nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A kinetic study of the reactions between H2O2 and Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase; evidence for an electrostatic control of the reaction rate.

H2O2 was shown to reduce the copper ion of native bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) (ECu2+) and to oxidize the reduced enzyme (ECu+). The time-course of these processes was monitored by NMR measurement of the longitudinal relaxation rate of the water protons. A steady-state characterized by the same ratio [ECu2+]/[( EC2+] + [ECu+]) was obtained either by starting from the oxidized or the reduced enzyme. The kinetics of these processes appear to be quite complex, since different reactions between H2O2, or its reaction products, and the enzyme-bound copper control the reaction rate. The solution of the differential equations describing the kinetic processes showed that the oxidation and the reduction of the copper ion by H2O2 are first-order with respect to the copper ion itself only when these processes approach the steady-state. The rate constants of the reduction and oxidation reactions were calculated according to these equations and were found to have comparable values which are in the range 5-80 and 5-45 M-1.min-1, respectively, changing the pH from 5.6 to 7 at 0.21 M ionic strength. This result, together with the dependence of the reaction rates on pH and ionic strength, points to HO2- as the reactive species in both processes, and indicates that the electrostatic control of the access of the peroxide to the active site is the rate-determining step of the two redox reactions.
Effect of psychiatry liaison with general practitioners on depression severity in recently hospitalised cardiac patients: a randomised controlled trial.

To evaluate the effect on depressive symptoms in cardiac patients of patient-specific advice to general practitioners regarding management of comorbid depression.



A randomised controlled trial in four general hospitals in Adelaide, South Australia.



Patients (n = 669) admitted to cardiology units for a range of cardiovascular conditions who were screened and assessed as being depressed according to the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).



Inpatient psychiatric review, followed by telephone case conferencing between specialist hospital staff and GPs to provide patient-specific information about the patient's depression and its management, educational material, and ongoing clinical support.



Level of depression severity at 12 months post-hospitalisation.



On the basis of intention to treat, intervention patients had lower rates of moderate to severe depression (CES-D > or = 27) after 12 months (25% v 35%, relative risk, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.96, number needed to treat for benefit, 11). The intervention was most effective in preventing progression from mild depression to moderate to severe depression. The multidisciplinary telephone case conferencing was difficult to implement and, in a post hoc analysis, brief phone advice from a psychiatrist was found to be effective.



Screening hospitalised cardiac patients for depression and providing targeted advice to their GPs reduces depression severity 12 months after hospitalisation.
The Effects of Financial Conditions and Managerial Ideologies on Corporate Downsizing: Some Evidence from the U.S. Investor-Owned Electric Utilities Industry,

Downsizing is frequently referred to as a cost reduction strategy, however reviews of the existing empirical evidence question if downsizing can actually reduce costs or contribute to long term increases in profitability and performance (Budros, 1997; Cascio, 1993). The current uncertainty about the financial consequences of downsizing suggests the need for a multivariate study to explain pervasive downsizing occurring in the 1990s. The purpose of this study is to explore the financial and ideological determinants of corporate downsizing. Relatively little research has explored the potential causes of down-sizing, though several researchers have expressed concern over the lack of empirical studies investigating critical drivers of downsizing Specifically, the model developed in this study explores multiple causal factors of down-sizing in the investor-owned electric utilities industry. Several current studies have found that firms do not necessarily improve their financial situation or improve productivitypose that other causes of downsizing play a prominent role. In essence, I argue that ideological forces influence decisions to downsize in addition to other reported reasons, such as cost reduction. I hypothesize that the top managers' desire to conform to managerial ideologies can explain variance in downsizing over and above economic and financial causes. One hundred and fifty-five investor-owned electric utility companies that were in existence over the time period 1992-1995 were studied. Data were collected by conducting a content analysis of the letters to shareholders portion of company annual reports and by consulting archival data. A structured questionnaire was administered to a select group of ten industry executives to discover managerial ideologies prevalent in the industry. A panel of experts was used at a later time to validate the ideological constructs. Results of the study support the general proposition that variation in downsizing cannot be fully explained by the variation in company profits, productivity, or overhead costs. The findings indicate that negative change in return on sales and negative changes in overhead costs can explain some of the variance in downsizing levels. The findings also indicate that companies with senior executives who believe strongly in the benefits of market competition are more likely to later downsize. In addition, firms undergoing merger and acquisition activity are more likely to downsize in the following year, while firms that offer Employee Stock Option Programs are less likely to downsize.
Synthesis of CdS nanoparticles with enhanced optical properties

Size tunability of thioglycerol capped cadmium sulphide nanoparticles has been achieved by controlling the capping reagent concentration as well as annealing temperature through chemical precipitation method. Optical and structural properties of CdS nanoparticles were studied through UV–Vis absorption, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Synthesis at 0.6 ml thioglycerol concentration produces stable nanoparticles of smallest size nearly 3 ± 0.5 nm having narrow size distribution, high photoluminescence intensity and lower crystallinity. Annealing improves the crystallinity and reduces the defects levels. The attachment of particles, existence of intrinsic stacking faults, extrinsic stacking faults, twin boundaries, interface dislocations as well as clear lattice fringes in high resolution transmission electron microscopy images are also discussed.
The farthest record of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province into West Africa craton: Precise 40Ar/39Ar dating and geochemistry of Taoudenni basin intrusives (northern Mali)

The Taoudenni basin dike swarm (northern Mali) is one of the densest dike complexes of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). A combined geometrical (dike directions), geochemical (major and trace elements, Sr and Nd isotopes), and geochronological (40Ar/39Ar dating) study is presented for the first time on the dikes and sills in this area. The CAMP-related magmatic event is confirmed, revealing a main peak in activity at 198.1 Ma. Dike orientations are clearly correlated with geochemical signatures: the E–W trending dikes have intermediate-Ti concentrations with La/Yb > 8; the N–S or NW–SE trending dikes (and the sills) have low-Ti contents, with La/Yb < 7. Although almost all 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of both dike groups overlap, N–S and intermediate trending dikes could be slightly younger (peak at 197.2 Ma) than the E–W trending dikes (peak at 198.1 Ma). Timing and geochemical evolution on the dikes supported by comparison with contemporaneous lava flows in Morocco suggest that a single sub-continental lithospheric mantle source underwent increasing extents of partial melting (4% during initial stages and 7–15% during later ones) with more pronounced magmatic evolution and crustal contamination in the final stages. Finally, the dike directions are not in agreement with the radial pattern that would be predicted by a plume model for the CAMP. Alternatively, the evolution of the Taoudenni dike pattern may have been controlled by reactivation of older crustal structures and by later massive magma storage at depth in response to thermal incubation beneath the Pangea supercontinent.
On Expressing Vague Quantification and Scalar Implicatures in the Logic of Partial Information

In this paper, we use the logic of partial information to re-examine some early analyses of vague quantifiers in French such as quelques,peu,beaucoup that are found in particular in the work of O. Ducrot . Our approach is based on the paradigm offered by the logical formalization of the sorites paradox. We claim that this paradox offers a general scheme along which the argumentation structure of all vague quantifiers in French may be expressed. We offer a variational principle approximating Grice's maxims in the case of vague quantification.
Florence and Rosamond Davenport Hill and the Development of Boarding Out in England and Australia: a study in cultural transmission

The adoption of boarding out by state children's departments across Australia is often attributed to the influence of English social reformers Florence and Rosamond Davenport Hill, whose visit to the colonies in the early 1870s coincided with a period of growing dis-ease with existing provisions for neglected children. However, after their return to Britain, they used their experience in the colonies to castigate English authorities for being too slow to adopt a similar course. This article complicates existing theories of cultural transmission in relation to ideas about child welfare. It analyses the ways in which the Davenport Hill sisters laid claim to their expert speaking position, and argues for the importance of informal networks in the development of child welfare policy in the years before the rise of transnational children's rights organisations.
MANTLE SOURCE AND TECTONIC SETTINGS FOR THE VOLCANIC ROCKS FROM DANZHOU GROUP IN LONGSHENG AREA, NORTHERN GUANGXI

Danzhou group in Longsheng area formed at late Proterozoic era (820～760 Ma), and its Hetong formation is composed of spilite and rhyolite which constitute the bimodal rock association. The source magma of spilite deserved from enriched lower lithospheric mantle which had ever been metasomatized by fluid from subducted slab. Rhyolite and spilite are the products of cogenetic magma through the process of crystallization and differentiation. Bimodal volcanic rocks formed at an extensional setting of continental lithospheric thinning, and related to the activities of mantle plume, which led to the breakup of late Proterozoic Rodinia supercontinent.
Distributed cloud association in downlink multicloud radio access networks

This paper considers a multicloud radio access network (M-CRAN), wherein each cloud serves a cluster of base-stations (BS's) which are connected to the clouds through high capacity digital links. The network comprises several remote users, where each user can be connected to one (and only one) cloud. This paper studies the user-to-cloud-assignment problem by maximizing a network-wide utility subject to practical cloud connectivity constraints. The paper solves the problem by using an auction-based iterative algorithm, which can be implemented in a distributed fashion through a reasonable exchange of information between the clouds. The paper further proposes a centralized heuristic algorithm, with low computational complexity. Simulations results show that the proposed algorithms provide appreciable performance improvements as compared to the conventional cloud-less assignment solutions.
Equation of State in Numerical Relativistic Hydrodynamics

Relativistic temperature of gas raises the issue of the equation of state (EOS) in relativistic hydrodynamics. We study the EOS for numerical relativistic hydrodynamics, and propose a new EOS that is simple and yet approximates very closely the EOS of the single-component perfect gas in relativistic regime. We also discuss the calculation of primitive variables from conservative ones for the EOSs considered in the paper, and present the eigenstructure of relativistic hydrodynamics for a general EOS, in a way that they can be used to build numerical codes. Tests with a code based on the total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme are presented to highlight the differences induced by different EOSs.
Egalitarianism and the Generation of Inequality

The belief that existing distributions of income and wealth are unjust has come to be widely held, and has prompted the inclusion of egalitarian measures in many political programmes. This work uses the methods of reasoned history and comparative statistics to arrive at an assessment of egalitarianism. After reviewing the outlooks of the ancient and medieval worlds, it traces the rise of egalitarianism from the Renaissance and Reformation onwards. A complementary approach is provided by a wide survey of actual distributions of income and wealth: what is known of them in the past, what form they take in contemporary societies, and the economic processes that generate them. These comprehensive studies lead to an inquiry into the authority of equality as a principle of social philosophy, and the practicability of egalitarian policy.
Mechanical properties and microstructure of Ti5Si3 based composites prepared by combination of MASHS and SPS in Ti-Si-Ni and Ti-Si-Ni-C systems

Mechanical properties, synthesis behavior, microstructure and oxidation resistance of Ti 5 Si 3 -based composites prepared by combination of mechanically activated self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (MASHS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) in Ti-Si-Ni and Ti-Si-Ni-C systems were investigated. Ti 5 Si 3 -Ti 2 Ni composite was synthesized in Ti-Si-Ni system while Ti 5 Si 3 -TiC-Ti 2 Ni was formed in the Ti-Si-Ni-C. Microstructural analyses showed that Ni and C extensively distributed in Ti 5 Si 3 phase and formed interstitial and substitutional solid solution titanium silicide. The activation energy values of 126 and 135 kJ/mol were calculated for initiation of combustion reaction in Ti-Si-Ni and Ti-Si-Ni-C systems, respectively. The isothermal oxidation behavior of the samples in air atmosphere was studied by TGA analysis and near the same oxidation resistance was detected. The fracture toughness of fabricated composites in Ti-Si-Ni and Ti-Si-Ni-C systems reached to 5 ± 0.1 and 6.1 ± 0.12 MPam 1/2 , respectively. The higher fracture toughness in Ti-Si-Ni-C system is related to the uniform distribution of TiC in the composite.
The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment

Contributing Authors Darrin Donato U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Nancy Kelly U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Annette La Greca University of Miami Joshua Morganstein Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Joseph Reser Griffith University Josef Ruzek U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Shulamit Schweitzer U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Mark M. Shimamoto* U.S. Global Change Research Program, National Coordination Office Kimberly Thigpen Tart National Institutes of Health Robert Ursano Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Issues of medical necessity: a medical director's guide to good faith adjudication.

The term medical necessity is difficult to define, a problem for insurers who need to clearly describe what is and is not covered in their contracts with subscribers. An unclear, vague definition of medical necessity leaves insurers vulnerable to litigation by subscribers denied care deemed medically unnecessary. To avoid lawsuits, insurers must make every effort to educate their subscribers about their medical coverage, going beyond merely providing a lengthy subscriber handbook. In decisions on medical necessity, medical directors at insurance companies play a key role. They can bolster the insurer's position in denial-of-care cases in numerous ways, including keeping meticulous records, eliminating unreasonable financial incentives, maintaining a claims denial database, and consulting with other insurers to achieve a consensus on medical necessity.
Research Policy and Review 24. State Science Policy and Economic Development in the United States: A Critical Perspective

The economic impact of two major recessions in the United States (in the 1970s and early 1980s), together with cutbacks in federal spending during the 1980s, have made individual states more aware of their comparative advantage both in economic and in political terms. As a result, states have become more explicitly concerned with their own science policies and with how technological innovation can enhance their prospects for economic development. In this paper we explore the complex nature of science policy in the US intergovernmental system, examine the rigorous resource allocation issues involved, and look at a number of different types of technology-based economic development policies that have to date grown around the country.
Introduction to Diophantine Approximation. Part II

In the article we present in the Mizar system ,  the formalized proofs for Hurwitz’ theorem [4, 1891] and Minkowski’s theorem . Both theorems are well explained as a basic result of the theory of Diophantine approximations appeared in , . A formal proof of Dirichlet’s theorem, namely an inequation |θ−y/x| ¬ 1/x has infinitely many integer solutions (x, y) where θ is an irrational number, was given in . A finer approximation is given by Hurwitz’ theorem: |θ − y/x| ¬ 1/ √ 5x . Minkowski’s theorem concerns an inequation of a product of non-homogeneous binary linear forms such that |a1x + b1y + c1| · |a2x + b2y + c2| ¬ ∆/4 where ∆ = |a1b2 − a2b1| 6 = 0, has at least one integer solution.
Optimal policy with credibility concerns

This paper considers a reputation model of optimal taxation in which the public is unsure about the government type. A long-lived government can be trustworthy (meaning that it commits to its announced tax rate) or opportunistic (meaning that it retains the ability to change its tax rate after announcing it). Unlike in most prior studies, the committed strategy in this model is optimally chosen by the trustworthy type. We show that this change has significant consequences for the equilibrium dynamics. The optimal committed strategy is found to vary with the time preferences of the two government types, the initial reputation of the government, and the elasticity of household production. This formulation explains differences in policy responses across governments in the face of similar credibility problems.
Famous Figures and Diagrams in Economics

Famous Figures and Diagrams in Economics describes the role of our most important visual tools in the development of economic theory. The goal of the book is to provide an account of each of the most prominent diagrams in economic analysis along with the history of each discovery. Each topic is presented by an expert in the field, providing a variety of approaches emphasising the origins, controversies, graphical representations, applications and extensions of each subject. The coverage of topics is exhaustive including basic demand and supply analysis, welfare economics, general equilibrium analysis, open economies, macroeconomic analysis and stabilisation, growth theory, and specialty topic areas. All told, 58 topics are described in 468 pages.
pH profile of the adsorption of nucleotides onto montmorillonite

The effect of adsorbed ions and pH on the adsorption of several purine and pyrimidine nucleotides on montmorillonite was studied. The cations used to prepare homoionic montmorillonite were Na+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+. The nucleotides studied were 5′-, 3′-, and 2′-AMP, and 5′-CMP in the pH range 2 through 12. The results show that preferential adsorption amongst nucleotides and similar molecules is dependent upon pH and the nature of the substituted metal cation in the clay. At neutral pH, it was observed that 5′-AMP was more strongly adsorbed than 2′-AMP, 3′-AMP, and 5′-CMP. Cu2+ and Zn2+ clays showed enhanced adsorption of 5′-AMP compared to the other cation clays studied in the pH range 4–8. Below pH 4, the adsorption is attributed to cation and anion exchange adsorption mechanisms; above pH 4, anion exchange may also occur, but the adsorption (when it occurs) likely depends on a complexation mechanism occurring between metal cation in the clay exchange site and the biomolecule. It is thus proposed that homoionic clays may have played a significant role in the concentration mechanism of biomonomers in the prebiotic environment, a prerequisite step necessary for the formation of biopolymers in the remaining steps leading to the origin of life.
Processing of co-continuous ceramic composites by reactive penetration method: influence of composition of ceramic preforms and infiltrating alloys

The reactive penetration of Al based alloys in massive silica glass and sintered preforms (made of silica, silica plus silicon carbide or silica plus aluminium nitride) was investigated. The reactions occurring during preform sintering and reactive metal penetration were preliminarily studied by Differential Thermal Analysis. Square bars of co-continuous composites were then processed by using this reactive metal penetration (RMP) method. The effect on infiltration rate of temperature, alloying elements added to aluminium (Mg and Si) and preform microstructure (composition and porosity) was assessed. The microstructure of both sintered preforms and final co-continuous composites was investigated by XRD, SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Vickers, Charpy, bending and tensile tests were used to study the mechanical behaviour of composite bars. The addition of magnesium to molten aluminium (used for infiltration) enhances the penetration rate, while the process speed decreases with the preform porosity increase. The addition of silicon to the molten bath decreases the infiltration rate, but this element is needed in order to avoid the detrimental formation of aluminium carbide, otherwise resulting from the reaction between Al and SiC. The thermal expansion and the mechanical features of the composites greatly change when SiC or AlN are mixed to the silica powders used for preform fabrication.
The Namche Barwa syntaxis: evidence for exhumation related to compressional crustal folding

Geological observation in the eastern end of the Himalayas shows that the Asia/India suture is folded and continues southward into India and Burma where the continuation of the Transhimalayan plutonic complex can be identified. Metamorphic rocks derived from India occur structurally below the suture, in the core of a regional antiform. Isotopic and fission track dating are consistent with the geological interpretation. In addition, they establish cooling exhumation of rocks from c . 30 km depth within the last 4 Ma. Rapid exhumation of deep crustal levels in mountain systems is generally related to extension subsequent to thermal softening of a thickened continental lithosphere. However, in the Eastern Himalayas, we argue that exhumation is caused by c . 10 mm yr −1 erosion coeval with crustal scale folding. The general history of this syntaxis resembles the evolution of the western Himalayas syntaxis in Pakistan.