nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stravinsky and the Russian traditions : a biography of the works through Mavra

During his spectacular career, Stravinsky underplayed his Russian past in favour of a European cosmopolitanism. Richard Taruskin has refused to take the composer at his word. In this landmark study, he defines Stravinsky's relationship to the musical and artistic traditions of his native land and gives us a dramatically new picture of one of the major figures in the history of music. Taruskin draws directly on newly accessible archives and on a wealth of Russian documents. In Volume One, he sets the historical scene: the St Petersburg musical press, the arts journals, and the writings of anthropologists, folklorists, philosophers, and poets. Volume Two addresses the masterpieces of Stravinsky's early maturity - Petrushka, The Rite of Spring, Les Noces. Taruskin investigates the composer's collaborations with Diaghilev to illuminate the relationship between folklore and modernity. He elucidates the Silver Age ideal of 'neonationalism' - the prefessional appropriation of motifs and style characteristics from folk art - and how Stravinsky realized this ideal in his music. Taruskin demonstrates how Stravinsky achieved his modernist technique by combining what was most characteristically Russian in his musical training with stylistic elements abstracted from Russian folklore. The stylistic synthesis thus achieved formed Stravinsky as a composer for life, whatever the aesthetic allegiances he later professed. Written with Taruskin's characteristic in-depth research and stylistic verve, this book will be mandatory reading for all those seriously interested in the life and work of Stravinsky.
A Student's Perspective on the Education of Systems Engineers

The education of systems engineers is a main focus of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE). INCOSE released its latest guidance via the Systems Engineering (SE) Vision 2020 which describes the need for an increase in several aspects of systems engineering including how we educate systems engineers. Being a current graduate student of systems engineering provides me with unique insights into this process. To augment my academic experience, I also bring several years of experience in the military defense industry. This paper presents my experience through multiple perspectives, while analyzing the current curriculum for systems engineering education. The main lesson learned is that the study of systems engineering is a journey and not a destination.
Varying alpha, mass generation and extra dimensions

We consider variation of coupling strengths and mass ratios in and beyond the Standard Model, in the light of various mechanisms of mass generation. In four-dimensional unified models, variations in charged particle thresholds, light quark masses and the electron mass can completely alter the (testable) relation between Delta ln alpha and Delta ln mu, where mu equiv m_p/m_e. In extra-dimensional models where a compactification scale below the fundamental scale is varying, definite predictions may result even without unification; we examine some models with Scherk-Schwarz supersymmetry-breaking.
Extending the Diagnostic Capabilities of Artificial Intelligence-Based Instructional Systems

Active problem solving has been shown to be one of the most effective ways to acquire complex skills. Whether one is learning a programming language by implementing a computer program, or learning calculus by solving problems, context sensitive feedback and guidance are crucial to keeping problem solving efforts fruitful and efficient. This article reviews AI-based algorithms that can diagnose student difficulties during active problem solving and serve as the basis for providing context-sensitive and individualized guidance. The article also describes the crucial role sensor based estimates of cognitive resources such as working memory capacity and attention can play in enhancing the diagnostic capabilities of intelligent instructional systems.
Possible mechanisms of facilitating Bositenghu Lake wetland Sustainable Development

Considering the existing ecological problems in Bositenghu Lake wetland, and the future objectives for its sustainable management, this paper discusses the possible mechanisms whereby ecosystem functions and services can be improved. Protection of water resources, habitat development, degradation of pollutants, atmospheric regulation, and, the appropriate use of biomass and eco-tourism services are discussed, as example of ecosystem functions and services that could be optimized. Furthermore, sustainable development strategies and indicators are proposed for Bositenghu Lake Wetland’s biomass reed production, water management, and eco-tourism. Current and future research should focus on development and implementation of an ecological compensation mechanism for a sustainable development of Bositenghu Lake, on-going evaluation of the ecological state of the wetland, and the development of early warning systems.
Patient safety in cancer care: a time for action.

Retrospective chart audit studies of acute care in several countries have shown that between 3% and 16% of patients experience one or more harmful adverse events while hospitalized and that about half of these events are preventable ( 1 ). These studies indicate that medication treatment is an area of high risk. We still know relatively little about the incidence of adverse events in nonacute settings or for specific patient populations. In this issue of the Journal, Riechelmann et al. ( 2 ) begin to address this issue for cancer patients attending an outpatient oncology clinic. They surveyed patients concerning the medication that they had taken in the previous 4 weeks. From the information they received, they determined that 27% of the patients had the potential for one or more possibly serious drug interactions. The majority of these possible drug interactions involved not antineoplastic agents but rather drugs that were being administered for noncancer comorbidities. Although an incidence of 27% seems high, the results are consistent with what is known about the potential for adverse drug events in patients who have contact with several doctors. Indeed, Tamblyn et al. ( 3 ) concluded that “a single primary care physician and a single dispensing pharmacy may be ‘protective’ factors in preventing potentially inappropriate drug combinations.” This observation has been reinforced by Blendon et al. ( 4 ), who in 2002 carried out a random survey of more than 3800 adults in the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom whose health had been defi ned as less than optimal based on their responses to a questionnaire. More than one-third of the 66% who regularly took one or more medications had not had their medications reviewed by the physician they relied on the most for the previous 2 years. Further, 15.8% of those seeing one or two doctors reported either a medication or medical error in the last 2 years, compared with 28.8% of those seeing three or more physicians.
The Dilemmas of Social Democracies: The Case of Norway and Sweden:

During the last couple of decades the political landscape in Norway and Sweden has changed considerably and tensions between the social democratic parties and the trade unions have emerged In this article potential sources for these developments are discussed Particular attention is given to the role of the labor market. It is argued that increasing segmentation of the labor market has produced a more diverse organizational and institutional structure which in turn has fragmented the working class and introduced new lines of social cleavage into the political system.
Portfolio choice and pricing in illiquid markets

This paper studies portfolio choice and pricing in markets in which immediate trading may be impossible. It departs from the literature by removing restrictions on asset holdings, and finds that optimal positions depend significantly and naturally on liquidity: When expected future liquidity is high, agents take more extreme positions, given that they do not have to hold those positions for long when they become undesirable. Consequently, larger trades should be observed in markets with more frequent trading. Liquidity need not affect the price significantly, however, because liquidity has offsetting impacts on different agents' demands. This result highlights the importance of unrestricted portfolio choice. The paper draws parallels with the transaction-cost literature and clarifies the relationship between the price level and the realized trading frequency in this literature.
Variations on a Result of Bressoud

The well-known Rogers-Ramanujan identities have been a rich source of mathematical study over the last fifty years. In particular, Gordon’s generalization in the early 1960s led to additional work by Andrews and Bressoud in subsequent years. Unfortunately, these results lacked a certain amount of uniformity in terms of combinatorial interpretation. In this work, we provide a single combinatorial interpretation of the series sides of these generating function results by using the concept of cluster parities. This unifies the aforementioned results of Andrews and Bressoud and also allows for a strikingly broader family of q-series results to be obtained. We close the paper by proving congruences for a “degenerate case” of Bressoud’s theorem.
Non-convex scenario optimization with application to system identification

Convex scenario optimization is a well-recognized approach to data-based optimization where the solution comes accompanied by precise generalization guarantees. It has been used in system identification as a driving methodology to construct interval prediction models. With this paper, scenario optimization breaks into the realm of non-convex optimization. In non-convex optimization, the number of scenarios that determine the solution - the so-called support scenarios - cannot be bounded beforehand, and one has to wait until the solution is computed to evaluate the size of the support scenario set. A theory is developed in this paper such that the generalization property of the solution is a-posteriori evaluated based on the registered number of support scenarios. This new perspective empowers the method and opens up new important possibilities for it to be applied to system identification involving non-convex optimization.
Trollope & Victorian moral philosophy

Since the publication of "The Moral Trollope" by Ruth apRoberts in 1971, literary critics have generally agreed that Trollope s morality is worthy of study. apRoberts sees Trollope as an early exponent of situation ethics, a liberal moralist who believes that traditional principles must always bend to the circumstances of the particular case. For critics like Robert Tracy and Shirley Letwin, however, Trollope is a conservative moralist who believes that good conduct means strict obedience to the conventions of the society into which one is born. "Trollope & Victorian Moral Philosophy" presents still another view of Trollope s complex response to the moral philosophy of his era. The most influential schools of Victorian moral philosophy were Utilitarianism, Intuitionism, and Idealism. Though they shared few assumptions, philosophers of all three schools believed that they could devise a more comprehensive and rational morality than the one their society had inherited: the Stoic Hebrew Christian ethical tradition. Realizing that this inherited morality was coming under intense philosophical attack, Trollope moved to define and defend it in a series of novels written during the 1870s and 1880s. In this examination of nine of these novels, we find that Trollope rejects the belief in reason and innovation upon which most Victorian moral philosophy rests. He affirms the central principles of Britain s ethical tradition, but he uses those principles as the basis for a critique of its laws and customs. "Trollope & Victorian Moral Philosophy" suggests that, although few critics have anything complimentary to say about his capacity for abstract thought, Trollope was nevertheless an interesting moralist, whose novels influenced the contemporary debate."
Microbiology. Seeing green and red in diatom genomes.

The genomes of eukaryotes, particularly algae, are providing more and more evidence for the workings of endosymbiosis, an evolutionary source of complex cell organization where one cell (the symbiont) comes to live within another (the host). Some of that evidence is expected, but other evolutionary findings emerging from genomes are unanticipated. On page 1724 of this issue, Moustafa et al. ( 1 ) uncover such an evolutionary surprise from diatom genomes. The results are likely to be controversial.
Structural and Electrical Properties of CaBe0.75Si1.25

Ternary silicide compounds, Ca(BexSi1−x)2 (0.25 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.5) have been synthesized by a sealed tantalum ampoule method. When x = 0.375, a single phase of an AlB2‐type structure is observed, whereas some sub‐phases are observed when x ≠ 0.375 by X‐ray diffraction measurements. CaBe0.75Si1.25 (x = 0.375) is isostructural to the high‐temperature superconductor MgB2 (AlB2‐type structure) and similar to Ca(Al,Si)2. However, a detailed analysis reveals superlattice lines, indicating the ordering of Be and Si atoms. Whereas Ca(Al,Si)2 is a superconductor with a transition temperature TC of 7.7 K, the electrical resistivity of CaBe0.75Si1.25 shows metallic behavior above 4.2 K and is not a superconductor. In CaBe0.75Si1.25, the ordering of Be and Si atoms may play an important role in the suppression of superconductivity.
Coupling Distributed and Symbolic Execution for Natural Language Queries

Building neural networks to query a knowledge base (a table) with natural language is an emerging research topic in deep learning. An executor for table querying typically requires multiple steps of execution because queries may have complicated structures. In previous studies, researchers have developed either fully distributed executors or symbolic executors for table querying. A distributed executor can be trained in an end-to-end fashion, but is weak in terms of execution efficiency and explicit interpretability. A symbolic executor is efficient in execution, but is very difficult to train especially at initial stages. In this paper, we propose to couple distributed and symbolic execution for natural language queries, where the symbolic executor is pretrained with the distributed executor's intermediate execution results in a step-by-step fashion. Experiments show that our approach significantly outperforms both distributed and symbolic executors, exhibiting high accuracy, high learning efficiency, high execution efficiency, and high interpretability.
Alethology as the First Philosophy

In the early, metaphysical, period, Shalva Nutsubidze focused his inquiry on the question of defining "truth". His alethological realism is nothing more than a search for this truth and for a path to God. Nutsubidze's first important work was "Bolzano and the Theory of Science", a long article that contained the fundamental ideas of his Principles of Alethology . Traditionally, metaphysics, as the First philosophy, dealt basically with the problem of Existence and Existent categories. According to Nutsubidze, philosophy is what shows man the way to the truth that stands above contradiction. A man must leave everything that is "human" and rise to the "suprahuman", higher than the being itself. This is the path to God, that is, the idea (thought) and the being merging into each other. All of Nutsubidze's research and his concept of alethology, the First philosophy, are directed towards this.  alethological realism; First philosophy; path to God; principles of Alethology; Shalva Nutsubidze
Dimensions of Father-Child Interaction in a New York State Prison Population

One of the most important dimensions of the prison experience is contact among incarcerated parents and their children. This study explores modes of father-child interaction in a New York State maximum-security male prison population by reporting on both "proximal" (participating in the Family Reunion Program, day visits, and facility Family Day picnics) and "distal" (exchanging cards and/or letters, and telephoning home to the children) types of interaction. The types of contact between the incarcerated parent and the child, the frequency with which this interaction takes place, and reasons for infrequent contact, or for a total absence of parent-child interaction, are reported. Distal and proximal modes of interation also are examined in relation to the imprisoned father's perception as to whether his children will live with im upon his release from prison. The paper concludes by offering policy recommendations in this important area.
Genetic and phenotypic influences on clone-level success and host specialization in a generalist parasite.

Studying resource specialization at the individual level can identify factors constraining the evolution of generalism. We quantified genotypic and phenotypic variability among infective stages of 20 clones of the parasitic trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis and measured their infection success and post-infection fitness (growth, egg output) in several crabs and amphipods. First, different clones varied in their infection success of different crustaceans. Second, neither genetic nor phenotypic traits had consistent effects on infection success across all host species. Although the results suggest a relationship between infection success and phenotypic variability, phenotypically variable clones were not better at infecting more host species than less variable ones. Third, genetic and phenotypic traits also showed no consistent correlations with post-infection fitness measures. Overall, we found no consistent clone-level specialization, with some clones acting as specialists and others, generalists. The trematode population therefore maintains an overall generalist strategy by comprising a mixture of clone-level specialists and generalists.
Life's last domain.

In what many scientists are calling a tour de force, a team of researchers report in this issue of Science (page 1058) that they9ve sequenced the entire genome of the archaeon microbe Methanococcus jannaschii. With it researchers have their first chance to compare the complete genomes of organisms from what seem to be the three major branches of life: the archaea, bacteria, and eukarya (which includes multicellular organisms such as plants and animals). A startling 44% of the archaeon9s 1700-odd genes are entirely new to science.  “That9s about half of the organism! It shows just how little we know about life.”
Enhancing Scientific Researches for Public Benefit to Support Water Conservancy of the Yangtze River

The paper makes a detailed review on the development of public beneficial specialties of the Changjiang/Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute in the last decade.Innovative research achievements are presented in terms of flood control,drought relief and disaster mitigation,river regulation,water resources management,water and soil conservation,water ecology and environmental protection,river basin planning,and integrated water administration.In line with the new tasks of river regulation in the forthcoming years,considerations for the prospect of scientific researches for public benefit are put forward.
Epitaxial growth and characterization of organic thin films on silicon

The epitaxial growth of thin organic films (perylenetetracar☐ylic dianhydride and perylene) on an inorganic semiconductor surface (Si(111)) was studied by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. By comparison with results obtained from a perylene single crystal, information about orientation and order of the molecular film and about the adsorbate-substrate interaction could be derived.
A methodology and interactive environment for iconic language design

We describe a design methodology for iconic languages based upon the theory of icon algebra to derive the meaning of iconic sentences. The design methodology serves two purposes. First of all, it is a descriptive model for the design process of the iconic languages used in the Minspeak? systems for augmentative communication. Second, it is also a prescriptive model for the design of other iconic languages for human-machine interface. An interactive design environment based upon this methodology is described. This investigation raises a number of interesting issues regarding iconic languages and iconic communications.
The myth of equidistribution for high-dimensional simulation

A pseudo-random number generator (RNG) might be used to generate w-bit random samples in d dimensions if the number of state bits is at least dw. Some RNGs perform better than others and the concept of equidistribution has been introduced in the literature in order to rank different RNGs. We define what it means for a RNG to be (d, w)-equidistributed, and then argue that (d, w)-equidistribution is not necessarily a desirable property.
Social Comparison and the ‘Circle of Objectification’

The purpose of this study was to test a new theoretical model that integrates self-objectification, objectification of others, and social comparison as contributors to the development and maintenance of body image disturbance and disordered eating behavior. Within the new theoretical model, self-objectification, objectification of others, and social comparison are conceptualized as a self-perpetuating cycle, rather than as processes that occur independently of one another. Measures of self-objectification, objectification of others, social comparison, body shame, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptomatology were completed by 549 female students between the ages of 18 and 30 years from a large university in the southeastern United States. Structural equation modeling with nested model comparisons was used to examine the fit of the new theoretical model relative to less complex models which contain only relationships which have received previous attention in the research literature (e.g., the relationship between self-objectification and body shame). Results indicated that the new theoretical model demonstrates good fit for the data and that the fit of this model is significantly better than the original model suggested by the literature. This model also brings together two distinct lines of research and offers a more complete understanding of processes underlying women’s body image and eating behavior. Implications for clinical work as well as theory and measurement are discussed.
Lung ultrasound: its role in neonatology and pediatrics.

Lung ultrasound (LUS) has become more and more popular in the first decade of the 21(st) century, both in neonatal and in pediatric age groups. Several papers addressed the usefulness of this procedure mainly because of its possibility to be utilised at the bedside, without risk of irradiation along with simple and immediate interpretations of the images.



The purpose of this paper is to update the knowledge on LUS related to the most common neonatal respiratory diseases and some pediatric acute lung diseases.



We describe the technique of LUS execution, the normal LUS appearance and the LUS findings in the most common neonatal and pediatric acute diseases.



LUS findings related to neonates of different gestational age as well as of pediatric patients from infancy to childhood are shown.



Issues on the evolution and effect of treatment related to LUS findings of neonatal and pediatric respiratory diseases are discussed.



LUS depicted peculiar and reproducible patterns in all the lung diseases described.



The use of LUS in the clinical field seems to be a reasonable and easy-to-use practice that can be considered an extension of the clinical exam. As a consequence of this feature, LUS, to fully express its potential, must be performed by the clinician in charge of the patient.