nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Adult immunization--pneumococcal vaccine.

JS is a 54-year-old white woman who comes to your office to establish herself as a patient. During a review of her medical history, several active medical problems come to light, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (formerly known as non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) for 15 years, hypothyroidism and coronary artery disease with myocardial infarction 10 years earlier.
Efficient Implementation of an Algebraic Specification Language

We consider the implementation of SRDL, a small algebraic specification language with particular emphasis on structural recursion which is for abstract data types the analogue of primitive recursion. We demonstrate how the regular behaviour of structural recursion can be exploited for generating better code. Technically, this is achieved by generalizing loop iteration on integers to bottom-up iteration on trees. Here, it is possible to replace the function stack of activation records by simpler control stacks. On the machine level, this tree walk is performed by a generalization of the Schorr-Waite algorithm to n-ary trees, causing only a small overhead in execution time but no additional memory requirements. The resulting code is faster and requires less storage than usual call by value code.
THE CRUST OF THE EARTH UNDER HUDSON BAY

The Hudson Bay crustal experiment of 1965 involved 41 shots placed on two lines, E–W and NW–SE, in the Bay. The first arrival data of eight land stations situated around the bay were utilized in the time–term analysis. The preferred crustal velocity was found to be 6.32 ± .06 km/s, and the velocity of the upper mantle to be 8.23 ± .03 km/s. Depth calculations from time–terms and employing Geological Survey of Canada near-surface data, show the Mohorovicic discontinuity to be undulatory in nature throughout the bay. An overall rise of this interface occurs from a depth at Churchill of approximately 41 km to a minimum depth of approximately 27 km towards Gilmour Island. Crustal thickening occurs again on the east side of the bay, with a depth of 41 km at Povungnituk. As well, the crust thins towards the NW from an approximate depth of 37 km in the center to a depth of 26 km near Chesterfield Inlet. The correlation between existing surface geology and the Mohorovicic discontinuity undulations is discussed.
Symptom Severity and Quality of Life Among Long-term Colorectal Cancer Survivors Compared With Matched Control Subjects: A Population-Based Study.

Data are lacking regarding physical functioning, psychological well-being, and quality of life among colorectal cancer survivors >10 years postdiagnosis.



The purpose of this study was to examine self-reported physical functioning, quality of life, and psychological well-being in long-term colorectal cancer survivors compared with age- and sex-matched unaffected control subjects.



Participants completed a cross-sectional survey.



The colorectal cancer survivors and unaffected control subjects were recruited from the Ontario Familial Colorectal Cancer Registry.



A population-based sample of colorectal cancer survivors (N = 296) and their age- and sex-matched unaffected control subjects (N = 255) were included. Survivors were, on average, 15 years postdiagnosis.



Quality of life was measured with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General scale, bowel dysfunction with the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center scale, urinary dysfunction with the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form, fatigue with the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue scale, and depression with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale.



In linear mixed-model analyses adjusting for income, education, race, and comorbid medical conditions, survivors reported good emotional, functional, physical, and overall quality of life, comparable to control subjects. Fatigue and urinary functioning did not differ significantly between survivors and control subjects. Survivors reported significantly higher social quality of life and lower depression compared with unaffected control subjects. The only area where survivors reported significantly worse deficits was in bowel dysfunction, but the magnitude of differences was relatively small.



Generalizability is limited by moderately low participation rates. Findings are likely biased toward healthy participants. No baseline assessment was available to examine change in outcomes over time.



Long-term colorectal cancer survivors appear to have comparable quality of life and, in some areas, better well-being than their unaffected peers. Bowel dysfunction may continue to be an ongoing issue even 15 years after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Overall quality of life can be expected to be good in this group of older survivors.  Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A476.
How can Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Innovation Enhance Enterprise Performance?: Possible Pathways for the Romanian SMEs in the Context of the Global Economic Crisis

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and innovation, reinforcing priorities according to the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth, are more relevant than ever in the context of the economic crisis, as they can help in shaping the kind of competitiveness model that Europe wants. Nowadays, it is imperative for companies to integrate concepts such as CSR and innovation into their strategies in order to be competitive. The first intervention helps to build (and rebuild) trust in business by enhancing sustainable and inclusive growth (i.e. resource efficiency, responsiveness towards the environment, and fostering high-employment), while the second initiative enhances market performance and profitability, by transforming ideas into new and improved products, services, or processes. By analyzing the experience in Romania, this study aims to provide insight into the relationship between SMEs’ CSR activities and their economic competitiveness in the light of innovation, mandatory in times of economic crisis, and emphasize the idea that business as usual is no longer acceptable. In addition to providing research on the general situation of CSR in Romania, this case is also describing the most relevant (public) actors engaged in this issue, the level of deployment of CSR among SMEs, as well as the characteristics of these activities. In order to prove that innovative CSR initiatives are a positive investment resulting in an economically beneficial outcome for the businesses, that can be disseminated via open innovation networks, a number of five Good Practice case studies have been identified and described in-depth.  10.4018/978-1-4666-3886-0.ch086
Workshop on the Use of Serious Games in the Education of Engineers

Serious games have proved to be an important tool in supporting the education and training at schools and universities as well as for vocational training in industry. Most games designed for educational or vocational use are designed for a very narrow purpose, mostly for mediating a small range of skills to a specific target group. This paper outlines the workshop on the use of serious games in the education of engineers. It presents the topic and raises some questions that will be discussed during the workshop.
Exploring the art and science of systems engineering

There has been much discussion of late in the NASA systems engineering community about the fact that systems engineering cannot be just about process and technical disciplines. The belief is that there is both an art and science to systems engineering, and that both aspects are necessary for designing and implementing a successful system or mission. How does one go about differentiating between and characterizing these two aspects? Some say that the art of systems engineering is about designing systems that not only function well, but that are also elegant, beautiful and engaging. What does that mean? How can you tell when a system has been designed with that holistic “art” component? This paper attempts to answer these questions by exploring various ways of looking at the Art and Science of Systems Engineering.
Chemical cross-linking of hemoglobin H. A possible approach to introduce cooperativity and modification of its oxygen transport properties.

Native and reconstituted hemoglobin H molecules were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde at pH values close to the physiological. The Schiff base adducts were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after reduction with sodium borohydride. The major component had a molecular weight of about 31 000 which corresponded to the dimeric species of the beta subunit. In contrast to the native protein, which has very high oxygen affinity and no heme-heme interaction or 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid effect, the modified hemoglobin H molecules showed cooperative oxygen binding, decreased oxygen affinity and a noticeable 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid effect.
Community pharmacy detection of erectile dysfunction in men with risk factors or who seek treatment or advice but lack a valid prescription.

Pharmacists may be the first health care contact consulted about erectile dysfunction (ED).



To assess pharmacists' ability to detect ED and encourage patients to seek medical evaluation.



This observational study conducted in Greece and Spain included men without a valid prescription for an ED medication but with a history indicating ED risk and/or who consulted a pharmacist about ED. Pharmacists completed a questionnaire about the patient. Patients completed the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM); men with a score ≤21 (cutoff for ED) were educated (by case pharmacists) and referred and encouraged to see a physician (by case and control pharmacists).



Proportion of men with a SHIM score ≤21 and, of those, the proportion who visited a physician and credited the pharmacist for their visit. ANCOVA and chi-square test were used for continuous and categorical data, respectively.



Among the 451 men (mean ± SD age, 54.9 ± 12.9 years) questioned about ED, 90% had a risk factor (usually hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes), 28% had a previous diagnosis, 36% sought internet information, 38% self-medicated, 10% took medication obtained outside the pharmacy setting, and the first health care professional approached was a pharmacist (50%), physician (18%), or nurse (1%) at a median of 6 (range, 0-360) months after symptom onset. The SHIM score was ≤21 in 348 (77%) men. A lower score (indicating increased ED severity) was associated with increased age and with benign prostate hyperplasia, depression, diabetes, or prostate cancer. In the minority of men contacted for follow-up, less than one-third had visited their physician, despite pharmacist encouragement.



Pharmacists are often the first health care contact regarding ED and are highly accurate in its detection. Further research is needed to optimize the pharmacist's role in early detection, education, and motivating patients to be evaluated by a physician.
Natural Language Dialogue Service for Appointment Scheduling Agents

Appointment scheduling is a problem faced daily by many individuals and organizations. Cooperating agent systems have been developed to partially automate this task. In order to extend the circle of participants as far as possible we advocate the use of natural language transmitted by e-mail. We describe COSMA, a fully implemented German language server for existing appointment scheduling agent systems. COSMA can cope with multiple dialogues in parallel, and accounts for differences in dialogue behaviour between human and machine agents. NL coverage of the sublanguage is achieved through both corpus-based grammar development and the use of message extraction techniques.
Services Trade Liberalization at the Regional Level: Does Southern and Eastern Africa Stand to Gain from EPA Negotiations?

Given the sluggish progress in multilateral trade negotiations Southern and Eastern African negotiators are likely to focus their attention on the negotiations of Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union. This paper analyses possible advantages and disadvantages for ACP countries of including the services sector in these regional agreements. It describes the latest developments in a number of services sectors, including financial services, tourism and business services. Particular attention is paid to the possible role of mode 4 flows. For each individual sector the role of regulation, the importance of first mover advantages and the possible role of foreign technical assistance are discussed. The paper attempts to identify possible export opportunities for ACP countries and analyses the risks and benefits for these countries of giving preferential access to EU suppliers in those services sectors where African countries are likely to import.
The Ontology of Trust and the Transformation of Capitalism in a Knowledge Economy

Whether expressed in the vocabulary of Marx, Durkheim, or Weber, [classical] sociology posited a strong relationship between the economic changes introduced by large-scale manufacturing and the moral glue that made it possible for people to live together in communities of shared meaning. All these writers believed that such innovations as the factory system, the division of labor, and bureaucracy could not help but transform the moral rules that governed social interaction.
Uberveillance and faith-based organizations: a renewed moral imperative

Uberveillance extends the responsibilities of faith-based organisations to the power imbalances now emerging. This is less a matter of governance and strategy, and more one of the core values of faithbased organisations. These might be regarded from an ethical or moral standpoint, but the approach taken is to focus on the constituencies of faith-based organisations and the imperatives that have been woven into their aims and values. The specific ways in which such disempowerments emerge and the functional importance of making organizational responses are considered. Acknowledgement is made of the Science and Society Council of the Churches of Scotland, who catalysed the expression and articulation of these issues.
Top-Down Semantics of Fair Computations of Logic Programs

A successful SLD-derivation from a logic program has as result a positive assertion which is a logical implication of the program regarded as a theory of first-order logic. A finite and failed SLD-tree has as result a negation which is a logical implication of a certain theory which is a strengthened version of the program. In this paper we are concerned with a more general notion of result, one that is applicable to all SLD-derivations, independently of whether they continue on to success, to failure, or whether they are infinite. We discuss the application of our theorem to fair (in the sense of Lassez and Maher) infinite computations.
DO STRATEGIES IMPROVE SME PERFORMANCE? : AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF JAPAN AND SRI LANKA

The relationship between business strategy and organizational performance has been a subject of growing interest in the field of strategic management. Despite this trend, there has been little attention given to a comparative analysis of this relationship between two different economies. The aim of this study is to empirically investigate the performance differences and business strategy orientation of small and medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) in two Asian economies. Data for the research were obtained from a survey of SMEs in manufacturing industry in Japan and Sri Lanka. Results indicate that the performance of SMEs varies with the choice of strategy orientation that owner-managers adopt. The findings and implications of this study would be useful to owners and managers of SMEs, while contributing to the literature on SMEs as well.
Lifestyle Counseling in Routine Care and Long-Term Glucose, Blood Pressure, and Cholesterol Control in Patients With Diabetes

In clinical trials, diet, exercise, and weight counseling led to short-term improvements in blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels in patients with diabetes. However, little is known about the long-term effects of lifestyle counseling on patients with diabetes in routine clinical settings.



This retrospective cohort study of 30,897 patients with diabetes aimed to determine whether lifestyle counseling is associated with time to A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol control in patients with diabetes. Patients were included if they had at least 2 years of follow-up with primary care practices affiliated with two teaching hospitals in eastern Massachusetts between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2010.



Comparing patients with face-to-face counseling rates of once or more per month versus less than once per 6 months, median time to A1C <7.0% was 3.5 versus 22.7 months, time to blood pressure <130/85 mmHg was 3.7 weeks versus 5.6 months, and time to LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dL was 3.5 versus 24.7 months, respectively (P < 0.0001 for all). In multivariable analysis, one additional monthly face-to-face lifestyle counseling episode was associated with hazard ratios of 1.7 for A1C control (P < 0.0001), 1.3 for blood pressure control (P < 0.0001), and 1.4 for LDL cholesterol control (P = 0.0013).



Lifestyle counseling in the primary care setting is strongly associated with faster achievement of A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol control. These results confirm that the findings of controlled clinical trials are applicable to the routine care setting and provide evidence to support current treatment guidelines.
Investigation into the initial growth parameters of hydrothermally grown zinc oxide nanowires

Zinc oxide nanowires have been synthesized hydrothermally using varying initial growth parameters, namely concentrations of precursors and temperature. SEM was then used to characterize the shape and size of the nanowires. PL was also implemented to examine the effects of altering the growth conditions on the defect band of the zinc oxide nanowires. It was found that growing zinc oxide nanowires using higher concentrations of zinc nitrate synthesized nanowires with larger diameters and that they were more tapered. Growing at higher temperatures resulted in nanowires that were longer but also had a larger defect band. Synthesis does not occur when the growth solution is lower than 55 °C.
The interaction of nitrogen oxides with metal-oxygen cluster compounds (heteropoly oxometalates)

Nitrogen dioxide is sorbed by the solid heteropoly acids, the first sorbates producing HNO 3 while those subsequently taken up remain strongly bound on the acid, up to three NO 2 per heteropoly anion. The sorption of NO 2 is shown to be dependent on the elemental composition of the anions of the solid acids and hence on the acid strengths of these materials. The sorbed NO 2 associates with both the surface and bulk protons to form HNO 2 + thus demonstrating that NO 2 is capable of penetrating into the crystallographic structure of the solid acid. Prior sorption of NO 2 facilitates the takeup of NO which forms N 2 O 3 . 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPW) supported on silica produces quantitatively different but qualitatively similar results. The microporous ammonium salt of HPW produces markedly different results when exposed to NO 2 with the predominant product being N 2 evidently resulting from the ammonium cation functioning as a source of the reductant ammonia.
The Association Between Receipt of Guideline-Concordant Long-Term Opioid Therapy and All-Cause Mortality

ABSTRACTPurposeFor patients receiving long-term opioid therapy (LtOT), the impact of guideline-concordant care on important clinical outcomes—notably mortality—is largely unknown, even among patients with a high comorbidity and mortality burden (e.g., HIV-infected patients). Our objective was to determine the association between receipt of guideline-concordant LtOT and 1-year all-cause mortality.MethodsAmong HIV-infected and uninfected patients initiating LtOT between 2000 and 2010 through the Department of Veterans Affairs, we used Cox regression with time-updated covariates and propensity-score matched analyses to examine the association between receipt of guideline-concordant care and 1-year all-cause mortality.ResultsOf 17,044 patients initiating LtOT between 2000 and 2010, 1048 patients (6%) died during 1 year of follow-up. Patients receiving psychotherapeutic co-interventions (hazard ratio [HR] 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51–0.75; P < 0.001) or physical rehabilitative therapies (HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.67–0.98; P = 0.03) had a decreased risk of all-cause mortality compared to patients not receiving these services, whereas patients prescribed benzodiazepines concurrent with opioids had a higher risk of mortality (HR 1.39; 95% CI 1.12–1.66; P < 0.001). Among patients with a current substance use disorder (SUD), those receiving SUD treatment had a lower risk of mortality than untreated patients (HR 0.47; 95% CI 0.32–0.68; P = < 0.001). No association was found between all-cause mortality and primary care visits (HR 1.12; 95% CI 0.90–1.26; P = 0.32) or urine drug testing (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.78–1.17; P = 0.67).ConclusionsProviders should use caution in initiating LtOT in conjunction with benzodiazepines and untreated SUDs. Patients receiving LtOT may benefit from multi-modal treatment that addresses chronic pain and its associated comorbidities across multiple disciplines.
The Visions of Sor María de Agreda: Writing Knowledge and Power

Sor Maria de Agreda (1602-65) was a Spanish nun and visionary who is best known as the author of the widely read biography of the Virgin Mary, The Mystical City of God, and as the missionary who "bilocated" to the American Southwest, reportedly appearing to Indians there without ever leaving Spain. Her role as advisor to King Philip IV contributed further to her legend. Clark Colahan now offers the first major study of Sor Maria's writings, including translations of two previously unpublished works: Face of the Earth and Map of the Spheres and the first half of her Report to Father Manero, in which she reflects on her bilocation.
ProtoMol, an object-oriented framework for prototyping novel algorithms for molecular dynamics

ProtoMol is a high-performance framework in C++ for rapid prototyping of novel algorithms for molecular dynamics and related applications. Its flexibility is achieved primarily through the use of inheritance and design patterns (object-oriented programming). Performance is obtained by using templates that enable generation of efficient code for sections critical to performance (generic programming). The framework encapsulates important optimizations that can be used by developers, such as parallelism in the force computation. Its design is based on domain analysis of numerical integrators for molecular dynamics (MD) and of fast solvers for the force computation, particularly due to electrostatic interactions. Several new and efficient algorithms are implemented in ProtoMol. Finally, it is shown that ProtoMol's sequential performance is excellent when compared to a leading MD program, and that it scales well for moderate number of processors. Binaries and source codes for Windows, Linux, Solaris, IRIX, HP-UX, and AIX platforms are available under open source license at http://protomol.sourceforge.net.