nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Kentland Area of Disturbed Ordovician Rocks in Northwestern Indiana

In the southern part of Newton County, in the northwestern part of Indiana, strata of Middle Ordovician (St. Peter, Black River, Galena) age are exposed at the surface, surrounded on all sides, so far as is known, at lower elevations by younger strata. The exposed beds have been uplifted vertically about 1,500 feet and now exhibit very high dips, in some cases being vertical or even overturned. The disturbed area, so far as its limits are at present known, covers less than one square mile and exhibits both folding and faulting; the latter phenomenon being the common way in which the rock failed under stress. A Middle Ordovician sequence of about 400 feet of dolomites, limestones, sandstones, and shales, containing a fauna of over seventy-five species, is involved in the deformation and exhibited at the surface. The present structural conditions appear to have resulted from "cryptovolcanic" activity.
An Isotope (18O, 15N, and 2H) Technique to Investigate the Metal Ion Interactions Between the Phosphoryl Group and Amino Acid Side Chains by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Cationic metal ion-coordinated N-diisopropyloxyphosphoryl dipeptides (DIPP-dipeptides) were analyzed by electrospray ionization multistage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn). Two novel rearrangement reactions with hydroxyl oxygen or carbonyl oxygen migrations were observed in ESI-MS/MS of the metallic adducts of DIPP-dipeptides, but not for the corresponding protonated DIPP-dipeptides. The possible oxygen migration mechanisms were elucidated through a combination of MS/MS experiments, isotope (18O, 15N, and 2H) labeling, accurate mass measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d) level. It was found that lithium and sodium cations catalyze the carbonyl oxygen migration more efficiently than does potassium and participation through a cyclic phosphoryl intermediate. In addition, dipeptides having a C-terminal hydroxyl or aromatic amino acid residue show a more favorable rearrangement through carbonyl oxygen migration, which may be due to metal cation stabilization by the donation of lone pair of the hydroxyl oxygen or aromatic π-electrons of the C-terminal amino acid residue, respectively. It was further shown that the metal ions, namely lithium, sodium, and potassium cations, could play a novel directing role for the migration of hydroxyl or carbonyl oxygen in the gas phase. This discovery suggests that interactions between phosphorylated biomolecules and proteins might involve the assistance of metal ions to coordinate the phosphoryl oxygen and protein side chains to achieve molecular recognition.
Ion specific effects of alkali cations on the catalytic activity of HIV-1 protease.

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease (HIV-1 PR), an important therapeutic target for the treatment of AIDS, is one of the most well-studied enzymes. However, there is still much to learn about the regulation of the activity and inhibition of this key viral enzyme. Specifically, the mechanism of activation of HIV-1 PR from the viral polyprotein upon HIV maturation is still not understood. It has been suggested that external factors like pH or salt concentration might contribute to regulation of this crucial step in the viral life cycle. Recently, we analyzed the activity of HIV-1 PR in aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium chloride by experimental determination of enzyme kinetics and molecular dynamics simulations. We showed that the effect of salt concentration is cation-specific [Heyda et al.,  2009 (11), 7599]. In this study, we extended this analysis for other alkali cations and found that the dependence of the initial velocity of peptide substrate hydrolysis on the nature of the cation follows the Hofmeister series, with the exception of caesium. Significantly higher catalytic efficiencies both in terms of substrate binding (K(M)) and turnover number (kcat) are observed in the presence of K+ compared to Na+ or Li+ at corresponding salt concentrations. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that both lithium and sodium are attracted more strongly than potassium and caesium to the protein surface, mostly due to stronger interactions with carboxylate side chain groups of aspartates and glutamates. Furthermore, we observed a surprising decrease in the K(M) value for a specific substrate at very low salt concentration. The molecular mechanism of this phenomenon will be further analyzed.
On the Kuratowski graph planarity criterion

This paper is purely expositional. The statement of the Kuratowski graph planarity criterion is simple and well-known. However, its classical proof is not easy. In this paper we present the Makarychev proof (with further simplifications by Prasolov, Telishev, Zaslavski and the author) which is possibly the simplest. In the Rusian version before the proof we present all the necessary definitions, and afterwards we state some close results on graphs and more general spaces. The paper is accessible for students familiar with the notion of a graph, and could be an interesting easy reading for mature mathematicians.
Interfacial reaction of silver ultra-thin film deposited on interpenetrating polymer network substrate by liquor-phase reduction

The interfacial reaction, metal transformations, and nonmetal bond types of silver ultra-thin film deposited on polyurethane (PU) based interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) substrate by the liquor-phase reduction at room temperatures were studied by atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The IPN substrate was prepared by dip-pulling precursors onto a silicon wafer or a glass plate, followed by solidification at room temperature. The interpenetrate structures of IPN with two crosslinked networks restricted the aggregation of silver during the reduction and deposition. The devised –OH terminal group in PU simplified the determination of reactive site in IPN and reinforced the adhesion between IPN and silver through interfacial reaction. The XPS results, which matched well with the ATR-FTIR results, verified the chemical reactive site of PU in IPN with silver in the oxide state.
Strategic Interaction among Governments

Strategic interaction among governments has recently become a major focus of theoretical and empirical work in public economics. One branch of the literature analyzes strategic interaction due to various kinds of “spillovers.” For example, in a model with pollution spillovers, the preferred level of abatement in one jurisdiction depends on policies chosen elsewhere (for a survey, see Wilson 1996). While other types of spillovers also lead to interaction, a different mechanism is at work in tax competition models, where governments levy taxes on a mobile tax base. Recognizing that their tax bases shrink as tax rates rise, large jurisdictions choose their rates in strategic fashion, with an eye on choices made elsewhere (for a survey, see Wilson 1999). A related body of literature focuses on “welfare competition,” analyzing income redistribution by state governments when the poor migrate in response to differentials in welfare benefits. In such models, states choose benefit levels in strategic fashion taking account of the mobility of the poor and the choices of other jurisdictions (for a survey, see Brueckner 2000). Spurred in part by these theoretical developments, strategic interaction among governments is now the focus of a growing empirical literature. Most studies in this literature test for strategic interaction by estimating reaction functions, which show how a jurisdiction responds to the choices of neighboring jurisdictions in setting the level of its own decision variable. If the estimated reaction function shows interdependence among policy choices, the presence of strategic interaction is confirmed. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of conceptual issues in the theoretical and empirical literatures on strategic interaction.
History of the Canadian River of Oklahoma as indicated by Gerty sand

CHARACTER AND DISTRIBUTION OF GERTY SAND The Gerty sand consists of unconsolidated deposits, as much as 50 feet thick, of sand, gravel, and clay. The sand and gravel are almost entirely siliceous, the main constituents being quartz, quartzite, chert, flint, jasper, and silicified wood. H. D. Miser has found one pebble of schist. The silicified wood has been examined by C. B. Read, of the United States Geological Survey, who believes much or all of it to be of Cretaceous age. The nearest source for these materials is in the Cretaceous and older rocks of the Rocky Mountains or the Tertiary deposits of the high plains, which contain pebbles and cobbles derived from rocks that are exposed in and near the Rocky Mountains. A single elephant tusk, found in the Gerty sand by A. E. Brainerd,1 suggests that the deposits are of Pleistocene age. These unconsolidated deposits form the surface . . .
Gossip and Subversion in Nineteenth-Century British Fiction

Acknowledgements (as the Crisis of Credit) -  'The Outside as Inside': Echo's(') Narrative Domain - 'The Persistence of the Vocalic': Scott and the Early Strategies of Accommodation - 'A-Filiative Families and Subversive Reproduction': Gossip in Jane Austen - 'Parlour's Parler: 'The Chatter of Tongues within...' Wuthering Heights - 'In All Matter of Places, All at Wunst': Writing, Gossip, and the State of Information in Bleak House - 'This Alarming Hearsay': Public Opinion and the Crisis of the Liberal Imagination in Middlemarch - 'Too Meeny': Jude, Dorian, and the Life of the Secondary - Index
The sciences in enlightened Europe

This text explores the complex relations between "enlightened" values and the making of scientific knowledge. Here monsters and automata, barometers and botanical gardens, polite academies and boisterous clubs are all given their due place in the landscape of enlightened Europe. The contributors examine the production of new disciplines through work with instruments and techniques; consider how institutions of public taste and conversation helped provide a common frame for the study of human and nonhuman natures; and explore the regional operations of scientific culture at the geographical fringes of Europe. Implicated in the rise of both fascism and liberal secularism, the moral and political values that shaped the Enlightenment remain controversial today. Through careful scrutiny of how these values influenced and were influenced by the concrete practices of its sciences, this book seeks to offer an entirely new sense of the Enlightenment.
Effect of oxygen partial pressure on the semiconducting properties of thermally grown chromia on pure chromium

Oxidation of chromium at 800 °C for 30 min at oxygen activity from 5.10 −14 atm to 5.10 −13 atm have been conducted to grow an insulating chromia. Microstructural and semiconducting properties have been investigated using electron microscopy and photoelectrochemistry. The scales always exhibit a duplex microstructure with equiaxed and columnar grains, as well as a both n-type and insulating semiconduction type. Successive oxidation tests have demonstrated the higher protective nature of this chromia scale compared to the air grown one. Chromia semiconducting properties are finally described vs. oxygen activity in a large range of variation.
PLANCK-LENGTH PHENOMENOLOGY

This author's recent proposal of interferometric tests of Planck-scale-related properties of spacetime is here revisited from a strictly phenomenological viewpoint. The results announced previously are rederived using elementary dimensional considerations. The dimensional analysis is then extended to the other two classes of experiments (observations of neutral kaons at particle accelerators and observations of the gamma rays we detect from distant astrophysical sources) which have been recently considered as opportunities to explore "foamy" properties of spacetime. The emerging picture suggests that there is an objective and intuitive way to connect the sensitivities of these three experiments with the Planck length. While in previous studies the emphasis was always on some quantum-gravity scenario and the analysis was always primarily aimed at showing that the chosen scenario would leave a trace in a certain class of doable experiments, the analysis here reported takes as starting point the experiments and, by relating in a direct quantitative way the sensitivities to the Planck length, provides a model-independent description of the status of Planck-length phenomenology.
Climate change and environmental ethics

There is a broad consensus that climate change presents the international community with a formidable challenge. Yet progress on all fronts - prevention, mitigation, and adaptiation, has been slow. If humanity really faces dire consequences, why has there been such reluctance and resistance to do anything about it? Nanda finds an explanation is the sharp divide between the developed and developing countries on how to act. Developing countries demand that major industrailized nations provide the necessary resources and technology to address climate change, while many developed countries seek firm commitments and timetables on action from the developing countries. The result is a statemate. Climate Change and Environmental Ethics explores this question with first-rate research and thinking of scholars from multiple discipline es - ethics, ecology, philosophy, economics, political science, history, and international law. What distinguishes this collection from much recent work on climate change are two of its special features. One is the multi-disciplinary backgrounds of the scholars, their stellar experiences, and the wisdom with which they have expressed not simply their philosophy and theory but also their suggestions for concrete, specific action in practical terms. The second is the special niche this volume fills in its overarching theme of the need for a renewed environmental ethic that can bring together these disparate but interconnected views. This volume explores alternative ways of conceiving of our relation to the natural world. A spirit of international cooperation and collaboration is needed to meet the challenge, and this book makes a substantial contribution toward that goal. It will compel the reader to think anew about our understanding of the scientific and technical issues, as well as our values and ethical responsibilities regarding climate change.
Investments in Employees: Attitudes and Practices in Croatian Enterprises

Investments in employees and creation of 'human capital' are among the most researched aspects of modern human resources management. Education and training of employees, creating new knowledge and skills, and developing employee motivation, are the crucial elements of investments in employees. That should positively affect creation and maintenance of enterprise's competitive position, and eventually significantly contribute to enterprise's overall performance. This paper is based on a research performed on a sample of 47 Croatian enterprises from electro-informatics industry. Preliminary results show that those enterprises have quite strong awareness of importance and need for investment in people. Moreover, management of those enterprises gives higher importance to the investment in people than to the investment in 'tangible assets'. Although a direct (significant) correlation between investments in people and enterprise financial performances has not been found, a significant correlation between investments in people and competitive abilities of the enterprise has been found.
Microwave synthesis process for ZSM-11 molecular sieve

The invention relates to a microwave synthesis process for a ZSM-11 molecular sieve. The process uses aluminum source, alkali source, silicon source, tetrabutylammonium bromide and de-ionized water as the raw materials and adopts the heating mode of microwave radiation. The reaction mixture is crystallized for 1 to 8 hours under microwave radiation and self-generated pressure at 130 to 180 DEG C, solid is separated from the mother liquid, and then the product is washed by the de-ionized water until the pH value is 8 to 9, thus obtaining the raw powder of the ZSM-11 molecular sieve. The microwave synthesis process for the ZSM-11 molecular sieve has the advantages of replacing traditional water heating by microwave radiation heating and obtaining the ZSM-11 molecular sieve with the advantages of high crystallinity, pure crystal phase and controllable and wide range of grain size, and the process accelerates the nucleation rate and crystal growth speed obviously and shortens the crystallization time greatly by pre-placing crystal seeds.
Selective Activation of S or N-Containing Carbon Segments by Alkalic or Acidic Activators

To date, the activation reactions of heteroatom-containing carbon segments have not been systematically studied. Here, activation of S,N dual-doped petroleum coke (SNC) by acidic (CO2), alkalic (KOH and NH3), and neutral (H2O) activators is investigated. The reactions between activators and S/N-containing segments are similar to the typical acid–base reactions. SNC exhibits higher activation reactivity as compared to the undoped carbon, thus leading to a high SSA even at low activation temperature. S-Containing groups exhibit higher reactivity to alkalic activators, and N-containing groups show higher reactivity to acidic activators. Compared to the activation by KOH, activation by CO2 and NH3 can lead to a high retention of S and N content, thus resulting in higher area-normalized capacitance in a three-electrode supercapacitor. Our results give better understanding of the activation mechanism of heteroatom-doped carbons and provide an easy method to selectively remove or keep heteroatoms during activation.
DesCOTS-EV: a tool for the evaluation of COTS components

In the last years, some methods have been proposed for dealing with COTS component selection. In all of them, a key point is the comparison of the user requirements, which drive the selection process, with the capabilities of the evaluated COTS. Quality models are a means to obtain structured descriptions of COTS domains. Once built, COTS in a domain may be evaluated with respect to the quality entities included therein, quality requirements may be stated with respect to the quality model, and the classical factor-requirement negotiation process may be used for the selection of the most appropriate COTS. Our goal is to have completely implemented in a near future a new version of the system DesCOTS (Grau et al., 2004) that supports all the above processes. This system is constituted by 4 subsystems: QM, that helps in the construction and management of quality models (Carvallo et al., 2004); EV, that helps in the evaluation of COTS components and that is the one presented in this paper; SL, that helps in the definition of requirements in a project and in the selection of COTS components that hold these requirements; and AD, that allows the administration of the whole system.
Temperature dependent study of neutron-rich thermally fissile 244−262Th and 246−264U nuclei within E-TRMF model

We have studied the fission parameters of hot neutron-rich thermally fissile T 244 − 262 h and U 246 − 264 nuclei within the temperature dependent effective field theory motivated relativistic mean field (E-TRMF) formalism by using the recently developed FSUGarnet and IOPB-I parameter sets. The results obtained by these two forces are compared with the results of the well known and widely accepted NL3 parameter set. The excitation energy E ⁎ , shell correction energy δ E s h e l l , single particle energy for neutrons and protons ϵ n , p , level density parameter a , neutron skin thickness Δ R , two neutron separation energy S 2 n , and asymmetry energy coefficient a s y m of these neutron-rich thermally fissile nuclei are calculated at finite temperature. The dependency of level density parameter and other observables on the temperature and the force parameters (interaction Lagrangian) are discussed.
Compositional and microstructural characterization of thin film lead zirconate titanate ferroelectrics

Recent interest in thin film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ferroelectrics has been intensified by the possible applications of these materials to non-volatile random access memory devices. In general, these thin films have different properties when compared with bulk ceramics of the same composition (Zr:Ti ranging from 48:52 to 30:70). We have begun investigating the composition and microstructure of sputtered submicron PZT films via electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Bulk analysis of various films (EPMA) shows reasonable agreement with the composition of the target (especially Zr:Ti ratios). SEM illustrates a variety of microstructures which primarily depend on target material, sputtering conditions and substrate morphology. Plan-view TEM has been used to investigate the grain orientation and morphology of the ferroelectric films. Grain size for PZT varies considerably from tens of nanometers to several hundred nanometers. The grain size depends on the composition of the films and the sputtering conditions. Cross-sectional TEM samples are being studied to determine the degree of abruptness of the various heterointerfaces in a device structure.
Determining When Competition Is a Reasonable Strategy for the Production Phase of Defense Acquisition

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Geography and History

Like most geographic concepts, the Horn of Africa is flexible. In a narrow geographic sense, the term applies only to the easternmost triangle of the continent that juts out into the sea, bounded on the north by the Gulf of Aden and exposed on the southeast to the open Indian Ocean. Geopolitically, in the latter half of the twentieth century, the term came to include the entire territory of Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and the Republic of Djibouti and is so used in this book. It is sometimes extended to northern and eastern Kenya as well. The whole region has common cultural features, historical ties, political interrelationships, and traditional economic linkages.