nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Verifying consistency between structural and behavioral schemas in UML

The specification of an information system must include all relevant static and dynamic aspects of the 
domain. The static aspects are collected in structural diagrams that are represented in UML by means of 
class diagrams. Dynamic aspects are usually specified by means of a behavioral schema consisting of a 
set of system operations (composed by actions) that the user may execute to query and/or modify the 
information modeled in the class diagram. 
Behavioral schemas must be consistent with regard to structural schemas. Consistency between both 
schemas means that the set of system operations provided by designers must be syntactically consistent 
(i.e, the operation specifications conform to a particular syntax), executable (i.e, for each operation there 
must exist a system state over which the operation can be successfully applied), complete (i.e, through 
these operations, users should be able to modify the population of all modifiable elements in the class 
diagram) and non-redundant (i.e, there are not (partly) superfluous operations). 
The goal of this thesis is to give a method to determine the consistency between structural and behavioral 
schemas of an information system. Moreover, in case of inconsistent schemas the method must provide 
feedback information to allow designers modify their behavioral schemas in order to repair the 
inconsistency.
Verification of Fair Transition Systems

In program verification, we check that an implementation meets Abstract-1 its specification. Both the specification and the implementation describe the possible behaviors of the program, although at different levels of abstraction. We distinguish between two approaches to implementation of specifications. The first approach is trace-based implementation, where we require every computation of the implementation to correlate to some computation of the specification. The second approach is tree-based implementation, where we require every computation tree embodied in the implementation to correlate to some computation tree embodied in the specification. The two approaches to implementation are strongly related to the linear-time versus branching-time dichotomy in temporal logic. In this work, we examine the trace-based and the tree-based apAbstract-2 proaches from a complexity-theoretic point of view. We consider and compare the complexity of verification of fair transition systems, modeling both the implementation and the specification in the two approaches. We consider unconditional, weak, and strong fairnesses. For the trace-based approach, the corresponding problem is fair containment. For the tree-based approach, the corresponding problem is fair simulation. We show that while both problems are PSPACEcomplete, their complexities in terms of the size of the implementation do not coincide, and the trace-based approach is easier. As the implementation is normally much bigger than the specification, we see this as an advantage of the trace-based approach. Our results are at variance with the known results for the case of transition systems with no fairness, where no approach is evidently advantageous.
Evidence of the indirect formation of the catecholic intermediate substrate responsible for the autoactivation kinetics of tyrosinase.

Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) exhibits unusual kinetic properties in the oxidation of monohydric phenol substrates consisting of a lag period that increases with increasing substrate concentration. The cause of this is an autocatalytic process dependent on the generation of a dihydric phenol substrate, which acts as an activator of the enzyme. Experiments with N-substituted dihydric phenol substrates (N-methyldopamine, N-acetyldopamine) demonstrate that oxygen consumption is retarded in the N-acetyl substituted material due to a diminished rate of cyclization. The oxygen uptake exhibited a similar pattern when N-acetyltyramine was oxidized, and this was reflected by a prolongation of the lag period. N,N-Dipropyldopamine was oxidized with normal kinetics but with an oxygen stoichiometry of 0.5 mol of oxygen/mol of substrate. We show that this is the result of the formation of a stable indoliumolate product with oxidation-reduction properties that prevent the formation of dopaminochrome, thus blocking further stages in the tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation. Evidence that the indoliumolate product is formed by cyclization of the ortho-quinone is presented by pulse radiolysis studies, which demonstrate the formation of the ortho-quinone (by disproportionation of the corresponding semiquinones), which cyclizes to give the indoliumolate. The rate constant for cyclization was shown to be 48 s-1 (at pH 6.0). Tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of the monohydric phenol analogue, N, N-dimethyltyramine, was shown to require the addition of a dihydric phenol. Oxygen utilization then exhibited a stoichiometry of 1.0, indicating that the reactions proceed only as far as the cyclization. The analogous stable cyclic indoliumolate product was shown to be formed, with UV absorption and NMR spectra closely similar to the indoliumolate derived from N,N-dipropyldopamine. This material was methylated by catechol O-methyltransferase but was unreactive to redox reagents. The formation of the cyclic product accounts for the indefinite lag when N,N-dimethyltyramine is used as the substrate for tyrosinase in the absence of a dihydric phenol cofactor.
The catalytic role of uranyl in formation of polycatechol complexes

To better understand the association of contaminant uranium with natural organic matter (NOM) and the fate of uranium in ground water, spectroscopic studies of uranium complexation with catechol were conducted. Catechol provides a model for ubiquitous functional groups present in NOM. Liquid samples were analyzed using Raman, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Catechol was found to polymerize in presence of uranyl ions. Polymerization in presence of uranyl was compared to reactions in the presence of molybdate, another oxyion, and self polymerization of catechol at high pH. The effect of time and dissolved oxygen were also studied. It was found that oxygen was required for self-polymerization at elevated pH. The potential formation of phenoxy radicals as well as quinones was monitored. The benzene ring was found to be intact after polymerization. No evidence for formation of ether bonds was found, suggesting polymerization was due to formation of C-C bonds between catechol ligands. Uranyl was found to form outer sphere complexes with catechol at initial stages but over time (six months) polycatechol complexes were formed and precipitated from solution (forming humic-like material) while uranyl ions remained in solution. Our studies show that uranyl acts as a catalyst in catechol-polymerization.
A note on two-spin magnon-like energy-charge relations from M-theory viewpoint

We show that for each M-theory background, having subspaces with metrics of given type, there exist M2-brane configurations, which in appropriate limit lead to two-spin magnon-like energy-charge relations, established for strings on AdS_5 x S^5, its beta-deformation, and for membrane in AdS_4 x S^7.
Enzymic degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid. II. Enzymic properties of thymus acid deoxyribonuclease.

The degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid by thymus acid deoxyribonuclease was studied by viscosity, formation of acid-soluble products, spectrophometry, and pH measurements. The influence of enzyme and substrate concentration is examined. Divalent cations, Mg, Mn, Ca and Zn are activators at low concentrations and inhibitors at higher ones. There is a stoichiometric relationship between the concentrations of substrate and cations at the point of maximum activation. Spectral changes and pH variation are discussed in relation with structural modifications of the degradation products. From the viscometric experiments, the mechanisms of action of the two DNases (neutral and acid) appear to be quite different.
Globalization and Increasing Returns: Implications for the U.S. Computer Industry

Over the last twenty years, the computer industry has become global with respect to computer production as well as computer use, a trend which has raised concerns among U.S. policymakers of hollowing out the industry and exporting employment. This paper uses the framework of increasing returns to analyze the issue. It classifies market segments within the computer industry, shows how the advent of the personal computer created these segments, examines how this change in the structure of the industry led to the evolution of an Asia-Pacific production network, identifies company and country leadership in this network, and evaluates the implications for the United States. It shows that some manufacturing employment, mainly in the decreasing returns segments of the industry, has shifted to the Asia Pacific region. However, it also shows that employment in some manufacturing segments and in software and services, which are increasing returns or hybrid markets, has increased dramatically in the United States. It concludes that the global division of labor between the United States and both companies and countries in the Asia-Pacific region has been largely positive in that it has supported the continuing U.S. leadership position in the global computer industry.
The psychiatric chief residency: a preliminary training experience in administrative process.

Drawing on their experience, the authors explore the opportunity for learning administrative process that is available to the psychiatric chief resident. They categorize six models of the psychiatric chief residency and document two of them, the ward chief and the interface chief, as providing particularly rich administrative experiences. Although the chief resident's administrative experience is only a preliminary one, it can be a first step in solidifying his identity as a clinician-executive.
US and EU regulatory competition in ICT standardization law & policy

Regulatory competition between the US and EU influences the development of the standards that define global ICT networks. Traditional standard-setting organizations that once developed those standards have been marginalized by the rapid pace of innovation in ICT, and informal standard-setting organizations have rushed into the breach. US policy favors informal standard-setting processes and often requires government interests to be subordinated to market outcomes, while EU policy favors formal standard-setting processes and often requires market outcomes to be subordinated to political mandates. In the absence of a universally recognized, formal multilateral system to oversee the development of standards for global ICT networks, the market-oriented, decentralized approach taken by the US may continue to have more impact on future ICT standards than the EU approach. However, a streamlined, reinvigorated version of the EU approach might be more effective than the US approach in promoting the public interest in interoperability against private interests in proprietary technologies and in reducing the risk of market fragmentation in global ICT networks. Regulatory competition among all types of standards authorities is likely to continue for the foreseeable future because multilateral efforts to harmonize standards law and policy will have difficulty succeeding in an environment where standards policy remains closely tied to national or regional cultural values.
I grimm, cappuccitto rosso E napoleone

Grimm's n. 26 tale, Rotkdppchen ("Little Red Riding Hood"), is often read as a political tale: a protest against the Napoleonic invasion of Germany. Such an interpretation is founded on a study by Hans-Wolf Jager (1974), based on the analysis of a theatrical piece by Ludwig Tieck (Leben und Tod des kleinen Rotkappshens, 1800). According to Jager, Tieck's was an anti-French tale, and from it the Grimms had taken the idea for constructing their anti-Napoleonic narration. Reassessing Jager's argumentations, this essay wishes to demonstrate that Tieck's work has a very different character, and thus, that such a political interpretation of Grimm's tale totally lacks of evidence.
Vila-Matas-sur-Mer o la dolce vita por las callejas del «cine-cita» Vila-Matas-sur-Mer or the dolce vita in the Alleys of the «Cinema-quote»

In this essay our purpose is to analyze the way Enrique Vila-Matas (Barcelona, 1948) inherited modernists’ fascination for cinema and how he revisits it in his books, mixing up his early enthusiasm as a fledgling director with a certain uneasiness toward the critical conviction that his generation was deeply influenced by a cinematic perspective. Vila-Matas’ will to develop new narrative instruments with the intent to distance himself from his contemporary colleagues in merging cinema and literature will finally bring him to adopt an original posture in matching together literary quotations and images, rearranging and improving the godardian method of combining together different semiotic languages.
Complete Axiomatizations for Reasoning About Knowledge and Time

Sound and complete axiomatizations are provided for a number of different logics involving modalities for knowledge and time. These logics arise from different choices for various parameters. All the logics considered involve the discrete time linear temporal logic operators `next' and `until' and an operator for the knowledge of each of a number of agents. Both the single agent and multiple agent cases are studied: in some instances of the latter there is also an operator for the common knowledge of the group of all agents. Four different semantic properties of agents are considered: whether they have a unique initial state, whether they operate synchronously, whether they have perfect recall, and whether they learn. The property of no learning is essentially dual to perfect recall. Not all settings of these parameters lead to recursively axiomatizable logics, but sound and complete axiomatizations are presented for all the ones that do.
Semigroups and automata on infinite words

Infinite words are widely used in computer science, in particular to model the behaviour of programs or circuits. From a mathematical point of view, they have a rich structure, at the cross-roads of logic, topology and algebra. This paper emphasizes the combinatorial and algebraic aspects of this theory but the interested reader is referred to the survey articles [34, 44] or to the report [30] for more information on the other aspects. In particular, the important topic of the complexity of the algorithms on infinite words is not treated in this paper. The paper is written with the perspective of generalizing the results on recognizable sets of finite words to infinite words. This does not exactly follow the historical development of the theory, but it gives a good idea of the type of problems that occur in this field. Some of these problems are still open, or have been solved quite recently so that the definitions and results presented below may not be as yet finalized. The first result to be generalized is the equivalence between finite automata, finite deterministic automata and rational expressions. If one adds infinite iteration (“omega” operation) to the standard rational operations, union, product and star, one gets a natural definition of the ω-rational sets of infinite words that extends the definition of rational sets of finite words. Buchi  was the first to propose a definition of finite automata acting on infinite words. This definition suffices to extend Kleene’s theorem to infinite words: the sets of infinite words recognized by finite Buchi automata are exactly the ω-rational sets. This result is now known as Buchi’s theorem. However, Buchi’s definition is not totally satisfying since deterministic Buchi automata are not equivalent to non deterministic ones.
Preliminary studies on innovation of architectural design of Guangdong Science Center

As the landmark building of Guangzhou, Guangdong Science Center with its unique architectural glamour attracts the world's attention. Combing with the project background of Guangdong Science Center, this paper described the characteristic of architectural design of Guangdong Science Center form the aspects of design concept, graphic design, profile design and architectural forms. Obviously, the excellent architectural design has played a crucial role in the corresponding functions of Guangdong Science Center.
GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DEH SIAHAN GRANITIC ROCKS, SOUTHWEST OF KERMAN, IRAN: DATA BEARING ON GENESIS

The Oligocene-Miocene granitic rocks of Deh Siahan, part of central Iranian volcanic belt, are intruded into Eocene volcano-sedimentary complex where their contact is marked by albite-epidote hornblende hornfels facies and granitic apophyses. The granitic rocks show enhanced LIL element abundances and low HFS/LIL ratios. Geochemical data, various trace element discriminant diagrams, enhanced Y/Nb and Ce/Nb ratio, and ocean ridge granite normalized multielement diagrams indicate that the Deh Siahan granitic rocks have characteristics of high-K, calc-alkaline, I-Cordilleran type granites of volcanic arc settings. In this aspect, it may represent part of an Andean-type magmatic arc formed in response to subduction of Neotethys oceanic crust beneath Central Iran, unrelated to a rift settings. The partial melting of subducted oceanic crust led to the formation of basic magma. Its emplacement under the mantle wedge provoked melting in the considerably metasomatized and enriched sub-continental lithosphere. This caused generation of siliceous magma which its low pressure crystal fractionation eventually led to the formation of Deh Siahan granitic rocks.
Invited Presentation: Data Management in Networks

We survey strategies for distributing and accessing shared objects in large parallel and distributed systems. Examples for such objects are, e.g., global variables in a parallel program, pages or cach lines in a virtual shared memory system, or shared files in a distributed system, for example in a distributed data server. We focus on strategies for distributing, accessing, and (consistently) updating such objects, which are provably efficient with respect to various cost measures. Our focus is on presenting strategies that are tailored to situations where the bandwidth of the network is the bottleneck, so we aim to organise the shared objects in such a way that congestion is minimized.
Theoretical and Experimental Status of Magnetic Monopoles

The Tevatron has inspired new interest in the subject of magnetic monopoles. First there was the 1998 D0 limit on the virtual production of monopoles, based on the theory of Ginzberg and collaborators. In 2000 the first results from an experiment (Fermilab E882) searching for real magnetically charged particles bound to elements from the CDF and D0 detectors were reported. This also required new developments in theory. The status of the experimental limits on monopole masses will be discussed, as well as the limitation of the theory of magnetic charge at present.
Space-time Distribution of the Late Paleozoic Event Stratigraphy in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Late Paleozoic events in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may be divided into 2 types.The first type is original events such as sedimentary event,transgression-regression event,anoxic event,glacial and paleoclimate change event,biologic depopulation event,volcanic eruption event and so on.The second type is paulopost event such as structural discordance event,continental drift event,magmatic emplacement event,metamorphic event and so on.This paper summarizes the Late Paleozoic event stratigraphy in the researched region.
Combining World and Interaction Models for Human-Robot Collaborations

As robotic technologies mature, we can imagine an increasing number of applications in which robots could soon prove to be useful in unstructured human environments. Many of those applications require a natural interface between the robot and untrained human users or are possible only in a human-robot collaborative scenario. In this paper, we study an example of such scenario in which a visually impaired person and a robotic “guide” collaborate in an unfamiliar environment. We then analyze how the scenario can be realized through language- and gesture-based human-robot interaction, combined with semantic spatial understanding and reasoning, and propose an integration of semantic world model with language and gesture models for several collaboration modes. We believe that this way practical robotic applications can be achieved in human environments with the use of currently available technology.
Morphology and Laser-Induced Photochemistry of Silicon and Nickel Nanoparticles

The structural and photoinduced properties of silicon nanoparticles obtained by plasmachemical and electrolytic techniques and the nickel particles deposited on aluminum oxide film in ultra-high vacuum are investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and time-of-flight spectroscopy. It is found that substantial increase of silicon nanoparticle photoinduced luminescence can be attributed to particle specific structure, as well as to the SiO2 thin film which is formed on the nanocrystalline silicon surface. In case of Ni particles deposited on aluminum oxide film at low mean coverage of about 0.04 monolayers, when the film can be viewed as consisting of separated single adsorbed atoms or very small clusters, the photon irradiation by nanosecond pulsed laser leads to NO desorption. At monolayer Ni coverage formed at a substrate temperature of 80 K laser irradiation causes dissociation of NO molecules. Efficiency of this process at the initial stage is notably enhanced compared to that of NO on the bulk Ni (111) crystal. This enhancement can be attributed to the effect of underlying aluminum oxide support.
Gas fire from mud volcanoes as a trigger for the appearance of high-temperature pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Formation (Dead Sea area)

Rock complexes of the Hatrurim Formation are largely confined to axial parts of gentle anticlinal uplifts. The rocks are partly localized in the complicating synclines on near-horizontal Campanian strata (Mishash Formation). The platform cover of this area is crosscut by a young rift valley and is divided by faults into blocks. The Hatrurim basin hosted in one of the blocks associates with the synclinal structure (8 × 5 km), the eastern limb of which is bordered by listric walls of the Dead Sea Rift valley . The block is surrounded by anticlines with small gas (Zoar, Kidod, and Haqanaim) and oil (Zuk-Tamrur and Gurim) traps. The rift valley is characterized by salt diapirism (Sdom Dome). Asphaltene, bitumen, and oil occurrences are observed in coastal areas of the Dead Sea . Numerous natural cataclysms related to bitumen burning and gas explosions are mentioned in biblical history. The landscapes of the Hatrurim, Ma’ale Adummim, Jabel Harmun, and Hyrcania complexes are distinguished in the surrounding cuesta topography characteristic of sedimentary sequences of the Judea Mountains and the Negev Desert. The relief of the Hatrurim basin is marked by several hundred newly formed cones largely composed of mud breccia. In some places, the breccias are characterized by vague bedding discordant with that of host sedimentary rocks. In the southern part of the basin, small individual cones and their chains are located on the eroded surface of the phosphorite and cherty Mishash Formation. In the north, large cones crown the mud breccia. The Ma’ale Adummim and Hyrcania complexes are characterized by a specific relief (truncated cones a few kilometers across at the base and an order of magnitude lower in height). The MZ complexes (particularly, Maqarin) in Jordan are feebly marked. Breccias are distributed through the entire section of the Hatrurim basin . Rock fragments are composed of chalk, marl, and dolomite with subordinate cherts and phosphorites of the Mishash Formation.