nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemiluminescence from thermal oxidation of amino acids and proteins

Chemiluminescence (CL) with maximum emission in the range 550–650 nm is observed when proteins and certain amino acids are heated in air, and CL intensity is significantly reduced in nitrogen. Of the 20 common amino acids, lysine (Lys) has the highest thermal CL intensity by a factor of ~30 over arginine, threonine and asparagine. This finding differs from previous studies on amino acids and proteins oxidised using free radical initiators or singlet oxygen, where tryptophan was the dominant factor for CL emission. CL from heating solid Lys in air is accompanied by browning and the generation of fluorescent products which are characteristic of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) in thermally treated milk proteins. During thermal oxidation, Lys may react with its own carbonyl oxidation products to form fluorescent compounds similar to AGEs via the formation of Schiff bases. The mechanism of thermal oxidation of proteins may be similar to polyamide polymers, where reaction of free primary amino groups with carbonyls to form Schiff bases plays a key role.
Special Edition Editorial: What work does the artwork do? A question for art

AbstractThis article acts as an introduction to the other articles in this special edition of the journal devoted to the question: What work does the artwork do? It explores the advantages of this question over the definitional ‘What is art?’ question as a vehicle for debating the roles and purposes of artworks — the work artworks do — for arts practitioners in particular. Given the care needed in the forming of questions (since the work questions do is conditioned by such as implicit/explicit epistemological considerations), it raises as an issue to be considered and attended to, the matter of the work questions do and, the questions the could usefully be posed and debated in relation to art practices.
The role of genes in life

RésuméCette étude critique deux notions très répandues: 1° que les genes chromosomes forment les unités fondamentales du mécanisme biologique: 2° que les organismes sont des conséquences d'ensembles de genes ‘libres’.Il est suggéré que 3° l'information codée dans les chromosomes est plutôt comparable aux indications données par un livret d'instructions et que 4° des actions fondamentales des cellules ont pu précéder les instructions qui les concernent de même façon que les techniques humaines ont précédé des textes qui les analysent.Cette analogie est élaborée en certains détails et quelquesunes de ses limitations sont demonstrées.SummaryIn this paper two widely held ideas are criticized: (1) that chromosomal genes are the fundamental units of biological machinery and (2) that organisms have arisen from assemblies of “free” genes.Instead it is suggested that (3) the information encoded in the chromosomes may better be compared with the instructions contained in a textbook or leaflet, an that (4) basic cell activities may have preceded the instructions dealing with them in the same way in which human skills have preceded any texts dealing with them.This analogy is elaborated in certain details and some of its limitations are shown.ZusammenfassungDie Arbeit ist eine Kritik zweier weitverbreiteter Ideen, nämlich dass (1) die Gene in den Chromosomen die fundamentalen Bestandteile der biologischen Maschinerie sind und (2) dass die Organismen von Aggregaten „freier“ Gene abstammen.Statt dessen wird vorgeschlagen, dass (3) die in den Chromosomen kodifizierte Information eher mit den Instruktionen eines Lehrbuchs oder einer Gebrauchsanweisung vergleichbar ist und dass (4) die grundlegenden Zellaktivitäten früheren Ursprungs sein dürften, als die Instruktionen zu ihrer Ausführung, etwa in der Weise in der menschliche Fertigkeiten gedruckten Anweisungen zu ihrer Ausführung vorausgegangen sind.Verschiedene Einzelheiten dieser Analogie werden verfolgt und einige ihrer Grenzen aufgezeigt.
On the syntax and semantics of horizontal microprogramming languages

Horizontally microprogrammable computers provide the potential for efficient use of hardware through parallel operation of internal resources. Present languages for microprogramming such computers, however, contain unnatural symbolism, inflexible format requirements, and unnecessary constraints which make their use rather difficult. The intrinsic characteristics of horizontally microprogrammable machines suggest the use of operator precedence languages to program them. The syntax of a language, ANIMIL, is formally described along these lines and some initial ideas on semantics of languages for horizontally microprogrammable machines are discussed.
Data Definitions in the ACL2 Sedan

We present a data definition framework that enables the convenient specification of data types in ACL2s, the ACL2 Sedan. Our primary motivation for developing the data definition framework was pedagogical. We were teaching undergraduate students how to reason about programs using ACL2s and wanted to provide them with an effective method for defining, testing, and reasoning about data types in the context of an untyped theorem prover. Our framework is now routinely used not only for pedagogical purposes, but also by advanced users. Our framework concisely supports common data definition patterns, e.g., list types, map types, and record types. It also provides support for polymorphic functions. A distinguishing feature of our approach is that we maintain both a predicative and an enumerative characterization of data definitions. In this paper we present our data definition framework via a sequence of examples. We give a complete characterization in terms of tau rules of the inclusion/exclusion relations a data definition induces, under suitable restrictions. The data definition framework is a key component of counterexample generation support in ACL2s, but can be independently used in ACL2, and is available as a community book.
Spatial Change and Economic Organisation: The Tyneside Coal Industry (1751-1770)

Concepts of economic power and organisation are rarely considered by historical geographers in their attempts to explain change in space economies. In this paper an attempt is made to use these concepts to explain and understand the changing geography of the Tyneside coal industry from 1751 to 1770, a time when the industry was dominant nationally. At the beginning of the period the Tyneside industry was itself dominated by a monopolistic group, the Grand Allies, a dominance partly maintained through control over the use of land. Their dominance was broken by a combination of technological and economic developments as exploited by a competing group of capitalists based on the emerging banking system. The monopoly of the Grand Allies was broken but replaced, in a more developed form, by the Limitation of the Vend, and by 1770 the geographical and economic structure of the industry had changed dramatically. Underpinning this changing geography was the interaction of social and political structures, including the interdependence of enterprises with a developing political economy. It is in this interaction that the understanding of change in space economies must be sought.
GEOCHEMISTRY AND GENESIS OF POSTMIGMATIZATION-REFORMED GOLD DEPOSITS IN CHINA

This paper deals with the geological, minoralogieal and geoehemical characteristies of anew type of strata-bound gold deposits of postmigmatization-reformed typo occurring in theArchean metamorphic rocks of North China Platform. The integrated results of geologic stud-ics, stable and radioactive isotopic compositions, constituents in minerals inclusions and traceelement data provide evidence to show that ore-forming materials and ore-fluids are mainlyfrom Archean gold source beds, and ore bodies are the products of tectonic-hydrothermal re-forming process at the Hercynian and the Yenshanian times. By a comparison of the natureof this type to the gold deposits in Archean greenstone belts abroad, it is suggested that theyare different in genesis. Postmigmatization-reformed gold deposits are formed under specialconditions. They are mainly developed in later activation zones of platform along the westcoast of ttie Pacific Ocean. This paper presents a model for the formation of this type ofgold deposits.
Pain among ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients: multicenter study of prevalence, intensity, associated factors, and effect.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence, intensity, associated factors, and effect of pain among ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients. Three-hundred two adult ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients were consecutively recruited from HIV/AIDS outpatient clinics at 2 teaching hospitals in Uganda. The presence and intensity of pain were self-reported using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI); symptom data were collected using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS-SF); and quality of life (QOL) was assessed using the Medical Outcome Scale-HIV. Forty-seven percent reported pain in the 7 days prior to the survey and pain was a symptom at the time of diagnosis for 68%. On the 0 to 10 numeric scale, 53% reported mild pain (1-4 rating), 20% reported moderate pain (5-6 rating) while 27% reported severe pain (7-10 rating). Gender was not associated with pain intensity, but reduced functional performance, increasing number of symptoms, advanced HIV disease , physical symptom distress (MSAS-SF), and number of health comorbidities were significantly associated with pain intensity (P < .04). Increasing pain intensity was associated with greater functional ability impairment (BPI functional interference index) and poorer QOL. Pain is a common symptom among ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients and has a debilitating effect on QOL. There is a significant unmet need for pain relief in the population.



This article discusses the characteristics and effect of pain on function and QOL in East African patients. It also contributes information on characteristics of HIV/AIDS adult patients in the East Africa demonstrating the aspects in which pain is similar across different cultures.
Crocheted Strategies: Women Crafting their Own Communities

AbstractIn 1987 Virago Press published Women and Craft. Su Richardson was one of the co-editors and contributed an interview with Gaie Davidson called “Crocheted Strategies: A New Audience for Women’s Work.” The book was an outcome of the Feminist Arts News 1981 “Craft” issue which raised a number of questions about the relative status of crafts and arts and the value-level derived from women’s assigned status as “other” than artist. In turn, this emerged out of Feministo, a postal art project instigated by Kate Walker from 1975–1978. Women who trained in art schools in the 1960s and 1970s, such as Su Richardson, Monica Ross, and Walker, communicated with each other in the media of domestic crafts, sewing, knitting, and crochet to represent their lives and work from within the home.Alexandra M. Kokoli, curator of the exhibition of Richardson’s work “Burnt Breakfast” and other Works (2012), wrote in the press release of the same title that:Su Richardson’s homemade objects explore domesticity, femininity an...
Research on the Application of Data Mining Technology in Insurance Informatization

Insurance systems are now in a new era of intense competition with the rapidly economic development in our country. But many Insurance companies have no ability to mining and analyzing the information from the mass customers’ data and to make full use of them to make profit for the companies. Data mining technology can improve the levels of management and decision making in the insurance system and make the highest investment-return rate for both the companies and their customers. The research on the application data mining technology to insurance system is scarce at present. The papers try to analyze the problem and give some suggestions to data mining technology application in insurance system.
What Drives Corporate Social Performance? International Evidence from Social, Environmental and Governance Scores

We investigate the institutional drivers of Corporate Social Performance (CSP) by focusing on its three fundamental components: social, environmental and governance performance. Using a large cross-section of firms from 42 countries over 7 years, we are able to explain 41, 46 and 63% of the variation in social performance, environmental performance, and corporate governance respectively, with observable firm, industry and institutional factors. More specifically, we hypothesize that country institutions have a profound influence on CSP. We find that political institutions, followed by legal and labor market institutions are the most important country determinants of social and environmental performance. In contrast, legal institutions, followed by political institutions are the most important country determinants of governance. Capital market institutions appear to be less important drivers of CSP. Our results provide insights on the demand and supply forces that determine CSP internationally. Assistant Professor of Strategic and International Management, London Business School, Regent’s Park, NW1 4SA, London, United Kingdom.  Assistant Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School, Soldiers’ Field Road, Morgan Hall 381, 02163 Boston, MA, USA. Email:gserafeim@hbs.edu, Ph: +1 617 495 6548, Fx: +1 617 496 7387. We thank ASSET4 (Thompson Reuters) for providing us with the data for this paper, and we are particularly grateful to Dr. Christopher Greenwald and Ms. Caroline Harrison at ASSET4 for their help and cooperation. All errors remain our own.
From the shadows: Houston Baker's move toward a postnationalist appraisal of the Black aesthetic

SHE PERIOD SPANNING 1976 to 1988 represents Houston Baker's use of cultural anthropology to examine the historical and linguistic variables responsible for what he terms the sui generis nature of black literature. Drafted primarily in "On the Criticism of Black American Literature: One View of the Black Aesthetic" (1976), "A Note on Style and the Anthropology of Art" (1980), and The Journey Back (1980),9 Baker's postnationalistic thought embodies what he believes to be a less politicized approach for studying and analyzing the black aesthetic. In effect, to examine his work from 1976 to 1988 is to take measure of one-labeled "the doyen of Afro-American literary critics"4-striving to move beyond black nationalist aesthetic standards by employing theoretical alternatives promising advanced analyses of black artistic culture. But as I will argue in this paper, Baker remains unfair in his analysis of the nationalist spokespersons Amiri Baraka and Addison Gayle by presenting them in an uneven light, a light which enshadows Baker's own derivation from and postnationalistic dependence on the ideas both represent. In 1976 Baker began a frontal attack against the Black Arts Movement in "On the Criticism of Black American Literature: One View of the
A case of software engineering accreditation

A trial software engineering accreditation system is being applied in Japan. The authors give a brief overview of the standard curriculum model that is followed by most computer science programs in Japanese universities today, and the current status of the accreditation systems now being applied to them. They report on the way in which they have tried to bridge the gap between industrial needs and undergraduate education in software engineering. Their plan for the trial software engineering accreditation system now being applied to one of these software engineering programs is outlined. Finally, the authors' efforts to build a body of knowledge for software engineering education are summarized.
Enrique Granados: Poet of the Piano

Enrique Granados (1867-1916) is one of the most compelling figures of the late-Romantic period in music. During his return voyage to Spain after the premiere of his opera Goyescas at New York's Metropolitan Opera in 1916, a German submarine torpedoed the ship on which he and his wife were sailing, and they perished in the waters of the English Channel. His death was mourned on both sides of the Atlantic as a stunning loss to the music world, for he had died at the pinnacle of his career, and his late works held the promise of greater things to come.Granados was among the leading pianists of his time, and his eloquence at the keyboard inspired critics to dub him the "poet of the piano." In Enrique Granados: Poet of the Piano, Walter Aaron Clark offers the first substantive study in English of this virtuoso pianist, composer, and music pedagogue. While providing detailed analyses of his major works for voice, piano, and the stage, Clark argues that Granados's art represented a unifying presence on the cultural landscape of Spain during a period of imperial decline, political unrest, and economic transformation. Drawing on newly discovered documents, Clark explores the cultural spheres in which Granados moved, particularly of Castile and Catalonia. Granados's best-known music was inspired by the art of Francisco Goya, especially the Goyescas suite for solo piano that became the basis for the opera. These pieces evoked the colorful and dramatic world that Goya inhabited and depicted in his art. Granados's fascination with Goya's Madrid set him apart from fellow nationalists Albeniz and Falla, who drew their principal inspiration from Andalusia. Though he was resolutely apolitical, Granados's attraction to Castile antagonized some Catalan nationalists, who resented Castilian domination. Yet Granados also made important contributions to Catalan musical theater and was a prominent figure in the modernist movement in Barcelona.Clark also explores the personal pressures that shaped Granados's music. His passionate affair with a wealthy socialite created domestic tensions, but it was also a source of inspiration for Goyescas. Persistent financial difficulties forced him to devote time to teaching at the expense of composition, though as a result Granados made considerable contributions to piano pedagogy and music education in Barcelona through the music academy he founded there.While Granados's tragic and early demise casts a pall over his life story, Clark ultimately reveals an artist of remarkable versatility and individuality and sheds new light on his enduring significance."
The new world order and the tempo of militant Islam

This paper assesses the social and political conditions that have led to the emergence of militant Islamic groups in the Arab world, especially since the 1967 Six Day War. However, the paper goes beyond the genesis of militant Islam to contest the hypothesis of state‐sponsored terrorism by investigating two aspects of support that help keep the phenomenon alive; namely, their sources of funding and weapons. In turn, these aspects of support are broken down into international, regional, and local sources. The discussion shows that while the international and regional sources are significant, the local sources of support are decisive for the operations of the militant Islamic groups.
Swimming the New Stream: The Disjunctions Between and Within Popular and Academic International Law

In the postwar era, legal scholars moved to a pragmatist approach in international legal thought.' Pragmatism refers to "a modem consequential philosophy that emphasized institutional process, functional progress, or rule-centered doctrinal specificity, while denying the relevance of coherent abstraction. This approach attempted to cultivate a just world order based on the rule of law, forcing nations to adhere to legal principles at the expense of raw aggression.' Its goal was to use doctrinal analysis as the ultimate technique in analyzing issues of institutional process and order in the international arena.' Unfortunately, pragmatism never set forth a central theory of social behavior, but simply hovered between the older naturalist and positivist' schools of thought. Pragmatism focused only on descriptions of varying institutional forms and practices at the expense of theorizing about the nature of law and social  Without reference to a core theory to explain the nature of social interaction in the international context, the pragmatist approach foundered on doctrinal shores. Thus the resultant research that it yielded produced a fragmented body of highly specific lists and observations about international law lacking a cohesive evaluation of
Some properties of erythrocuprein treated by organic solvents.

The effect of various types of organic solvents on the properties of bovine erythrocuprein was studied. Three organic solvents were found in which the protein is soluble, these were: dimethyl sulfoxide, formamide and N-methylformamide. It was shown that in formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide media the protein possees superoxide dismutase activity, but in N-methylformamide the protein has negligible activity. In organic solvents the substrate (superoxide radical) and solvated electron result in reduction of the protein copper. At high concentrations of superoxide radical or solvated electrons an inactivation of protein and stabilization of superoxide radicals was noted. The stabilization is most pronounced in N-methylformamide. The protein that is reduced by the radical or the solvated electron may be reoxidized by molecular oxygen, the latter being reduced to the superoxide radical.
Social justice and resource utilization in a community-based organization: a case illustration of the role of the occupational therapist.

Social justice and occupational justice have received increased attention in the occupational therapy literature. This evolving discourse has focused on establishing a connection between the effects of social injustice and the resulting negative influences on occupational participation. This literature has also addressed the role of occupational therapists in responding to social injustice at the societal, population, or individual levels. We examine the two most well-known theories of social justice to understand the responsibility of organizations, institutions, or governments in providing for people who have experienced difficulties in maintaining self-sufficiency. We use two case examples to illustrate how community-based organizations act as brokers of human, financial, and other resources and the challenges they face in distributing these resources in a manner consistent with social justice concepts. Finally, we suggest how an occupational therapist might assist such organizations in fairly distributing resources by applying occupational therapy paradigmatic knowledge and skills.
Olive Schreiner, Epistolary Practices and Microhistories: A Cultural Entrepreneur in a Historical Landscape

ABSTRACTFocusing on the letters of the South African feminist writer and social theorist Olive Schreiner (1855–1920), this article explores Schreiner's strategic uses of letter-writing as a key tool in her work as a cultural entrepreneur in a number of different social and political contexts. In advocating a microhistory approach which recognizes that macro and micro are interconnected and should be seen as lenses of perspective rather than as separate spheres, we examine various strands of Schreiner's ‘cultural project’ and consider how her epistolary activities articulated and furthered this.
A Decrumpling model of the universe

Assuming a cellular structure for the space-time, we propose a model in which the expansion of the universe is understood as a decrumpling process, much like the one we know from polymeric surfaces. The dimension of space is then a dynamical real variable. The generalized Friedmann equation, derived from a Lagrangian, and the generalized equation of continuity for the matter content of the universe, give the dynamics of our model universe. This leads to an oscillatory non-singular model with two turning points for the dimension of space.