nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Acute and postoperative pain in children: a Swedish nationwide survey.

Many studies demonstrate inadequate pain treatment in children. The aim of this nationwide survey was to evaluate the prevalence of acute and postoperative pain in children; extent of, and reasons for, inadequate pain therapy; therapy methods; pain-management structure; and the need for education of healthcare professionals. Questionnaires concerning these points were sent to all departments in Sweden involved in the treatment of children. The response rate was 75% (299/ 395). Answers from physicians and nurses showed that, despite treatment, moderate to severe pain occurred in 23% of patients with postoperative pain and 31% of patients with pain of other origin. Postoperative pain seemed to be a greater problem in units where children were treated along with adults and in departments where fewer children were treated. According to 45% of physicians and nurses, treatment of pain could often or always be managed more efficiently. Pain assessments were performed regularly in 43% of all departments, but pain measurement was less frequent; 3% of the departments had no formal organization for pain management; and 15% never or infrequently used potent opioids. Educational needs were high. Insufficient pain treatment seemed to be mostly related to organizational aspects, such as inadequate prescriptions. Anxiety in children or parents also contributed to ineffective pain treatment. Swedish treatment practices for the management of pain in children roughly follow the published guidelines, but many improvements are still necessary.



Acute pain in children is still undertreated in Swedish hospitals. This seems to be related mainly to organizational aspects.
The Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie-Mellon University

More and more organizations depend on software for part of their activities. Software suppliers have great difficulty satisfying the increasing demand. The US Department of Defense, being a large user of software, has taken the initiative to push for increased programmers' productivity by improving the software production process. The first phase of the DoD's Software Initiative resulted in the design of the Ada language. The second phase, in which the emphasis has shifted from programs to systems and management, resulted in a variety of activities of which the Software Engineering Institute is one. The objective of the SEI is technology transition in the area of software development support. The SEI has selected a number of areas and topics of interest and has planned a sequence of phases in which more advanced technology is introduced. The SEI has started a number of projects to explore technology that is ready for transition. Several of these projects are related to the Ada Language.
Microstructural Evolution of SiC_p/ZA27 Composite during Semi-solid Isothermal Treatment

The microstructural evolution of SiC p/ZA27 composite modified by Zr element was investigated during isothermal heat treatment at semi solid temperature,and compared with that of ZA27 alloy.The results indicated that the ideal microstructure for thixo forming of SiC p/ZA27 composite could be obtained through isothermal heat treatment for 30～40 min at 460℃.The speed of structural evolution of the composite was rapider than that of ZA27 alloy,and the structure coarsening phenomenon of the composite wasn't obvious when treated over 40 min.
Interactive Realizers: A New Approach to Program Extraction from Nonconstructive Proofs

We propose a realizability interpretation of a system for quantier free arithmetic which is equivalent to the fragment of classical arithmetic without nested quantifiers, called here EM1-arithmetic. We interpret classical proofs as interactive learning strategies, namely as processes going through several stages of knowledge and learning by interacting with the “nature,” represented by the standard interpretation of closed atomic formulas, and with each other. We obtain in this way a program extraction method by proof interpretation, which is faithful with respect to proofs, in the sense that it is compositional and that it does not need any translation.
Marketing Mutual Funds

Marketing and distribution expenses are responsible for about a third of the cost of active management in the mutual fund industry. We develop and estimate a structural model of mutual fund marketing with learning about unobserved skill and costly investor search. Our estimates suggest that marketing is nearly as important as performance and fees for determining fund size. Eliminating marketing substantially improves welfare, as capital shifts towards cheaper funds and competition decreases fees. Average alpha increases as active funds shrink, and capital allocation becomes more closely aligned with manager skill net of fees. Declining investor search costs over time imply a reduction in marketing expenses and management fees as well as a shift towards passive investing, as observed empirically.
Computing Characteristic Sets of Bounded Unions of Polynomial Ideals

The surprising fact that Hilbert's basis theorem in algebra shows identifiabilty of ideals of polynomials in the limit from positive data is derived by the correspondence between ideals and languages in the context of machine learning. This correspondence also reveals the difference between the two and raises new problems to be solved in both of algebra and machine learning. In this article we solve the problem of providing a concrete form of the characteristic set of a union of two polynomial ideals. Our previous work showed that the finite basis of every polynomial ideal is its characteristic set, which ensures that the class of ideals of polynomials is identifiable from positive data. Union or settheoretic sum is a basic set operation, and it could be conjectured that there is some effective method which produces a characteristic set of a union of two polynomial ideals if both of the basis of ideals are given. Unfortunately, we cannot find a previous work which gives a general method for how to find characteristic sets of unions of languages even though the languages are in a class identifiable from positive data. We give methods for computing a characteristic set of the union of two polynomial ideals.
Fichte's Social and Political Philosophy: Property and Virtue

1. Fichte's theory of property 2. Applying the concept of right: Fichte and Babeuf 3. Fichte's reappraisal of Kant's theory of cosmopolitan right 4. The relation of right to morality in Fichte's Jena theory of the state and society 5. The role of virtue in the Addresses to the German Nation.
The biequivalence of locally cartesian closed categories and Martin-Löf type theories

Seely's paper "Locally cartesian closed categories and type theory" contains a well-known result in categorical type theory: that the category of locally cartesian closed categories is equivalent to the category of Martin-L\"of type theories with Pi-types, Sigma-types and extensional identity types. However, Seely's proof relies on the problematic assumption that substitution in types can be interpreted by pullbacks. Here we prove a corrected version of Seely's theorem: that the B\'enabou-Hofmann interpretation of Martin-L\"of type theory in locally cartesian closed categories yields a biequivalence of 2-categories. To facilitate the technical development we employ categories with families as a substitute for syntactic Martin-L\"of type theories. As a second result we prove that if we remove Pi-types the resulting categories with families are biequivalent to left exact categories.
Innovations affecting SMEs and e-business with reference to strategic networks, aggregation and intermediaries

Against a background of the low engagement of SMEs in e-business this paper investigates the emergence of innovative critical e-aggregation applications defined as an e-business application, promoted by a trusted third party, which engages a significant number of SMEs by addressing an important shared business concern within an aggregation. By a review of secondary data and empirical investigation the research shows that such applications can facilitate the engagement of SMEs in e-business. There are three key findings, namely: the emergence of aggregation specific e-business applications; the emergence of collaboratively based one to many service provider business models; and the importance of trusted third parties in facilitating the adoption of higher complexity e-business applications by SMEs. Significantly this work combines both user and provider perspectives in order to provide a rich contribution to the already considerable literature on SMEs and ICT. The findings will be relevant to academic researchers, service providers and policymakers assisting them in understanding some of the complex issues affecting the engagement of SMEs in e-business
Electrical Property of the Li 2 O-2SiO 2 Glass Sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering

A () glass was investigated as a lithium-ion conducting oxide glass, which is applicable to a fast ionic conductor even at low temperature due to its high mechanical strength and chemical stability. The glass is likely to be broken into small pieces when quenched; thus, it is difficult to fabricate a specifically sized sample. The production of properly sized glass samples is necessary for device applications. In this study, we applied spark plasma sintering (SPS) to fabricate glass samples which have a particular size as well as high transparency. The sintered samples, in size, (-s) were produced by SPS between and at 45MPa for 3~5mim, after which the thermal and dielectric properties of the -s samples were compared with those of quenched glass (-q) samples. Thermal behavior, crystalline structure, and electrical conductivity of both samples were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and an impedance/gain-phase analyzer, respectively. The results showed that the -s had an amorphous structure, like the -q sample, and that both samples took on the lithium disilicate structure after the heat treatment at . We observed similar dielectric peaks in both of the samples between room temperature and . The DC activation energies of the -q and -s samples were and , while the AC activation energies were and , respectively.
From Streamlined Combinatorial Search to Efficient Constructive Procedures

In recent years, significant progress in the area of search, constraint satisfaction, and automated reasoning has been driven in part by the study of challenge problems from combinatorics and finite algebra. This work has led to the discovery of interesting discrete structures with intricate mathematical properties. While some of those results have resolved open questions and conjectures, a shortcoming is that they generally do not provide further mathematical insights, from which one could derive more general observations. We propose an approach that integrates specialized combinatorial search, using so-called streamlining, with a human computation component. We use this approach to discover efficient constructive procedures for generating certain classes of combinatorial objects of any size. More specifically, using our framework, we discovered two complementary efficient constructions for generating so-called Spatially Balanced Latin squares (SBLS) of any order N, such that 2N+1 is prime. Previously constructions for SBLSs were not known. Our approach also enabled us to derive a new lower bound for socalled weak Schur numbers, improving on a series of earlier results for Schur numbers.
Heuristic Search and Information Visualization Methods for School Redistricting

We describe an application of AI search and information visualization techniques to the problem of school redistricting, in which students are assigned to home schools within a county or school district. This is a multicriteria optimization problem in which competing objectives must be considered, such as school capacity, busing costs, and socioeconomic distribution. Because of the complexity of the decision-making problem, tools are needed to help end users generate, evaluate, and compare alternative school assignment plans. A key goal of our research is to aid users in finding multiple qualitatively different redistricting plans that represent different tradeoffs in the decision space. 
 
We present heuristic search methods that can be used to find a set of qualitatively different plans, and give empirical results of these search methods on population data from the school district of Howard County, Maryland. We show the resulting plans using novel visualization methods that we have developed for summarizing and comparing alternative plans.
The other skills of the software architect

The skills that are taught to the software architect in academic programs often leave him or her completely unprepared to assume the role of solution architect on a project with more than four or five developers. Furthermore, the globalization of software development has created a need for architects that can effectively manage multiple teams at multiple locations. Additionally, the lack of qualified architects has resulted in serious difficulties for industry. This position paper provides insight into the 'real' role of the architect on a large project, and examines the gap between what is taught at the university and what skills are needed for success.
Interactive Customer Retention Management for Mobile Commerce

Mobile Commerce is of growing interest for vendors and customers and with that its importance within the mix of marketing and distributing channels increases. This is of particular significance when customer retention and improved service are essential success factors. Because of their focus on customer integration the instruments of Web 2.0 offer new interactive possibilities for customer retention management. With a systematization of the new web-based applications linked to an evaluation of existing possibilities of customer retention this chapter offers a reasonable frame of reference for the utilization of Web 2.0 within the success chain of customer retention management in Mobile Commerce. Combined with existing studies of the acceptance of Web 2.0 recommendations for a successful timely order of introduction are offered to reach optimal diffusion and retention rates.
Alternate Sources Of History

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Labour History and Culture: A Postscript

This thematic section ably demonstrates how cultural perspectives in labour history can produce key insights which are strikingly valuable not only for labour analysts but for activists. The authors here deliberately refuse a crude Marxist model of a weighty economic base and a derivative superstructure which they feel has narrowed the focus of traditional labour history to paid (mainly male) economic activity in the workplace and has led to a dismissal of cultural processes as secondary. These articles turn the tables by bringing cultural analysis straight into the traditional heartland of labour history where they cast fresh light on workplace life, class consciousness, and industrial militancy, while at the same time setting a new agenda for research. Before giving the articles the closer attention they deserve, I want briefly to discuss the history of the concept of culture, the direction cultural studies has recently taken and the reasons why labour historians are well-placed to make some of the most exciting and relevant uses of these developments. Culture, as Raymond Williams famously observed, is one of the 'most complicated words in the English language'1 for good reason. It is not so much that culture is an imprecise and confused concept but that it has been continually contested by groups of people with very different, even contradictory, social identities and aspirations. This contestation makes culture an intensely political concept. Even from the beginning, culture had incompatible meanings. In Britain, as Williams reminds us in Keywords, culture expanded in the nineteenth century from an early meaning of horticulture or the nurture of plants to signify the culture of human beings especially through education. It then became more exclusively equated with 'high' culture by first denoting the process of creating outstanding religious, philosophical and artistic works and then becoming abstracted to signify the works themselves, which concealed the labour process involved. By contrast, there was also a more inclusive understanding of culture developing which was eventually reshaped and absorbed both by anthropology and cultural studies. In German romanticism at this early period, culture was used to denote the way of life particularly of the people or volk of a nation. This area of definition appealed to Raymond Williams, a major theorist of culture, who grew up in the Welsh valleys as the son of a railway signalman, and who was as deeply committed to literature as he was alienated from the cultural values of Cambridge University which he attended as a mature student (and returned to as Professor of Drama).2 His intellectual project was to develop a bridging concept of culture and a mode of cultural analysis which would include his kind of people and value their creativity, often expressed in social institutions which embodied a collective ethos rather than in artistic production. His 'cultural materialism' insisted on the analysis of the
Kolmogorov Complexity, Circuits, and the Strength of Formal Theories of Arithmetic

Can complexity classes be characterized in terms of efficient reducibility to the (undecidable) set of Kolmogorov-random strings? Although this might seem improbable, a series of papers has recently provided evidence that this may be the case. In particular, it is known that there is a class of problems C defined in terms of polynomial-time truth- table reducibility to RK (the set of Kolmogorov-random strings) that lies between BPP and PSPACE (5, 4). The results in this paper were obtained, as part of an investigation of whether this upper bound can be improved, to show BPP C PSPACE\ P/poly: ( ) In fact, we conjecture that C = BPP = P, and we close this paper with a discussion of the possibility this might be an avenue for trying to prove the equality of BPP and P. In this paper, we present a collection of true statements in the language of arithmetic, (each provable in ZF) and show that if these statements can be proved in certain extensions
Leaving EMU: a real options perspective

The real option implicit in a country's decision of whether to leave an existing monetary union when there is uncertainty over the future benefits of this move is examined. The theoretical model used is calibrated for the current Euro-12 area by proxying policymakers' inflation preferences with unemployment rates and debt-to-GDP ratios. A robust group of countries is observed that would choose to remain within EMU consisting of Belgium, Finland, Greece and Italy; France and Spain loosely also belong to this core. Only Luxembourg would robustly want to leave EMU; Ireland and The Netherlands, however, complement that core closely. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.
Capital flows in the post-global financial crisis era: implications for financial stability and monetary policy

The last three years have been unusual for the major world economies. Output in advanced economies has slumped, deflation risk has risen, and policy rates have approached the zero limit as central bank balance sheets have greatly expanded. Emerging market economies have also faced challenges: the initial effect of the developed world’s difficulties on them included a sudden reversal in capital flows, currency depreciation, and liquidity problems coupled with negative growth. At a later stage, the picture was reversed with a surge in capital inflows, credit growth and foreign exchange appreciation in the emerging economies. While developed countries coped with the crisis by deploying unusual monetary and fiscal policy measures, emerging market economies combined monetary policy measures with various sets of macroprudential instruments. Hence, the global financial crisis highlighted the importance of using a broader set of instruments for financial stability, and of coherent macroeconomic policies.
MATHEMATICAL RELIABILITY THEORY: FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE PRESENT TIME

It is argued that the mathematical theory of reliability as a separate discipline began in 1961 with the publication ofMulti-component systems and their structures and their reliability by Birnbaum, Esary and Saunders. Prior to this time, mathematicians were just applying standard mathematical techniques such as queueing theory, statistics and probability to engineering reliability problems. We will describe how the 1965 book Mathematical Theory of Reliability came to be written. Some personal historical perspectives will follow on probabilistic concepts of aging. Finally, we will discuss more recent work on Schur functions and Bayesian implications for reliability research.
Nonstandard picture of turbulence(the second revised)

The nonstandard picture of a turbulent field is presented in this article. By the concepts of nonstandard mathematics, the picture describes the hierarchical structure of turbulence and shows the mechanism of the fluctuation appearing in a turbulent field. The uncertainty of measurement is pointed out. And the fundamental equations of turbulence are given too. It is natural in this picture that the reasonable closure methods can be obtained and seem to be precise.