nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Contribution of cell and molecular biology and genetics to plant protection].

Plants resist to the majority of their potential aggressors by opposing physical and chemical barriers: cell walls, secondary metabolites.... Phenomena of specific recognition between a plant variety and a pathovar induce on the one hand, a local (hypersensitive) reaction that tends to limit pathogen growth and, on the other hand, a cascade of signals that allows the activation of a non-specific general (systemic) resistance. The contribution of genetics to the fight against pathogens depends on the natural variability that comes from the co-evolution between plants and their aggressors. Many plant varieties resistant to one or several pathogens have been obtained and are cultivated. The use of biotechnology will facilitate the rapid generation of new, resistant cultivars and cultivars with multiple resistances. New methods in order to increase the efficiency and the durability of resistance are envisaged.
Neat reducts and amalgamation in retrospect, a survey of results and some methods Part I: Results on neat reducts

Introduced by Leon Henkin back in the fifties, the notion of neat reducts is an old venerable notion in algebraic logic. But it is often the case that an unexpected viewpoint yields new insights. Indeed, the repercussions of the (seemingly very innocent) fact that the class of neat reducts is not closed under forming subalgebras turn out to be enormous. In this paper we review and, in the process, discuss, some of these repercussions in connection with the algebraic notion of amalgamation. Some new unpublished results (answering long-standing open problems in the field) concerning neat reducts and amalgamation are given.  Several counterexamples which convey the gist of techniques used in this area are presented two of which are new (Theorem 19, Theorem 38). It is known that the algebraic notion of amalgamation in a class of algebras corresponds to the metalogical notion of interpolation in the corresponding logic. Answers to open question in the recent paper  concerning both amalgamation and interpolation are summarized in tabular form at the end of this paper. This paper appears in two parts. The present first part contains results on neat reducts. The second part contains results relating the notion of neat embeddings to various amalgamation
Optimal Pricing of Digital Experience Goods Under Piracy

Piracy of digital experience goods such as music recordings has received increased attention in the literature. Much of this research has focused on pricing policies, protection against piracy, and governmental policies in the software industry. In this research, we focus on pricing policies of producers of digital experience goods. We consider a heterogeneous consumer market with different segments, each having a different affinity to piracy. We analyze the effect of different producer pricing policies on the revenue of the creator of the product, who may be different than the producer. Our results indicate that the explicit incorporation of these different consumer segments will cause the producer to charge lower prices and, therefore, lead to higher legal product diffusion. We show that the royalty system does not solve the double marginalization problem and is suboptimal from a supply-chain perspective. Also, the creator of the goods prefers a lower price than the producer's optimal price, and this tendency increases with the creator's per unit royalty.
Implementing the Model Evolution Calculus

Darwin is the first implementation of the Model Evolution Calculus by Baumgartner and Tinelli. The Model Evolution Calculus lifts the DPLL procedure to first-order logic. Darwin is meant to be a fast and clean implementation of the calculus, showing its effectiveness and providing a base for further improvements and extensions. Based on a brief summary of the Model Evolution Calculus, we describe in the main part of the paper Darwin's proof procedure and its data structures and algorithms, discussing the main design decisions and features that influence Darwin's performance. We also report on practical experiments carried out with problems from the CASC-J2 system competition and parts of the TPTP Problem Library, and compare the results with those of other state-of-the-art theorem provers.
Learning on finite metric spaces

In M. Anthony and J. Ratsaby. Maximal width learning of binary functions. Theoretical Computer Science,  2010, the notion of sample width for binary classifiers mapping from the real line was introduced, and it was shown that the performance of such classifiers could be quantified in terms of this quantity. This paper considers how to generalize the notion of sample width so that we can apply it where the classifiers map from some finite metric space. By relating the learning problem to one involving the domination numbers of certain graphs, we obtain generalization error bounds that depend on the sample width and on certain measures of ‘density’ of the underlying metric space. We also discuss how to employ a greedy set-covering heuristic to bound generalization error.
Gresham's law or Gresham's fallacy?

The claim that bad money drives out good is one of the oldest and most cited in economics. Economists refer to this claim as Gresham’s law. Yet despite its seemingly universal acceptance, this claim does not warrant its status as a law. We find it has no convincing explanations and many overlooked exceptions. We propose an alternative hypothesis based on the costs of using a medium of exchange at a nonpar price: small-denomination currency undervalued at the mint tends to disappear from circulation while large-denomination currency usually circulates at premium. Examining a variety of historical episodes when market and legal prices were different, we find our “law” can explain history much better than Gresham’s.
Revel, riot, and rebellion : popular politics and culture in England 1603-1660

What have maypoles, charivari processions, and stoolball matches to do with the English Civil War? A great deal, argues David Underdown. Using three western counties as a case-study, he shows that the war was neither a dispute confined to the elite nor a class struggle of the 'middling sort' against a discredited aristocracy. It was in fact the result of profound disagreements among people of all social levels about the moral basis of their communities; commoners as well as ruler held strong opinions about order and governance. But these opinions varied from place to place, and through a pioneering synthesis of social history and popular culture, Underdown relates political diversity to cultural diversity, and shows that local difference in popular allegiance in the Civil War coincided with regional contrast in the traditional festive culture. The book is thus an important reinterpretation of both the English Revolution and the relationship between society, politics, and culture in the seventeenth century.
Identities in-between: the impact of satellite broadcasting on Greek Orthodox minority (Rum Polites) women's perception of their identities in Turkey

This study aims to shed a light on women belonging to the Greek Orthodox Christian (Rum Polites) community in Istanbul, Turkey and their perception of their identity with the help of satellite broadcasting (ERT World). This research is the first attempt to analyse Rum women's viewing attitudes and their correlations with a number of variables such as education, age, family structure, religion, occupation, and their perceptions of themselves as part of a distinctive religious and cultural entity. Since the female members of the community are heavy television viewers, television is a powerful tool to construct a social reality and a sense of self. By conducting in-depth interviews and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), this study aims to reveal how this unique community makes sense of their identities and social worlds through television.
Basic Approaches for the Evaluation of IT-Investments in E-Government: A Literature Review

Electronic government (e-government) investments are made to help governments transform service delivery in a way that they fulfill their obligations to stakeholders in the most efficient and cost effective way. During this process, governments are under constant pressure to deliver better public services with fewer resources which necessitate the use of confidential evaluation methods for IT investments in e-government in order to guide policy and decision makers and to raise public approval. Despite a various number of evaluation methods, there is still lack of an appropriate method, which takes all perspectives and dimensions into account. The aim of this paper is to investigate the existing state of art dealing with the principle approaches of evaluation of e-government investments by following a comprehensive review of the normative literature and contributing to these works by suggesting guidelines for developing an appropriate model.
Population changes as litmus paper of the socio-economic development level of small towns in Poland

The main aim of the author was to analyse the population changes of small towns in Poland between 2002 and 2012. Small towns’ reaction to the global and regional demographic trends confirms their position between the rural areas and the urban municipalities. The differences between separate towns are significant, however those located within the metropolitan areas in Poland show a positive population dynamics, natural growth and migration balance net indexes. The image of small towns in terms of demographic changes is for that reason adequate to their socio-economic situation. However the question of the development of small satellite towns is asked as the functions are often leached to the core areas of the metropolis. The emerging problem of the depopulation of the vast majority of towns is also stressed in the paper. The depopulation types (in Webb typology) concern nearly 72% of all Polish small towns.
PHOTOPHYSICS OF FULLERENE-DOPED MACROMOLECULES: NONLINEAR ABSORBERS, DIFFRACTIVE ELEMENTS, AND SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS

1, , have stimulated a search for new media, which absorb the laser irradiation efficiently over broad spectral range and in wide incident energy region. The π-conjugated organic materials are promising compounds for these purposes because they allow their physical properties to be modified by doping with various impurities, including fullerenes. In the present paper the fullerene-doping effect on spectral, nonlinear optical properties, and dynamic parameters of conjugated organic systems based on 2-cyclooctylamino-5-nitropyridine, polyimide, polyaniline, etc. has been studied. A fullerene introduction in these materials has been used due to high electron affinity of fullerenes (2.6–2.7 eV) that allows the intermolecular donor-acceptor interaction to be reinforced. 4 The new charge transfer complex developed provokes new nanostructures potentials. ae This complex is of a higher excited state absorption cross-section than the ground state one. That is why, fullerene-doped systems are reverse saturable absorption materials and may be used for a sensor and eyes protection from high laser irradiation. ae Fullerene sensitization and complex formation reveal new spectral and energy ranges. The bathochromic shift is observed and new absorption band in the IR spectral range appears in the fullerene-doped materials. ae The new field gradient is formed as the charge transfer path changes (the charge is transferred from the intramolecular donor fragment not to the intramolecular acceptor one but to fullerene). As the result, the photorefractive effect is possible in these structures. The large laserinduced change in the refractive index predicts large nonlinear refraction and third order susceptibility. ae As a new way, the fullerene-doped complex influences the rotation ability of liquid crystals dipoles. The temporal characteristics of nematic LC cells have been improved at least by one order of magnitude.  The solutions were doped with fullerenes C60 or/and C70. The fullerene concentration was varied from 0.2 wt.% to 5 wt.%. It should be noticed that fullerenes are of relatively high solubility (about 5.3 mg mL -1 ) 5 in TClE. 2-cyclooctylamino-5-nitropyridine, polyimide, polyaniline, and dispersed nematic liquid crystal compounds based on materials mentioned above were used. 2.5–5 µm thick films were spun on the glass or quarts substrates. 10-12 µm thick liquid crystal structures were prepared under condition when the refractive index of ordinary wave was coincided with the refractive index of conjugated materials. A general view of the films obtained based on the materials treated was presented in paper. 6
Shaming rituals in the age of global media: How DSK’s perp walk generated estrangement

In May 2011, IMF chief and French presidential contender Dominique Strauss-Kahn was arrested on sexual assault charges and forced to do the ‘perp walk’ in New York. The French press vividly criticized this shaming ritual, thus triggering reactions of defense, but also of self-questioning,  This study evaluates the extent to which the French criticism led the American press to show distance from the norms of its own national community. It contends that, in our age of globalized information, shaming rituals, which served to legitimate the dominant order, can now generate what Shani Orgad called ‘estrangement’.
Framework Options for Electricity Utilities in Transition Economies: Attempting a Systematic Approach

The paper proposes a systematic approach to the question of choosing new framework conditions for ESIs in transition economies. The likely impact of ownership, structure and regulation on six chosen assessment criteria is analysed in a simple matrix model illustrating objective trade-offs. When the model is applied to the case study of the transformation of the East German ESI, it suggests a particular weakness in the area of allocative efficiency. The empirical analysis confirms the prediction of excessive price increases and highly ineffective price regulation.
Geography and history in Boiotia c.550-335BC

The thesis discusses the relationship between geography and history in Boiotia between the middle of the sixth century and 335BC. The study is based on the belief that the 
history of Boiotia is rendered more intelligible when seen through the processes of geographic construction in which its inhabitants were involved. 
 
After an introduction that outlines the theoretical basis of the work in postmodern geography, landscape phenomenology, and the Annales School of history, the thesis is divided into three principal parts. The first seeks to understand the physical environment of the region, as well as the natural and man-made changes that affected 
the region in the period before the sixth century. The chapter also discusses the ecology of the region as well as its demographic, economic, and cultural background. The 
second part investigates the objective, built environment and the physical aspects of the way in which individuals and communities shape and change the world around them. 
Aspects considered include the processes of delimiting borders, the effect of city-walls, watchtowers and sanctuaries on social and political dynamic of the region. The third part focuses on the subjective, imagined environment, which seeks to explore the way in 
which Boiotians (and those outside the area) interpreted the geography of the region. The final part of the thesis is an attempt to apply the ideas developed in the main body 
of the thesis to a specific event: the destruction of Thebes by Alexander the Great. The work is followed by an annex, which seeks to provide a broad diachronic overview of the history of Boiotia from 550-335BC.
Spectres after Marx: Contemporary Art's Contiguous Histories

This essay stems from a scepticism about a core prospect for a 'twenty-first-century art history'. Specifically, it derives from doubts about the constitution of a global art history that at least until James Elkins published his renowned and polemical review in The Art Bulletin was perhaps not quite 'the most pressing problem facing the discipline' (as Elkins fired in the review's opening salvo). This is the deep concern that we can talk about 'a' note the singular here global art history, and it is a concern that aligns me with the numerous criticisms of Elkins's discourse in recent years, including those published in the anthology (edited by Elkins) titled Is Art History Global? By what criteria, for instance, are we to demarcate this art history from the supposedly distinct disciplines of anthropology, cultural studies, or, more slippery still, art criticism? Who defines these criteria so that institutional norms and forms may, in Elkins's words, be 'compatible wherever they are taught', as though heading towards a conceptual homeostasis driven by consensus, the compatible, or even the revenge of universality? Does this still smack of a certain teleology, one that shifts from conflicting local and national art histories to a more harmoniously global art history a trajectory that draws art history's future a little too close, perhaps, towards the supposed 'end of history', and the end of conceptual or ideological conflict, as trumpeted by Francis Fukuyama two decades ago? Or is a global art history, as Elkins on occasion implies, more synonymous with histories of non-Western art, such that a split re-emerges between an art history of the globe and a Western art history that, in reality and by virtue of its subsistence, still has global reign?
Transformation of limonene into high added value products over acid activated natural montmorillonite

Eight samples of activated montmorillonite were prepared by treating natural montmorillonite with HCl and HNO 3 aqueous solutions in order to investigate the influence of several treatment parameters on its physicochemical characteristics and its catalytic activity for limonene transformation to high added value products (isomers and p-cymene). The samples were characterized using various techniques (SEM-EDS, TEM/HRTEM, XRD, ATR-FTIR, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, microelectrophoresis and determination of equilibrium pH) and evaluated in the transformation of limonene to isomers and p-cymene utilizing atmospheric oxygen as a green oxidant. The acid treatment, even under mild conditions, caused the removal of the sodium and calcium ions from the interlayer regions of the triple layers without disturbing the crystal structure of the triple layers, the plate-like morphology of the mineral at nanoscale and the pore morphology as well. Only the treatment under the hardest conditions (6 M HCl for 2 h) caused the transformation of plate-like particle morphology into granular one and the pore morphology from slit like-pores developed between plate-like particles into internal voids of irregular shape and broad pore size distributions. In contrast, the acid treatment brings about the reorganization/dislocation of the triple layers inside a plate-shaped particle causing the development of small mesopores, mainly in the range of 3–3.5 nm, and consequently the increase in the specific surface from 62 to 155 m 2 /g. In parallel, the removal of the sodium and calcium ions/phases brings about the development of negatively charged surface sites. These are transformed into Bronsted acid sites by adsorbing hydronium ions (H 3 O + ). The above sites are catalytically active in the transformation of the limonene into intermediate isomers and undesired “polymers”. The intermediate isomers are transforming into p-cymene and additional “polymers” through a catalyst-free mechanism, in the presence of atmospheric oxygen acting as a green oxidant. The drastic decrease of the amount of the undesired “polymers” ( The low reaction temperature (100 °C), the use of limonene as a renewable reactant, the use of natural montmorillonite as a natural catalyst and the use of atmospheric oxygen as a green oxidant render the proposed process actually green.
Modern Exploration Strategy in Frontier Areas, Case History from Upper Egypt: ABSTRACT

Exploration of a frontier area in southern Egypt was begun in November 1976. Using current technology, including detailed ERTS photography, aeromagnetics, and geologic field studies, two basins later known as the Eastern Nile basin and the Western Dakhla basin were delineated. Preliminary stratigraphic studies suggested the presence of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary marine rocks in these basins. Acquisition of reconnaissance seismic data began in February 1977. This effort confirmed basin configuration and depth and defined areas of greatest potential. Concurrently, additional surface work described Jurassic rocks and suggested the presence of previously hidden Paleozoic sediments in the western basin. A synthesis of geochemical data indicated that petroleum source rocks were available for hydrocarbon generation. The first well will be spudded in early 1979. End_of_Article - Last_Page 416------------
New Perspectives on the N -body Problem

The problem of the motion of N ≥ 2 point–masses (i.e., ideal bodies with no physical dimension identified with points in the Euclidean three–dimensional space) interacting only through Newton’s law of mutual gravitational attraction, has been a central issue in astronomy, physics and mathematics since the early developments of modern calculus. When N = 2 the problem has been completely solved (“integrated”) by Newton: the motion takes place on conics, whose focus is occupied by the center of mass of the two bodies; but for N ≥ 3 a complete understanding of the problem is still far away, notwithstanding the efforts of many excellent mathematicians over the last centuries (Newton, Euler, d’Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace followed by H. Poincare, G.D. Birkhoff, C.L. Siegel, J.K. Moser, V.I. Arnold, M. Herman,...) The dynamics f the N–body problem has the fascinating feature of hosting regular and chaotic regimes and has often inspired the elaboration of new mathematical theories of local, perturbative and global nature. Indeed, to be attacked efficiently, it requires a sophisticated mixture of algebraic, analytical, geometrical, topological and probabilistic techniques. While the original impulse, coming from astronomy, has been somehow shaded by the massive use of machines for computing orbits of celestial bodies or satellites, the mathematical richness and beauty of the N–body problem has retained most of its original attraction, and still may be considered as one of the most fascinating and difficult branch of mathematics (see, below, for a list of recent excellent contributions, most of the authors being present at this conference).
A survey of e-government business models in the Netherlands

As most countries are moving their public services online, governments are trying different business models to harness the Internet for service delivery improvement. Yet, it is not entirely clear what value-added aspects should be included and what a business model brings to the governments. This paper examines the current state of development of e-government business models in Netherlands at the municipality level and identifies recommendation to further expand these business models.First, we examined a sample of websites to identify the underlying business models, and then we compared it with references to business models in the e-commerce literature. The cross referencing aimed to refine our search and to bring as an initial number of e-government business models. Next, we surveyed the status of e-government business models around the port of Rotterdam based on our current understanding of business models. Against this, we then proposed recommendations, which should result in e-government business models. These recommendations aim to help governments design the next generation of e-government business models not only to increase efficiency but also to pump prime new technological development and to enlarge wider social participation.