nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the health and functional status of older Indians as a prelude to the development of a health programme.

An estimated 68 million Indians are above the age of 60 years; however, information on their health status and needs is limited. Experience in developed countries shows that multiple chronic illnesses, nutritional deficiency and functional disability are common features of old age. For the development of any health programme, reliable situational information is essential. We therefore assessed the health and functional status of older Indians seeking health services.



We carried out a prospective cross-sectional observational study on 1586 subjects > or = 60 years of age (1035 men and 551 women), who attended the Geriatric Clinic of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. A clinical and laboratory evaluation was carried out through a pre-designed protocol evolved after reviewing the relevant literature. The protocol included a questionnaire on demographic details, personal habits, socio-economic variables, family structure, past and present medical history, use of medications and aids, presence of certain common symptoms and perceived functional disability. Evaluation included a detailed physical examination, functional assessment, psychiatric assessment and a set of laboratory tests.



Ninety-five per cent of the subjects were < 80 years of age and 87% of them sought medical attention for an acute illness that had occurred in the month prior to their coming to our clinic. One or more chronic illnesses were present in 96% and each subject had a mean of 2.5 diagnoses. However, they suffered from a limited number of illnesses of which the 10 most common accounted for 80% of the diagnoses. Hypertension, cataract and osteoarthritis were the 3 most common illnesses. About one-third of a subset of 209 subjects had a psychiatric illness; depression accounted for 50% of all psychiatric illnesses. A detailed functional assessment was carried out in 1268 subjects which showed that deficits of vision and hearing were the most frequent disabilities. Impairment of daily activities and cognition accounted for 6.9% and 5.1% of the diagnoses, respectively. A majority of them considered their home free from the hazard of accidents and were sure of support from their families at times of need.



Multiple chronic illnesses, frequent acute illnesses and deficits of vision and hearing are the major health and functional problems of the health-seeking older population in India. It is difficult to assess the total service needs of the population from this study because of its unrepresentative character, though it provides a fair picture of the expectations of care of older people in India.
Social States: China in International Institutions, 1980-2000: China in International Institutions, 1980-2000

Acronyms vii Acknowledgments xi Preface xiii CHAPTER 1: Socialization in International Relations Theory 1 CHAPTER 2: Mimicking 45 CHAPTER 3: Social Influence 74 CHAPTER 4: Persuasion 155 CHAPTER 5: Conclusions 197 References 213 Index 241
Intersecting modernities : Latin American art from the Brillembourg Capriles collection

Tanya Capriles de Brillembourg has assembled one of the most superb collections of modern Latin American art in the world. Including masterworks by some of the most inventive artists of the twentieth century, and also of our time, this volume offers beautiful illustrations accompanied by insightful essays that offer a context for the rarely exhibited work. The volume features paintings, wood constructions and collages by Joaquin Torres-Garcia, Francisco Matto and Emilio Pettoruti, Argentinean and Uruguayan contributions to South America's early avant-garde; works by Mexican artists Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Rufino Tamayo and Francisco Toledo that reflect elements of cinema and politics, mysticism and modern design; and paintings by Venezuelan artist Armando Reveron that capture the singular effects of Caribbean light. The book also includes brief biographies of each of the nineteen artists represented, and an interview by Mari Carmen Ramirez with the collector exploring Capriles de Brillembourg's unique philanthropic path.
Depression in pregnancy is associated with preexisting but not pregnancy-induced hypertension.

The aim was to examine whether depression is associated with preexisting hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension in a large sample of women attending a university-based obstetrics clinic.



In this prospective study, participants were 2398 women receiving ongoing prenatal care at a university-based obstetrics clinic from January 2004 through January 2009. Prevalence of depression was measured using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as well as the self-reported use of antidepressant medication. Evidence of preexisting hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia/eclampsia was determined by obstetrician International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between hypertension in pregnancy and antenatal depression.



After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, chronic medical conditions, smoking and prior pregnancy complications, women with preexisting hypertension had an increased risk of any depression (minor, major, use of antidepressants) [odds ratio (OR)=1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-2.23) and major depression and/or use of antidepressants (OR=1.65, 95% CI 1.10-2.48) compared to women without hypertension. No differences were seen in risk of depression in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia/eclampsia compared to those without hypertension.



Women with preexisting hypertension, but not pregnancy-induced hypertension, are more likely to meet criteria for an antenatal depressive disorder and/or to be treated with antidepressants and could be targeted by obstetricians for screening for depression and enhanced treatment.
On locally minimal Nullstellensatz proofs

Hilbert's weak Nullstellensatz guarantees the existence of algebraic proof objects certifying the unsatisfiability of systems of polynomial equations not satisfiable over any algebraically closed field. Such proof objects take the form of ideal membership identities and can be found algorithmically using Gröbner bases and cofactor-based linear algebra techniques. However, these proof objects may contain redundant information: a proper subset of the equational assumptions used in these proofs may be sufficient to derive the unsatisfiability of the original polynomial system. For using Nullstellensatz techniques in SMT-based decision methods, a minimal proof object is often desired. With this in mind, we introduce a notion of locally minimal Nullstellensatz proofs and give ideal-theoretic algorithms for their construction.
Microstructural characterization of multicomponent Nb-Ti-Si-Cr-Al-X alloys

Recently, alloys based on the Nb-Ti-Si system have become of interest for high-temperature structural applications. In the present work, the microstructure of multicomponent Nb-30Ti-8Si-10Cr-10Al-X (in at. pct) alloys in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions was studied using X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of temperature and time on phase evolution was examined in detail. The as-cast microstructure was found to be composed of three phases:β (bcc), silicides (M5Si3 type), and a Cr-rich Laves phase. Theβ phase was found to display B2-type ordering. The silicides in these alloys were generally quite stable during heat treatment, whereas the Cr-rich Laves phase was observed to dissolve on solutionization at temperatures above 1300 °C. Aging of the solutionized materials between 900 °C and 1100 °C led to the precipitation of fine particles of another Laves phase in theβ matrix. In addition, theβ matrix revealed a tendency toward phase separation into Nb-rich (β1) and Ti-rich (β2) regions. The volume percentage and chemical composition of each phase has been determined as a function of time and temperature and the changes in microstructure have been rationalized in terms of the distribution of elements in various phases. The role of different alloying elements on the formation of these phases has also been critically examined.
Pollution Biology — The North American Experience

Earliest references to tubificids in pollution biology in North America were related to the simple abundance of the group in grossly polluted situations. With the improvement in taxonomy in the decade of the sixties, it was possible to recognize species assemblages, especially in the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. The distribution of these associations has now been worked out in considerable detail, and consulting companies and government agencies now work with identified species. Very few traditional laboratory tolerance tests have been done, but a start has been made on the investigation of the activity of worms in recycling sediment contaminants such as metals.
Experience of application of network technologies in engineering education

Leading technical universities of Russia and Kazakhstan, preparing engineers in the field of mechatronics, robotics and automation, combined their intellectual and material resources within the International University network project "Synergy". For practical training, FESTO equipment and its virtual counterparts are used primarily. Training of university students participating in the project has been organized, with lectures by leading professors on the Internet. Scientific Internet conferences of young scientists are regularly held.  A doctoral school is being conducted, at the DAAAM annual symposium, the development of project participants is presented.
Kinetics of aerobic oxidation of ascorbic acid.

The pH‐log rate profile of the rate of disappearance of ascorbic acid from an aqueous solution under aerobic conditions was determined at 67° in a pH range of 3.52 to 7.22, ionic strength 0.4. The profile shows a maximum near pKa 1 of ascorbic acid. The aerobic rate shows buffer catalysis in the pH range studied. Since ascorbic acid oxidation is readily catalyzed by metal ions, the oxidation was also followed in the presence of disodium ethylenediamine‐tetraacetate. The results duplicated those obtained by following the aerobic oxidations of ascorbic acid in the absence of a chelating agent. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated from the Arrhenius plots.
Patient self-management in primary care patients with mild COPD – protocol of a randomised controlled trial of telephone health coaching

BackgroundThe prevalence of diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the UK is 1.8%, although it is estimated that this represents less than half of the total disease in the population as much remains undiagnosed. Case finding initiatives in primary care will identify people with mild disease and symptoms. The majority of self-management trials have identified patients from secondary care clinics or following a hospital admission for exacerbation of their condition. This trial will recruit a primary care population with mild symptoms of COPD and use telephone health coaching to encourage self-management.DesignIn this study, using a multi-centred randomised controlled trial (RCT) across at least 70 general practices in England, we plan to establish the effectiveness of nurse-led telephone health coaching to support self-management in primary care for people who report only mild symptoms of their COPD (MRC grade 1 and 2) compared to usual care. The intervention focuses on taking up smoking cessation services, increasing physical activity, medication management and action planning and is underpinned by behavioural change theory. In total, we aim to recruit 556 patients with COPD confirmed by spirometry with follow up at six and 12 months. The primary outcome is health related quality of life using the St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Spirometry and BMI are measured at baseline. Secondary outcomes include self-reported health behaviours (smoking and physical activity), physical activity measured by accelerometery (at 12 months), psychological morbidity, self-efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Longitudinal qualitative interviews will explore how engaged participants were with the intervention and how embedded behaviour change was in every day practices.DiscussionThis trial will provide robust evidence about the effectiveness of a novel telephone health coaching intervention to promote behaviour change and prevent disease progression in patients with mild symptoms of dyspnoea in primary care.Trial registrationCurrent controlled trials ISRCTN06710391.
Flexicurity, Happiness, and Satisfaction

Many policy analysts and researchers endorse a "flexicurity" approach to labor market protections—a package of policies that simultaneously offers workers security and firms flexibility. Definitions of flexicurity are often vague and analysts focus on studying the unintended effects of policy on unemployment or labor market participation rates rather than the policies' goals, such as improving workers' security and satisfaction. This article examines the success of flexicurity on these alternative outcomes, while tightly defining flexicurity as the substitution of a safety net for employment protections. We review the development of the two policy indexes measuring safety nets and employment protections, and the validation of the indexes looking at unemployment outcomes. The indexes are then used to examine policy's impact on life satisfaction and happiness. The analysis of satisfaction finds flexicurity generally has better outcomes than a free market approach or labor protections based exclusively on em...
Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800-1914

This is a comprehensive survey of European history from the coup d'etat of Napoleon Bonaparte in France to the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand at Sarajevo, which led to the First World War. It concentrates on the twin themes of revolution and nationalism, which often combined in the early part of the century but which increasingly became rival creeds. Going beyond traditional political and diplomatic history, the book incorporates the results of recent research on population movements, the expansion of markets, the accumulation of capital, social mobility, education, changing patterns of leisure, religious practices, and intellectual and artistic developments. The work falls into three chronoligical sections. The first, starting in 1800 (rather than the more usual 1815) follows the build-up of the revolutionary currents which were eventually going to erupt in the `Year of Revolutions' 1848. The second, from 1850 to 1880, deals with the golden age of capitalism, the successful culmination of struggles for national unification, and the threat of anarchism. The concluding chapters look at the social and political stresses caused by socialism and national minorities, at new attempts by government to order society, imperial rivalry, and the descent into a war which was to mark the end of nineteenth-century Europe. For this second edition, Dr Gildea has substantially revised the text, including a new section on feminism,and completely updated the bibliography. This book is intended for students of nineteenth-century European history (1st, 2nd, and 3rd year undergraduate).
Of Immortal Mythological Beasts: Operationism in Psychology

It is practically an article of faith in psychology that in order to do empirical research one must first operationally define one's variables. However, the 'operational attitude', first advocated by the physicist Percy Bridgman in the 1920s, has since been rejected by virtually every serious philosopher of science as unworkable. Furthermore. 'operationism' -- as developed by psychologists in the 1930s and 1940s -- was based on a misunderstanding of Bridgman's intent from the outset. Nevertheless, contemporary textbooks continue to extol the virtues of operational definitions and today's psychology students are still required to learn the strategy. This paper discusses the historical background of operationism, its transmission from physics to psychology and the reasons for its continued tenacity in the face of repeated refutations and Bridgman's own repudiation in the 1950s.
Build, rent or sell: options for commercializing new technologies arising from university research

The methods available to commercialize new technologies arising from university research have traditionally been thought of as licensing and start-ups. Drawing on economic theories of the firm and on accounting and legal concepts, we propose an alternative view of the options for commercialization that focuses on the substance of the available methods rather than their legal form. Specifically, we suggest that there are three primary methods of commercializing new technologies arising from university research: 1) Build – creating a new business based on the technology, 2) Rent – ongoing development and marketing of the technology to established firms that use the technology in their businesses and 3) Sell – disposition of the technology to an established firm. We provide examples of each of these methods and provide criteria for distinguishing between them. Finally, we attempt to demonstrate the usefulness of this new scheme by reframing existing research to identify a number of unexplored areas and areas of inconsistent findings and by developing a set of testable propositions related to the proposed scheme.
A Machine-Assisted Proof of Gödel's Incompleteness theorems for the Theory of Hereditarily Finite Sets

A formalisation of Godel’s incompleteness theorems using the Isabelle proof assistant is described. This is apparently the first mechanical verification of the second incompleteness theorem. The work closely follows Świerczkowski (2003), who gave a detailed proof using hereditarily finite set theory. The adoption of this theory is generally beneficial, but it poses certain technical issues that do not arise for Peano arithmetic. The formalisation itself should be useful to logicians, particularly concerning the second incompleteness theorem, where existing proofs are lacking in detail. §
Brown carbon formation from ketoaldehydes of biogenic monoterpenest.

Sources and chemical composition of brown carbon are poorly understood, and even less is known about the mechanisms of its atmospheric transformations. This work presents molecular-level investigations of the reactive compound ketolimononaldehyde (KLA, C9H14O3), a second-generation ozonolysis product of limonene (C10H16), as a potent brown carbon precursor in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through its reactions with reduced nitrogen compounds, such as ammonium ion (NH4+), ammonia, and amino acids. The reactions of synthesized and purified KLA with NH4+ and glycine resulted in the formation of chromophores nearly identical in spectral properties and formation rates to those found in similarly-aged limonene/O3 SOA. Similar chemical reaction processes of limononaldehyde (LA, C10H16O2) and pinonaldehyde (PA, C10H16O2), the first-generation ozonolysis products of limonene and alpha-pinene, respectively, were also studied, but the resulting products did not exhibit the light absorption properties of brown carbon, suggesting that the unique molecular structure of KLA produces visible-light-absorbing compounds. The KLA/NH4+ and KLA/GLY reactions produce water-soluble, hydrolysis-resilient chromophores with high mass absorption coefficients (MAC = 2000-4000 cm2 g(-1)) at lambda - 500 nm, precisely at the maximum of the solar emission spectrum. Liquid chromatography was used to isolate the light-absorbing fraction, and UV-Vis, FTIR, NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) techniques were used to investigate the structures and chemical properties of the light-absorbing compounds. The KLA browning reaction generates a diverse mixture of light-absorbing compounds, with the majority of the observable products containing 1-4 units of KLA and 0-2 nitrogen atoms. Based on the HR-MS product distribution, conjugated aldol condensates, secondary imines (Schiff bases), and N-heterocycles like pyrroles may contribute in varying degree to the light-absorbing properties of the KLA brown carbon. The results of this study demonstrate the high degree of selectivity of organic compound structures on the light-absorbing properties of SOA.
Teachers of the Gifted: A Comparison Of Students' Perpectives in Australia, Austria and the United States:

What characteristics of teachers are most appreciated by their gifted students? The current study sought the views of gifted adolescents through the administration of a questionnaire, the Preferred Instructor Characteristics Scale (Krumboltz & Farquhar, 1957). The scale required students to select between a personal characteristic and an intellectual characteristic on each item in order to determine which group of characteristics was more highly valued. Three additional open-ended questions were included in the questionnaire to elicit students' views about the qualities that are evident in effective teachers. The questionnaire was administered to secondary students in academically selective schools in Australia (n = 387), Austria (n = 142) and the United States (n = 328). All three cohorts produced similar results with the means indicating a strong preference for personal characteristics over intellectual characteristics of teachers. Grade and gender differences were also noted. The open-ended questions r...
Effect of Rapid Solidification on Short-Range Order: A Magnetic Study.

In this study of the effects of rapid solidification on short-range order and magnetic properties, major progress and significant results were achieved in four specific areas. 1) Short-range order in Co80NbxB20-x amorphous alloys was found to be similar at low x and dissimilar at large x to that of the equilibrium crystal structure. This key observation led to a broader model of magnetic properties in amorphous alloys. 2) Devitrification of two different metallic glasses led to technically and scientifically important discoveries related to the fine microstructures produces. 3) Theoretical cluster calculations of electronic structure significantly advanced our understanding of bonding and magnetism in amorphous alloys. Finally, 4), We found that magnetization reversal could be very well described by the soliton-like solutions to a realistic non-linear wave equation. This approach correctly describes the coupling of the wall motion to its own local strain field, a technically important effect.
Nanomechanical characterization of amorphous and nanocrystalline FeCuNbSiB thin films

Mechanical properties (hardness and Young's modulus) of amorphous and nanocrystalline Fe 73.5 Cu 1 Nb 3 Si 15.5 B 7 thin films (thicknesses from 1.4 μm to 2 μm) have been investigated using the depth-sensing nanoindentation technique. The amorphous films, having uniform and smooth surfaces, were deposited on glass, aluminum, silicon, and sapphire substrates using the high power impulse magnetron sputtering technique. The nanocrystalline state was achieved after isothermal treatments performed at temperatures between 463 °C and 475 °C. The mean value for the effective Young's modulus of the amorphous Fe 73.5 Cu 1 Nb 3 Si 15.5 B 7 thin films is about 146 GPa, regardless of their thickness or the substrate's nature. Increasing the thickness of the films, the hardness value increases up to 1 GPa. After the thermal treatments performed at 475 °C (when the films’ structure consists of b.c.c. α-Fe(Si) grains with average size of 15 nm embedded in a residual amorphous matrix) the effective Young's modulus value decreases by about 13%, while hardness value increases by about 13% with respect to the as-deposited state.