nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact Models to Assess Regional Acidification

Sensitive receptors such as soil and fresh bodies of water are at the end of a long chain of events in the process of regional acidification. This chain begins thousands of kilometers upwind at the emitters of acidifying pollutants. The topics covered in this book are important in the study of regional acidification for two reasons. First, it is important to assess the sensitivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to the deposition of acidifying pollutants. If the sensitivity of an ecosystem is known, then international control strategies can be developed to reduce deposition in the receptor areas of greatest importance. This is an important factor in designing the most effective strategies because of the very high costs of reducing emissions of acidifying pollutants. 

Second, it is important to be able to predict changes in ecosystems for decades into the future, whether it be an improvement owing to decreases in acidifying emissions or, alas, a further deterioration because control strategies are nonexistent or inadequate. In either event, it is important to be able to judge the results of our actions. 

Decision makers tend to be mistrustful of models unless they can judge their reliability. The application and testing of the models in Part III of this book cover, therefore, an important facet of model building. 

This book is an ideal companion to another book that is forthcoming from the Transboundary Air Pollution Project at IIASA: The RAINS Model of  Science and Strategies in Europe. The latter book is a description of the development and use of the Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation (RAINS) model, an integrated assessment model for developing and determining control strategies to reduce regional acidification in Europe. Much of the research described in this book forms part of the foundation of the RAINS model. These two books cover a great deal of the present knowledge about assessing and dealing with a very important environmental problem in Europe regional acidification.
The Birth of Intimacy: Privacy and Domestic Life in Early Modern Paris

Preface by Pierre Chaunu.  1. Geographic Location of Households in Paris and its Suburbs. 2. A Sample of the Population in Paris. 3. The Parisian Home: From Vertical to Horizontal. 4. Daily Actions in the Privacy of the Home. 5. Elements of Convenience in the Home. 6. Home Decoration. 7. A Look at Spiritual and Cultural Life as seen through Household Objects.  List of Scholars who contributed to the Preparation of this Work. Suggested Reading.
The matrix of chromatic joins and the Temperley-Lieb algebra

We show that the matrix of chromatic joins, that is associated with the revised Birkhoff-Lewis equations, can be expressed completely in terms of functions defined on a generalization of the Temperley-Lieb algebra. We give a self-contained account of the aspects of the Temperley-Lieb algebra that are essential to this context since these are not easily obtainable in this form. Of interest in the theory of these equations are recursions for the inverse of the matrix of chromatic joins. We show that the approach given here is a natural one which provides clear insight into the investigation of the properties of the inverse, and we give an instance of a recursion. It is hoped that these techniques will be of further value in the study of the revised Birkhoff-Lewis equations.
Between worlds : a sourcebook of Central European avant-gardes,1910-1930

The avant-garde movements of Central Europe were an integral part of modernism's evolution as it reached its peak throughout the continent during the 1920s. Written documents--manifestoes, artists' statements, and reviews--were the lifeblood of these movements and, during the periods when political events conspired to isolate them, one of their few means of communication and exchange. Much of this crucial evidence has become lost to us, and the artistic avant-gardes of Central Europe have been a blind spot of modernist studies. Until their narratives have been recovered, the story of modernism will remain incomplete. In this book an international team of scholars has selected an essential compendium of documents that take an important step toward regaining this lost perspective.Between Worlds contains primary documents of the avant-gardes in Austria, the Czech lands, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia from 1910 to 1930. The manifestoes and magazines of Western European radical art circles are well known to Western scholars, but few have researched the pages of magazines such as Zenit, Integral, Punct, 75 HP, Tank, and Ma. We know about Italian Futurism but not about Polish Futurism. Few Westerners are aware that French surrealist magazines drew much of their inspiration from Czech publications. The hundreds of documents in the book, almost all of them translated into English for the first time, bring back into circulation landmark texts by the major writers, editors, artists, magazines, and movements of Central Europe. With this publication they are restored to their rightful place in the pantheon of modernism.Between Worlds is distributed for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Embedded-Graph Theory

In this paper, we propose a new type of graph, denoted as "embedded-graph", and its theory, which employs a distributed representation to describe the relations on the graph edges. Embedded-graphs can express linguistic and complicated relations, which cannot be expressed by the existing edge-graphs or weighted-graphs. We introduce the mathematical definition of embedded-graph, translation, edge distance, and graph similarity. We can transform an embedded-graph into a weighted-graph and a weighted-graph into an edge-graph by the translation method and by threshold calculation, respectively. The edge distance of an embedded-graph is a distance based on the components of a target vector, and it is calculated through cosine similarity with the target vector. The graph similarity is obtained considering the relations with linguistic complexity. In addition, we provide some examples and data structures for embedded-graphs in this paper.
Hospital-associated venous thromboembolism in children: incidence and clinical characteristics.

To determine incidence and clinical characteristics of hospital-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pediatric patients.



A retrospective analysis of patients with hospital-associated VTE at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1994 to 2009 was performed. Clinical characteristics of patients aged 21 years and younger who developed VTE symptoms after 2 days of hospitalization or <90 days after hospital discharge were examined. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes were used to categorize patients with complex chronic medical conditions and trauma.



There were 270 episodes of hospital-associated VTE in 90,485 admissions (rate 30 per 10,000 admissions). Young adults (18-21 years) and adolescents (14-17 years) had significantly increased rates of VTE compared with children (2-9 years) (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 7.7, 95% CI 5.1-12.0; IRR 4.3, 95% CI 2.7-6.8, respectively). A central venous catheter (CVC) was present in 50% of patients, and a surgical procedure was performed in 45% of patients before VTE diagnosis. For patients without a CVC, trauma was the most common admitting diagnosis. CVC-related VTE was diagnosed most frequently in infants (<1 year old) and in patients with malignancy. Renal and cardiac diseases were associated with the highest rates of VTE (51 and 48 per 10,000, respectively). Rates were significantly higher among those with ≥ 4 medical conditions compared with those with 1 medical condition (IRR 4.0, 95% CI 1.4-8.9).



Older age and multiple medical conditions were associated with increased rates of hospital-associated VTE. These data can contribute to the design of future clinical trials to prevent hospital-associated VTE in high-risk children.
In Context — Genes, Organisms and Evolution Illustrated Through Algae and Buttercups

An Algal Order, the Dascycladales and a Family of higher plants, the Ranunculaceae, are used as examples for discussion on the robust nature and intrinsic wholeness of the order of organisms in time and space. The developmental cycle of species, both algae and buttercups, research on morphogenesis, a resultant mathematical model and hands-on experience of plant phenomena all provide discussion material on our experience of the origin of form and the action of genes in the context of organisms, species and wider taxonomic groupings.
On the Correspondence Between Proofs and Lambda-Terms

The correspondence between natural deduction proofs and λ-terms is presented and discussed. A variant of the reducibility method is presented, and a general theorem for establishing properties of typed (first-order) λ-terms is proved. As a corollary, we obtain a simple proof of the Church-Rosser property, and of the strong normalization property, for the typed λ-calculus associated with the system of (intuitionistic) first-order natural deduction, including all the connectors →, ×, +, ∀,∃ and ⊥ (falsity) (with or without η-like rules). Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-93-01. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/418 On the Correspondence Between Proofs and A-Terms MS-CIS-93-01 LOGIC & COMPUTATION 54
An ethical (anti-)constitutionalism? Transformation for a transfigured public

How do we critically engage South African constitutionalism today? This is the basic question that will animate this article. In order to investigate this, I will specifically look at the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996 (the Constitution) from the perspective of an ethics of liberation. This investigation will proceed by way of two main points of discussion, namely an exposition of Enrique Dussel's formulation of an ethics of liberation and an application of this ethics of liberation related to the Constitution as critique. The three fundamental principles - material, formal, feasible - of an ethics of liberation will be discussed and applied, in the form of three questions, to the current constitutional order. These questions will then be discussed and answered in order to show how the Constitution came into being due to a process of unethical feasibility.
Internal friction in WC-Co hard metals☆

Internal friction measurements have been performed on various grades of WC-Co cemented carbides from room temperature to 1000°C. These composite materials exhibit an internal friction spectrum which is mainly composed of a relaxation peak and a high temperature exponential background. The peak appears in the same temperature range where an increase in toughness has been observed and interpreted as being due to a brittle-to-ductile transition of the material. The exponential background can be associated with high temperature creep phenomena. The analysis of the results obtained shows the important role of the cobalt binder phase in the mechanical behaviour of WC-Co.
Earth science data activities in India

Earth science tries to reconstruct events of the past from the imperfect and limited records contained in rocks. It also helps us to predict such hazards as earthquakes, landslides, high floods, volcanic eruption, etc., for which better knowledge of geological phenomena is required. Earth science also has very importan t economic aspects. We depend on it for all our mineral resources including ground water and energy. Minerals playa vital role in industrialization and national economy. The recent developments in the generation, collection and analysis of earth science data calls for the acquisition of greater volumes of information than were required and readily recordable previously. In order to assimilate these necessary data, computers have been employed for storage, retrieval and analysis as an essential preliminary step to data interpretation.
American Penology: A History of Control

The purpose of American Penology is to provide a story of punishment's past, present, and likely future. The story begins in the 1600s, in the setting of colonial America, and ends in the present. As the story evolves through various historical and contemporary settings, America's efforts to understand and control crime unfold. The context, ideas, practices, and consequences of various reforms in the ways crime is punished are described and examined. Though the book's broader scope and purpose can be distinguished from prior efforts, it necessarily incorporates many contributions from this rich literature. While this enlarged second edition incorporates select descriptions and contingencies in relation to particular eras and punishment ideas and practices, it does not limit itself to individual "histories" of these eras. Instead, it uses history to frame and help explain particular punishment ideas and practices in relation to the period and context from which they evolved. The authors focus upon selected demographic, economic, political, religious, and intellectual contingencies that are associated with historical and contemporary eras to show how these contingencies shaped America's punishment ideals and practices. In offering a new understanding of received notions of crime control in this edition, Blomberg and Lucken not only provide insights into the future of punishment, but also show how the larger culture of control extends beyond the field of criminology to have an impact on declining levels of democracy, freedom, and privacy.
The electromagnetic Lorentz condition problem and symplectic properties of Maxwell- and Yang-Mills-type dynamical systems

Symplectic structures associated with connection forms on certain types of principal fiber bundles are constructed via analysis of reduced geometric structures on fibered manifolds invariant under naturally related symmetry groups. This approach is then applied to nonstandard Hamiltonian analysis of dynamical systems of Maxwell and Yang–Mills types. A symplectic reduction theory of the classical Maxwell equations is formulated so as to naturally include the Lorentz condition (ensuring the existence of electromagnetic waves), thereby solving the well-known Dirac–Fock–Podolsky problem. Symplectically reduced Poissonian structures and the related classical minimal interaction principle for the Yang–Mills equations are also considered.
Theoretical methodical foundations of natural anthropogenic objects comprehensive analysis and ecological assessment

The new approach in assessing the natural and anthropogenic objects’ state from the sustainable development point of view based on the different stages of their study is proposed. The comprehensive assessment based on MIPS-analysis and risk-estimation of the state of economic, ecological, and social constituent objects are used to improve the quality of decision-making to reduce the risk level in the natural and anthropogenic complexes’ state. This article offers the algorithmic support for implementing the comprehensive methodology for assessing the conformance of ecological, social, and economical aspects of systems to ecological quality requirements.
Notes on California as an Island: There’s truth in old maps

This article considers California as an island, as a place apart. In five fragments, it looks at the state as a place where ideas are exchanged, imported and exported; as a place whose economy, geography and politics keep it apart from the rest of the country; as islands within islands; as a place that early cartographers and explorers believed to literally be an island; and as a place of ecological richness rivaling mythical islands.
Hospitalization in the Year Preceding Major Oncologic Surgery Increases Risk for Adverse Postoperative Events

BackgroundHospitalization is associated with negative clinical effects that last beyond discharge. This study aimed to determine whether hospitalization in the year before major oncologic surgery is associated with adverse outcomes.MethodsPatients 18 years of age or older with stomach, pancreas, colon, or rectal cancer who underwent resection in California and New York (2008–2010) were included in the study. Patients with hospitalization in the year prior to oncologic resection (HYPOR) were identified. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association of prior hospitalization with the following adverse outcomes: inpatient mortality, complications, complex discharge needs, and 90-day readmission. Subset analysis by cancer type was performed. Outcomes based on temporal proximity of hospitalization to month of surgical admission were evaluated.ResultsOf 32,292 patients, 16.3% (n = 5276) were HYPOR. Patients with prior hospitalization were older (median age, 72 vs 67 years; p < 0.001) and had more comorbidities (Elixhauser Index ≥3, 86.5 vs 75.3%; p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, HYPOR was associated with complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–1.40), complex discharge (OR, 1.44; 95% CI 1.34–1.55), and 90-day readmission (OR, 1.45; 95% CI 1.35–1.56). The interval from HYPOR to resection was not associated with adverse outcomes.ConclusionsPatients hospitalized in the year before oncologic resection are at increased risk for postoperative adverse events. Recent hospitalization is a risk factor that is easily ascertainable and should be used by clinicians to identify patients who may need additional support around the time of oncologic resection.
An Interview with Ernest Mancoba

Ernest Mancoba (1904–2002) was born in Boksburg on the rim of Johannesburg. He first studied at a teachers’ training college in the diocese of Pietersburg, then taught there from 1925 to 1929. He is one of the most unrecognised painters and sculptors of the twentieth century. He began his education at the Christian school of Pietersburg, where in 1929 his Bantu Madonna created a scandal. It showed her barefoot with African features, her hand making the gesture made by Bantu girls on nearing the head of the family. This break with tradition was not limited to iconography but extended by implication to the whole Christian world‐view as upheld in the West. Seven years later the Madonna was placed in the Anglican cathedral of St Mary in Johannesburg. In 1938 he moved to Paris, was imprisoned during the war, then lived in Denmark before going back to Paris at the end of the 1940s. In 1948, with colleagues including Asger Jorn and Karel Appel, he founded the highly influential art‐group CoBrA. He died ...
Against Dogma: On Superluminal Propagation in Classical Electromagnetism

It is deeply entrenched dogma that relativity theory prohibits superluminal propagation. It is also experimentally well-established that under some circumstances, classical electromagnetic fields propagate through a dielectric medium with superluminal group velocities and superluminal phase velocities. But it is usually claimed that these superluminal velocities do not violate the relativistic prohibition. Here I analyze electromagnetic fields in a dielectric medium within a framework for understanding superluminal propagation recently developed by Geroch(1996, 2011) and elaborated by Earman(2014). I will argue that for some parameter values, electromagnetic fields do propagate superluminally in the Geroch-Earman sense.
Automating QSAR expertise

The Discovery Bus, a multi-agent software system designed for automating aspects of Molecular Design, particularly expert decision making, is described. It extends approaches aimed at automating the processing of drug discovery information but where control remains with the human expert, to automating the “tacit knowledge” of the expert and best practice, which we model as a workflow, and experience, which we model as alternative, competing processing nodes in the workflow. 
 
An example application of this architecture to automating QSAR best practice will be described with examples of specific models as well as performance metrics for large numbers of QSAR datasets, multiple descriptors and alternative learning methods will be described. Recent extensions of the approach to multi-objective, reverse QSAR will also be covered. These extensions use a particle swarm algorithm to identify Pareto Solutions for multiple QSAR models in descriptor space, following by an evolutionary approach to generate novel structures proximate those solutions.
An investigation and study of settlement observation in building engineering

The relevant standards of the state and industry stipulate that the building engineering settlement observation should be adopted, but comparing with the one and second class precise leveling surveying, the building engineering has its own characteristics. According to the national and industry standards and combining the authors' practical experience of settlement observation, this paper discusses the problems of how to set the settlement observation points, how to implement the settlement observation and how to arrange the cycle of the settlement observation, this paper gives valuable methods and suggestions in the end.
Jung and the mystical theology of the Eastern Orthodox Church: Comments on common ground

The authors present a comparison of the cosmological, theological, and anthropological assumptions that underlie the mystical traditions of the Eastern Orthodox Church and certain of Jung's mystical observations about the universe, God, and humankind. It is argued that, one touchstone of scientific validity being the universality of observations independently made, the common ground of the two divergent systems of Eastern Orthodox and Jungian mysticism suggests a universality and scientific validity in Jung's assumptions about the “great unknown.”
The Role of Experience in Export Market Entry: Evidence for UK Firms

The recent literature on firm exporting behaviour has pointed out to sunk-cost as key determinant of export behaviour yet little insight into what they include or how they vary with experience. In this paper we provide fresh evidence on the barriers to exporting and the role of export experience and other firm-level characteristics. Our results indicate that experience matters but in a non-linear manner. The sunk-costs of exporting initially rise with experience. Overall; these results suggest the existence of a process of learning by doing whereby firms learn how to cope with export barriers through direct experience in export markets.
The Impact Of Regulatory Stringency On The Foreign Direct Investment Of Global Pharmaceutical Firms

Cross-national regulatory differences in safety, price and intellectual property protection are an inherent feature of the operating environment of the global pharmaceutical firm. Institutional, transaction cost and more recent ‘race to the bottom’ theories assume that regulation represents a cost to the firm; therefore firms ‘vote with their feet’ and avoid investment in stringently regulated markets. However, a cross-national empirical study of the FDI levels of 20 firms across 19 markets reveals that regulatory stringency is not related to FDI, and price control stringency is positively related to FDI, when controlling for other market factors. National governments are not powerless in games of regulatory arbitrage, and have in fact developed adaptive strategies to maintain high regulatory standards and FDI simultaneously. Furthermore, global firms weigh various factors in their investment decisions, and suffer from classic optimisation problems, including information asymmetries and bounded rationality, which prevent total ‘regulatory optimisation’. The implications for existing theories of international business, globalisation and regulation are discussed.