nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Humanism and the Urban World: Leon Battista Alberti and the Renaissance City

In Humanism and the Urban World, Caspar Pearson offers a profoundly revisionist account of Leon Battista Alberti?s approach to the urban environment as exemplified in the extensive theoretical treatise De re aedificatoria (On the Art of Building in Ten Books), brought mostly to completion in the 1450s, as well as in his larger body of written work. Past scholars have generally characterized the Italian Renaissance architect and theorist as an enthusiast of the city who envisioned it as a rational, Renaissance ideal. Pearson argues, however, that Alberti?s approach to urbanism was far more complex?that he was even ?essentially hostile? to the city at times. Rather than proposing the ?ideal? city, Pearson maintains, Alberti presented a variety of possible cities, each one different from another. This book explores the ways in which Alberti sought to remedy urban problems, tracing key themes that manifest in De re aedificatoria. Chapters address Alberti?s consideration of the city?s possible destruction and the city?s capacity to provide order despite its intrinsic instability; his assessment of a variety of political solutions to that instability; his affinity for the countryside and discussions of the virtues of the active versus the contemplative life; and his theories of aesthetics and beauty, in particular the belief that beauty may affect the soul of an enemy and thus preserve buildings from attack.
A Spectrum special report

Certain concerns of engineers overarch all their special skills, efforts, and knowledge. On the one hand, there are ¿tools¿ of the electrical engineering trade: those general design techniques and methods of information-gathering that make all engineering design tasks feasible. On the other hand, there are avocational activities: the ¿toys¿ that can give added meaning to the engineer's life whether he is actively working or in retirement.
Every foreign land is their native country, and every land of birth is a land of strangers

The author compares three models of the relation of church and state. The Hungarian king Stephen(± 1000 AD) pleads for a plural society with different cultural and ethnic traditions. Different religious traditions easily fit into this model. The model of the Roman Emperor Constantine (beginning of the 4th century) provides an intertwining of church and state. The unknown author of the epistle to Diognetus (± 200 AD) describes a church that is spread among the nations and does not identify itself with any one nation. The first and the last model are compatible while both exclude Constantine's. The difference with the modern idea of religious freedom is that this idea deals with individual believers while the model of Stephen and Diognetus speaks of a plurality of communities. That is a more solid base for human dignity because the community provides people a place to be at home.
A Duality-Aware Calculus for Quantified Boolean Formulas

Learning and backjumping are essential features in search-based decision procedures for Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBF). To obtain a better understanding of such procedures, we present a formal framework, which allows to simultaneously reason on prenex conjunctive and disjunctive normal form. It captures both satisfying and falsifying search statesin a symmetric way. This symmetry simplifies the framework and offers potential for further variants.
Understanding our environment: an introduction to environmental chemistry and pollution.

The atmosphere, A.G. Clarke freshwaters, H. Fish the oceans, S.J. De Mora land contamination and reclamation, B.J. Alloway integrative aspects of pollutant cycling, R.M. Harrison environmental monitoring strategies, C.N. Hewitt and R. Allott ecological and health effects of chemical pollution, S. Smith regulation and the economics of pollution control, D.J. Hughes.
Book review: Axel Englund: Still Songs. Music In and Around the Poetry of Paul Celan

Engfuhrung oder Fadensonnen – und deren Vertonungen – durch Tilo Medek, Erhard Karkoschka, Harrison Birtwistle, Aribert Reimann, Wolfgang Rihm und andere – sind verwoben mit einer kritischen Aufarbeitung der Celan-Rezeption und Celans Positionierung innerhalb der deutschen Kriegs- und Nachkriegspoesie. All das mit dem fokussierenden Blick auf Musik und das Musikalische. Das Spannungsfeld zwischen Volksliedtradition und Postmodernismus zeigt sich dabei mehr als nur einmal in den sechs Kapiteln, die auf der Dissertation Englunds aus dem Jahre 2011 aufbauen. Auch das problematische Verhaltnis Celans und anderer – beispielsweise Theodor W. Adornos – zum Liedhaften und „Volkstumlichen“ nach 1945 wird herausgearbeitet. Der Volks(lied)begriff und dessen Auswirkungen auf die deutsche Dichtkultur seit dem spaten 18. Jahrhundert sowie dessen Missbrauch durch die Nationalsozialisten werden beispielhaft durch Gedichte wie Nahe der Graber und Es war Erde in ihnen beleuchtet.
DC-assisted rapid wetting of 3Y-PSZ by molten 72Ag–28Cu and its application in joining

The effects of current polarity, temperature and current intensity on the wettability of 3 mol% yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (3Y-PSZ) by molten 72Ag–28Cu were investigated using a direct current (DC)-coupled sessile drop method. The wettability was significantly improved with the assistance of a DC, especially when 3Y-PSZ was connected to anode. Noticeably, the contact angle rapidly decreased from 143° to smaller than 20° when the current intensity was larger than +10 mA. The wettability also showed abnormal dependence on temperature, presumably due to the competition between nucleation and growth of the m (AgCu 4 Zr) phase at the interface. The mechanisms for the significant improvement in the wettability under the DC application were ascribed to the formation of substoichiometric ZrO 2- δ , the release and adsorption of metallic Zr, and the formation of wettable m (AgCu 4 Zr) phase at the interface. The DC-assisted wetting provides a new strategy for the rapid and robust joining of 3Y-PSZ to metals.
Drama and curriculum : a giant at the door

Acknowledgments Preface by John O'Toole Part One - Background and context Chapter One - Strange bedfellows: drama and education by John O'Toole Chapter Two - Curriculum: the house that Jack built by John O'Toole and Madonna Stinson Part Two - Theories and practices Chapter Three - Drama and language by John O'Toole and Madonna Stinson Chapter Four - Drama for development and expression by John O'Toole Chapter Five - Drama as pedagogy by John O'Toole Chapter Six - Civil wars by John O'Toole Chapter Seven - The three pillars of art by John O'Toole Part Three - Drama in action in contemporary curriculum Chapter Eight - Doorway politics: cracking an education system by John O'Toole and Madonna Stinson Chapter Nine - Drama as macro-curriculum: peeking behind the closed doors of drama syllabus development by Madonna Stinson Chapter Ten - The History Centre: a micro-curriculum by Tiina Moore Chapter Eleven - Pasts, present and futures: which door next? by John O'Toole and Madonna Stinson
Implications of volcano-tectonic patterns in the Oregon cascades for geothermal exploration

Basin and Range and subduction-related processes may have combined to produce voluminous mafic volcanism and very high heat flow in the central Oregon High Cascades during the last 9 m.y. This high rate of volcanism and heat flow prevails south of the Clackamas River right lateral wrench fault zone. South of this zone the volume of mafic volcanic rocks less than 9 m.y. old increases abruptly and regional heat flow increases by at least 20 mW/m/sup 2/. A similar, but larger, increase in volcanism and heat flow characterizes the transition from the Blue Mountain block to the Basin and Range Province at the Brothers right lateral wrench fault zone. A significant amount of the 0 to 9 m.y.B.P. mafic volcanic rock in the Cascades is basalt, with one or all of the following attributes of contemporaneous basalts of the Brothers Fault Zone-Basin and Range province: (1) anomalously high alkali and iron content relative to normal calc-alkaline rocks; (2) diktytaxitic texture with titaniferous groundmass clinopyroxene. This suggests a common petrogenesis for these basalts, perhaps from partial melting related to Basin and Range spreading. Potential operation of two partial melting mechanisms in the Oregon High Cascades may cause a high rate of more » magmatic heat transferral from mantle regions relative to transferral in the Basin and Range. This means that the High Cascades probably has the highest geothermal potential of any province in Oregon, especially where intercepted by youthful faults. North-south faults which bound a large area of Pliocene to Pleistocene subsidence along the High Cascade axis are good exploration targets. Silicic volcanism at the Brothers Fault zone intersection makes this the best exploration target in Oregon. « less
Expanding business-to-business customer relationships: modeling the customer's upgrade decision

This article develops a model of a business customer’s decision to upgrade service contracts conditional on the decision to renew the contract. It proposes that the firm’s upgrade decision is influenced by (1) decision-maker perceptions of the relationship with the supplier, (2) contract-level experiences, and (3) interactions between firmand contract-level variables. The authors model the firm’s decision as a binary logit model with random parameters for the contract-level variables and fixed parameters for the firm-level variables. They estimate the model with data describing more than 2000 service contracts and find that decision-maker satisfaction, service quality, and price have a significant effect on the decision to upgrade; price and satisfaction also moderate the effect of service quality on the decision. Simulations indicate that modest improvements in service quality for a focal contract can have a relatively large, positive effect on the likelihood that the firm will upgrade. The results suggest that suppliers need to manage their firm relationships at both the individual contract level and the overall firm level. In addition, the results suggest specific windows of opportunity for suppliers when firms may be more likely to upgrade to higherlevel service contracts.
Provenance of the Hillsboro Formation: Implications for the Structural Evolution and Fluvial Events in the Tualatin Basin, Northwest Oregon

Quantitative heavy mineral and geochemical analyses of Neogene nonmarine clastic deposits are used to compare provenances of two sedimentary sequences lying in adjacent forearc basins in northwestern Oregon and to interpret structural and depositional events affecting both basins. The northwest-trending Tualatin Mountains-Portland Hills (TMPH) faulted anticline presently separates fine-grained sediments of the Hillsboro Formation in the Tualatin Basin from coarse-grained sediments of the Troutdale Formation in the Portland Basin.

Augite-hornblende-hypersthene relative percentages of sands and instrumental neutron activation analysis of silts and clays from the Hillsboro and Troutdale formations indicate a difference in provenance between the two formations. Hillsboro Formation sands are low in hypersthene (< 7%) and are derived from Paleogene basalts and sedimentary rocks of the northern Oregon Coast Range and surrounding highlands. Troutdale Formation sands may contain either relatively high amounts of hypersthene (up to 85%) or little hypersthene, reflecting mixed provenances from the Cascades volcanic (hypersthene source) arc, the Rocky Mountains, and the Oregon Coast Range. Elemental geochemistry plots of silt and clay samples in both formations illustrate overlapping yet distinctive basin groups, supporting the interpretation of separate provenances for the two sedimentary sequences.

The provenance difference between the two basin sequences suggests that a highland, the faulted TMPH anticline, blocked the Columbia River system from depositing sediments in the Tualatin Basin since late Miocene time. The basin-fill sequences in each basin evolved independently, although they are geographically separated by only a few kilometers.

Elevated hypersthene levels in Hillsboro Formation sands from the eastern margin of the Tualatin Basin, along with a correlative diatomaceous, lacustrine mudstone in the central part of the basin, indicate that the Tualatin Valley was inundated during the upper Pliocene or lower Pleistocene; Boring Lava flows dammed and diverted the Willamette River in the Portland Basin into the lower Tualatin River valley.
Monitoring of present crustal movements in the Lovozero massif by high-precision methods

The Lovozero massif, situated in the vicinity of the Khibini massif and in the center of the Kola peninsula, had practically not been studied up to recently in respect of manifestations of present-day movements of the Earth's crust and geodynamics. However, in connection with the problem of mining, a number of new data have now been obtained in this field in the last years. Values and rates of the present-day block movements of the Earth's crust within the region of the Lovozero massif were originally determined by geomorphological investigations. Over the last years, the instrumental observations are being carried out both on the surface and in underground workings driven specially for this purpose.
Some hard rock constraints on the supply of heat to mid-ocean ridges

In this paper, we examine many aspects of how heat from melts and from the mantle is transferred to the oceanic lithosphere at mid-ocean ridges, focusing on constraints that can be derived from rock specimen and geological observations at mid-ocean ridges and in ophiolites. These range from experimental constraints on the specific heat and latent heat of crystallisation of oceanic crustal materials, to geological constraints on how melt is distributed throughout the axial lithosphere, and partitioned between gabbros, dykes, and lava. We also discuss oceanic magma chamber processes and the episodicity of magma input at fast and slow-spreading ridges, and test four different ways of estimating the melt supply to mid-ocean ridges (seismic crustal thickness; regional axial depth; sodium and REE contents in MORB). We find that these four methods yield consistent results at East Pacific Rise sites, but that determination of the melt (and heat) supply to the crust of slow-spreading ridges is not as straightforward and requires a good integration of local scale geological, geophysical, and geochemical data. Many of our conclusions concern the tectonically and lithologically complex slow-spreading ridges. We discuss these ridges under two crustal end-members: a magmatically-dominated, segment centre type, end-member, and a magma-poor, segment end type, end-member. In this magma-poor end-member mantle-derived peridotite must be a significant source of heat, and tectonic heat advection is expected as deeply-derived rocks are tectonically uplifted through the axial lithosphere and emplaced into the crust. We estimate that the total heat supply per unit area of young crust in this magma-poor end-member setting should not be much less than the heat supply per unit area of young crust formed in magmatically-dominated segment centres. This heat would not, however, be available in the same way to axial hydrothermal systems. We also show that there is substantial evidence for partial crystallisation of magma in the form of gabbros (and for the production of latent heat of crystallisation) at sub-crustal depth below slow-spreading ridges.
The logic of proofs, semantically

A new semantics is presented for the logic of proofs ( LP ), (Technical Report MSI 95-29, Cornell University (1995), Bull. Symbolic Logic 7 (2001) 1) based on the intuition that it is a logic of explicit knowledge. This semantics is used to give new proofs of several basic results concerning LP . In particular, the realization of S4 into LP is established in a way that carefully examines and explicates the role of the + operator. Finally connections are made with the conventional approach, via soundness and completeness results.
Information Externalities and Strategic Delay in Technology Adoption and Diffusion

We study an in nite period incomplete information dynamic game of a nite number of agents adopting a new technology with pure information externalities. Each agent has private information about his idiosyncratic adoption cost, but share the same public information, released by early adopters, about the technology's eÆciency, which is common to all agents. We show that a unique symmetric pure strategy Perfect Bayesian equilibrium exists. The adoption process may start late, stop temporarily, and last in nite periods. The di usion path of the technology can also be logistic. More eÆcient communication about the technology slows down the early adoption process, but speeds up the di usion in later periods. It may raise the long-run adoption rate of a relatively good technology, but reduce that of a mediocre technology. On the other hand, stronger beliefs about agents' costs tend to speed up early adoption and slow down the di usion later on. They do not alter the long-run adoption rate of extremely good technologies, but can either raise or reduce the adoption rate for other kinds of technologies.
Activated alumina as an energy source for peptide bond formation: Consequences for mineral-mediated prebiotic processes

The catalytic properties of various forms of alumina were tested for alanine dimerization reaction. The catalytic efficiency of alumina depends on the structure, as well as on acid/base properties of the catalyst. The highest yields of Ala2 were achieved on activated alumina with surface of neutral pH (about 3% conversion after 2 weeks). Thermal analysis of Ala + alumina reaction systems shows that the thermal behavior of amino acid changes substantially in contact with the activated surface of the alumina catalyst. The reaction of Ala is detected as being strongly endothermic by differential thermal analysis of pure amino acid (above 250°C). The alanine endothermic reaction is shifted substantially to lower values (below 200°C) and hardly detectable if activated alumina is present. The reaction mechanism of amino acid activation on alumina surface and its significance for mineral-catalyzed prebiotic peptide bond formation are discussed.
Review: Christopher Pavsek (2013) The Utopia of Film: Cinema and its Futures in Godard, Kluge, and Tahimik. New York: Columbia University Press.

I have now read The Utopia of Film by Christopher Pavsek cover to cover twice and the introduction three more times. It is a book well worth returning to repeatedly for its close textual analyses, rigorous discussion of critical theory (especially Marxism, Modernism/Postmodernism, and the Frankfurt School), and dialectical approach to utopia and failure in these films and philosophies. I came to this book for its sustained focus on Kidlat Tahimik ‐ a filmmaker whose work I have often taught but rarely seen put under such thorough scrutiny ‐ and left with a refreshed appreciation of Jean-Luc Godard and a new excitement about the work of Alexander Kluge as well. Before encountering Pavsek’s book, I had only a passing familiarity with Kluge’s work, but after reading his richly engaging analysis of Kluge’s films and philosophy, I have come to consider Kluge, a former student of Theodor Adorno, in much more critically engaged ways. I have always been strongly influenced by, but am still wary of, Adorno’s Minima  Reflections from Damaged Life (1951), Negative Dialectics (1966), and Aesthetic Theory (1970). Now, with Pavsek’s explication of Kluge’s dialectical approach to Adorno, I find Frankfurt School critique ever more germane to cultural, ethical, political and aesthetic concerns. On the first page of his Introduction, Pavsek explains that he has borrowed his title from Kluge’s first essay on film, ‘Die Utopie Film’, and that the book is written under Kluge’s thought that ‘utopia is an inordinately rich concept possessed of complex temporal dimensions that bind the present to the past and to the future’ (1). According to Kluge, ‘utopia is a conservative idea, the search for a quality about which one vaguely knows that it existed at some point in the past’ (1). Something is amiss in the present political and cinematic situation due to a failure in the past or the failure of a past event to meet its full potential, and the utopic imperative is the call to redeploy these unrealised possibilities, thwarted ambitions, and disappointed hopes. The utopic impulse is to pursue the realisation of failed past promises that a better world, a better life, is possible, and Pavsek’s goal is to examine in detail the films and cinematic practices of Godard, Tahimik, and Kluge (as well as Sergei M. Eisenstein, Chris Marker and Agnes Varda in places) that reflect this utopic drive to engage dialectically with cinematic and political failure and realisation. Thus, The Utopia of Film considers how the utopic imperative addresses cinema production, distribution, exhibition,
Magnetospheric energy principle for spherically symmetric monopolar magnetospheres.

A new magnetospheric energy principle is developed for spherically symmetric monopolar magnetospheres with open straight field lines. The principle is based on the self-adjointness of the force operator, which ensures energy conservation in the unperturbed magnetospheric plasma volume. A Neuman-type boundary condition for the perpendicular displacement at the ionosphere yields a negative contribution to the potential energy variation. This contribution makes high-mode-number incompressible field-line-bending modes unstable owing to the plasma displacement over the spherical ionospheric surface.
Paleomagnetism of the Late Cretaceous ignimbrite from the Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt, Kolyma-Omolon Composite Terrane: Tectonic implications

Terrane yield stable and consistent remanent directions. The Late Cretaceous (86–81 Ma) ignimbrites from the Kholchan and Ola suites were sampled at 19 sites in the Magadan area (60.4° N, 151.0° E). We isolated the characteristic paleomagnetic directions from 16 sampled sites using an alternating field demagnetization procedure. The primary nature of these directions is ascertained by dual polarities and positive fold tests. A tilt-corrected mean direction ( D  = 42.8°, I  = 84.7°, k  = 46.0, α 95  = 10.0°) yields a paleomagnetic pole of 66.7° N, 168.5° E ( A 95  = 18.8°) which appears almost identical to the 90–67 Ma pole reported from the Lake El’gygytgyn area of the Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt (Chukotka Terrane). This consistency suggests that the Kolyma-Omolon Composite Terrane and Chukotka Terrane has acted as a single tectonic unit since 80 Ma without any significant internal deformation. Accordingly, we calculate a combined 80 Ma characteristic paleomagnetic pole (Long. = 164.7° E, Lat. = 68.0°, A 95  = 10.9°, N  = 12) for the Kolyma-Omolon-Chukotka Block which falls 16.5–17.5° south of the same age poles from Europe and East Asia. We ascribe this discrepancy in pole positions to tectonic activity in the area and infer a southward displacement of 1640 ± 1380 km for the Kolyma-Omolon-Chukotka Block with respect to the North American and Eurasian blocks since 80 Ma; more than 260 km of it is attributed to tectonic displacement in the Arctic Ocean due to the opening of the Canadian Basin.