nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth characteristics of plasma electrolytic oxidation ceramic coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy

The aim of this work is to discuss the growth characteristics of the ceramic coatings on Ti alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique. Ceramic coatings were prepared on Ti alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation in different electrolyte solutions under different pulse modes. The composition and the structure of the coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The amount of the dissolved titanium into the electrolytes during PEO process was measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The structure and the composition of the coatings were related to the mode of the spark discharge during PEO process. (a) Under the pulsed single-polar mode: In Na3PO4 solution, the spark discharge was mainly due to the breakdown of the oxide film, and the coatings prepared were porous and mainly structured by the Ti from the substrate. In K4ZrF6–H3PO4 and NaAlO2–Na3PO4 solutions, the main mode of the spark discharge was the breakdown of the oxide film at the initial stage, and then changed into the breakdown of the vapor envelope, and the coatings were rough and thick, and mainly structured by the elements from the electrolyte. (b) Under the pulsed bi-polar mode in NaAlO2–Na3PO4 solution, the spark discharge may be mainly due to the breakdown of the oxide film, the coatings prepared were dense in inner layer and loose in outer layer, and structured by the elements from both the substrate and the electrolyte. Besides, the ICP-AES analyses showed that the amount of the dissolved titanium in the electrolyte during PEO process was more under the breakdown of the oxide film than under the breakdown of the vapor envelope, which was consistent with the changes of the structure of the coatings. Cathode pulse in the pulsed bi-polar mode increased the amount of the dissolved titanium in the electrolyte, compared with the pulsed single-polar one.
Dielectric silicone elastomers with mixed ceramic nanoparticles

• Composite ceramics nanoparticles (MCN) with zirconium dioxide and lead zirconate. • Dielectric elastomer films wDith PDMS matrix and MCN as dielectric filler. • Hydrophobic character—water resistant and good flexibility specific to siloxanes. • Increased value of dielectric constant with the content of MCN in dielectric films. • Increased energy output from uniaxial deformation of the dielectric elastomer films.  A ceramic material consisting in a zirconium dioxide-lead zirconate mixture has been obtained by precipitation method, its composition being proved by wide angle X-ray powder diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The average diameter of the ceramic particles ranged between 50 and 100 nm, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy images. These were surface treated and used as filler for a high molecular mass polydimethylsiloxane-α,ω-diol (Mn = 450,000) prepared in laboratory, the resulted composites being further processed as films and crosslinked. A condensation procedure, unusual for polydimethylsiloxane having such high molecular mass, with a trifunctional silane was approached for the crosslinking. The effect of filler content on electrical and mechanical properties of the resulted materials was studied and it was found that the dielectric permittivity of nanocomposites increased in line with the concentration of ceramic nanoparticles.
Fearing the Emotional Self

Although conceptualizations of human emotions in personal construct psychology have differed, most have agreed that emotion is a fundamental aspect of human experience. However, notwithstanding their fundamental nature, personal attitudes and beliefs about emotion take form against the larger background of culture and its associated values, stereotypes, and ideals. In Western culture, individual constructions of emotion are likely to be housed in frameworks that resemble the structure of Western beliefs and attitudes. This article examines the relations between Western constructions of identity and the core processes of emotion—particularly, how conflict between these can generate fear of emotion. To this end, principles of personal construct psychology will be used to describe how emotion may come to be construed as being incompatible with the self, a state that we refer to as emotion-threat. The implications of this construct will then be elaborated in regard to psychological health and treatment.
Decision-theoretic refinement planning: a new method for clinical decision analysis.

Clinical decision analysis seeks to identify the optimal management strategy by modelling the uncertainty and risks entailed in the diagnosis, natural history, and treatment of a particular problem or disorder. Decision trees are the most frequently used model in clinical decision analysis, but can be tedious to construct, cumbersome to use, and computationally prohibitive, especially with large, complex decision problems. We present a new method for clinical decision analysis that combines the techniques of decision theory and artificial intelligence. Our model uses a modular representation of knowledge that simplifies model building and enables more fully automated decision making. Moreover, the model exploits problem structures to yield better computational efficiency. As an example we apply our techniques to the problem of management of acute deep venous thrombosis.
Feminist Family Politics

The ion debates about the on nature the PaCS of families. in France Particularly have occasioned vexing an has outpouring been the question of opinion a out the nature of families. Particularly ve ng has been the uesti n of the status of same-sex couples. For purposes of inheritance and other legal questions, same-sex partnerships may be recognized as "unions" governed by certain contractual arrangements, but the line has been drawn at calling these unions "families" because of the question of children. All manner of expert testimony has been brought to bear on the matter of "lineage" and "kinship," most of it seeking to prove that there is something either unnatural, culturally deviant, and/or psychologically damaging about children being born to or raised by two parents of the same sex. Some have written of the "right" of children to live in heterosexual families; others have objected to homosexual parenting as a distortion of the facts of nature. Sylviane Agacinski put it this way, "Je ne crois pas qu'il serait bon, pour les enfants a venir, d'instaurer une filiation asexuee ou homosexuelle qui effacerait le fait que tout etre humain est issu d'un homme et d'une femme.
Mechanisms for Geographical Transmission of Economic Fluctuations

Geographers have made considerable descriptive progress in studies of business cycles, but the ways in which economic impulses are transmitted, known as “the transmission mechanism,'’remain inadequately analyzed. After reviewing several transmission mechanisms proposed in previous studies, the paper suggests that interregional commodity trade, with limited mobility of factors of production such as labor, is an obvious candidate for transmitting economic fluctuations among regions. Three models are constructed to analyze transmission mechanisms involved in interregional commodity trade in a monetary setting. Increases in wages or unemployment in one region could induce increases or decreases in wages or unemployment in another region. The directions of transmitted changes depend crucially on the cause of the change and the economic structures of the regions involved.
Characteristics of Stainless Steel Composites with Nano-sized TiCxNy

Titanium carbonitride is more perspective materials compared to titanium carbide. It can be used in tool industry and special products because of its higher strength, abrasive wear-resistance and especially its strong chemical stability at high temperatures. We produced STS+TiCxNy composite by the spark plasma sintering for higher strength and studied the characteristics. The planar and cross-sectional microstructures of the specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Characterizations of the carbon and nitride phases on the surface of composite were carried out using an X-ray diffractometer. During annealing TiCxNy particles diffusion into STS 430 was observed. After annealing, sintering isolations between particles were formed. It causes decreasing of mechanical strength. In addition when annealing temperature was increased hardness increased. Heterogeneous distribution of alloying elements particles was observed. After annealing composites, highest value of hardness was 738.1 MHV.
Reduction of graphene oxide thin films using a stepwise thermal annealing assisted by l-ascorbic acid

In this study, an environmental and economical multi-step reduction method has been developed for the reduction of graphene oxide thin films more efficiently. Within the scope of the method, the graphene oxide films produced were subjected to the process of chemical reduction with l -ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) as the first step and then to the process of thermal reduction that can be performed through progressive thermal annealing without any need for special atmospheric conditions as the second step. In addition, the impact of l -ascorbic acid solutions with different molarities (5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mM) on the conductivity of the reduced graphene oxide produced was examined and compared with hydrazine hydrate for the same concentrations. Besides, the impact of different thermal annealing temperatures (70 °C, 120 °C and 300 °C) and the process of intermediate drying on the conductivity of the reduced graphene oxide thin films were investigated. The results show that the graphene oxide thin films were best reduced through 800 mM l -ascorbic acid and progressive thermal annealing combination (at 70 °C, 120 °C and 300 °C respectively) and that 13.2 kΩ/sq. surface resistivity was achieved and that the intermediate heating at 120 °C made at least 10% positive contribution to this.
Remark on a Generic and Natural Model of Neutrinos

We comment on what the naturalness argument of ’t Hooft implies for a minimal extension of the standard model which incorporates right-handed neutrinos with generic mass terms. If this Lagrangian is taken as a low energy effective theory, the naturalness argument of ’t Hooft implies pseudo-Dirac neutrinos with very small masses. This argument is based on an observation that the right-handed components of neutrinos in the massless limit exhibit an enhanced symmetry which is reminiscent of the Nambu-Goldstone fermions associated with spontaneously broken supersymmetry. The conventional seesaw scenario gives another natural solution if the heavy right-handed neutrinos are integrated out in defining a low energy effective theory.
Univalence for inverse diagrams and homotopy canonicity

We describe a homotopical version of the relational and gluing models of type theory, and generalize it to inverse diagrams and oplax limits. Our method uses the Reedy homotopy theory on inverse diagrams, and relies on the fact that Reedy fibrant diagrams correspond to contexts of a certain shape in type theory. This has two main applications. First, by considering inverse diagrams in Voevodsky's univalent model in simplicial sets, we obtain new models of univalence in a number of (infinity,1)-toposes; this answers a question raised at the Oberwolfach workshop on homotopical type theory. Second, by gluing the syntactic category of univalent type theory along its global sections functor to groupoids, we obtain a partial answer to Voevodsky's homotopy-canonicity conjecture: in 1-truncated type theory with one univalent universe of sets, any closed term of natural number type is homotopic to a numeral.
Gravitational Signature of Matter-Antimatter Interaction

The gravitational signature of antimatter has received growing interest during the past few decades. Much of the theoretical work in ordinary tensor gravity rules out any difference in the gravitational interaction of matter and antimatter. Fundamental principles and theoretical models describing the nature of matter and antimatter are reviewed. The implication of a probable repulsive field between matter and antimatter and its far reaching consequences on certain cosmic issues, such as the early phase of the Big Bang, the Hawking radiation, virtual particle production and annihilations, are discussed. Experiments designed to probe the gravitational signature of antimatter are reviewed, and a new space-borne experiment to probe the nature of matter-antimatter interactions is proposed.
Voluntary action and welfare in post-1945 Australia: preliminary perspectives. [Article drawn from the Australasian Welfare History Workshop (2005: Melbourne).]

Australian welfare history in the twentieth century has not focussed to any great extent on voluntary action. The relationship of voluntary action with the state, and its influences on social welfare have been sidelined by a pre-occupation with the role of governments, and from 1945, the rise of the welfare state. This article will argue that the voluntary sector, buoyed by its successes during World War II – a high point of civilian volunteer action – continued on into the post-war period, tackling specific areas of social welfare need at both a local and national level. Using contemporary arguments of William Beveridge and Lloyd Ross, and the case study of Marriage Guidance Counselling, it is argued that voluntary action, alongside government, was an integral feature of, and played a significant role in, the structure and delivery of a broad range of social welfare programmes in post-war Australia. This article has been peer-reviewed.
Optimization of coverage and capacity of Self-Organizing Network in LTE

The Self-Organizing Network (SON), introduced as part of the 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a key driver for improving Operation and Maintenance (OAM) of the mobile networks. The goal of SON is to simplify the network management by auto-configuration and auto-optimization. Optimization of coverage and capacity is one of the high-level SON use cases. This paper provides some background of SON principles and presents a model that illustrates the SON optimization of coverage and capacity. Based on input parameters, better coverage in this model is ensured by automatic adjustment of antenna tilt.
Microbial evolution: The new synthesis

Over the last two decades, molecular phylogeneticists have built up an understanding of relationships within and between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial organisms which seems to have explanatory and predictive power. There is at the moment general confidence in the distinctness and coherence of the Archaea and Bacteria, in the notion that eukaryotic cells arose by an increase in internal complexity from an archaea-like ancestor, in the (a-proteobacterial) endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and in the primitive status of certain deeply diverging lineages of protists. Come the millennium, however, we are likely to see our confidence shaken, as more genome sequences appear and are compared. Archaeal and eukaryotic genomes are unexpectedly chimeric. It is not clear whether there are any genes whose products are so tightly integrated in cellular function that they cannot be replaced. The concept of genomic lineages may be inappropriate for understanding cellular evolution, but it is not obvious what will repl ace it.
A historian in the museum: Story spaces and Australia's sporting past

The last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the new millennium were very significant in Australian sport as many of the major sports celebrated their centenaries and sesquicentenaries. A wide range of celebrations were testament to Morris-Suzuki's view that 'our visions of history are drawn from diverse sources',1 and de Groot's assessment that investigating popular culture provides insights into the ways in which the past is sold, presented, transmitted and experienced.2 Historians, like me, were involved in these events, most commonly contributing to written commissioned histories of sporting organisations. In essence we crossed the divide between history as produced within the academic discipline and those recognised by Jordanova as of a different genre—public history3 —by contributing to 'the overlapping sites where history is produced, notably outside of academia'.4 One prominent dimension of the celebrations, and the focal point of this essay, was the travelling museum displays on Cricket, Rugby League and Surf Lifesaving.5 Museum exhibitions like the sporting displays, as cross-cultural research has indicated, are important forms of public history as they are accessible, popular and considered trustworthy representations of the  In recognition of the value of museums as public history and out of a sense of obligation to these sporting organisations, I attended several of these museum displays as they travelled around Australian major cities and smaller towns. What was evident during my attendances was the desire to compare and contrast the relationship between how museum displays and historians represent the past in the present. I recognised the obvious similarities as both were dealing with comparable content material, but the overwhelming sense was the differences between how museums represent the past and what historians produce in written histories. In this essay, I look to explain some of the similarities and differences between representations of Australia's sporting past in museum exhibitions and written histories.
Thermal effect on the microstructure of the lattice structure Cu-10Sn alloy fabricated through selective laser melting

Cu-10Sn alloy with body-center-cubic (BCC) lattice structure was fabricated through selective laser melting (SLM). The geometry of SLMed BCC lattice Cu-10Sn alloy (rod diammeter ∼300 μm, length ∼700 μm) was in good agreement with the design model. Similar with the nearly full density Cu-10Sn alloy, columnar also constituted the majority parts of the lattice structure Cu-10Sn, but exhibited various morphologies due to the different grain growth orientation under thermal effect. The gowth orientation of columnar grain in the rods oriented to the as-fabricated layer due to the higher thermal conductivity of the as-fabricated layers.
The algorithmic complexity of certain functional variations of total domination in graphs

A two-valued function f defined on the vertices of a graph G = (V, E), f : V → {−1, 1}, is a signed total dominating function if the sum of its function values over any open neighborhood is at least one. That is, for every v ∈ V, f(N(v)) ≥ 1, where N(v) consists of every vertex adjacent to v. The weight of a total signed dominating function is f(V ) = ∑ f(v), over all vertices v ∈ V . The total signed domination number of a graph G, denoted γ t (G), equals the minimum weight of a total signed dominating function of G. If, instead of the range {−1, 1}, we allow the range {−1, 0, 1}, then we get the concept of a total minus dominating function. Its associated parameter, called the total minus domination number of a graph G, is denoted γ− t (G). In this paper, we show that the decision problem corresponding to the computation of the total minus domination number of a graph is NP-complete, even when restricted to bipartite graphs or chordal graphs. For a fixed k, we show that the decision problem corresponding to determining whether a graph has a total minus dominating function of weight at most k may be NPcomplete, even when restricted to bipartite or chordal graphs. Linear time algorithms for computing γ− t (T ) and γ s t (T ) for an arbitrary tree T are also presented. 144 LAURA HARRIS AND JOHANNES H. HATTINGH
Using Android in an Introductory Java Course

An electronic control method for externally controlling processes in the computer system is provided in which electronic data is presented as graphical information to a user on a display device. In addition, electronic data input by the user is received. Software routines are written in a script language specifically designed for computer monitoring and control operations through interactively presenting data to and receiving data from the user. Subsequently, processing rules are interpreted from the software routines with an electronic data processor. Operations of the computer system are controlled based on the processing rules with the electronic data processor such that the computer system can be automatically externally controlled with the processing rules by only utilizing preexisting computer system signals received from the computer system and control signals sent to the computer system. In addition, a control system for implementing the external control method is provided.
Exhibiting 'Africa' in Africa - an impossible conundrum? Take 2 : collecting and curating

In November 2011, the Wits Art Museum (WAM) acquired a major work, a very large sculpture by the recently deceased artist Jackson Hlungwani. This work, whose title may be God's Hand, was removed from a building in downtown Johannesburg where it had resided since being purchased 1992, and placed in a corner of the new WAM, where it will most likely spend the next 20 years. It is not the only work by Jackson Hlungwani to have achieved such permanent viewing status: the giant Adam and the Birth of Eve, acquired by the Johannesburg Art Gallery (JAG) in 1989, and installed there by the artist (Spiro Cohen 1992 & 1993), has been on view since its arrival and has remained in its place throughout the run of many prestigious exhibitions held at JAG, including 'Africa Remix' (Njami 2008). In WAM, the Hand of God has joined Hlungwani's Altar for God which is situated at the main entrance off the street, but also visible from the street. This famous work, acquired for the Standard Bank Collection of African Art at Wits in 1989, will also not be moved easily, having now been given its own place on a raised platform of hardened steel.
Mind the Gap: Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Patients Hospitalized with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

As you board the train in London, a sign reminds you to ‘‘Mind the Gap’’ and not stumble between the train and boarding platform. Improving the quality of medical care will take countless efforts to ‘‘Mind the Gap’’ between care that could be and care that is. Bridge enough gaps and perhaps we can cross the ‘‘Quality Chasm’’ that the Institute of Medicine’s 2001 report described . In epidemiologic terms, the gap between best care and usual care is described by the terms ‘‘efficacy’’ and ‘‘effectiveness.’’ A. L. Cochrane, the British epidemiologist, first articulated this difference in his classic book entitled Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Service, the textbook that launched evidencebased medicine . According to Cochrane, efficacy refers to the best care achievable when provided under ideal (controlled) conditions. Effectiveness refers to care that is provided under average or usual conditions. In this issue of Digestive Diseases and Sciences, a gap in care is highlighted for patients who are hospitalized with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with IBD are at 3to 4-fold increased risk of both primary and recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to people without IBD, VTE can occur at a younger age than expected and pulmonary embolism (PE) also appears at rates higher than in hospitalized patients without IBD [3–7]. VTE can occur in unusual locations including the cerebrovascular system, portal vein, mesenteric and retinal veins . In 2003 there were approximately 38 million discharges from US acute care hospitals . Fifty-one percent of the 15 million patients discharged from medical services were judged to be at increased risk for VTE according to criteria of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) . VTE contributes to over 100,000 deaths each year and is one of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s (AHRQ) key strategies for improving patient safety [10]. The following is taken from the ACCP 2012 VTE guidelines: