nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Market Expansion and Grand Strategy of Rising Powers

Two factors characterize the rising great powers during the industrial era: the first is the accumulation of power and wealth; the second is the use of this power and wealth either to obtain a dominant position or to reshape the international order. What is perplexing is that some states are keen to challenge the international status-quo even before accumulating the requisite power, while others have no desire to challenge the dominant power or the international status quo, even after developing the power needed to do so. Recent history provides clear examples of both scenarios: Germany under Wilhelm II is an example of the former, and America between the World War I and World War II demonstrates the latter. How might we explain this variation in behaviour of rising powers? In particular, why do states, which have yet to accumulate requisite power, mount aggressive challenges against dominant states that have a slim chance of success, rather than wait for a more opportune point in their development? What factors determine the strategic choices of rising powers?
Effects of ultrasonic assisted processing and clay nanofiller on dielectric properties and lithium ion transport mechanism of poly(methyl methacrylate) based plasticized polymer electrolytes

Lithium ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films consisted of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix with lithium perchlorate as a dopant ionic salt, poly(ethylene glycol) as plasticizer and montmorillonite clay as inorganic nanofiller have been prepared by classical solution casting and high intensity ultrasonic assisted solution casting methods. The X-ray diffraction study confirmed the amorphous structure of all these PMMA-based solid electrolytes and the clay nanosheets existed in exfoliated form in their amorphous phase. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy had been employed for the investigation of complex dielectric function, ac electrical conductivity, electric modulus, and impedance spectra of these electrolytes over the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. It was observed that the dielectric properties and ionic conductivity of the electrolytes strongly depended on the sample preparation methods, and also had changes with addition of the clay nanofiller. Temperature-dependent dielectric study of the electrolyte films confirmed that their dc ionic conductivity and conductivity relaxation time values obeyed the Arrhenius behavior. This study also revealed that the lithium ion transportation in the ion–dipolar complexes of these electrolytes occurred through hopping mechanism and it was correlated with the conductivity relaxation time. Preparation of these electrolyte films through ultrasonic assisted solution casting method increased the ionic conductivity by more than one order of magnitude in comparison to that of the classical solution casting method, which revealed that the former was a novel method for the preparation of these SPEs of relatively enhanced ionic conductivity.
On the excluded minor structure theorem for graphs of large tree-width

At the core of the Robertson-Seymour theory of graph minors lies a powerful structure theorem which captures, for any fixed graph H, the common structural features of all the graphs not containing H as a minor. Robertson and Seymour prove several versions of this theorem, each stressing some particular aspects needed at a corresponding stage of the proof of the main result of their theory, the graph minor theorem. 
We prove a new version of this structure theorem: one that seeks to combine maximum applicability with a minimum of technical ado, and which might serve as a canonical version for future applications in the broader field of graph minor theory. Our proof departs from a simpler version proved explicitly by Robertson and Seymour. It then uses a combination of traditional methods and new techniques to derive some of the more subtle features of other versions as well as further useful properties, with substantially simplified proofs.
Public Housing Choices in Singapore: Planning Implications

In the light of the recent oversupply of public housing flats in Singapore, this paper examines buyers’ preference for public housing options in Singapore, namely, new flats in new estates, new flats in mature estates and resale flats in mature estates. By looking at the buyers’ perspectives, the results indicate four factors, namely, physical, amenities, spatial and financial benefits are important in influencing buyers’ choice of Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats. It can be concluded that the main reason for the lack of interest for new flats in new estates is due to the lack of amenities and transportation infrastructure. The findings in this study can assist the HDB in the planning and designing of future flats and housing estates. This will eventually result in the optimisation of resources in the public housing market in Singapore.
Love in the Western and Confucian Traditions: Response to Chung-Ying Cheng

I agree with Professor Cheng's critique that Kant shows that Practical Reason points toward a model of human subjectivity and human autonomy congenial to Confucian thinking. In the Western rationalist tradition also there are threads that connect to other world views in an illuminating fashion if we investigate their historical roots. Using Professor Cheng's method, I claim that in the West there began a humanistic tradition that bears affinities to Confucius and which itself is now being transformed by its encounter with non-European thought. This exemplifies the comparative work that would be one facet of world humanities.
Interactions of fully formulated epoxy with model cement hydrates

The surface energy of cement paste components (calcium silicate hydrate [C-S-H], ettringite and portlandite) before and after treatment with an organic coating has been characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inverse gas chromatography at 35 °C using n-alkanes, 1-alkene, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether and CCl4 molecular probes. Complementary investigations on the interfacial chemistry were also conducted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry analyses. Changes in the dispersion contribution to the surface energy ( ) and acid–base interaction energies were found to be significantly reduced by the organic coating. The XPS allowed the surface chemistry changes induced by the organic coating to be monitored. In particular, the C1s spectra were peak fitted in order to deduce the contribution of the organic coating materials to the total carbon content on the surface. This study showed not only the existence of hydrate-hardener donor–acce...
Carbon redistribution and precipitation in high temperature ion-implanted strained Si/SiGe/Si multi-layered structures

We report on the segregation of carbon atoms and structural transformations in strained multilayered Si/SiGe/Si structures after molecular-beam epitaxial (MBE) growth, carbon ion implantation and thermal treatment at different conditions. The idea behind this study was that due to their specific strain distribution, pseudomorphic layers of Si/SiGe promote spatial separation of vacancies and interstitials followed by segregation of foreign dopant atoms. High temperature ion implantation was used for injection of carbon atoms as well as point defects in the strained layers. The defects were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dopant depth profiles by secondary-ion-mass spectrometry (SIMS), and optical properties by Raman scattering measurements. Based on SIMS data we demonstrate anomalous redistribution of the implanted carbon atoms around the strained SiGe/Si layers which results in their accumulation on the Si side and depletion on the SiGe side of the structure. The TEM study demonstrates formation of plate-like defects, stacking faults and thin carbon-precipitated flakes distributed along the Si/SiGe interfaces. Raman spectra reveal peaks at 1600 and 2700 cm −1 which might be associated with carbon-related phases. The concept of strain-enhanced separation of point defects and dopant precipitation is discussed.
Heterogeneous Reasoning with Euler/Venn Diagrams Containing Named Constants and FOL

The main goal of this paper is to present the basis for a heterogeneous Euler/Venn diagram and First Order Logic (FOL) reasoning system. We will begin by defining a homogeneous reasoning system for Euler/Venn diagrams including named constants and show this system to be sound and complete. Then we will propose a heterogeneous rule of inference allowing the extraction of formulas of FOL from an Euler/Venn diagram. In defining this rule we will attempt to capture the ''explicit'' information content of an Euler/Venn diagram in a way similar to the Observe rule in the Hyperproof [J. Barwise, and J. Etchemendy, Hyperproof, CSLI Publications, Stanford, 1994] system. Two definitions for this heterogeneous rule will be presented, one syntactically based, which is intended to be intuitive and motivational, and a second based upon a framework employing information types to model heterogeneous reasoning previously presented [N. Swoboda, and G. Allwein, Modeling heterogeneous systems, in: Hegarty et al.  pp. 131-145]. Lastly we will explore the relationships between these two notions.
Queer judgments : homosexuality, expression, and the courts in Canada

Chapter 15 of Canada's Charter of Rights and Freedoms now states that it is unconstitutional to discriminate on the basis of race, class, or sexual orientation. Although the letter of the law has been changed with regard to homosexuality, has the spirit of the people who implement the law been transformed as well? Judicial response to cases concerning the rights of lesbians and gay men - decisions and the language used in the ruling - has a profound impact on social perceptions. Bruce MacDougall sifts through hundreds of reported and unreported cases of the past four decades in order to uncover the subjective assumptions and biases operating in the courts. In his examination of issues including gay bashing, homosexuality and the school system, outing, and pornography the author exposes the insidiousness of homophobia in society. MacDougall also assesses the impact of individual judges on Canadian society. This study examines the rhetoric of judicial expression in connection with a vast array of material on the subject of homosexuality. MacDougall's style is refreshingly conversational, and .Queer Judgments., with its critical perspective, celebrates the reforms that have been achieved and suggests strategies for social change.
Steeple building at Stanford: Electrical engineering, physics, and microwave research

Stanford University's microwave research program offers an interesting perspective on the interaction of electrical engineering and physics. Beginning with the invention of the klystron by William Hansen and the Varian brothers in the 1930s, Stanford's departments of physics and electrical engineering worked together closely in exploring the science and technology of microwaves. On the engineering side, this knowledge led to a series of important electronics devices for communication and defense. On the scientific side, it became the heart of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, one of the most expensive and productive scientific facilities of its time. What made Stanford's program so productive were physicists and electrical engineers--William Hansen, Edward Ginzton, Frederick Terman--who combined an appreciation of the scientific and technical potential of microwave research with an entrepreneurial talent for assembling the intellectual and financial resources crucial for success. They brought together electrical engineering and physics not so much by collapsing disciplinary boundaries as by opening up opportunities in the spaces between them.
Tradition and change in Ethiopia : social and cultural life as reflected in Amharic fictional literature ca. 1930-1974

This thesis, based on the study of the fictional work of twelve well-known Ethiopian authors, describes Ethiopian social and cultural life in the period 1930-1974. It is divided into two parts, the first dealing with traditional culture, the second with recent changes in social life and with attitudes to these changes. Amharic literature deals mostly with life in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Part One starts with a description of the traditional classes and how they interrelate, both in situations of normal peaceful intercourse and in conflict. Next follows a section on common beliefs and principles of conduct in the country - a fairly long portion of the thesis, as religious and moral questions frequently come up in Amharic literature. Sickness and health are also looked upon from a metaphysical angle. Social life in a more limited local sense is treated next, with more stress on food and drink, and sex and marriage than on family life or village life, following the emphasis of Amharic literature. The life of women is also briefly discussed. Finally, a few remarks are made about national characteristics as Ethiopian authors see them. Part Two deals with change. After a discussion of internal and external influences for change, the different attitudes to present changes are outlined: some oppose or regret them, some think they happen too slowly, others try not to get involved. Then the actual changes in the social and cultural life are set out. These are seen partly as advances, partly as setbacks for the country. This part ends with a section on how Ethiopians regard the future of Ethiopia, and how authors want to influence the development of their country. The main conclusion is that Ethiopian writers are critical observers of society, supporting and opposing developments according to their moral stand.
Ten Problems in Experimental Mathematics

This article was stimulated by the recent SIAM ''100 DigitChallenge'' of Nick Trefethen, beautifully described in a recent book. Indeed, these ten numeric challenge problems are also listed in a recent book by two of present authors, where they are followed by the ten symbolic/numeric challenge problems that are discussed in this article. Our intent was to present ten problems that are characteristic of the sorts of problems that commonly arise in ''experimental mathematics''. The challenge in each case is to obtain a high precision numeric evaluation of the quantity, and then, if possible, to obtain a symbolic answer, ideally one with proof. Our goal in this article is to provide solutions to these ten problems, and in the process present a concise account of how one combines symbolic and numeric computation, which may be termed ''hybrid computation'', in the process of mathematical discovery.
Tangible Things: Making History through Objects

[tentative]  Thinking with Things Chapter 1: Things in Place 1. Natural History Say it with Flowers: An Orchid Specimen and a Watercolor Drawing 2. Archaeology and Anthropology A Surface Find in the Semitic Museum: A Roman Four-Handled Glass Jar 3. Books and Manuscripts Plato from the Sharp-Nosed Trash 4. Art Set  A Limestone Mold for Casting Openwork Ornaments 5. Science and Medicine Political Chemistry 6. History A Knockabout Dress Chapter 2: Things Unplaced Memorandums of a Cottage An Enchanted Galapagos Tortoise Shell Marked "  A Carved Spoon, Human Hand An Errant Tortilla Exotic Opulence: An Iridescent Beetle Ornament Tracking Blondie: Blondie Goes to Leisureland Chapter 3: Things Out of Place A Palette and the Psychology of Vision A Blue Bird Plows and  The Artemas Ward Plow in the Semitic Museum  Things in Stories-Stories in Things Objects as Portals The Message Transits of Venus Changing Stories about American  Unexpected Discoveries: the Joy of Object Photography
The Impact of Common Currencies on Financial Markets: A Literature Review and Evidence from the Euro Area

This paper reviews both the theoretical and empirical literature on the impact of common currencies on financial markets and evaluates the first three years of experience with Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). If we assume that multiple currencies prevent national financial markets from integrating, a currency union can improve welfare by (i) encouraging international risk diversion through private portfolio diversification, and (ii) improving growth performance by allowing for riskier, higher-quality, more long-run investment. EMU has encouraged integration among the still fairly fragmented European financial markets both directly and indirectly. When applying the European experience to a potential North American monetary union, one should consider that the U.S. and Canadian financial markets are already more integrated than the European ones, and thus the potential gains in terms of greater financial market integration from a common currency in North America may be more moderate than in Europe.  Exchange rate regimes; Financial markets
On the Structure of Derivations in Deterministic ET0L Systems

This paper investigates the structure of derivations in deterministic ET0L systems. The main theorem says that in a deterministic ETOL system each derivation of a long enough word of a special kind (the so-called f -random word) has a rather strong combinatorial structure. In fact the main result of this paper is essential for proving some useful properties of ET0L languages which is demonstrated in a number of papers.
Model for Decision-Making in Business Strategy

Decisions, and especially the strategic decisions, represent the main „products’ of managerial process, representing the main responsibility of managers. The present model represents our view of decisional process designed to be a tool for managers in strategic decision making process. Developed at an enterprise level, the model takes into account the major factors that affect a strategy’s success on a market: The market share of the company on that specific market; The competitors’ force on the market; The market’s dynamics; The market’s attraction.
Undecidability in quantum mechanics

The logical structure of quantum mechanics is investigated. After some remarks on formal systems and interpretations, it is shown that Bohr’s complementarity can be seen as an undecidable proposition. The flowing of the time prevents the birth of contradictions in nature, because it poses a cut between two different, but complementary aspects of the reality. PACS-03.65.Bz Foundations, theory of measurement, miscellaneous theories PACS-02.10.By Logic and foundations National Research Council (CNR) Bologna Research Area Library Report n. 8706 Coll. n. 126-4-112, 1998
Deuterium Isotope Effects on the Acid Hydrolysis Rates of Chloro Complexes of Cobalt(III)1

Deuterium substitution both in the complex and in the solvent slows the rate of acid hydrolysis of chlorocomplexes of cobalt(III). This is similar to what is observed in the solvolysis reactions of organic halides and the same explanations may be used. The isotope effect In the base hydrolysis of Co(NH/ sub 3/)/sub 5/Cl/sup +2/ is consistent with, but does not prove, an SnlCB mechanism.
Fall 2008 Theme: Global Water Issues and Challenges Mondays at 4:00 PM, Clark A 206

Environment, energy and natural resources are integral parts of human society. Th e objective of this presentation is to discuss how growing energy demands and changing environment will impact the quality of natural waters. Examples of drought and lack of surface water due to climate change and subsequent groundwater exploitation and coalbed methane extraction on transport of arsenic into terrestrial ecosystems will be discussed.
Spatial Data Infrastructures and the Semantic Web of Spatial Things in Australia: Research Opportunities in SDI and the Semantic Web

Spatial Data Infrastructures have recently become a crucial part of national infrastructures. Example users are governments using them to make informed policy decisions and the private sector using them in order to understand their customers better. It is estimated that Australian spatial industry revenue is in excess of $1.35 billion annually. The Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information in Australia is currently working with the Commonwealth, jurisdictions and the private sector to understand the research required in this area to support both the public and private sectors in their decision and policy making based upon these infrastructures. This paper presents an early perspective as to possible research areas in this field. An underlying theme that reoccurs in the research is the need to consider usability of such systems and the need to move beyond just data to orchestration of processes to obtain derived products.
Examining the Role an "Illegal" Identifier has on the Identity, Social Interactions, and Academic Experiences of Undocumented Latina/o Students

Author(s): Soltero Lopez, Ana Karina | Advisor(s): Howard, Tyrone C. |  Negative stereotypes associated with immigrants have resulted in the socially constructed notion of "illegality." Nativist sentiments have perpetuated a barrage of anti-immigrant laws that have become largely associated with Mexican immigrants (De Genova, 2004). Recent implementation of draconian laws such as Arizona's SB 1070 and Alabama's HB 56 provide an opportunity to investigate the impact such laws have on the identity, social interactions, and academic experiences and aspirations of undocumented Latina/o students in the U.S.Research on immigrant youth has favored assimilation frameworks, which highlight deficiencies and perpetuate stereotypes overlooking the systemic role racism and nativism play in the educational outcomes of undocumented students (Perez Huber et al., 2008). In contrast, taking a strength-based approach, this study applies Social Identity Theory (SIT) and Latina/o Critical Theory (LatCrit) which privileges the in-depth stories of 12 Latina/o undocumented high school, community college, and university students between the ages of 14 and 25.Findings suggest that anti-immigrant sentiments exacerbate the negative connotation of an "illegal" identifier for certain identities such as class, student, and sibling identities. An "illegal" identifier also influences social interactions. For example, students reveal having a small group of trustworthy friends to whom they confide their immigration status. In addition, students discuss how well-informed and supportive teachers and counselors make a positive impact on their academic progress. Moreover, students share their excitement over the personal benefits of President Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). In this study, three legislations--California's AB 540, DREAM Act, and DACA--are credited for diminishing the economic challenges associated with school related expenses, such as tuition, housing, and books. Research findings will be shared with all research sites in order to help administration create/expand resources, academic programs, and support systems for this student population.
Price dynamics of vertically differentiated information markets

We e@ore the price dynamicsof a verticallyMkmntiated marketin which two or more sellers compete to providean informationgood orserviceto a populationof lmyers.Each sellerofh-s the good or serviceat a iixed levd of “quality”, and attempts to set its price in sud a way that it mtities its om profit. Five dii%rentsellerpricingstrategies, rangingwidelyfrom onesthat requireperfectknowledgeand unlimitedcomputationalpowerto onesthat requireverylittle lmowledgeor computationalcapability,are employedin two d.ifkmntbuyer populations, and the resulting collective dynamics are studied using a comb-mationof analysis and simulation. In a population of quality-sensitivebuyers, all pricing strategieslead to a ptice eqpilibriutnpredictedby a game-theoreticanalysis. However,in a population of price-sensitivebuyers,most pricingstrategieslead to large-amplitudecyclicalprice wars. The circumstancesunderwhichcyclicalpricewarsoccurcanbe explainedin terms of the topology of an underlying’>rofit landscape” .