nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of multi-modal high salt binding ion exchange materials.

The performance and selectivity of novel cation and anion exchange multi-modal chromatographic materials were evaluated. Desorption profiles of 13 proteins possessing a range of properties (e.g. size, charge and hydrophobicity) were determined on the cation exchange materials. Batch experiments were carried out by loading individual proteins on each resin at low salt, and examining the desorption of the proteins during sequential washes with increasing salt concentrations. While all of the resins exhibited some binding of proteins at elevated salt concentrations, this effect was more pronounced on the resins with aromatic ligands as compared to the materials with aliphatic ligands. As expected, materials with higher ionic capacities exhibited higher binding at elevated salts. In addition, some proteins exhibited high binding at elevated salt concentrations to all of the resins. The combined effect of charge and other secondary interactions with these multi-modal chromatographic materials enables high salt binding of a range of proteins as well as unique selectivities for the recovery of certain classes of proteins. Since the anion exchange materials all exhibited high binding at elevated salt concentrations the work with these materials focused on a study of elution strategies to remove proteins from these aromatic based materials. After evaluating various elution protocols, a combined strategy of pH change and chaotropic salt were shown to minimize electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions and was found to be an effective elution strategy for this class of anion exchange materials using peanut lectin as a model protein.
Barium/lead-rich high permittivity glass-ceramics for capacitor applications

Dielectric properties of glass–ceramics containing barium/lead-based sodium niobates and barium titanate-based silicates were evaluated for capacitor applications. The glasses were formed by melt-rolling the respective constituents which were then crystallized by reheating them at higher temperatures. Crystallization schedules were formulated based on differential thermal analysis results. X-ray diffractometer patterns indicated that the samples were highly crystallized. Microstructure and microchemistry of samples were studied by transmission electron micropscopy. Perovskite, tungsten–bronze and fresnoite phases developed during crystallization have a strong effect on the resulted dielectric properties with permittivities ranging from 20 to 700. Resistivity measurements were done to study conduction mechanisms in samples and the resistivity values for glass–ceramics were found to be between 1011 and 1013Ω·cm at 150°C. MnO2 additions were made to improve the electrical resistivity of glass–ceramics.
Effect of the Polarity of the Medium on the Kinetics of the Radical-Chain Oxidation of Cumene in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid

The inhibition of the initiated oxidation of cumene by oxygen under homophase conditions, where acetonitrile or dimethylsulfoxide are used as the solvent, by ascorbic acid is studied. The kinetics of the oxidation process is investigated via a gas volumetric method at a constant temperature of 348 K and a partial pressure of oxygen of 760 mmHg. It is shown during the investigation of the process of radical-chain oxidation of model systems upon varying the concentration of the inhibitor that the replacement of the solvent noticeably affects the value of the induction period. No significant influence of the medium on the rate of the oxidation process after the induction period is found. Concentration dependences of the kinetic parameters of ascorbic acid-inhibited oxidation of cumene in different media are obtained.
Marketing Mix Strategies towards the Bottom of the Pyramid: a study of the Brazilian market

Prahalad has started a debate in the last decade regarding the opportunities of doing businesstowards the low-income consumers of emerging markets, which he called Bottom of the Pyramid(BOP) markets. The purpose of this study is to investigate how companies adapt their marketingmix strategies in order to target this type of market. The research is developed as case studieswithin the Brazilian telecom market in order to offer a new BOP setting as previous research hasbeen focusing on Asia and Africa. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews are conducted withmanagers of the prepaid segment of three telecom companies. The study shows that pricestrategies are most important to adapt towards affordability in order to target BOP marketsbecause of consumers’ limited budget. While adaptation in product and place are also seen, theyare not as substantial as in price. The strategy that was not adapted was promotion as traditionalchannels are most common within the Brazilian BOP market. Moreover, companies with astrategy that traditionally have been upper-segment-centric do have to make larger and moreinnovative adaptations in order to market this segment.
LAND, LEADERSHIP, CULTURE, AND EMIGRATION: SOME PROBLEMS IN CHARTIST HISTORIOGRAPHY

In I996 Miles Taylor published an historiographical review of Chartism in which he argued that our understanding of the movement has stagnated since the publication of important research by Gareth Stedman Jones and Dorothy Thompson in I983-4. Taylor suggests that the new cultural history of politics (or the 'linguistic turn') is to blame for this 'impasse', and argues that scholars should consolidate the work of Stedman Jones and Thompson. I argue that Chartist historians should continue to engage with contemporary approaches. The new political history sheds light on some persistent problems of interpretation which Taylor passes over. It also raises the possibility of extending the study of Chartism into the colonial realm, an area historians have notyet seriously broached. In conclusion, a sketch is given of the significance of Chartist political culture in one episode of protest in the Australian colony of Victoria in I853. Recently in these pages Miles Taylor published a detailed overview of Chartist  Whilst he gives a rather pessimistic account of the field over the past decade or so, Taylor also makes a number of constructive suggestions regarding themes that warrant future research. Our understanding of Chartism has not really progressed, he suggests, since the publication of well-known work by Gareth Stedman Jones and Dorothy Thompson in the early-to-mid 198os.2 Stedman Jones's reinterpretation of Chartism is now widely credited as the progenitor of the much discussed 'linguistic turn' in social  Dorothy 1 Miles Taylor, 'Rethinking the Chartists: searching for synthesis in the historiography of Chartism', Historical journal, 39 (I996), pp. 479-95. 2 Gareth Stedman Jones, Languages of class: studies in English working class history, i832-1982 (Cambridge, I983); Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists: popular politics in the industrial revolution (Aldershot, I986). 3 David Mayfield and Susan Thorne, 'Social history and its discontents: Gareth StedmanJones and the politics of language', Social History, I7 (I992), pp. i65-88; Jon Lawrence and Miles Taylor, 'The poverty of protest: Gareth Stedman Jones and the politics of language a reply', Social History, i8 (I993), pp. I-I5; James Vernon, 'Who's afraid of the "linguistic turn"? The politics of social history and its discontents', Social History, I9 (I994), pp. 8I-97; Neville Kirk, 'History, language, ideas and post-modernism: a materialist view', Social History, I9 (I994), pp. 22I-40; PatrickJoyce, 'The end of social history?', Social History, 20 (I995), pp. 73-9I; Marc W. Steinberg, 'Culturally speaking: finding a commons between post-structuralism and the Thompsonian perspective', Social History, 2 I (i 996), pp. I 93-2 I 4; Gareth Stedman Jones, 'The determinist fix: some obstacles to the further development of the linguistic approach to history in the I 990s', History Workshop journal, 42 (1 996), pp. I 9-35.
Measurement of Lattice Parameter of Primary Si crystal in Rheocast Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy by Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction Technique

The morphological changes of primary solid particles as a function of process time on hypereutectic Al-15.5wt%Si alloy during semi-solid state processing with a shear rate of are studied. In this alloy, it was observed that primary Si crystals are fragmented at the early stage of stirring and morphologies of primary Si crystals change from faceted to spherical during isothermal shearing for 60 minutes. To understand the role of Al dissolved in the primary Si crystal by shear stress at high temperature, lattice parameters of the primary Si crystals are determined as a variation of high order Laue zone(HOLZ) line positions measured from convergent beam electron diffraction(CBED) pattern. The lattice parameter of the primary Si crystal in the rheocast Al-15.5wt%Si alloy shows tensile strain of about 5 times greater than that of the gravity casting. Increase of the lattice parameter by rheocasting is due to the increased amount of Al dissolved in the primary Si crystal accelerated by shear stress at high temperature. The amounts of solute Al in the primary Si crystal are measured quantitatively by EPMA method to confirm the CBED analysis.
The Panajachel Symposium [and Comments and Replies]

This is the report of a "Schriftfest" for Sol Tax. More than 20 former students and colleagues met in Panajachel, Guatemala, to discuss his contributions to their own growth and to that of the discipline. The papers presented focused on studies of North American Indians, Middle American Indians, and "Middle America." Discussion centered on Tax's distinction between the bow and the hoe, i.e., the differences between North American tribal peoples and Middle American peasants. Following this, there was extensive discussion of action anthropology, with special attention to its development over the past 20 years. Problems of values, power, boundaries, generalization, and bureaucracy were among those considered. The conference ended with a brief examination of the future for B.A.s in anthropology. The participants benefited enormously from Tax's presence, and his feedback was invaluable.
Modern real time electric meter for efficient energy management using Markov Chain Algorithm

Energy management comprises of planning and operation of energy production and energy consumption units. Home energy management system is sometimes called as smart grids. The energy management system optimizes the energy usage by informing the consumer on a live basis of their corresponding consumption units. Home appliances are generally scheduled to operate on various power ratings. But none have turned to solve the problems associated with the power demand. This paper proposes an effective solution by making a modification in the already existing electric meter by implementing Markov Chain Algorithm. This algorithm makes use of the information particularly the power generated and the power available at that time. Based on the obtained information there are three modes of operation namely custom mode, limited mode and the full power mode. The software implementation has been done by using Proteus software. The hardware details ant their implementation are presented in this paper. The fuzzy rules are used to determine how the power gets distributed. A Matlab software is used to demonstrate it. The prototype hardware is demonstrated by using PIC16f877a microcontroller.
STTM: Similarity Transitivity Chain Based Trust Model in P2P Environment

Trust mechanism is a crucial part of the P2P applications, which limits their rapid development. Unfortunately, current mechanisms were unable to detect the malicious peers accurately under the disturbing of various malicious reports. This paper proposes a new trust model, named Similarity Transitivity chain based Trust Model (STTM), to evaluate peers' global trust more precisely. Firstly, we employ PeerStrategy to produce feedbacks. Then we offer a novel similarity transitivity chain, which is formed by the peers who have common neighbors, to calculate report trustworthiness. By considering the peer's feedbacks as a vector, we calculate the personal similarity of each pair that has common neighbors. After that, we transit such personal similarities through the chain and get the report trustworthiness vector when all the peers come to a static view. Finally, we make use of maximum likelihood estimation equation to compute global trust. The simulation results show that our trust model is able to estimate peers' global trust accurately in most scenarios, especially in the scenario of two collusion groups. Also, it sharply decreases the mean error of trust estimation and performs better than other trust models.
Bacteremia and sepsis in older adults.

Bacteremia and sepsis are common complications of infection in older patients. Comorbidities, institutionalization, instrumentation, and immunosenescence place older persons at high risk for bacteremia and sepsis, and clinicians must have a heightened suspicion for these infectious disorders in older patients because nonspecific clinical manifestations of infection are common in this vulnerable population. Although increasing age is associated with a high risk of death due to bacteremia and sepsis, recent evidence suggests that many older patients respond well to treatments of proven efficacy. This article discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis of bacteremia and sepsis in older patients and provides evidence-based recommendations regarding the treatment of these infectious disorders in older persons.
Geographical Literature in Nineteenth-Century Iran: Regional Identities and the Construction of Space

A series of local geographical texts appeared throughout Iran in the 1870s and 1880s in the context of an attempt by the Qājār dynasty to collect information on its imperial possessions. These texts combine the instrumental approach of compiling knowledge for the court with literary traditions in local historiography. This article explores these local geographical writings through theories on identity and space, arguing that these texts reflect the shifting spatial imagination of Persianate elites in the context of rapid social and economic change. These texts are an alternate entry point for viewing the politics of identity in Qājār Iran, challenging the teleological approach to the emergence of nationalism in secondary literature. Taking the close relationship between territory and community as a starting point, this article argues that expressions of regional socio-economic unities, which are a key feature of the geographical writings of Iranian elites, reflect the consolidation of regional identities.
Reading a Vision of Space: The Geographical Map Collection of Charles‐Etienne Coquebert de Montbret (1755–1831)

Charles‐Etienne Coquebert de Montbret owned a collection of 868 manuscript and printed maps, which he classified and described in detail in a catalogue. The collection, only recently rediscovered, is particularly valuable because it not only reflects the collector's main interests but also contains a large number of maps bearing his annotations and colouring. Personal additions such as these afford a rare insight into a map owner's, or map user's, mind, and Coquebert de Montbret's collection enables us to understand the cartographical practices adopted by one individual in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Coquebert de Montbret's interest in physical geography emerges clearly, especially in the way he set about compiling the geological map of France which he published in 1823 with Jean‐Baptiste Julien Omalius d'Halloy. Examples of the three main ways he made use of his maps—to locate towns and regions, to record geographical information and to make sense of space—are discussed in this paper.
Two Sources of Michael Polanyi's Prototypal Notion of Incommensurability: Evans-Pritchard on Azande Witchcraft and St Augustine on Conversion

Michael Polanyi argues in Personal Knowledge (1958) that conceptual frameworks involved in major scientific controversies are separated by a `logical gap'. Such frameworks, according to Polanyi (1958: 151), are logically disconnected: their protagonists think differently, use different languages and occupy different worlds. Relinquishing one framework and adopting another, Polanyi's scientist undergoes a `conversion' to a new `faith'. Polanyi, in other words, presaged Kuhn and Feyerabend's concept of incommensurability. To what influences was Polanyi subject as he developed his concept of the logical gap? The answer, as unfolded in this article, is twofold: Evans-Pritchard's Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande and the Confessions of St Augustine.
Resolving the crustal composition paradox by 3.8 billion years of slab failure magmatism and collisional recycling of continental crust

In the standard paradigm, continental crust is formed mainly by arc magmatism, but because the compositions of magma rising from the mantle are basaltic and continental crust is estimated to contain about 60% SiO 2 and much less MgO than basalt, the two do not match. To resolve this paradox, most researchers argue that large amounts of magmatic fractionation produce residual cumulates at the base of the crust, which because arcs are inferred to have magmatically thickened crust, form eclogites that ultimately founder and sink into the mantle. Not only are there problems with the contrasting bulk compositions, but the standard model also fails because prior to collision most modern arcs do not have thick crust, as documented by their eruption close to sea level, and in cases of ancient arc sequences, their intercalation with marine sedimentary rocks. Our study of Cretaceous batholiths in the North American Cordillera resolves the crustal composition paradox because we find that most are not arc-derived as commonly believed; but instead formed during the waning stages of collision and consequent slab failure. Because the batholiths typically have silica contents >60% and are derived directly from the mantle, we argue that they are the missing link in the formation of continental crust. Slab failure magmas worldwide are compositionally similar to tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite suites as old as 3.8 Ga, which points to their collective formation by slab failure and long-lived plate tectonics. Our model also provides (1) an alternative solution to interpret compiled detrital zircon arrays, because episodic peaks that coincide with periods of supercontinent amalgamation are easily interpreted to represent collisions with formation of new crust by slab failure; and (2) that models of early whole-earth differentiation are more reasonable than those invoking progressive growth of continental crust.
«Risistere alla furia de' cavagli e degli omini d'arme»: A lost book for a "condottiere" by Leonardo da Vinci.

In 1584, Lomazzo mentioned a sketchbook Leonardo had compiled for the "condottiere" Gentile de' Borri, a fencing master in Milan at the time of his long stay at the Sforza court (1482-1499): this lost manuscript, whose unique surviving pages have been tentatively identified in a couple of sheets preserved in Venice, was focused on the theme of the most reliable military techniques, to be followed by both infantry and cavalry in battle. In Lomazzo's description (fitting also with other comparable sheets), such draft would have featured consistent references to the political context (mainly, Sforza's military alliance with the German Emperor), together with a peculiar comparison between the human and animal identities, almost as a prelude to Machiavelli's Art of War.
Government Influence on the Social Science Paradigm

A scientific paradigm includes a set of widely shared understandings that specify a discipline's research methodologies and substantive priorities. The impact of government sponsorship of academic social research on the paradigms of four social science disciplines is evaluated using a probability sample of 1,079 faculty members in the fields of anthropology, economics, political science, and psychology. The results indicate that federal government funding is allocated according to topical and methodological priorities that are distinct from the disciplines' self-defined priorities. It is also found that: (1) federal support of academic research has a significant impact on the substantive and methodological plans of social scientists; (2) social scientists who are financially dependent on government assistance are particularly responsive to government influence; (3) the condition of financial dependency on government funding is in part a product of prior federal investment in social research. An “externalist” thesis holds that the scientific paradigm is not autonomous and is significantly shaped by such outside factors as the political system, and these findings provide support for this thesis.
Social rules and attributions in the personnel selection interview

The study investigated the social rules applicable to selection interviews, and the attributions ions made by interviewers in response to rule-breaking behaviours by candidates. Sixty personnel specialists (31 males and 29 females) participated in the main study which examined their perceptions of social rules and attributions about rule breaking in their work experience. They listened to audiotapes of actual selection interviews, and made judgments about hireability communication competence, and specific social rules. Results indicated that interview rules could be categorized into two groups: specific interview presentation skills and general interpersonal competence. While situational attributions were more salient in explaining the breaking of general interpersonal competence rules, internal attributions (ability, effort) were more salient explanations for the breaking of more specific interview rules (with the exception of the preparation rule where lack of effort was the most likely explanation for rule breaking). Candidates previously judged as competent communicators were rated more favourably on both global and specific measures of rule-following competence, as well as on hireability. The theoretical and practical implications of combining social rules and attribution theory in the study of selection interviews are discussed.
Parallel Trade in Prescription Medicines in the European Union: The Age of Reason?

In light of the economic reality, which is increasingly confirmed by relevant judicial authorities, we submit that hindering parallel trade in prescription medicines does not damage patients and national health budgets. It is therefore to be welcomed that both Community and national case law has confirmed that pharmaceutical companies are entitled to adopt measures responding to – but not prohibiting or eliminating – parallel trade, and such measures are not contrary to the EC competition rules. Parallel traders had previously been free-riding on case law which referred to sectors and cases that bore no relation to the special features of the European prescription medicines sector. To the extent there is an assumption that parallel trade in Europe safeguards intra-brand competition, the recent case law does not call this assumption into question: on the contrary, it confirms it, while noting that this assumption is inapplicable to the prescription medicines sector in Europe precisely because of that sector’s very specific features. It is therefore to be hoped that the long-running obsession of European competition law with parallel trade in prescription medicines may (at last) be coming to an end.