nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Realization of a Highly Oriented MAPbBr3 Perovskite Thin Film via Ion Exchange for Ultrahigh Color Purity Green Light Emission

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites are promising materials for optoelectronic applications. Solution-processed films typically possess deleterious randomly oriented grains that limit their potential. Here, we report growth of highly oriented methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) films through ion exchange from 2D to 3D perovskite. We first investigate the ion exchange reaction mechanism for conversion between 2D and 3D perovskites using a combined experimental and theoretical approach. The selectivity of conversion is governed by thermodynamics and kinetics of the ion exchange reaction and is intimately linked to the molecular structure of the organic cation in 2D perovskite. Subsequently using the derived insights, we chose phenylethylammonium lead bromide (PEA2PbBr4) as the 2D growth template and successfully exchanged it into high-quality 3D MAPbBr3 films with strong uniaxial 100 orientation. The enhanced film quality leads to ultranarrow electroluminescence spectra (15.3 nm fwhm and 98.10% color pur...
Commitment, Coercion, and Markets: The Nature and Dynamics of Institutions Supporting Exchange

Markets rest upon institutions. The development of market-based exchange relies on the support of two institutional pillars that are, in turn, shaped by the development of markets. Research in the field of new institutional economics has largely focused upon one such institutional pillar—‘contract-enforcement institutions’—that determine the range of transactions in which individuals can commit to keep their contractual obligations. Yet, markets also require institutions that constrain those with coercive power from abusing others’ property rights. These ‘coercion-constraining’ institutions influence whether individuals will bring their goods to the market in the first place. This chapter’s discussion of market-supporting institutions is geared toward the issues we know the least about. First, the dynamics of market-supporting institutions and the implied dynamics of markets; second, the inter-relationships between the dynamics of market-supporting and political institutions where the latter comprise the rules for collective decision-making, political rights, and the legitimate use of coercive power. It argues, in particular, that neither the assertion that liberal political institutions lead to markets nor that markets lead to liberal governance are supported by theory or history. Markets and political institutions co-evolve through a dynamic inter-play between contract-enforcement and coercion-constraining institutions. Many successful market economies have prevailed in the past; there were adequate market-supporting institutions. Early successes, such as those in the Islamic world or China, were not indicators of later development. It was the commercial expansion that began in Europe during the late medieval period that led to the development of markets that support the complex, dynamic modern economy with its wide-scale reliance on impersonal exchange. Why didn’t early success lead to subsequent market expansion? More generally, what does determine the dynamics of market expansion? Addressing these questions is a key to understanding the ‘Rise of the West,’ the operation of market economies, and the factors that still hinder market development. The argument advanced here is that markets can rest on different combinations of contract-enforcement and coercion-constraining institutions.
Entrepreneurs in spite of themselves? Economic and non‐economic motives of booksellers in Germany

Entrepreneurship has been analyzed not only in terms of economic but also in terms of non‐economic goals (Starbuck, 1965 or Introductory Chapter). This is, because of the very high degree of uncertainty of the economic outcome of the decision whether to be employed or to set up a business of one's own one; there are non‐economic goals which may dominate economic ones. Although the attempt to translate these non‐economic goals into economic ones has not been very convincing, there have only been a few attempts to fit this into the approach of alternative economic theory which offers a more appropriate framework for analysis. But this framework does promise—and this will be shown in this case study of booksellers in FR Germany—first solutions to the difficulties which emerge from the objective of achieving non‐economic goals.
Environmental Science & Policy

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY. BA Academic year 2016-2017 College: Arts and Sciences Degree: B.A. Limited  Ocean and Atmospheric Science Tallahassee, FL 32306-4320 McGann 111 CAR Chanton: 305 OSB Phone: McGann: (850) 644-8582 Chanton: (850) 644-7493 E-Mail: tmcgann@fsu.edu jchanton@fsu.edu
2,3-diphosphoglycerate binding of Zn2+ and Al3+

The blood red cell contains millimolar amounts of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, yet no metal ion stability constants appear to have been determined. We show that in the free ligand the 2-phospho group is about six times more basic than the 3-phospho group. We have determined the stability constants for the binding of Zn 2+ which occurs at about 0.2 mM in the red cell, and of Al 3+ which reduces red cell size and inhibits haemoglobin synthesis. At physiological pH both metal ions occur predominantly as MA 2 complexes. The free Zn 2+ concentration permitted within the red cell by the 2:1 complex is about 0.3 μm. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate binds Al 3+ strongly enough so that at equilibrium there should be comparable concentrations of Al 3+ on both sides of the red cell membrane.
Latin America and Postmodernity a Comtemporary Reader

This collection brings together some of Latin America's most important thinkers and writers, making available in one volume classic and recent essays that address the question of post-modernity in Latin America. Here, readers can find Octavio Paz's Nobel Prize speech, Leopoldo Zea's recent observations on post-modernity and the question of revolution in Mexico, Enrique Dussel's seminal discussion of modernity and the rise of world capitalism, Walter Mignolo's discussion of the relationship between cultural hegemony and control over sites of intellectual production, and Iris Zavala's use of Lacan to trace the postcolonial and post-modern imagery of Martf's Nuestra AmTrica. Included are also detailed and comprehensive discussions of the sociological, political, literary, and cultural responses to the various positions and themes associated with post-modernity. This collection is an ideal primary text for courses in contemporary Latin American thought, as well as classes on post-modernity. It will also serve as a major reference work on contemporary intellectual trends in Latin America. As such it will be of interest to Latin Americanists, social thinkers, philosophers, and literary and cultural critics and historians.
Differentially Private Billing with Rebates

A number of established and novel business models are based on fine grained billing, including pay-per-view, mobile messaging, voice calls, pay-as-you-drive insurance, smart metering for utility provision, private computing clouds and hosted services. These models apply fine-grained tariffs dependent on time-of-use or place of-use to readings to compute a bill. We extend previously proposed billing protocols to strengthen their privacy in two key ways. First, we study the monetary amount a customer should add to their bill in order to provably hide their activities, within the differential privacy framework. Second, we propose a cryptographic protocol for oblivious billing that ensures any additional expenditure, aimed at protecting privacy, can be tracked and reclaimed in the future, thus minimising its cost. Our proposals can be used together or separately and are backed by provable guarantees of security.
Value-Relevance of the Outside Corporate Governance Information: a Canadian Study

This study examines whether the corporate governance rankings published by The Globe and Mail, a reputed national Canadian newspaper, are reflected in the values that investors accord to firms. A sample of 796 observations on 289 Canadian companies from 2002-2005 inclusively was analyzed using a price model (Cazavan-Jeny and JeanJean, 2006). Results suggest that the corporate governance rankings published by this market information intermediary are related not only to firm value, but also to accounting results. Thus, the relationship between corporate governance scores and market capitalization can take two forms. First, there may be a direct relationship due to investor interest in good governance practices. Second, there may be an indirect relationship due to the impact of good governance practices on the firms' accounting results. The results of this study should be useful for accounting practitioners and the various organizations involved in the regulation of corporate governance practices and the standardization of relevant data elements.
Christian Consecrated Life in Sub-Saharan Africa: Past and Present Challenges

Inculturation is currently gaining ground in almost all aspects of the Church's life and teaching. It enables each people to read, interpret and live out the gospel and its charismas, like the consecrated life, in accordance with their cultural ways of being and acting without undermining their essentials. From this background, the author reflects on the Christian consecrated life with reference to Black Africans in general and the Igbos of Nigeria in particular. This article discusses some of the anomalies, practical problems and challenges existing in Igbo-Africa, which justify the call for dialogue and search for solutions from the gospel and cultural contexts for the well-being and authenticity of the indigenous religious.
Medical school "banter" denigrating GPs and psychiatrists must stop, say college heads.

Two of the UK’s most senior doctors have called for an end to the damaging “banter” in medical schools, which they claim is dissuading students from applying to general practice and psychiatry.

Maureen Baker, chair of the Royal College of general practitioners, and Simon Wessely, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said that “the systematic denigration” of their specialties was putting patient safety at risk by contributing to a shortfall of GPs across the country and was stifling efforts to achieve parity of esteem between physical and mental health.

In a joint editorial in the British Journal of General Practice ,1 …
Commercialization of Web Portals

Portals may be defined as starting points on the Web for users which may lead them to e-business services (Adar & Huberman, 2000). Portals are part and parcel of e-business (Kappel, Werner, & Schroder, 1998) whose common goal is the electronic support of business or market transactions (Book, Gruhn, & Schope, 2000). E-business affects the way businesses interact with consumers, as well as the way businesses interact with one another. Electronic interactions both increase the efficiency of purchasing and allow an increased reach across a global marketplace. Partially as a result of competition among various Web portals, a more open e-business environment is developing, which allows businesses to trade more flexibly with each other (Trastour, 2003). In Germany, the e-business market is dominated by the business-to-business market, where German companies spend 2% of their annual earnings, on average, in developing their e-business capabilities. Their focus is on marketing, distribution, and services to other businesses. The motivation for this focus is that it generates the most sales compared to the business-to-consumer market, where the corresponding sales lag behind (Koeckeritz, 2003). This article focuses on the commercialization (e-business) side of Internet portals involving some of their technical issues and some of the advantages of their use. Although business to consumer portals are discussed, business to business portals are focused on due to their relatively huge market significance.
"Haec habeant longos gaudia tanta dies": new discoveries concerning the portrait of the family of William Brooke, 10th Lord Cobham at Longleat House

The purpose of this article is to ask three questions concerning the historically significant and iconographically intricate 1567 portrait of William Brooke, 10th Lord Cobham, and his family, now at Longleat House near Warminster, Wiltshire  The first question is more complex than it appears. Who are the sitters shown in the portrait? Second, who painted the portrait? Third, what are the messages, both concrete and symbolic, that the painter and the commissioner of the painting have authorized for incorporation in the work? In investigating these questions, this article seeks to examine new, hitherto unpublished material connected with this portrait and to place it in the context of a developing Continental tradition of secular domestic art.
Reaction of aldoses with amino compounds.

A solubility method for measuring aldose-amino interaction has been extended to the study of the kinetics of glucose condensation with leucylglycine, β-lactoglobulin, and p -aminobenzoic acid. The primary reaction rate and secondary reversible and irreversible decomposition of the respective Schiff bases have been characterized and their reaction constants calculated. These compounds were found to react more rapidly than the common aliphatic amino acids, at pH values within the biological range, and this form of aldose-amino condensation may therefore have physiological significance.
A policy agenda for agricultural development in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is now widely regarded as a key player on world agricultural markets, with considerable export potential in the wheat, beef and dairy sectors. Based on unique farm-level data, we offer new insights into the constraints that hamper further economic growth and provide an assessment of the Kazakhstani government's agricultural development strategy. Most managers in the farm survey doubt that agricultural investments deliver a sufficiently reliable return required for credit funding and thus do not take loans. In the cattle sector, there are significant problems in year-round fodder supply. The value chains for beef and dairy are bifurcated into an import-dependent chain for industrially processed products serving urban consumers, and a local chain of raw products serving rural consumers and urban bazaars. The government's modernisation strategy focuses on providing subsidised capital, but underestimates the knowledge and incentive problems inherent to such measures. The government should rather provide impartial and reliable public services to the sector, ensuring that the weakest links in food chain development are identified and private entrepreneurs are incentivised to strengthen them. Our evidence suggests that a bundle of measures designed to improve the local institutional environment of agriculture is more important than massive state funding of certain production lines.
A Model of Intertemporal Asset Prices Under Asymmetric

This paper presents a dynamic asset-pricing model under asymmetric information. Investors have different information concerning the future growth rate of dividends. They rationally extract information from prices as well as dividends and maximize their expected utility. The model has a closed-form solution to the rational expectations equilibrium. We find that existence of uninformed investors increases the risk premium. Supply shocks can affect the risk premium only under asymmetric information. Information asymmetry among investors can increase price volatility and negative autocorrelation in returns. Less-informed investors may rationally behave like price chasers.
The Effects of Shareholder Disagreement Under Majority Voting

This paper analyzes investment decisions and share trade when the owners of a firm are not unanimous. We use a one-period model with one firm, two owners and incomplete financial markets. The investment decision is assumed to be made by the majority owner. We study the effects shareholder heterogeneity on the amount of investment, the firm value and after-trade ownership stakes. As an extension, a protection of the minority owner from unfavorable investment decisions (an outside option or participation constraint) is introduced. When this constraint binds, it does not only change the investment level, but also decreases the concentration of ownership, consistent with cross-country studies that found that minority shareholder protection and ownership concentration are substitutes. When the model is extended by private benefits of control and a second time period, the identity of the majority owner in the second period is endogenously determined in the model. We observe anti-takeover measures by the initial controlling owner at points close to the transfer of control. As for the ownership dynamics, the initial controlling owner typically accumulates shares over time. The model can be applied to post-privatization firms in developing or transition countries. The assumptions of incomplete financial markets (no external finance, no public stock markets) and private benefits of control are particularly appropriate here. The model rationalizes the observed decrease in worker ownership and the increase in managerial ownership after privatization in several countries.
Language embeddings that preserve staging and safety

We study embeddings of programming languages into one another that preserve what reductions take place at compile-time, i.e., staging. A certain condition -- what we call a `Turing complete kernel' -- is sufficient for a language to be stage-universal in the sense that any language may be embedded in it while preserving staging. A similar line of reasoning yields the notion of safety-preserving embeddings, and a useful characterization of safety-universality. Languages universal with respect to staging and safety are good candidates for realizing domain-specific embedded languages (DSELs) and `active libraries' that provide domain-specific optimizations and safety checks.
An algebraic SU(1,1) solution for the relativistic hydrogen atom

The bound eigenfunctions and spectrum of a Dirac hydrogen atom are found taking advantage of the SU ( 1 , 1 ) Lie algebra in which the radial part of the problem can be expressed. For defining the algebra we need to add to the description an additional angular variable playing essentially the role of a phase. The operators spanning the algebra are used for defining ladder operators for the radial eigenfunctions of the relativistic hydrogen atom and for evaluating its energy spectrum. The status of the Johnson–Lippman operator in this algebra is also investigated.
Dynamic searching framework based on star-shaped structure business model

The invention designs a fast searching framework based on a star-shaped structure business model. The fast searching framework has a basic idea that a searching business scene is separated from a searching process; decoupling is realized; and the unified processing of the data searching is realized. During the searching scene development, only simple information configuration needs to be performed; a searching framework can dynamically generate an SQL (Structured Query Language) statement meeting requirements by using information provided by the unified business model framework according to the input of a user; and the searching function is realized. The unified processing of the searching is realized; and the problems of great development volume and maintenance and expansion difficulty in the ordinary page data searching development are solved. In the dynamic searching realizing process and in different searching scenes, little static configuration information is provided; and the framework automatically generates dynamic configuration information according to foreground searching conditions, then generates a logic relationship path, converts the logic relationship path into the SQL statement searching condition, executes searching and returns the results.
How to Achieve Operational Business-IT Alignment: Insights from a Global Aerospace Firm

A common challenge facing firms is how to effectively embed strategic businessIT alignment into daily routines at the operational level. Based on our findings from following an alignment project in a global aerospace industry leader for almost two years, we put forward a framework, which we call OperA, for establishing operational level business-IT alignment. This framework has three dimensions—knowledge, communication and trust, and identifies alignment paths for three strategic situations faced by firms: major planned changes, regular operations and major unplanned changes. Each path is anchored in a different dimension of the framework. The global aerospace case shows how different mechanisms used for each path improve business processes and enable successful change. The case also revealed frequent pitfalls and dependencies between the dimensions and associated mechanisms that top managers should be aware of as they strive to achieve operational business-IT alignment.
A theory of computation based on quantum logic (I)

The (meta) logic underlying classical theory of computation is Boolean (two-valued) logic. Quantum logic was proposed by Birkhoff and von Neumann as a logic of quantum mechanics. It is currently understood as a logic whose truth values are taken from an orthomodular lattice. The major difference between Boolean logic and quantum logic is that the latter does not enjoy distributivity in general. The rapid development of quantum computation in recent years stimulates us to establish a theory of computation based on quantum logic. The present paper is the first step toward such a new theory and it focuses on the simplest models of computation, namely finite automata. We introduce the notion of orthomodular lattice-valued (quantum) automaton. The Kleene theorem about equivalence of regular expressions and finite automata is generalized into quantum logic. We also present a pumping lemma for orthomodular lattice-valued regular languages.
Cultural Anthropology and Theatre Historiography: Notes on a Methodological Rapprochement

After a century of carefree source research conducted against the background of positivist objectivism, theatre historiography now finds itself in the throes of a methodological paradigm shift. Quite independent of its historical disciplinary affiliations, whether as an extension of literary criticism of the various national literatures or as a subsidiary of the historical sciences, theatre historiography is no longer able to resist engagement with fundamental and increasingly complex methodological debates. Particularly in North America there has been a broad discussion on the crisis of traditional, positivist theatre history. The result has been to open up theater historiography to other approaches such as semiotics and diverse theories and methodologies of a poststructuralist provenance. Despite this intensifying and often broad-ranging methodological debate there have been hitherto hardly any attempts to bring theatre history into a dialogue with historical anthropology or ethnohistory, both of which are strongly influenced by the methodologies of cultural anthropology. The deficit is all the more remarkable as these areas have ignited a veritable explosion of interest amongst historians and ethnologists which has transcended the narrow disciplinary borders of both fields of scholarship.