nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quest for the Dynamical Origin of Mass: An LHC perspective from Sakata, Nambu and Maskawa

I review the dynamical symmetry breaking (DSB) approach to the Origin of Mass, which is traced back to the original (2008 Nobel prize) work of Nambu based on the BCS analogue of superconductor where mass of nucleon (then elementary particle) arises due to Cooper paring and pions are provided as massless Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons, being composite as in Fermi-Yang/Sakata model. In this talk I will focus on the modern version of DSB or composite Higgs models: Walking/Conformal Technicolor, Hidden Local Symmetry (HLS) or Moose, and Top Quark Condensate, with the their extra dimension versions closely related with HLS. Particular emphasis will be placed on the large anomalous dimension and conformal symmetry at the conformal fixed points, developed along the line of the pioneering work of Maskawa and Nakajima. Due to (approximate) conformal symmetry these models do have composite Higgs particle ("Techni-dilaton", "Top-sigma" etc.). Weakly coupled composite gauge boson is realized at "Vector Manifestation" formulated at conformal fixed point, which may be applied to the composite W/Z boson models. They will be tested in the upcoming LHC experiments.
Brigadas do antifanatismo: a invenção da tolerância religiosa Antifanaticism Brigades: the Invention of the Religious Tolerance

Focusing the production of fictional works and philosophical texts in historical perspective, the article approaches a series of aspects related to a complexed thematic universe of the intellectual disputes against the religious fanaticisn in Modern Europe. The text analyzes the advent and evolution of a topic which — is quite well-known in the work of modern writers like Montaigne and Jean Bodin — goes to the category of thematic axis in plenty of reflections of writers from the 17th and 18th centuries. About the real crusade of ideas which was the struggle against the religious fanaticism during the Classical Age and the Enlightenment, some of the critical ideas of writers like Swift, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot and David Hume.
Exploring the Meaning of Freedom: Postemancipation Societies in Comparative Perspective

HE centennial of the final abolition of slavery in Cuba and Brazil has occasioned an exceptional burst of scholarly interest, perhaps in part owinig to the moral weight that the questions of slavery and freedom continue to carry.' Integrating a moral vision into scholarship on this subject, however, has remained problematic. The old notion of slave emancipation as a purifying, redemptive triumph of moral rightness over self-interest has receded, sometimes to be replaced by a more jaundiced view of emancipation as the trading of one master for another, or the relinquishing of explicit coercion and explicit protection for implicit coercion and no protection at all. The best recent work on emancipation has challenged these polarities, emphasizing the complexity of former slaves' initiatives in the context of the constraints placed on
Fragmentation of 2-(dialkylamino)ethyl phosphate derivatives. Mechanism change as a function of substituents at phosphorus

The products and the first-order rate constants for the fragmentation of six phosphonic diesters (2) and two phosphonic monester chlorides (3), all containing the 2-(dialkylaminoethyl) group as one of the ester functions, have been determined. On the basis of different reaction products, different rates of decomposition, and different activation parameters, a new mechanism for the fragmentation of ester chlorides (3) is proposed: fragmentation involving release of the chloride ion and the formation of the 1,1-dialkylaziridinium ion and metaphosphonate as the reactive intermediates.  fragmentation of phosphates and phosphorochloridates, "metaphosphate" mechanism of phosphates, activation entropy in mechanistic change, 2-(dialkylamino)ethylphosphates.
Land Grabbing, Investment Principles and Plural Legal Orders of Land Use

Recently, foreign direct investment in land, also termed ‘land grabbing’, has increased significantly in developing countries. In response to growing concerns about its detrimental impacts, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Bank and other multilateral organizations have come forward with two proposals, namely the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (FAO 2012, FAO guidelines), to protect people’s rights, and the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources (FAO et al. 2010, RAI principles), to make such investments more responsible. One of their central tenets is that investors and host governments respect local people’s existing property rights over land by formalising them in a transparent and participatory manner.The article challenges the two proposals – and thus much of the recent land grab debate – from a legal pluralism perspec...
ALife for Real and Virtual Audio-Video Performances

MAG (an Italian acronym which stands for Musical Genetic Algorithms) is an electronic art piece in which a multifaceted software attempts to “translate” musical expression into a corresponding static or animated graphical expressions. The mechanism at the base of such “translation” consists in a quite complex and articulated algorithm that, in short, is based on artificial learning. Indeed, MAG implements different learning techniques to allow artificial agents to learn about music flow by developing an adaptive behaviour. In our specific case, such a technique consists of a population of neural networks – one dimensional artificial agents that populate their two dimensional artificial world, and which are served by a simple input output control system – that can use both genetic and reinforcement learning algorithms to evolve appropriate behavioural answers to an impressively large shapes of inputs, through both a fitness formula based genetic pressure, and, eventually, a user-machine based feedbacks. More closely, in the first version of MAG algorithm the agents’ control system is a perceptron; the world of the agents is a two dimensional grid that changes its dimensions accordingly to the host-screen; the most important input artificial agents get (i.e. not necessarily the only one) is the musical wave that any given musical file produces, run-time; the output is the behavioural answer that agents produce by moving, and thereby drawing on to a computer screen, therefore graphical. The combination of artificial evolution and the flows of a repeated song or different musical tunes make it possible for the software to obtain a special relationship between sound waves and the aesthetics of consequent graphical results. Further, we started to explore the concept of run-time creation of both music and graphical expression. Recently, we developed a software by which it is possible to allow any user to create new song versions of popular music with the MusicTiles app simply by connecting musical building blocks. This creation of musical expression can happen as a performance (i.e. run-time). When connecting the MusicTiles app to the MAG software, we provide the connection and the possibility to melt both musical expression and graphical expression in parallel and at run-time, and therefore creating an audio-video performance that is always unique.
Elster, Jon (1940–)

Jon Elster has contributed to critiquing and also extensively constructing the standards against which to judge social science explanations, and rational choice theory, extending into institutional designs ensuring that analytical work obeys the injunction of methodological individualism and identified plausible mechanism, which explain outcomes, adding indeterminacies, emotions, and norms to the rational choices actors make under limited conditions. His multidisciplinary work has dissected Marxian theories but investigated an array of societal issues of modern times.
Qualitative and quantitative characterization of the arsenic-binding behaviour of sulfur-containing peptides and proteins by the coupling of reversed phase liquid chromatography to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Phenylarsenic-substituted cysteine-containing peptides and proteins were completely differentiated from their unbound original forms by the coupling of reversed phase liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The analysis of biomolecules possessing structure-stabilizing disulfide bridges after reduction provides new insights into requirements concerning the accessibility of cysteine residues for reducing agents as well as for arsenic compounds in a spatial protein structure. Complementary binding studies performed using direct ESI-MS without chromatographic coupling in different solvent systems demonstrated that more than one binding site were activated for aprotinin and lysozyme in denaturing solvents because of a stronger defolding. From the intensities of the different charge states occurring in the mass spectra as well as from the LC elution behaviour, it can be deduced that the folding state of the arsenic-bound protein species resembles the native, oxidized conformation. In contrast, although the milk protein α-lactalbumin has several disulfide bridges, only one phenylarsenic moiety was bound under strongly denaturing conditions. Because of the charge state distribution in the ESI mass spectra, a conformational change to a molten globule structure is assumed. For the second considered milk protein ß-lactoglobulin, a noncovalent interaction with phenylarsine oxide was detected. In general, smaller apparent binding constants for the condensation reactions of the biomolecules with phenylarsine oxide leading to covalent arsenic-sulfur bindings were determined from direct injection ESI-MS measurements than from LC-ESI-MS coupling. The following order of binding affinities for one phenylarsenic group can be assumed from both ESI-MS and LC-ESI-MS: nonapeptide vasopressin > nonapeptide vasotocin > lysozyme > aprotinin > α-lactalbumin > thioredoxin. Kinetic investigations by LC-ESI-MS yielded a partial reaction order of 2 for vasopressin, Lys and α-lactalbumin and corresponding half-lives of 0.93, 2.56 and 123.5 min, respectively.
The logic of quantum mechanics - Take II

We put forward a new take on the logic of quantum mechanics, following Schroedinger's point of view that it is composition which makes quantum theory what it is, rather than its particular propositional structure due to the existence of superpositions, as proposed by Birkhoff and von Neumann. This gives rise to an intrinsically quantitative kind of logic, which truly deserves the name `logic' in that it also models meaning in natural language, the latter being the origin of logic, that it supports automation, the most prominent practical use of logic, and that it supports probabilistic inference.
Effects of alloying additions of titanium, molybdenum, silicon, hafnium and tantalum on the microstructure of iron aluminides near Fe3Al

Additions of titanium, molybdenum, silicon, hafnium and/or tantalum to FeAl alloys near the composition Fe 3 Al have been found to affect many microstructural features including antiphase domain size, types and crystallography of antiphase and interphase boundaries, and slip vectors. In addition, different microstructures are developed with changes in aluminum content in complex alloys containing molybdenum, titanium and hafnium. In particular, with decreasing aluminum level, the microstructure changes from a single phase D0 3 superlattice to a structure having elongated ordered domains with a thin layer of the disordered phase along the antiphase boundaries, and finally to a two-phase modulated structure with D0 3 domains aligned along 〈100〉 directions in a disordered matrix. Stabilization of the D0 3 structure through alloying with molybdenum and titanium causes the slip vector to change from the usually observed 〈111〉 to 〈110〉 which is in agreement with the crystallographic symmetry.
Would You Barter with God? Why Holy Debts and Not Profane Markets Created Money

Attempting to revitalize the substantive approach to economics in the tradition of K. Polanyi, this paper revives the neglected substantive theory of money's origins by Bernhard Laum and thus disputes the formal approaches that see the origins of money in the context of trade. A wide range of evidence, from archeological to etymological, is utilized to demonstrate that relations between men and God, carried out through the intermediary of state-religious authorities, played a causal role in the genesis of the ox-unit of value and account, and, further, in the origins of money, and, subsequently, coinage. The substantive state-religious approach presented in this paper is also compared and contrasted to the Chartalist perspective on money's origins. It is concluded that the substantive approach presented in this paper differs from the more formal approaches (e.g., Metallism) because it does not rely upon a projection of modern institutions and habits of thought (e.g., a medium of exchange; monetary taxation) into ancient societies.
Work and Income Sharing in a Rural Economy: Effect on Economic Growth and Welfare

An endogenous growth model is developed to 
explore the effect of work and income sharing (WIS) on economic growth and 
welfare in a developing rural economy. The practice of WIS is a mechanism which 
converts incremental diversity of risk into volatility reduction and overall 
welfare gain. However, the effect on economic growth is sector specific. WIS in 
the intermediate goods sector has a pro-growth effect through higher investment 
returns while in the agricultural sector it has an anti-growth effect through 
lower precautionary savings. WIS also decreases the level of regional government 
subsidies needed to achieve the optimal growth rate.
The voyage of the microbial eukaryote.

Although genome data from unicellular marine eukaryotes is sparse, sequences from several supergroups have initiated an era of genome-enabled research aimed at understanding gene function, evolution, and adaptation in non-traditional model protists. Trends in genomic content within and between different lineages are emerging, including phylogenetically anomalous patterns, sometimes resulting from horizontal gene transfer. Some such genes have nutrient uptake and metabolism roles suggesting that bacterial and eukaryotic microbes have similar cellular-mineral-environmental constraints. Many 'accessory genome' components are of unknown function, but low gene copy numbers combined with small genomes make protists ideal for systems biology. Cultured and uncultured protists are providing insights to ecology, ancestral features and the role of cooption in development of complex traits. Various protists harbor features important in sexuality and multicellularity once believed to have originated in metazoans or other multicellular taxa.
Holistic mechanical engineering education with a mechatronic platform for learning/sup /spl trade//

A new platform for learning has been developed for mechanical engineering programs at Oregon State University with great success. This new platform provides hands-on experience, encourages innovation, and presents the means for a more holistic education of mechanical engineering graduates. By combining experiences in electronics, programming and a heavy dose of mechanical theory and practice students can use the platform to build exciting projects and test benches.
The Hoggar swell and volcanism: Reactivation of the Precambrian Tuareg shield during Alpine convergence and West African Cenozoic volcanism

We review the northwest African Cenozoic volcanic fields, including their regional geology. This provides a basis for understanding the relations between Hoggar volcanism and the Africa-Europe collision. Volcanic alignments are related to structural features, and no spatial age trend exists. In Hoggar, a close link is established between the volcanism and Pan-African structure. During the Mesozoic rifting period, the Hoggar area was already a topographic high well before any volcanism, which began at ca. 35 Ma, just after the initiation of the Africa-Europe collision at ca. 38 Ma. Hoggar volcanism continued episodically until now, as did the collision. We describe the Hoggar volcanic province based on available field, petrological, geochemical isotopic, and geophysical data, including data on gravimetry, heatflow, and seismic tomography. The latter suggests that northwestern African volcanism is linked to mantle structure down to 150 km but not deeper, implying a shallow mantle source. In Hoggar, lithospheric structures deduced from the seismic tomographic model and from geology are compatible when their respective resolutions are taken into account. The considerations just stated cannot be reconciled with a plume model. We propose instead that intraplate stress induced by the Africa-Europe collision reactivated the Pan-African mega–shear zones mainly in metacratonic terranes, inducing linear 379 *E-mails: jean-paul.liegeois@africamuseum.be; asazzouni@hotmail.com; bbonin@geol.u-psud.fr. Liegeois, J.-P., Benhallou, A., Azzouni-Sekkal, A., Yahiaoui, R., and Bonin, B., 2005, The Hoggar swell and volcanism: Reactivation of the Precambrian Tuareg shield during Alpine convergence and West African Cenozoic volcanism, in Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Presnall, D.C., and Anderson, D.L., eds., Plates, plumes, and paradigms: Geological Society of America Special Paper 388, p. 379–400, . For permission to copy, contact editing @geosociety.org.
Quark condensate in a magnetic field

We study the dependence of quark condensate Σ on an external magnetic field. For weak fields, it rises linearly: Σ(H) = Σ(0) [1 + eH ln2 (16π 2 F π 2 ) + …] . M π and F π are also shifted so that the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation is satisfied. In the strong field region, Σ(H) α (eH) 3 2 .
Medical education--communicating best practice.

There is unequivocal evidence that reduction of modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), such as elevated serum cholesterol, high blood pressure and smoking, decreases cardiovascular mortality. However, levels of intervention appear to be poor and there is often little evidence of a combined multiple risk factor approach to intervention, which is likely to be the optimal way to lower a patients overall risk of developing CHD. Attention has recently focused on bridging the gap between knowledge in the field of preventive cardiology and its application in everyday clinical practice. This can only be accomplished by the development of uncomplicated, practical guidelines that are evidenced-based and that provide specific targets for risk factors and indications for drug therapy.
Fundamentals, processes and applications of high-permittivity polymer–matrix composites

There is an increasing need for high-permittivity (high- k ) materials due to rapid development of electrical/electronic industry. It is well-known that single composition materials cannot meet the high- k need. The combination of dissimilar materials is expected to be an effective way to fabricate composites with high- k , especial for high- k polymer–matrix composites (PMC). This review paper focuses on the important role and challenges of high- k PMC in new technologies. The use of different materials in the PMC creates interfaces which have a crucial effect on final dielectric properties. Therefore it is necessary to understand dielectric properties and processing need before the high- k PMC can be made and applied commercially. Theoretical models for increasing dielectric permittivity are summarized and are used to explain the behavior of dielectric properties. The effects of fillers, fabrication processes and the nature of the interfaces between fillers and polymers are discussed. Potential applications of high- k PMC are also discussed.
THE WRITER AS TEACHER: A COMPARISON OF THE AFRICAN ADVENTURE STORIES

Adventure stories are favorites among children in many parts of the world. Africa has been the locale of hundreds of children's adventure stories written by African and non-African authors for over a century. These adventure stories, along with other fiction, are just as powerful teachers about Africa as are professional educators. This essay will compare the adventure stories of three wellknown and popular authors (as judged by literary critics and child readers) who based their stories on extensive firsthand experience in Africa. The writers belong to three different generations, and their adventure stories are typical of those of many other writers of their  Representing the Victorian Age is George Alfred Henty, whose name is "probably identified above all others with the Victorian adventure story" (Townsend, 1975: 63) and whose books were so popular with children that in 1894 some British teachers limited the number that students could read (Welsch, n.d.). The early twentieth century is represented by Rene Guillot, the initiator of the exotic novel for children (Jan and Patte, 1973: 360) and winner of the Hans Christian Andersen Prize of the International Board on Books for Young People-a prize which has been awarded only three times since 1958. Although Guillot wrote all of his children's books in French, almost all of them have been translated into English. Barbara Kimenye (a journalist from Uganda, short story writer, and one of East Africa's most prolific children's writers) represents the mid-twentieth century. She writes about ordinary people "who live outside the pale of ordinary society" and makes their lives interesting (Nazareth, 1974: 167).
A Comparative Study of Invariant Assertions, Invariant Relations, and Invariant Functions

Invariant assertions play an important role in the analysis and documentation of while loops of imperative programs. Invariant functions and invariant relations are alternative analysis tools that are distinct from invariant assertions but are related to them. In this paper we discuss these three concepts and analyze their relationships. The study of invariant functions and invariant relations is interesting not only because it provides alternative means to analyze loops, but also because it gives us insights into the structure of invariant assertions, and may help us enhance techniques for generating invariant assertions.
Global Examination of the $^{12}$C+$^{12}$C Reaction Data at Low and Intermediate Energies

We examine the $^{12}$C+$^{12}$C elastic scattering over a wide energy range from 32.0 to 70.7 MeV in the laboratory system within the framework of the Optical model and the Coupled-Channels formalism. The $^{12}$C+$^{12}$C system has been extensively studied within and over this energy range in the past. These efforts have been futile in determining the shape of the nuclear potential in the low energy region and in describing the individual angular distributions, single-angle 50$^{0}$ to 90$^{0}$ excitation functions and reaction cross-section data simultaneously. In order to address these problems systematically, we propose a potential that belongs to a family other than the one used to describe higher energy experimental data and show that it is possible to use it over this wide energy range. This potential also predicts the resonances at correct energies with reasonable widths.
The Myth of Social Action.

1.  Action reported missing in action theory 3. Action and social action 4. Action versus social action 5. The rise of social situationalism 6. The argument by denial 7. Accounts and actions 8. The argument by exclusion 9. The argument by incorporation 10. The 'learning everything from others' thesis 11. The communicative act paradigm 12. The linguistic turn for the worse 13. The myth of social action 14. The obstacle which is social situationalism 15. Bringing action back in.