nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Acquiring Control on Productivity

Empirical studies on the importance of control rights on efficiency are hindered by actual - presumably efficient - ownership patterns. Finding settings where the right owner does not own the right asset and where ownership arbitrarily changes is challenging. In this paper I aim at overcoming these problems by investigating the elimination of foreign majority ownership restrictions in Mexico. Specifically, I study the performance of affiliates of multinational corporations for which (1) ownership restrictions appeared to bind before they were lifted, and (2) parent ownership increased from minority to majority as the reform was implemented. Using detailed plant-level information, I find that multinational control leads to large improvements in total factor productivity, particularly in industries that rely on technological innovations from their parent companies. Control is also associated with higher investment - particularly in technology intensive forms of production - and with an improvement in the skill profile of the labor force. Overall, I interpret the evidence as supportive of the property rights theory of the firm.
The Whole-Rock Geochemical Composition of the Wudaogou Group in Eastern Yanbian, NE China–New Clues to Its Relationship with the Gold and Tungsten Mineralization and the Evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean

The late Paleozoic Wudaogou Group, one of the oldest metamorphic units in the eastern Yanbian area, has important tectonic and metallogenic significance. Here, we provide new insights into their protoliths, tectonic setting of the metamorphic rocks and their relationships with the gold and tungsten mineralization, using new petrographic and whole-rock geochemical data for various lithologies within the Wudaogou Group. The protolith of the metamorphic rocks of the Wudaogou Group was intermediate–basic volcanic rocks (e.g. basaltic andesite, trachyandesite, and basalt) and sedimentary rocks including argillaceous rocks, quartz sandstone, arkose and clayish greywacke, as well as pyroclastic sedimentary rock, covering tuffaceous sandstone. Before undergoing late Paleozoic epidote–amphibolite facies regional metamorphism, these protoliths were formed during the middle–late Permian in an island arc setting within a continental margin collage zone. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution, it can be speculated that the formation and the subsequent metamorphism of the protoliths of the metamorphic rocks from the Wudaogou Group were influenced by the change from subduction to collision of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Similarities of the rare earth element (REE) patterns and parameters among the metamorphic rocks within the Wudaogou Group, auriferous ores from the Xiaoxi'nancha gold (copper) deposit, and scheelites from the Yangjingou tungsten deposit, together with the favorable metallogenic element contents within the metamorphic rock series, imply that the Wudaogou Group could provide parts of metallic material for the gold and tungsten mineralization in the eastern Yanbian area, as exemplified by the Yangjingou deposit and Xiaoxi'nancha deposit, respectively. Further, the metamorphic sedimentary rocks, especially the metamorphic sandstones, quartz schists and quartz mica schists within the Wudaogou Group, have closer genetic relationships with the Yangjingou tungsten mineralization. However, the specific lithologies within this group which control the gold mineralization are still uncertain, and need further research.
The Case Against Objectifying Art

The objectification of art by art historians, critics, and psychologists is dissatisfying when it comes to explaining art and the aesthetic experience. This article presents the views of artists, critics, and philosophers who have countered the objectification of art by suggesting that art is not a quantifiable thing but rather is an experience formed in the encounter between a catalytic material entity and the receptive spectator. The theories of Nietzsche, Heidegger, Gadamer, and Derrida are analyzed along with various views of artists from Duchamp to Beuys and of critics including Gottner-Abendroth and McEvilley. By shifting their focus away from art objects and artists and toward the role of the spectator in art making, these theorists have opened new vistas onto the aesthetic experience that may inspire new research in art.
Education, Justice and Democracy: The Struggle over Ignorance and Opportunity

This chapter begins with a very brief survey of current education policy in England, it describes a system of schooling riven with divisions, inequalities, alienation, failure, despondency and bias – 6 evils (See EHRC (2010)  Equality and Human Rights Commission; OECD (2011) Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising, Paris: OECD; and IFS (2013) Living Standards, Poverty and Equality in the UK: 2013, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.). This sets the scene for the second part of the chapter which outlines a new beginning for education – a kind of back to basics – that involves a fundamental shift from a system of education driven by economic necessities to one which gives priority to social and political necessities – a democratic education system, a system of hope and happiness and social renewal. A set of moves and possibilities are presented which are premised not on fixed proposals but on the need for local democratic debate, deliberation and decision-making. The vision here is of schools as centres of civic responsibility and as educative institutions. Schools that will both foster and respond to the participation of parents and students with teachers and other local stakeholders in the making of decisions about what education is for, what it means to be educated and what, and how, students should learn. Education would be reconceived in relation to other aspects of social policy and to social problems. What is outlined is somewhere different from where to start.
Spengler's Theory of Civilization

This article presents an overview of Oswald Spengler's theory of civilization based upon his `first' and `second' philosophies of history. The `late' Spengler left behind his more aesthetic and historicist understanding of civilization, turning to philosophical anthropology. Spengler lost confidence that a new great culture would someday emerge. While Samuel Huntington in The Clash of Civilizations argues that civilizational pluralism is growing and anticipates a non-Western civilization eventually succeeding a West in decline, dialog with Spengler suggests otherwise.
Physicians' knowledge of future vascular disease in women with preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, affects 5-8% of women. Large studies demonstrate a strong association between preeclampsia and future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite CVD being the leading cause of mortality for women, there has been little education for internal medicine physicians or obstetrician-gynecologists (ob-gyns) about this association; published guidelines do not include preeclampsia as a risk factor for future CVD. Therefore, women with a history of preeclampsia may not receive adequate risk-reduction counseling for CVD. It is unclear whether primary care physicians are aware of the association; thus, we sought to determine whether primary care providers at our institution were aware of preeclampsia's association with future CVD and whether they were providing appropriate counseling.



An anonymous online survey was sent to all internists and (ob-gyns) at our hospital.



Although most internists (95%) and (ob-gyns) (70%) provide routine cardiovascular risk-reduction counseling, a substantial proportion of them were unaware of any health risk associated with a history of preeclampsia. Many internists were unsure or did not know whether preeclampsia is associated with ischemic heart disease (56%), stroke (48%), and decreased life expectancy (79%). The corresponding proportions for (ob-gyns) were 23, 38, and 77%, respectively. Only 9% of internists and 38% of obstetrician-gynecologists were providing cardiovascular risk-reduction counseling to women with a history of preeclampsia.



There is limited knowledge of the association between preeclampsia and future CVD; this deficiency may limit the application of this risk factor to clinical care.
Buyers, Sellers and Middlemen: Variations on Search-Theoretic Themes

We study bilateral exchange, both direct trade and indirect trade that happens through chains of intermediaries or middlemen. We develop a model of this activity and present applications. This illustrates how, and how many, intermediaries get involved, and how the terms of trade are determined. We show how bargaining with one intermediary depends on upcoming negotiations with downstream intermediaries, leading to holdup problems. We discuss the roles of buyers and sellers in bilateral exchanges, and how to interpret prices. We develop a particular bargaining solution and relate it to other solutions. In addition to contrasting our framework with other models of middlemen, we discuss the connection to different branches of search theory. We also illustrate how bubbles can emerge in intermediation.
Basement structure of the Granada basin, Betic Cordilleras, Southern Spain

The analysis and interpretation of geophysical data (gravity and seismic reflection) has facilitated the definition of the Granada basin structure. The reflector showing the contact between the Betic-Subbetic basement and the Neogene-Quaternary sedimentary filling has been identified. Mapping of the basement in two and three dimensions is presented. The presence of four important depocenters (Genil, Chimeneas, Cubillas and Granada) has been determined. These troughs are limited by ridge areas through important sets of fractures. In some cases the accumulation of Neogene-Quaternary sediments reaches a thickness exceeding 3 km as in the Genii and Cubillas depocenters. The mapping of the most important fractures affecting the basement has been achieved, defining four systems that have influenced and conditioned the genesis and late evolution of the Granada basin. The directions of the most important groups of fractures are: NE-SW, N70W to E-W, N45W and N10-30E.
Efforts for the Development and Stabilization of the Economy during the Period of the Marshall Plan

After the destruction of World War II, Marshall Plan aid contributed to the reconstruction and development of the Greek economy. Greece was a special case in the implementation of the Marshall Plan in Europe because of the shortcomings of its backward economy. The problems of corruption and inefficiency in the state administration and coalition governments influenced political and social issues, while the Marshall Planners tried to create institutions to facilitate reconstruction. The Greek economy was too weak to absorb fully the enormous amount of aid granted because private and state investments were too negligible to support economic development. Moreover, a number of Greek politicians and members of the bourgeoisie opposed the economic programs that they felt would threaten their privileges. The Marshall Planners froze a great part of the aid to cover the budget deficit and hold down inflation. Ultimately, the Marshall Plan increased agricultural and industrial production in Greece which laid the foundations for the country’s post-war economic development. Later, integration into the European Economic Community helped Greece achieve permanent economic stability.
Interaction of carbon nanoparticles to serum albumin: elucidation of the extent of perturbation of serum albumin conformations and thermodynamical parameters.

Carbon nanoparticles continuously generated from industries and vehicles due to incomplete combustion of fuels is one of the potent causes of air pollution. The exposure of this polluted air with carbon nanoparticles, introduced into the bloodstream of animals in the course of respiration, motivated us to study their interaction with plasma proteins, bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin. Carbon nanoparticles with very small size and high purity were synthesized by dehydration of d-glucose using concentrated sulphuric acid as dehydrating agent. These were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy. Carbon nanoparticles-protein interactions were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. The fluorescence quenching constants and thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°) and free energy change (ΔG°) were calculated, which indicated a strong static quenching and primary electrostatic interaction between the carbon nanoparticles and blood proteins. Circular dichroism spectra provided the information about the secondary structure alteration of the proteins in presence of carbon nanoparticles. These findings have shed light towards an understanding of the interactions between carbon nanoparticles and serum proteins which may clarify the potential risks and undesirable health effects of carbon nanoparticles, as well as the related cellular trafficking and systemic translocation.
The boundaries of the literary archive : reclamation and representation

Introduction, Lisa Stead Part I Theorizing the Archive: The archaeology of the manuscript: towards modern palaeography, Wim Van Mierlo Allusion and exogenesis: the labouring heart of Samuel Becketta (TM)s Ill Seen Ill Said, Iain Bailey Original order, added value? Archival theory and the Douglas Coupland fonds, Jennifer Douglas. Part II Reclamation and  Untrustworthy reproductions and doctored archives: undoing the sins of a Victorian biographer, Isabelle Cosgrave The double life of a "the ghost in the garden rooma (TM): Charles Dickens edits Elizabeth Gaskell, Fran Baker Lost property: John Galsworthy and the search for a "that stuffed shirta (TM), Simon Barker Poetry and personality: the private papers and public image of Elizabeth Jennings, Jane Dowson. Part III Boundaries: Illustration and ekphrasis: the working drafts of Ted Hughesa (TM)s Cave Birds, Carrie Smith Letter writing, cinemagoing and archive ephemera, Lisa Stead. Part IV Working in the Archive: To reveal or conceal: privacy and confidentiality in the papers of contemporary authors, Sara S. Hodson Teaching the material archive at Smith College, Karen V. Kukil a "What will survive of us are manuscriptsa (TM): archives, scholarship and human stories, Helen Taylor Index.
Brief Announcement: Towards a Universal Approach for the Finite Departure Problem in Overlay Networks

A fundamental problem for overlay networks is to safely exclude leaving nodes, i.e., the nodes requesting to leave the overlay network are excluded from it without affecting its connectivity. There are a number of studies for safe node exclusion if the overlay is in a well-defined state, but almost no formal results are known for the case in which the overlay network is in an arbitrary initial state, i.e., when looking for a self-stabilizing solution for excluding leaving nodes. We study this problem in two variants: the Finite Departure Problem (FDP) and the Finite Sleep Problem (FSP). In the FDP the leaving nodes have to irrevocably decide when it is safe to leave the network, whereas in the FSP, this leaving decision does not have to be final: the nodes may resume computation when woken up by an incoming message. We are the first to present a self-stabilizing protocol for the FDP and the FSP that can be combined with a large class of overlay maintenance protocols so that these are then guaranteed to safely exclude leaving nodes from the system from any initial state while operating as specified for the staying nodes. In order to formally define the properties these overlay maintenance protocols have to satisfy, we identify four basic primitives for manipulating edges in an overlay network that might be of independent interest.
On Rank Properties of Toeplitz Matrices over Finite Fields

Out of all the n×n Toeplitz matrices over a finite field of q elements, a fraction of exactly (1−1/q) is non-singular. Also a fraction of exactly (1/q)(1 − 1/q)(1 − (q − 1)/q) has generic rank 0 < r < n. These statements are proven with the extended Euclidean algorithm and the theory of subresultants. A matrix has generic rank r when all its leading principal minors up to dimension r are non-zero, and r is maximal. Our results have implications to the probability of success of the block Wiedemann linear system solver algorithm, which is an open question at the present time.
Nits, nurses and the war: school nursing before the National Health Service.

A previous paper (published in the last issue of the 'International History of Nursing Journal') traced the origins of the school medical service and the work and employment of school nurses in the first years. The following account outlines the development of school nursing up to the period following the World War II. This takes place against a series of political and organisational changes, including those precipitated by both the World wars. Although there are frequent references to school nursing work in contemporary records, the voice of school nurses themselves is often missing. The sources used in writing this paper include the archives of the Health Visitors' Association and its predecessors (particularly the Women Public Health Officers' Association--the WPHOA) include records of the responses of a professional association for school nurses to proposed changes. Records of the School Medical Group (SMG) of the Society of Medical Officers of Health (Soc MOsH), including correspondence with the BMA, were also consulted. The records of both of these groups are held at the Contemporary Medical Archive of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. Material kept at the Public Record Office was used, but papers relating to the years after 1969 remain closed under the 30-year rule. Relevant secondary sources were also used.
The Effects of the Railroads On Small Town Population Changes: Linn County, Oregon

Throughout the westward movement in the United States transportation was directly related to settlement. Most of the trans-Mississippi West experienced periods of rapid population growth as routes of transportation and communication were opened. The Willamette Valley was no exception. Presently incorporating nine counties and 2200 square miles, the valley has experienced a series of population redistributions associated with improvements in transportation facilities. Positive and negative effects of railroad transportation development on town populations in one representative county of the Willamette Valley are the subjects of this paper. Population losses are emphasized, since the results of population increases are known to most residents of the Pacific states. Comparatively little has been written about the causes of population loss. The resulting ghost towns and, sometimes, cultural relics, are worthy of the interest and consideration of local historians, cultural geographers, and curious citizens.
Some separation axioms in L-topological spaces

In this paper, under the idea of L-Tq or sub-T0,we propose a set of new separation axioms in L-topological spaces, namely sub-separation axioms. And some of their properties are studied. In addition, the relation between the sub-separation axioms defined in the paper and other separation axioms is discussed. The results show that the sub-separation axioms in this paper are weaker than other separation axioms that had appeared in literature.
A case study of China and US industrial design education: Industrial design education in a multicultural world

A variety of approaches are being used within the Industrial Design Education systems by different countries to meet various challenges being faced in a multicultural world. This paper presents a case study that addresses the undergraduate education methods used by Purdue University, Indiana, USA and Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China. It explains the current education environment through the study of curriculum, course contents, department objectives, intentions and goals. The paper also explores the possible reasons for the Industrial Design education reformation in China and provides an opportunity for the western world to learn about and rethink what Industrial Design education is going on in China.
Informed Dynamic Scheduling for Belief-Propagation Decoding of LDPC Codes

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are usually decoded by running an iterative belief-propagation, or message-passing, algorithm over the factor graph of the code. The traditional message-passing schedule consists of updating all the variable nodes in the graph, using the same pre-update information, followed by updating all the check nodes of the graph, again, using the same pre-update information. Recently several studies show that sequential scheduling, in which messages are generated using the latest available information, significantly improves the convergence speed in terms of number of iterations. Sequential scheduling raises the problem of finding the best sequence of message updates. This paper presents practical scheduling strategies that use the value of the messages in the graph to find the next message to be updated. Simulation results show that these informed update sequences require significantly fewer iterations than standard sequential schedules. Furthermore, the paper shows that informed scheduling solves some standard trapping set errors. Therefore, it also outperforms traditional scheduling for a large numbers of iterations. Complexity and implementability issues are also addressed.
Collisions of the Second Kind between Ions and Atoms or Molecules

SOME experiments dealing with collisions of the second kind between ions and atoms or molecules have been performed independently and simultaneously in two different laboratories—one at Princeton University and one at the University of California. Through correspondence the different investigators have learned of each other's results and have decided to present jointly, in this letter, a preliminary report of this phenomenon, which heretofore has been unknown. In both researches, the apparatus used are essentially those described in the positive ray experiments by Smyth ( Rev.) and by Hogness and Lunn (. One set of experiments is the preliminary stage of a complete study of the whole phenomenon; the other is incidental to work on the positive ray analysis of nitric oxide.
Optical constants and thickness determination of thin films using envelope method and inverse synthesis method: A comparative study

Envelope method and Inverse synthesis method are two commonly used method for evaluating the optical constants and thickness of the thinfilms from the optical transmission measurement. The two methods along with their evaluation in terms of accuracy and simplicity are presented in this paper by determining the optical constants and thickness of ZrO2−MgO thin films deposited by electron beam evaporation technique.