. Among the superconducting materials,Ti films 1 and Ti based bilayers 2,3,4 have been investigated by several authors. Ti based TES operating around 300 mK have been used for X-ray detectors and for millimeter waves, both with a single layer 5,6,7 and with bilayers . At lower temperatures, TES have applications as sensors to detect dark matter in calorimetric experiments 12,13,14,15,16,17 and as photon counters in the UV-NIR region . In the case of a single layer, Tc depends mainly on the residual resistivity. In the case of bilayers, because of the proximity effect, it is possible to tune the transition temperature Tc according to the experimental requirements, by varying the relative thicknesses.
Synthesis of oxametallacycles from 2-iodoethanol on Ag(111) and the structure dependence of their reactivity

Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and density functional theory (DFT) were used to investigate the adsorption and reaction of 2-iodoethanol on the Ag(111) surface. When 2-iodoethanol is dosed onto Ag(111) at 150 K, it reacts to form a hydroxyethyl surface intermediate. The hydroxyethyl reacts at 255 K to form ethylene, acetaldehyde, and a surface oxametallacycle. This surface oxametallacycle reacts at 320 K to form acetaldehyde. Surface oxametallacycles and metallaoxetanes have been implicated as important intermediates in various heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reactions. We focus on the investigation of the chemical structure and reactivity of the isolated oxametallacycle and compare the observations to previous results. We conclude that the oxametallacycle selectivity to different products is dependent on the oxametallacycle coordination geometry and is therefore influenced by the surface structure.
Dielectric and microstructural behaviour of strontium titanate borosilicate glass ceramic system

Abstract65(SrO·TiO2)−35(2SiO2·B2O3) wt% glass was synthesized. Differential thermal analysis study shows one exothermic peak which shifts towards higher temperature with increasing heating rate. Glass ceramics prepared by controlled crystallization of strontium titanate borosilicate glass produce uniform distribution of crystallites in a glassy matrix. Attempt was made to crystallize strontium titanate phase in this glass ceramic. Different phases precipitated out during ceramization have been identified by X-ray diffraction. It appears that due to high reactivity of SrO with B2O3, strontium borate crystallizes as principal phase followed by TiO2 (rutile) and Sr3Ti2O7 phases. Dielectric constant of these glass ceramics was observed to be more or less temperature independent over wide range of temperatures with low values of dielectric constant and dissipation factor.
The Place of Women in Public Settings in Matthew's Gospel: a Sociological Inquiry

This study makes a gender analysis of the place of women among three character groups: the disciples, the crowds, and the religious leaders as they are taught by Jesus or interact with him in three representative public settings: the Sermon on the Mount (5:1-7:28), the Parables Discourse (13:1-52), and the clash between Jesus and the authorities in the temple (21:12-23:29). The study opens with a description of two gender-specific analogies to provide a social index for analyzing the Matthean data: a macrosociological model of the public status of women in advanced agrarian societies, and a social summary of the public place of women in mishnaic culture. The religious authorities parallel advanced agrarian gender expectations without variation. The disciples are like and unlike the religious authorities. The crowds open a real but limited social alternative for women. The writing's treatment of women in public settings draws upon an old androcentric framework but emphasizes a new inclusion. To neglect eit...