nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Extending CLP(FD) with Interactive Data Acquisition for 3D Visual Object Recognition

This paper addresses the 3D object recognition problem modelled as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem. In this setting, each object view can be modelled as a constraint graph where nodes are object parts and constraints are topological and geometrical relationships among them. By modelling the problem as a CSP, we can recognize an object when all constraints are satis ed by exploiting results from the CSP eld. However, in classical CSPs variable domains have to be statically de ned at the beginning of the constraint propagation process. Thus, not only feature acquisition should be completed before the constraint solving process starts, but all image features should be extracted even if not belonging to signi cant image parts. In visual applications, this requirement turns out to be ine cient since visual features acquisition is a very time consuming task. We present an Interactive Constraint Satisfaction model for problems where variable domains may not be completely known at the beginning of the computation, and can be interactively acquired during the computational process. Some variable domain values may be already at disposal when the constraint propagation process starts, while others can be dynamically acquired during the computation only when needed (on demand). The constraint propagation process works on already known domain values and adds new constraints on unknown domain parts. These new constraints can be used to incrementally process new information without restarting the constraint propagation process from scratch each time new information is available. In addition, these constraints can guide the feature acquisition process, thus focussing attention on signi cant image parts. We present the Interactive CSP model and a propagation algorithm for it. We propose an implementation of the framework in Constraint Logic Programming on Finite Domains, CLP(FD).
A technical and economic assessment of computer vision for industrial inspection and robotic assembly

The use of computer vision to detect, measure, and perhaps guide the assembly of man-made components is potentially a very significant research and development area. The efficacy of these techniques for any given application depends on both technical and economic considerations. This paper will explore both these considerations using appropriate generic examples. It is our goal to first present a concise discussion of the present state of many technical and economic factors and then extrapolate these factors into the future for the purpose of guiding further investigations.
Factor supplies and specialization in the world economy

A core prediction of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is that countries specialize in goods in which they have a comparative advantage, and that the source of comparative advantage is differences in relative factor supplies. To examine this theory, we use the most extensive dataset available and document the pattern of industrial specialization and factor endowment differences in a broad sample of rich and developing countries over a lengthy period (1970-92). Next, we develop an empirical model of specialization based on factor endowments, allowing for unmeasurable technological differences and estimate it using panel data techniques. In addition to estimating the effects of factor endowments, we also consider the alternative hypothesis that the level of aggregate productivity by itself can explain specialization. Our results clearly show the importance of factor endowments on specialization: relative endowments do matter.
Plate tectonics and the Himalayas

The Himalayas, commonly taken as the type example of continent-continent collision, have developed in two stages. The first stage involves convergence of the northward-drifting Indian subcontinent with a proto-Tibetan landmass during Late Cretaceous and Palaeocene, with collision before Middle Eocene. The second stage involves formation of a fundamental crustal fracture within the Indian block during Late Eocene and Oligocene, and underthrusting of the Indian subcontinent along this fracture from Miocene to Recent. The present elevated Himalayan mountain chain is not a direct result of the continent-continent collision, but of uplift during underthrusting along the deep crustal fracture.
The geological structure, history of geological development and potential mineral resources of the eastern gulf of Finland

The geological structure of the seabed of the Gulf of Finland is characterised by the development of Archaean - Low Proterozoic crystalline and Upper Proterozoic - Low Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, which are covered by Quaternary (mainly Upper Quaternary) sediments. All economic mineral deposits discovered within the eastern Gulf of Finland are associated with the Quaternary sediments. The natural loose building materials such as sand and sandy-gravel mix have the greatest economic value. A special aspect is a new kind of mineral resource - ferromanganese concretions - a poor manganese ore. In addition, limno-glacial clays can be used as material for building ceramics.
A Curvature Principle for the interaction between universes

We propose a Curvature Principle to describe the dynamics of interacting universes in a multi-universe scenario and show, in the context of a simplified model, how interaction drives the cosmological constant of one of the universes toward a vanishingly small value. We also conjecture on how the proposed Curvature Principle suggests a solution for the entropy paradox of a universe where the cosmological constant vanishes.
Sol–gel synthesis, structural and dielectric properties of Y-doped BaTiO3 ceramics

Prepared nano-polycrystalline of BaTiO3 containing 20, 40, 60 and 80 mol.% Y were prepared by sol–gel method. Consider BaTiO3 perovskite structure where Ba atom is replaced by amounts Y. Careful X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of tetragonal phase. The effect of the Y3+ content in BaTiO3 ceramics materials was investigated. The incorporation of yttrium into BaTiO3 unit cell was smoothly alternated the bond vibration of the crystal lattice. By using the Raman-active modes, it was observed that the tetragonal phase is present in all synthesized samples. The morphology of obtaining ceramics is found to be nanosized. Y-doped BaTiO3 ceramics exhibit high values of dielectric constants and low dielectric losses, such properties, combined with the microstructural development arising from the influence of sintering temperature. The fitting derived from the Curie-Wiess laws, confirm that all samples are normal ferroelectric with first order transition accompanied by displacive ones. The increase of conductivity is linked to the formation of oxygen vacancies arise from the dissociation of molecules during the synthesis process.
Researching female professors: the difficulties of representation, positionality and power in feminist research

This article draws on findings from my doctoral research to exemplify some of the difficulties I encountered when interviewing 20 female professors1 and subsequently writing about their life histories. In this article, I discuss how I addressed the issues of representing and positioning my participants, and I reflect on the power dynamics present in the research process. The article contends that by drawing on Bourdieu and Wacquant's [An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press] understanding of reflexivity and feminist interpretations of their work including McNay [“Gender, Habitus and the Field: Pierre Bourdieu and the Limits of Reflexivity.” Theory Culture Society 16: 95] and Adkins [“Reflexivity Freedom or Habit of Gender?” Theory Culture Society 20: 21], valuable research can be produced, despite the difficulties. A related aim of this paper is to reflect back after four years in an academic post on my position as a novice researcher, and some of the associated issu...
Quasiclassical description of electronic supershells in simple metal clusters

A quasiclassical method for calculating shell effects, which has been used previously in atomic and plasma physics, is used to describe electronic supershells in metal clusters. An analytical expression is obtained, in the spherical jellium model, for the oscillating part of the binding energy of electrons of a cluster as a sum of contributions from supershells with quantum numbers 2nr+l, 3nr+l, 4nr+l,... This expression is written in terms of the classical characteristics of the motion of an electron with the Fermi energy in a self-consistent potential. The conditions under which a new supershell appears and the relative contribution of this shell are investigated as a function of the cluster size and form of the potential. Specific calculations are performed for a “square well” of finite depth.
The Weinberg Formalism and a New Look at the Electromagnetic Theory

In the first part of this paper we review several formalisms which give alternative ways for describing the light. They are: the formalism `baroque' and the Majorana-Oppenheimer form of electrodynamics, the Sachs' theory of Elementary Matter, the Dirac-Fock-Podol'sky model, its development by Staruszkiewicz, the Evans-Vigier ${\bf B}^{(3)}$ field, the theory with an invariant evolution parameter by Horwitz, the analysis of the action-at-a-distance concept, presented recently by Chubykalo and Smirnov-Rueda, and the analysis of the claimed `longitudinality' of the antisymmetric tensor field after quantization. The second part is devoted to the discussion of the Weinberg formalism and its recent development by Ahluwalia and myself. Connections between these models and possible significance of longitudinal modes are also discussed.
Firm-Specific, Industry-Specific, and Occupational Human Capital and the Sourcing of Knowledge Work

Whereas capability differences are known to impact governance decisions, what drives heterogeneity in firm capabilities? We propose that capability differences may arise from governance choices related to the focal activity and study how firms accumulate capabilities in the firm-specific, industry-specific, and occupational human capital necessary to perform knowledge work. We theorize that prior outsourcing decisions influence the development of firm-and industry-specific human capital and that buyer–supplier differences in the management of skilled employees can produce systematic differences in capabilities based on occupational human capital. Additionally, we explore some contingencies in the development of these types of human capital and their impacts on outsourcing knowledge work. These propositions are tested with a unique data set on the outsourcing of legal work involved in filing patents (i.e., patent prosecution).
Behavior of uranium and thorium during evolution of Mesozoic volcanic apparatuses in Transbaykal

As the composition of volcanic rocks changes from intermediate to acidic, their concentrations of radioactive elements increase, in two out of the three volcanoes examined here. The reverse is true of the third volcano. Significant enrichment of uranium develops only in the latest portions of the melt, but thorium is enriched gradually and smoothly. U-Th and SiO2-K correlations are found to be regionally obscure.
Observation of J/ψ→3γ

We report the first observation of the decay J/ψ→ 3y. The signal has a statistical significance of 6σ and corresponds to a branching fraction of 'B(J/ψ→ 3y) = (1.2 ± 0.3 ± 0.2) X 10 -5 , in which the errors are statistical and systematic, respectively. The measurement uses ψ(2S) →π + π - J/ψ events acquired with the CLEO-c detector operating at the CESR e + e - collider.
The Radical Reformation: Frontmatter

Chronology 1521-8 Bibliographical note 1. Thomas Muntzer, The Prague Protest 2. Thomas Muntzer, Sermon to the Princes (or An Exposition of the Second Chapter of Daniel) 3. Andreas Karlstadt, Letter from the Community of Orlamunde to the People of Allstedt 4. Conrad Grebel, Letter to Thomas Munzter 5. Andreas Karlstadt, Whether One Should Proceed Slowly 6. Thomas Muntzer, A Highly Provoked Defense 7. Felix Manz, Protest and Defense 8. Anonymous, To the Assembly of the Common Peasantry 9. Hans Denck, On the Law of God 10. Hans Hut, On the Mystery of Baptism 11. Michael Sattler, The Schleitheim Articles 12. Balthasar Hubmaier, On the Sword 13. Han Hergot, On the New Transformation of the Christian Life Appendices: Programs of the Peasants' War: a) The Eleven Muhlhausen Articles b) The Twelve Articles of the Upper Swabian Peasants c) The Memmingen Federal Constitution d) The Document of Articles of the Black Forest Peasants e) The Forty-six Frankfurt Articles f) Michael Gaismair's Territorial Constitution for Tyrol Biographical notes Notes to the texts.
Quantum Mechanics with Difference Operators

A formulation of quantum mechanics with additive and multiplicative (q-) difference operators instead of differential operators is studied from first principles. Borel-quantisation on smooth configuration spaces is used as guiding quantisation method. After a short discussion this method is translated step-by-step to a framework based on difference operators. To restrict the resulting plethora of possible quantisations additional assumptions motivated by simplicity and plausibility are required. Multiplicative difference operators and the corresponding q-Borel kinematics are given on the circle and its N-point discretisation; the connection to q-deformations of the Witt algebra is discussed. For a “natural” choice of the q-kinematics a corresponding q-difference evolution equation is obtained. This study shows general difficulties for a generalisation of a physical theory from a known one to a “new” framework.
The Prokaryotes : Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea

The Prokaryotes is a comprehensive, multi-authored, peer reviewed reference work on Bacteria and Achaea. This fourth edition of The Prokaryotes is organized to cover all taxonomic diversity, using the family level to delineate chapters. Different from other resources, this new Springer product includes not only taxonomy, but also prokaryotic biology and technology of taxa in a broad context. Technological aspects highlight the usefulness of prokaryotes in processes and products, including biocontrol agents and as genetics tools. The content of the expanded fourth edition is divided into two parts: Part 1 contains review chapters dealing with the most important general concepts in molecular, applied and general prokaryote biology; Part 2 describes the known properties of specific taxonomic groups. Two completely new sections have been added to Part 1: bacterial communities and human bacteriology. The bacterial communities section reflects the growing realization that studies on pure cultures of bacteria have led to an incomplete picture of the microbial world for two fundamental reasons: the vast majority of bacteria in soil, water and associated with biological tissues are currently not culturable, and that an understanding of microbial ecology requires knowledge on how different bacterial species interact with each other in their natural environment. The new section on human microbiology deals with bacteria associated with healthy humans and bacterial pathogenesis. Each of the major human diseases caused by bacteria is reviewed, from identifying the pathogens by classical clinical and non-culturing techniques to the biochemical mechanisms of the disease process. The 4th edition of The Prokaryotes is the most complete resource on the biology of prokaryotes. The following volumes are published consecutively within the 4th Edition: Prokaryotic Biology and Symbiotic Associations Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology Prokaryotic Physiology and Biochemistry Applied Bacteriology and Biotechnology Human Microbiology Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and the Archaea
A Flux of Micro Quanta Explains Relativistic Mechanics and the Gravitational Interaction

In the proposed paradigm the space is filled with a very high flux φ o of very small quanta whose wavelength λ o results equal to the Planck's length. Since their energy E o = h o ν o is very small, the relevant quantum constant h o is enormously smaller than the usual Planck's constant. Any particle shows a little Compton's cross section σ i =A o m i proportional to its mass, so these quanta freely travel in space along large distances (cosmic quanta). Colliding with matter the quanta impose the principles of conservation of energy and momentum, as well as the laws of relativistic mechanics and related inertial forces. The strong equivalence principle, in the version stating that both inertia and gravitation come from a single phenomenon, becomes the relevant test to verify the physical reality of the cosmic quanta i.e. their capacity to explain the gravitational interaction. The quanta colliding with two masses give up a little momentum (E o-E 1)/c which produces a newtonian force pushing the masses each towards the other. The quantity G = K o φ o E o A o 2 /4πc depends on the quanta characteristics, so the Newton's gravitational mass no longer holds. However the most interesting feature is that the new gravitational force depends also on the quantum energy. For instance a mass facing a very dense star, where the quanta undergo n collisions, receives weakened quanta of energy E n <E 1 <E o which give the mass the momentum (E o-E n)/c >> (E o-E 1)/c. This fact increases the newtonian G by the gravity factor (n/a) ≥ 1 depending on the star mass and density. For instance the gravity factor reaches numbers of 200÷300 in the case of neutron stars, incrementing notably their accretion capacity. This property may explain, in particular, the mystery of the obscure galactic supermassive bodies whose gravitational effects have been observed to rise up to 3.7x10 6 times the Sun effects. Current gravitational theories are unable to give a convincing explanation of this phenomenon.
The Research and Design of the Curriculum Sharing Platform in the Local Application-Oriented Universities

This paper expounds the connotation of the professional group curriculum sharing platform and the necessity of building the platform. The platform provides an effective way to achieve resource sharing, and provides a good condition for students to learn and develop. The paper puts forward the model of building a professional group curriculum sharing platform and its management measures, which provides a new idea and method for the teaching reform in Local applied universities. Education authorities, schools and platform builders to work together, the platform can get better construction and maintenance. Professional group, curriculum sharing platform, model, research
Automated Theorem Proving in Euler Diagram Systems

Diagrammatic reasoning has the potential to be important in numerous application areas. This paper focuses on the simple, but widely used, Euler diagrams that form the basis of many more expressive logics. We have implemented a diagrammatic theorem prover, called Edith, which has access to four sound and complete sets of reasoning rules for Euler diagrams. Furthermore, for each rule set we develop a sophisticated heuristic to guide the search for a proof. This paper is about understanding how the choice of reasoning rule set affects the time taken to find proofs. Such an understanding will influence reasoning rule design in other logics. Moreover, this work specific to Euler diagrams directly benefits the many logics based on Euler diagrams. We investigate how the time taken to find a proof depends not only on the proof task but also on the reasoning system used. Our evaluation allows us to predict the best choice of reasoning system, given a proof task, in terms of time taken, and we extract a guide for defining reasoning rules for other logics in order to minimize time requirements.
The Chinese Laundryman: A Study of Social Isolation

Chinese hand laundries have been a fixture of America's urban landscape for over one hundred years. Yet little is publicly known about the workings of this familiar institution which originated shortly after Chinese immigrants had started to arrive in some numbers in California in the 1850s. At that time the Chinese worked in a wide range of occupations, hand laundries being one of them. But with the faltering of the Western economy and as European immigration to the United States mounted, the tide of anti-Chinese sentiment swelled, which culminated in violent evictions of the Chinese from West Coast cities and in the imposition of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. The laundry became one of the few occupations in which Chinese were able to continue to work. This book is the definitive scholarly study of Chinese laundries and of those who worked in them in the United States. Sio's work, researched in the 1930s, was completed as a dissertation in 1953 at the University of Chicago's School of Sociology. It is an intimate insider's look at the life and work of Chinese hand laundry workers in Chicago, and is one of the most insightful participant observation studies of this kind. Dr. Siu, himself the son of a laundryman, introduces in it the key sociological concept of the "sojourner" and explores the whole nature of immigrant economies. Considered a classic work by students of overseas Chinese and Asian American studies, The Chinese Laundryman is also a landmark in the study of ethnic occupations and in the social and cultural history of the immigrant in America. Vividly descriptive and highly readable, the book will appeal to anyone interested in the ethnic and the urban experience in America.
Effect of the occupation of Ba and Ti sites on the structural, optical and dielectric properties of Sm-doped BaTiO3 ceramics

Sm-doped BaTiO3 powders have been synthesized with the help of the sol gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the obtained powders, heat treated at a relatively low temperature (750 °C/3 h), revealed their crystallization in the pure perovskite structure without the presence of secondary phases. The occupation of the Ba and Ti sites by Sm in the BaTiO3 lattice and the evolution of the crystalline parameters as functions of the dopant content have been discussed based on XRD and Raman results. Dielectric measurements performed on the samples revealed a strong increasing diffuse character of the ferro-to-paraelectric phase transition with increasing Sm content. Moreover, the behavior of the permittivity as a function of frequency indicates that the samples are approaching their resonance frequency. The study of the conductivity showed the existence of a weak positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) effect.