nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Model Sets in a Nonconstructive Logic of Partial Terms with Definite Descriptions

The logic of partial terms (LPT) is a variety of negative free logic. In LPT, functions, as well as predicates, are strict, and free variables are given the generality interpretation. Both nonconstructive (classical) and intuitionist brands of negative free logic have served in foundational investigations, and Hilbert-style axiomatizations, natural deduction systems, and Gentzen-style sequents have been developed for them. This paper focuses on nonconstructive LPT with definite descriptions, called LPD, lays the foundation for tableaux systems by defining the concept of an LPD model system and establishing Hintikka’s Lemma, and summarizes the corresponding tableaux proof rules.
Integrating Discrete and Continuous Change in a Logical Framework

The goal of our work is to develop theoretical foundations for the representation of knowledge in domains in which properties may vary continuously. One achievement of our research is that it extends the applicability of current research on theories of action. Furthermore, we are able to apply known approaches to the frame and ramification problems, developed for discretely changing worlds, to domains in which the world changes continuously. 
 
 
 
Our approach is based on the discrete situation calculus and on a monotonic solution to the frame problem. In order to address the combined frame and ramification problems, we extend Lin and Reiter's work. We use Pinto and Reiter's extension to the situation calculus to represent occurrences. We extend this work further to allow for reasoning by default. For example, if we know that a ball is falling and we do not have any reason to believe that an action would interfere with the ball's motion, then we assume that the ball will hit the ground. Finally, we extend the language of the situation calculus to allow for properties that change within situations. We also show that our proposed situation calculus inherits the solutions to the frame and ramification problems.
Applications of numerical computation methods in microeconomic theory

The solution of mathematical problems by numerical analysis is 
a large, intricate subject in its own right, and the substance-of many 
Ph. D. theses in mathematics. The advancement of numerical analysis and 
computer technology are clearly not mutually exclusive. Moreover this 
combination through the growth in computer software facilities is' easily 
within reach of a researcher with no expertise in either numerical 
analysis or computer programming. In particular the Numerical Algorithms 
Group (NAG) based in Oxford provides a library of subroutines for 
incorporation into source programmes across a broad spectrum of 
mathematics. The relevance of this development for the economist lies 
with the considerable scope for providing quantitative evaluations of 
microeconomic models outside of traditional statistical methods. To 
justify such a claim the thesis develops a number of applications from 
microeconomic theory: imperfect information in a non-sequential search 
framework; optimum tax with endogenous wages; a two sector general 
equilibrium model of union and non-union wage rate determination; 
Chamberlin's welfare ideal; and a quantity setting duopoly analysis of 
the structure conduct performance paradigm. 
It is hoped that the insights gained from such diverse topics will 
convince the reader as to the appropriateness of applying numerical 
computing to microeconomic questions in general, and the usefulness of 
the NAG software in particular.
Biogeography and Phylogeny of Aigarchaeota, A Novel Phylum of Archaea

Despite our knowledge of the diversity of life on earth there are major lineages of microbial life that have never been studied that are referred to as “biological dark matter” or “microbial dark matter” (Marcy et al., 2007; Rinke, et al., 2013). One of these so-called “microbial dark matter” groups was originally described as pSL4 and related gene sequences were later grouped under the name Hot Water Crenarchaeotic Group 1 (HWCG 1) (Barns et al., 1996; Nunoura et al., 2005). A metagenomics study of a microbial mat community led to the construction of a complete composite genome for a member of the pSL4/HWCG 1 lineage proposed as Candidatus ‘Caldiarchaeum subterraneum’ and further analysis of the genome led to the proposition of the phylum ‘Aigarchaeota’ (Nunoura et al., 2005; Nunoura et al., 2011). Genomic analysis of Ca. subterraneum revealed unique eukaryote-type features which led to the proposal of a superphylum level relationship called the ‘TACK’ superphylum (Guy and Ettema, 2011). The cultivationindependent studies suggest a world-wide distribution of ‘Aigarchaeota’ and dominance of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from habitats such as a deep sea hydrothermal vent in Okinawa Trough at 35-60 °C and Great Boiling Spring at 79-87°C ( Nunoura et al., 2010; Cole et al., 2012). Cole at al 2012 reported that ‘Aigarchaeota’ 16S rRNA gene sequences had the highest relative abundance at Site A (~54%), with a general trend of decreasing relative abundance down to ~5% at 62°C (Site E), suggesting ‘Aigarchaeota’ niche differentiation along a thermal gradient. The purpose of this study was to gather 16S rRNA gene sequences potentially belonging to ‘Aigarchaeota’, and to use those sequences to address several goals: (i) Rigorously define the phylum (ii) Gain insight into the phylogenetic and potential taxonomic structure of the phylum (iii) Assess the distribution of ‘Aigarchaeota’ as a whole, along with individual groups of ‘Aigarchaeota’ in nature (iv) Design ‘Aigarchaeota’specific 16S rRNA gene primers that combined will target genus-level groups
John Dewey on Happiness: Going Against the Grain of Contemporary Thought

Dewey’s theory of happiness goes against the grain of much contemporary psychologic and popular thought by identifying the highest form of human happiness with moral behavior. Such happiness, according to Dewey, avoids being at the mercy of circumstances because it is independent of the pleasures and successes we take from experience and, instead, is dependent upon the disposition we bring to experience. It accompanies a disposition characterized by an abiding interest in objects in which all can share, one founded upon a dynamic inner harmony and evolving adjustment to the world. The marks of such an expansive disposition are “stability of character, braveness of soul, and equanimity of soul,” and the key to the development of these traits is what Dewey calls “ethical love.” We conclude with consideration of three potential criticisms of Dewey’s view of happiness and possible Deweyan rejoinders.
New Constrains on Upper Mantle Flow at Regional Scales.

The regional mantle flow beneath the westernmost Mediterranean basin and its transition to 12 the Atlantic domain is addressed by inspecting the anisotropic properties of the mantle. More 13 than 100 new sites, from the Variscan core of Iberia to the northern rim of the Western 14 African Craton, are now investigated using the data provided by different temporary and 15 permanent broad-band seismic arrays. Our main objective is to provide a larger regional 16 framework to the results recently presented along the Gibraltar Arc in order to check the 17 validity of the different geodynamic interpretations proposed so far. 18 19
Securitization is Not that Evil after All

A growing number of studies on the US subprime market indicate that, due to asymmetric information, credit risk transfer activities have perverse effects on banks' lending standards. We investigate a large part of the market for securitized assets ("prime mortgages") in Italy, a country with a regulatory framework analogous to the one prevalent in Europe. Information on over a million mortgages consists of loan-level variables, characteristics of the originating bank and, most importantly, contractual features of the securitization deal, including the seniority structure of the ABSs issued by the Special Purpose Vehicle and the amount retained by the originator. We borrow a robust way to test for the effects of asymmetric information from the empirical contract theory literature (Chiappori and Salanie, 2000). Overall, our evidence suggests that banks can effectively counter the negative effects of asymmetric information in the securitization market by selling less opaque loans, using signaling devices (i.e. retaining a share of the equity tranche of the ABSs issued by the SPV) and building up a reputation for not undermining their own lending standards.
Human Resources In European Market In The Past Decade

European market is known to pay particular importance to characteristics of human resources in the past decade. It is well known that these features such as unemployment rate caused deep economic and social crisis encountered in the EU member countries by the end of the last decade and continues today in most of them. The forecasts of the experts stating that the crisis will last 5 to 7 years has been considered promising but with suspicion. That is why it is extremely important that policy-makers should not lose sight in making economic, social and political decisions where the balance is always fragile in terms of interdependence of the labor market
Continuing professional development and Irish hospital doctors: a survey of current use and future needs.

Doctors rate clinical relevance and applicability as the most important determinants of continuing professional development (CPD) course selection. This study examined patterns of current CPD practice and perceived CPD needs among hospital doctors in Ireland across various clinical specialties. A cross-sectional survey was administered to doctors, focusing on the areas of training needs analysis, CPD course content and preferred course format. In total, 547 doctors identified doctor-patient communication as the skill ranked highest for importance and level of current performance. Workload/time organisation and stress management were areas where a skills deficiency was identified. Non-clinical CPD topics, including resilience training, management and communication skills, were preferred areas for future CPD offerings. All respondents favoured interactive, hands-on sessions. CPD course completion and preference patterns differed significantly across clinical specialties. These results highlight the importance of considering the individual needs and preferences of clinicians across clinical specialties to facilitate more effective CPD programmes.
A Graph-Based Approach to the Modeling of Changes in Construction Projects

The implementation of changes in construction projects often causes deviations from the objectives of the project client. One of the causes of this problem is that the tools currently used in projects do not support the identification of the consequences of a change before it is implemented in the project. The objective of the present research is to develop a model which facilitates an automatic identification of proposed changes which may have a significant impact on the objectives of the project client. The present research adopts a graph-based approach to the modeling of construction projects. A graph-based model was found to provide a simple but informative representation of the structure of projects, which can facilitate an 'order of magnitude' approximation of the impact of proposed changes. Graph theory provides a wealth of concepts, tools and algorithms, which were used in the present research for an analysis of the impact of proposed changes.
A tem study of oxides formed on ultrafine Fe, Cr and FeCr particles

High resolution electron microscopy (HREM), electron diffraction (ED) and energy dispersie X-ray analysis (EDX) are used to analyze surface oxides on ultrafine Fe, Cr and FeCr particles. The following oxides are observed: Fe 3 O 4 on Fe particles, CrO 2 on Cr particles, FeCr 2 O 4 or γ-Fe 2 O 3 on FeCr particles depending on the oxidation process. FeCr 2 O 4 is only observed when the particles are thoroughly passivated and no further oxidation is possible. Some passivated FeCr alloy particles show the σ-phase. When a very strong oxidation occurs, i.e. the particles burn, holes are observed in the interior of the FeCr particles.
Olympic Dam Seismic Revisited: Reprocessing of Deep Crustal Seismic Data Using Partially Preserved Amplitude Processing

Two deep crustal seismic profiles, centred on the Olympic Dam Cu-Au-U deposit, were reprocessed by HiSeis Pty Ltd. using a proprietary method. This processing method aimed to enhance subtle variations in signal strength and highlight upper crustal discontinuities. The resulting images enable interpretation of steep structures and regions of enhanced/reduced reflectivity possibly associated with large-scale alteration zones. This work highlights additional information within these deep crustal seismic lines that illuminate different aspects of the geology.
Software Engineering in Industrial Automation: State-of-the-Art Review

This paper presents one perspective on recent developments related to software engineering in the industrial automation sector that spans from manufacturing factory automation to process control systems and energy automation systems. The survey's methodology is based on the classic SWEBOK reference document that comprehensively defines the taxonomy of software engineering domain. This is mixed with classic automation artefacts, such as the set of the most influential international standards and dominating industrial practices. The survey focuses mainly on research publications which are believed to be representative of advanced industrial practices as well.
Computing with Böhm Trees

This paper develops a general technique to analyze the head reduction of a term in a context. This technique is used to give a direct proof of the theorem of Hyland and Wadsworth : two λ-terms that have the same Bohm trees, up to (possibly infinite) η-equivalence, are operationally equivalent. It is also used to prove a conjecture of R. Kerth : Every unsolvable λ-term has a decoration. This syntactical result is motivated by (and gives the solution to) a semantical problem.
Union building for you all [History]

This paper presents the history of a professional society, American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE). The institute was formed for the purpose of having a representative at International Electrical Exhibition. This article is a companion piece to the author's article on the Brokaw Mansion, the home of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) before the 1963 merger. This article is an expanded version of an article that first appeared in the October 2006 issue of the Proceeding of the IEEE
Paths, Homotopy and Reduction in Digital Images

The development of digital imaging (and its subsequent applications) has led to consideration and investigation of topological notions that are well-defined in continuous spaces, but not necessarily in discrete/digital ones. In this article, we focus on the classical notion of path. We establish in particular that the standard definition of path in algebraic topology is coherent w.r.t. the ones (often empirically) used in digital imaging. From this statement, we retrieve, and actually extend, an important result related to homotopy-type preservation, namely the equivalence between the fundamental group of a digital space and the group induced by digital paths. Based on this sound definition of paths, we also (re)explore various (and sometimes equivalent) ways to reduce a digital image in a homotopy-type preserving fashion.
Theories of Political Protest and Social Movements : A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Critique, and Synthesis

What Kind of Theory Do We Need and What Is a Good Theory? Part 2: Protest, Social Movements and Collective Action: Conceptual Clarifications and the Subject of the Book Part 3: Group Size, Selective Incentives, and Collective Action Part 4: Protest and Social Movements as Collective Action Part 5: The Resource Mobilization Perspective Part 6: Political Opportunity Structures, Protest and Social Movements Part 7: Collective Identity and Social Movement Activity Part 8: How Framing Influences Mobilization and Protest Part 9: Identity, Framing and Cognitive Balance: Toward a New Theory of Identity and Framing  The Dynamics of Contention Approach - Retreat to History? Part 11: The Structural-Cognitive Model: A Synthesis of Collective Action, Resource Mobilization, Political Opportunity, Identity, and Framing Perspectives Part 12: General Discussion,
Suicidology as a Social Practice

Suicide has long been the subject of philosophical, literary, theological and cultural–historical inquiry. But despite the diversity of disciplinary and methodological approaches that have been brought to bear in the study of suicide, we argue that the formal study of suicide, that is, suicidology, is characterized by intellectual, organizational and professional values that distinguish it from other ways of thinking and knowing. Further, we suggest that considering suicidology as a “social practice” offers ways to usefully conceptualize its epistemological, philosophical and practical norms. This study develops the idea of suicidology as a social practice and considers the implications for research, practice and public discourse.
Study of ethylene copolymers films by dielectric spectroscopy: influence of the polymer thickness on the glass-relaxation temperature

The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the thickness of a polymer layer deposited on a glass cover on the glass-relaxation temperature. The chosen polymer is an ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer (EVA) with different amounts of vinylacetate (VA). Dielectric spectroscopy analysis is performed directly on polymer–glass assemblies and the relaxation temperature corresponding to the maximum of the loss factor, tan  δ , is examined. This temperature is related to the glass transition of the copolymer. The results show that at high thickness values, the glass-relaxation temperature corresponds to the glass-transition temperature of the bulk copolymer. However, when the polymer thickness decreases, the relaxation temperature increases greatly whatever is the VA content. These results evidence the formation of an interphase in the polymer layer, localised in the vicinity of the glass surface, and whose properties are different from that of the bulk. The increase of the relaxation temperature when the polymer thickness decreases is a consequence of the reduced mobility of the polymer chains in the interphasial zone.
The World of Kelefaa Saane in the Kaabu Kingdom

The Epic of Kelefaa Saane is a popular oral performance that celebrates the Mandinka cultural hero of the same name. It recounts the life and exploits of the legendary warrior prince of Kaabu, and unfolds what it means to be Mandinka. A standard of the griot repertoire, the epic is customarily taught to young performers at the beginning their careers. In a monograph forthcoming from Indiana University Press, Professor Sana Camara has translated this powerful work into English for the first time, based on a masterful recitation of the work by Sirifo Camara in Dakar in 1987. The story of Kelefaa's extraordinary prowess and virtue is one of the founding myths that have established the political, social, moral, and theological foundations of the Mandinka people. This beautiful and engaging performance provides a unique perspective on the intellectual and literary heritage of West Africa.
Stories about a Story Teller: Reading the Radical in Scenes from the ‘Disastrous’ Life of Georgina Weldon 1

This article explores some of the boundaries between fact and fiction in recent biographical depictions of the life of singing spiritualist and lay lawyer Georgina Weldon (1837–1914). ‘Radical’ is a difficult term to define, apply and live up to in any life. The problematics of applying this descriptor to Georgina Weldon are debated in the context of a critique of Brian Thompson’s representation of Weldon’s life as ‘disastrous’.
Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of D-xylose and L-arabinose by chromium(VI) ions in perchloric acid medium

The kinetics of oxidation of D-Xylose and L-Arabinose by Cr(VI) ions in perchloric acid medium have been investigated spectrophotometrically under pseudo-first-order conditions. The reactions exhibit first-order rate dependence each on the substrate and oxidant. The order with respect to [H+] is unity while no effect on the reaction rate is found with respect to the ionic strength. The Arrhenius (Ea) and thermodynamic activation parameters (ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔG≠) are evaluated and the reaction mechanism is interpreted in terms of formation of a 1:1 intermediate complex between a protonated chromic acid molecule and a neutral sugar molecule in sharp contrast to the results of our earlier studies on the C6 and C12 sugars.
Developmental biology. Multicellularity driven by bacteria.

Microscopic plankton called choanoflagellates have led to an uncommon insight into how multicellular organisms might have evolved. Bacteria can prompt single-celled choanoflagellates to divide into multicellular versions of themselves, biologists reported last week at the 71st annual meeting of the Society for Developmental Biology. The researchers hope the work will prompt biologists to look more closely at the role of microorganisms in the evolution of multicellularity.
Derrida on Identity and Difference: A Radical Democratic Reading of The Other Heading

What is the significance of and logic behind Jacques Derrida's recent "political" writings? While Derrida's work refuses to obey any singular movement or register, he does, nonetheless, make recurrent attempts to negotiate between a politics of identity and difference. A similar undertaking can be found in the radical democratic writings of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. An encounter between these thinkers is here carried out in order to elucidate key themes in Derrida's The Other Heading. The reading aims at developing and contextu-alising Derrida's relation to radical democratic thought so that his political strategies can be made more explicit.
MULTINATIONAL LOCATION DECISIONS AND THE IMPACT ON LABOUR MARKETS

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown far more rapidly than trade during the last two decades. As with the other prominent features of globalisation, FDI is controversial. The impact of FDI on labour markets has been of growing concern, particularly, for source countries. The deterioration of labour market conditions for unskilled workers in many OECD countries during the 1980's and 1990's was a primary catalyst for the concern. As for its impact on labour markets, FDI may have effects that, at least in the short- and medium-run, may well dwarf the effects of trade and immigration. In this paper, we present a simple partial equilibrium model that focusses on the location decisions of multinational firms. We use the model to analyse the effects of higher labour standards, a "race-to-the-bottom" and capital market integration.
Suárez’s Psychology

In 1572 Francisco Suarez lectured in Segovia on questions related to Aristotle's De anima , which largely defined the scope of teaching psychology in sixteenth-century universities. This chapter follows the 1572 text (C) and also gives references to the 1621 version (A). SSuarez also deals with questions pertaining to philosophical psychology in some parts of the Disputationes metaphysicae and in his theological commentary on Thomas Aquinas's Summa theologiae . In fact, Aristotle and Aquinas are the most quoted authors in Suarez's psychological works. The Jesuit usually points out when he is deviating from their views, and he often seeks harmonising interpretations, although some of his basic insights, such as the theory of non-causal psychological connections, go in another direction. Duns Scotus is one of the sources for his non-Thomist views, though Suarez is familiar with a great number of medieval and early modern theological, philosophical, and even medical works.  Aristotle; Francisco Suarez; Jesuit; philosophical psychology