nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Diverticulitis in transplant patients and patients on chronic corticosteroid therapy: a systematic review.

The clinical course of diverticular disease in immunosuppressed patients is widely believed to be more severe than in the general population. In this study we systematically reviewed the literature regarding the epidemiology and clinical course of diverticulitis in immunosuppressed patients. Our goal was to develop recommendations regarding the care of this group of patients.



Using PubMed and Web of Knowledge we systematically reviewed all studies published between 1970 and 2009 that analyzed the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, or outcomes of treatment of diverticulitis in immunosuppressed patients. Keywords of "transplantation," "corticosteroid," "HIV," "AIDS," and "chemotherapy" were used.



Twenty-five studies met our inclusion criteria. All of these studies focused on the impact of diverticulitis in patients with transplants or on chronic corticosteroid therapy. The reported incidence of acute diverticulitis in these patients was approximately 1% (variable follow-up periods). Among patients with known diverticular disease the incidence was 8%. Mortality from acute diverticulitis in these patients was 23% when treated surgically and 56% when treated medically. Overall mortality was 25%.



Our study summarizes evidence that patients with transplants or patients on chronic corticosteroid therapy 1) have a rate of acute diverticulitis that is higher than the baseline population and 2) a mortality rate with acute diverticulitis that is high. Further research is needed to define whether these risks constitute a mandate for screening and prophylactic sigmoid colectomy.
The creation of the Faculty of Community Medicine (now the Faculty of Public Health Medicine) of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom.

The National Health Service Act 1946 transferred responsibility for the non-voluntary hospitals and certain clinical services from the public health departments of counties and county boroughs to new regional hospital boards, thereby substantially reducing the functions of their medical officers of health and creating a separate cadre of doctors concerned with the planning and management of hospital and specialist services. At around the same time there was pressure to develop in each medical school a department of social and preventive medicine with full-time staff involved in research work. Reviewing the situation 20 years later, the Royal Commission on Medical Education recommended that doctors in public health, medical administration or related teaching and research should form a single professional body concerned with the assessment of specialist training for and standards of practice in 'community medicine'. Immediately after the publication of the Commission's Report in 1968,  Morris invited leaders in the three strands of activities to meet and discuss the proposal. A series of informal meetings led to the setting up, in 1969, of a Working Party (chairman, J. N. Morris) which negotiated with the Royal Colleges of Physicians of Edinburgh, Glasgow and London for them to create a faculty of community medicine. In November 1970 the Colleges set up a Provisional Council (chairman, W. G. Harding), later Board, and the Faculty formally came into existence on 15 March 1972. The key decisions and some of the complications and hitches encountered in achieving this radical outcome are described in this paper.
The Intermediate Value Theorem is NOT Obvious---and I am Going to Prove It to You.

Stephen M. Walk (smwalk@stcloudstate.edu) earned bachelors and masters degrees from the University of Northern Iowa and a Ph.D. from the University of Notre Dame. He has taught at St. Cloud State University in Minnesota since 1999. His mathematical interests include computability theory and many-valued logic. His non-mathematical time tends to revolve around his three children (who created the art in the background of the photo).
AAPG Memoir 68: Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. Chapter 13: Petroleum Geology of the Southern Continental Margin of the Black Sea

The southern continental margin of the Black Sea back-arc basin is represented predominantly by a thick clastic sequence of Aptian to Recent age. Potential source, reservoir, and cap rocks are common in various stratigraphic levels of this sequence. The most prospective source and reservoir rocks appear to have been deposited in the synrift stage of the basin. During this stage, the rift trough was probably relatively shallow and restricted from free interchange with the Neotethys Ocean in the south. During the postrift stage, a thick sequence of volcaniclastic turbidites and subordinate pelagic limestones, with limited source and reservoir potential, accumulated. This accumulation was interrupted at the end of the early Eocene by compressional tectonics, which resulted from the closure of the Neotethys. The postrift sedimentation probably carried the earlier source rocks into the hydrocarbon generation window, while the Eocene compressional tectonics generated the main prospective traps.
Resolution of parent–child conflicts in the adolescence

The aims of the study were: (1) to examine whether adolescents’ attachment and the perceived quality of the communication with their parents relate to effective resolution of parent–child conflicts and (2) to determine whether the pattern of associations changes with adolescents’ gender and age. The sample consisted of 295 adolescents who filled the questionnaires. Structural Equations Models showed that secure attachment predicted a positive communicative climate, which in turn, predicted a more frequent use of negotiation. Secure attachment was related to the use of withdrawal strategies. Anxious attachment was related to high levels of criticism and disputes with parents, which, in turn, predicted the use of all conflict resolution styles. Avoidant attachment was not related to any of the conflict resolution styles. No differences were found in the pattern of associations by gender and age. The relevance of the findings for the social relational perspective to conflict resolution is discussed.
Pulmonary thromboembolism in pregnancy: Diagnostic imaging and related consideration

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in pregnancy as a common cause of maternal death has been a challenge for both clinicians and radiologists. Choosing the appropriate modality in each case has been under question and there are also related imaging pitfalls and hesitancy about radiation exposure and using contrast media for a pregnant mother. The aim of this article is to review the imaging modalities used to investigate PTE in pregnancy, related pitfalls, and recommendations for optimizing them.
Anticipatory Guidance of Plot

An anticipatory system for guiding plot development in interactive narratives is described. The executable model is a finite automaton that provides the implemented system with a look-ahead. The identification of undesirable future states in the model is used to guide the player, in a transparent manner. In this way, too radical twists of the plot can be avoided. Since the player participates in the development of the plot, such guidance can have many forms, depending on the environment of the player, on the behavior of the other players, and on the means of player interaction. We present a design method for interactive narratives which produces designs suitable for the implementation of anticipatory mechanisms. Use of the method is illustrated by application to our interactive computer game Kaktus.
A REVIEW OF CERAMIC THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY.

The report comprises a detailed description of the materials, techniques and problems in each of the three major areas of thin film applications--dielectrics, magnetics and semiconductors. Included in the report are also basic theories necessary for a complete understanding of the physical and chemical processes related to the areas of interest. Theoretical analysis leads to a description of the critical physical, chemical and structural requirements of films for device applications. The state of the art of all aspects of ceramic thin film technology is critically reviewed, and recommendations are suggested to overcome existing limitations.
Software engineering programs at the Wang Institute of Graduate Studies

This paper describes the educational programs in software engineering at Wang Institute of Graduate Studies. Programs discussed are the Master of Software Engineering degree program, the Eastern Institute in Computer Science, the Distinguished Lecturer series, the Corporate Associates Program, and the Wang Institute Software Environment Project. Major emphasis is placed on the Master of Software Engineering program. The paper provides a definition of software engineering, states the goals and objectives of the Masters program, outlines admission requirements, presents an overview of the curriculum, and relates the admission requirements and curriculum to the goals and objectives of the program. The Eastern Institute and Distinguished Lecturer programs are non-credit educational programs open to the software community. The Corporate Associates Program and Software Environment project are software related service programs. The nature of these programs and their relationships to the Master of Software Engineering program are discussed.
Degradation of organic molecules in advanced oxidation processes: relation between chemical structure and degradability.

Hydroxyl radical induced degradation of maleic acid, fumaric acid and 20 aromatic molecules was investigated in air saturated aqueous solutions. Hydroxyl radicals were generated by an advanced oxidation process (AOP), water radiolysis. Oxidation was followed by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon content (TOC) measurements. Up to ∼30-50% decrease of COD the dose dependence was linear. By the ratio of the decrease of COD and the amount of reactive radiolysis intermediates introduced into the solution the oxidation efficiencies were calculated. Efficiencies around 0.5-1 (O2 molecule built in products/OH) found for most of the compounds show that the one-electron-oxidant OH induces 2-4 electron oxidations. The high oxidation rates were explained by OH addition to unsaturated bonds and subsequent reactions of dissolved O2 with organic radicals. In amino substituted molecules or in Acid Red 1 azo dye, O2 cannot compete efficiently with unimolecular transformation of organic radicals and the efficiency is lower (0.2-0.5).
The boundaries of business: commentaries from the experts.

The World Leadership Survey, which began a worldwide dialogue on a set of important issues facing managers in the 1990s, continues with commentaries from four recognized experts, each of whom addresses the survey results from a different perspective. Kenichi Ohmae, chairman of McKinsey and Company in Tokyo, addresses "The Perils of Protectionism." Ohmae argues that the old definitions of national boundaries and corporate interests reflect obsolete economic theories. The real test of national well-being, Ohmae suggests, should be the economic welfare of a nation's citizens.  According to Hewlett, four principles should guide corporate strategies in the 1990s: human resource development should move up the scale of corporate priorities; a family-friendly workplace will attract and keep talented workers; companies will take limited direct responsibility for training and education; the private sector will promote public investment in social issues. James E. Austin, the Richard P. Chapman Professor of Business at the Harvard Business School, writes about "The Developing-Country Difference." In developing countries, Austin observes, managers display attitudes and follow practices that diverge from those in developed nations. In particular, the role of government, investments in education and technology, and environmental concerns set these nations apart. Michel Crozier, president of the Centre de Sociologie des Organisations in Paris, writes about "The Changing Organization." In the 1990s, Crozier argues, managers need to break from old management theories and practice, questioning hierarchy, control, distance, access to information-the whole managerial system.
The Influence of Ad-atom Adsorption on Reaction Rates and Mechanisms

The sections in this article are 
 
 
 
Metal Ad-atoms Deposited in the Underpotential Region 
Electrocatalysis by Ad-atoms 
Reactions Catalyzed by Ad-atoms 
Reduction of Oxygen 
Reduction of Nitro and Nitroso Compounds 
Oxidation of Small Organic Molecules 
Oxidation of Bigger Organic Molecules 
Reversible Redox Reactions 
Inorganic Electrochemical Reactions
Financial Development, Financial Openness and Trade Openness: New evidence

Employing the Pedroni co-integration technique and the GMM estimator, this paper aims at investigating the possible connection between financial development, financial openness and trade openness in twenty-nine Asian developing countries over 1994-2008. Firstly, we find a bidirectional causality between trade openness and financial development/openness. Secondly, the relationship between financial development and financial openness is heterogeneous across different measures. Finally, this paper provides a complementary contribution to earlier studies as asking for the question of whether the inclusion of financial crisis in estimated models can change the nature of the relationship between financial development and both types of openness.
Issues in political discourse analysis

Preface Poem - The Tongue That Could Not Be Silenced The Cultural Consequences of Economic Migration from Nigeria to the West Cognitive Strategies in Nigerian & German Political  A Comparative Study Turn-Taking Strategies in Nigerian Legislative Discourse Pragmatic Features of Political Speeches in English by Some Prominent Nigerian Leaders Legitimization & Coercion in Political Discourse: A Case Study of Olusegun Obasanjo Address to the PDP Elders & Stakeholders Forum on 10 February 2007 Language, Politics & Democratic Governance in Nigeria: A Sociolinguistic Perspective Language Endangerment: Factual & Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to Erushu, Akoko Bush Versus Blair: Keywords Heading the Nation Federica Ferrari Drawing an Analytical Framework In Search of "Postmodern"  Language & Politics in Taiwan Intertextuality & Metaphor in Puerto Rican Political Discourse: Statehood & Language Policy Discursive Strategies in  The Words of Dr Bingu wa Mutharika Codeswitching in Tanzanian Parliamentary  A Communicative Innovation Index.
Quality of care for primary care patients with depression in managed care.

To evaluate the process and quality of care for primary care patients with depression under managed care organizations.



Surveys of 1204 outpatients with depression at the time of and after a visit to 1 of 181 primary care clinicians from 46 primary care clinics in 7 managed care organizations. Patients had depressive symptoms in the previous 30 days, with or without a 12-month depressive disorder by diagnostic interview. Process indicators were depression counseling, mental health referral, or psychotropic medication management at index visit and the use of appropriate antidepressant medication during the last 6 months.



Of patients with depressive disorder and recent symptoms, 29% to 43% reported a depression-specific process of care in the index visit, and 35% to 42% used antidepressant medication in appropriate dosages in the prior 6 months. Patients with depressive disorders rather than symptoms only and those with comorbid anxiety had higher rates of depression-specific processes and quality of care (P < .005). Recurrent depression, suicidal ideation, and alcohol abuse were not uniquely associated with such rates. Patients visiting for old problems or checkups received more depression-specific care than those with new problems or unscheduled visits. The 7 managed care organizations varied by a factor of 2-fold in rates of depression counseling and appropriate anti-depressant use.



Rates of process and quality of care for depression as reported by patients are moderate to low in managed primary care practices. Such rates are higher for patients with more severe forms of depression or with comorbid anxiety, but not for those with severe but "silent" symptoms like suicide ideation. Visit context factors, such as whether the visit is scheduled, affect rates of depression-specific care. Rates of care for depression are highly variable among managed care organizations, emphasizing the need for process monitoring and quality improvement for depression at the organizational level.
The Emergence of Crowdinvesting in Europe: With an In-Depth Analysis of the German Market

This paper presents the development of the Internet-based crowdinvesting market in Europe since its start in 2007. It evidences a great variety in portal design and contract forms used by crowdinvesting portals. By analyzing more detailed, hand-collected data on the complete set of successful and unsuccessful crowdinvesting campaigns run in Germany, the paper further tests whether different portal and contractual mechanisms affect crowd participation. The latter is a necessary, though not sufficient, precondition for achieving “wisdom of the crowd”. Consistent with predictions on the different mechanisms used, the results show that crowd participation is largest when the minimum ticket size is small, the crowd is pooled in a financial vehicle, and the crowd is offered investments in the form of profit-particiapting loans (so-called partiarische Darlehen). Moreover, the very same mechanisms increase the chance of achieving successful campaigns and of raising larger amounts. These findings are useful for entrepreneurs who need to choose among a large range of crowdinvesting portals and other forms of entrepreneurial finance.
Sex and outcome after myocardial infarction: A case of sexual politics?

The concluding decades of the last millennium have brought about a dramatic transformation in the role of women in Western society. Along with a growth in equality in the social and political landscape, there has been an increased awareness of the manifestations of diseases and their diagnosis, management, and outcome in women.

The treatment of women with coronary disease has received particularly intense scrutiny. A multitude of studies have been published from administrative databases, patient registries, clinical trials, and population-based surveys. These have evaluated findings in women with diagnoses of chest pain, stable coronary disease, ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI), and non-ST elevation acute ischemic syndromes. Although the anatomic biological differences are incompletely understood,1 the following 3 key questions have been posed: (1) does the outcome of women with coronary artery disease differ from that of men? (2) Do treatment and management strategies differ between the sexes? (3) Is the effect of treatment and outcome similar for both sexes? The findings in studies have been inconsistent, but nonetheless, several areas of agreement and consensus exist (Table⇓).

The report by Gottlieb et al2 advances our understanding of the relationship between treatment and outcome in the setting of acute MI. This study was derived from a comprehensive national registry of all coronary care units in Israel, and it reports data on hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of acute MI over 2 months during 3 different years. A particular …
Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of the Capricorn and Paterson Orogens and adjacent cratons, Western Australia, from passive seismic transects

The seismic structure of the Proterozoic Capricorn and Paterson Orogens and adjacent Archaean Yilgarn and Pilbara Cratons, Western Australia, is determined using a passive seismic approach. We use recordings of distant earthquakes made along two transects of 3-component broadband stations. The stations were deployed for approximately 1 year (mid 2006–2007) during which time 70 earthquakes were recorded at each station with a suitable signal to noise ratio for receiver function analysis and hence the S wavespeed profiles of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath each recording station are determined. We investigate the deep crustal constraints on terrane boundary locations, the patterns of seismic discontinuities in the crust, and the variations in the depth and character of the Moho. This broad-scale information regarding the present day crustal architecture, and hence the crustal evolution, of Western Australia, complements previous surface geological and other geophysical studies. Western Australia is an exceptionally large, well preserved region of ancient crust and hence this work also adds to the body of knowledge regarding Proterozoic orogenic processes in general. The new passive seismic work shows a region of double crust or upper mantle discontinuities beneath the Glenburgh Terrane, adjacent to the northwest Yilgarn Craton. The upper crust of the orogens is always layered whereas the cratons have a simple upper crust. Both the Capricorn and Paterson Orogens are characterised by deeper Moho discontinuities with a lesser wavespeed contrast than the very sharp discontinuity observed beneath the adjacent Pilbara and Yilgarn Cratons. This is consistent with the weaker orogenic crust of the Capricorn and Paterson Orogens accommodating most of the horizontal deformation during assembly and reworking of the West Australian Craton while the Pilbara and Yilgarn Cratons acted as rigid crustal blocks.
Percepcija psihosocijalne klime i osobine ličnosti zatvorenika

Social climate is usually defined as an overall perception of interpersonal relationships existing in an institution or group. It is not only important for people's well-being, but also for the efficiency of activities performed by a group of people. Positive social climate may become "treatment climate " and treatment programs may be conducted more efficiently. As personality traits influence person's environment perception and his or her behavior, it is important to examine correlation between certain personality traits and perception of social climate. The aim of this research is to examine the factor structure of the PSK-B scale and the relationships of social climate factors and convicts' personality traits. This research has been conducted among 282 male convicts who have carried out their prison sentence in penal institutions of all three security levels. The following questionnaires were applied: PSK-B perception of social climate scale (authors AjdukoviC and Kulenovic), EPQ R/A personality scale (author Eysenck and Eysenck), EMAS-S multidimensional anxiety scale (author Endler, adapted by Soric). Respondents were also asked to estimate their satisfaction with living conditions in the penal institution. Factor analysis of PSK-B scale has shown exisitance of 4 significant factors: Institution functioning, Staff's relationship towards convicts, Attitude towards juridical system and Overcrowding. Results have shown correlation between perception of social climate and psychoticism, neuroticism and addictional and criminal tendencies.
Growth and characterization of pure and L-alanine doped urea cobaltchloride NLO materials

A Semi organic crystal of L-Alanine doped Urea Cobalt chloride a nonlinear optical material are synthesised and Grown by the slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The lattice dimension was carried out from powder X- ray diffraction method. The dielectric constant of the crystal was premeditated as a function of frequency. The LAlanine doped urea Cobalt chloride crystal has good optical transmission in the entire UV-visible region. The different functional bond frequencies associated with the crystal from FT-IR analysis. The nonlinear optical properties of the crystal have been confirmed by Kurtz- powder second harmonic generation method