nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging AI & Law approaches to automating analysis and retrieval of electronically stored information in discovery proceedings

This article provides an overview of, and thematic justification for, the special issue of the journal of Artificial Intelligence and Law entitled “E-Discovery”. In attempting to define a characteristic “AI & Law” approach to e-discovery, and since a central theme of AI & Law involves computationally modeling legal knowledge, reasoning and decision making, we focus on the theme of representing and reasoning with litigators’ theories or hypotheses about document relevance through a variety of techniques including machine learning. We also identify two emerging techniques for enabling users’ document queries to better express the theories of relevance and connect them to documents: social network analysis and a hypothesis ontology.
Fabrication of a highly sensitive magnetic sensor using an HTS thick film

A highly sensitive magnetic sensor based on Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (YBCO) has been fabricated by the spray technique. The value of resistance R ms in the transitional region Δ T of the thick film, was highly sensitive to the applied magnetic field B ex . Here, Δ T is the transitional temperature region between the resistance drop temperature T c onset and residual resistance temperature T c res . The value of residual resistance R res for an applied magnetic field of 80×10 −4 T (80 G) exhibited an increase of about 580% over the resistance found in a zero magnetic field, and did not display any evidence of hysteresis. The fabrication and magnetic characteristics are discussed.
Government Procurement, International Specialization, and Income Inequality

Recent studies have shown that trade costs may affect the pattern of international specialization. This paper shows that, when government procurement takes a specific pattern, trade costs becomes much less important in determining international specialization. One implications is that market integration and infrastructure building in Europe is very unlikely to reshape the European economic landscape. Welfare analysis shows that a specific scheme of expenditure on procurement may be welfare improving. The same scheme is effective in reducing income inequality across countries and, as such, can be used as substitute of transfer programs.
Versatile deployment of FPGA accelerators in disaggregated data centers: A bioinformatics case study

Important design considerations for the cost-effective employment of hardware accelerators in next-generation data centers involve a) the type of candidate applications that a proposed solution can accelerate (generality), and b) the required development effort to successfully deploy the available accelerators for a given application (adoption overhead). To address the problem of generality, we present a versatile and dynamically reconfigurable hardware architecture that exhibits several accelerator slots and programmable interconnect to create application-specific accelerator datapaths. The proposed architecture fits in the model of disaggregated data centers, where compute, memory, and accelerators are broadly regarded as large pools of resources, and subsets of these resource pools are dynamically allocated on an as-needed basis to cooperatively boost performance of a broad range of applications. Initial results for a bioinformatics application that we employ as a case study and deals with the detection of positive selection in large-scale genomic datasets reveal a speedup of up to 6.4X when custom hardware accelerators are mapped to the proposed versatile accelerator architecture and compared with a parallel and highly optimized software implementation executed on a multi-core processor.
Business networks SMEs and inter-firm collaboration: a review of the research literature with implications for policy

This literature review, which was commissioned by the UK's Small Business Service is concerned with business networks, and their importance for the small business community. Business networks are sometimes defined as comprising only inter-firm relationships (e.g. those that exist between component supplier and a manufacturer). However, it soon becomes apparent that a broader perspective is required, if research findings are to contribute meaningful insights for policy and practice. We have therefore incorporated research evidence on personal networks, notably those associated with entrepreneurship, and on links between firms and supporting institutions, such as trade associations, government agencies and universities.
The Church and the Kingdom

Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben is the rare writer whose ideas and works have a broad appeal across many fields, and his devoted fans are not just philosophers, but readers of political and legal theory, sociology, and literary criticism as well. In March 2009, Agamben was invited to speak in Paris' Notre-Dame Cathedral in the presence of the bishop of Paris and a number of other high-ranking church officials. His resulting speech, a stunningly lucid and provocative look at the history and state of the church and its role in society, is presented here. "The Church and its Reign" is at once a pointed attack on the institutional structure of the Catholic Church and a theoretical excursus on the concepts of messianic time and economy. Presenting an exegesis of certain key passages in the New Testament, Agamben examines the philology and philosophy at the root of the church and of its earthly reign. With its examinations of the foundational texts of the church, which are also the foundational texts of our modern idea of economy, "The Church and its Reign" reveals significant connections and parallel ideologies which are imperative to understanding the current global situation. This edition of Agamben's text is accompanied by photographs by artist Alice Attie. Made from folded and twisted reproductions of paintings culled from Christian iconography, these works of art evoke the restless challenge that characterizes Agamben's four decades of philosophy and critique. This book will be welcomed by Agamben's many readers across the disciplines.
Science, explanation, and rationality :aspects of the philosophy of Carl G. Hempel

The late Carl Hempel was one of, if not the most influential philosophers of science in the 20th century. His work defined the problems and the methodology of the discipline for over thirty years. In this volume, thirteen highly distinguished philosophers, most of whom studied with Hempel, illuminate and clarify the central problems to which Carl G. Hempel was devoted. The result enhances our understanding of major developments in the philosophy of science, particularly the development of logical empiricism as a major - even the major - intellectual influence for scientifically-oriented philosphers and philosophically-minded scientists during the 20th century. It should appeal to an unusually broad audience of students and scholars of the philosophy of science, of the history of philosophy, and of 20th century intellectual history.
Plastic surgeon compliance with national safety initiatives: clinical outcomes and "never events".

Venous thromboembolism and surgical-site infection have been identified as preventable complications that are addressed by the National Quality Forum and the Surgical Care Improvement Project. The authors examined compliance of faculty with venous thromboembolism and surgical-site infection prophylaxis and incidence of adverse outcomes in patients at risk.



The authors performed retrospective chart reviews on 243 patients who underwent abdominoplasty or panniculectomy from 2000 to 2007 and documented demographics and adverse outcomes. Analysis was completed using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Obesity was defined as body mass index more than 30 and morbid obesity was defined as body mass index more than 40.



Of 243 patients, 144 (59 percent) were obese. Seventeen patients (7 percent) suffered complications. All 243 patients received at least one form of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. One patient had a deep venous thrombosis, and two had pulmonary embolism. These three patients were morbidly obese. Seventy-four percent of patients received appropriate antibiotics. Thirteen patients (5.3 percent) developed significant postoperative infection requiring hospitalization, 12 (92 percent) of whom received appropriate antibiotics. Eleven of these 13 patients (85 percent) were obese, and seven (54 percent) were morbidly obese. Obesity proved to be the only significant risk factor (p > 0.05).



Despite very good compliance with safe practice initiatives, significant adverse outcomes occurred. Obesity was the only pervasive risk factor. This study highlights the potential need for compliance with quality measures and demonstrates that adverse outcomes may result despite adherence to best surgical practices.
Globalization's costs to healthcare. How can we pay the bill?

As people become ever more globally mobile and electronic communication permeates ever more remote areas of the world, healthcare reaps both benefits and burdens. Instantaneous communication and worldwide collegial collaboration are contributing solutions to complex biologic and technologic healthcare challenges. Patients are able to access healthcare expertise in distant sites through telehealth modalities, as well as through direct contact. Affordable, accessible air transportation renders world society highly and rapidly mobile. Concomitantly, both new and previously remote diseases are spreading in epidemics and pandemics. Both the financial cost and the cost in human lives lost during the time required to uncover the etiology of a new disease and develop efficacious diagnostic and therapeutic modalities to control it can be astronomical. How can society pay the bills when economies around the world are struggling for stability? A new model for reimbursement of the financial burden incurred by epidemics or pandemics is proposed. In addition, nurse executives are encouraged to invest in preparedness, rather than risk the financial and human cost of being unprepared.
Parental Alienation, Dsm-5, and ICD-11

Parental alienation is an important phenomenon that mental health professionals should know about and thoroughly understand, especially those who work with children, adolescents, divorced adults, and adults whose parents divorced when they were children. We define parental alienation as a mental condition in which a child—usually one whose parents are engaged in a highconflict divorce—allies himself or herself strongly with one parent (the preferred parent) and rejects a relationship with the other parent (the alienated parent) without legitimate justification.
The radio intellectual: Specific, general, or just wired?

By investigating the relationship between acoustical technologies and twentieth-century experimental poetics, this collection, with an accompanying compact disc, aims to 'turn up the volume' on printed works and rethink the way we read, hear, and talk about literary texts composed after telephones, phonographs, radios, loudspeakers, microphones, and tape recorders became facts of everyday life. 
 
The collection's twelve essays focus on earplay in texts by James Joyce, Ezra Pound, H.D., Samuel Beckett, William Burroughs, Amiri Baraka, Bob Kaufman, Robert Duncan, and Kamau Brathwaite and in performances by John Cage, Caribbean DJ-poets, and Cecil Taylor. From the early twentieth-century soundscapes of Futurist and Dadaist 'sonosphers' to Henri Chopin's electroacoustical audio-poemes, the authors argue, these states of sound make bold but wavering statements?statements held only partially in check by meaning. The accompanying CD offers soundtracks of early radio sounds, poetry readings, Dada cabaret performances, jazzoetry, audiopoems, and contemporary Caribbean DJ dub poetry.
Stochastic Modeling of Hybrid Cache Systems

In recent years, there is an increasing demand of big memory systems so to perform large scale data analytics. Since DRAM memories are expensive, some researchers are suggesting to use other memory systems such as non-volatile memory (NVM) technology to build large-memory computing systems. However, whether the NVM technology can be a viable alternative (either economically and technically) to DRAM remains an open question. To answer this question, it is important to consider how to design a memory system from a "system perspective",that is, incorporating different performance characteristics andprice ratios from hybrid memory devices. This paper presents an analytical model of a "hybrid page cache system" so to understand the diverse design space and performance impact of a hybrid cache system. We consider (1) various architectural choices, (2) design strategies, and (3) configuration of different memory devices. Using this model, we provide guidelines on how to design hybrid page cache to reach a good trade-off between high system throughput (in I/O per sec or IOPS) and fast cache reactivity which is defined by the time to fill the cache. We also show how one can configure the DRAM capacity and NVM capacity under a fixed budget. We pick PCM as an example for NVM and conduct numerical analysis. Our analysis indicates that incorporating PCM in a page cache system significantly improves the system performance, and it also shows larger benefit to allocate more PCM in page cache in some cases. Besides, for the common setting of performance-price ratio of PCM, "flat architecture" offers as a better choice, but "layered architecture" outperforms if PCM write performance can be significantly improved in the future.
How can Supersymmetry be used in a Simple Quantum Cosmological Model

The general theory of N=1 supergravity with supermatter is applied to a Bianchi type IX diagonal model. The supermatter is constituted by a complex scalar eld and its spin-1 2 fermionic partners. The Lorentz invariant Ansatz for the wave function of the universe, , is taken to be as simple as possible in order to obtain new solutions. The wave function has a simple form when the potential energy term is set to zero. However, neither the wormhole or the Hartle-Hawking state could be found. The Ansatz for used in this paper is constrasted with the more general framework of R. Graham and A. Csordd as. A quantum gravity theory constitutes a desirable goal in theoretical physics as it could lead to a proper uniication of all know interactions within a quantum mechanical point of view. The inclusion of supersymmetry in quantum gravity and cosmology allowed a number of interesting results and conclusions to be achieved in the last ten years or so. Several approaches may be found in the literature, namely the triad ADM canonical formulation, the ?model supersymmetric extension in quantum cosmology, and another approach based on Ashtekar variables  and references therein). The canonical quantization framework of N=1 (pure) supergravity was presented in ref. 3]. It has been pointed out that it would be suucient, in nding a physical state, to solve the Lorentz and supersymmetry constraints of the theory due to the algebra of constraints of the theory. The presence of local supersymmetry could also contribute to the removal of divergences. Moreover, the supersymmetry constraints provide a Dirac-like square root of the second order Wheeler-DeWitt equation. Hence, we were led to solve instead a set of coupled rst-order diierential equations which ought to satisfy. As a result, simple forms for were obtained, representing states such as the Hartle-Hawking (no-boundary) solution or the (ground state) wormhole solution 4]. Most of these results seemed then to emphasize a particular basic track, where a Dirac-like square-root structure is used to obtain directly any physical states. However, this back to basics line*** is not the whole story. On the one hand, it seemed that the gravitational and gravitino modes that were allowed to be excited
Rational Transformations of Formal Power Series

Formal power series are an extension of formal languages. Recognizable formal power series can be captured by the so-called weighted finite automata, generalizing finite state machines. In this paper, motivated by codings of formal languages, we introduce and investigate two types of transformations for formal power series. We characterize when these transformations preserve rationality, generalizing the recent results of Zhang  to the formal power series setting. We show, for example, that the "square-root" operation, while preserving regularity for formal languages, preserves rationality for formal power series when the underlying semiring is commutative or locally finite, but not in general.
Manuela Sáenz: entre el género y la ficcionalización de la historia

Manuela Saenz Aizpuru (1797-1856), known as “The Liberator of the Liberator” and the mistress of Simon Bolivar, is one of the most important and controversial women of the period of Spanish American Independence. Recently, Saenz is on the select list of heroes of this period. However, male contemporaries depicted her as a masculine and immoral woman. Between 1860 and 1940, she was practically erased from official history and literature, due to minimal attention from historians and moralistic positions of society, particularly in her native land, Ecuador. In the middle of the twentieth century, she becomes the subject of writers and biographers who were gradually changing from this ‘negative’ image to a new representation in response to the lack of recognition as a transgressor of women’s spaces (domestic, military, public, and political). This thesis examines Saenz’s representation in a biography and two historical novels of the second half of the twentieth century, and proposes that through re-signification and fictionalization of history it is possible to represent a new figure of Saenz, which corresponds to a type of woman that is closer to the present times in Latin America and, at the same time, becomes a powerful aesthetic, cultural, and political icon.
Methods of Philosophical Research on Human Rights

The author holds that there is no unique philosophical method for good philosophical work on issues of human rights. To the contrary, the same method should govern such research as other philosophical work: the method of 'reflective equilibrium' which seeks the mutual accommodation of moral judgments at various levels of generality to arrive at a consistent theory. One of the central philosophical topics - and one which also seems to create confusion among philosophers and other scholars alike - concerns the appropriate relationship between international, legally binding human rights norms and 'moral' or philosophical human rights. One source of confusion is that they both serve as critical standards for, or constraints on, domestic legislation. For this reason they sometimes seem to be conflated. The article considers two prominent recent attempts at addressing or using that relationship: those of Amartya Sen and Charles Beitz, and uses the method of Reflective Equilibrium to indicate some of their strengths and weaknesses.
Transaction Costs, Norms, and Social Networks: A Preliminary Study of Cooperation in Industrial Buyer-Seller Relationships in the United States and Mexico

This qualitative study looks at the complex relationship of transaction costs, norms, and social networks through a comparison of industrial buyer-seller relationships in the United States and Mexico. Despite arguments by transactioncost theorists that the nature of cooperation in business is largely a function of the nature of investments in transaction assets, this article illustrates several cases where the economic logic is attenuated and a mutual orientation develops as the social structure promotes greater trust either because of shared norms or network ties. It also suggests that asset specificity may at times be a product of the social structure in which the transaction is embedded. The article develops theoretical propositions and suggests directions for future research.
Charles Cotton: New Zealand's most influential geomorphologist

Charles Cotton was New Zealand's foremost advocate for geomorphology. His publications were recognised nationally and internationally, informing educational curricula and captivating the wider public. His approach to landform study was strongly influenced by The Geographical Cycle espoused by William Morris Davis of Harvard University. For the first half of the 20th century, The Cycle constituted the dominant paradigm of landform studies, but it was ultimately severely criticised and abandoned as unrealistic. While Cotton lost credence among some academics for his reluctance to abandon The Cycle, his elegantly illustrated written work made a lasting contribution to many branches of earth science.
The Social Content of Macroeconomic Policies

There is now widespread recognition of the need to integrate macroeconomic policy and social policy, but the mainstream approach is one of adding on social policy. We argue for a transformatory approach which would mainstream gender-equitable social policy within macroeconomic policy. We identify three interlinked biases which prevent this from happening: deflationary bias, "male breadwinner bias" and commodification bias. We illustrate a transformatory approach with the example of the Canadian Alternative Federal Budget. We argue that a social dialogue is necessary for the formulation of such alternatives. Keyword(s): macroeconomic policy; social policy; gender inequality; Comprehensive Development Framework; participation
Analog computing in the Soviet Union: an interview with Boris Kogan

This paper includes an interview with Yakovlevich Kogan, a professor at the Computer Science Dept. of the University of California, Los Angeles. Prof. Kogan has had a fascinating career in the most formative years of the control field. His pioneering work on simulating complex systems, including the development of the Soviet Union's first analog computers and hybrid computers, was critical to the control work being done then. This paper includes Prof. Kogan's views on the first Soviet analog computer, his life and work in the Soviet Union, his contemporaries, his emigration to the US, and his current undertakings.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCUS OF CONTROL AND MORAL JUDGMENTS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

This research assessed the importance of locus of control in explaining the moral judgments people make with reference to moral situations. It was hypothesized that an individual whose locus of control was internal, when presented with moral situations, would make different moral judgments with regards to “right” and “wrong” than an external locus of control individual. 185 college students completed a questionnaire consisting of Rotter's I-E Scale and the Rettig and Pasamanick moral judgment scale. A weak relationship between locus of control and moral judgments was noted. Those moral statements for which locus of control appears relevant have four common characteristics: (1) the student can personally relate to the moral statement, (2) the moral statement contains personal accountability, (3) the immediacy of the moral situation, i.e., whether the individual is directly experiencing or being exposed to the moral situation described in the statement is relevant, and (4) no consensus of society on the Tig...