nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards the prevention of acute lung injury: a population based cohort study protocol

BackgroundAcute lung injury (ALI) is an example of a critical care syndrome with limited treatment options once the condition is fully established. Despite improved understanding of pathophysiology of ALI, the clinical impact has been limited to improvements in supportive treatment. On the other hand, little has been done on the prevention of ALI. Olmsted County, MN, geographically isolated from other urban areas offers the opportunity to study clinical pathogenesis of ALI in a search for potential prevention targets.DesignIn this population-based observational cohort study, the investigators identify patients at high risk of ALI using the prediction model applied within the first six hours of hospital admission. Using a validated system-wide electronic surveillance, Olmsted County patients at risk are followed until ALI, death or hospital discharge. Detailed in-hospital (second hit) exposures and meaningful short and long term outcomes (quality-adjusted survival) are compared between ALI cases and high risk controls matched by age, gender and probability of developing ALI. Time sensitive biospecimens are collected for collaborative research studies. Nested case control comparison of 500 patients who developed ALI with 500 matched controls will provide an adequate power to determine significant differences in common hospital exposures and outcomes between the two groups.DiscussionThis population-based observational cohort study will identify patients at high risk early in the course of disease, the burden of ALI in the community, and the potential targets for future prevention trials.
Approaching Ottoman History: An Introduction to the Sources (review)

Faroqhi is the leading Ottoman historian of this generation. She wrote the chapter on the seventeenth century in Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert (eds.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire (Cambridge, 1994), 411–636, and is the author of several monographs on aspects of Ottoman social and economic history, including Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire (New York, 1998). In Approaching Ottoman History, Faroqhi provides a timely new manual for Ottoman historical research that is informed by wide research experience and infused by her warmly personal and deeply humane vision of the purpose of historical study. After a basic introduction and a chapter called “Entering the Field,” Faroqhi surveys the major sources, and collections of sources, for the history of the Ottoman Empire: in Turkey, the vast documentary holdings of the Prime Ministry archives, the main series of which are described; the Topkai Palace archives in Istanbul; the Land Registry archives; the Vakif Foundation archives and Sharia court archives (now mostly in theNational Library) in Ankara; state manuscript libraries, especially the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul; and private archives. The description of these collections and their holdings is up-to-date, an especially important fact when it comes to the Prime Ministry archives, since the work of cataloguing there is ongoing. She also describes the main collections of sources in Ottoman successor states and in non-Ottoman Europe. Faroqhi’s mature treatment of the Ottoman sources counters the state-centered approach of recent historiography. Her sensitivity to the genre conventions that governed Ottoman history writing leads her to recognize the uniqueness of Evliya Çelebi’s travelog on the one hand, and the surprising routineness of arst-person narratives on the other.1 Concern that the lengthy chapter devoted to European sources might REVIEWS | 509
Algorithm 628: An Algorithm for Constructing Canonical Bases of Polynomial Ideals

The notion of GrGbner bases for polynomial ideals, which is central to this paper, is given by the following: Definition. A finite set F of polynomials in K[xl, . . . , x,] is called a canonical basis or Grtibner basis (for the ideal generated by F) if and only if (GB) for arbitrary polynomials f, g, h E K[xl, . . . , x,]: if f +F g, f “F h, and g, h are irreducible modulo +F, then g = h. Here, ‘f +‘I? g” means that ‘f may be reduced to g modulo F m by applying a certain reduction process that may be considered as a “generalized division.” For the exact definition of this reduction relation and examples, we refer to  and . (GB) is equivalent to the assertion that ‘F has the Church-Rosser property, whose fundamental importance in rewrite systems is well known (see, e.g., ). The problem of constructing Grijbner bases for polynomial ideals is characterized by the following:
Narrative and the Reconfiguration of Social Work Ethics

Commencing with a critique of codes of ethics based on the Statement of Principles of the International Federation of Social Work, we explore how a narrative approach to ethics might better serve the practice of social work. We argue that narrative both addresses some of the problems within current codes—such as their Western assumptions, lack of attention to the political role of the social worker, and the privileging of professional expertise—and aligns well with the values social work, being committed to social justice and diversity. Furthermore, we suggest that narrative, because it can operate at the individual, family, community, social, and discoursal levels can help us think ethically about how we construct narratives about, with, and for individual service users while remaining attentive to wider concerns of social justice. In so doing we are not seeking to construct a new code of ethics but to generate debate as to how social work ethics might be reconfigured.
The Relationship between E-Government and National Competitiveness: The Moderating Influence of Environmental Factors

Using secondary data from 113 countries and the literature on Resource Based View [RBV] and Information Technology [IT] impact as the guiding theoretical lenses, we examine the relationships of e-government development and e-participation with national business competitiveness. E-government development represents the level of functional sophistication of e-government Web sites in a nation whereas e-participation is the level of country's willingness to engage citizens in e-government processes. In addition, we analyze the moderating role of country environment on the relationships between e-government development and business competitiveness and also between e-participation and business competitiveness. Our results highlight strong association of e-government development as well as e-participation with national business competitiveness. Further, our results also show the moderating role of human capital, public institutions and macro-economic conditions on the relationship between e-government development and business competitiveness of a nation. Human capital and public institutions positively moderate this relationship whereas macro-economic environment marginally moderates the relationship in the negative direction. In contrast to this, the relationship between e-participation and business competitiveness is positively moderated only by national human capital. Further, we also analyze the combined relationship of e-government development and e-participation (e-government maturity) with national business competitiveness and observe that e-government maturity is also significantly related to national business competitiveness. Through this research, we make some important contributions that have implications for research and practice.
Mythologization of Landscape as a Factor of National Self-Education in the First Half of the 20th Century. The Case of East Prussia

The article analyses the formation of mental links between the population of East Prussia and the naturaland cultural landscape of the said German province after World War I. By interpreting landscape as animaginary space whose symbols may impact identity, the author analyzes several ways of nationalizationof the East Prussian landscape. They include: studies of the homeland newly defined by the VersaillesPeace Treaty at school and in daily life; popularization of tours for youth of the pre-promoted places ofthe province; organized care of wartime military cemeteries moderately integrated into the landscape; theconstruction of the Tannenberg memorial complex and giving meanings to it; and reconstruction of wardevastatedcities and towns of East Prussia. The article demonstrates that the creation of meaningful linksbetween the German population, the homeland (East Prussia), the elements of its natural and culturallandscape, and the Fatherland (Germany) formed a unique perception of the region which was primarilyrelated to its meaning of a German outpost in the East.  East Prussia, regional identity, natural and cultural landscape, youth tours, outpost, World War I.
Reservoir Characteristics of Principal Target Strata in Northern Tianshan Mountain Front Region of Junggar Basin

Comprehensive analysis for principal target strata in piedmont of northern Tianshan Mountain is conducted including the studies of fundamental characteristics of reservoir diagenesis and other important factors affecting the petrophysical properties of reservoir． It is recognized that the evolution of various reservoir is strictly constrained by regional and local tectonic movements deposits distribution and diagenesis． The unfavorable factors affecting reservoirs are the unsuitable sedimentary facies belt where they situated carbonate cementation and the separate out of autogenetic clay minerals etc． while the favorable conditions are denudation peripheral mud film and carbonate cements supporting in earlier stage． The paper indicated that the relatively good reservoirs are Taxihe formation(N1t) of Anjihai Shawan formation(N1s) of Dushanzi Ziniquanzi formation(E1－2z) of Hutubi and Anjihaihe formation(E2－3a) of Manasi．
The "Karlsruhe model" - a successful approach to an academic education in industrial product development

The increasing complexity of product requirements combined with a customer tendency to prefer more simple and profitable solutions needs the integrated use by the design engineers of targeted combinations of organisational, technical and systematic tools based on an holistic view of the entire product development process. The education of design engineers has to react to these new professional requirements and excellence in professional competence must be generated. The education of mechanical engineering students in machine design can make a decisive contribution in obtaining technique and social competence for later success in study and profession. At the University of Karlsruhe the Institute of Machine Design and Automotive Engineering has constituted the new education concept called “The Karlsruher Model” in order to take up these challenges. This paper will present the basic course content and methodological approach and will describe our initial experiences with this new educational concept.
Twenty Years of Software Engineering: Looking Forward, Looking Back

The task of looking back over a period of such tumultuous activity and making a cogent statement of what happened is sufficiently challenging for this panelist; I shall make no attempt to look forward. The last twenty years have been a coming of age for the software world, and for the information industry in general. The growth and contagious enthusiasm of this period have been remarkable. Computing and software in eighties has had some of the frenetic excitement of the space industry in the sixties, war in the forties, radio in the thirties or electricity in the twenties. I cannot think of another field of endeavor which would have been more enticing during my lifetime. What is tempting today is to look back over the phenomenal growth of the last two decades and try to explain it in terms of the causative actions we took during the formative years. This might lead to statements of this form: “But for the monumental contributions of such technologists as , it is doubtful that the success of the ueriod would ever have happened at all.” In the blink you fill in the names of those you admire or, better still, the names of other panelists, while expecting those other panelists to be dutifully placing your name on their position statements. What this lacks in historical veracity, it make up for in effective self-promotion. As tempting as that may be, I find myself persuaded that the key decisions that governed progress in our industry were made from outside the industry. They were not technological at all; rather they were political. And their major effect was not to enhance the growth of the field but to restrict it drastically. I refer to the stupid and ill-considered American public policy to weaken the major participants in the industry through the use and threat of use of anti-trust legislation. Xn the climate of 1989, it is difficult to conceive of American political action whose intent and purpose was the methodical crippling of the most successful
Between East and West: Sappho Leontias (1830–1900) and her Educational Theory

The paper presents one of the most prominent Greek women teachers and educators of the nineteenth century, and a leading figure of Greek women’s education in Ottoman territory, Sappho Leontias (1830–1900). Within a transnational framework and based on the study of the writings of Sappho Leontias, the paper presents her educational views, theory and philosophy and focuses on her connections to educational thought and activity “beyond ethnic/national borders”, investigating the influences on her theoretical schema. A secondary intention of the paper is to present the influence Leontias exercised on the education of her times through an overview of her educational activity. The historical and social conditions of the time and place, as well as gender ideologies, are taken into consideration; the paper supports the position that they affect or shape individual projects and choices to a great extent.
Antibiotic use in acute pancreatitis: An audit of current practice in a tertiary centre.

Intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended in acute pancreatitis. According to current international guidelines antibiotics together with further intervention should be considered in the setting of infected necrosis. Appropriate antibiotic therapy particularly avoiding over-prescription is important. This study examines antibiotic use in acute pancreatitis in a tertiary centre using the current IAP/APA guidelines for reference.



Data were collected on a consecutive series of patients admitted with acute pancreatitis over a 12 month period. Data were dichotomized by patients admitted directly to the centre and tertiary transfers. Information was collected on clinical course with specific reference to antibiotic use, episode severity, intervention and outcome.



111 consecutive episodes of acute pancreatitis constitute the reported population. 31 (28%) were tertiary transfers. Overall 65 (58.5%) patients received antibiotics. Significantly more tertiary transfer patients received antibiotics. Mean person-days of antibiotic use was 23.9 (sd 29.7) days in the overall study group but there was significantly more use in the tertiary transfer group as compared to patients having their index admission to the centre (40.9 sd 37.1 vs 10.2 sd 8.9; P < 0.005). Thirty four (44%) of patients with clinically mild acute pancreatitis received antibiotics.



There is substantial use of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis, in particular in patients with severe disease. Over-use is seen in mild acute pancreatitis. Better consideration must be given to identification of prophylaxis or therapy as indication. In relation to repeated courses of antibiotics in severe disease there must be clear indications for use.
Making Friends in Hostile Environments: Political Strategy in Regulated Industries

We examine how regulated firms target their political strategies at multiple government institutions to gain more favorable regulatory agency decisions. Integrating the corporate political strategy literature and positive political theory literature, we derive propositions that (1) identify the political and regulatory circumstances generating hostile environments and (2) delineate the conditions under which firms will employ an indirect strategy instead of a direct strategy to induce changes in regulator decisions, identifying the specific political institutions a firm will target when adopting an indirect strategy. We develop a rich set of predictions about firms' political strategy that can form the basis for future empirical testing.
Influence of La3+ on structural, magnetic, dielectric, electrical and modulus spectroscopic characteristics of single phase CoFe2−xLaxO4 nanoparticles

In this work, we have studied the influence of La3+ substitution on structural, magnetic, dielectric, electrical and modulus spectroscopic characteristics of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by starch-assisted sol–gel combustion method. The powder X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of single-phase CoFe2−xLaxO4 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) spinel ferrite nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy study also reveals the formation of single phase spinel ferrite crystal structure. The morphological feature of synthesized ferrite nanoparticle was observed by scanning electron microscopy that demonstrate formation of spherical nanoparticles with grain size 10–50 nm. The presence of constituent’s, i.e., Co, Fe and La were authenticated by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The magnetic parameters are measured by employing vibrating sample magnetometer. The saturation magnetization decreases with La3+ substitution, whereas coercivity shows anomalous behaviour. Cation redistribution in spinel ferrite nanoparticles are confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The variation of dielectric constant (ϵ′, ϵʺ), loss tangent (tanδ), ac conductivity (σ), electric modulus (M′, Mʺ) and impedance (Z′, Zʺ) as a function of La3+ ion concentration and frequency has been investigated. The dielectric constant and ac conductivity increases with increase of La3+ substitution, whereas dielectric loss tangent exhibits anomalous behaviour. The modulus spectra reveal two semicircles associated with grain and grain boundary effects. The cole–cole plots in modulus formalism show that the electrical characteristics contribute from both the grains and grain boundaries. Modulus spectra suggest that the distribution of relaxation times and conduction mechanism are influenced by La3+ ion substitution in cobalt ferrite nanoparticles.
Academic Freedom, Conspicuous Benevolence, and the National Association of Scholars

ASA President James Coleman has joined the National Association of Scholars (NAS) in its campaign against "political correctness" in academia. In this article we examine the origins of the NAS, its sources of funding, and the nature of its activities. We show that the NAS is part of a broader "neoconservative" network and argue that the organization, despite its deceptive rhetoric, poses a serious threat to academic freedom.
Sediment distribution and Cenozoic sedimentation patterns on the Agulhas Plateau

Unconsolidated sediments on the Agulhas Plateau range in age from Maestrichian to Quaternary and consist of calcareous ooze. A composite sedimentary record from piston cores suggests three hiatuses in sedimentation which can be correlated with angular unconformities inferred from seismic profiles. These hiatuses encompass late Miocene–Pliocene, middle Oligocene, and late Paleocene–middle Eocene time and correlate with similar stratigraphic gaps widely distributed in Deep Sea Drilling Project boreholes. The deeper basins surrounding the plateau contain terrigenous and calcareous or siliceous hemipelagic sediments; sediment composition is controlled by depth and locality of deposition. Strong influence of bottom currents on sediment distribution during Cenozoic time is demonstrated by a well-developed erosional zone near 4,500-m depth around the plateau as well as by local erosion and sediment drifts on the plateau itself. The plateau can be divided into a northern and a southern province on the basis of differences in the nature of acoustic basement. Basement in the southern province is smooth with some faulting and contains weak internal reflectors unconformable with the basement surface; the reflectors may represent layered basalt flows or consolidated Mesozoic sediments deposited shortly after the formation of the plateau. Acoustic basement in the northern section is intensely faulted and shows no evidence of internal stratification.
Android application for stock market prediction by fuzzy logic

Presently, firms in financial services sector like banking and insurance make profits by investing their clients' money in stock markets, the strategies for which are heavily infrastructure dependent and unknown outside the organization. This paper discusses the development of an android application which can be made available directly to the common investors from unorganized sector. The application uses rule based fuzzy logic [1, 2, 3, 4] for analyzing the direction of stock market movement. We report emulation on BlueStacks App Player .
Relationship between oil prices, interest rate, and unemployment: Evidence from an emerging market

While the interrelation between oil price changes, economic activity and employment is an important issue that has been studied mainly for developed countries, little attention has been devoted to inquiries on fluctuations in the price of crude oil and its impact on employment for small open economies. Adopting an efficiency wage model for equilibrium employment that does not require any assumptions regarding labor supply, this paper contributes to the literature by investigating the causality between unemployment and two input prices, namely energy (crude oil) and capital (real interest rate) in an emerging market, Turkey for the period 2005:01-2009:08. Applying a relatively new technique, the Toda-Yamamoto procedure, we find that the real price of oil and interest rate improve the forecasts of unemployment in the long run. This finding supports the hypothesis that labor is a substitute factor of production for capital and energy.
Emerging Leadership Strategies for Complex Times

This article will provide a brief introduction of emerging twenty-first century leadership theories based on various literature reviews. Earlier, industrial era, leadership theories are centered on the perspective of a single heroic leader who provides vision and guidance on behalf of the masses. These theories leverage a command-and-control leadership style to optimize productivity and increase organizational sustainability. However, with the onset of rapidly changing economic conditions, unpredictable financial markets and the short fall of Red Ocean and Blue Ocean strategies, the single heroic leader phenomenon has failed to optimize knowledge—the largest human capital investment. Several researchers have stated that the value of knowledge is in its capacity to generate innovative products and service and thereby create competitive advantages for the firm. Thereby, leadership strategies that encourage knowledge sharing through social interaction may enhance organizational sustainability. Several scholars have argued that it is this social dimension of knowledge sharing that calls for new leadership strategies. The article highlights several knowledge era leadership theories.