nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
J. R. Mulryne. the Guild and Guild Buildings of Shakespeare's Stratford: Society: Religion, Education and Stage

The Guild and Guild Buildings of Shakespeare's Stratford: Society: Religion, Education and Stage. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2012. xiv + 270 pp. $119.95. Review by SCOTT K. OLDENBURG, TULANE UNIVERSITY. This book brings into conversation historical, literary, and archaeological studies of Stratford-upon-Avon's Guild of the Holy Cross and its buildings in the pre- and early modern period. Although the topic may seem narrow, it leads to a multidisciplinary examination of religious controversy, politics, education, and theater in the market town from the thirteenth through the seventeenth century. As the title suggests the book provides a deepening of one's knowledge of the world of a young William Shakespeare, but it also offers a case study of one English town's adaptability and resilience during a time of economic expansion and religious change. The Guild of the Holy Cross in Stratford-upon-Avon was established in 1269 as a hospital but soon took on the role of chantry, addressing the spiritual needs of the community. At the same time, the Guildhall, built in the fifteenth century, expanded its role beyond immediately religious matters. When the guild was dissolved in 1547, the building was quickly refashioned as the town's corporation, reclaiming some of its lost revenue and expanding its role in civic governance. With membership extending as far away as London, it fostered important business relationships. The Guildhall housed Stratford's school and was the site of at least some theatrical performances. A history of the guild's buildings, then, is at once also a religious, economic, and social history of the town itself. The first two chapters cover the founding of the Guild of the Holy Order through the aftermath of its dissolution in the Reformation fervor of the 1520s. Mairi Macdonald's essay lays the groundwork for subsequent chapters, examining the Guild's membership, leadership, functions, and buildings and how the Guild was maintained even in a period of economic decline. Sylvia Gill's chapter focuses on the Guild's response to Reformation. What emerges here is a view of this central institution as constantly adapting to the needs of the local community and the demands of the state. Gill also offers a chapter on the school housed by the guild. This along with Ian Green's study of Humanist learning at the Edward VI Grammar School provide the reader with a microcosm of educational initiatives throughout England as well as some of the specific problems faced by Stratford's community. …
Processes of discontinuing chemotherapy for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer at the end of life.

Administration of chemotherapy close to death is widely recognized as poor quality care. The goals of this study were to describe the processes of how chemotherapy is discontinued and examine their relationships with timing before death, hospice referrals, and terminal hospitalizations.



We reviewed electronic health records of a prospective cohort of 151 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who participated in a randomized trial of early palliative care. Chemotherapy treatment during the final regimen was qualitatively analyzed, identifying categories of discontinuation processes. We then quantitatively investigated predictors and outcomes of the discontinuation process categories.



144 patients had died, with 81 and 48 receiving intravenous (IV) and oral chemotherapy as final regimens, respectively. Five discontinuation processes were identified: definitive decisions; deferred decisions (breaks); disruptions for radiation therapy; disruptions due to hospitalizations; and no decisions. For patients receiving IV chemotherapy, definitive decisions were least frequent (19.7%), while disruptions due to hospitalizations were most frequent (27.2%). The different processes occurred at significantly different times before death; and often hospice referrals occurred months after chemotherapy discontinuation. Deferred decisions, or "breaks," occurred at the longest interval before death, but definitive decisions resulted in greatest hospice utilization. Among patients receiving oral chemotherapy, 83.3% were switched from IV to oral as their final regimen, sometimes concurrent with or even after hospice referral.



Patients with metastatic NSCLC stop their final chemotherapy regimen via different processes, which significantly vary in time before death and in subsequent end-of-life care.
Negotiating Mega-Agreements: Lessons from the EU

One of the stated objectives of recent ‘mega’ preferential trade agreements (PTAs) being negotiated by large trading powers is to address the trade-impeding effects of differences in national regulation. Past experience demonstrates there are serious limitations in what can be achieved in PTAs even in instances where there is a high level of trust among the countries involved. The disappointing results of the European Union’s Internal Market illustrate the challenge of using PTAs to integrate markets. This paper argues that some systemic errors were made in the way the EU Internal Market was negotiated. The two main instruments used to build the EU Internal Market—harmonization and mutual recognition—are of limited usefulness for integrating modern economies. An alternative instrument—mutual equivalence—is a much more promising instrument not only for the EU but also for the mega-PTAs currently under negotiation.
Fragmentation, Globalization and Labor Markets

Fragmentation of the value-added-chain is modeled as the reaction of monopolistically competitive firms to the removal of barriers to trade and factor mobility in an integrated trading environment. Since fragmentation requires high-skilled labor, this form of globalization can induce labor market effects similar to those caused by skill-biased technical change. In the short run, it is likely that fragmentation will be accompanied by an increase in high and low-skilled service employment as well as in the skilled wage premia, as observed in OECD countries. These implications can be reversed, however, as new firms enter the market.
What, after all, was Heidegger about?

AbstractThe premise is that Heidegger remained a phenomenologist from beginning to end and that phenomenology is exclusively about meaning and its source. The essay presents Heidegger’s interpretation of the being (Sein) of things as their meaningful presence (Anwesen) and his tracing of such meaningful presence back to its source in the clearing, which is thrown-open or appropriated ex-sistence (das ereignete/geworfene Da-sein). The essay argues five theses: (1) Being is the meaningful presence of things to man. (2) Such meaningful presence is the Befragtes of Heidegger’s question, not the Erfragtes. (3) Being and Time’s goal was to articulate the openness that allows for all meaningfulness. (4) Ereignis—the appropriation of ex-sistence to sustaining the clearing—is the later Heidegger’s reinscription of thrown-openness, der geworfene Entwurf. (5) Appropriated thrown-openness, as the clearing, is intrinsically hidden, i.e., unknowable.
 Some preliminaries(1)I cite Heidegger’s texts by page and line (the line-number follows the period) in both the Gesamtausgabe and the current English translations where available, all of which are listed in the bibliography at the end of this issue of the journal. I cite Sein und Zeit in the Niemeyer 11th edition and in the ET by Macquarrie-Robinson.(2)Sinn and Bedeutung are closely related, although Sinn is broader than Bedeutung. Sinn refers either to intelligibility as such or to the fact of something being intelligible, whereas Bedeutung is the specific meaning that a thing has. Sinn as intelligibility is generally interchangeable with Bedeutsamkeit and Verständlichkeit. Thus I translate Sinn as “intelligibility” or “meaningfulness.” Sinn in turn allows for Bedeutung as the particular meaning of a specific thing.(3)I take “intellect” in the broad sense of νοῦς and in the specific sense of λόγος understood as discursive intellect, whether practical or theoretical.(4)Dasein, Existenz, and Da-sein are all translated as "ex-sistence." The context indicates whether that is meant in an existentiel or an existential sense. The word “man” refers to human being, not the male of the species. I render das Seiende as “beings,” “things,” and “entities” ex aequo. All German words referring to ἀλήϑεια (e.g., Wahrheit, Erschlossenheit, Unverborgenheit, Entborgenheit, etc.) are translated by “disclosedness” or “openness.” Translations from the German are often my own.
CAS/PI: A Portable and Extensible Interface for Computer Algebra Systems

CAS/7T is a Computer Algebra System graphic user interface designed to be highly portable and extensible. It has been developed by composition of pre-existing software tools such as Maple, Sisyphe, or Ulysse systems, ZicVis 3-D plotting library, etc, using control integration technology and a set of high level graphic toolkits to build the formula editor and the dialog manager. The main aim of CAS/71_ is to allow a wide range of runtime reconfiguration and extensions. For instance, it is possible to add new tools to a running system, to modify connections between working tools, to extend the set of graphic symbols managed by the formula editor, to design new high level editing commands based on the syntax or semantics of mathematical formulas, to customize and extend the menu-button based user interface, etc. More generally, CAS/7T can be seen equally as a powerful system-independent graphic user interface enabling inter-systems communications, a toolkit to allow fast development of custom-made scientific software environments, or a very convenient framework for experimenting with computer algebra systems protocols and man-machine interfaces.
Web Presence, E-Government and E-Accessibility. Local Government Capability of Providing E- Government Services in Albania

The web presence of public administration institutions is considered as an important channel to ease communication between them and citizens or businesses. Moreover, this channel is considered an efficient and effective mean of providing public services. Therefore, the accessibility of the websites becomes an important issue to ensure the quality of the public services offered to citizens and businesses. Many studies are mainly focused on the web presence of the central government institutions; meanwhile local government is playing more and more an important role in the provision of public services. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the municipal and commune’s websites, e-Government services sophistication level based on self-declaration, online survey and automated accessibility checking, using WAVE test tool. For this purpose 100 websites of local government units, including 65 municipalities and 35 communes of Shkodra and Lezha district were considered. The analysis of results revealed there only 38% of the municipalities have web presence. In most of the cases LGU provide a rich content, but not well-structured and user-centric. For most of the e-services is reached the first level of sophistication and only a few municipalities the second level of sophistication. Also, some websites provide the possibility of e-participation through surveys on quality of
Handbook of French popular culture

Preface Advertising by Claudia Dobkin Comics by Maurice Horn Detective/Mystery/Spy Fiction by Franz G. Blaha Editorial/Political/Gag Cartoons by Jean-Claude Faur Film by Sybil DelGaudio Food and Wine by Pierre L. Horn Leisure by Roger Sue Love, Men, and Women by Edith J. Benkov Newspapers, Magazines, Feminine Press by Joseph Marthan Popular Music by AndRE PREvos Radio and Television by Jean-Pierre Piriou Science Fiction by Arthur B. Evans Sports by Richard C. Williamson General Sources Index
The Internationalization of the Firm and the Multinational Enterprise: a Contemporary Conceptual Review

The growing phenomenon of globalization is generating a new and more complex economic environment. It influence in the management of companies, which has to introduced new variables of management. Therefore it implies to redefine some terms and concepts that seems to be sufficiently consolidated in the science of the economy. They are numerous problems for delimiting ancient concepts in actual environment. From this perspective, we will define an updated concept of internationalization and multinational company. Both of them are complex and, sometimes, ambiguous phenomenon with a high grade of heterogeneity, so they are difficult to define. To resolve the problem, we will propose a new terminology to enumerate the variety of implantations or foreign branches.
Structural and optical properties of CuIn1-xGaxSe2 nanoparticles synthesized by solvothermal route

CuIn 1-x Ga x Se 2 (CIGS) nanoparticles have been successfully fabricated by using a relatively simple and easy handling solvothermal process in the solvent of N, N dimethylformamide (DMF). A probable formation mechanism of chalcopyrite quaternary semiconductor nanoparticles is proposed. Structural, morphological and optical properties of prepared nanoparticles CIGS (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.8 and 1) were analyzed. The synthesized product is of ordered chalcopyrite structure, with the particle size in the range of 15–25 nm Cu 2 Se secondary phases was detected by XRD for the sample with x = 1, which is also affirmed by Raman spectra. Cathodoluminescence measurements allowed us to observe a high emission which can be attributed to a band to band transition, and the possible energy gap was discussed. The absorption spectra showed strong absorption in the entire visible light to near-infrared region. All results suggested that the as-prepared CIGS nanoparticles were good light absorber layer material for thin film solar cell applications.
Sorption properties of hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acids) as natural organic matter model substances to pyrene

Amphiphilic natural organic matter (NOM) in soil, water and sediments plays an important role in the fate of low-soluble hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) in the environment. Scaling NOM structural factors, which affect the transport and immobilization of HOC, is rather involved due to the complexity of the NOM materials. Sorption properties of hydrophobically modified polyacrylic (HMPA) polymers as NOM model substances for pyrene were investigated and discussed with regard to reported NOM results. Emission fluorescence spectroscopic properties of pyrene and potentiometric titrations were used to characterize the hydrophobic and acidic properties of HMPA samples. Excitation fluorescence spectroscopy allowed a speciation of pyrene molecules. Overall complexation constants β 1 and β 2 of pyrene with hydrophobic moieties (–C 8 H 17 ) and (–C 16 H 33 ) were calculated depending on the pH and electrolyte cation nature at an ionic strength of 10 mM, typical of soil solution conditions. Aggregation of HMPA molecules was detected by photon correlation spectroscopy. Normalized sorption constant K oc values for pyrene with HMPA samples similar to reported values with NOM support recent observations on the contribution of aliphatic moieties to the binding of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The HMPA samples also model the partitioning behavior of hydrophobic micelle-like structures of NOM.
Automatically Generating Roof Models from Building Footprints

Modelling Large Urban Environments using traditional modelling techniques would prove too time consuming a process. Consequently a method is required for generating large urban environments quickly without requiring a labour intensive process or expensive data. Some approaches to resolve this problem have been undertaken through the use of procedural modelling or statistics. However the test subject is usually a dense urban environment where the primary buildings are of the skyscraper style. This paper presents the initial design and implementation towards a method for modelling a large environment based on building footprint information. It shows the use of the straight skeleton method with modifications to allow several different roof styles to be generated.
Attitudinal effects of ad-evoked moods and emotions: The moderating role of motivation

The role of the moods and emotions evoked by advertisements in shaping the amount and valence of cognitive elaboration, as well as consumer brand attitudes, has recently begun to elicit research interest. It is shown that moods and emotions appear to influence brand attitudes more in low personal relevance (“low motivational involvement”) situations than under high-motivation conditions, by suppressing counterargumentation more in such low motivation situations. Implications are discussed for advertising theory and practice
AN APPROACH TO UNIFYING CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS

The foundations of quantum mechanics (QM) can find a consistent and exhaustive explanation in a new theoretical context. The "Approach" allows us to justify both classical and quantum electromagnetic phenomenology by using classical concepts. In this paper we review the bases of the attempt originating form the role that the transverse component of the Poynting vector plays in localising energy in the neighbourhood of an electromagnetic source and we analyse the quantum implications.
Automatic Abstraction in SMT-Based Unbounded Software Model Checking

Software model checkers based on under-approximations and SMT solvers are very successful at verifying safety (i.e. reachability) properties. They combine two key ideas -- (a) "concreteness": a counterexample in an under-approximation is a counterexample in the original program as well, and (b) "generalization": a proof of safety of an under-approximation, produced by an SMT solver, are generalizable to proofs of safety of the original program. In this paper, we present a combination of "automatic abstraction" with the under-approximation-driven framework. We explore two iterative approaches for obtaining and refining abstractions -- "proof based" and "counterexample based" -- and show how they can be combined into a unified algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of Proof-Based Abstraction, primarily used to verify hardware, to Software Verification. We have implemented a prototype of the framework using Z3, and evaluate it on many benchmarks from the Software Verification Competition. We show experimentally that our combination is quite effective on hard instances.
Optimal streaming of synchronized multimedia presentations

A synchronized multimedia presentation consists of a collection of objects, with each object having one or more rendering intervals within the presentation timeline. These intervals specify the objects' start times and end times relative to the presentation timeline. In this paper we consider the problem of streaming a multimedia presentation from a server to a client over a bandwidth-limited communication network. We suppose that each of the static objects is layered-encoded. For a given maximum delay, we consider the problem of finding the optimal number of layers in each object in order to maximize a measure of the overall quality of the presentation. We devise efficient algorithms for determining an optimal policy for several natural criteria. We also consider the problem of gradual rendering of objects after their start times. We then apply the algorithms to a randomly generated presentation containing layer-encoded JPEG images.
Institutional and Individual Influences on Scottish Geological Maps, 1804–1847: A Cornucopia of Publication or a Mere Trickle?

The shape, form and pace of the development of Scottish geological cartography during the first half of the nineteenth century are described. The part played by Scottish scientific societies in publishing geological maps is assessed, comparison being made with that of the Geological Society of London. The attempts made to devise graphic representations of the strata, and the problems encountered in publishing the results, are also discussed.
The Semantic Concept of Truth in Pre-Han Chinese Philosophy

In this paper I argue, contrary to Chad Hansen’s view (Hansen 1985), that pre-Han 漢 Chinese philosophy has the semantic concept of truth. Hansen argues that, first, pre-Han Chinese thinkers do not have motivations to introduce the concept of truth in their philosophy due to their peculiar theory of language; second, the concept does not fit well with philosophical texts at that time, and in particular, the Mozi 墨子 text about the three standards of doctrine. However, I argue that Chinese thinkers indeed have reasons to introduce the concept of truth. Hansen’s reading of the three standards of doctrine takes the standards as standards of correct word use, thus attributing to the authors of the Mozi an understanding of yan 言 (“speech” or “doctrine”) as something without complete propositional content. However, I argue, a reading that sees the three standards as standards for something with complete propositional content explains better the passages in which the authors apply the standards to various issues. Finally I argue that the term ran 然 is sometimes used as a truth predicate in classical Chinese texts, because it has several important features identical to that of the truth predicate “is true” in English.
Diagnostic reasoning with A-Prolog

In this paper we suggest an architecture for a software agent which operates a physical device and is capable of making observations and of testing and repairing the device's components. We present simplified definitions of the notions of symptom, candidate diagnosis, and diagnosis which are based on the theory of action language ${\cal AL}$. The definitions allow one to give a simple account of the agent's behavior in which many of the agent's tasks are reduced to computing stable models of logic programs.
Some Aspects of Development of Virtual Research Environment for Analysis of Climate Change Consequences

We present general structure, elaborated approach and preliminary results of a project aimed at analyzing climate data and predicting impacts of climate change on the environment. One of the project objectives is provision of specialists working in climate related sciences and decision-makers with accurate and detailed climatic characteristics for the selected area and reliable and affordable tools for their in-depth statistical analysis and studies the effects of climate change. Its ultimate goal is the development of hardware and software prototype of a virtual research environment (VRE) for the climate and environmental monitoring and analysis of the impact of climate change on socio-economic processes of local and regional scale. This environment will integrate the known and new sets of climate data, software implementations of classic and new methods of statistical analysis of large data sets. It will provide the opportunity to scientists and decision-makers to use different geographically distributed spatially referenced data, processing resources and services through a web browser by integrating distributed systems that store, process and provide information via Geoportal. The first project results, namely the scheme of large sets of geospatial climate data storage together with supporting metadata database architecture and designed an intuitive graphical user interface, are presented. Also an approach to solution of the reduction problem in quantitative climatology is discussed.