nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quality, clinical outcomes and treatment costs in acute intestinal failure

Type 1 and type 2 intestinal failure (IF) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with little published data reporting outcomes from clinical practice. This thesis will therefore examine the definitions, quality of care, clinical outcomes and treatment costs of these conditions within the setting of an acute hospital which cares for many type 1 IF patients as well as running a regional intestinal failure service for type 2 and 3 IF patients.Observational studies were conducted to examine; the parenteral nutrition (PN) care provided to patients with all types of IF, screening tools and criteria to identify type 2 IF in clinical practice and an assessment of clinical outcomes and treatments costs in this complex patient group.The multidisciplinary nutrition and intestinal failure team were involved in 90% of decisions regarding initiation of PN in this hospital compared to only 52.7% reported by the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) report. Standards of assessment, monitoring and catheter complications were also better than those in the NCEPOD report. Rates of catheter related sepsis were lower in patients managed within a specialised IF unit compared to other wards; 1.8 episodes/1000 PN days versus 8.21 episodes/1000 PN days (p 28 days had a 91% sensitivity and 96% specificity for identifying type 2 IF but a low positive predictive value of only 59%. IF surgery criteria had a sensitivity of 96% and a positive predictive value of 100% for identifying type 2 IF.Mortality during an acute admission for type 2 IF patients (n=44) was 4.2%. Following reconstructive surgery (n=37) there were no post-operative deaths, no readmissions within 30 days and only one post-operative fistula recurrence. After surgery 94% of patients were independent of artificial nutrition. The median calculated treatment costs per day for patients with type 2 IF was £572. Current funding mechanisms within the NHS only allow hospitals to recover 44.7% of the treatment costs in type 2 IF.These studies confirm that standards of PN care in IF can be high within a regional specialist centre, with low rates of mortality, fistulae recurrence and PN dependence in type 2 IF. Criteria for screening and defining type 2 IF are relevant to clinical practices and their wider use could result in earlier access to specialist treatment, improvements in outcome reporting and a mechanism for establishing future IF funding.
Miocene-Recent sediment flux in the south-central Alaskan fore-arc basin governed by flat-slab subduction: SEDIMENT FLUX IN ALASKAN FORE-ARC BASIN

The Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska contains the early Oligocene to Recent stratigraphic record of a fore-arc basin adjacent to a shallowly subducting oceanic plateau. Our new measured stratigraphic sections and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes from Neogene strata and modern rivers illustrate the effects of flat-slab subduction on the depositional environments, provenance, and subsidence in fore-arc sedimentary systems. During the middle Miocene, fluvial systems emerged from the eastern, western, and northern margins of the basin. The axis of maximum subsidence was near the center of the basin, suggesting equal contributions from subsidence drivers on both margins. By the late Miocene, the axis of maximum subsidence had shifted westward and fluvial systems originating on the eastern margin of the basin above the flat-slab traversed the entire width of the basin. These mud-dominated systems reflect increased sediment flux from recycling of accretionary prism strata. Fluvial systems with headwaters above the flat-slab region continued to cross the basin during Pliocene time, but a change to sandstone-dominated strata with abundant volcanogenic grains signals a reactivation of the volcanic arc. The axis of maximum basin subsidence during late Miocene to Pliocene time is parallel to the strike of the subducting slab. Our data suggest that the character and strike-orientation of the down-going slab may provide a fundamental control on the nature of depositional systems, location of dominant provenance regions, and areas of maximum subsidence in fore-arc basins.
Capital switching and the role of ground rent: 3 Switching between circuits, switching between submarkets, and social change

In the first paper of this three-part series, Harvey's 'circuits of capital' argument was reviewed, and was linked first to ground rent theory, and second to forms of crisis and social change in advanced, Western-style economies. In the second paper these ideas were used to reflect on the progress of the urban housing market in Melbourne from the 1930s to the 1980s. Specifically, an attempt was made first to identify significant switchings of investment between economic sectors, and forms of crisis that might have accompanied them; and second to understand significant switchings of investment between submarkets within the housing sector, their relationship to intersectoral switching, and the changing social relationships involved. In the present paper this question of changing social conditions is pursued further. It is concluded (1) that the increasingly differentiated structure of housing submarkets, apparently 'necessary' for continuous seesawing investment between submarkets, is dependent on shifts in incomes and behaviour of different social groupings; and (2) that the present direction of such shifts is, however, destabilising, transforming an economic crisis into a potential 'motivation crisis'. The paper ends with some overall conclusions to this series of three papers.
Australasian training and examination in intensive care

Intensive care units were formed in both Australia and New Zealand in the mid-to late 50's as they were in many other parts of the world. In the early stages, such units were usually staffed by part-time or visiting doctors who carried out their other specialist duties concurrently. During the early 60's, certain doctors within those units decided to specialise only in intensive care and gave up their other specialist interests such as internal medicine, anaesthesia or surgery. This specialisation rapidly caught on so that in the 70's, most major units were staffed largely or entirely by such full-time specialists. The primary specialty from which most of these intensivists came was anaesthesia, but there were a significant number of physicians as well. As might be expected, the two groups tended initially to grow in isolation from one another, though in the late 70's and 80's many units are being staffed by a mixture of specialists from the different basic training schemes of anaesthesia and internal medicine. In the early 70's, the Faculty of Anaesthetists, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, realised that there was an independent specialty arising for which there were ill-defined training requirements. The Faculty felt responsible for this new specialty of intensive care because:
Task-Oriented and Quasi-Therapeutic Role Functions of the Leader in Small Military Groups

Our society expects men to perform many roles either successively or simultaneously. A policeman is a threat to some and a protector to others, and most men play the roles of husband, father, employer and employee all within the same day. Individuals differ in how readily they adapt to these varying role demands. It is also true, however, that certain roles, such as that of career woman and mother, are not easily reconciled and others are inherently incompatible. The present study concerns two roles which the leader of a small task group is commonly asked to assume. His primary job is the maintenance of productivity. In addition, however, the armed services, as well as many industrial organizations, have urged men to take their personal problems to their immediate supervisors. The leader is thus asked to attend not only to his group's effectiveness but also to the psychological adjustment of his men. In fact, some writers have held that the leader must contribute to the group member's adjustment in order to be effective (10). There are some indications that the practice of combining the leader's task-oriented and quasi-therapeutic roles may not be wise. Rogers (14), Traxler (18), and Roethlisberger and Dickson (13) have delineated some of the conflicts which arise when an administrator also serves as a therapist or counselor, and these problems have been discussed extensively by Slater (16). Work by Fiedler (6) and his associates indicates that effective task leadership depends on psychological distance from co-workers, while psychologically close relations are characteristic of good psychotherapists (4, 7). Opposite attitudes may thus be demanded by the roles of leader and "therapist," and these roles might then be difficult to combine. This problem is of obvious importance not only as it contributes to our understanding of leadership and group behavior, but also as it affects the
Software Engineering Education in the Modern Age, Software Education and Training Sessions at the International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2005, St. Louis, MO, USA, May 15-21, 2005, Revised Lectures

On Software Engineering Education.- Reflections on Software Engineering Education.- Reflections on Software Engineering 2004, the ACM/IEEE-CS Guidelines for Undergraduate Programs in Software Engineering.- State of the Art and Practice: Creativity and Rigor.- Deciding  Closing a Gap in Software Engineering  A Pedagogical View on Software Modeling and Graph-Structured Diagrams.- Do Students Recognize Ambiguity in Software Specifications? A Multi-national, Multi-institutional Report.- The Groupthink Specification Exercise.- Challenges for Industries and Academia.- The Making of a Software Engineer.- The Challenges of Software Engineering Education.- Future Directions.- A Strategy for Content Reusability with Product Lines Derived from Experience in Online Education.- Informatics: A Novel, Contextualized Approach to Software Engineering Education.- Software Engineering Education in the Era of Outsourcing, Distributed Development, and Open Source Software: Challenges and Opportunities.- On the Education of Future Software Engineers.
E-business and SMEs Competitive Advantage

Nowadays, 'e' is gaining momentum and most of the things if not everything is getting digitally enabled (Srikanth, V. & Dhanapal, R. 2011) thus, it becomes very important to determine the competitive advantage of firms using e-business. The aim of adopting e-business is to improve the firm's competing ability, since businesses are being competition focus (Xiaoming M., 2010). Increasing global competition has led businesses to consider e-business strategies. E-business technologies present unique opportunities and challenges for businesses, and Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are no exception (Elragal, A. and Abouseif, H., 2011). The study focuses on how SMEs gained competitive advantage through e-business. The study covers activities of SMEs concerning e-business such as purchasing inventories, supplies machines and equipments through the internet and communicating with suppliers which allows them to create cost advantage and product differentiation that will increase their sales and in turn their profits. In this research, profitability, quality and price of products/services offered will be used for measuring SMEs competitiveness. This study will also correlate the business-related characteristics of SMEs with their competitive advantage. Descriptive correlational research design was used in the study. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the SMEs in Region 2. The study revealed that SMEs who are into e-business are competitive in terms of price, product quality, and profitability. The type of business is significantly and positively correlated with SMEs competitive advantage in terms of product. Further analysis using t-test reveals that those SMEs that are into trading are most likely gain competitive advantage in terms of product than those in the service sector. Nonetheless, business existence, business classification, and internet experience are not significantly correlated with SMEs competitive advantage in terms of price, product and profitability. SMEs, therefore, must be constantly and fully alive on new ideas, new practices and new opportunities in order to create a competitive advantage.
Sosiologie of Ideologie

Lately some questions have arisen with regard to the relation between sociology as a system of scientific knowledge and ideology as a system of “non-scientific” ideas. Questions regarding this relation especially arise in terms of an alleged — mostly implicit — ideological commitment in sociology, especially in certain approaches in contemporary sociology. Important aspects with regard to the problem under consideration are among other things the phenomenon of value-commitment of the sociologist; the sociologist's view of the aim, task, and method of science; and the changing social structure of sociology. Except for some positive value of the presence of ideology in sociology, the possibility seems — especially in some contemporary radical trends in sociology — that sociology may be changed into mere ideology, especially into political ideology. When one has to come to a balanced view regarding the practising of sociology as a scientific discipline, especially when conside...
Fighting fibromyalgia: Five key issues

Physicians treating patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) should rule out coexisting disorders and establish possible inducing factors. They can work with patients to address their symptoms by providing patient education, instilling a sense of self-worth, advising avoidance of disability and narcotic medications, offering instruction in sleep hygiene, establishing anxiety reduction measures, and recommending an exercise program. Patients who have special needs and refractory cases may benefit from referral to a musculoskeletal specialist. Physicians can best improve patients' prognosis and quality of life by addressing several issues: whether the FMS is primary or secondary, whether there are underlying psychosocial stressors, whether pain is regional or widespread, how to approach exercise for therapy, and determining which medications to use.
The nature of ion exchange selectivity of phenol-formaldehyde sorbents with respect to cesium and rubidium ions

The structure of aqua complexes of alkali metal ions Me+(H2O)n, n = 1−6, where Me is Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, and complexes of 2,6-dimethylphenolate anion (CH3)2PhO− selected as a model of the elementary unit of phenol-formaldehyde ion exchanger with hydrated alkali metal cations Me+(H2O)n, n = 0−5, was studied by the density functional method. The energies of successive hydration of the cations and the energies of binding of alkali metal hydrated cations with (CH3)2PhO− depending on the number of water molecules n were calculated. It was shown that the dimethylphenolate ion did not have specific selectivity with respect to cesium and rubidium ions. The energies of hydration and the energies of binding of alkali metal cations with (CH3)2PhO− decreased in the series Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+ as n increased. The conclusion was drawn that the reason for selectivity of phenol-formaldehyde and other phenol compounds with respect to cesium and rubidium ions was the predomination of the ion dehydration stage in the transfer from an aqueous solution to the phenol phase compared with the stage of binding with ion exchange groups.
Walks into the APL Design Space

Like any living language, APL is evolving. The design space for its future development is wide open. Some trails into that space are known, for other languages have followed them. We will walk on some trails, visit some sights and also some dead ends. We will see which development areas could solve some old problems of APL, without changing its fabric.
The goal of the paper is to enable the reader to explore the APL design space on his or her own. To that end I will point the reader to some good books and articles about problems and solutions only touched upon in the paper.
Feminist theory and international relations in a postmodern era

contestation and El(l)e-phants Sketches of feminisms first wave in anticipation of chapter one 1. The palette of feminist epistemologies and practices 2. The early field of IR - musings, assertions, debates, and (now) feminist interruptions 3. The second debate in IR revisited by feminists 4. The third debate in IR visited by feminists 5. Feminist homesteadings of security and cooperation 6. Repainting the canvases of IR.
Construction of the Lindström valuation of an algebraic extension

Recently, Bollen, Draisma, and Pendavingh have introduced the Lindstrom valuation on the algebraic matroid of a field extension of characteristic p . Their construction passes through what they call a matroid flock and builds on some of the associated theory of matroid flocks which they develop. In this paper, we give a direct construction of the Lindstrom valuated matroid using the theory of inseparable field extensions. In particular, we give a description of the valuation, the valuated circuits, and the valuated cocircuits.
The responsibilities of the state and businesses in the creation of social capital

According to different types of studies conducted in recent years, not natural but social factors will constitute a major barrier in the process of achieving sustainable development. The barrier will be quickly noticed in the countries and regions of low social capital. The purpose of this article is to present responsibilities for state authorities and enterprises in the creation of social capital. This conducted study of literature has enabled the creation of a set of methods that impact these entities as to the nature of the relationship and level of trust within certain social structures. This presented work may serve as reference points for entities implementing similar solutions in their environment. The author cites numerous examples which oppose the opinion that the level of social capital is only a result of inheritance. The current generation can take the initiative in this regard, although it is a long-term process. The author also points out the dependence of the effectiveness of measures taken to adapting them to the specific context in which the group operates. He also draws attention to the role of society, which, like the state and commercial entities is responsible for raising the level of social capital.
One and Five Ideas: On Conceptual Art and Conceptualism

In One and Five Ideas eminent critic, historian, and former member of the Art & Language collective Terry Smith explores the artistic, philosophical, political, and geographical dimensions of Conceptual Art and conceptualism. These four essays and a conversation with Mary Kelly—published between 1974 and 2012—contain Smith's most essential work on Conceptual Art and his argument that conceptualism was key to the historical transition from modern to contemporary art. Nothing less than a distinctive theory of Conceptual and contemporary art, One and Five Ideas showcases the critical voice of one of the major art theorists of our time.
Machiavelli Now and Here: An Essay for the First World.

hundreds of years after The Prince made its first public, posthumous debut, Niccolo Machiavelli was considered a man who deliberately advocated evil and unscrupulous methods in order to deal with political realities that could readily be handled by more enlightened and humane techniques. In painting this picture of the man and his teachings, it was of course advantageous to consider as little as possible the situation in which Machiavelli actually wrote, the princely family to whom he addressed his major book, and the other writings he composed. Commentators like Innocent Gentillet, who held Machiavelli directly responsible for the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, and Frederick the Great, who saw in Machiavelli a diabolic tutor of regicides and usurpers, established a tradition which still has its representatives in Professors Butterfield, Prezzolini, and Leo Strauss. Professor Strauss, who in this company is no extremist, declares in particular that Machiavelli, when he taught the deliberate enacting of evil, represented an entire wicked, authoritarian way of thinking, against which the basic premises of American democracy stand not only as a protest but as a shining exception. Neither in word nor deed are Americans Machiavellian, and this is a very good thing precisely because Machiavelli was such a very bad man. Though we should indeed study Machiavelli, according to Professor Strauss, it will be only to take measure of the various enormities from which we have
Solar and stellar dynamos - latest developments

Recent progress in the theory of solar and stellar dynamos is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the mean-field theory which tries to describe the collective behavior of the magnetic field. In order to understand solar and stellar activity, a quantitatively reliable theory is necessary. Much of the new developments center around magnetic helicity conservation which is seen to be important in numerical simulations. Only a dynamical, explicitly time dependent theory of α-quenching is able to describe this behavior correctly.
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806

The 'Dutch Golden Age', the age of Grotius, Spinoza, Rembrandt, Vermeer, and a host of other renowned artists and writers was also remarkable for its immense impact in the spheres of commerce, finance, shipping, and technology. It was in fact one of the most spectacularly creative episodes in the history of the world. In this book, Jonathan Israel gives the definitive account of the emergence of the United Provinces as a great power, and explains the subsequent decline in the eighteenth century. He places the thought, politics, religion, and social developments of the Golden Age in their broad context, and examines the changing relationship between the northern Netherlands and the south, which was to develop into modern Belgium. One of the principal aims of the book is to counter the oversimplification which characterizes so much history writing today, and to provide a new type of integrated history which draws the different dimensions of the discipline firmly together in strictly non-technical language. The result is a comprehensive and lucid account as useful to the reader primarily interested in artistic and cultural history as to the student who needs a survey of the Republic's institutions, class structure, and economic development. At the same time it will provide an invaluable aid to scholars interested in new research and new interpretations.
A theory of possibility distributions

Possibility distributions form a widely accepted method for representing a certain type of uncertain knowledge. As yet, most mechanisms for processing possibility distributions have been founded on intuitive argumentation only. As a solution a comprehensive, mathematically sound theory of possibility distributions is proposed that is based on three simple axioms and the Principle of Minimal Specificity. Possibilistic knowledge-bases are represented by sets of possibility distributions. Inferring information from a knowledge-base is interpreted as combining its possibility distributions into the most specific one we are allowed to infer. On these assumptions it is shown in particular that the max—min-composition is an unambiguous mechanism for the aggregation of possibility distributions that are defined on different and freely chosen subspaces of a given Cartesian product of universes. A special type of possibility distribution ( Possibilistic Relation of Dependence or PROD ) is postulated as a description of dependencies between variables. They play an important role in a theory of possibilistic fuzzy systems that is presented as a general framework for fuzzy modeling of real-world problems.