nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Hole Argument and Some Physical and Philosophical Implications

This is a historical-critical study of the hole argument, concentrating on the interface between historical, philosophical and physical issues. Although it includes a review of its history, its primary aim is a discussion of the contemporary implications of the hole argument for physical theories based on dynamical, background-independent space-time structures.The historical review includes Einstein’s formulations of the hole argument, Kretschmann’s critique, as well as Hilbert’s reformulation and Darmois’ formulation of the general-relativistic Cauchy problem. The 1970s saw a revival of interest in the hole argument, growing out of attempts to answer the question: Why did three years elapse between Einstein’s adoption of the metric tensor to represent the gravitational field and his adoption of the Einstein field equations?The main part presents some modern mathematical versions of the hole argument, including both coordinate-dependent and coordinate-independent definitions of covariance and general covariance; and the fiber bundle formulation of both natural and gauge natural theories. By abstraction from continuity and differentiability, these formulations can be extended from differentiable manifolds to any set; and the concepts of permutability and general permutability applied to theories based on relations between the elements of a set, such as elementary particle theories.We are closing with an overview of current discussions of philosophical and physical implications of the hole argument.
Pyrometamorphism of limestones and the temperature of basaltic magmas

Calc-silicate rocks which have been subjected to thermal metamorphism (sanidinite or spurrite-merwinite facies) are described from three localities on the Siberian Platform. All have formed in the aureoles of subvolcanic basaltic intrusions. The temperature of metamorphism, as estimated from the earlier published experimental data, is about 800–1000°C, whilst the temperature of the basaltic magma is believed to have been not less than 1200°C.
Fallen Woman Redeemed: Eliot, Victorianism, and Opera in Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Cats

In their hit musical Cats, Trevor Nunn and Andrew Lloyd Webber juxtapose the poetry of T.S. Eliot with musical elements from a wide range of sources, including various genres of popular music and opera. Cats can be read in the context both of social and political efforts in the early 1980s to revivify an idealized Victorian past, and of scholarly attempts to understand the continuing impact of Victorian discourses around femaleness and sexuality. The figure of Grizabella, the fallen cat/woman, reveals the persistence of this powerful sexual and theatrical archetype, never directly acknowledged by her creators.
Carbon Management - Evidence from Case Studies of German Firms Under the EU ETS

This paper examines the management practices of German firms with obligations under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) based on six structured in-depth interviews with managers of firms from different industries and based on survey data. The paper sheds light on management and trading practices, abatement behaviour, and the impact of the EU ETS on long-term decisions, such as investment decisions or innovative capacity. The aim is to provide information on firm-internal management processes related to the EU ETS and to strengthen intuition for microeconomic consequences of greenhouse gas regulation in a cap-and-trade scheme. The analysis reveals that management practices in the EU ETS are mainly driven by emission levels, firm size, pre-existing management structures and production patterns. While larger emitters (about 100,000 tCO2 per year or larger) are perfectly capable to carry out all relevant tasks, smaller emitters behave more passively due to transaction costs and lower expected return of transactions. Our analysis suggests that institutional responds to regulation should be taken into account for the design of greenhouse gas regulation.
Powerful Intuitions: Re-reading Nature versus Nurture with Charles Darwin and Clifford Geertz

Argument Both the British naturalist Charles Darwin and the American anthropologist Clifford Geertz attempted explanations of the origin of variation: the former of the biological kind, the latter of the cultural kind. In so doing, both made claims that outstripped the evidence they possessed. But, in retrospect, in light of the history of the Nature versus Nurture debate, they nevertheless seem prescient, thereby possessing a kind of scientific “intuition.” By looking closely at these two intuitions, historically divided, but united by the concept of “variation,” this article argues that it is not always a “bad” thing to be either unaware or ignorant, that truths need not necessarily lead to other truths, and that one form of knowledge may be relevant to another, even when the second form is not consciously understood.
The Laws of Architecture From a Physicist's Perspective

Three laws of architectural order are obtained by analogy from basic physical principles. They apply to both natural and man-made structures. These laws may be used to create buildings that match the emotional comfort and beauty of the world's great historical buildings. The laws are consistent with Classical, Byzantine, Gothic, Islamic, Eastern, and Art Nouveau architectures; but not with the modernist architectural forms of the past 70 years. It seems that modernist 20th century architecture intentionally contradicts all other architectures in actually preventing structural order.
Development of cubesats in an educational context

For the last decade development and construction of student cubesat satellites has played an important part in the engineering Master Program within Electrical Engineering and Information Technology at Aalborg University, Denmark. Due to the extend of such projects, it is important to focus on keeping the students interested and active within the satellite projects, and keep them engaged until the end of the project. This paper focuses on benefits as well as pitfalls in the process of students developing and operating their own satellite as part of their education. Finally, a comparison is made between the two most recent AAU satellites, the AAUSAT-II and AAUSAT3, which serves to illustrate, that setting the students free, can result in radical new ways of designing satellites.
ECBS Education and Training Working Group Report

The Education and Training Working Group (WG) of the IEEE Computer Society Engineering of Computer-Based Systems (ECBS) Technical Committee was formed during the 1995 ECBS Conference and Workshop in Tucson, Arizona. It has since then conducted every year a two days workshop during the ECBS conferences. Additional work was done during these years by members of the WG preparing the materiel for discussions during the annual meetings. The objectives of the WG are to prepare graduate and undergraduate curricula, and outlines of industrial training programs in Engineering of Computer-Based Systems and to promote them. The WG has been active in the following areas: • Preparation of an ECBS curriculum for a Degree Program at Master Level
The exponential rank of nonarchimedean exponential fields

Based on the work of Hahn, Baer, Ostrowski, Krull, Kaplansky and the Artin-Schreier theory, and stimulated by a paper of S. Lang in 1953, the theory of real places and convex valuations has witnessed a remarkable development and has become a basic tool in the theory of ordered fields and real algebraic geometry. In this paper, we take a further step by adding an exponential function to the ordered field.
Governing “secrecy” in medical modernity: knowledge power and the mi-yi outlaws

AbstractThis paper pursues the genealogies of mi-yi (secret doctors) as a threshold figure to attend to the questions of state-mediated governance and knowledge power concerning medical modernity in postwar Taiwan. To consider the mi-yi figure as symptomatic of Taiwan's medical modernity, I inquire into the question of how the scientific discourse of modernity as purported by the class of medical professionals converges with state power to discipline and regulate medical subjects and practices vis-a-vis the discourse of mi-yi. To this end, I analyze the anti-mi-yi discourse that emerged since the 1950s to discuss how the modern medical profession employed a language of science, rationality, and security that initiated an extended state surveillance of unregulated medical subjects and practices. The second part of the essay reads Chen Yingzhen's novella, Zhao Nandong as part of Taiwan's medical “archives” to explore the politics of embodied medical labor as a situated instance of the contradictions of medi...
Late-modernity and the Theorisation of Race in New Zealand

Race, ethnicity and racism are issues of mounting significance in New Zealand .This paper argues that it is necessary to situate contemporary racisms within the recent social transformations of late-modernity that have created new anxieties and fears. Using a racism-modernity problematic, this paper situates past and present anti-Asiatic racisms within their legislative and socio-political contexts. It is argued that in present conditions of late modernity, it is instructive to depart from the timeless notion of racism as colour or cultural discrimination and to instead deploy a broader definition that holistically includes the various pathologies that are specific to contemporary expressions of racisms.
Black leaders (a review article)

John Hope Franklin and August Meier (eds.), Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1982,372 pp. Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro‐American Communist, Liberator Press, Chicago, 1978,700 pp. Philip S. Foner (ed.), Paul Robeson Speaks: Writings, Speeches, Interviews, Quartet Books, London, 1978,623 pp.
Managing and mining large graphs: systems and implementations

We are facing challenges at all levels ranging from infrastructures to programming models for managing and mining large graphs. A lot of algorithms on graphs are ad-hoc in the sense that each of them assumes that the underlying graph data can be organized in a certain way that maximizes the performance of the algorithm. In other words, there is no standard graph systems based on which graph algorithms are developed and optimized. In response to this situation, a lot of graph systems have been proposed recently. In this tutorial, we discuss several representative systems. Still, we focus on providing perspectives from a variety of standpoints on the goals and the means for developing a general purpose graph system. We highlight the challenges posed by the graph data, the constraints of architectural design, the different types of application needs, and the power of different programming models that support such needs.
 This tutorial is complementary to the related tutorial "Managing and Mining Large Graphs: Patterns and Algorithms".
Fungal trehalose phosphorylase: kinetic mechanism, pH-dependence of the reaction and some structural properties of the enzyme from Schizophyllum commune.

Initial-velocity measurements for the phospholysis and synthesis of alpha,alpha-trehalose catalysed by trehalose phosphorylase from Schizophyllum commune and product and dead-end inhibitor studies show that this enzyme has an ordered Bi Bi kinetic mechanism, in which phosphate binds before alpha,alpha-trehalose, and alpha-D-glucose is released before alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. The free-energy profile for the enzymic reaction at physiological reactant concentrations displays its largest barriers for steps involved in reverse glucosyl transfer to D-glucose, and reveals the direction of phospholysis to be favoured thermodynamically. The pH dependence of kinetic parameters for all substrates and the dissociation constant of D-glucal, a competitive dead-end inhibitor against D-glucose (K(i)=0.3 mM at pH 6.6 and 30 degrees C), were determined. Maximum velocities and catalytic efficiencies for the forward and reverse reactions decrease at high and low pH, giving apparent pK values of 7.2--7.8 and 5.5--6.0 for two groups whose correct protonation state is required for catalysis. The pH dependences of k(cat)/K are interpreted in terms of monoanionic phosphate and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate being the substrates, and of the pK value seen at high pH corresponding to the phosphate group in solution or bound to the enzyme. The K(i) value for the inhibitor decreases outside the optimum pH range for catalysis, indicating that binding of D-glucal is tighter with incorrectly ionized forms of the complex between the enzyme and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. Each molecule of trehalose phosphorylase contains one Mg(2+) that is non-dissociable in the presence of metal chelators. Measurements of the (26)Mg(2+)/(24)Mg(2+) ratio in the solvent and on the enzyme by using inductively coupled plasma MS show that exchange of metal ion between protein and solution does not occur at measurable rates. Tryptic peptide mass mapping reveals close structural similarity between trehalose phosphorylases from basidiomycete fungi.
Different Approaches to Bankruptcy

In the last fifteen years or so, lawyers working in law and economics and economists with an interest in legal matters have turned their attention to the topic of bankruptcy. A large amount of work has resulted, both theoretical and empirical, some of which has been concerned with the functioning of existing bankruptcy procedures and some with bankruptcy reform. Although researchers in this area have expressed different views, I believe that one can identify a consensus on certain issues, e.g., the goals of bankruptcy and some of the characteristics of an efficient bankruptcy procedure. This paper summarizes this consensus. One point I will stress is that it is unlikely that one size fits all.' That is, although some bankruptcy procedures can probably be rejected as being manifestly bad, there is a class of procedures that satisfy the main criteria of efficiency. Which procedure a country chooses or should choose may then depend on other factors, e.g., the country's institutional structure and legal tradition. One can also imagine a country choosing a menu of procedures and allowing firms to select among them.
Determination of the defect density in thin film amorphous and microcrystalline silicon from ESR measurements: The influence of the sample preparation procedure

Accurate evaluation of the defect density (N D ) is of high relevance for the optimization of thin film silicon. The spin density (N S ) measured in ESR experiments is often used as a measure for the density of deep defects in the material, assuming that all defects are in a paramagnetic charge state. However, exposure to air, water, or acid during ESR sample preparation can potentially change the N S in a sample and lead to misinterpretation of N D . We have investigated how the preparation procedures of a Si thin film ESR sample may affect the properties of its ESR spectrum. Samples of different structural composition from highly crystalline μc-Si:H to a-Si:H deposited by PECVD on Mo-foil, Al-foil and ZnO:Al were studied for different states of exposure to ambient conditions and annealing. N S measured directly after sample preparation and after air exposure was found to be higher than N S measured in the annealed state. Particularly in highly crystalline material this discrepancy may reach one order of magnitude. On the other hand in a-Si:H and medium crystalline μc-Si:H relevant for applications, the difference in N S between air-exposed and annealed conditions is smaller. ESR measurements performed at 40 K suggest that atmospheric exposure leads to charging of the defect states, which in turn influences the evaluated spin density.
Pilgrimage: The necessary journey

Pilgrimage , by Dorothy M. Richardson, is the portrayal of Miriam Henderson's struggle for independence and freedom in a society hostile to female self-reliance. The novel explores the external barriers to her liberation and analyses what it actually means to be a woman. Whilst accepting many of the masculine definitions of feminity Richardson asserts that the traditionally foolish and endearing characteristics of women — their illogicality or lack of abstract reasoning — are actually virtues that make women the deeper and wiser sex. More important, however, is the internalised conflict of Miriam, who as the surrogate son, the woman who contains ‘masculine’ qualities, becomes a symbol of the confusions and tensions of the transitional age in which she lives. And today as much as yesterday Richardson speaks for thousands of women who also feel they fight alone.
A new insight into the formation of odor active carbonyls by thermally-induced degradation of phospholipids in self-assembly structures.

The role of molecular organization in heated aqueous dispersions of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and egg phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was studied with respect to the formation of key odorants. Evidence was found for the crucial role of self-assembly structures adopted by phospholipid molecules on the quantitative composition of volatile constituents. The concentrations of seven aldehydes and one vinyl ketone were determined by isotope dilution assay in heated aqueous dispersions of PC and PE present in various ratios. Addition of PE to PC drastically decreased the amount of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal formed, which cannot be explained by the differences in the fatty acid composition of PC and PE. The free amino group in PE does not explain this phenomenon either, as replacing PE by phosphatidic acid distearylester also reduced the amounts of (E,E)-2,4-decadienal. We suggest that the type of self-assembly structure adopted by phospholipids in water significantly influences the reaction yields. However, the mechanisms leading to the preferred formation of phospholipid-derived odorants in a lamellar phase, as compared to the reversed hexagonal phase, remain unknown.
AURA: Preliminary Technical Results

This paper presents AURA, a programming language for access control that treats ordinary programming constructs (e.g., integers and recursive functions) and authorization logic constructs (e.g., principals and access control policies) in a uniform way. AURA is based on polymorphic DCC and uses dependent types to permit assertions that refer directly to AURA values while keeping computation out of the assertion level to ensure tractability. The main technical results of this paper include fully mechanically verified proofs of the decidability and soundness for AURA's type system, and a prototype typechecker and interpreter. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-08-10.  University of Pennsylvania Technical Report MS-CIS-08-10
Calibration of the channel that determines the omega-hydroxylation regiospecificity of cytochrome P4504A1: catalytic oxidation of 12-HALODOdecanoic acids.

The fatty acid omega-hydroxylation regiospecificity of CYP4 enzymes may result from presentation of the terminal carbon to the oxidizing species via a narrow channel that restricts access to the other carbon atoms. To test this hypothesis, the oxidation of 12-iodo-, 12-bromo-, and 12-chlorododecanoic acids by recombinant CYP4A1 has been examined. Although all three 12-halododecanoic acids bind to CYP4A1 with similar dissociation constants, the 12-chloro and 12-bromo fatty acids are oxidized to 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid and 12-oxododecanoic acid, whereas the 12-iodo analogue is very poorly oxidized. Incubations in H(2)(18)(2)O show that the 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid oxygen derives from water, whereas that in the aldehyde derives from O(2). The alcohol thus arises from oxidation of the halide to an oxohalonium species that is hydrolyzed by water, whereas the aldehyde arises by a conventional carbon hydroxylation-elimination mechanism. No irreversible inactivation of CYP4A1 is observed during 12-halododecanoic acid oxidation. Control experiments show that CYP2E1, which has an omega-1 regiospecificity, primarily oxidizes 12-halododecanoic acids to the omega-aldehyde rather than alcohol product. Incubation of CYP4A1 with 12,12-[(2)H](2)-12-chlorododecanoic acid causes a 2-3-fold increase in halogen versus carbon oxidation. The fact that the order of substrate oxidation (Br > Cl >> I) approximates the inverse of the intrinsic oxidizability of the halogen atoms is consistent with presentation of the halide terminus via a channel that accommodates the chloride and bromide but not iodide atoms, which implies an effective channel diameter greater than 3.90 Angstroms but smaller than 4.30 Angstroms.
Game vendors' influence on the monetary value of virtual goods

Computer games have become an important socio-economic phenomenon. Millions of people play online games and game vendors' revenues are increasing. As a new emergence, virtual (i.e. in-game) goods are traded for real money. However, not much research has yet been conducted on the monetary effects of virtual economies. Therefore, we present the theoretical background and a study of how the monetary value of virtual goods is influenced by game vendors. The study is based on a large dataset gained from web shops that we monitored for a period of several months and is analyzed in order to find out whether effects known from real economies apply to their virtual counterparts. We not only present our findings, but also discuss them and derive directions for future research.
Louis Agassiz, a life in science

A giant of nineteenth-century natural history study, Louis Agassiz made major contributions to modern knowledge of geology, paleontology, and zoology. Agassiz's fame in America was largely as a popularizer of natural history and teacher of advanced students. Founding the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard was his lasting teaching and research achievement, and the Smithsonian Institution and National Academy of Sciences benefited from his impulse to professionalize science. A life-long opponent of the theory of evolution. Agassiz affirmed the magnificence of God's plan to all who would "study nature, not books".
Foundations for Knowledge-Based Programs using ES

Reiter proposed a semantics for knowledge-based Golog programs with sensing where program execution can be conditioned on tests involving explicit references to what the agent knows and does not know. An important result of this work is that reasoning about knowledge after the execution of actions can be reduced to classical reasoning from an initial first-order theory. However, it is limited in that tests can only refer to what is known about the current state, knowledge about knowledge is not considered, and the reduction does not apply to formulas with quantifying-in. This is in large part due to the choice of the underlying formalism, which is Reiter's version of the situation calculus. In this paper we show that, by moving to a new situation calculus recently proposed by Lakemeyer and Levesque, we cannot only reconstruct Reiter's foundations for knowledge-based programs but we can significantly go beyond them, which includes removing the above restrictions and more.
El tema de la soledad en la narrativa de Soledad Puértolas

This text studies the novels and short stories of post-Franco Spanish writer, Soledad Puertolas, examining the dominant and unifying theme of solitude and loneliness. Literal and visual correspondences are established with the "realistic" paintings of Edward Hopper and other contemporary artists. Puertolas's fiction exposes the social and moral ills of her country and of all men confronting the solitude of their lives at the end of the twentieth century; indifference and the lack of communication are constant themes, conveyed with a style that is often lyrical.