nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Two guns from Harlem : the detective fiction of Chester Himes

Among the many writers who lent their talents to the creation of hard-boiled detective fiction, few have approached it from a more original perspective than Chester Himes. A former criminal himself, Himes brought to the writing of detective fiction the perspective of the black man. Himes made his debut with the brilliant "For Love of Imabelle," for which he was awarded the coveted Grand Prix de la Litterature Policiere. " Two Guns from Harlem" probes Himes s early life and career for the roots of this series and for its heroes, Coffin Ed Johnson and Grave Digger Jones. Skinner discusses how Himes s experience as a black man, combined with his unique outlook on sociology, politics, violence, sex, and race relations, resulted not only in an unusual portrait of black America but also opened the way for the creation of the ethnic and female hard-boiled detectives who followed."
Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern Horizons

Any attempt to study the transition from inanimate to animate matter must include a definition of a living entity and its central attributes. The definition of life used in !he present work is based on the idea !hat the organizational principle, characterizing both past and present living entities, is a feedback system in an adequate geochemical environment and in !he context of an appropriate chemical composition. By extending this principle to the molecular level of the transition from inanimate to animate matter, the origin of life is viewed as the establishment of the first "living" entity (or population of "living" entities) characterized by feedback loops and compartmentation and amenable to Darwinian evolution. Thus, the emergence of compartmenttalized, catalyzed, and template-directed feedback loops in an inanimate, fluctuating, and rhy1hmical environment is identical with the emergence of living entities. It is proposed !hat, as such, it is also amenable to artificial syn!hesis in a test-tube.
Current Topics in Industrial and Labor Relations Research and Practice

Recent research on six current topics in industrial and labor relations is reviewed: (a) the decline in union membership in the United States, (b) concession bargaining, (c) unions and employee participation programs, (d) the effect of unions on productivity and profits, (e) dispute resolution, and (f) international industrial relations. For each topic, major research findings are summarized and evaluated along with suggestions forfuture research. The article concludes by considering future scenarios for the U.S. labor movement.
Assessing the influence of the business environment on small enterprise employment – An assessment guide - SEED Working Paper No. 71E

This guide has been prepared to guide and assist policy makers, researchers, evaluators, programme managers, or anyone else who wants to determine the effects that external influences have on employment in small enterprises. It aims to assist and add value to assessment efforts made by a range of actors in the business environment, public sector agencies, private business organizations, worker organizations, and various kinds of civil society institutions.
New ZnSnO3-based varistor system

Semiconducting ceramics are widely used in electrical industries involving mobile communications, computers, signal processing, power transport, and control systems, because of their unique and useful electrical characteristics . Varistors which are generally used to protect electronic circuits from voltage shock can sense and limit high transient voltage surges and can repeatedly endure such surges without being destroyed. The most important property of a varistor is its nonlinear voltage–current characteristic. It can be expressed by the equation I = K V α . The α coefficient gives the degree of nonlinearity and the constant K depends on the microstructure and is related to the electrical resistivity of the material. Commercial varistors used in protection systems are based on SiC or on ZnO. Varistors based on SiC have low nonlinearity coefficients [2–4] and ZnO varistors exhibit high nonlinear coefficients, but the degradation problem of ZnO varistors has not been resolved [5–7]. Therefore, the efforts to find new varistor materials have been ongoing. In 1983, N. Yumaka, M. Masuyama found that SrTiO3-based ceramics made by a two-step process had varistor characteristics . In 1995, S. A. Pianaro found a new varistor material , (Co,Nb)-doped SnO2, which has only a single phase, rutile structure. In 2000, J. F. Wang found one oxide (Sb2O3)-doped TiO2 ceramic to have varistor behavior . Following Wang, W. B. Su found, in 2002, another TiO2 varistor doped with only one oxide (WO3) . In this work, we found a new varistor material, (Nb,Si)-doped ZnSnO3, and investigated the effects of SiO2 on the properties of the (Nb,Si)-doped ZnSnO3 varistor. The materials used were analytical grades of SnO2 (99.5%), Nb2O5 (99.5%), ZnO (99.5%), and SiO2 (90.0%). The compositions were SnO2 + ZnO + 0.2%Nb2O5 + x%SiO2 in molar terms, where x = 0, 0.25, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0. The varistors were prepared by conventional ceramic processing. The mixed raw chemicals were milled in a nylon kettle with ZrO2 balls and some distilled water, dried, mixed with 0.6% weight of PVA binder and pressed into disks 15 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness at 160 MPa. The disks were sintered at 1427 ◦C for an hour and cooled to room temperature after burning out the PVA binder at 650 ◦C. To measure the electrical properties, silver electrodes were made on both surfaces of the sintered disks. For microstructure characterization, the surfaces of the samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the phases were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). For electrical characterization of current density versus applied electrical field, an I–V grapher (QT2) was used. The complex impedance dependent on frequency is measured using an Agilent 4294A impedance analyzer. According to the XRD analysis , no apparent second phase was observed and SnO2 and ZnO should be synthesized according to the following reaction [11]:
Universal Algebra for Termination of Higher-Order Rewriting

We show that the structures of binding algebras and Σ-monoids by Fiore, Plotkin and Turi are sound and complete models of Klop's Combinatory Reduction Systems (CRSs). These algebraic structures play the same role of universal algebra for term rewriting systems. Restricting the algebraic structures to the ones equipped with well-founded relations, we obtain a complete characterisation of terminating CRSs. We can also naturally extend the characterisation to rewriting on meta-terms by using the notion of Σ-monoids.
Case Studies and EU Politics: A Reply to Miklin

A recent article in West European Politics by Eric Miklin attempted to shed light on the decision-making process in the European Union. The argument presented was that individual ministerial ideological preferences can affect a government's bargaining position in the Council of the European Union. Miklin proposes that under certain conditions national ministers may enjoy substantial freedom. This brief reply identifies three main problems with Miklin's approach: a case selection bias, ministerial autonomy, and an examination of where decisions are made.
Towards Distributed Reasoning for Behavioral Optimization

We propose an architecture which supports the behavioral self-optimization of complex systems. In this architecture we bring together specification-based reasoning and the framework of ant colony optimization (ACO). By this we provide a foundation for distributed reasoning about different properties of the solution space represented by different viewpoint specifications. As a side-effect of reasoning we propagate the information about promising areas in the solution space to the current state. Consequently the system’s decisions can be improved by considering the long term values of certain behavioral trajectories (given a certain situational horizon). We consider this feature to be a contribution to autonomic computing.
An Economic Spurt that Failed: Four Lectures in Austrian History

In 1900 the newly appointed Austrian prime minister, Ernest von Koerber, initiated a novel program of economic development designed to solve the political and economic problems of the Habsburg Monarchy. Ambitious and ingenious as the plan was, it proved a failure, and in this book Alexander Gerschenkron assesses its career and significance for both Austrian and European history. 
 
 The author explains the importance of Koerber's experiment as a way of increasing Austria's economic strength while drawing the country out of divisive political struggles. He ascribes its failure primarily to the obstructionist tactics of Eugen von Boehin-Bawerk, the famous economist, who headed the Austrian Ministry of Finance. In describing the experiment's brief but striking success, Professor Gerschenkron challenges the widespread belief among scholars that disintegrating nationalist forces were irresistible. 
 
 Originally published in 1977. 
 
 The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Modern French drama, 1940-1990

List of illustrations Preface Acknowledgements 1.  the inter-war years 2. The Occupation 3. The Parisian theatre I: philosophical melodrama 4. The Parisian theatre II: the new theatre 5. The decentralised theatre I: the fifties 6. The decentralised theatre II: Planchon and Adamov 7. The decentralised theatre III: the sixties 8. Total theatre 9. La creation collective 10. Playwrights of the seventies 11. The eighties Bibliography Historical table of productions Index.
Infective endocarditis in adults with congenital heart disease

Although modern medicine has improved survival in congenital heart disease dramatically, the long-term course carries a risk of late complications. The incidence of infective endocarditis in adults with congenital heart disease is more than 10 times higher than that of the normal population. Identification of the high-risk groups, a high diagnostic alert, and no random prescription of antibiotics to these patients are important issues to health care providers. There is also a need for a structured education of patients on preventive measures and symptoms of infective endocarditis.
Tectonic Map of Texas--A Progress Report: ABSTRACT

The Bureau of Economic Geology is compiling a new Tectonic Map of Texas--a detailed, up-to-date display at 1:500,000 of surface and subsurface structural history for the entire state and adjoining areas of Mexico and the continental shelf and slope. This is the first comprehensive structural mapping of Texas since E. H. Sellards' "Structural Map of Texas" some 40 years ago. A companion illustrated text is also being compiled to systematically describe and summarize the tectonic evolution of the state from Proterozoic to Holocene. Deformed Precambrian crust is exposed in the Llano uplift and in western Trans-Pecos Texas. It is subdivided by the tectonic setting of the sedimentary rocks and the timing of intrusion and deformation. The late Paleozoic basins and the intervening fault-bounded basement uplifts of west Texas are shown by 200-m and 100-m contours on the top of Precambrian or the top of Ellenburger, depending on the nature of well control. The principal features of the buried Ouachita Overthrust belt are displayed, along with a more detailed rendition of the exposed Ouachita rocks in the Marathon region. The East Texas, Maverick, and Sabinas basins and the inner Gulf coastal plain are shown by contours on the Edwards Limestone and the Austin Chalk; features due to salt tectonism, growth faulting, and C rdilleran deformation are prominent. Seaward of the Cretaceous shelf margin, the growth-fault trends of the Gulf Coast are shown with contours on the Tertiary formations most affected. Available offshore data have been integrated to provide a picture of the shelf, slope, and a corner of the Sigsbee abyssal plain. In the multiply deformed Trans-Pecos region, the surface expressions of structures related to Laramide folding and thrusting, middle Tertiary volcanism, and Miocene to Holocene basin and range faulting are shown, in addition to the Precambrian and Ouachita-Marathon structures, where exposed. The final edition will be multicolor, with colors emphasizing subsurface contour horizons and depths, tectonic units in deformed or volcanic areas, salt domes, igneous bodies, faults, and axial traces of folds. Faults will be identified, where possible, by their age. Inset maps will include basement age and lithology, gravity, magnetics, and topography. The map and text will provide a valuable summary of Texas structural geology and suggest new approaches to the search for energy resources. End_of_Article - Last_Page 458------------
“Social vs. Military Spending”: A Different Perspective

There are three problems with Ismael Hossein-zadeh's “Social vs. Military Spending” in the June 2009 Review of Social Economy in which he sets out to demonstrate the consequences of “escalating US military spending at the expense of non-military public spending.” First, there is abundant evidence indicating that non-military public spending has not been sacrificed to satisfy the demands of the military establishment. Second, the very same tax cuts for the rich that increased income equality are associated with huge increases in taxes collected from the rich. Third, Hurricane Katrina provides little support for his hypothesis that military spending led to infrastructure neglect.
Annealing Effect of Amorphous Gallium Selenide Thin Films

Annealing effects of GaSe thin films prepared by flash evaporation were investigated using optical transmission measurement, photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, microscopy, and X-ray diffraction technique. As-deposited films have amorphous structure and their PA signals showed strong absorption in the range from 300 to 800 nm. With the increase of annealing temperature the optical transmission increased abruptly due to the nucleation and growth of spherulites. After further annealing the PA spectra of the crystallized films were resembling the PA spectrum of a single crystal more and more and showed the clear absorption edge near 2.0 eV. Thus, by the annealing of the as-deposited films a number of the localized levels in the band gap have been removed.
Democracy : the unfinished journey : 508 BC to AD 1993

Two and a half thousand years ago the small Greek city state of Athens invented a new form of political regime. Today the name of that form of regime is the only credible basis on which to claim regular and lasting political authority across the entire world. This book explains how a casual practical solution to local Greek political difficulties so long ago has come to stand virtually unchallenged as the ground for modern political authority. It shows how the idea of democracy has kept its power in a world which is utterly different from the world of classical Greece, and how the questions which the Greeks first raised about the meaning of democratic rule still loom over human political and economic institutions in a setting in which no modern population can ever rule in practice, day by day, as the Athenian demos ruled. By viewing its astonishing history across this great arc of time, the book shows why democracy today has both the power and the vulnerability which make it the key to understanding politics; and it explains why it has triumphed so decisively in the modern world.  Simon Hornblower, Cynthia Farrar, Geoffrey Lloyd, Quentin Skinner, David Wootton, Gordon S. Wood, Biancamaria Fontana, Charles S. Maier, Neil Harding, Sunil Khilnani, Susan Mendus, Neal Ascherson,
Test intellectual property trends, test issues and the wealth of owning test in-house

In a recent 1500 mile tour around various automotive companies in mainland Europe, I was amazed to find design engineers who had not heard of JTAG or boundary scan as a test technique. This paper introduces the IEEE 1149.1 standard, how it works, what you can do with it now - right up to examples of advanced use today. I will present some trends which will force any clear-thinking test department to look at JTAGpsilas benefits again, reinforce the importance of designing for test.
The Scientific Spirit and Method in Chinese Philosophy

This paper starts out by questioning the validity of Professor Northrop's provocative theory that "a culture which admits only concepts by intuition is automatically prevented from developing science of the Western type." No culture, indeed, no man, ever admits only so-called "concepts by intuition." In attempting to understand the East and the West, a historical approach is more important than any set of "technical terminology for comparative philosophy." A historical approach means that all past differences in the intellectual and religious activities of man (East or West) have been historical differences, produced, conditioned, and grooved by geographical, economic, social, political, and even biographical factors, all of which can be studied and understood historically and intelligently. To seek to understand what historical forces or combinations of forces have tended to channel the intellectual activities of a certain people into a particular direction throughout historic times-that would be a legitimate ambition not unworthy of such a conference as this one.
The many faces of geriatric depression.

Recent studies on five aspects of geriatric depression, namely subsyndromal depression, risk factors and association with chronic pain, cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment, are reviewed.



Subsyndromal depression in the elderly population is not uncommon in east Asia; the prevalence is about 8-9%. Risk factors of geriatric depression include poor health, brain injury, low folate and vitamin B12 and raised plasma homocysteine levels. Depressed elderly with chronic pain are prone to suicidal ideation. Depression is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and mortality in coronary heart disease.



The growing interest in research on geriatric depression could focus on early diagnosis to help doctors treat depression better at primary care level.
Cumberland Population Movements, 1871-81

portion. Eight wind heads on margins. 4. Western and north-western Europe. Scotland not an island, but general outline poor; Baltic outline inferior to Y. T., but otherwise maps very similar. 5. Spain and North-east Africa. 6. Western Mediterranean. 7. Central Mediterranean. 8. Eastern Mediter? ranean. 9. Black Sea. 10. Grecian archipelago. 11. Oval world map. Very similar to Y. T., but without strait across North America. 12. Old world after Ptolemy on stereoscopic projection.
Wicksell's Social Philosophy and his Unanimity Rule

Wicksell saw economics as a way to effect social change. In addition to academic writings, he produced a steady stream of pamphlets, newspaper editorials, and public lectures that brought theoretical economics to bear on social policy. In this paper, consideration is given to this wider variety of Wicksell's writings, and his unanimity rule for public goods decision making is examined within the context of his social philosophy. We argue that the unanimity rule, rather than being narrowly focused on efficiency concerns, operated as a practical mechanism to achieve Wicksell's larger goal of social justice. This stands in contrast to the interpretation of Wicksell commonly presented in the public choice literature.
A Comparison of Transient Annealing Methods for Silicide Formation

Nickel and cobalt silicides have been formed by raster-scanned electron beam and flash-lamp irradiation of thin metal films on single crystal (100) and (111) silicon wafers. RBS and channelling measurements indicate that the NiSi 2 is epitaxial and of good crystalline quality (X min 4% on (111)); epitaxial CoSi 2 was more difficult to form and of somewhat poorer quality. The elastic recoil technique has been used to determine bulk and interfacial light element contamination. These measurements have been correlated with resistivity and SEM studies of the surface textures.
Internalizing the Demonic: Satan and the Self in Early Modern Scottish Piety

Beliefs about the Devil informed Scottish piety in a myriad of ways. This article explores, in particular, the experiential relationship between Reformed theology, the practice of introspection, and demonic belief. It locates a process of profound anxiety and self-identification as evil that occurred during inward, personal engagement with Satan. This process, loosely coined here as “internalizing the demonic,” reveals the close and consequential relationship between the clerical promotion of self-surveillance and the widely internalized belief in the Devil's natural affinity with the “evil hearts” of men and women. Through an examination of English texts circulated in Scotland and a brief comparison with Protestant groups abroad, this article suggests that internalizing the demonic was a defining component of experiential piety not just in Scotland, but also throughout the Reformed Anglophone world.
De osynliga men väsentliga aktiviteterna! : En studie av barn som till synes inte leker

In this thesis work, we wanted to look into what the children do that don’t seem to play with other children.We also wanted to investigate how the preschool teachers talk about these children. In this survey focus has been on the interaction between children which has been examined through observations.The thoughts of the adults and their view of how they coould/should relate to children that don´t seem to take part in the play has been brought forward through interviews. We have made observations and interviews in a preschool in central Stockholm. We have named the preschool ”Skogmullen” and the department ”Ugglan” and ”Bjornen”.To get yet another perspective, we have intervued an educator in “International Child Development Programme“ that is grounded in (profession) Daniel Stern's concept. We have choosen to connect and analyse the empiric material in relation to Stern's theories and concept.The results of our survey shows that the children are active in what they are doing when playing alone. During the interviews it was emphasised that children can choose to observe or they may need support to participate in the play.
Ethics Education and the Role of the Symbolic Market

This study responds to suggestions that business-school faculty are promoting distorted views of human nature and out-dated notions of ethics. Specifically, the paper examines in-depth interviews with a sample of 15 faculty centrally-positioned within the field’s symbolic market, namely, academics who completed their Ph.D. programs in the same institutional space as the editors of five top accounting journals. The paper finds that ethics are for the most part important to these individuals, but that the field’s general adherence to the neoclassical economic model creates pressures that militate against a deeper concern for and more adequate treatment of the topic.