nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Piezoelectric Effect in Permanently Polarized Oxide Glasses and Glass-Ceramics.

This research investigated the possible piezoelectric behavior of oxide glass samples subjected to phase separation and volume polarization. The concept consists of developing a glass composition which, when phase separated, produces a structure made up of isolated spheres within a low conductivity matrix. The conductivity of the spheres needs to be higher than the matrix at high temperatures but both materials must exhibit low conductivity at usage temperature. Thus, at high temperatures it is possible to apply an external electric field and polarize the isolated spheres by bulk ionic diffusion. When the sample is cooled to room temperature with the applied field and the applied field is removed when the sample is cold, a permanent polarization field will remain frozen in the spheres due to their low room temperature conductivity. Such material will exhibit intrinsic polarization and piezoelectic properties. Since the permanent polarization is developed throughout the glass, the piezoelectric behavior is not affected by surface polarization or by chemical reactions on the surface. Experiments are reported which demonstrate the use of phase separated glasses for development of permanently polarized electrets. Investigations of phase separation, dielectric relaxation and electrical conductivity of high silica glasses are presented.
Islam and Social Change in French West Africa: Abbreviations used in references

Change your habit to hang or waste the time to only chat with your friends. It is done by your everyday, don't you feel bored? Now, we will show you the new habit that, actually it's a very old habit to do that can make your life more qualified. When feeling bored of always chatting with your friends all free time, you can find the book enPDF islam and social change in french west africa history of an emancipatory community african studies and then read it.
Palliation of dyspnea in patients with heart failure.

Dyspnea is a subjective sensation, measurable by patient self-report on validated scales, and common in patients with heart failure--especially in later stages of the disease. When usual care is not sufficient to relieve refractory dyspnea, a palliative care referral can minimize this distressing symptom. Unfortunately, many clinicians are reluctant to consult palliative care teams because of the conflation of hospice, which requires the acceptance of death and refusal of curative treatment, with palliative care, which is a service focused on the provision of symptom control to any patient, regardless of prognosis. The evidence around various strategies for relieving refractory dyspnea in patients with heart failure is reviewed, and other benefits of early consultation with palliative care are mentioned.
Practice-based preceptoral residency training in family practice.

Highly specific accreditation requirements have led to a uniform approach in US family practice continuity training. In this paper, we describe an experiment in practice-based preceptoral continuity training.



We assessed the impact of assigning a resident to a private faculty practice for the second- and third-year levels of family practice continuity training. Data analysis included comparisons of practice demographics, clinical content, training costs, and resident assessment of training quality.



The preceptoral resident practice better approximated community demographic patterns than did the established residency practice. However, the preceptoral resident practice had relatively fewer visits for hypertension and diabetes mellitus than did the established residency, preceptoral site faculty, and National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey practices. Resident training at the preceptoral site resulted in a positive training expense differential of $69,300 calculated on an annual per third-year resident basis. The preceptoral resident expressed high levels of satisfaction with the quality of family practice center training.



Practice-based preceptoral continuity training in family practice appears feasible in terms of clinical content exposure and may offer substantial financial advantages. Important questions remain, particularly about the quality of teaching and supervision in a preceptoral training model.
Київська наукова школа М. Грушевського: висвітлення проблеми в українській історіографії

The article highlights particular issues of the research of Mykhailo Grushevskyi’s scientific and organizational activities in the mid – late 1920s carried out by Ukrainian historians. The author has considered peculiarities of Kyiv Scientific School created by the prominent scientist under the conditions of formation of the Soviet historical science. The article presents analysis of the Soviet historians’ methodological tools as well as of those practiced by the Diaspora’s scientists and of those practiced by modern researchers in terms of formation and activities of that scientific school.
Notion of strong monad in computing

Categories can be seen as the models of an algebraic theory and almost all the derived concepts are finitary and of algorithmic nature. In particular, the notion of a strong monad has found great variety of applications in the theory of computation. In order to expound products in the computational and semantic context, different approaches to this concept have been developed. In this survey we give a brief introduction of the notion of a strong monad in a categorical framework together with some illustrative examples in the theory of computation.
Convergence or Resilience? A Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of the Welfare Regimes in Advanced Countries

Following the seminal work of Esping-Andersen, many studies have identified a variety of welfare regimes in Western Europe and North America. This study examines a set of quantitative social indicators, using hierarchical cluster analysis, in order to identify such regimes, which display specific arrangements between markets, the state and families in the production and distribution of the resources required for the well-being of people. Indeed, these empirical analyses reveal the existence of the three regimes originally identified by Esping-Andersen - social-democratic, liberal, and conservative - to which one must add, as many authors had pointed out, a fourth, distinct from the latter, the Latin regime. These results pertain whether one turns to data from the 1980s or the 1990s. The data also reveal strong and durable relations of presumably mutual causality between the configuration of social programmes in the various societies under analysis, the social situations which largely result from these soc...
Solvent structure and enzyme activity.

Enzymes are fluctuating particles in thermal equilibrium with their solvent environment. A variety of models of enzyme action have postulated selective excitation of enzyme vibrational modes or triggering of correlated motion of catalytic groups through collisions with solvent particles as the basis of catalytic activity. Solvent composition and structure are expected to influence such interactions. Solutes such as p-dioxane, t-butanol, and tetraalkylammonium chlorides are known to be strong perturbants of the structure of water. However, when the kinetic parameters of two enzymes, carboxypeptidase A and alpha-chymotrypsin, were examined carefully in aqueous mixtures containing these solutes, no significant influence of solvent structure or mass composition on the catalytic rate constant was found. The results indicate, furthermore, that, within the low viscosity limit, fluctuations in enzyme structure that are responsible for activated processes in the catalytically rate limiting step appear not to be significantly influenced by dynamic processes in the bulk solvent.
The Center Will Not Hold: The Rise and Decline of Liberalism

Wallerstein’s analysis in the fourth volume of his series on the modern world system is perfectly consistent with the title. The author has produced a remarkable analysis of the birth and subsequent triumph of the ‘liberal center’ in nineteenth century Europe. I do not intend to summarize this creative work whose theses are supported by strong arguments. Read it and, whatever your opinion may be, you will learn much from it. I shall take up the four major points of this contribution to understanding our world, which are: (1) the centrality of the French Revolution; (2) the long ideological and political conflict through which the crystallization of the liberal center emerges; (3) the parallel that Wallerstein makes between France and England, the major creators of this crystallization; (4) the birth of social science, which is one of its principal products. In this way, I propose to continue the ongoing discussion that has linked Wallerstein, our now deceased colleagues, Frank and Arrighi, and me for four decades.
After the new social democracy : social welfare for the twenty-first century

Social democracy has made a political comeback in recent years, especially under the influence of the "Third Way". Not everyone is convinced however, that "Third Way" social democracy is the best means of reviving the Left's project. This title considers this dissent and offers an alternative approach. Bringing together a range of social and political thoeries, this book engages with some of the most important contemporary debates regarding the present direction and future of the Left. Drawing upon egalitarian, feminist and environmental ideas it proposes that the social democratic tradition can be renewed but only if the dominance of conservative ideas is challenged more effectively. It explores a number of issues with this aim in mind, including justice, the state, democracy, new technologies, future generations and the advances in genetics. Lively and authoritative, this study offers a distinctive contribution to political ideas. It should appeal to all of those interested in politics, philosophy, social policy and social studies.
Severe traumatic brain injury in New South Wales: comparable outcomes for rural and urban residents.

To compare differences in functional outcomes between urban and rural patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).



A longitudinal, prospective, multicentre study of a 2-year cohort from the Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program (BIRP) for New South Wales, with follow-up at 18 months after injury.



198 patients (147 urban, 51 rural) with severe TBI from the 11 participating rehabilitation units.



Demographic and injury details collected prospectively using a standardised questionnaire, and measures from five validated instruments (Disability Rating Scale, Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory, Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form and the General Health Questionnaire--28-item version) administered at follow-up to document functional, psychosocial, emotional and vocational outcomes.



Demographic details, injury severity, lengths of stay in intensive and acute care wards were similar for both rural and urban groups. There were no significant group differences in functional outcomes, including return to work, at follow-up.



Our findings contrast with previous research that has reported poorer outcomes after TBI for rural residents, and suggest that the integrated network of inpatient, outpatient and outreach services provided throughout NSW through the BIRP provides effective rehabilitation for people with severe TBI regardless of where they live.
Conducting and Optical Properties of Transparent Conducting Indium-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films by Sol-Gel Processing

Transparent conducting oxides were successfully prepared from mixed zinc nitrate hexahydrate and indium nitrate hydrate solutions in ethylene glycol using sol-gel technique. The In content in the film was varied (0, 2, 10, 20, 40, 75 and 100 atom %). Films were prepared by spin coating of the liquid precursors followed by thermal decomposition at 400° C after each layer. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, the pure ZnO and pure InO films (0 and at 100 % In) were crystalline as-deposited. The crystallinity was suppressed in mixed compositions such that the films with compositions between 10 and 75 at % were amorphous. All the films were transparent with the transmission cut-off frequency near 400 nm, which is characteristic of TCO materials. All as-deposited films were conductive with 0 and 100 atom % In having the lowest resistivities. The resistivity of all compositions were improved by post-deposition reducing anneal in pure Ar at 300° C. The lowest resistivity of 0.2 Ωcm was obtained for the pure ZnO after Ar anneal. It was two-orders of magnitude higher than reported in the literature for the In-doped ZnO, which was attributed to the low processing temperature. The resistivities of as-deposited and annealed inmore » Ar films were increased by consequent air anneal at 300° C.« less
Experts in Policy Processes: A Contemporary Perspective

An expert has typically been conceived as one with certain personal qualities of knowledge or skill. Martin suggests an alternative to the empiricist mode of viewing experts (with its faith in the ability of scientists to discover an objective truth), abandoning the notion of an expertise which confers expertness apart from the social setting. Instead he views experts and expertise in more relativistic terms. In the relativist mode, expertness is an ascribed quality, conferred by those who accept one as an expert. Partisanship enters: clients may be seen as choosing from among candidate-experts those who share their policy position, to assure receiving the right kind of advice. The marketing of supportive experts becomes part of our political life. In this very useful look at the literature of experts in policy-making. Martin observes how generally we have been dazzled into thinking naked pundits are wearing fine scientific garments.
Al dopant-dependent third-order nonlinear optical parameters in ZnO thin films under CW Nd: YAG laser irradiation

Structural, morphological and optical properties of Al-doped ZnO thin films synthesized by the spray pyrolysis method on the FTO-coated glass substrate are investigated in this study. The measurements were carried out on a series of films with various contents of Al dopant from 0 up to 4% of Al/ZnO ratios. 2-D and 3-D atomic force microscopy images revealed that the Al content has a considerable influence on the surface morphology and roughness of thin films so that the grain size and surface roughness of the films decreased with increasing the Al contents. Room temperature PL spectra revealed UV as well as defect emission peaks which experienced a slight blue shift with Al/ZnO ratios increasing from 1 to 4%. Measurements of nonlinear optical properties of Al-doped ZnO thin films were performed using a CW Nd: YAG laser at 532 nm by the Z-scan technique. It was demonstrated that the Al-doped ZnO thin films have a negative nonlinearity can be related to the thermal effects. The optical limiting measurements confirmed that undoped and Al-doped ZnO thin films are good candidates for optical limiter devices at 532 nm wavelength of lasers. The effects of defect states on the nonlinearity of thin films are also investigated in this work.
Electromagnetic properties of the d*(2380) hexaquark

Experiments with intense photon and electron beams have the potential to provide access to nontrivial properties of the recently discovered $d^*(2380)$ hexaquark including its size, structure, magnetic moment, quadrupole and octupole deformations. In this paper we investigate the sensitivity of ongoing and planned experiments to various properties of the $d^*(2380)$, employing models based on both constituent quark and pion cloud frameworks. Our calculations indicate that for photoinduced reactions on the deuteron the $d^*(2380)$ is predominantly produced from the $D-wave$ component of the deuteron. We confirm earlier findings that the intrinsic quadrupole deformation of the $d^*(2380)$ should be small. We also demonstrate an ability to extract the $d^*(2380)$ magnetic moment and put constrains on the $d^*(2380)$ $M3/E2$ ratio.
Towards an organizational study of trade unions

This paper develops modes of analysis for three major issues in the study of trade unions as organizations. These are, first, their distinctiveness as a discrete type of organization; secondly, the nature of their membership attachment; and thirdly, their twin rationales of representation and administration. The integration of these analyses within a new framework is then pursued. This framework serves to suggest propositions requiring empirical investigation and reference is made to some results from a preliminary study.
Decades of Innovation in Aircraft Design Education

Aircraft design has formed the foundation of the aeronautical engineering curriculum at Cal Poly since the inception of the department in 1927. While the focus and approach for teaching aircraft design has changed a great deal over the decades, the importance of the Cal Poly “learn by doing” philosophy has been a constant element. The end result of this decades-long history of innovation and improvement has been the continued success of Cal Poly students in the AIAA design competitions, especially the Undergraduate Team Aircraft Design competition. Details about how the design curriculum has evolved and grown will be discussed, including how non-technical issues have been integrated into the coursework. The details provided should supply insight to students and professional engineers about the aircraft design educational approach at Cal Poly, and hopefully lead to improved design education at other universities.
Miles and Me

Quincy Troupe's candid account of his friendship with Miles Davis is a revealing portrait of a great musician and an intimate study of a unique relationship. It is also an engrossing chronicle of the author's own development, both artistic and personal. As Davis' collaborator on " The Autobiography", Troupe - one of the major poets to emerge from the 1960s - had exceptional access to the musician. This memoir goes beyond the life portrayed in the autobiography to describe in detail the processes of Davis' spectacular creativity and the joys and difficulties his passionate, contradictory temperament posed to the men's friendship. It shows how Miles Davis, both as a black man and an artist, influenced not only Quincy Troupe but whole generations.Troupe has written that Miles Davis was "irascible, contemptuous, brutally honest, ill-tempered when things didn't go his way, complex, fair-minded, humble, kind and a son-of-a-bitch." The author's love and appreciation for Davis make him a keen, though not uncritical, observer. He captures and conveys the power of the musician's presence, the mesmerizing force of his personality, and the restless energy that lay at the root of his creativity. He also shows Davis' lighter side: cooking, prowling the streets of Manhattan, painting, riding his horse at his Malibu home. Troupe discusses Davis' musical output, situating his albums in the context of the times - both political and musical - out of which they emerged. "Miles and Me" is an unparalleled look at the act of creation and the forces behind it, at how the innovations of one person can inspire both those he knows and loves and the world at large.
Rates of hydrothermal cooling of new oceanic upper crust derived from lithium-geospeedometry

Episodic emplacement and cooling of lavas and dikes at mid-ocean ridges leads to large fluctuations in hydrothermal fluxes and biological activity. However, the processes operating beneath the seafloor during these transient events such as permeability creation and dike cooling are poorly understood. We have developed a new approach to determine the cooling rate of the sheeted dike complex based on the extent of diffusion of lithium from plagioclase into clinopyroxene during cooling. We have calibrated this Li-geospeedometer using new high-temperature experiments to determine both the temperature dependence of the partitioning of Li between plagioclase and clinopyroxene and the diffusion coefficient for Li in clinopyroxene. Application of this method to lavas and dikes from ODP Hole 504B shows that cooling rates vary dramatically with depth in the upper oceanic crust. Extremely rapid cooling rates (> 450 °C hr − 1 ) in the upper part of the sheeted dike complex are sufficient to power hydrothermal megaplume formation within the overlying water column.
Splitting up value: A critical review of residual income theories

This paper deals with the notion of residual income, which may be defined as the surplus profit that residues after a capital charge (opportunity cost) has been covered. While the origins of the notion trace back to the 19th century, in-depth theoretical investigations and widespread real-life applications are relatively recent and concern an interdisciplinary field connecting management accounting, corporate finance and financial mathematics (Peasnell, 1981, 1982; Peccati, 1987, 1989, 1991; Stewart, 1991;  1995; Arnold and Davies, 2000; Young and O'Byrne, 2001; Martin, Petty and Rich, 2003). This paper presents both a historical outline of its birth and development and an overview of the main recent contributions regarding capital budgeting decisions, production and sales decisions, implementation of optimal portfolios, forecasts of asset prices and calculation of intrinsic values. A most recent theory, the systemic-value-added approach (also named lost-capital paradigm), provides a different definition of residual income, consistent with arbitrage theory. Enfolded in Keynes's (1936) notion of user cost and forerun by Pressacco and Stucchi (1997), the theory has been formally introduced in Magni (2000a,b,c; 2001a,b; 2003), where its properties are thoroughly investigated as well as its relations with the standard theory; two different lost-capital metrics have been considered, for value-based management purposes, by Drukarczyk and Schueler (2000) and Young and O'Byrne (2001). This work illustrates the main properties of the two theories and their relations, and provides a minimal guide to construction of performance metrics in the two approaches.