nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The magic size determined by valence fluctuation in germanium atom clusters

When the size of solids becomes smaller than the critical size of the nanometre scale, their bonding states and atom periodicity are influenced. As a result, the properties of materials are changed remarkably . Such functional ultrafine particles are here named "atom clusters". The interatomic bondings, particularly in atom clusters, differ from those in bulk crystals because the size of the region affected by the long-range interaction force among the constitutive atoms is close to or larger than the cluster size. We call such a cluster size the "magic size". The behaviour of semiconducting materials in the size below the magic size, particularly relating to structural fluctuations, has been observed as follows. The relationship between the crystalline size and lattice constant of silicon measured by X-ray diffraction suggested that amorphization occurs with decreasing crystalline size [2]. In addition, the Raman spectra of silicon and germanium ultrafine particles changed to amorphous-like spectra with decreasing particle sizes [3-5]. These results show that the magic size is 2-10 nm in covalent materials, such as silicon and germanium. The purpose of this work was to determine the magic size of germanium on the basis of a fluctuation of the valence electronic states in germanium atom clusters by Auger valence-electron spectroscopy (AES). Germanium atom clusters were prepared by the vacuum vapour deposition method. Germanium was first evaporated on a film-substrate of amorphous carbon from a tungsten filament under a base pressure below 4.0 x 10 -8 Pa at room temperature. The germanium deposition here became an amorphous film. Therefore, in order to form atom clusters, these films were heated by electron bombardment at 573 K for 1.8 ks (the formation of atom clusters under this condition was ascertained by in situ observation under heating in a transmission electron microscope (TEM)). The cluster sizes were controlled by the germanium coverages. After the preparations, the Ge Auger valence spectra were measured in the first-derivative mode with the resolution of A E / E = 0.3% by summing up more than 30 scans and processing by numerical integrations. The electron gun was operated at the primary acceleration voltage of 3 kV and the primary specimen current of 0.2 ~tA. The size distributions of clusters in the same specimen as that measured by AES were estimated by TEM observation. The average diameters were calculated from histograms. In addition, the germanium atom dusters were formed on MgO single crystals under the same conditions to observe the profile images of the clusters. The microstructures were observed by the many-beam lattice image method. The TEM used was operated at 200 and 300 kV. It was confirmed that the specimen was not damaged by the primary electron beam from 200 to 300 kV. Fig. 1 shows the Ge (M2,3Mn5V) Auger valence spectra as a function of the cluster size, where V indicates the Ge 4s(N1) and 4p(N23) valence states. As the Auger lineshape fluctuates variously in clusters below about 7 nm in size, a typical one (i.e.
Collected Works of George Grant

During his lifetime, George Grant influenced a broad cross-section of Canadians, urging them to think more deeply about matters of social justice and individual responsibility. He wrote on subjects as diverse as technology, abortion, Canadian politics and nationalism, and the war in Vietnam, and was claimed equally by rightist and leftist causes. Now, more than a decade after his death, George Grant's writings continue to stimulate, challenge, and inspire. Grant's legacy includes six books and more than two hundred articles, as well as numerous broadcast transcripts, extensive correspondence, and a wealth of unpublished lectures, essays, and notes. In this volume, Arthur Davis has collected all the important material from the 1950s when Grant did his first teaching and writing at Dalhousie University. Through this projected eight-volume series, Grant's published and unpublished writings, including his complete correspondence, will be brought together for the first time. The texts are annotated, and each volume includes an introduction to the period that it covers. The series will not only make it possible to see the whole pattern of Grant's thought, but will also invite a reconsideration of the nature and importance of his work. George Grant is one of the most important Canadian philosophers of the later twentieth century, and his collected writings are a significant contribution to Canadian political thought and Canadian history.
Exploring Washington's Past: A Road Guide to History

Exploring Washington's Past tells the state's story in terms of where to go and what to see. With words, photographs, and maps, the authors evoke the cultural landscape and portray Washington's people and events from the days of the fur trade and pioneer settlement to the recent past. Capsule descriptions of small communities -- from Altoona to Zillah -- are interwoven with those of better known cities, and eastern and western Washington receive equal attention. More than two hundred photographs portray our historical landscape through images of today intermixed with a sampling of the past. This book will be an indispensable guide for residents, tourists, and armchair travelers.
Ecology and taxonomy of pathogenic aspergilli.

Aspergillus fumigatus and related species are widely distributed in nature. The majority of the species belonging to this genus are saprophytic in nature. Only a few species including A. fumigatus are capable of causing diseases in man. These opportunistic agents may cause infection or allergy in susceptible individuals. These fungi also cause diseases in animals, birds, and in plants. In addition, some of the enzymes and metabolic products have tremendous value in industry. A few of the Aspergillus species produce potent toxins of the aflatoxin family, which can cause cancer. Toxic death due to aflatoxins has been reported in humans, animals, and birds. There are currently about 180 recognized species of Aspergillus, and these species are placed in 6 subgenera, which are further divided into several sections. The telemorphs belonging to the genera are Chaetosartorya, Dichlanea, Eurotium, Emericella, Fennellia, Hemicarpentales, Neosartorya, Petromyces, Sclercleisia, and Warcupiella. This review presents a concise overview of the ecology, taxonomy, and genetics of Aspergillus species including their role in plant, animal, and human diseases, production of toxic metabolites, and molecular methods for their identification.
Max Weber's concept of patrimonialism and the Soviet system

The concept of patrimonial domination was at first underutilized in western social science and then often used without proper clarification of its methodological basis. When the Soviet system was characterized as patrimonial, conceptual analysis was also generally lacking. In the article an attempt is made to fill in the gap between Weberian sociological theory and historical studies of Soviet society. It is argued that, although the concept of patrimonialism is applicable to the Stalinist system, this concept is not sufficient for the description of the Soviet state throughout its history. It is assumed in the article that Weber's concept of Beamtenmherrschaft might be more appropriate for the analysis of the post-Stalinist political regime in the USSR.
Advocacy, brainwashing theories, and new religious movements

Advocacy by scholars in the field of new religious movements emerged during the ‘cult wars,’ which in the U.S. had their peak between 1970 and 1990 and continued in Europe and Japan in subsequent decades. Advocacy focused on the question of whether the ‘cults’ used a persuasion technique known as brainwashing. The idea of brainwashing was born during the Cold War, and originally applied to Communist techniques of indoctrination, but was lately first extended to religion and subsequently used as a tool to distinguish between legitimate and non-legitimate religions, labeling the latter as ‘cults.’ Prominent psychologists and sociologists were involved in these battles, with most scholars of new religious movements appearing in court in order to criticize the brainwashing theories advocated by psychologist Margaret T. Singer and a handful of anti-cult academics. After the Fishman decision of 1990, which seriously hit the anti-cult camp, advocacy in this field did not disappear but became somewhat less partisan.
Adherence and medication belief in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: A nationwide population-based cohort survey.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are rare diseases with a gradual decline in physical health. Adherence to treatment is crucial in these very symptomatic and life threatening diseases.



To describe PAH and CTEPH patients experience of their self-reported medication adherence, beliefs about medicines and information about treatment.



A quantitative, descriptive, national cohort survey that included adult patients from all PAH-centres in Sweden. All patients received questionnaires by mail: The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) assesses treatment-related attitudes and behaviour problems, the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-Specific scale (BMQ-S) assesses the patient's perception of drug intake and the QLQ-INFO25 multi-item scale about medical treatment information.



The response rate was 74% (n = 325), mean age 66 ± 14 years, 58% were female and 69% were diagnosed with PAH and 31% with CTEPH. Time from diagnosis was 4.7 ± 4.2 years. More than half of the patients (57%) reported a high level of adherence. There was no difference in the patients' beliefs of the necessity of the medications to control their illness when comparing those with high, medium or low adherence. Despite high satisfaction with the information, concerns about potential adverse effects of taking the medication were significantly related to adherence.



Treatment adherence is relatively high but still needs improvement. The multi-disciplinary PAH team should, together with the patient, seek strategies to improve adherence and prevent concern.
Generation as a Sociological Problem

For many millenia, in cultures around the world, the concept of generation has prospered. Its privileged place in Western societies is reflected in its codification in the Bible, while the most disparate societies of Africa, Asia and Australia have incorporated the generational concept in their notions of the social order. It is no surprise that the idea of generation should have come into prominent use in Western sociology, just as so many other terms have been preempted from popular to scientific vocabulary. It was perhaps also inevitable that this transformation from folk to analytical usage would occasion considerable conceptual confusion. The term's mulivocality, a virtue in popular discourse, became a liability in science. In this review, I identify the sources of confusion in the sociological usage of "generation" as I examine the recent literature. Though others have identified many problems with the sociological usage of the generation concept, their strictures have thus far had only limited effect. The concept of generation is important to future sociological research, but progress can only be made if an acceptable definition of generation is employed and other usages are abandoned. Here my focus is conceptual and methodological. I do not attempt a comprehensive review of substantive findings, though the bibliography should be useful to those interested in pursuing specific substantive inter­ ests. Along with the recent sociological literature, I examine closely related works by social psychologists, political scientists, and anthropologists. I first identify the diversity of meanings attributed to the generation concept and discuss the intellectual heritage bequeathed to contemporary sociology. I examine the literature of the past dozen years, identifying areas of concep-
Characterization of boron-doped diamond films using (CH4-CO2) gas mixtures with B(OCH3)3 as a dopant source by MPCVD

Boron-doped diamond films were fabricated on p-type and n-type Si(100) substrates by microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition. Tri-methylborate vapour was introduced to the CH 4 -CO 2 gas mixtures as a dopant source. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), Raman and CL spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analysis were performed on the films. The depth profile of SIMS showed that boron was uniformly doped into the diamond film, even at a depth of 6 μ. Boron was found to have a significant effect on both the morphology and the cathodoluminescence of the deposited films. The surface morphology changed from well-defined facets to ball-like features with increasing gas phase dopant concentration. To obtain doped diamond films of good quality, it is necessary to lower the carbon concentration by decreasing the flow rate of CH 4 during the depostion process. The cathodoluminescence of diamond films was investigated in the range 1.8–4.0 eV. The emission peak intensity of CL spectra at 2.3–2.4 eV was found to increase with increasing dopant concentration in the gas phase. The luminescence is explained by donor-acceptor pair recombination, where the acceptor is substitutional boron. This result indicates that boron atoms can be successfully doped into substitutional sites of the diamond structure.
Human Capital and the Adoption of Information and Communications Technologies: Evidence from Investment Climate Survey of Pakistan

This paper studies the impact of human capital on the adoption and diffusion of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) in the Pakistani firms using the World Bank Enterprise Survey 2002-07. The paper considers various indicators of human capital and measures of ICT adoption and diffusion. On-the-job training, manager's level of qualification and production workers' level of education are found to positively determine the use of emails, website and other means of communication in a firm. The results are robust to the inclusion of geographical, sectoral and structural control variables. Firm size, sales and workers' compensation are also positively associated with the use of ICT. The findings show the importance of accumulation and development of human capital in the productivity growth in the era of skill-biased technical change. A concerted national effort for the enhancement of the workforce's computing skills is therefore a must if a developing economy such as Pakistan is to improve its competitiveness.
Effects of Interviewer Style on Quality of Reporting in a Survey Interview.

Eight female interviewers varied their interview styles in interviewing 207 adults who had been involved in automobile accidents during a four-year period. A “professional” and a rapport or “interpersonal” style was used. Dependent variables consisted of reporting of events related to an automobile accident in which the respondent was the driver, and for which independent criterion data were available. In addition, the amount of health information reported was also analyzed. In spite of the respondents' more favorable attitudes towards the interpersonal interviews, accuracy was not significantly greater in these rapport interviews. In fact, significant interaction effects between interviewer style and recency of the accident were obtained. Respondents, however, reported more completely under rapport conditions. The results are interpreted within a cognitive, role-learning framework.
Growth of conductive and insulative highly-orientated aluminum nitride thin films using laser molecular beam epitaxy

Conductive and insulative highly-orientated aluminum nitride thin films were grown on Si (111) and sapphire (0001) substrates using laser molecular beam epitaxy by only changing the nitrogen pressure. The microstructure of AlN films was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, while the electrical and optical properties were measured by current–voltage, capacitance–voltage and ultraviolet–visible-near infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the AlN films deposited under 1 Pa nitrogen pressure are insulative with a resistivity of 10 11 –10 12  Ω·cm, while they become conductive with a resistivity of 9.3 × 10 − 1  Ω·cm grown under 2 × 10 − 2  Pa because of the presence of aluminum particles. Electric properties of the AlN films are strongly influenced by aluminum particles. The presence of metallic aluminum also decreases the optical transmittance of the AlN films from 85% to 20%.
Analyze, Sense, Preprocess, Predict, Implement, and Deploy (ASPPID): An incremental methodology based on data analytics for cost-efficiently monitoring the industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 is revolutionizing decision making processes within the manufacturing industry. Among the technological portfolio enabling this revolution, the late literature has capitalized on the potential of data analytics for improving the production cycle at different stages, from resource provisioning to planning, delivery and storage. However, such a promising role of data analytics has been so far explored without a proper, quantitative inspection of the cost-improvement trade-off, nor has the process of acquiring sensors and extracting valuable information from their captured data formalized in a series of methodological steps. This paper introduces the Analyze, Sense, Preprocess, Predict, Implement and Deploy (ASPPID) methodology, an iterative decision workflow that spans from the acquisition of sensing equipment to the quantitative assessment of the contribution of their captured data to enhance the production step under focus. By placing the data scientist at the core of the workflow, this methodology helps improvement teams make informed decisions about which parts of the process need to be sensed, and how to exploit this information towards a verifiable improvement of the production cycle. The implementation of this methodology is exemplified in a real use case within the automotive industry, where the detection of defects in an annealing process can be modeled as a classification problem over a highly imbalanced dataset. Results obtained after applying the proposed ASPPID methodology show that the scrap ratio is reduced by sensing the correct part of the process at minimal investment costs, thus highlighting the crucial role of the data scientist in the management team of manufacturing plants.
On the Relative Efficiency of Resolution-Like Proofs and Ordered Binary Decision Diagram Proofs

We show that tree-like OBDD proofs of unsatisfiability require an exponential increase (s rarr 2s Omega(1)) in proof size to simulate unrestricted resolution, and that unrestricted OBDD proofs of unsatisfiability require an almost-exponential increase (s rarr 22(log s) Omega(1)) in proof size to simulate Res (O(log n)). The "OBDD proof system" that we consider has lines that are ordered binary decision diagrams in the same variables as the input formula, and is allowed to combine two previously derived OBDDs by any sound inference rule. In particular, this system abstracts satisfiability algorithms based upon explicit construction of OBDDs and satisfiability algorithms based upon symbolic quantifier elimination.
Firms' Optimal Digital Rights Management (DRM) Strategies: The Effects of Public Copy Protection and DRM Compatibility

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how different types of demand structure affect firms’ optimal pricing and private copy protection (DRM) level of digital products. We construct a model where the equilibrium prices and protection levels are dependent upon the two parameters: public copy protection of digital products and degree of compatibility of DRM in terms of hacking technology. We show that the optimal levels of DRM and prices are determined by different types of demand structure depending on the strategic interaction between the firms. As a result, the effects of an increase in public copy protection and less compatible hacking technology on the optimal levels of DRM, prices, quantity demanded, and profits have direct and indirect channels of which the latter is induced by the change of DRM. It is shown that total effects are dependent upon the demand structure and the strategic nature of DRM. The paper also discusses results of social welfare analysis.
Source code analysis and manipulation

The special section contains nine papers which are extended versions of papers originally published in the proceedings of the IEEE workshop on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM 2001). The papers cover the spectrum of analysis and manipulation work from traditional transformation application areas concerned with optimisation through to more novel application areas such as transformation for evolution of websites; they cover the use of linguistic source code aspects which arise from the semantics of the language to more ephemeral, yet higher level domain-related information. The special issue brings together work on algorithms, tools, empirical results and novel approaches to source code analysis and manipulation. There are five papers on analysis and four on manipulation in this special issue. The next two sections describe the papers on analysis and manipulation respectively.
Media and Mass Communication Research Past, Present and Future

Research on media and mass communication has been in a state of constant flux for some 50 years. Scholars in the Humanities have traditionally studied the meaning of human expression in language, philosophy, the Arts and literature. Social scientists have focused on the relations between media institutions and other institutions, not least political ones. With the so-called ‘cultural turn’ in the 1980s, media scholars’ interest shifted to the role of media in the development of culture, on the potential of media to generate meaning in a broader sense, and on the adaptation of media messages to culturally dominant forms of understanding. Today, the field is characterized by extreme diversity and extensive specialization. Studies on the systems level are few. At the same time, contemporary multicultural and global societies raise more complex issues than ever before. Given the high degree of specialization, scholars in the field may not be exposed to the impulses needed for them to be able to formulate incisive research problems. For the discipline to produce new insights and new knowledge requires collaboration – within the discipline, but above all collaboration across academic as well as national frontiers.
57Fe and 119Sn Mössbauer Effect Study of Fe‐Sn‐B Amorphous Alloys

Ribbons of Fe100−xSn5Bx (x = 15, 17, 20) metallic glass are studied using 57Fe and 119Sn Mossbauer spectrometry. The obtained Mossbauer spectra are evaluated by distributions of hyperfine magnetic fields in addition to crystalline components. The as‐quenched alloys are XRD amorphous for x =15 and 17 whereas for x =20, traces of quenched‐in crystallites are revealed. Progress of crystallization is followed on samples annealed for 30 min at temperatures that cover the first crystallization peak. The evolution of crystalline fraction as well as average values of hyperfine magnetic fields and isomer shifts are discussed as a function of the alloy composition and temperature of annealing.