nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Internet-based intermediaries - the case of the real estate market

A detergent additive product comprising a C5-C18 aliphatic peroxy carboxylic acid bleach precursor in water releasable combination with a non particulate flexible substrate in a weight ratio of precursor to substrate of 30:1 to 1:10. The aliphatic portion of the precursor incorporates a linear chain including and extending from the carbonyl carbon of from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. The product can also include peracetic acid precursors and other compatible organic and inorganic detergent components.
For Show Only—No Performers!

Designers Jerrard and Diana Smith reflect on their collaboration with R. Murray Schafer on the complete Patria Cycle since 1981. Their extreme design had to fit with Schafer's conceptions of both time of day and duration. Costumes had to withstand conditions of performance on lakes, in forests, in ravines and several international tours. In 2011 they mounted exhibitions of the costumes and other artifacts from these productions at the Clarington Museum and Archives (Bowmanville, Ontario) and at Design at Riverside Gallery (Cambridge, Ontario). In this critical discussion they consider how their design can move indoors and be appreciated by the spectators.
The Summation Package Sigma: Underlying Principles and a Rhombus Tiling Application

We give an overview of how a huge class of multisum identities can be proven and discovered with the summation package Sigma implemented in the computer algebra system Mathematica. General principles of symbolic summation are discussed. We illustrate the usage of Sigma by showing how one can find and prove a multisum identity that arose in the enumeration of rhombus tilings of a symmetric hexagon. Whereas this identity has been derived alternatively with the help of highly involved transformations of special functions, our tools enable to find and prove this identity completely automatically with the computer.
New Zealanders on the Population Geography of the Western Island

New Zealand origin academics have played a key role in the academic study of Australia's population in the post-war period. The paper argues that New Zealanders have contributed not only to the furthering of knowledge of the processes of change in the Australian population but have been important in the teaching of population geography in Australian universities, made inputs into policy relating to population and been influential in the development of the Australian Population Association. Major contributions have been made by New Zealanders not only in the traditionally strong areas of population geography such as internal and international migration but also in the areas of fertility, mortality and ageing.
An integrated approach for planning the adoption of client/server systems

A large number of organizations are adopting the client/server technology. For an organization to benefit from the potential advantages of this technology such as reduced development time, improved employee productivity, and increased customer service satisfaction, the process of adoption and integration of client/server systems with existing legacy, mainframe-based systems should be carefully planned and implemented. In this paper, we consider two classes of applications, the first one consisting of applications that can run on either mainframes or client/server systems, but they are better suited for the latter, and the second one consisting of applications that are more appropriate to continue to be hosted by mainframes. In this paper, we present a model for the problem of developing a successful plan to integrate client/server and legacy systems under budget restrictions. A heuristic solution procedure based on a Lagrangean relaxation of the problem is developed. Extensive computational results across a variety of problem structures are reported. These results indicate that the solution procedure is quite effective for a wide range of problem instances.
The Sexual Culture of the French Renaissance

sexual culture? France? Renaissance? 1. The renaissance of sex: Orpheus, mythography and making sexual meaning 2. Heavens below: astrology, generation and sexual (un)certainty 3. Neoplatonism and the making of heterosexuality 4. Cupid makes you stupid: 'bad' poetry in the French Renaissance 5. Politics, promiscuity and potency: managing the king's sexual reputation  dirty thoughts Bibliography.
Investigation of the interaction of Mercurochrome® constituents with proteins using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

The interaction of Mercurochrome®, a medical preparation based on the mercuryorganic compound merbromin, with free thiols in low molecular weight peptides and in proteins has been investigated by means of liquid chromatography (LC) and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). β-Lactoglobulin A (β-LGA) from bovine milk (18.4 kDa) has been used as the model protein. It was found that, in contrast to assumptions in literature, the commercial product itself is a heterogeneous mixture of moderate chemical stability, which may contain precipitated Hg salts depending on storage time and conditions. Further variability results from different degrees of bromination of the fluorescein backbone of the compound. The formation of mercury compound–protein adducts was detected. The peptide sequence T13 containing a free thiol residue was identified as the binding site for mercury species after tryptic digestion of β-lactoglobulin A. While fresh Mercurochrome® tends to the formation of a Hg(II)-β-LGA adducts due to excess Hg2+ in solution, investigations after precipitation of Hg salts yield Hg(merbromin)(β-LGA) as the major product.
Calculation of Equilibrium Constants and Activation Energies for Some Reactions Involving Various Isotopic Species of Hydrogen, Water, and Hydrogen Sulfide

In part I, by means of statistical‐mechanical theory, equilibrium constants are calculated for exchange reactions of the various isotopic forms of hydrogen, water and hydrogen sulfide. The calculations are made over a range of temperature and show the temperature dependence of the reactions. Part II concerns itself with the calculation of activation energies for these various reactions. The computations show that the reactions fall into three main classes. Hydrogen or deuterium, and water or hydrogen sulfide, can be expected to react by a chain mechanism at about 500°C. Water and hydrogen sulfide can be expected to react by either a chain or bimolecular mechanism around 400°C, and the isotopic forms of water or hydrogen sulfide with themselves at 200 to 300°C by a bimolecular mechanism.
GOD AND CHAOS: THE DEMIURGE VERSUS THE UNGRUND

. The human quest for meaning is an attempt to bring experience into conjunction with illuminating concepts. The second law of thermodynamics is of wide human concern, because it touches experience which is existentially charged and therefore which humans must interpret in broad metaphysical terms. Five types of experience have been incorporated into the second law: running down, degeneracy, mixed-up-ness, irreversibility of time, and emergence of new possibilities. The dominant Western tradition (Plato) places these experiences within a metaphysical scheme that evaluates them negatively, whereas a minority tradition (Berdyaev) evaluates them positively. The former makes entropy anti-God; the latter places entropy within God.
Measuring the time-inconsitency of US monetary policy.

This paper offers an alternative explanation for the behaviour of post-war US inflation by measuring a novel source of monetary policy time-inconsistency due to Cukierman (2002). In the presence of asymmetric preferences, the monetary authorities end up generating a systematic inflation bias through the private sector expectations of a larger policy response in recessions than in booms. Reduced-form estimates of US monetary policy rules indicate that while the inflation target declines from the pre-to the post-Volcker regime, the average inflation bias, which is about one per cent before 1979, tends to disappear over the last two decades. This result can be rationalized in terms of the preference on output stabilisation, which is found to be large and asymmetric in the former but not in the latter period.
Frobenius amplitude and strong vanishing theorems for vector bundles

The primary goal of this paper is to systematically exploit the method of Deligne-Illusie to obtain Kodaira type vanishing theorems for vector bundles and more generally coherent sheaves on algebraic varieties. The key idea is to introduce a number which provides a cohomological measure of the positivity of a coherent sheaf called the Frobenius or F-amplitude. The F- amplitude enters into the statement of the basic vanishing theorem, and this leads to the problem of calculating, or at least estimating, this number. Most of the work in this paper is devoted to doing this various situations.
The Political Economy of Colombia's Cocaine Industry

This study provides up-to-date scientific estimates of annual revenues generated by Colombia's illicit cocaine industry (1991-2007), imputed from data on coca production collected by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. While Colombian producers appropriate only a fraction of global revenues from cocaine trafficking and sales, control over production and appropriation of revenues is highly concentrated, suggesting a great capacity for illegal drug-firms to impact Colombian economy and society. We compare narco-capital accumulation within the wider context of the Colombian economy in terms of productivity, employment patterns, growth and concentration of wealth and power and find that narco-production ranks among the most productive and lucrative sectors of the economy. But while the potential for profits is high, the illegal nature of the industry means firms are prone to sabotage and violence from competitors and vulnerable to attempts at suppression of production by the state, making the industry highly volatile and risky. If illegally accumulated drug-money can serve as a source of financing for legal economic activities, thus propping up economic growth in the formal sector, it must also be said that illegally accumulated narco-dollars are used to finance illegal armed groups and contribute to violence and insecurity, particularly for rural peasants.
Entrepreneurial women engineers

gyfirms, as a look a t tbefaces of the top management in such companies quickly confirms. It is true that the pool of technically trained women to bring into the top ranks of management i s small. IM the United States, less than one in ten engineers i s a woman. Worldwide, the number is even smaller, Even 50,far less than 10 percent of tbe chief executive officers and chief technical officers in high-tech U.S. firms are women To become an engineer or a scientist in tbefirst place, a woman needs more than brains and interest. She also needs the actioe encouragement of teachers aizd t b e support of family members to counteract the pervasive impression that women are simply not good a t math aizd science But once through school and into an industrial environment, many women engineers report that technical competence and congeniality alone are inadequate for survival, let alone for success. In fact, vigilance, bulldog determination, and fierce independence are necessary dtfenses against t h e subliminal messages of inferiority, indifference, and isolation that are often sentfrom colleagues and managers This "water torture," as one wornan engineer calls it, causes many wornen to quietly leave the profession. But, for some women, entreprerzeurship may be a rewarding alternative. To answer the question ofwhat professional qualifications and personal characteristics a woman needs to start and run a successful engineering business,  Spectrum recently convened a muidtable oJ entrepreneurial women engineers. At the most basic level, the women felt tbat the requirements f o r entrepreneurial success are the samefor women and men. Beyond the minimum requirements of aptitude, determination, and independence i s the need for exberience and contacts. And these things Pat Nelson [M), founder, Nelson Electronics Inc., Ellicott City, Md , afirm tbat represents manufacturers of electronic componentsfor military and telecommunications systems. Shari Lawrence Pfleeger [MI, president of SystemslSoftwnre Inc., Wasbington, D.C., a consulting firm tbat sDecializes in the eoaluation of technology effectiveness. She is O M the editorial board of IEEE Spectrum and is associate editor-in-chief of IEEE Software magazine. Linda Weaver [SM), cofounder of TecKnowledge Healthcare Systems Inc , Halifax, N. S., Canada, which provides technology products and consulting services to the healthcare community She is the Director of the IEEE Region 7 [Canada) and the President of IEEE Canada.
Hasse Principle for G-quadratic forms

Let k be a global field of characteristic not 2. The classical Hasse-Minkowski theorem states that if two quadratic forms become isomorphic over all the completions of k, then they are isomorphic over k as well. It is natural to ask whether this is also true for G-quadratic forms, where G is a finite group. In the case of number fields the Hasse principle for G-quadratic forms does not hold in general, as shown by Jorge Morales. The aim of this paper is to study this question when k is a global field of positive characteristic. We give a sufficient criterion for the Hasse principle to hold, and also counter examples : note that these are of different nature than those for number fields.
Analysing the Discourse of the 'War on Terror' and its Workings of Power

Since 11 September 2001, the discourse of the 'war on terror' has become one of the most over-used and hegemonic discourses that has shaped domestic politics and international relations worldwide. This paper focuses on the workings of the discourse of 'anti-terrorism' and its linkages to power structures and the institutions that are supported by them. It will look at how the discourse of the 'war on terror' has been used by the governments of Southeast Asia and Western Europe in particular in relation to oppositional forces, both legal and extra-legal; and its wider implications on the development of democracy and democratic spaces in these societies. The aim of this paper is not to study the growth, development or modalities of those movements that are—rightly or wrongly—labelled as 'militant', 'extreme' or 'radical'. Nor does it deny the reality of violent oppositional politics in some societies in both the developed or developing world. What it seeks to do instead is to critically analyse and appraise the political utility of such a discourse when it falls into the hands of ruling elites and state institutions, as well as opposition groups that take an equally instrumental approach to it. Crucially, the paper will attempt to do several things: First, to demonstrate that the discourse of the 'war on terror' is neither new nor unique, and that its antecedents date back to the earlier security discourses of the Cold War; secondly to show how this discourse differs very little from other discourses of identity-construction in its reliance of constitutive oppositional dialectics; and thirdly to show that as a discourse of containment and control the language of the 'war on terror' is just another manifestation of maximalist political power in an age of uncontrollable variables and political uncertainties, which in turn serves the controlling interests of both anti-democratic regimes and religiously fundamentalist forces alike.
Modeling repulsive gravity with creation

There is a growing interest among cosmologists for theories with negative energy scalar fields and creation, in order to model a repulsive gravity. The classical steady state cosmology proposed by Bondi, Gold & Hoyle in 1948, was the first such theory which used a negative kinetic energy creation field to invoke creation of matter. We emphasize that creation plays a very crucial role in cosmology and provides a natural explanation to the various explosive phenomena occurring in local (z < 0.1) and extra galactic universe. We exemplify this point of view by considering the resurrected version of this theory — the quasi-steady state theory, which tries to relate creation events directly to the large scale dynamics of the universe and supplies more natural explanations of the observed phenomena.Although the theory predicts a decelerating universe at the present era, it explains successfully the recent SNe Ia observations (which require an accelerating universe in the standard cosmology), as we show in this paper by performing a Bayesian analysis of the data.
The association between preoperative clinical risk factors and in-hospital strokes and death following carotid endarterectomy in South African patients

Current surgical management of carotid artery disease includes carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In-hospital strokes and death following CEA might be associated with preinduction blood pressure (BP) measurements and other clinical risk factors. The aim of our study was to determine whether or not there is an association between preinduction BP, other clinical risk factors, and in-hospital strokes or death following CEA in a cohort of South African patients. We collected data from medical records relating to clinical risk factors in patients, preinduction BP measurements, and in-hospital strokes and death, following CEA. The association between preinduction BP and clinical risk factors, and postoperative neurological morbidity and mortality, was analysed using univariate statistical methods. Our cohort consisted of 76 patients who underwent CEA. Eight of these patients had in-hospital strokes or death following their surgery. An association between a history of hypertension or other ...
Uncertainty in Economic Thought

Uncertainty in Economic Thought brings together an international group of scholars to explore the treatment of uncertainty in various different schools of economic thought. Beginning with the nineteenth century and the Austrian School, this major volume discusses orthodox and heterodox views on risk, uncertainty and expectations, from Knight and Keynes to Maurice Allais. Demonstrating that new insights can be found by examining the work of past economists, the authors focus on the two major paths linking uncertainty to economics: the decision-making process itself and system dynamics. After addressing the foundations and concepts of the uncertainty debate, the distinguished contributors, who include such figures as Mark Perlman, Charles McCann, Christian Schmidt, Omar Hamouda and Robin Rowley, discuss the main trends in the history of economic thought aswell as statistical and mathematical approaches.
Bulk and surface structures of the Aurivillius phases: Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2.00)

A convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) study of Bi2La2Ti3O12 was performed. As in the case of Bi3LaTi3O12, it reveals a lowering of symmetry with respect to the idealized structure (space group I4/mmm) of Aurivillius phases. The structure of Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 (x = 1 and 2) compounds has been refined from powder X-ray diffraction data, showing that the interlayer mismatch between fluorite-like and perovskite-like layers is relieved by the conjuction of cation disorder and lowering of symmetry. HREM studies performed on Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 (x = 0, 0.75, and 2) compounds show that the La-containing compounds exhibit intergrowth defects within a thickness of ∼5 nm from the crystal surface to bulk. Taking into account both the enrichment of the surface with La and Bi, and the preference of La3+ for a 12-fold coordination, a model is proposed for the formation of such defects. They correspond to the growth of A-site cation-deficient perovskite compounds, (Bi,La)3.33Bi2Ti2O12 and (Bi,La)3.66Bi3TiO12.
Crystal Structure of BaTiO3 Ultrafine Particles via the Sol-Gel Method

BaTiO3 and BaTiO3:Gd3+ ultrafine particles were prepared by the sol-gel method. 0.1mol% of Ba2+ was substituted by Gd3+ for BaTiO3:Gd3+ powders. Electron spin resonance measurements were carried out for these powders to clarify the crystal structure. The crystallite size of these particles was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis with the aid of Scherrer's equation as well as transmission electron microscopy. The crystallite size of these particles is 25 to 40 nm. The profile of the electron spin resonance spectrum at room temperature for BaTiO3: Gd3+ powder suggests that the phase present in these powder samples possesses an intermediate structure between the tetragonal and cubic phases at room temperature.
Studies on diversity, natural history, and conservation of amphibians.

My first concern was proper classification of Japanese toads, and I was engaged in macro-biology of Bufo . At the same time, I noticed that there remained many taxonomic problems about other amphibian taxa in Japan. Similarly, it was made clear that taxonomic problems remained unresolved outside of Japan, even in Borneo where quite a few studies had already been made. I found many taxa that have been synonymized or relegated to be subspecies actually represent good species. Within these 30 years, I described a total of 22 species and one subspecies of 10 genera (four species in one genus of hynobiids, two species and one subspecies in two genera of bufonids, four species in three genera of megophryids, 11 species in three genera of ranids, and one species in one genus of rhacophorids), but there still remain many undescribed taxa at hand. Through recent studies of DNA phylogeny, phylogenetic relationships of many lineages that were systematically complex have been resolved, and on the bases of results obtained, I am now trying to elucidate history of diversity formation in Asian amphibians. At the species level, amphibians are even more diversified than mammals, and thus, elucidation of whole species diversity of this group and description of all species even in the Asian region surely require much more time.
The Future of Securitization

Securitization is a financial innovation that experiences a boom-bust cycle, as many other innovations before. This paper analyzes possible reasons for the breakdown of primary and secondary securitization markets, and argues that misaligned incentives along the value chain are the primary cause of the problems. The illiquidity of asset and interbank markets, in this view, is a market failure derived from ill-designed mechanisms of coordinating financial intermediaries and investors. Thus, illiquidity is closely related to the design of the financial chains. Our policy conclusions emphasize crisis prevention rather than crisis management, and the objective is to restore a 'comprehensive incentive alignment'. The toe-hold for strengthening regulation is surprisingly small. First, we emphasize the importance of equity piece retention for the long-term quality of the underlying asset pool. As a consequence, equity piece allocation needs to be publicly known, alleviating market pricing. Second, on a micro level, accountability of managers can be improved by compensation packages aiming at long term incentives, and penalizing policies with destabilizing effects on financial markets. Third, on a macro level, increased transparency relating to effective risk transfer, risk-related management compensation, and credible measurement of rating performance stabilizes the valuation of financial assets and, hence, improves the solvency of financial intermediaries. Fourth, financial intermediaries, whose risk is opaque, may be subjected to higher capital requirements.