nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Happiness and self-deception: An old question examined by a new measure of subjective well-being

The development and application of a new measure of subjective well-being, the Life Satisfaction Research Questionnaire, is discussed. The major new contribution that this instrument makes to the study of happiness is allowing subjects to distinguish between their satisfaction with the circumstances of their lives and with what they have made of those circumstances. Two separate studies involving repeated administrations (over a period of three months) to under-graduates investigated the relationship between life satisfaction and a tendency to engage in self-deception. Results found that subjects high in self-deception tended to give greater weight to what they felt they had made of their lives than to their life circumstances. Following discussion of the results, recommendations are made for further study.
The effect of the rate of cooling on phase changes in the 1250–1000 °C and 650–350 °C temperature ranges and on the relative volume of ferrite in austenitic welds deposited with solid G23 12L and flux-cored T23 12 LRM3 wires

In alloy steels, ferrite is formed during the solidification of the metal. Structure of the steel changes depending on the content of austenite (nickel, carbon, nitrogen, manganese, copper and cobalt) – and ferrite-forming (chromium, molybdenum, silicon, tungsten, vanadium, aluminium, titanium and niobium)  According to the current state of knowledge, the structure of the weld at ambient temperature depends on the content of ferrite which existed at very high temperatures (below the liquidus curve), i.e. it depends on the ratio of the austenite–ferrite forming elements. Welds in 18–10 grade steels, after cooling to ambient temperatures, have austenitic–ferritic structures.
Liquid society and its law

Theorizing liquid modernity and its legal context, JirA- PribA!n. Part I Liquidity, Uncertainty and Fear: Uncertainty and other liquid-modern fears, Zygmunt Bauman. Part II Theorizing Liquid Modernity: How aufarbeiten 'liquid society'? Zymunt Bauman's wager, Anton SchA tz World and waste, or the law of liquidity, Pablo S. Ghetti Fear in the lawscape, Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos. Part III Liquidity and Solidity in Politics and Ethics: The politics of liquid modernity: Polanyi and Bauman on commodification and fluidity, Emilios Christodoulidis Facing past human rights abuse: a way from a liquid to a solid society, Grazyna Skapska. Part IV European Adventures and Identities: European legality and its critique: on Bauman's concept of an adventurous Europe, JirA- PribA!n Constitutional identities in a liquid society, Vito Breda. Part V Liquidity of Social Inclusion Policies,  The liquidity and solidity of contemporary social reality: the example of social inclusion policies, Pierre Guibentif Liquid modernity and the integration of young immigrants in Italy, David Nelken Index.
An Empirical Investigation of Liquidation Choices of Failed High Tech Firms

This paper compares a dataset of failed venture-backed firms to information about the firm's liquidation choices. The first finding is that firms in California are much less likely to use the bankruptcy process than firms in other states, largely because of their ability to use a cheaper and less formal assignment for the benefit of creditors procedure. The paper explores a number of reasons why that procedure succeeds in California more than it does elsewhere, including differences in statutory support for the procedure, the sophistication of market participants in California, the close-knit venture communities in California, and unusual rules of 9th circuit bankruptcy law. The second finding comes from the data about the firms that did file for bankruptcy. Generally, those firms were much larger, with much greater amounts and varieties of debt than previous scholars had predicted. The paper uses that data to discuss the role that bankruptcy can play in the liquidation of high-tech firms.
How Psychoanalysis is Like a Roach Motel: Better Termination Through Better Metaphors

In this article I explore how experiences I had with a former analyst are shaping my views about termination and posttreatment contact with patients. Borrowing metaphors from contemporary physics that corroborate and extend some current views of termination, I suggest ways to think about the future of an analysis. I contrast models of termination in the psychoanalytic canon and, using the lens of relational psychoanalysis, I suggest ways to think about how one might work flexibly with patients at termination, keeping in mind the relational future of the analytic dyad.
Incidence and impact of adverse effects of medical care on complications in patients who underwent excision of cervical lymph nodes.

To determine the prevalence and impact of adverse effects of medical care in patients who underwent excision of cervical lymph nodes.



Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the years 2009 and 2010 were used. The outcome variables were complications. The independent variables were occurrence of adverse effects of medical care and adverse effects of drugs/medication used in therapeutic use during hospitalization.



A total of 48,413 hospitalizations involved excision of cervical lymph nodes. The mean age was 59 years. Males constituted 64.2% of hospitalizations. Adverse effects of medical care occurred in 9.5% of hospitalizations, and adverse effects due to therapeutic use of medications occurred in 1.8%. Frequently occurring complications included postoperative pneumonia (4.2%), hemorrhagic complications (3.5%), other infections (1.7%), cardiac complications (1.5%), bacterial infections (1.5%), respiratory complications (1.4%), nonhealing wounds (1.3%), septicemia (1.2%), and mycoses (1.2%).



Occurrence of adverse effects of medical care was associated with high odds for multiple complications.
Scale relativity and fractal space-time: Applications to quantum physics, cosmology and chaotic systems

The theory of scale relativity is a new approach to the problem of the origin of fundamental scales and of scaling laws in physics, that consists of generalizing Einstein's principle of relativity (up to now applied to motion laws) to scale transformations. Namely, we redefine space-time resolutions as characterizing the state of scale of the reference system and require that the equations of physics keep their form under resolution transformations (i.e. be scale covariant). We recall in the present review paper how the development of the theory is intrinsically linked to the concept of fractal space-time, and how it allows one to recover quantum mechanics as mechanics on such a non-differentiable space-time, in which the Schrodinger equation is demonstrated as a geodesies equation. We recall that the standard quantum behavior is obtained, however, as a manifestation of a “Galilean” version of the theory, while the application of the principle of relativity to linear scale laws leads to the construction of a theory of special scale relativity, in which there appears impassable, minimal and maximal scales, invariant under dilations. The theory is then applied to its preferential domains of applications, namely very small and very large length- and time-scales, i.e. high energy physics, cosmology and chaotic systems.
Harming Irreparably: On Neoliberalism, Kaldor-Hicks, and the Paretian Guarantee

The global neoliberal project, which entailed inter alia financial liberalization that accelerated financialization of the world economy, was advocated by leading Austrian, Chicago School neoclassical, and New Keynesian economists, despite awareness that the project would harm many members of society even as it benefitted others. To the extent that they were efficacious in their advocacy, economists contributed to the imposition of serious harm. Often the harm befell the most vulnerable members of society. At least some of the harm was avoidable. This paper examines critically the Kaldor-Hicks compensation test, a primary criterion used in defense of the neoliberal project. The paper finds that the best existing defense of Kaldor-Hicks is Paretian rather than Benthamian in nature: it focuses on the long-run rather than on each individual policy innovation, and claims that all agents benefit by a series of Kaldor-Hicks consistent innovations even if some are harmed in each individual instance. The paper finds that the Paretian case is deficient on grounds other than those commonly invoked against Kaldor-Hicks. The critique focuses on the neoclassical consequentialist welfarism that grounds the Paretian case, and the related presumption that all harms are reparable and, indeed, compensable.
Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action

This study was made by an American, an authority on the contemporary welfare services of her own country. It is significant that people from areas where the necessity and urgency for establishing some national health care is realized should embark upon detailed research into our past, to avoid our mistakes, to recognize and understand existing problems, or to forestall future blunders. Nineteenth-century England witnessed an amazing development in State intervention. The problems posed by industrialization, urbanization and a rapid growth in population made this activity inevitable and progressive. Local and central government took on many new functions, so that reform and expansion in the administrative and executive systems was imperative for effective operation. An efficient civil service and specialists became very necessary. Regarding public health measures, demand and supply reached significant dimensions with the institution of State medical employees who could provide information for public inquiries (a new departure) and for action to be taken subsequently. Progress was assured when the expert on health could reveal officially that an unhealthy people affected economic prosperity and that ill-health cost the nation more than positive measures to ensure good health. Doctors cannot escape their close connection with the community. They were in the last century the one single group in a key position able to observe and to analyse the social evils which existed; they were foremost in recognizing what must be done. Generally aloof from, and therefore unbiassed by political and economic philosophy or practice, they provided one of the great elements in the movement for reform in social welfare. Unfortunately they have received too little historic recognition. During the latter half of the nineteenth century the State doctors formed a new branch of the medical profession, and with the strength which organization gave to them, made forceful demands to improve their status within the country and to achieve recognition within the profession. In assessing the value of their work their dependence on the emergence of another new branch of the profession, the medical scientist and the government-sponsored research-worker, must also be taken into account. This book deals primarily with the development of the Public Health services, in which field members of an extremely independent calling, not only accepted central control but demanded it, at first in the prevention of epidemic diseases and later in securing personal care within the community framework. Albeit doctors did desire more professional representation and always …
Kant and the Priority of Self-Knowledge

In The Metaphysics of Morals, Kant claims that “the first command” of all self-regarding duties is to know our “heart.” Kant ostensibly identifies our heart with our moral disposition. Strangely, this appears to be precisely the sort of knowledge that, elsewhere, Kant claims is epistemically inaccessible to us. While the more sophisticated attempts to resolve this difficulty succeed in situating an injunction to know the quality of one’s disposition within a Kantian epistemic framework, no account is wholly successful in explaining why Kant takes self-knowledge to be a necessary condition of virtue. To make sense of the priority Kant assigns to the pursuit of selfknowledge, I argue that it is essential to understand the role of what has been called “generic” self-knowledge in Kant’s moral philosophy. I proceed to defend the place Kant grants moral selfknowledge in his moral philosophy, primarily by developing a Kantian account of such “generic” self-knowledge.  Kant, Self-knowledge, Virtue KANT AND THE PRIORITY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE
’The fantasy bribe’ : comics and punk

This paper explored the impasse between critical theory and visual culture studies in terms of opposing models of cultural consumption. It looked to Frederic Jameson's 1979 article ‘Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture’ as a starting point to negotiate this impasse and develop an alternative explanatory framework that could adequately address Alan Moore’s ‘Roscoe Moscow’ strip for Sounds magazine, and the cultural politics of the larger punk movement it refracted.
Tax Compliance by Firms and Audit Policy

Firms are usually better informed than tax authorities about market conditions and the potential profits of competitors. They may try to exploit this situation by under-reporting their own taxable profits. The tax authority could offset firms’ informational advantage by adopting “smarter” audit policies that take into account the relationship between a firm׳s reported profits and reports for the industry as a whole. Such an audit policy will create an externality for the decision makers in the industry and this externality can be expected to affect not only firms׳ reporting policies but also their market decisions. If public policy takes into account wider economic issues than just revenue raising what is the appropriate way for a tax authority to run such an audit policy? We develop some clear policy rules in a standard model of an industry and show the effect of these rules using simulations.
Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in
the United States: population based cohort study

To determine the frequency of prescriptions for short term use of oral corticosteroids, and adverse events (sepsis, venous thromboembolism, fractures) associated with their use.Design Retrospective cohort study and self controlled case series.Nationwide dataset of private insurance claims.Participants Adults aged 18 to 64 years who were continuously enrolled from 2012 to 2014.Main outcome measures Rates of short term use of oral corticosteroids defined as less than 30 days duration. Incidence rates of adverse events in corticosteroid users and non-users. Incidence rate ratios for adverse events within 30 day and 31-90 day risk periods after drug initiation.Of 1 548 945 adults, 327 452 (21.1%) received at least one outpatient prescription for short term use of oral corticosteroids over the three year period. Use was more frequent among older patients, women, and white adults, with significant regional variation (all P<0.001). The most common indications for use were upper respiratory tract infections, spinal conditions, and allergies. Prescriptions were provided by a diverse range of specialties. Within 30 days of drug initiation, there was an increase in rates of sepsis (incidence rate ratio 5.30, 95% confidence interval 3.80 to 7.41), venous thromboembolism (3.33, 2.78 to 3.99), and fracture (1.87, 1.69 to 2.07), which diminished over the subsequent 31-90 days. The increased risk persisted at prednisone equivalent doses of less than 20 mg/day (incidence rate ratio 4.02 for sepsis, 3.61 for venous thromboembolism, and 1.83 for fracture; all P<0.001).Conclusion One in five American adults in a commercially insured plan were given prescriptions for short term use of oral corticosteroids during a three year period, with an associated increased risk of adverse events.
Perioperative management of obstructive sleep apnea: a survey of Puerto Rico anesthesia providers

BackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevalence has been increasing in the past years adding significant morbidity. Perioperative management is controversial and few studies have addressed this matter.  have developed clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with OSA. Existing evidence suggest an increase in early postoperative complications in patients with OSA. Nevertheless, data about perioperative management of OSA is limited. To our knowledge, only two studies that address this matter, none in Puerto Rico.MethodsA questionnaire was given to participants at the annual meeting of anesthesiology in Puerto Rico. The document was then anonymously deposited into sealed box.ResultsThe response rate was 80 %. The awareness about written postoperative policy in patients with diagnosed (23 %) and suspected (11 %) OSA was low. If a written policy were available, 46 % of patients would have gone to ICU. The most important factor for final disposition was the degree of OSA, which was decided by surgery and anesthesia (69 %). In the last year, at least one complication related to OSA was observed in 20 % of respondents. The most common preoperative screening tool was the ASA guidelines. Seventy-two percent of respondents suggested a lack of institutional policies as the main reason for disparity.ConclusionThere is a significant heterogeneity in the current clinical practice. The main barriers identified to achieve current recommendations were lack of institutional policies, awareness of current guideline, formal training in management of OSA, and access to a sleep specialist.
Choice of treatment modalities was not influenced by pain, severity or co-morbidity in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) are commonly treated by physiotherapists in primary care. The physiotherapists use different treatment modalities. In a previous study, we identified variation in the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), low level laser or acupuncture, massage and weight reduction advice for patients with knee OA. The purpose of this study was to examine factors that might explain variation in treatment modalities for patients with knee OA.



Practising physiotherapists prospectively collected data for one patient with knee osteoarthritis each through 12 treatment sessions.We chose to examine factors that might explain variation in the choice of treatment modalities supported by high or moderate quality evidence, and modalities which were frequently used but which were not supported by evidence from systematic reviews. Experienced clinicians proposed factors that they thought might explain the variation in the choice of these specific treatments. We used these factors in explanatory analyses.



Using TENS, low level laser or acupuncture was significantly associated with having searched databases to help answer clinical questions in the last six months (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-3.42). Not having Internet access at work and using more than four treatment modalities were significant determinants for giving massage (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.19-0.68 and OR = 8.92, 95% CI = 4.37-18.21, respectively). Being a female therapist significantly increased the odds for providing weight reduction advice (OR = 3.60, 95% CI = 1.12-11.57). No patient characteristics, such as age, pain or co-morbidity, were significantly associated with variation in practice.



Factors related to patient characteristics, such as pain severity and co-morbidity, did not seem to explain variation in treatment modalities for patients with knee OA. Variation was associated with the following factors: physiotherapists having Internet access at work, physiotherapists having searched databases for the last six months and the gender of the therapist. There is a need for more studies of determinants for physiotherapy practice.
Increased risk of dementia in people with previous exposure to general anesthesia: A nationwide population-based case–control study

Dementia, which leads to disability, is one of the important diseases occurring among older populations. However, the exact mechanism of the disease remains unknown. The potential risk factor of general anesthesia (GA) in the development of dementia is a controversial topic. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between previous exposure to different GA types and the incidence of dementia.



Using the claims data of 1 million insured residents covered by Taiwan's universal health insurance from 2005 to 2009, 5345 newly diagnosed dementia patients older than 50 years were eligible for the study group. The control group, which consisted of 21,380 individuals without dementia, was matched for age, gender, and index date. GA was categorized into three subtypes: endotracheal tube intubation general anesthesia (ETGA), intravenous injection general anesthesia (IVGA) or intramuscular injection general anesthesia (IMGA), and heavy sedation. The multiple logistic regression model was used for analyses.



Individuals exposed to surgery under ETGA (odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-1.44) and those exposed to surgery under IVGA or IMGA (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.14-1.43) were at significantly higher risk of dementia in a dose-response relationship (P < .0001), whereas surgery under heavy sedation was not associated with increased risk of dementia (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.68-1.59). The dementia risk for subjects with diabetes mellitus who received surgery under ETGA (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.42-1.78), hypertension (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.78-2.21), atherosclerosis (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.22-1.50), or after having experienced a stroke (OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 3.13-3.97), but no interaction was found between surgery under ETGA and depression for the risk of dementia.



A history of previous exposure to surgery under GA might be associated with an increased risk of dementia, particularly in subjects who have undergone repeated exposure to GA. In addition, subjects who had received surgery under ETGA with comorbidities such as stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis could have a potential relationship with dementia risk.
Rezensionen@@@Book reviews

Während der 1970er Jahre wurden mehr und mehr die Arbeitsme­ dizin und die Tätigkeit der arbeitsmedizinisch ausgebildeten Be­ triebsärzte thematisiert. In italienischen Arbeiterkämpfen bei Fiat, Olivetti und anderen Betrieben, insbesondere aber in der oberitalie­ nischen Chemieindustrie, hatten kämpfende Arbeiter und kritische Intellektuelle die reaktionäre Rolle der dortigen Arbeitsund Be­ triebsmedizin unterstrichen. Sie konnten zeigen, dass das, was Be­ triebsärzte taten, meist nur Selektionsmedizin war. Diejenigen Ar­ beiter, deren Gesundheit verschlissen war, meldeten sie den Betriebsleitungen als dauerhaft arbeitsunfähig, mit der Folge, dass kranke Arbeiter ihren Arbeitsplatz verloren. Bemühungen um die Herstellung gesundheitsgerechterer Arbeitsbedingungen sahen sie nicht als ihre Aufgabe. Die italienischen Kämpfer forderten daher, dass die Gesundheit der Arbeiter und Arbeiterinnen nicht mehr an Arbeitsmediziner delegiert werden, sondern in die eigenen Hände genommen werden müsse. „Non delegata“ war das Schlagwort, „Arbeitermedizin“ das neue Konzept. In Deutschland war die Si­ tuation keine grundlegend andere. Auch bei BASF, Thyssen und Opel sortierten Betriebsärzte Arbeiter/innen aus, die ihrer Mei­ nung nach nicht mehr leistungsfähig waren, und setzten sie damit auf die Abschussliste. Nur besonders verdiente Angehörige der Stammbelegschaften konnten hoffen, einen „Schonarbeitsplatz“ zu bekommen. Krankheit war ein Zeichen der Schwäche, genauer: der Schwächlichkeit, oder – schlimmer – ein Zeichen des Simulanten­ tums. Darin war die Arbeitsmedizin immer ganz groß: Simulanten zu „enttarnen“. Doch die damalige Situation war komplizierter, komplexer, ver­ wickelter. Wer Anfang der 1970er Jahre das Problem der gesund­ heitszerstörenden Arbeitsbedingungen in der deutschen Industrie aufwarf, hatte viele Gegner. Die Gewerkschaften hatten in vielen