nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
VO2 thin films deposited on silicon substrates from V2O5 target: Limits in optical switching properties and modeling

Thermochromic VO 2 thin films presenting a phase change at T c  = 68 °C and having variable thickness were deposited on silicon substrates (Si-001) by radio-frequency sputtering. These thin films were obtained from optimized reduction of low cost V 2 O 5 targets. Depending on deposition conditions, a non-thermochromic metastable VO 2 phase might also be obtained. The thermochromic thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry techniques, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and optical emissivity analyses. In the wavelength range 0.3 to 25 μm, the optical transmittance of the thermochromic films exhibited a large variation between 25 and 100 °C due to the phase transition at T c : the contrast in transmittance (difference between the transmittance values to 25 °C and 100 °C) first increased with film thickness, then reached a maximum value. A model taking into account the optical properties of both types of VO 2 film fully justified such a maximum value. The n and k optical indexes were calculated from transmittance and reflectance spectra. A significant contrast in emissivity due to the phase transition was also observed between 25 and 100 °C.
Gérard Béaur, Phillip Schofield, Jean-Michel Chevet & María Teresa Pérez Picazo (dir.), Property Rights, Land Markets, and Economic Growth in the European Countryside (Thirteenth-Twentieth Centuries)

L’objectif de ce livre est d’operer une critique des theories institutionnalistes, tout particulierement le modele defini par Douglass North (1973, 1989), qui met l’accent sur l’importance des institutions pour le developpement economique ou le retard de l’agriculture. La disparition de l’ancien systeme d’acces a la terre et l’apparition de droits de propriete « parfaits » assortis d’institutions complementaires auraient ete les conditions necessaires pour l’essor d’un marche foncier libre et...
Social Constructionism and the Legacy of James' Pragmatism

The purpose of this paper is to delineate the role that American philosophy has played in opening the door for social constructionist thought. I assert that James' pragmatism is the main, American, theoretical precursor of the present-day social constructionist movement. More specifically, I compare and contrast William James' work on pragmatism with Kenneth Gergen's approach to social constructionism. There are four main parallels between Gergen's social constructionism and James' pragmatism. The first concerns the importance of `utility' as a method for evaluating truth. Second, James and Gergen both embrace philosophical pluralism. Third, each theorist examines the social construction of knowledge within his respective era. Finally, I examine the parallels of how `progress and knowledge' are viewed within social constructionism and pragmatism. A fuller appreciation of the parallels between pragmatism and social constructionism may lead social constructionists to re-examine the value of James' pragmatism.
Creating Causal Embeddings for Question Answering with Minimal Supervision

A common model for question answering (QA) is that a good answer is one that is closely related to the question, where relatedness is often determined using general-purpose lexical models such as word embeddings. We argue that a better approach is to look for answers that are related to the question in a relevant way, according to the information need of the question, which may be determined through task-specific embeddings. With causality as a use case, we implement this insight in three steps. First, we generate causal embeddings cost-effectively by bootstrapping cause-effect pairs extracted from free text using a small set of seed patterns. Second, we train dedicated embeddings over this data, by using task-specific contexts, i.e., the context of a cause is its effect. Finally, we extend a state-of-the-art reranking approach for QA to incorporate these causal embeddings. We evaluate the causal embedding models both directly with a casual implication task, and indirectly, in a downstream causal QA task using data from Yahoo! Answers. We show that explicitly modeling causality improves performance in both tasks. In the QA task our best model achieves 37.3% P@1, significantly outperforming a strong baseline by 7.7% (relative).
THE QUEST FOR QUANTUM GRAVITY: TESTING TIMES FOR THEORIES?

I discuss some theoretical ideas concerning the representation of quantum gravity as a Lorentz-symmetry-violating `medium' with non-trivial optical properties, which include a refractive index in `vacuo' and stochastic effects associated with a spread in the arrival times of photons, growing linearly with the photon energy. Some of these properties may be experimentally detectable in future satellite facilities (e.g. GLAST or AMS), using as probes light from distant astrophysical sources such as gamma ray bursters. I also argue that such linear violations of Lorentz symmetry may not always be constrained by ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray data, as seems to be the case with a specific (stringy) model of space-time foam.
1. The Bible, Christianity And Chinese Culture

The 'Western' religion came to China in different guises and was practiced by Chinese believers in a variety of ways. The Handbook has introduced a number of themes and perspectives. However, constraints of space have precluded exhaustive treatment of all the topics. At the same time, it has not been possible to list every relevant item in the bibliographical and 'sources' sections. Many aspects of this bewilderingly rich experience deserve more careful and comprehensive scholarly attention. Much has been accomplished in recent years, but more needs to be done, especially now that mission studies and the study of Christianity in China have achieved a degree of legitimacy in the academic communities in China and abroad.  China; Christianity
Towards a Topos Theoretic Foundation for the Irish School of Constructive Mathematics

The Irish School of Constructive Mathematics (Mc♣), which extends the VDM, exploits an algebraic notation based upon monoids and their morphisms for the purposes of abstract modelling. Its method depends upon an operator calculus. The School hereto eschewed every form of formal language and formal logic, relying solely upon constructive mathematics. 
 
In 1995 the School committed itself to the development of the modelling of (computing) systems in full generality. This was achieved by embracing Category Theory and by exploring a geometry of formal methods using techniques of fiber bundles. From fiber bundles to sheaves was a natural step. Concurrently, the School moved from the algebra of monoids to categories, and from categories to topoi. Finally, the constructive nature of the School is now coming to terms with formalism and logic through the (natural) intuitionistic logic inherently manifest through topoi. 
 
In this paper we exhibit an accessible bridge from classical formal methods to topos theoretic formal methods in seeking a unifying theory.
Industry-led mechatronics degree development in regional Australia

This paper presents a technique that was used in the recent development of a new Mechatronics degree in Australia. This technique addressed the local industry needs and the available resources for a well-balanced Mechatronics degree program. The degree development was based on project-based learning and industry engagement. The development of the new Mechatronics degree was made possible via a State Government grant of AU$2.4 Million which was matched by industry contribution of AU$10 Million in cash and in-kind. Since industry was a major stake holder in this degree, a specific industry survey was conducted to check the desired graduates attributes, from industry point of view. The results of this survey is also included in this papers. In addition, the program also addressed the regional industry's challenge of retaining qualified engineers via a clear pathway program for students knowledge and skills development. This paper presents industry's anticipated outputs of the academic Mechatronics program. In addition the paper also discusses the mechanisms adopted for the development of this new degree. The developed fully integrated Mechatronics program was founded on the realisation that if a person undertook a mechanical degree followed by an electronics degree followed by a computer science degree, that person is, still, NOT a Mechatronics engineer.
Running of alpha(s) and m(b) in the MSSM

A consistent evolution of the strong coupling constant ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ from ${M}_{Z}$ to the grand unified theory (GUT) scale is presented, involving three-loop running and two-loop decoupling. The two-loop transition from the $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$- to the $\overline{\mathrm{DR}}$-scheme is properly taken into account. In the second part of the paper, the bottom quark mass in the $\overline{\mathrm{DR}}$-scheme at the electroweak/supersymmetry (SUSY) scale is evaluated with four-loop accuracy. We find that the three-loop effects are comparable to the experimental uncertainty both for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ and ${m}_{b}$.
Experimental constraints on the generation and evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalts

Experimental petrology and major element chemistry are used to infer the melting processes that operate in the upper oceanic mantle to yield basaltic magma, and the subsequent cooling processes by which these magmas chill to form the oceanic crust. THE PRIMARY MAGMAS OF MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALTS This paper reports experiments carried out between 9 and 16 kbar (0.9 1.6 GPa) using natural, primitive mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) compositions and synthetic analogs of MORB to investigate the effects of pressure, temperature and variable bulk chemistry on the composition of liquids multiply saturated with the minerals present in the upper oceanic mantle: olivine, orthopyroxene, augite and plagioclase or spinel. For this low-variance, 5-phase assemblage, expressions involving pressure, liquid NaK# (Na2 0+K 2 0)/(Na2 0+K 2 0+CaO), Mg# ; total iron as Fe2+) and wt. % TiO 2 predict temperature and major element compositions of magmas produced by melting spinel and plagioclase lherzolites over the pressure range of 0.001 16 kbar. The expressions are derived using data from this experimental study and published experimental studies that report compositions of glasses coexisting with olivine, orthopyroxene, augite and plagioclase and/or spinel. A two-part quantitative framework for evaluating the systematics of MORB chemistry is presented: 1) for estimating melts from a depleted MORB-mantle source as a function of pressure and changing mantle composition, and 2) for evaluating the effects of fractional crystallization on these
The birth of the Contemporary Art Collection in the Vatican Museums

The author is the director of the Contemporary Art Collection in theVatican museums and recalls here the political and religious objectives andthe cultural choices at the basis of the creation of this Collection and itsopening to the public in the second half of the Twentieth century. Fromthe speech of Pope Paul VI Montini, who in 1964 invited the art worldto reopen its dialogue with the Catholic church, to the task of those in theVatican in charge of contacts with artists and acquisitions: the protagonistsand the significant stages of this veritable cultural project are recorded herewith much information concerning works acquired or received in donation.This new commitment of the Church sparked off the generosity ofinstitutions, businesses and families in increasing the collection, right upto contributing to the mounting of the space in the Vatican Museumsdestined to contemporary art.
Encounters with Rauschenberg: (A Lavishly Illustrated Lecture)

Leo Steinberg is the rare art historian who has known the political pressures implicit in reviewing the work of living artists. In his engrossing lecture, filled with exciting insights and personal memories, he surveys the career of Robert Rauschenberg, one of the great American postwar artists. Beginning with his own experience as a moonlighting critic in the turbulent art world of New York in the 1950s and 1960s, he reveals much about himself and more about the insolent originality of the young Rauschenberg. With the sharpness and confidence of one who championed Rauschenberg's work in its beginnings and has pondered it ever since, Steinberg offers in-depth discussions of such major challenges as the "Erased de Kooning Drawing", "Bed" and "Monogram". Where his interpretations differ from those of other critics, he shows how, and why. And he reflects candidly on his own change of mind over the years. Rauschenberg's crucial role in exploding earlier limits of art - "letting the world in again" -is demonstrated with fresh argument and precision. Where some of Rauschenberg's more recent work leaves him unmoved, or resistant, Steinberg is ready to say so. Steinberg warns against the modish enthusiasm that now loads Rauschenberg's work with murderous symbolism or same-sex iconography. He argues that meaning in this artist's work is almost unspeakable, and the novel relationship established between the work and viewer more subtly intentioned.
Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France

Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France is one of the major texts in the western intellectual tradition. This book describes Burke’s political and intellectual world, stressing the importance of the idea of ‘property’ in Burke’s thought. it then focuses more closely on Burke’s personal and political situation in the late 1780s to explain how the Reflections came to be written. The central part of the study discusses the meaning and interpretation of the work. in the last part of the book the author surveys the pamphlet controversy which the Reflections generated, paying particular attention to the most famous of the replies, Tom Paine’s Rights of Man. it also examines the subsequent reputation of the Reflections from the 1790s to the modern day, noting how often Burke has fascinated even writers who have disliked his politics.
Circumstantial risk: Impact of future tax evasion and labor supply opportunities on risk exposure

This paper examines whether investment in a risky asset depends on future circumstances. We conduct a laboratory experiment where subjects have the opportunity to invest earned income in a risky asset and, depending on randomly assigned treatment states, have the opportunity to respond to the outcome of the investment through extra labor effort and/or tax evasion. We find evidence that ex-post access to labor opportunities decreases ex-ante risk-taking, while access to tax evasion has no effect. Having both opportunities leads to lower risk-taking, but this effect is not statistically significant. We explore the channels behind these results with two additional treatments and find that our results are driven by background risk rather than flexibility.
Using Extraneous Information to Analyze Monetary Policy in Transition Economies

Empirical macroeconomics is plagued by small sample size and large idiosyncratic variation. This problem is especially severe in the case of the transition economies. We utilize a mixed-estimation method incorporating prior information from OECD country data to estimate the parameters of a reduced-form transition economy model. An exactly identified structural VAR model is constructed to analyze monetary policy in the transition economies. The OECD information increases the precision of the impulse response functions in the transition economies. The method provides a systematic way to analyze monetary policy in the transition economies where data availability is limited.
MATHEMATICS IN THEOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE

ISLAM, KNOWLEDGE AND MATHEMATICS Islam provides a complete way of life. It is obligatory for all Muslim, men and women to seek knowledge beneficiary for humankind. Islam has emphasized about seeking knowledge at a time when others were in ignorance. Consequently, Muslims intellect received the awakening call and soon they not only became an enlightened people but also they with the blessing of Allah (swt) surpassed other nations in all aspect of life and were known as most civilized people for many centuries. Muslims were blessed with wisdom and also they inherited the knowledge of the other civilizations and islamised it in moral framework. While Europe was in the dark ages, Muslims were aggressively advancing in the fields of medicine, mathematics, Education, physics, astronomy, geography, architecture, literature, science and technology, trade and business, banking system and defensive incapability etc. Many important discoveries were passing on to medieval European from Muslim intellect. The Arabic number system with the inclusion of zero which played a vital role in advancement of mathematics and the use of algebra, sophisticated instruments and good navigational maps etc. were also transferred from Muslim intellect. When Muslim became ignorant to their religious beliefs and obligations, they are in present doldrums position and a state of decadence. They are back benchers in science and technology, education, medicine, trade and business, banking system and defensive incapability. They failed to establish a just socio-moral and economic-political order in this world. They even became dependent to defend their ideological as well as geographical boundaries.
A Journey across Genomes Uncovers the Origin of Ubiquinone in Cyanobacteria

Ubiquinone (Q) is an isoprenoid quinone that functions as membrane electron carrier in mitochondria and bacterial organisms belonging to the alpha, beta, and gamma class of proteobacteria. The biosynthesis of Q follows various biochemical steps catalyzed by diverse proteins that are, in general, homologous in mitochondria and bacteria. Nonorthologous proteins can also contribute to some biochemical steps as originally uncovered in Escherichia coli, which is the best studied organism for Q biosynthesis in prokaryotes. However, the origin of the biosynthetic pathway of Q has remained obscure. Here, I show by genome analysis that Q biosynthesis originated in cyanobacteria and then diversified in anaerobic alpha proteobacteria which have extant relatives in members of the Rhodospirillaceae family. Two distinct biochemical pathways diverged when ambient oxygen reached current levels on earth, one leading to the well-known series of Ubi genes found in E. coli, and the other containing CoQ proteins originally found in eukaryotes. Extant alpha proteobacteria show Q biosynthesis pathways that are more similar to that present in mitochondria than to that of E. coli. Hence, this work clarifies not only the origin but also the evolution of Q biosynthesis from bacteria to mitochondria.
Parameterized model checking for security policy analysis

We explain how a parameterized model checking technique can be exploited to mechanize the analysis of access control policies. The main advantage of the approach is to reason regardless of the number of users of the system in which the policy is enforced. This permits to obtain more useful results from the analysis; for instance, ensuring that sensitive permissions cannot be leaked regardless of the number of users in the system. We also briefly discuss how some heuristics make the technique scalable to handle (very) large policies. This is demonstrated by a comparative experimental evaluation with state-of-the-art tools for the analysis of access control policies.
Competition and Industry Structure for International Rail Transportation

This paper investigates various options for the organization of the railway industry when network operators require the access to multiple national networks to provide international (freight or passenger) transport services. The EU rail system provides a framework for our analysis. Returns-to-scale and the intensity of competition are key to understanding the impact of vertical integration or separation between infrastructure and operation services within each country in the presence of international transport services. We also consider an option in which a transnational infrastructure manager is in charge of offering a coordinated access to the national networks. In our model, it turns out to be an optimal industry structure.
Einstein's Theory of Relativity Can not Explain ...

Einstein's theory of relativity can not explain ... 1. Movement principles of the fast-spinning pulsars, 2. Nuclear Fusion , 3. Wave - Particle Duality as Kinetic Energy Against and In Direction of Motion 4. the 4th Maxwell's equation, 5. Lorentz equals without the help of Space-Time, 6.Confinement of quarks 7. Great Table of Elementary Particles 8. Spectral line Hα 9. Neutrino Oscillations 10. Form of the interference field must be non-linear. 11.Form of Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric Field must be asymmetrical. 12.Kinetic energy of a charge moving at the velocity of v has two different values: Kinetic energy against direction of motion as wave Tkin ad = mc2[ln |1+v/c|- (v/c)/(1+v/c)] Kinetic energy in direction of motion as particle Tkin id = mc2[ln|1-v/c|+ (v/c)/(1-v/c)] 13. Yukawa potential
Virtual O(a.) corrections to the inclusive decay b + S? )

We present in detail the calculation of the O(as) virtual corrections to the matrix element for b + s-y. Besides the one-loop virtual corrections of the electromagnetic and color dipole operators 07 and 08, we include the important two-loop contribution of the four-Fermi operator 02. By applying the Mellin-Barnes representation to certain internal propagators, the result of the two-loop diagrams is obtained analytically as an expansion in rnc/m6. These results are then combined with existing O(a, ) Bremsstrahlung corrections in order to obtain the inclusive rate for B + X~y. The new contributions drastically reduce the large renormalization scale dependence of the leading logarithmic result. Thus a very precise Standard Model prediction for this inclusive process will become possible once also the corrections to the Wilson coefficients are available.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in 70 nm CoFe2O4 thin films fabricated on SiO2/Si(1 0 0) by the sol–gel method

Cobalt ferrite CoFe 2 O 4 films were fabricated on SiO 2 /Si(1 0 0) by the sol–gel method. Films crystallized at/above 600 °C are stoichiometric as expected. With increase of the annealing temperature from 600 °C to 750 °C, the columnar grain size of CoFe 2 O 4 film increases from 13 nm to 50 nm, resulting in surface roughness increasing from 0.46 nm to 2.55 nm. Magnetic hysteresis loops in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions, at different annealing temperatures, indicate that the films annealed at 750 °C exhibit obvious perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Simultaneously, with the annealing temperature increasing from 600 °C to 750 °C, the out of plane coercivity increases from 1 kOe to 2.4 kOe and the corresponding saturation magnetization increases from 200 emu/cm 3 to 283 emu/cm 3 . In addition, all crystallized films exhibit cluster-like structured magnetic domains.