nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The 2/sup nd/ international workshop on economics-driven software engineering research

The need for research in this area is indicated by the serious shortfalls in our understanding of how best to design software for value creation. There are at least two basic dimensions to this shortfall. First, the core competency of software engineers is making technical software product and process design decisions. However, today there is a disconnect between the technical criteria taught to software engineers and the strategic value creation objectives of the organizations for which software is designed.
This disconnect is reflected in the culture and the literature of software design. For example, of sixteen books on software architecture and object-oriented design surveyed, the word cost appeared in the index of only two. Part of the problem is that the links between technical concepts and value creation are not understood well, even in theory. We have an inadequate understanding of and a lack models for the connections between technical decision criteria and value. For example, we lack models for how information hiding modularity adds value to a system, and how much.
 Today this lack of understanding is intolerable. Software design and use decisions are coupled with fundamental business, public service, and other decisions in almost field. It is becoming critical to develop a better understanding of how software design decisions relate to value creation.
The second dimension of the problem is that existing knowledge in software economics is inadequate. To simplify, most present knowledge focuses on cost and risk reduction in traditional government or large industry projects; but today organizations are often driven more by competition and time-to-market as by direct cost. New life-cycle models and software technologies are also being used that tend to invalidate the empirical bases of older models.
The EDSER workshops seek to raise the visibility of the economic dimension of software design and use and to foster the emergence and evaluation of economics-oriented concepts, models and tools to improve software production. The EDSER-2 Workshop was made possible in part by the National Science Foundation under grant CCR-9804078.
Appropriability Mechanisms, Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from the UK

We use an extended version of the well-established Crepon, Duguet and Mairesse model (1998) to model the relationship between appropriability mechanisms, innovation and firm-level productivity. We enrich this model in several ways. First, we consider different types of innovation spending and study the differences in estimates when innovation spending (rather than R&D spending) is used to predict innovation in the CDM model. Second, we assume that a firm simultaneously innovates and chooses among different appropriability methods (formal or informal) to protect the innovation. Finally, in the third stage, we estimate the impact of the innovation output conditional on the choice of appropriability mechanisms on firms' productivity. We find that firms that innovate and rate formal methods for the protection of Intellectual Property (IP) highly are more productive than other firms, but that the same does not hold in the case of informal methods for the protection of a firm's IP, except possibly for large firms as opposed to SMEs. We also find that this result is strongest for firms in the services, trade, and utility sectors, and negative in the manufacturing sector.
Low blood pressure and antihypertensive treatment are independently associated with physical and mental health status in patients with arterial disease: the SMART study.

To investigate the independent effects of antihypertensive treatment and blood pressure (BP) levels on physical and mental health status in patients with arterial disease.



Cross-sectional analyses were conducted within the single-centre Secondary Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) study, in a hospital care setting.



A total of 5877 patients (mean age 57 years) with symptomatic and asymptomatic arterial disease underwent standardized vascular screening.



The primary outcome was self-rated physical and mental health assessed using the 36-item short-form health survey.



In the total population, antihypertensive drug use and increased intensity of antihypertensive treatment were associated with poorer health status independent of important confounders including BP levels; adjusted mean differences [95% confidence interval (CI)] in physical and mental health between n = 0 and n ≥ 3 antihypertensives were -1.2 (-2.1; -0.3) and -3.5 (-4.4; -2.6), respectively. Furthermore, both lower systolic and lower diastolic BP levels were related to poorer physical and mental health status independent of antihypertensive treatment. Mean differences (95% CI) in physical and mental health status per SD decrease in systolic BP were -0.56 (-0.84; -0.27) and -0.32 (-0.61; -0.03) and per SD decrease in diastolic BP were -0.50 (-0.78; -0.23) and -0.08 (-0.36; 0.20), respectively. The association between low BP and poor health status was particularly present in patients with coronary artery disease.



In a population of patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic arterial disease, antihypertensive treatment and lower BP levels are independently associated with poorer self-rated physical and mental health. These findings suggest that different underlying mechanisms may explain these independent associations.
A cost-effective context memory structure for dynamically reconfigurable processors

Multicontext reconfigurable processors can switch its configuration in a single clock cycle by providing a context memory in each of the processing elements. Although these processors have proven to be powerful in many applications, the number of contexts is often not enough. The context translation table which translates the global instruction pointer, or the global logical context number, into a local physical context number is proposed to realize a larger application while reducing the actual context memories. Our evaluation using NEC Electronics' DRP-1 shows that the proposed method is effective when the size of the tile is small and the number of context is large. In the most efficient case, the required number of contexts is reduced to 25%, and the total amount of configuration data becomes 6.9%. The template configuration method which extends this idea harnesses the power of multicontext devices by storing basic contexts as templates and combining them to form the actual contexts. While effective in theory, our evaluation shows that the return in adopting such mechanisms in more finer processors as the DRP-1 is minimal where the size of the context memory adds up relative to the number of processing units.
Policy Considerations in New Crops Development

Profitable new crop alternatives have been needed by US farmers for most of the peacetime history of the nation but evidence of comprehensive strategic planning is lacking. Lack of new crop options has been very costly in economic, environmental, social, and political terms and the US trails several countries in strategic planning for new crops development. The long-term, high-risk nature of new crops development is a common barrier to mobilizing private sector interest. Thus, voice, public funding, and leadership, are essential. But competition for resources and the attention of Congress is fierce. A key opportunity and challenge is to develop and present compelling evidence to convince policy makers of their responsibility to legislate for R&D incentives to stimulate new crops development. The European Community (EC) is advanced in doing this. Australia and New Zealand are intermediate in their activities. Global alliances for sharing the risks and the benefits of such developments would advance a strategic approach. United States leadership would strengthen US and world agriculture sustainability. Economic theory predicts under-investment in agricultural research because it is too easy for “free-riders” to benefit from investments while the investor may not realize acceptable rates of return (Alston et al. 1994). This concept can apply to individuals, companies, states, nations, or groups of nations. The situation is even worse for investment with the higher risks and the longer-term nature of new crops development. Yet, new crops development will be needed even more as widespread adoption of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) increases exposure of traditional agricultural crops to free-market forces. Two key questions are pertinent: (1) is it wise public policy to invest public resources in new crops development? and (2) if the investment is wise, what should be the mechanism for policy development? The objectives of this paper are: (1) to provide reasons why new crops development is needed, (2) to provide evidence that new crops development policy changes are needed, (3) to identify selected barriers to change, and (4) to make policy recommendations to bring about needed changes.
Bioavailability and Electroreactivity of Zinc Complexed to Strong and Weak Organic Ligands.

Laboratory experiments have established the importance of complexation by organic ligands in determining the bioavailability of trace metals to marine phytoplankton, while electrochemical measurements with field samples have demonstrated that a large fraction of bioactive trace metals are complexed to strong organic ligands in seawater. Using the model organic ligands, EDTA and histidine, we show a quantitative correspondence between the bioavailability of Zn to the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, and its reduction at -1.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl) on a hanging mercury drop electrode. Equilibrium calculations and polarographic data indicate that Zn bound in inorganic complexes and the 1:1 Zn-histidine complex, but not in the 1:2 Zn-histidine complex or the Zn-EDTA complexes, is taken up by the organism and reduced at the electrode surface, confirming a previous report of the bioavailability of weak Zn complexes. Electrochemical measurements of Zn speciation in seawater do not generally reveal the presence of weak (and potentially bioavailable) complexes; but such measurements (particularly by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry) should nonetheless often provide good estimates of the bioavailable Zn concentrations. These results can likely be generalized to other bioactive divalent trace metals.
Automatically relation modeling on spatial relationship as self-adaptation ability

Self-adaptive system is a system that can take proper action automatically to reach its goal, based on the situation which occur at this system environment to meet satisfactory of its users. This paper would illustrate a case about self-adaptation function requirement in application tools that correspond to the requirement of graphic element adjustment function. One of the problems that can arise are related to connectivity function graphic elements, wherein when graphic elements associated with other graphic elements, elements of the relationship between the graphic elements can occupy the working area irregularly, even if there are other graphic elements that block the path relations, the relation element can penetrate into that graphic element. This condition has to rearrange by a user manually, so it is quite difficult and time consuming. Strategy that needed to overcome that problems, which must guarantee the availability of areas as working environment, as well as the appropriate decision-making mechanisms when determining an alternative option to connect between elements graphic automatically as self-adaptation ability. The solution for this problem, we propose strategy to automate relation space management of graphic element, as a result of an adaptation mechanism which more flexible and simplify users to do the job. Core concept that developed consist of two approaches namely free space management and neighbourhood modeling. These both concepts realised to polish up adaptation ability from tools limitation that exists at the current time.
Enabling Innovative Entrepreneurship through Business Incubation

A country’s primary socioeconomic goal is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. The competitiveness of the economy must be raised, opportunities that empower people to earn sustainable incomes must be created, and problems affecting the population, such as disease and environmental degradation must be alleviated. In pursuing this mission, a country’s ability to reformulate the traditional model of economic growth is essential, so that knowledge, technology, entrepreneurship, and innovation are positioned at the center of its development agenda. Innovation, in particular, triggers a virtuous development circle that unleashes human ingenuity to develop and deliver products and services that are needed by the population and increase enterprise competitiveness, while simultaneously creating sustainable incomes and tax revenues that can be reinvested for social and economic gains.
Aristotle's Diagnosis of Atomism

With regard to the contradiction with the mathematical sciences, one should think of arguments like those offered in the small treatise de Linas Insecabilibus, which appears in the corpus Aristotelicum, but which is usually taken not to be written by Aristotle himself. In this treatise it is shown that the assumption that there are indivisible lines is in conflict with 'the things proved and laid down in mathematics', among them the firmly established conclusion that there are incommensurable lines. The reference to the 'discussion in the books about time and motion' showing the conflict between atomism and 'many of the reputable beliefs and the perceptual phenomena', must be to the sixth book of the Physics,
Dynamics of circular arrangements of vorticity in two dimensions.

The merger of two like-signed vortices is a well-studied problem, but in a turbulent flow, we may often have more than two like-signed vortices interacting. We study the merger of three or more identical corotating vortices initially arranged on the vertices of a regular polygon. At low to moderate Reynolds numbers, we find an additional stage in the merger process, absent in the merger of two vortices, where an annular vortical structure is formed and is long lived. Vortex merger is slowed down significantly due to this. Such annular vortices are known at far higher Reynolds numbers in studies of tropical cyclones, which have been noticed to a break down into individual vortices. In the preannular stage, vortical structures in a viscous flow are found here to tilt and realign in a manner similar to the inviscid case, but the pronounced filaments visible in the latter are practically absent in the former. Five or fewer vortices initially elongate radially, and then reorient their long axis closer to the azimuthal direction so as to form an annulus. With six or more vortices, the initial alignment is already azimuthal. Interestingly at higher Reynolds numbers, the merger of an odd number of vortices is found to proceed very differently from that of an even number. The former process is rapid and chaotic whereas the latter proceeds more slowly via pairing events. The annular vortex takes the form of a generalized Lamb-Oseen vortex (GLO), and diffuses inward until it forms a standard Lamb-Oseen vortex. For lower Reynolds number, the numerical (fully nonlinear) evolution of the GLO vortex follows exactly the analytical evolution until merger. At higher Reynolds numbers, the annulus goes through instabilities whose nonlinear stages show a pronounced difference between even and odd mode disturbances. Here again, the odd mode causes an early collapse of the annulus via decaying turbulence into a single central vortex, whereas the even mode disturbance causes a more orderly progression into a single vortex. Results from linear stability analysis agree with the nonlinear simulations, and predict the frequencies of the most unstable modes better than they predict the growth rates. It is hoped that the present findings, that multiple vortex merger is qualitatively different from the merger of two vortices, will motivate studies on how multiple vortex interactions affect the inverse cascade in two-dimensional turbulence.
Revolucionarias: Gender and Revolution in Latin America

This book collects essays which discuss women's representation of women and the war story in Latin American literature, looking in particular at their experiences, historical contexts, and their political and creative aims. This collection draws together for the first time a range of narratives of conflict and revolution as represented by Latin American women writers. By embracing a broad definition of conflict and by engaging with a wide range of narratives of conflict, it provides a space for multiple and complex versions of subjectivity, writing and experience-in-conflict to co-exist.
Exploring legacy systems using types

We show how hypertext-based program understanding tools can achieve new levels of abstraction by using inferred type information for cases where the subject software system is written in a weakly typed language. We propose TYPEXPLORER, a tool for browsing COBOL legacy systems based on these types. The paper addresses: how types, an invented abstraction, can be presented meaningfully to software re-engineers; the implementation techniques used to construct TYPEEXPLORER; and the use of TYPEEXPLORER for understanding legacy systems, at the level of individual statements as well as at the level of the software architecture, which is illustrated by using TYPEEXPLORER to browse an industrial COBOL system of 100,000 lines of code.
The Cell Structures of Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbionts, Their Differences and Similarities

Organisms from different kingdoms and with different cell biologies living together in symbiosis have to solve the common problems of mutual recognition and of establishing an interchange of substances with each other. However, the different symbioses are often considered as disconnected phenomena, so that the common problems are not dealt with from a similar point of view. This leads to further problems of standardization of termin ology, for example the definition of “symbiont”, “parasite”, as well as their cell-to-cell relationships in geometrical terms.
eLearning Tools Evaluation based on Quality Concept Distance Computing. A Case Study

Despite the extensive use of eLearning systems, there is no consensus on a standard framework for evaluating this kind of quality system. Hence, there is only a minimum set of tools that can supervise this judgment and gives information about the course content value. This paper presents two kinds of quality set evaluation indicators for eLearning courses based on the computational process of three known metrics, the Euclidian, Hamming and Levenshtein distances. The “distance” calculus is applied to standard evaluation templates (i.e. the European Commission Programme procedures vs. the AFNOR Z 76-001 Standard), determining a reference point in the evaluation of the e-learning course quality vs. the optimal concept(s). The case study, based on the results of project(s) developed in the framework of the European Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”, with Romanian contractors, try to put into evidence the benefits of such a method. eLearning, European programme, metrics, quality evaluation
Individualism and Community: Education and Social Policy in the Postmodern Condition

Introduction - the crisis of the welfare state in the postmodern condition Section 1 Communitarian approaches to the crisis introduction: social policy and the move to community democracy and community-based social policy welfare and community - the New Zealand experiment. Section 2 Neo- liberal individualism: introduction the new right reforms of education the politics of choice - public choice theory and the autonomous chooser children of rogernomics - the new right, individualism and the culture of narcissism. Section 3 Methodological responses: introduction education and the ideal learning community educational policy analysis and the politics of interpretation. Section 4 The postmodern "way out": introduction postmodernism - the critique of reason and the rise of the new social movements beyond the philosophy of the subject - liberalism, education and the critique of individualism individualism and community - education and the politics of difference conclusion - critical social policy in the postmodern condition.
Family physicians and neonatology.

Sir .—It is regrettable that the editor who edits this section ofThe Journalis so ignorant of interspecialty relations that he or she would not have purged the slur to family practitioners in the letter by DiTraglia 1 that appeared in the November 1990 issue. All specialties contribute in unique ways to the care of the patient. I am convinced that there are medical and family issues that family practitioners handle better than pediatricians, because of the family physician's involvement with other family members and in other acute care settings. One example is of a 4-year-old girl who presented with chest pains and was recognized by her family physician to have an acute myocardial infarction, despite the pediatricians' diagnoses. I guess I have participated in the resuscitation of more newborns in the last 10 years than many pediatric oncologists, yet I would not disparage another specialty because of
Laser irradiation of iron, cobalt, and nickel targets in liquid nitrogen: A facile approach for nitride nanoparticle fabrication of ferromagnetic transition metals

Nitride nanoparticles of ferromagnetic metal elements were produced by laser irradiation from metallic targets immersed in liquid nitrogen using Nd:YAG lasers with wavelengths of 532 and 1024 nm. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of the precipitated nanoparticles from the suspensions on microscopy grids reveal agglomerates consisting of polydisperse particles with sizes in the tens of nanometers range. Some particles with size of several hundreds of nanometers indicate that laser irradiation promotes cryoablation together with plasma erosion of the targets. Selected area electron diffraction analyses corroborated by Raman measurements indicate the formation of crystalline metal nitrides with spheroidal and acicular morphologies. Regardless of the laser radiation wavelength, nanoparticles with similar nitride phases are found: Fe 4 N and Fe 16 N 2 for Fe target, Co 2 N and Co 3 N for Co target, Ni 4 N with Ni 8 N for Ni target. All nanoparticles show superparamagnetic-like behavior with a blocking temperature varying significantly with the nanoparticle size. Such single-step method is a promising green route for nanoparticle production of these metal nitrides, which are commonly obtained using more complex and multi-step processes.
Effect of laser irradiation passes for fabricating mid-wave infrared silicon carbide detectors

A Mid-Wave Infra-Red (MWIR) detector is developed by doping an n-type 4H-SiC with Ga using a laser doping technique. Doping is one of the challenges for silicon carbide (SiC) device fabrication due to its hardness, chemical inertness and the low diffusion coefficient of most impurities. A laser doping technique is chosen to dope 4H-SiC by gallium which is incorporated into the semiconductor as p-type dopants. The substrate is simultaneously heated with a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser of wavelength 1064 nm under the laser power, focal length, laser beam diameter and micro-stage speed were 10.5 W, 150 mm, 200 µm and 0.8 mm/sec respectively using metal-organic dopant precursor. The gallium dopant profile in the laser-doped SiC wafer is obtained by secondary ion mass spectroscopy and the maximum concentration of Ga in SiC wafer surface with 4 time of laser irradiation passes is found to be 6.251×1020 cm−3, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the reported value (6.0×1018 cm−3) and the dopant depth is a...