nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On Enlightenment’s margins: geography, imperialism and mapping in Central Asia, c.1798–c.1838

This paper examines the nature of British geographical work in Central Asia (Persia and Afghanistan) in a period when Britain was concerned about a region which lay between Europe and Enlightenment on the one hand, and her Indian colonies, the uncertainties of Asia and the imperial designs of France and Russia on the other. The paper explores the connections between geography, diplomacy and colonial knowledge and demonstrates how the mapping and geographical study of Central Asia was a central feature of British colonial ambitions and of Enlightenment conceptual reasoning. In illuminating the ways in which ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ geography was at work in this politically core yet geographically ‘marginal’ space, the paper highlights the complexities intrinsic to the making of geography and of empire in a region until now neglected in modern historical geography.
Binding and transport of calcium ions by synthetic analogues of ionomycin

The transport of calcium ions across an organic barrier by a series of synthetic analogues of ionomycin was measured in a cylindrical glass cell using chloroform as the artificial membrane. The presence of a β-diketone and carboxyl group in the same molecule and a sufficient lipid solubility of the compounds were shown to be necessary and sufficient conditions for Ca2+ transport. Small and no transport of Ca2+ were found for analogues 5 and 6, respectively, due to the low lipid solubility of these compounds. The Ca2+ transport rate for analogues 8 and 13−15 followed the order of 8 > 13 > 14 > 15, which demonstrated that optimal Ca2+ transport was achieved when the β-diketone was separated from the carboxyl group by seven methylene units, identical to that found in ionomycin. Analogues 8−10 were comparable to ionomycin and calcimycin in terms of Ca2+ transport. Ca2+ transport by the analogues was found to be a saturable process that obeyed Michaelis–Menten kinetics. It was dependent on the pH in the aqueou...
Kinetic methods for the study of the enzyme systems of β-oxidation☆

Kinetic methods for studying the reactions of the “general” fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase under three sets of substrate and enzyme concentration conditions have been developed. The reaction of butyryl-CoA and electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) can be studied either under steady-state conditions with enzyme at catalytic concentration or under single-turnover conditions with enzyme in excess. Under the latter conditions, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase acts both as a catalyst and an ultimate electron-transfer acceptor. The reductive half-reaction of butyryl-CoA and enzyme can also be studied in a separate kinetic experiment. Comparison of the pH dependences of the rate constants and isotope effects of the steady-state reaction of butyryl-CoA and ETF with the same parameters for the reductive half-reaction is consistent with a mechanism involving transfer of electrons from butyryl-CoA to ETF within a ternary complex. An alternative mechanism in which the reductive half-reaction takes place prior to the binding and reaction of ETF seems unlikely because the pH 8.5 isotope effect on the reductive half-reaction is much larger than that on the complete reaction in spite of the fact that the rates of the reactions are comparable. The pH dependence of the K m for substrate and K I for inhibitor is consistent with a mechanism for transfer of electrons within the ternary complex which involves protonation of the C group of substrates. The protonation labilizes the C-2 proton and base catalysis of the removal of the C-2 proton results in the production of the active enzyme-substrate species, namely the C-2 anion of substrate.
Use of concept maps to analyze students' understanding of the I/O subsystem

The Input/Output topic is mandatory in the Computer Architecture branch of the computing curricula. However, in our experience it is a rather complex topic for the students to understand.
 This paper presents the process followed to analyze the concept maps built by the students at the end of the "Computer Structure" subject, in the second semester of the degree course.
 The analysis process is explained because we had to adapt the software used in other disciplines to our needs. Merging all the concept maps showed that some relationships were missing, some were very messy and others were very strong. Based on the results achieved, some points need to be reinforced during the learning process.
Chemical Bond and Property of TiC-TiB2 Composite

The relation among electronic structure, chemical bond and properties of TiC-TiB2 composite was studied by the first principle method. The ionic interaction between the ions in the interface of the TiC-TiB2 composite is stronger than that of the inner ions or of the related single phase. There is stronger covalent interaction between the ions in the interface of the TiC-TiB2 composite. There are differences of densities of state (DOS) among of TiC-TiB2 composite and related single phases as the interaction between of TiB2 and TiC phases. The width of DOS for interface Ti 3d is obviously larger than that of corresponding TiB2 or TiC phase, as the interaction between Ti 3d in interface and others is larger than that between Ti 3d in TiB2 or TiC phase and others.
The American Welfare State in Comparative Perspective: Reflections on Alberto Alesina and Edward L. Glaeser, Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe

Alberto Alesina and Edward Glaeser's recent book, Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe, exemplifies the recent incursion of economists into the domains of political science and sociology. In thinking about welfare states, economists have traditionally been interested in their effects on the distribution of income and, above all, their implications for efficiency and growth. Alesina and Glaeser instead set out to explain why the American welfare state is so small by comparison to European welfare states. This, then, is a book about American exceptionalism in the realm of social policy, but Alesina and Glaeser's discussion also addresses the general problem of accounting for cross-national variation in the public provision of social welfare. Their project is to provide an account of the exceptional nature of the American welfare state that is consistent with and sheds light on differences among other welfare states as well. This makes for an audacious book that deserves critical scrutiny.
A Study of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of L -Ascorbic Acid by Permanganate Ion in Acidic Medium

The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of L -Ascorbic acid by permanganate ion in acidic medium have been studied at 25±1°C, I = 1.0 mol dm (NaClO ), (H ) =1x10 mol dm .The stoichiometry was observed 3 + 2 3 4 to be 2:5 in terms of mole ratio of permanganate ions and ascorbic acid consumed. The reaction shows dependence on acid concentrations and is first order in both the oxidant and the reductant. The proposed rate law is where a = 0.27 x 10 dm mol s and b = 0.38 dm mol s . 2 3 1 1 6 2 1 The result of spectroscopic investigations and kinetic studies did not implicate the formation of intermediate complex. An outersphere reaction pathway is proposed for this reaction.
Reverse order laws for {1, 3, 4}-generalized inverses in C*-algebras

In this paper, we consider the reverse order laws for { 1 , 3 , 4 } -generalized inverses in C ∗ algebras. We present purely algebraic necessary and sufficient conditions for b { 1 , 3 , 4 } ⋅ a { 1 , 3 , 4 } ⊆ ( a b ) { 1 , 3 , 4 } and ( a b ) { 1 , 3 , 4 } = b { 1 , 3 , 4 } ⋅ a { 1 , 3 , 4 } . Also, we prove that ( a b ) { 1 , 3 , 4 } ⊆ b { 1 , 3 , 4 } ⋅ a { 1 , 3 , 4 } is actually equivalent to ( a b ) { 1 , 3 , 4 } = b { 1 , 3 , 4 } ⋅ a { 1 , 3 , 4 } .
An Empirical Analysis of Cellular Voice and Data services

Cellular telephony and associated data services has been a major social phenomena for well over a decade now. It has changed the way – in some countries more than others – in which people communicate. In many countries in Northern Europe and Asia, its penetration rates are very high and in others less so but in all cases it has engendered change at multiple levels – socially as noted and in terms of market structure and competition with the established Incumbent Local Exchange and Inter Exchange service providers. However, there has been little work published in the academic literature on user consumption of cellular voice and data services. This has been due to the unavailability of longitudinal data at the individual user level on their consumption of voice and data services. We have such data from a large cellular service provider in Asia. Demand for voice and data services is influenced by the tariffs or “service plans” offered by firms. In our analysis we empirically estimate the drivers for cellular services how demographic and plan characteristics affect the user choices. We first provide a theoretical model and then provide insight into consumption patterns over a one year period of cellular voice and data services and relate it to service plan design.
Ethical Intuitionism: A Structural Critique

Recent years have seen attempts by many philosophers to rehabilitate, with some modifications, a traditional doctrine of ethical intuitionism (henceforward ‘‘intuitionism’’). Contemporary intuitionists claim that moral knowledge consists of those propositions that are known by intellectual reflection (intuition), by moral observation or by moral emotion, or which are capable of being cogently inferred from propositions which are items of moral knowledge. Some intuitionists, such as Michael Huemer, admit only intuition (of particular or of general propositions) as a non-inferential source of moral knowledge; but others, such as Robert Audi, allow also moral observation and moral emotion. I offer a critique of contemporary intuitionist theories that depends upon their common structure: analysis of the abstract features of the approach show it to be an inadequate account of moral knowledge. I use Huemer and Audi as representative intuitionists. The differences between their views, and between their views and those of other intuitionists, are incidental at the level of generality of my argument. In section 2, I outline the contemporary intuitionist approach to moral knowledge. In sections 3, 4 and 5, I show that the problem of inter-cultural conflict undermines the claims that moral intuition, moral observation and moral emotion, respectively, are sources of non-inferential moral knowledge. I also explain the inadequacy of the intuitionist attempt to solve the problem by invoking bias or intellectual or moral failings. In section 6, I argue that the intuitionist attempt to solve the problem of conflict by attenuating the content of intuitive knowledge does not succeed. It also generates the further problem of explaining how insubstantial
Chronology evidence of ESR dating for the late movements of the Piqiang fault in the Tarim Basin and its geological implication

The Piqiang fault is a NW-trending strike-slip fault in the Keping uplift on the north margin of Tarim Basin.Satellite images of the fault show a left-lateral strike-slip faulting structure with local right-lateral characteristics in the south.The Piqiang fault and Selibu fault on the Bachu uplift in the basin shows well spatial matching relationship.Therefore,chronology evidence of ESR dating of the Piqiang fault bears great significance to the study of late deformation of Tarim Basin.Field surveys shows that the fault offset the Paleozoic in the Keping uplift and dragged it to the surface.The Ordovician in the area is dominated by carbonates and contains well-developed large calcite veins due to faulting and late fluid filling and crystallization.The dating of calcite veins in the fault belt indicates that the age recorded by the Piqiang fault at late stage is 62-66 ka,and that recorded by the middle part of the fault is 3 583±350 ka.The similar chronological age data of the southern and northern parts shows that the Piqiang fault has the characteristics of synchronous activity during the later period.Based on the genetic analysis of the big age differences of the calcite veins in the Piqiang fault,it is suggested that the Keping uplift still possibly experienced vertical uplifting even after overthrusting of Keping Uplift in SW direction.The vertical uplifting in turn is the result of differential modification at the south and north ends of the Piqiang fault.
Crystalline basement of the Polish part of the Baltic Sea

New geophysical data and the results of the petrographic investigation of the rocks derived from boreholes performed in the Polish area of the southern Baltic Sea enabled to compile the schematic geological map of the crystalline basement surface. In the south-western part the basement is probably composed of Presvekofenno-Karelian granitoids whereas in the north-eastern part of rapakiwi-like granitoids. North of Rozewie - Hel Spit the Presvckofenno-Karelian folding zone represented by enderbites and pyroxene gneisses is jutting out into the sea is quite probably that the Polish rapakiwi-like granitoids are southern domain of the Trans-Scandinavian granitic-porphyry belt of southern Sweden. The very young age the Gothian charnockitization, migmatization and anatexis having been hard to justify thus far may be explained by the Halland quasi-orogeny. In turn, the reactivation of the Pregothian meridional faults can be elucidated by the Grenville rotation of the Baltic Shield and its collision with the Laurentian Shield.
Black Theatre in the 1960s and 1970s: A Historical-Critical Analysis of the Movement.

Providing a comprehensive overview of the most daring and aggressive period in the history of Afro-American theatre, this study goes beyond an analysis of the major new playwrights and the plays that shaped the movement. The philosophies and dramatic styles of the most important theatre companies and the contributions of the individual artists who spearheaded their creation are also discussed. Finally the role of the Black producer, who often functioned as director and writer as well, is considered.
The Style and Logic of James Brooks’s 1553 ‘Reconciliation Sermon’

In 1561, the querulous controversialist John Bale said that Queen Mary Tudor's bishop of Gloucester, James Brooks, 'had bene detected and proued a Sodomyte in Oxforde'. Bale's antagonistic caricature is unsurprising given his longstanding disdain for members of the Catholic clergy, whom he vilified extensively in his Acts of English Votaries (1546) and other works. England formally reconciled with the Church of Rome in 1554, a year after James Brooks delivered his Paul's Cross sermon. With his appeal for reconciliation, Brooks uses the story of Jairus's daughter to describe England's apostasy. The style and language of Brooks's argument concerning the authority of the church and especially the relative importance of literal versus figurative reading of the Bible echo similar claims made by Thomas More, William Tyndale, and other reformation polemicists.  Catholic clergy; James Brooks; John Bale; Paul's Cross sermon; Queen Mary;
Parkinson’s disease and the frequent reasons for emergency admission

Available data suggest that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have a significant socioeconomic impact owing partly to increased hospital and drug utilization. The aims of this study were to provide a profile of patients with PD who required admission to hospital and to determine the reasons for emergency admission.



Between September 1st, 2004 and August 31st, 2006, patients with PD who were admitted to our emergency department (ED) were included in the study. Patients with PD who were diagnosed by a neurologist formerly, and admitted to the ED with any reason constituted the study population. Demographical data, reasons for admission, years exposed to PD, number of admissions to the emergency department in the past 12 months, prior Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scores were recorded. H&Y was performed again for all patients 4 weeks after discharge.



Seventy-six patients with PD were included in the study. Reasons for admission to hospital were infectious diseases (31.6%), trauma (27.6%), cardiovascular emergencies (14.5%), cerebrovascular emergencies (11.8%), gastrointestinal emergencies (7.9%), and electrolyte disturbances (6.6%), respectively. There was no dependence between the time of exposure to PD and H&Y score. Number of emergency admittance in the last 12 months was independent from the last H&Y score (p = 0.297). However, there was a dependency between the reasons for emergency admittance and the H&Y scores (p = 0.023).



H&Y score is not dependent on the emergency admittance or on the outcome after discharge from the emergency department. The motor disability by itself cannot predict the whole picture of PD and the systemic complications leading to emergency admittance.
Hobbes, Locke, and Confusion’s Masterpiece: An examination of Seventeenth-Century Political Philosophy Cambridge and New York: CUP 281 pp.

The word 2. The great beast Leviathan 3. The state of nature's law 4. The birth of justice 5. War and peace 6. Locke's law 7. Disobedient Locke 8. The key to Locke's property 9. Why utility pleases.
Consolidation and Structure Formation during the Sintering of Composites Based on Nitrides of Transition Metals of Groups IV-V. Part IV. Sintering of Composite Materials of (VN, TaN) ― Ni

A study is made of the sintering of (VN, TaN) ― Ni composites in argon under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions. It is shown that the sintering of these materials is characterized by a reaction between the components, which is accompanied by the release of nitrogen from the nitrides and the formation of solid solutions and intermetallides based on nickel. These processes affect the rate and sign of the consolidation process. It is established that nitrides of vanadium and tantalum are sintered with nickel considerably more rapidly and at a lower temperature than nitrides of group-IV transition metals. Isothermal sintering leads to a slowing of consolidation compared to nonisothermal sintering, which can be attributed to the release of nitrogen from the nitrides and its localization in closed pores. The sintering is accompanied by an increase in the volume content of the metallic binder and a change in its phase composition (intermetallides of nickel and nickel-based solid solutions form). TaN ― Ni materials are characterized by a solid phase with very fine grains (∼1 μm).
The international financial institutions and human rights: Law and practice

The broader issue dealt with in the paper is to what extent multi-party development efforts are accountable to their intended beneficiaries. One mechanism for ensuring accountability is human rights. Traditionally, only States carried human rights obligations. International law has evolved, however, and now recognises that intergovernmental organisations, including the international financial institutions, are also bound by human rights law. The World Bank has responded to some extent to this shift by creating the Inspection Panel. Beneficiaries can use the Inspection Panel to query compliance by the Bank with its own operational policies, some of which reflect human rights concerns.
Psychiatric morbidity in liver transplant patients.

The psychiatric care of patients with organ transplants is a rapidly growing area. Morbidity and mortality of transplantation are directly related to a number of factors including organ rejection and adverse complications of medications. FK 506, a promising new immunosuppressive drug, appears to significantly reduce the rate of rejection. During our center's several years of experience using FK 506, its side effect profile is being clarified. However, the psychiatric morbidity associated with FK 506 and the more traditionally used cyclosporine (CyA) has not been compared in any systematized fashion. Cognitive and psychiatric symptoms (eg, delirium, depression, insomnia, perceptual disturbances) may be important factors in the eventual outcome of these patients in that these symptoms may significantly impair their ability to comply with treatment regimens and interfere with their recovery.
A Case Study of User-Defined Code Transformations for Data Layout Optimizations

This paper reports a case study of using the Xevolver code transformation framework for data layout optimizations of high-performance computing (HPC) applications. Due to the variety of data structures used in individual applications, a code transformation rule for data layout optimizations is generally specific to a particular application. Since the Xevolver framework enables users to define their own code transformations, a custom code transformation can be defined so that a specific data representation in an existing code can mechanically and consistently be translated to another one. Our evaluation results clearly demonstrate that such a code transformation is effective to improve memory access efficiency and hence the performance of an HPC application without overcomplicating the code.
New constraints on the provenance of the ANDRILL AND-2A succession (western Ross Sea, Antarctica) from apatite triple dating: APATITE TRIPLE DATING IN ANTARCTICA

Apatite triple dating (fission track, U-Pb and U-Th/He techniques) has been applied to detrital grains from the sedimentary core drilled during the ANDRILL 2A project, which documents the Miocene history of the Victoria Land Basin (western Ross Sea). High-temperature cooling ages show two main clusters (about 30 and 500 Ma) whereas most of low-temperature data are late Oligocene-Early Miocene in age. These latter data are related to the exhumation of the Transantarctic Mountains south of the Discovery Accommodation Zone. Comparison between low-temperature ages suggests that the Transantarctic Mountains have been in a phase of post-orogenic decay since at least 30 Ma. The Oligocene U-Pb data demonstrate the presence of a volcanic event well before the McMurdo volcanic group, whose onset is commonly places at 19 Ma. The location of the volcanic centers is unknown, but they could be below the Ross Ice Shelf south of drilling site. As a whole, these data indicate a major flow of sediments from south to north with only minor contributions from nearby outlet glaciers of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Unconscious Planning in Small Groups

The authors offer a new hypothesis to solve the general theoretical and practical problem of how collaborative groups evolve: Namely, that these small groups engage in unconscious planning to solve their own problems, and that consultants work best by augmenting this group planning. This hypothesis borrows the concept of individual unconscious planning propounded by Weiss (unpublished) and furthered by Weiss et al. (1977) and Sampson (1976) from the context of individual psychoanalysis and explains group development as the coordinating of individual planning, i.e., as group planning. This involves making prominent in early meetings what general problem the group wishes to control and master, as well as a logical sequence of the order in which difficulties need to be confronted. After introducing the problem, the authors consider four major aspects of the group planning theory: First, the presentation of the theory itself, compared to previous theories of group development; second, exemplification of the t...