nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of the transition process towards partnership thinking in centralized public procurement

This research paper seeks to increase the knowledge of the transition process from transactional arm's length tendering towards partnership thinking in centralized public procurement. In centralized public procurement, the professional public purchaser forms a triadic partnership relationship with the public unit managing the procurement implementation and the private organization. A triadic partnership relationship in a home nursing procurement setting is investigated to further the understanding of the relationship dynamics related to the transitioning of public and private actors towards partnership thinking. The research shows how transactional procurement logic hinders the transition to partnering by establishing challenges for initiating and nurturing public–private partnerships (PPPs) and how partnership thinking changes this procurement logic. It illustrates the transactional procurement logic of single actor and the logic underlying the relationship of two actors to engender and intensify the problems of triad in the centralized public procurement process and vice versa; that is, a shared understanding from jointly agreed procurement goals between two actors is identified as promoting triadic partnering. Managerial implications are given for those public and private organizations engaging in PPPs and seeking to understand the ways of managing them in the context of centralized public procurement, particularly during the transition towards partnership thinking.
The First Experience of a Dedicated Biomedical Education Unit at the University of Franche-Comt&#233;

Biomedical activity is rapidly expanding. Actually, the demand for hi-tech technologies in health is in constant increase. At the Franche-Comte High Institute of Engineers (ISIFC) an engineer can acquire the knowledge and skills to carry out various tasks in biomedical engineering field including academic research, in-hospital devices maintenance or industrial development. The main advantage of the ISIFC is that it offers an exceptional multidisciplinary programme thank to close cooperation between Besancon University Hospital professionals and Engineering Sciences professors and researchers. As a result, the graduates obtain real experience in the both fields. The majority of the ISIFC engineers are employed by firms producing and/or commercializing health-oriented materials and equipments such as Alcis, Arthesis, Aventis Pasteur, Biomerieux, Imasonic, Medos, Statice Sante, Sophysa, Symbios, Praxim, Protheos, Tornier, Zimmer etc
A Study on the Construction of Pollution Management System with Influx the Urban Stream

In recent years, The importance of the river pollution management has increased and central and local governments are making constant effort to work out river pollution problems. Accordingly, this paper is to take a closer look at applications of spatial data and river pollution information(aerial photograph, parcel information, pollution source, GPS data et al.). More exactly, the purpose of the present paper is to offer an applications of spatial information for development of the river pollution management system. In order to provide a framework for more detailed consideration of the quantitative analysis of river pollution source and management plan by apply GPS and GIS. For that reason, this paper was to build pollution management system of river by spatial analysis. It is to be hoped that this paper will contribute to establish the management policy for urban stream pollution source preservation.
Real options signaling games with applications to corporate finance

We study games in which the decision to exercise an option is a signal of private information to outsiders, whose beliefs affect the utility of the decision-maker. Signaling incentives distort the timing of exercise, and the direction of distortion depends on whether the decision-maker's utility increases or decreases in outsiders' belief about the payoff from exercise. In the former case, signaling incentives erode the value of the option to wait and speed up option exercise, while in the latter case option exercise is delayed. We demonstrate the model's implications through four corporate finance settings: investment under managerial myopia, venture capital grandstanding, investment under cash flow diversion, and product market competition.
Modelica code generation from ModelicaML state machines extended by asynchronous communication

Innovation in cyber-physical systems is today largely driven by embedded software. Thus, appropriate approaches have to be employed to handle the complexity that results from the multi-discipline nature of these innovative cyberphysical systems. Modelica as modeling language specifically targets these multi-discipline systems. The UML profile ModelicaML combines the graphical notation of the UML with the sound formal modeling provided by Modelica. ModelicaML currently does not support modeling asynchronous communication which is increasingly required when cyber-physical systems have to coordinate their behavior. In this paper, we present our approach for Modelica code generation from ModelicaML state machines which have been extended by asynchronous communication. We illustrate our approach by an extended two tanks system that contains two distributed controllers which coordinate themselves by message exchange.
Compelling reasons why viruses are relevant for the origin of cells

2and advances of viral metagenomics that establish viruses as a quantitatively dominant component of the biosphere 3 , the evolution of viruses has become a topic of lively discussion 2,4–8 . Several scenarios were proposed according to which viruses antedated cells and contributed to their origin 4,5,7 . The Opinion article by Moreira and LopezGarcia extends this discussion 1 by making three fundamental points: viruses are not alive, contrary to claims that they are 2,5 ; viruses do not belong in the tree of life (TOL); and viruses are not ancient and are irrelevant for the reconstruction of cellular evolution.
Completeness Theorems with Constructive Proofs for Finite Deterministic 2-Party Functions (full version)

In this paper we present simple but comprehensive combinatorial criteria for completeness of finite deterministic 2-party functions with respect to information-theoretic security. We give a general protocol construction for efficient and statistically secure reduction of oblivious transfer to any finite deterministic 2-party function that fulfills our criteria. For the resulting protocols we prove universal composability. Our results are tight in the sense that our criteria still are necessary for any finite deterministic 2-party function to allow for implementation of oblivious transfer with statistical privacy and correctness. 
 
We unify and generalize results of Joe Kilian (1991, 2000) in two ways. Firstly, we show that his completeness criteria also hold in the UC framework. Secondly, what is our main contribution, our criteria also cover a wide class of primitives that are not subject of previous criteria. We show that there are non-trivial examples of finite deterministic 2- party functions that are neither symmetric nor asymmetric and therefore have not been covered by existing completeness criteria so far. As a corollary of our work, every finite deterministic 2-party function is either complete or can be considered equivalent to a noncomplete symmetric 2-party function-this assertion holds true with respect to active adversaries as well as passive adversaries. Thereby known results on non-complete symmetric 2-party functions are strengthened.
Towards automated modification of legacy assets

In this paper we argue that there is a necessity for automating modifications to legacy assets. We propose a five layered process for the introduction and employment of tool support that enables automated modification to entire legacy systems. Furthermore, we elaborately discuss each layer on a conceptual level, and we make appropriate references to sources where technical contributions supporting that particular layer can be found. We sketch the perspective that more and more people working in the software engineering area will be contributing to working on existing systems and/or tools to support such work.
Henry James's New York

James, when he contemplated human behavior, was not a typical Victorian prude. He found treachery and greed and straying from the narrow too interesting, too intrinsically dramatic, to be debased by mere judgment. This article explores James evolution in his thinking about art. It is possible to read between the lines of his work, seeking moments in which he comes close to unmasking himself. Many of his stories give more away than he intended. James's writings about New York disclose an anger at what has been lost to commerce and material progress of a place he knew.
Hydrogen formation during hydrazine reduction of oleic acid

Hydrogen has been detected in the gas phase when oleic acid is reduced with hydrazine. The rate of hydrogen production has been followed during this reaction by coupling a gas chromatograph to an automated manometric system. The observation of hydrogen evolution alters prior concepts which assume that nitrogen is the only gas given off. Equations involving hydrazine autoxidation, hydrogen production, and reduction of double bonds have been postulated and their stoichiometry studied.
The Transforming Power of Democracy: Regime Type and the Distribution of Electricity

Theory on democracy and its consequences turns on how democracy influences behavior among politicians and the citizenry. Ultimately, the literature seeks to determine who benefits under democratic rules. This is our concern, posed in a context that allows us to address a classic question: does democracy favor large but diffuse segments of society over small but concentrated interests? We employ sectoral electricity consumption data for a panel of 733 country-years to examine democracy's impact on the distribution of electricity across three sectors that represent distinct political interests: industry, agriculture, and residential consumers. We find that in poorer countries democratization produces significant increases in the residential share of electricity relative to industry, suggesting sectors with less per capita financial clout, but a stronger voice in elections benefit under democracy. Unlike the large literatures on democracy's impact on the amounts of publicly provided goods, our results are among the first on the distribution of those goods.
Do We Need a ‘Political Science of Religion’?:

Religious issues are intrinsically political but have been largely excluded from the mainstream concerns of political science. This article considers some of the reasons why this has been the case, and suggests ways in which the imbalance might be addressed. Although the idea of developing a distinctive ‘political science of religion’ is not without its advantages, this approach is rejected in favour of one that is broader, interdisciplinary and more holistic.
Effect of ionic strength on the activation parameters of fast electron-transfer reactions. [Reactions of V(II)--Fe(III) and U(III)--Fe(III)]

The activation parameters of the V(II)--Fe(III) and U(III)--Fe(III) reactions were determined as a function of ionic strength in perchlorate media. Contrary to expectations, the values of ..delta..S/sup + +/ for these reactions were found to be independent of ionic strength, the changes in rate constant being reflected exclusively in the values of ..delta..H/sup + +/. Plausible explanations for these observations are discussed.
Child and adolescent personality

This article deals with the personality problems of two important groups in our society i.e. children and adolescents and attempts to unify the different existing approaches and trends in this area. Indeed personality is greatest and most important concern of psychologists educators and sociologist from a cognitive emotional and psychomotor perspective. The cognitive and mental aspect of personality has been studied by a number of psychologists including J. Piaget G. Brumer S. Binet J.P. Guilford and B. Bloom. In Piaget the key concept is the mental evolution of thinking in children between birth puberty and the onset of adolescence. Therefore the focus is on the evolution of mental structures and knowledge is conditioned by the level of mental operations; this evolution moves through 4 distinct stages. J. P. Guilford proposes a model that classifies mental operations into three dimensions: the mental operations type the content type and the product type. The interaction among these types implies a certain mental capacity. Certain psychologists have become interested in quantifying mental operations and consequently a certain number of instruments have become famous such as intelligence tests for school-age children. The emotional aspect of the personality is represented by the psychoanalytic school the main founder of which was Freud. Freud believed that personality moves from what he calls the "id" to the "ego" and then to the "super-ego." In this aspect the author has presented the various Freudian analyses concerning sexual development in children as well as the emotional interpretation of personality according to "Krothwohl." There are two measurements for the emotional aspect of personality: the projection tests and the grids to measure attitudes that the author presents on theme of education. The psychomotor aspect of personality is clarified by the author by presenting Tran Thong as an example. Thong distinguishes 4 stages of psychomotor development in children and A. J. Harrows psychomotor analysis as a model and a grid for measuring the level of psychomotor development to the area of the face. Thus these three aspects of the personality namely emotional cognitive and psychomotor interact among themselves in such a way that it is impossible to specify the degree of influence that any one of them has on personality in general. The factors that influence personality such as heredity and the givens of the environment are likewise presented.
A Survey of Anticipatory Mobile Networking: Context-Based Classification, Prediction Methodologies, and Optimization Techniques

A growing trend for information technology is to not just react to changes, but anticipate them as much as possible. This paradigm made modern solutions, such as recommendation systems, a ubiquitous presence in today’s digital transactions. Anticipatory networking extends the idea to communication technologies by studying patterns and periodicity in human behavior and network dynamics to optimize network performance. This survey collects and analyzes recent papers leveraging context information to forecast the evolution of network conditions and, in turn, to improve network performance. In particular, we identify the main prediction and optimization tools adopted in this body of work and link them with objectives and constraints of the typical applications and scenarios. Finally, we consider open challenges and research directions to make anticipatory networking part of next generation networks.
L’histoire globale et la question maçonnique: éléments pour une analyse

Specialized Scientific historiography in Freemasonry is a recent development, starting in France in the 1950 and 1960’s, in Spain in the 80’s and in Latin America since 2000.This young scientific community currently needs a critical historiographical review. This movement is necessarily collective one and is essential in providing useful guidance for future researchers. This paper is part of this process. Since Freemasonry is the founding prototype of the international public opinion (or international public spaces), masonic networks rely on a global history, referring not only to the analysis of contemporary international relations but also to public opinion and civil society studies. How does general history academia –and, especially, “world history”- deal with the masonic question? What are their favorite perspectives and historical periods? The paper is the first in a series aimed at evaluating the position Freemasonry holds in general history, it focuses on some representative "world history” works: the History of Public Opinion by Jurgen Habermas, the English speaking World History , Eric J. Hobsbawm three volumes of the 19 th and 20 th Centuries and the General History of the Nineteenth Century by Robert Schnerb.
EL EXILIO Y SU IMPACTO EN LA REFORMULACIÓN DE PERSPECTIVAS IDENTITARIAS, POLÍTICAS E INSTITUCIONALES 1 EXILE AND ITS IMPACT ON SHIFTING PERSPECTIVES ON POLITICS, INSTITUTIONS AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES

Exile is an institutionalized mechanism of political exclusion, which has been used throughout Latin America. This article aims to analyze its impact on the reformulation of political and institutional perspectives. It is abroad that citizens forced out of a national territory redefine political commitments and rephrase collective visions, with an impact on the countries of origin. Based on historical and more recent cases of forced displacement, this work stresses the contribution of political exiles to the redefinition of the collective horizons of the Latin American societies.
Associations between polypharmacy and treatment intensity for hypertension and diabetes: a cross-sectional study of nursing home patients in British Columbia, Canada

Describe nursing home polypharmacy prevalence in the context of prescribing for diabetes and hypertension and determine possible associations between lower surrogate markers for treated hypertension and diabetes (overtreatment) and polypharmacy.



Cross-sectional study.



6 nursing homes in British Columbia, Canada.



214 patients residing in one of the selected facilities during data collection period.



Polypharmacy was defined as ≥9 regular medications. Overtreatment of diabetes was defined as being prescribed at least one hypoglycaemic medication and a glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≤7.5%. Overtreatment of hypertension required being prescribed at least one hypertension medication and having a systolic blood pressure ≤128 mm Hg. Polypharmacy prescribing, independent of overtreatment, was calculated by subtracting condition-specific medications from total medications prescribed.



Data gathering was completed for 214 patients, 104 (48%) of whom were prescribed ≥9 medications. All patients were very frail. Patients with polypharmacy were more likely to have a diagnosis of hypertension (p=0.04) or congestive heart failure (p=0.003) and less likely to have a diagnosis of dementia (p=0.03). Patients with overtreated hypertension were more likely to also experience polypharmacy (Relative Risk (RR))1.77 (1.07 to 2.96), p=0.027). Patients with overtreated diabetes were prescribed more non-diabetic medications than those with a higher HbA1c (11.0±3.7vs 7.2±3.1, p=0.01).



Overtreated diabetes and hypertension appear to be prevalent in nursing home patients, and the presence of polypharmacy is associated with more aggressive treatment of these risk factors. The present study was limited by its small sample size and cross-sectional design. Further study of interventions designed to reduce overtreatment of hypertension and diabetes is needed to fully understand the potential links between polypharmacy and potential of harms of condition-specific overtreatment.
Creativity leading to discoveries in particle physics and relativity

The basic ingredients of the discovery creativity is presented. Understanding, problem solving, heuristics, computer thinking, technology and physics, and so on. We present some discoveries from the viewpoint of creativity. The Dirac equation, the Riccati equation, the nonlinear Schroedinger equation, the quantum navier Sokes equation, the equation of the quantum magnetohydrodynamics and so on. We discuss nonlinear Lorentz transformation involving the maximal acceleration which we relate to the Hagedorn temperature, and possible dependence of mass on acceleration. We consider the relation between physics and technology and so on.
WRITING HISTORIES OF CONTEMPORARY AFRICA

This essay argues that historians need to engage with the history of contemporary Africa both as a way of throwing new light on Africa's more remote past and as a way of understanding the present. It considers how a new generation of works on Africa's contemporary history might be written. Most of the examples chosen concern Africa south of the Sahara, but some of the remarks may also apply to North Africa. The essay briefly discusses some of the techniques used in writing contemporary history before going on to examine particular themes that could be addressed in regard to Africa. The second half of the essay concerns the sources that historians of contemporary Africa have at their disposal. Here it is argued that, although sources are abundant, they are not always of a type that historians feel comfortable in using. This may have an effect on the way historians insert Africa in the time-scales generally used in world history, just as it is having an effect on the way in which Africans tend to think of themselves in relation to their own past. Notes, ref., sum
Using A Generalisation Critic to Find Bisimulations for Coinductive Proofs

Coinduction is a method of growing importance in reasoning about functional languages, due to the increasing prominence of lazy data structures. Through the use of bisimulations and proofs that bisimilarity is a congruence in various domains it can be used to prove the congruence of two processes. A coinductive proof requires a relation to be chosen which can be proved to be a bisimulation. We use proof planning to develop a heuristic method which automatically constructs a candidate relation. If this relation does not allow the proof to go through a proof critic analyses the reasons why it failed and modifies the relation accordingly. Several proof tools have been developed to aid coinductive proofs but all require user interaction. Crucially they require the user to supply an appropriate relation which the system can then prove to be a bisimulation.
P-type single-crystalline ZnO films obtained by (Li, N) dual implantation through dynamic annealing process

Single-crystalline ZnO films were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy technique. The films have been implanted with fixed fluence of 30 keV Li and 80 keV N ions at 460 °C. It is shown that dually-implanted single crystalline ZnO films exhibit p-type characteristics with hole concentration in the range of 2.5 × 1015–2.3 × 1016 cm−3, hole mobilities between 0.8 and 1.04 cm2 V−1 s−1, and resistivities in the range of 328.9–2081 Ω cm by Hall-effect measurements. The ZnO film exhibit (0002) (c-plane) orientation with no secondary phase appearing after implantation as identified by the X-ray diffraction pattern. It is confirmed that Li and N ions were effectively implanted and successfully behave as acceptor measured by XPS and SIMS results. Also compared to other similar studies, lower amount of Li and N ions make p-type characteristics excellent. It is concluded that Li and N ion implantation and dynamic annealing play a critical role in forming p-type single-crystalline ZnO films.