nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Explanation-Based Learning of Data-Oriented Parsing

This paper presents a new view of Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) of natural language parsing. Rather than employing EBL for specializing parsers by inferring new ones, this paper suggests employing EBL for learning how to reduce ambiguity only partially. 
The present method consists of an EBL algorithm for learning partial-parsers, and a parsing algorithm which combines partial-parsers with existing ``full-parsers". The learned partial-parsers, implementable as Cascades of Finite State Transducers (CFSTs), recognize and combine constituents efficiently, prohibiting spurious overgeneration. The parsing algorithm combines a learned partial-parser with a given full-parser such that the role of the full-parser is limited to combining the constituents, recognized by the partial-parser, and to recognizing unrecognized portions of the input sentence. Besides the reduction of the parse-space prior to disambiguation, the present method provides a way for refining existing disambiguation models that learn stochastic grammars from tree-banks. 
We exhibit encouraging empirical results using a pilot implementation: parse-space is reduced substantially with minimal loss of coverage. The speedup gain for disambiguation models is exemplified by experiments with the DOP model.
Factor price uncertainty, technology choice and investment delay

This paper develops a theory of putty-clay investment under factor price uncertainty using a Brownian motion framework. Ex ante the firm faces a choice of technologies that differ by their relative factor intensities, but ex post technologies are Leontief. The presence of competing technologies and factor price uncertainty can cause delay of profitable investments for a monopolist firm facing a one-time investment decision. Furthermore, uncertainty can cause an existing firm to wait for more extreme operating cost differentials before switching technologies. These delays in investment are present even without considering the effect of uncertainty on the firm's choice of scale.
Governing the boundaries of viability. Economic expertise and the production of the 'low-income farm problem' in Australia

In the last thirty-five years, the economic viability of farmers both in Australia and internationally has assumed increasing political prominence with governments seeking to restructure agricultural industries. With reference to Australia, it has been argued increasingly by politicians, economists and farm organizations that some farmers have little prospect of survival, and require government assistance to exit the industry in the claimed interests of improved national productivity. However, viability has not always been governed in this way. In fact, the categorization of farmers on the basis of their capacity to earn an ‘adequate’ income emerged only in the late-1960s. Through an examination of the emergence, from 1967 to 1971, of ‘low-income’ farms as a national problem, this paper shows how ‘problems’ of restructuring are constituted discursively as objects of knowledge. Applying a Foucauldian-inspired genealogy of government, I reconstruct the authorities and forms of knowledge through which a low-income problem was constituted and assembled in a knowable form. Of particular significance in this paper is how economic expertise assumed prominence as key authorities in constituting previous collectivist forms of assistance as irrational, and in linking the future viability of Australian agriculture to the theories and practices of agricultural economists.
Modeling of Interactive Storytelling and Validation of Scenario by Means of Linear Logic

Research on Interactive Storytelling has mainly focused on the opposition between a discourse point of view and a character point of view for a story. In this paper, we propose an approach to model Interactive Storytelling using Linear Logic, which is a support for reasoning on both points of view. Then we give an example on an educational game that shows the possibility of validating a scenario of a story, by applying the proof graph of a Linear Logic sequent. Finally we discuss about issues which should be settled and future works to be done on the Linear Logic approach for the IS modeling.
Improving compliance with breast cancer screening in older women. Results of a randomized controlled trial.

To compare three approaches for improving compliance with breast cancer screening in older women.



Randomized controlled trial using three parallel group practices at a public hospital. Subjects included women aged 65 years and older (n = 803) who were seen by residents (n = 66) attending the ambulatory clinic from October 1, 1989, through March 31, 1990. All provider groups received intensive education in breast cancer screening. The control group received no further intervention. Staff in the second group offered education to patients at their visit. In addition, flowsheets were used in the "Prevention Team" group and staff had their tasks redefined to facilitate compliance.



Medical records were reviewed to determine documented offering/receipt of clinical breast examination and mammography. A subgroup of women without previous clinical breast examination (n = 540) and without previous mammography (n = 471) were analyzed to determine the effect of the intervention. During the intervention period, women without a previous clinical breast examination were offered an examination significantly more often in the Prevention Team group than in the control group, adjusting for age, race, and comorbidity and for physicians' gender and training level. The patients in the Prevention Team group were offered clinical breast examination (31.5%) more frequently than those in the patient education or control groups, but this was not significant after adjusting for the above covariates. Likewise, mammography was offered more frequently to patients in the Prevention Team and in the patient education group than to patients in the control group, after adjusting for the factors above using logistic regression.



The results provide support for patient education and organizational changes that involve nonphysician personnel to enhance breast cancer screening among older women, particularly those without previous screening.
Gandhi and His Critics

Written for all those whose curiosity about Gandhi was sparked by Richard Attenborough's film, or for anyone who would like to know more about this strangely enigmatic leader, this is a fascinating in-depth study of Gandhi's personality and thought. The book explores the evolution of Gandhi's ideas, his attitudes toward religion, the racial problem, and the caste system, his conflict with the British, his approach to Muslim separatism and the division of India, his attitude toward social and economic change, his doctrine of nonviolence, and other key issues. Throughout, the author sheds new light on the mighty figure who initiated revolutions against racism, colonialism, and violence--three major revolutions of our time.
Optomechanical creation of magnetic fields for photons on a lattice: supplementary material

1University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Staudtstr. 7, Institute for Theoretical Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany 2Institute for Quantum Information and Matter and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 3Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Gunther-Scharowsky-Strase 1/Bau 24, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany *Corresponding author: Florian.Marquardt@fau.de
The Patient-Related Burden of Pegylated-Interferon-α Therapy and Adverse Events among Patients with Viral Hepatitis C in Japan.

Pegylated-interferon-α (IFN-α)-based therapies for viral hepatitis C (HCV) are effective, but they are associated with several adverse events (AEs). The primary objectives of this study were to quantify the burden of IFN-α-based treatment and to measure the prevalence and burden of IFN-α-related AEs in Japan.



A cross-sectional survey was administered online to patients with HCV in 2013. Patients who were currently taking IFN-α-based therapy (n = 188) were compared with patients who were taking a liver protectant but not IFN-α-based therapy (n = 180) and with patients who were untreated (n = 365) on measures of health-related quality of life (using the Hepatitis Quality of Life Questionnaire, version 2), work productivity, and health care resource use, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and health history. Among patients taking IFN-α-based therapy, the prevalence and burden of AEs was examined on the same set of health outcomes as noted above along with treatment satisfaction and adherence.



Compared with untreated patients, patients using IFN-α reported poorer health-related quality of life (physical component summary score, 50.13 vs. 52.04; mental component summary score, 44.12 vs. 47.97), more overall work impairment (32.73 vs. 25.64), more physician visits in the past 6 months (14.51 vs. 8.36), and an increased likelihood of an emergency room visit (odds ratio = 7.25) and hospitalization (odds ratio = 4.05) (all P < 0.05). The mean number of AEs was 6.05 for patients using IFN-α. All AEs were associated with poorer health outcomes (particularly the mental component summary score), and most were also associated with lower treatment satisfaction and medication adherence.



A significant patient burden for IFN-α treatment itself and various AEs was observed. The results suggest that effective, non-IFN-α-based treatments may reduce the societal burden.
Residential land attractiveness in an emerging property market: The case of Krasnoyarsk, Russia

The paper discusses the indicators and techniques which can be used in residential land assessment during the transition from a planned to a market economy when a land market is being formed. An analysis of housing market transactions, sociological polls, and an expert study were independently used to grade spatial differences in the residential land attractiveness in the city of Krasnoyarsk in Russia. The research shows that expert evaluations do not truthfully represent the attractiveness of urban environmental qualities in the eyes of potential investors. It is also argued that under certain conditions, sociological polls of the urban population give a better approximation of the prospective residential land market value than administrative and expert assessments.
Sandstone Detrital Modes in the Paleogene Liguride Complex, Accretionary Wedge of the Southern Apennines (Italy)

The Liguride Complex is an ophiolite-bearing tectonic unit related to westward subduction of the lithosphere of the Neo-Tethys Ocean beneath the European margin. The complex includes a tectonic melange (the Calabro-Lucanian Flysch Unit) containing broken formations of ophiolites and related pelagic and clastic sediments (radiolarian chert, limestone, black shale, and quartzarenite), olistoliths or "tectonic slices" of continental crest (gneiss, granite, and amphibolite), Middle Eocene to Upper Oligocene siliciclastics, and a less deformed turbidite unit (the Saraceno Formation) that caps the succession. Detrital modes of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Miocene sandstones from the Liguride Complex accretionary wedge are grouped into four distinct petrofacies that reflect the geodynamic evolution of Southern Italy. An Upper Cretaceous to Middle Eocene quartzose petrofacies (Q90F9L1) is composed of deep-water quartzarenitic and subarkosic sandstones that appear to have undergone long-distance transport by turbidity currents from the European or African foreland. A Middle Eocene to Upper Oligocene quartzofeldspathic petrofacies (Q62F21L17) was produced by mixing of sediment from ophiolitic and pelagic sedimentary sources with volcanic debris. An Upper Oligocene volcanolithic petrofacies (Q16F24L6054F10L36) is present in the turbidites of the Saraceno Formation. The accretionary-wedge sandstones of the Liguride Complex may record long-distance longitudinal transport for hundreds of kilometers from distal sources (preexisting forelands and volcanic arc) and short-distance transverse transport from local sources (accreted oceanic terranes and collisional-belt terranes), In accretionary-wedge sandstone assemblages, sediments from local and distal sources may be mixed or may record a consistent evolution from one type of transport to the other.
A general condition for collapse results

In Belegradek et al.  the collapse result theorem was proved for locally generic queries over ordered domain with pseudo-finite homogeneity property. In a very interesting paper of Baldwin and Benedikt (Stability theory, permutations of indiscernibles, and embedded finite models,  1998) the collapse result theorem was proved for locally generic queries over ordered domains without the independence property. It means that over such a domain, order-generic extended queries fail to express more than restricted queries. It was observed by Baldwin and Benedikt (1998) that any theory without the independence property is P -reducible. I prove that, for the P -reducible theories, a version of pseudo-finite homogeneity property holds.
AGRICULTURE IN THE URUGUAY ROUND: AMBITIONS AND REALITIES

Agricultural trade policies are basically a function of domestic policy considerations which have produced high levels of support in many countries. New policy instruments such as direct payments, which are more demanding in terms of information costs but which distort resource allocation less, are becoming more attractive. Unilateral liberalisation is, however, unlikely. Freer trade is a public good which requires international collective action to be provided. Countries which have a clear-cut trade interest in liberalising markets for commodities they export can play the role of catalyst in international co-ordination. The existence of big players is a favourable factor. Hence, the drift of the Round towards a co-ordination of US-EC interests. Both political economy and trade interest considerations suggest that an agreement reached will have its main impact on crops which are widely traded. The main constraining factor of an agreement on EC and US agriculture will be the discipline it will impose on the use of export subsidies. Agriculture will still not come fully under GATT rules which apply to other sectors, but in the future the CAP will be more constrained by international commitments than in the past.
A seismic study of deep structure in South Wales using quarry blasts

Results are presented from five long seismic profiles in South Wales based on recordings of quarry blasts. Interpretation by means of planar layer modelling, time term analysis and ray tracing provides information on depths to an assumed Precambrian igneous/metamorphic basement and on the thickness of overlying concealed Lower Palaeozoic (? and Upper Proterozoic) sequences. Basement culminations are identified under the western part of the South Wales coalfield and in the Carmarthen Bay area; under parts of the coalfield the Lower Palaeozoic must be thin or absent. The basement is at a depth of 5 km or more under Cower and the Vale of Glamorgan and in adjacent parts of the Bristol Channel, and thick Lower Palaeozoic sequences must be present in these areas. The basement velocity of 6.0–6.3 km s−1 compares well with the low upper crustal velocities encountered along adjacent parts of the lithospheric seismic profile across Britain (LISPB 1974).
Comparing Communities—The Limits of Typology

Across the disciplines, communities and identities are usually classified into general categories, such as ethnic, tribal, territorial, civic, religious or political communities/identities. This may be useful in many instances to structure the field and highlight certain distinctive features. But, as this contribution will argue, such typologies do not provide a sound basis for comparison. This holds true both for intercultural and for interdisciplinary comparison. For instance, religion was configured rather differently in ancient Rome, late Antique Christianity and early Islam, and each of them differed fundamentally from our modern concept of religion (as opposed to a secular sphere). The same applies to ethnicity. Likewise, historians and social anthropologists (and even specific schools within the disciplines) operate with often rather differently configured concepts in this area. In fact, most actual communities are framed by more than one “vision of community”; they are rarely only ethnic, religiou...
Effect of pH on the interaction of porcine myofibrillar proteins with pyrazine compounds.

The influence of pH-induced structural modifications of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) on their interaction mechanisms with pyrazine compounds was investigated. At a lower pH (4.9, 5.5), MPs aggregated to larger particle sizes due to enhanced the protein-protein interactions. The binding with pyrazine compounds was strongly affected by pH and the nature of flavor compounds. MPs exhibited flavor releasing behavior, probably due to protein-protein interactions and surface tension. Fluorescence analysis revealed that the interaction of pyrazine compounds with MPs followed a combination of static and dynamic quenching. The changes in quenching constant (Ksv) might be attributed to a dynamic quenching, probably due to protein aggregation. The percentages of free 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine (2,5-DMP) were similar to Ksv. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions were the major acting forces in the binding of MPs to 2,5-DMP. The binding of 2,5-DMP increased the α-helix content of MPs.
Knowledge-based Hierarchies: Using Organizations to Understand the Economy

We argue that incorporating the decision of how to organize the acquisition, use, and communication of knowledge into economic models is essential to understand a wide variety of economic phenomena. We survey the literature that has used knowledge-based hierarchies to study issues like the evolution of wage inequality, the growth and productivity of firms, economic development, the gains from international trade, as well as offshoring and the formation of international production teams, among many others. We also review the nascent empirical literature that has, so far, confirmed the importance of organizational decisions and many of its more salient implications.
Russia after the Global Financial Crisis

Two prominent American specialists on the Russian economy present a fundamental analysis of basic economic factors explaining how the global financial crisis has played out in Russia and its implications for the country's future. More specifically, the authors examine the consequences of Russia's dependence on and addiction to resource (oil and gas) rents and of the management system put in place under Vladimir Putin to maintain, secure, and distribute these rents. They then investigate how each of these factors has emerged from the crisis and how it might evolve in the years ahead. Focusing on the distinction between rent dependence and addiction, the authors question the conventional wisdom that diversification of Russia's economy (away from oil and gas) is a desirable objective that will render it less vulnerable to external shocks. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: E020, F020, G010, O130. 15 figures, 44 references.
Risk and Real Estate Ownership: Empirical Evidence of Hotels in Singapore

This paper examined the impact of real property ownership on the systematic risk of hotel companies in Singapore. This issue is interesting because few studies have been carried out on this topic. The hypothesis is that the real estate ownership would impose negative effect on the systematic risk of company in hotel sector because corporate real estate is commonly considered as an instrument for diversification in a mixed portfolio. To examine the effect, two-stage least-square regression was applied. The data was collected from published sources and other data streams. The results indicate that real estate ownership has impact on the systematic risk of companies. The implication is that the different strategies of companies may result in the different directions of impacts.
Situated Utterances: Texts, Bodies, and Cultural Representations

Berger describes himself as a reconstructed old New Critic,and hispublications over the past fifty years have centered on investigations of theways in which texts represent both themselves and their situations of utterance.The thirteen chapters of the present book illustrate the range of his inquiryacross several cultures and disciplines. They also demonstrate the interpretiverichness, the theoretical acumen, and the energetic prose that characterize thework of one of America's premier close readers.Situated Utterances is divided into four parts. In Part One Berger designs ananalytical model of New Criticism and shows how it was dismantled during thedecades after the Second World War. He then proposes a reconstructed model inwhich the practice of ironic and suspicious close readingmay be directed towardinteractions among bodies, texts, and countertexts in different cultural settings.Part Two demonstrates this practice in studies of specific works in three genres:the pastoral Idylls of Theocritus, Edmund Spenser's epic, The Faerie Queene, andthe Diaries of Samuel Pepys. The scope of the practice is broadened in Part Threeto the connection between cultural representations and institutional change, aconnection explored in four chapters that successively examine precapitalistforms of representation, the Old Testament, Beowulf, and the conflict betweennakedness and nudity in Christian conceptions of the body. Part Four consistsin three chapters on Plato's dialogues, which Berger interprets as critical of thegeneral situation of utterance in a predominantly oral culture. He argues thatPlato uses the resources of writing to depict the heroic pathos of a Socrates whosemethod and message are defeated by the politics of the oral medium.Situated Utterances concludes with A Conspectus of Critical Moves:The Eleven-Step Program.This is a summary account of the interpretivestrategies put into play by the author throughout his long career.
The Fundamentals of Generalized Electrodynamics

The article presents an alternative approach to the definition of vector electrodynamic potential and its properties. It is shown that generally it has vortical and potential components. The system of differential equations of generalized electrodynamics (the macroscopical theory) is written down; and on the basis of these equations the mechanism of occurrence of the electromagnetic waves spreading in the direction of vector (longitudinal E-waves) is explained. It is demonstrated that the new macroscopical theory is in accordance with quantum electrodynamics. The author investigates the issue of physical pithiness of longitudinal electromagnetic E-waves and specifies the references to the experimental researches confirming the new theory.