nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Unified Theory of Union of Subspaces Representations for Period Estimation

Several popular period estimation techniques use union-of-subspaces models to represent periodic signals. The main idea behind these techniques is to compare the components of the signal along a set of subspaces representing different periods. Such techniques were shown to offer important advantages over traditional methods, such as those based on DFT. So far, most of these subspace techniques have been developed independent of each other, and there has not been a unified theory analyzing them from a common perspective. In this paper, all such methods are first unified under one general framework. Further, several fundamental aspects of such subspaces are investigated, such as the conditions under which a generic set of subspaces offers unique periodic decompositions, their minimum required dimensions, etc. A number of basic questions in the context of dictionaries spanning periodic signals are also answered. For example, what is the theoretically minimum number of atoms required in any type of dictionary, in order to be able to represent periods 1 ≤ P ≤ Pmax? For each period P , what should be the minimum dimension of the subspace of atoms representing the Pth period itself? Unlike in traditional Fourier dictionaries, it is shown that nonuniform and compact grids are crucial for period estimation. Interestingly, it will be seen that the Euler totient function from number theory plays an important role in providing the answers to all such questions.
Uncertain Private Benefits and the Decision to Go Public

This paper focuses on the decision to go public when both seller and potential buyers have private benefits of control. The basic model by Zingales (1995) is extended to account for uncertainty of private benefits. This leads to new implications for the sales process, ownership structure, measurement of private benefits and the efficiency of takeover regimes. The optimal way to sell the company differs from the model with perfect information in that the incumbent always choses to go public instead of selling directly to a potential rival whenever the rival is expected to increase cash flow but not necessarily total firm value. IPO price and volume are lower than under perfect information which induces a socially non-optimal solution in takeover transactions. Imperfect information also explains post-IPO underperformance of firms which are not subject to control transfers. To compensate shareholders for potential losses during the sales process, the offering price has to be lower than under perfect information. This provides the basis for a differential stock price performance depending on the buyer taking over or not. Furthermore, an overestimation bias exists in prior estimates of control premiums, because some firms going public are never sold but nevertheless provide private benefits. Finally, mandatory tender offers in the form of a fair price rule and an equal opportunity rule are discussed, which indicate that the social superiority of either rule is strongly dependent on the empirical distribution characteristics of private benefits.
The Principle of Eurhythmy: A Key to the Unity of Physics

The unification of the basic physical laws, from classical physics, quantum physics to gravitic physics seems now possible. The key for this unity is the principle of eurhythmy, literally from the Greek, the principle of the most adequate path. It will be shown that Heron principle of minimum path, Fermat’s principle of minimum time and de Broglie’s guiding principle are no more than mere particular cases of the principle of eurhythmy. Furthermore, it will be shown, with concrete examples, from classical physics, quantum physics to gravitic physics, that all these branches of physics can be unified and understood in a causal way as particular cases of this general principle.
Reactions on interfaces in heterophase TiN-Mo, TiN-W, ZrN-Mo, and ZrN-W materials during sintering

This paper reports on a study of the reactions on contact surfaces of solid titanium nitride and zirconium nitride specimens with molybdenum and tungsten in a vacuum corresponding to 0.01 Pa at temperatures in the range, 1900-2150/sup 0/C. The starting materials were titanium nitride containing 21.3% N and 0.3% O/sub 2/ dissolved in the TIN lattice; zirconium nitride containing 0.6-0.8% O/sub 2/; molybdenum with the impurities 0.02% C, 0.05% Ti, and 0.08% Zr; and tungsten with the impurities of 0.01% Si and 0.02% Hf. Polished end faces of specimens were pressed against each other with a small force, and in that position the specimens were annealed for an hour, after which microsections prepared in planes perpendicular to the control surfaces were investigated metallographically and by electron probe microanalysis. It is concluded that the development of bonds at interfaces between titanium nitride and zirconium nitride on the one hand, and molybdenum and tungsten on the other, is a consequence of diffusional reactions between the elements of the nitride phases and the metals which are accompanied by the formation of metal-base solid solutions localized within narrow contact zones.
Empirical Constitutional Economics: Onward and Upward?

Empirical constitutional economics has made a huge leap forward over the last decade. Interesting insights into the effects of constitutions have been discovered. Rather than summarizing the state of the art, this paper identifies some of the current shortcomings and proposes a number of extensions. It calls for recognizing additional constitutional institutions as explanatory variables, as well as the incorporation of additional dependent variables. Its major emphasis is, however, on calling for the next logical step in this field, namely to endogenize constitutions.
Influence of adding nano-graphite powders on the microstructure and gas hydrogen storage properties of ball-milled Mg90Al10 alloys

A small quantity of nano-graphite powders were introduced into the Mg 90 Al 10 alloy to obtain the ball milled Mg 90 Al 10 + x wt% graphite ( x  = 0, 1, 3, 5 and 8) composites. The influences of adding nano-graphite powders on the microstructure and hydrogen storage performances were studied. The microstructure analysis showed that adding nano-graphite powders not only promotes the formation of Mg 17 Al 12 phase, but also increases the number of Al atoms that enter into the crystal lattice of Mg. The performance test indicated that adding nano-graphite powders can improve the activation performance and enhance the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation kinetics and capacity. It also is benificial to lower the thermodynamic stability of the hydride. The dehydrogenation enthalpy (Δ H de ) and activation energy ( E de (a)) decrease at different degrees after adding nano-graphite powders. Dehydrogenation enthalpy of the composites is 75.43, 74.63, 73.20, 72.68 and 71.52 kJ mol −1 H 2 when the value of x is 0, 1, 3, 5 and 8, respectively. Dehydrogenation activation energy of the composites is 162.06, 161.26, 159.07, 156.15 and 158.26 kJ mol −1 H 2 when the value of x is 0, 1, 3, 5 and 8, respectively.
Countering self-radicalisation

RSIS Commentaries are intended to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy relevant background and analysis of contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of the S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced electronically or in print with prior permission from RSIS. Due recognition must be given to the author or authors and RSIS.  to speak to the Editor RSIS Commentaries, Yang Razali Kassim.
Electronic nanofeatures in epitaxial ferroelectric oxide heterostructures

We report on ferroelectric field effect experiments in epitaxial oxide heterostructures consisting of the ferroelectric oxide Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 and the metallic oxides GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 and SrRuO 3 . To perform the experiments, we used conventional capacitor structures, as well as a scanning probe approach that allows one to control the local ferroelectric polarization without the use of permanent electrical contacts. In the case of the scanning probe approach, nanometer scale control of the ferroelectric domain structure can be achieved over large areas of up to 2500 micrometer 2 . Nonvolatile, reversible electronic nanofeatures were written in Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 /SrRuO 3 heterostructures by switching the local polarization field of the ferroelectric layer, inducing a field effect in the thin (30 angstrom) SrRuO 3 layer that changes its sheet resistance by 7%. This doping technique permits one to write reversible, nonvolatile electronic structures without requiring traditional lithographic processing or permanent electrical contacts.
A NOTE ON GRAVITATIONAL BROWNIAN MOTION

Chandrasekhar's theory of stellar encounters predicts a dependence of the Brownian motion of a massive particle on the shape of the velocity distribution of the perturbing stars. One consequence is that the expectation value of the massive object's kinetic energy can be different from that of the perturbers. The effect is shown to be modest, however, and substantially smaller than claimed in a recent study based on a more approximate treatment of the encounter equations.
IRRATIONALITY AND CONTRADICTION IN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: Transformation in the Corporate Form of a U.S. Steel Corporation, 1930–1987

This article analyzes historical and interview data on one of the largest steel corporations in the U.S. to determine (1) the effects of financial controls on long-term incremental organizational changes, (2) the effects of the environment on the organization, (3) the degree to which organizations structure their environment, and (4) the conditions that transform the corporate form. Findings demonstrate that transformations emerge from crisis due to contradictions within the corporate form and between the corporate form and its environment. The sources of these contradictions include the long-term irrationality of formally rational financial controls, oligopolistic structures, and the state's tax policies. These findings question efficiency arguments in general, but more specifically do not support Alfred Chandler's conception of the “logic of managerial enterprise,” which suggests that oligopolistic corporations are efficient because their size provides capital to realize economies of scale, and market s...
The Relationship of Test Familiarity to Extreme Response Styles in Bedouin and Moroccan Boys.

Two separate experiments were reanalyzed to investigate the hypothesis that test familiarity influences style of response. IQ and attitude questionnaire responses of 47 Israeli male Bedouin adolescents were compared to 85 of their more Western-oriented Moroccan peers. Both groups showed evidence of a response style biased toward the extreme right of multiple choice arrays which was, however, more reliable among the Bedouins. English language exposure was presumed to have influenced the differential results. Researchers were cautioned to be aware of response style problems as a legitimate concern.
Evident risk factors for younger stroke patients in Taiwan.

Risk factors for stroke in the young are often different from those in older patients. Since a rather high incidence of stroke exists in Taiwan, we prospectively studied risk factors in 208 stroke patients aged between 15 and 45 years seen in four main hospitals in Taiwan from 1986 to 1993. Of the 116 patients with cerebral infarction, 48 (41.4%) had related premature atherosclerosis mainly caused by hypertension (18.1%), hyperlipidemia (4.3%), and diabetes mellitus (3.4%). Thirty-four patients (29.3%) had an identifiable predisposing factor of cardiac origin including valvular diseases. In 92 patients with cerebral hemorrhage, hypertension was present in 30 patients (32.6%) and a vascular malformation of brain in 21 patients (22.8%). For a specific district in Taiwan, the major risk factors for strokes in younger patients were hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, and vascular malformation of brain. Cardiac and neuroradiologic investigations are particularly indicative, and clinical effort in the management of these treatable causes needs emphasis.
Stable isotope fractionation caused by glycyl radical enzymes during bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds.

Stable isotope fractionation was studied during the degradation of m-xylene, o-xylene, m-cresol, and p-cresol with two pure cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Degradation of all four compounds is initiated by a fumarate addition reaction by a glycyl radical enzyme, analogous to the well-studied benzylsuccinate synthase reaction in toluene degradation. The extent of stable carbon isotope fractionation caused by these radical-type reactions was between enrichment factors (epsilon) of -1.5 and -3.9, which is in the same order of magnitude as data provided before for anaerobic toluene degradation. Based on our results, an analysis of isotope fractionation should be applicable for the evaluation of in situ bioremediation of all contaminants degraded by glycyl radical enzyme mechanisms that are smaller than 14 carbon atoms. In order to compare carbon isotope fractionations upon the degradation of various substrates whose numbers of carbon atoms differ, intrinsic epsilon (epsilon(intrinsic)) were calculated. A comparison of epsilon(intrinsic) at the single carbon atoms of the molecule where the benzylsuccinate synthase reaction took place with compound-specific epsilon elucidated that both varied on average to the same extent. Despite variations during the degradation of different substrates, the range of epsilon found for glycyl radical reactions was reasonably narrow to propose that rough estimates of biodegradation in situ might be given by using an average epsilon if no fractionation factor is available for single compounds.
Comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: a systematic literature review.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is associated with a fatal prognosis and manifests in patients over 60 years old who may have comorbidities. The prevalence and impact of comorbidities on the clinical course of IPF is unclear.This systematic literature review examined the prevalence of comorbidities and mortality associated with comorbidities in IPF patients. Relevant observational studies published in English from January 1990 to January 2015 identified via MEDLINE and EMBASE were included; bibliographies of articles were also searched.Among the 126 studies included, prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) was 3-86%, 6-91% for obstructive sleep apnoea, 3-48% for lung cancer and 6-67% for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nonrespiratory comorbidities included ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (3-68%) and gastro-oesophageal reflux (GER) (0-94%). Mortality was highest among patients with IPF and lung cancer. Most studies assessed relatively small samples of patients with IPF.PH, COPD, lung cancer, GER and IHD are significant comorbidities; differences in IPF severity, case definitions and patient characteristics limited the comparability of findings. The identification and prompt treatment of comorbidities may have a clinically significant impact on overall outcome that is meaningful for patients with IPF.
Thermal and kinetic properties of cobalt-chromium alloys at high temperatures

The thermodynamic properties of cobalt-chromium alloys were studied in a temperature range from 300 to 1700 K using eleven samples having different compositions. The electrical resistivity and thermal diffusivity measured for the samples are reported as functions of the temperature and chromium concentration. Regularities and peculiarities of the behavior of the temperature and concentrational dependences of these characteristics are discussed.
Fundamental symmetries and interactions

In nuclear physics numerous possibilities exist to investigate fundamental symmetries and interactions. In particular, the precise measurements of properties of fundamental fermions, searches for new interactions in β -decays, and violations of discrete symmeties offer possibilities to search for physics beyond standard theory. Precise measurements of fundamental constants can be carried out. Low energy experiments allow to probe New Physics at mass scales far beyond the reach of present accelerators or such planned for the future and at which predicted new particles could be produced directly.
Kinetic Studies on Interactions of Ferreous-porphyrins with Hydrogen Peroxide

In an alkali-methanol solution, both 1- and 2-naphthol can be converted into 2-hydroxy-l,4-naphtho-quinone (HNQ) with selectivity more than 95% by H2O2 over metalloporphyrin catalyst. The UV-Vis spectra indicate that a high valence oxygen-ferreous porphyrin intermediate has been produced by addition of an aqueous solution of H2O2 into the catalytic system. This intermediate formation rate is influenced by the concentrations of low valence ferrous porphyrin H2O2, and NaOH existing in the system. With the aid of the UVVis spectrum varieties, the rate equations and formation rate constants of the intermediate at different temperatures can be determined by changing the original concentration of each reactant. The formation activation energy of this intermediate was also determined by changing temperature.
Form Factors for B→π and D→π Transitions

Armed with the information on the form factor f + (0) inferred from recent CLEO measurements of SU(3)-breaking effects in charmed meson decays, we have studied the form factor f + . In the heavy quark limit, f Bπ + (q ) is related to f + (q ) in the kinematic region close to zero recoil. Assuming pole dominance for its q dependence, f + (0) is estimated to be ≈ 0.39 . If the requirement of heavy quark symmetry is relaxed so that it applies only to soft pion emissions from the heavy meson, we find that f + (0) is more likely of order 0.55 ∼ 0.60 .
Applying a generalized host/target concept for developing subsystems in PASCAL

This paper describes several experiences in using PASCAL fo r implementing subsystems of industrial systems . Because PASCAL is a language which is available in a wide variety of machines, it wa s possible to develop some subsystems using a PASCAL which was differen t from the PASCAL for the target machine . We experimented several cases , including different PASCAL's on one machine, the same PASCAL on different machines and different PASCAL's on different machines . In this communication, we show that by taking a pragmatic view (necessar y when developing industrial software), this approach turned out to be a valuable one, leading eventually to substantial savings in developmen t costs .
Structural, electronic and magnetic properties in bulk and various (0 0 1) surfaces of X2CoIn (X = Ti, Zr) Heusler alloy

The structural, electronic and magnetic properties in bulk and various (0 0 1) surfaces of X 2 CoIn (X = Ti, Zr) Heusler alloy have been investigated by spin-polarized first-principles calculations. The InIn termination is the most stable one and the XIn termination is the second only to InIn termination as the most stable surface, with high spin polarizations 65.2% and 62.3% for X = Ti (80.8% and 69.6% for X = Zr), respectively. The atomic partial density of states (APDOS) and atomic magnetic moments (AMMs) of atoms in the central layer of X 2 CoIn (0 0 1) surface accord well with those of the corresponding atoms in bulk X 2 CoIn structure. The half-metallic (HM) feature is destroyed by the surface states for all the five CoCo, XCo, XX, XIn and InIn terminations. The total magnetic moment is contributed by atoms in all layers for Ti 2 CoIn (0 0 1) surface while is mainly contributed by the atoms in the fourth to central layers (L 4 to L 9 ) for the ZrIn termination but is mainly contributed by the atoms in the sixth to central layers (L 6 to L 9 ) for the InIn termination for Zr 2 CoIn (0 0 1) surface. Further experimental efforts are expected to fabricate the X 2 CoIn thin films and investigate the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of them.
The Launching of the EMS: An Analysis of Change in Foreign Economic Policy

Foreign exchange markets are subject to changing international regimes. When and why regimes change is a legitimate focus of political study. This is particularly so as shifts in foreign exchange markets modify relative prices in and between national economies. Authorities presiding over foreign exchange markets are answerable to their national policy communities and to their national electorates. They also operate within an international state system.  Odell's framework to an analysis of the launch of the European Monetary System (EMS) in April 1978 by Chancellor Schmidt and President Giscard d'Estaing, it is argued that a market perspective alone would have failed to predict the establishment of the EMS. An analysis of the principal actors and their ideas; of the power political constellation; and of the domestic context in the Federal Republic and in France, contributes most to explaining expost the shift towards a European managed exchange rate regime. In this case, the neoclassical ma...
New signatures and sources for the detection of WIMP dark matter in the solar system11Research supported in part by DOE.

I first outline new results on the angular modulation of WIMP dark matter scattering on targets in terrestrial laboratories, based on our uncertainties of the WIMP halo distribution, I then outline an exciting new result which indicates that for the high end of allowed SUSY WIMP scattering cross sections there exists a new distribution of WIMP dark matter in our solar system which could produce a dramatically different signal from halo WIMP dark matter in terrestrial detectors.
Trade and Environment: Bargaining Outcomes from Linked Negotiations

Recent literature has explored both physical and policy linkage between trade and environment. Here we explore linkage through leverage in bargaining, whereby developed countries can use trade policy threats to achieve improved developing country environmental management, while developing countries can use environmental concessions to achieve trade disciplines in developed countries. We use a global numerical simulation model to compute bargaining outcomes from linked trade and environment negotiations, comparing developed-developing country bargaining only on trade policy with joint bargaining on both trade and domestic environmental policies. Results indicate joint gains from expanding the trade bargaining set to include environment, opposite to the current developing country reluctance to negotiate in the World Trade Organization on this issue. However, compared to bargaining with cash side payments, linking trade and environment through negotiation on policy instruments provides significantly inferior developing country outcomes. Thus, a trade and environment policy-linked negotiation may be better than an environment-only negotiation, but negotiating compensation to developing countries for environmental restraint would be better. We provide sensitivity and further analysis of our results and indicate what other factors could qualify our main finding, including the erosion of the MFN principle involved with environmentally based trade actions.
Constipation prophylaxis in children undergoing orthopedic surgery: A quasi-experimental study.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of constipation prophylaxis administered with the support of an advanced practice nurse.



A quasi-experimental study with a historical control group of 112 pediatric (age 1-18) orthopedic patients and an intervention group of 59 patients was conducted in a surgical ward in Switzerland.



The implementation of a standardized constipation prophylaxis led to an absolute risk reduction (27%) of constipation. Fisher's exact test showed a significant difference in the prevalence of constipation in the two samples, p = .001.



Constipation prophylaxis is a necessity in pediatric orthopedics.