nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of temperature on the passivation behaviour of a super duplex stainless steel in a boric-borate buffer solution

The passivation behaviour of a super duplex stainless steel has been investigated in a boric-borate buffer solution with and without chloride additions, at different temperatures, by means of potentiodynamic and potentiostatic techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to detect surface compositional changes of anodic passive films formed as a function of electrode potential and temperature. The resulting passive films were all chromium enriched with respect to the bulk composition, and their thickness and Cr ox Fe ox + Cr ox ratio were found to vary significantly. In particular, the films formed in the passive domain were more enriched with chromium compared with those grown in the secondary passive region. At a constant potential the temperature increase produced a reduction in the chromium content of the film. These findings can be explained by the different ionic mobilities and dissolution rates at the film/solution and film/alloy interfaces. Pitting corrosion was observed only in the transpassive zone. A temperature increase from 23 to 60 °C did not produce a decrease in the pitting potential. This behaviour can be explained by the parallel action of two different phenomena, the change in the composition and structure of the passive film and the velocity increase in the process, which yield localized rupture of the passivity by the nucleation and growth of pits in connection with chromium depletion at high potentials.
Interaction between particles in solution and the mechanism of dihydrogen activation in base catalyzed isotope exchange reactions

A previously suggested mechanism for the H-D isotope exchange of dihydrogen with aqueous alkaline and amide-ammonia solutions is discussed to be generalized and extended to hydrogen isotope exhange with other protolytic solvents.AbstractБыла рассмотрена схема механизма дейтеро-протиевого изотопного обмена (ИО) молекулярного водорода с растворами-водощелочным (ВЩР) и амидо-аммиачным (ААР). Обсуждается обощение и распространение этой схемы на ИО водорода с другими протолитическими растворителями (ПР).
Predicting Mole-Fraction-Dependent Dissociation for Weak Acids.

We demonstrate for formic and acetic acid dissolved in water as examples that the binary quantum cluster equilibrium (bQCE) approach can predict acid strengths over the whole range of acid concentrations. The acid strength increases in a complex rather than a simple way with increasing mole fraction of the acid from 0 to 0.7, reflecting the complex interplay between the dissociated ions or conjugate bases available as compared to the acid and water molecules. Furthermore, our calculated ion concentrations meet the experimental maximum of the conductivity with excellent agreement for acetic acid and satisfactorily for the formic acid/water mixture. As only a limited number of simple quantum-chemical calculations are required for the prediction, bQCE is clearly a valuable approach to access these quantities also in non-aqueous solutions. It is a highly valuable asset for predicting ionization processes in highly concentrated solutions, which are relevant for biological and chemical systems, as well as technological processes.
Current trends in hardware verification and automated theorem proving

1 Correctness Properties of the Viper Block Model: The Second Level.- 2 Formal Verification of the Sobel Image Processing Chip.- 3 Specification-Driven Design of Custom Hardware in HOP.- 4 Formal Verification of a Microprocessor Using Equational Techniques.- 5 OBJ as a Theorem Prover with Applications to Hardware Verification.- 6 Formal Verification in m-EVES.- 7 The Interactive  An Experiment in Interactive Theorem Proving.- 8 An Overview of the Edinburgh Logical  9 Automating Recursive Type Definitions in Higher Order Logic.- 10 Mechanizing Programming Logics in Higher Order Logic.- 11 Automated Theorem Proving for Analysis and Synthesis of Computations.- 12 What Do Computer Architects Design Anyway?.
Reactivity theory of transition-metal surfaces: a Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi linear activation energy-free-energy analysis.

The exponential increase in computational processor speed, the development of novel computational architectures, together with the tremendous advances in ab initio theoretical methods that have emerged over the past two decades have led to unprecedented advances in our ability to probe the fundamental chemistry that occurs on complex catalytic surfaces. In particular, advances in density functional theory (DFT) have made it possible to elucidate the elementary steps and mechanisms in surface-catalyzed processes that would be difficult to explore experimentally. The advanced state of plane wave DFT has made it possible to rapidly examine systematic changes to the metal or the reactant in order to establish structure-property relationships. As a result, extensive data based on the energetics for various different surface-catalyzed reactions has been generated. This invites a detailed theoretical analysis of the factors that control reaction paths and corresponding potentialenergy surfaces of surface reactions. Such a theoretical analysis will not only provide interesting new insights into the intricate relationship between the chemical bonding features, structure, and energies of transition states but also serve as a basis for the development of analytical expressions that relate transitionstate properties to more easily accessible thermodynamic properties. The Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) relationship is one such example which has been widely applied in the analysis of surface elementary reaction  )RδEr (1)
Event Studies and the Law: Part II - Empirical Studies of Corporate Law

This paper is the second part of a review of the event study methodology, which has proved to be one of the most successful uses of econometrics in policy analysis. In this part we focus on the methodology's application to corporate law and corporate governance issues. Event studies have played an important role in the making of corporate law and in corporate law scholarship. The reason for this input is twofold. First, there is a match between the methodology and subject matter: the goal of corporate law is to increase shareholder wealth and event studies provide a metric for measurement of the impact upon stock prices of policy decisions. Second, because the participants in corporate law debates share the objective of corporate law, to adopt policies that enhance shareholder wealth, their disagreements are over the means to achieve that end. Hence, the discourse can be empirically informed. The paper concludes by sketching the methodology's use in evaluating the economic effects of regulation. While event studies' usefulness for policy analysis is now familiar in the corporate law setting, we hope that our two-part review will suggest appropriate applications to other fields of law.
Misel in neizrekljivo v budistični logično-epistemološki šoli: Nov pogled na teorijo dveh resnic pri Dignāgi in Dharmakīrtiju

Studies in Indian Buddhist philosophy have been influenced by two different schools of thought: the first sees the development of Buddhist philosophy as a  dialectical  process, while the second one sees it as a  continuous  process. Here, we use the conceptual framework of the latter to illuminate certain philosophical themes present in the Buddhist epistemological school, especially the so-called theory of two truths. Our main goal is to show that the epistemological system of Dignāga in Dharmakīrti was strongly influenced by previous philosophical trends, and that, in order to understand it correctly, we must place it in the broader context of Buddhist theory and practice with its emphasis on the attainment of  nirvā ṇa . Thus, not only are there  no  inconsistencies between epistemological and spiritual elements in Indian Buddhism, they are, in fact,  inextricably interconnected .
Colonialism's Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government

List of illustrations Preface Introduction 1. From Present to Past: the Politics of Colonial Studies 11 2. Culture and Rule: Theories of Colonial Discourse 33 3. From Past to Present: Colonial Epochs, Agents, and Locations 66 4. Colonial Governmentality and Colonial Conversion 105 5. Imperial Triumph, Settler Failure 143 6. The Primitivist and the Postcolonial 170 Notes 196 Notes to Plates 231 Index 235
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investments on Labour Productivity: A review of the Evidence and Implications

The paper presents several results concerning the impact of foreign direct investments on labour productivity in different countries. The focus is on the labour productivity differences that exist between the foreign and domestic companies and on the way these differences evolve in the host country. Results show that national companies generally increase their labour productivity due to the technological and managerial competences that they borrow from the foreign companies established in their country and also because: firstly they have to protect themselves from the new competition and secondly they must comply with the growing demand coming from the new investors. Due to their higher labour productivity, foreign firms offer higher wages to their employees. This also determines a growth in the salaries of national companies’ skilled workers. Therefore the wage inequalities and skill differences grow in countries that receive FDI, as to resume the critics. However the overall effect of a growing productivity is most oftenly translated into job creation and regional development.
Reply to Douglas Kellner's '9/11, Spectacles of terror and media manipulation' in Critical Discourse Studies, 1, 41-64)

This article responds to the analysis by Douglas Kellner of the way the Bush Administration has manipulated media coverage, especially coverage of the attacks of 11/9/01, to support an aggressive foreign policy. The writer is generally in agreement with the analysis, although the article makes posits five propositions: 1) there is nothing new in using terror and atrocity as a pretext for war, 2) the attacks and response reflects a deeply ingrained culture of violence, including within the USA, 3) the current conflict is profoundly theological in nature, 4) the discourse of the US Administration reveals a profound ignorance of the possible motivations of the attackers, and 5) the portrayal of the attacks and the response reveals the continuing atavistic appeal of violence. By way of conclusion, it is suggested that there needs to be an on-going commitment towards educating for a culture of peace and that developing a critique of militaristic discourse is one start to this.
Program Spectra Analysis in Embedded Software: A Case Study

Because of constraints imposed by the market, embedded software in consumer electronics is almost inevitably shipped with faults and the goal is just to reduce the inherent unreliability to an acceptable level before a product has to be released. Automatic fault diagnosis is a valuable tool to capture software faults without extra effort spent on testing. Apart from a debugging aid at design and integration time, fault diagnosis can help analyzing problems during operation, which allows for more accurate system recovery. In this paper we discuss perspectives and limitations for applying a particular fault diagnosis technique, namely the analysis of program spectra, in the area of embedded software in consumer electronics devices. We illustrate these by our first experience with a test case from industry.
Resonant Enhancements in WIMP Capture by the Earth

The exact formulae for the capture of WIMPS (weakly interacting massive particles) by a massive body are derived. Capture by the earth is found to be significantly enhanced whenever the WIMP mass is roughly equal to the nuclear mass of an element present in the earth in large quantities. For Dirac neutrino WIMPS of mass 10 to 90 GeV, the capture rate is 10 to 300 times that previously believed. Capture rates for the sun are also recalculated and found to be from 1.5 times higher to 3 times lower than previously believed, depending on the mass and type of WIMP. The earth alone, or the earth in combination with the sun is found to give a much stronger annihilation signal from Dirac neutrino WIMPS than the sun alone over a very large mass range. This is particularly important in the neighborhood of mass of iron where previous analyses could not set any significant limits.  Work supported by the Department of Energy, contract DE AC03 76SF00515.
Radiative and nonradiative muon capture on the proton in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory

We have evaluated the amplitude for muon capture by a proton, mu + p --> n + nu, to O(p^3) within the context of heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT) using the new O(p^3) Lagrangian of Ecker and Mojzis (E&M). We obtain expressions for the standard muon capture form factors and determine three of the coefficients of the E&M Lagrangian, namely, b_7, b_{19}, and b_{23}. We describe progress on the next step, a calculation of the radiative muon capture process, mu + p --> n + nu + gamma.
Some Potential Benefits of Creating Research Partnerships with People with Alzheimer's Disease

Studies of elementary cognitive functions in people with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) do not reveal a variety of intact remaining abilities. Elucidating the subjective experience of such persons is fundamentally important in (1) having a more informed understanding of the effects of AD on persons, and (2) finding ways to enhance their quality of life regardless of where they live. Advantages of engaging people with AD as research collaborators include (1) what we can learn about psychosocial aspects of their subjective experience, and (2) how, by supporting aspects of their selfhood, we can enhance the quality of their lives.
Eucken's ‘Social Market Economy’ and Its Test in Post‐War West Germany

Walter Eucken's paradigm of a “social market economy” and “Ordnung” provides a framework for a functional free‐market mechanism, which not only accommodates development and change, but which also assures human dignity and freedom, as cornerstones of the Kantian moral universe. Eucken places special emphasis on the integration of economics with “order” and “Justice,” in a synthesis of negative liberty and positive freedom and of Rawls' and Nozick's theories of justice. Adam Smith's laissez faire economy does not assure a competitive economy, he holds, and will evolve into monopolistic practices, interventionism, and distortions of price relationships; but “structural” and “regulating” principles will facilitate a functionally competitive economy with a compatible social policy, characterized by a flexible price mechanism and stable policies. This “social market economy” would provide goods and services efficiently and also eliminate poverty and the maldistribution of income and resources.
A Late Jurassic Mafic Pluton in Newfoundland

A small alkaline ultramafic intrusion in central Newfoundland is dated as 135 ± 8 m.y. old and 139 ± 9 m.y. old by the K–Ar method on biotite. This is the first known Mesozoic pluton (aside from dikes) in Newfoundland. The occurrence, composition and age of the pluton and associated igneous rocks is similiar to, and perhaps related in origin to, igneous rocks found in the Monteregian Hills of Quebec and other areas in eastern North America.
Engineers: From The Earth To The Moon And Beyond

BO recently H Earth to the launched Tom Hanks’s miniseries, “From the Moon,” to show the thrill of discovery begun by NASA’s engineers nearly 40 years ago. That’s right, engineers. After all, when Apollo 13 Commander Jim Lovell uttered those famous words, “Houston, we have a problem,” whom do you think he was talking to? In fact, engineers were on both ends of the line during Apollo 13. The crew (Lovell. Haise, and Swigert) were all engineers. Virtually every astronaut in the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs were engineers. Jack Swigert, the daring young pilot portrayed by Kevin Bacon in the movie dramatization of Apollo 13, was not only an engineer, but the executive director of the U.S. House Committee on Science and Technology in the 1970s. John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth in Friendship 7, now serves in his fourth term as a United States Senator. Clearly, there is more to the image of the engineer than Dilbert would have you believe. Engineering has been called the “stealth profession.” So many of the things that engineers design (water systems, roads and bridges, cars and planes, power plants and refiner. ies, and an ever-growing plethora of electronic gadgets) are taken for granted, except when something goes wrong. Perhaps the engineer goes unnoticed because technology has become so ubiquitous. Yet, the more than two million engineers in the United States encompass a broad diversity. For example, Star Trek creatolGene Roddenberry studied engineering at UCLA. Time Man of the YeadIntel chairman Andrew Grove and General Electric chairman Jack Welch are both chemical engineers. The governors of Alabama, Kentucky, and Mississippi are all engineers, as; were former U.S. Presidents Herbert Hoover and Jimmy Carter. Perhaps the best explanation of the roles of engineers and scientists was made by Theodore von Karman, an aerospace engineer who was awarded the first National Medal of Science. He said, “Scientists discover the world that exists: Engineerr, create the world that never was.” Another famous engineer who invented dynamite had an award named in his behalf. We call those who receive these prestigious awards today Nobe I Prize winners. In an age where technology helps turn fantasy and fiction into reality, engineers have played a pivotal role in developing the technologies which maintain our nation’s economic, environmental, and national security. They revolutionized medicine
Renormalization group running of Newtons constant G: The static isotropic case

2006; revised manuscript received 22 February 2007; published 6 April 2007) Corrections are computed to the classical static isotropic solution of general relativity, arising from nonperturbative quantum gravity effects. A slow rise of the effective gravitational coupling with distance is shown to involve a genuinely nonperturbative scale, closely connected with the gravitational vacuum condensate, and thereby related to the observed effective cosmological constant. We argue that in contrast to phenomenological approaches, the underlying functional integral formulation of the theory severely constrains possible scenarios for the renormalization group evolution of couplings. The general analysis is extended here to a set of covariant nonlocal effective field equations, intended to incorporate the full scale dependence of G, and examined in the case of the static isotropic metric. We find that the existence of vacuum solutions to the effective field equations in general severely restricts the possible values of the scaling exponent � .
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Reform of economic system and the Thesis of the Three Economies.

The thesis of the Three Economies supports that progress in the gradual resolution of the problems of unemployment and poverty, countries will have to agree on public policy ideas to complement the core contributions made in their respective historical times, schools of thought emerged around the contrasting ideas of Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John M. Keynes and Raul Prebisch. The thesis proposes specifically institutionalize reforms in the economic system to ensure good convergent and concurrent operation of a competitive free market capitalism, an effective public economy standards of legal certainty and a new social-communal economy turning operation "social productive labor markets "enables creating wealth using the energies of young people and unemployed adults.
A topological characterization of the stable and minimal model classes of propositional logic programs

In terms of the arithmetic hierarchy, the complexity of the set of minimal models and of the set of stable models of a propositional general logic program has previously been described. However, not every set of interpretations of this level of complexity is obtained as such a set. In this paper we identify the sets of interpretations which are minimal or stable model classes by their properties in an appropriate topology on the space of interpretations. Closely connected with the topological characterization, in parallel with results previously known for stable model classes we obtain for minimal model classes both a normal-form representation as the set of minimal models of a prerequisite-free program and a logical description in terms of formulas. Our approach centers on the relation which we establish between stable and minimal model classes. We include examples of calculations which can be performed by these methods.
Class Act in Parallel Programming [Bookshelf]

QUANTIFY UNCERTAINTY. The final reason that project teams say they can’t estimate is that all these numbers are uncertain. Source lines of code, for instance, is an inexact indicator of a product’s functionality. This uncertainty leads many software people to throw up their hands, look skyward, and bleat, “We just do the best we can down here in the boiler room.” Statistics was invented to cope with uncertainty. As a software developer, you have enough on your plate without having to master statistics, but the basics are not that difficult. uncertain, then the process productivity, derived from these three, is going to fall within a range, not on an exact point. If the estimate of the next project’s size, even ifyou wait until the end of the risk-reduction stage, is imprecise, then the estimate for the next project is going to be a range, not an exact number of dollars. Of course, the people with cigars want a quote to the exact dollar. Not to worry. This is where statistics comes in. It can tell you something like this. There is a 50percent probability that you can complete this project successfully in x months withy person-months of effort applied. Bidding on this basis, over the next dozen or so projects, your organization ought to break even. Some would lose money. Others would make money. You can raise that 50-percent probability to 7 5 percent, or even higher, up into the 9 0 s b u t you cannot realistically get to 100 percent. If you must bid low sometime, you can lower your estimate. If If the counts of source lines of code, person-hours, and months’ duration are a little you do that, you will probably lose money on that particular job, but then you expected to. In the longer range, you can submit most of your bids in the 60 to 70 percent range and confidently expect to make some money over the next dozen projects. “All that’s a very tall order,” we hear you say as you peer anxiously through the cigar smoke. “Sure it is,” we reply. “Still, a few companies make it work and get good commercial results. Do you want them to get all the business?” +