nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cost analysis of the Communication and Low Mood (CALM) randomised trial of behavioural therapy for stroke patients with aphasia.

To evaluate the cost effectiveness of a behavioural therapy intervention shown to be clinically effective in comparison with usual care for stroke patients with aphasia.



Randomised controlled trial with comparison of costs and calculation of incremental cost effectiveness ratio.



Community.



Participants identified as having low mood on either the Visual Analog Mood Scale sad item (≥50) or Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire Hospital version 21 (SADQH21) (≥6) were recruited.



Participants were randomly allocated to behavioural therapy or usual care using internet-based randomisation generated in advance of the study by a clinical trials unit.



Outcomes were assessed at six months after randomisation, blind to group allocation. The costs were assessed from a service use questionnaire. Effectiveness was defined as the change in SADQH21 scores and a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed comparing the behavioural group with the usual care control group. The cost analysis was undertaken from the perspective of the UK NHS and Social Services.



The greatest difference was in home help costs where there was a saving of £56.20 in the intervention group compared to an increase of £61.40 in the control group. At six months the SADQH21 score for the intervention group was 17.3 compared to the control group value of 20.4. This resulted in a mean increase of 0.7 in the control group, compared to a mean significant different decrease of 6 in the intervention group (P = 0.003). The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio indicated that the cost per point reduction on the SADQH21 was £263.



Overall the behavioural therapy was found to improve mood and resulted in some encouraging savings in resource utilisation over the six months follow-up.
Long-term follow-up of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council protocols for childhood acute Lymphoblastic leukaemia, 1980–2001

Between 1980 and 2001, the United Kingdom Medical Research Council Childhood Leukemia Working Party conducted four clinical trials in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), which recruited a total of 6516 patients. UKALL VIII examined the role of daunorubicin in induction chemotherapy, and UKALL X examined the role of post-induction intensification. Both resulted in major improvement in the outcomes. UKALL XI examined the efficacy of different methods of central nervous system-directed therapy and the effects of an additional intensification. ALL97, which was initially based on the UKALL XD template (two intensification phases), examined the role of different steroids in induction and of different thiopurines through continuing chemotherapy. A reappraisal of results from UKALL XI compared with other cooperative group results led to a redesign in 1999, which subsequently resulted in a major improvement in outcomes. In addition, ALL97 and ALL97/99 showed a significant advantage for the use of dexamethasone rather than prednisolone; although the use of 6-thioguanine resulted in fewer relapses, this advantage was offset by an increased incidence of deaths in remission. Over the era encompassed by these four trials, there has been a major improvement in both event-free and overall survival for children in the United Kingdom with ALL.
Results of a transtheoretical model-based alcohol, tobacco and other drug intervention in middle schools.

Early use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs threatens the physical and mental well-being of students and continued use negatively affects many areas of development. An internet-based, tailored intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change was delivered to middle school students to reduce alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. This internet-based approach requires very little faculty and staff time, which is efficient given curricular demands.



Twenty-two middle schools in the United States were matched and randomly assigned to either the intervention or control conditions (N=1590 students who had ever used substances). Participants received one pre-test assessment, three thirty-minute intervention sessions over three months, and two post-test assessments (3 and 14 months after pre-test, respectively).



Random effects logistic models showed significant treatment effects for the intervention group when compared to the control group at the 3-month post-test.



This program has the potential to be applied as stand-alone practice or as part of more intensive interventions to promote substance use cessation.
A Case for Automated Debugging Using Data Structure Repair

Automated debugging is becoming increasingly important as the size and complexity of software increases.This paper makes a case for using constraint-based data structure repair, a recently developed technique for fault recovery, as a basis for automated debugging.Data structure repair uses given structural integrity constraints for key data structures to monitor their correctness during the execution of a program.If a constraint violation is detected, repair performs mutations on the data structures, i.e., corrupt program state, and transforms it into another state, which satisfies the desired constraints.The primary goal of data structure repair is to transform an erroneous state into an acceptable state.Therefore, the mutations performed by repair actions provide a basis of debugging faults in code (assuming the errors are due to bugs).A key challenge to embodying this insight into a mechanical technique arises due to the difference in the concrete level of the program states and the abstract level of the program code: repair actions apply to concrete data structures that exist at runtime, whereas debugging applies to code.We observe that static structures (program variables) hold handles to dynamic structures (heap-allocated data), which allows bridging the gap between the abstract and concrete levels.We envision a tool-chain where a data structure repair tool generates repair logs that are used by a fault localization tool and a repair abstraction tool that apply in synergy to not only identify the location of fault(s) in code but also to synthesize debugging suggestions.An embodiment of our vision can significantly reduce the cost of developing reliable software.
An oily fish diet increases insulin sensitivity compared to a red meat diet in young iron-deficient women.

Beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids on a variety of physiological functions have been reported, but information related to the effects of oily fish consumed within a varied diet on glucose metabolism and diabetes risk is scarce. The objective of the study was to compare the effects of a diet rich in oily fish to those of a diet rich in red meat on lipid profile, oxidative status, glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in young, iron-deficient women. The study was designed attending the CONSORT statement guidelines. It was a randomised crossover dietary intervention study with two 8-week periods. Two diets were designed differing only in their oily fish or red meat content (four portions per week). Twenty-five young iron-deficient women with normal lipid, glucose and insulin levels participated in the assay. Lipid profile (total, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, TAG), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and oxidation (lipoperoxides) and inflammation (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) biomarkers were analysed. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI). Insulin levels significantly decreased and insulin sensitivity significantly increased with the oily fish diet. HDL-cholesterol significantly increased with the oily fish diet. Other parameters did not significantly differ between diets. An increase in oily fish consumption increases insulin sensitivity in young iron-deficient women. This outcome should be considered when giving dietary advice to this population.
Arterial elasticity and plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in type 2 diabetic patients treated with thiazolidinediones

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve peripheral insulin sensitivity, but the effect on arterial stiffness is less clear. The aim of the present study was to assess the differential effect of pioglitazone or rosiglitazone on arterial stiffness and plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Thirty-five type 2 diabetic subjects were randomly assigned to receive pioglitazone (30 mg/day; n = 14), rosiglitazone (4 mg/day; n = 11), or placebo (medical nutrition therapy; n = 10) for 12 weeks. Changes in plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, adiponectin, and leptin were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks. In parallel, large arterial compliance (C1) and small arterial compliance (C2) were measured at baseline and at the end of treatment period.  At 12 weeks, the rosiglitazone (P = 0.026) and pioglitazone (P = 0.004) groups had a significant increase from baseline in adiponectin that was not seen in the medical nutrition therapy group. No significant changes in plasma leptin and in C1 and C2 elasticity indexes were observed over the entire study period in any of the treatment groups.  In this study of patients with type 2 diabetes, treatment with TZDs was associated with a significant improvement in adiponectin levels, although no significant effects were seen on leptin levels and arterial elasticity.
Postoperative Pain After Lumbar Disc Surgery: A Comparison Between Parenteral Ketorolac and Narcotics

Objective. Lumbar discectomy is a common elective surgical procedure but many patients still experience postoperative back pain which may delay hospital discharge. We therefore evaluated the efficacy of a parenteral non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, ketorolac, for the management of post-surgical pain.  Methods. Fifty three patients undergoing lumbar discectomy at a Medical School affiliated Veterans Administration hospital were randomly assigned to receive either: 1) 30 mg intramuscular ketorolac upon surgical closure and every 6 hours for 36 hours and narcotic analgesics as needed (PRN); or 2) only narcotic analgesics as needed. A blinded observer recorded the average, minimum and maximum postoperative pain intensity using a Numeric Pain Intensity Scale; total postoperative narcotic consumption, complications, length of hospitalization (from surgery to discharge) and outcome at 6 weeks.  Results. The patients who received ketorolac reported significantly lower average (p<0.001), minimum (p<0.001), and maximum (p<0.001) pain scores than patients receiving only narcotic analgesics. Cumulative narcotic doses (standardized to parenteral morphine) were significantly lower in the ketorolac group (p< 0.001). There was no significant difference between groups in the frequency of side effects, and no complication specifically associated with ketorolac use was observed. Mean length of hospitalization was significantly shorter (p=0.05) in patients receiving ketorolac than in patients receiving only narcotics. Six weeks after surgery 5 (19.2%) patients who received only narcotics were troubled by persistent back pain. By contrast, all patients who received ketorolac were free of back pain at follow-up (p=0.03).   These results suggest that ketorolac, when used with PRN narcotics, is more effective than PRN narcotics alone for postoperative pain following lumbar disc surgery. In addition, this strategy also may contribute to early discharge from hospital after lumbar disc surgery.
Optimal Pancreatic Phase Delay with 64-Detector CT Scanner and Bolus-tracking Technique.

To assess the optimal pancreatic phase delay in terms of parenchymal enhancement and tumor-to-pancreas contrast with a bolus-tracking method.



Patients referred for suspicion of pancreatic tumor and undergoing 64-detector computed tomography scanner were randomized to an individualized scan delay of 10, 20, or 30 seconds of nonionic contrast material (370 mg I/mL) after aortic enhancement above 150 Hounsfield units. The volume of contrast was adjusted to patient weight. Pancreatic and tumor enhancements were measured. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests.



One hundred and fifty patients were randomized to individualized scan delays of 10, 20, or 30 seconds. Pancreatic parenchymal enhancement in all patients (n = 150) was significantly higher with a delay of 20 or 30 seconds than that with 10 seconds (P < .001 for both). Tumor-to-pancreas contrast for solid tumors (n = 59) was significantly higher with a delay of 30 seconds than that with 10 seconds (P = .015). Adenocarcinoma-to-pancreas contrast during pancreatic phase was significantly higher for a 20- or 30-second delay than for a 10-second delay (P = .027 and .011, respectively) for one reader.



With a flow rate of 4 mL/s and weight-adjusted contrast volume, an individualized scan delay of 30 seconds after aortic transit time revealed higher pancreatic enhancement and tumor-to-pancreas contrast than that with a delay of 10 seconds.
Breastfeeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Breastfeeding has been inversely related to breast cancer risk in the general population. Clarifying the role of breastfeeding among women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation may be helpful for risk assessment and for recommendations regarding prevention. We present an updated analysis of breastfeeding and risk of breast cancer using a large matched sample of BRCA mutation carriers. We conducted a case-control study of 1,665 pairs of women with a deleterious mutation in either BRCA1 (n = 1,243 pairs) or BRCA2 (n = 422 pairs). Breast cancer cases and unaffected controls were matched on year of birth, mutation status, country of residence and parity. Information about reproductive factors, including breastfeeding for each live birth, was collected from a routinely administered questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between ever having breastfed, as well as total duration of breastfeeding, and the risk of breast cancer. Among BRCA1 mutation carriers, breastfeeding for at least one year was associated with a 32% reduction in risk (OR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.91; P = 0.008); breastfeeding for two or more years conferred a greater reduction in risk (OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.74). Among BRCA2 mutation carriers, there was no significant association between breastfeeding for at least one year and breast cancer risk (OR = 0.83; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.31; P = 0.43). These data extend our previous findings that breastfeeding protects against BRCA1-, but not BRCA2-associated breast cancer. BRCA mutation carriers should be advised of the benefit of breastfeeding in terms of reducing breast cancer risk.
Comparison of manual therapy and exercise therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized clinical trial.

To determine the effectiveness of a manual therapy program compared with an exercise therapy program in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip.



A single-blind, randomized clinical trial of 109 hip OA patients was carried out in the outpatient clinic for physical therapy of a large hospital. The manual therapy program focused on specific manipulations and mobilization of the hip joint. The exercise therapy program focused on active exercises to improve muscle function and joint motion. The treatment period was 5 weeks (9 sessions). The primary outcome was general perceived improvement after treatment. Secondary outcomes included pain, hip function, walking speed, range of motion, and quality of life.



Of 109 patients included in the study, 56 were allocated to manual therapy and 53 to exercise therapy. No major differences were found on baseline characteristics between groups. Success rates (primary outcome) after 5 weeks were 81% in the manual therapy group and 50% in the exercise group (odds ratio 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.30, 2.60). Furthermore, patients in the manual therapy group had significantly better outcomes on pain, stiffness, hip function, and range of motion. Effects of manual therapy on the improvement of pain, hip function, and range of motion endured after 29 weeks.



The effect of the manual therapy program on hip function is superior to the exercise therapy program in patients with OA of the hip.
HA-1A in septic patients with ARDS: Results from the pivotal trial

To evaluate the effects of HA-1A, a human monoclonal antiendotoxin antibody, in septic patients with ARDS. Substudy of a multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of HA-1A in septic patients. 63 septic patients with ARDS at the time of study entry. A single intravenous injection of HA-1A (100 mg) or placebo. A quantitative radiographic score, the PaO2/FIO2 ratio and an index of the severity of ARDS did not show a significant difference between the treatment and placebo groups at 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment. The duration of endotracheal intubation did not differ between the two groups. 15 of 30 HA-1A treated patients (50%) and 23 of 33 placebo-treated patients (69.7%) died within 28 days. The daily mortality was always lower in the HA-1A group, but this difference was not statistically significant at 28 days. The 28-day survival curves for the two treatment groups adjusted by covariate analysis were not significantly different (p=0.07). Using logistic regression, a significant independent effect of HA-1A treatment was detected upon the early survival rate at 7 days (p=0.03) but not at 14 and 28 days. A single injection of HA-1A in septic patients with ARDS did not reverse acute respiratory failure or improve long-term survival.
Effects of 3 years of lasofoxifene treatment on bone turnover markers in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The aims of this study were to describe the changes in bone turnover markers (BTMs) in response to lasofoxifene therapy; to describe the changes in BTMs in the individual; and to examine the relationships between BTM levels on treatment and treatment outcomes. Women (n=1126) aged 59-80years with femoral neck or spine bone mineral density T-scores ≤-2.5 were randomized to lasofoxifene 0.25mg/d, 0.5mg/d, or placebo for 5years. We measured serum C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and serum procollagen I N-propeptide (PINP), osteocalcin, and bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36months. Lasofoxifene therapy resulted in a decrease in the concentrations of bone resorption and bone formation markers compared with placebo; the decrease was maximal between 6 and 24months. The effect of lasofoxifene 0.5mg/d was similar to that of lasofoxifene 0.25mg/d. The decrease in bone ALP was less than the decreases in CTX, osteocalcin, and PINP. Lasofoxifene therapy 0.5mg/d resulted in BTM-defined response rates for CTX (decrease in concentration from baseline >60%), PINP (>50%), and bone ALP (>30%) of 35%, 45%, and 43% of women at month 12, respectively, compared with placebo responses of 4%, 4%, and 7%. In contrast, the increase in BMD took longer (50% responded after 36months of lasofoxifene 0.5mg/d) and was not as specific (15% of placebo group responded). Bone density change was weakly inversely correlated with change in the concentrations of BTMs. BTMs may prove useful in the monitoring of the response to lasofoxifene treatment for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis early in the course of treatment.
Knieendoprothetik mit keramischen Femurkomponenten

Ziel dieser prospektiven Multicenterstudie war die Erfassung des frühen klinischen und radiologischen Outcomes des bikondylären Oberflächenersatzes (Multigen-Plus-Knie) mit einer neuen Keramikfemurkomponente aus BIOLOX®-Delta-Keramik. Dazu erfolgte eine Evaluierung von insgesamt 50 Patienten mittels HSS-, WOMAC- und SF-36-Score in 3 Zentren, jeweils präoperativ, sowie nach 3 und 12 Monaten postoperativ. Die radiologische Auswertung wurde anhand standardisierter Röntgenaufnahmen (Kniegelenk in 2 Ebenen und Patella tangential) durchgeführt. Während der Verlaufsbeobachtung über 12 Monate wurden 3 Patienten aufgrund nicht implantatbezogener Komplikationen (Infektion, periprothetische Fraktur und Patellaersatz) reoperiert. Der präoperative HSS-Score betrug im Durchschnitt 56,2±11,0 Punkte. Nach 3 bzw. 12 Monaten Verlaufsbeobachtung lag der HSS-Score bei 75,5±11,5 bzw. 83,6±10,9 Punkten. Dabei waren der HSS- und WOMAC-Score an beiden postoperativen Evaluierungszeitpunkten im Vergleich zum präoperativen Ausgangsbefund signifikant erhöht, der SF-36-Score erst nach 12 Monaten. Röntgenologisch konnten in nur einem Fall Aufhellungslinien um die femorale Komponente nachgewiesen werden. In Langzeitbeobachtungen müssen die keramischen Implantatkomponenten ihre potentiellen Vorzüge und die guten klinischen Frühergebnisse bestätigen. Zudem sind die spezifischen Materialeigenschaften keramischer Femurkomponenten in der intraoperativen Handhabung zu berücksichtigen. The purpose of this prospective multicenter study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of an unconstrained bicondylar total knee prosthesis with a new ceramic femoral component made of BIOLOX® delta. Fifty patients underwent cemented total knee arthroplasty in three hospitals/centers. Clinical and radiological evaluations were undertaken preoperatively and at 3 as well as 12 months postoperatively using the HSS, WOMAC, and SF-36 scores. During 12 months follow-up three patients had to undergo revision surgery due to non-implant-related reasons (infection, periprosthetic fracture, and retropatellar replacement). The mean preoperative HSS score amounted to 56.2±11.0 points. At 3 and 12 months follow-up the mean HSS score was 75.5±11.5 and 83.6±10.9 points, respectively. Therefore, HSS and WOMAC scores improved significantly from preoperative values at both postoperative evaluations. The first significant improvement of SF-36 score was seen after 12 months. Radiolucent lines around the femoral ceramic components were found in one case. Subsequent long-term studies must be carried out in order to clarify the potential benefits of ceramic femoral components and confirm the good early clinical result. Moreover, the specific material properties of ceramic implants must be considered during implantation.