nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A CLIB-Inspired Library of Commonsense Knowledge in Modular Action Language ALM

This paper describes a modular action language, ALM, dedicated to the specification of complex dynamic systems. One of the main goals of the language is to facilitate the development and testing of knowledge representation libraries. We present the implementation of a large scale library of commonsense concepts, achieved by porting knowledge from the Component Library (CLIB) into ALM. Our choice of CLIB as a source of inspiration is justified by the well-founded methodology used by its authors in selecting the general concepts it contains, and its extensive testing in the context of the Automated User-centered Reasoning and Acquisition System. The resulting ALM library has the additional advantage of incorporating established knowledge representation methodologies developed in the action language research community.
Lesbian Life and Literature: A Survey of Recent German-Language Publications

The article discusses similarities and differences of Lesbian/Gay politics and culture in German-speaking countries and in the USA and surveys recent non-fiction German-language publications, documenting widespread cultural borrowing and a keen interest in historical research. A new genre, the "merged anthology," juxtaposes the pioneering work of non-German writers/activists in translation with original German contributions on related themes. Recent scholarly works provide a historical survey of Lesbian literature and document the existence of Lesbian subcultures in the GDR, in Switzerland in the 1930s and 1940s, and in Germany during the Third Reich. Analysis of the specifically German situation demonstrates the intrinsic connection between homophobia, racism, and institutionalized violence by the State.
Stepping up : improving the performance of China's urban water utilities

Drawing upon the World Bank's experience in China, as well as the Bank's global knowledge, this report paints an attainable vision for the urban water sector in the year 2020. This vision entails the provision of safe and reliable drinking water for all, comprehensive stormwater drainage, and the collection and treatment of all municipal wastewater -- provided by efficient and financially sustainable water utilities. The strategic framework and set of recommendations presented in this report provide a starting point for achieving the 2020 sector vision. The development of specific policies and programs within this strategic framework will naturally need further research and testing, but the direction is clear and requires coordinated action from national, provincial, and municipal governments, as well as water utilities. The World Bank stands ready to deepen our partnership with China through continued financing of urban water projects, as well as conducting additional research, sharing international experience, and engaging in policy dialogue at all levels of government. We trust that this report will serve as the foundation for a new generation of World Bank support for China's urban water sector.
Through the looking glass - why no wonderland? Computer applications in architecture in the USA

one objective of the paper is to survey computer-aided design activities in the USA as they apply to architectural design. Normally, such reviews limit their focus to software, and possibly hardware, developments. However, the economic and institutional environments of a country largely determine the rate and direction of research and its application, and this is especially true of computer-aided design. Thus, a second objective of the paper is to place the current efforts in the USA within this wider context. A survey is attempted, not only of the innovative research and applications of computers in architectural design, but also the context in which these developments have been taken place. Also surveyed are the changes in the environment for computer-aided architectural design that have been proposed or are taking place.
Contemporary Economics Dilemmas, Factors And Paradoxes

In this article some basic economics questions related to the theoretical modeling of the economic reality, dominantly of monetary nature, as well as their importance for creators of macro economy politics, are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of some economics theories that analyze economy dynamics are argued, particularly from the aspect of economics crisis prediction. The changing of macro economy paradigm and various attempts of creating synthesis of economics theories, are analyzed. It is pointed out the paradox concerning the stoppage of implementation (development) of economics institutes in comparison to the propagation of institutionalization and undoubting advantages of institutional pluralism. The starting hypothesis for resolving accumulated economics problems and paradoxes is in the necessity of synthesized knowledge existing and creating at least minimal synthesis of rational cores of different economics theories, among which the dominant place must be reserved to the achievements of the neo-institutional economics theory.
The Emerging Role of Human Factors Engineering in Naval Ship Design

Traditionally the U.S Navy has not systematically applied HFE principals to the design of surface ships. Hovever, recent investigations by the DOD's Naval Research Advisory Cormnittee (hRK) and the General Accountiung Office (GAO) have clearly deliniated serious problems of fleet readiness due to inadequate attention given to human factors in the ship design process. As a result there has been a noted increase in HFE participation in the design of neii ships such as the LHD, LSD-41, AOE-6 and AE-36. In addition, organization changes with NAVSEA, and the issuance of a new NAVN4T Instruction mandating HFE participation in the ship design process, provides even further opportmity for HFE to make meaningful contributions to the ships of the future. Based on the HFE participation in the above programs it is now evident that these contributions can be made without disrupting design nr construction schedules, adding significant costs, or negatively impacting the design and construction process.
LOCAL BANK OFFICE OWNERSHIP, DEPOSIT CONTROL, MARKET STRUCTURE, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

The restructuring of commercial banking has heightened interest in its economic consequences both for the economy as a whole and for those most likely to bear adverse consequences: small businesses, small banks, and rural areas. Most previous research on bank restructuring focuses on changes in bank behavior. In contrast, this paper focuses on the empirical association between local economic performance and changes in local bank market regulation and structure. Findings suggest that mergers or acquisitions of local banks by nonlocal banks need not impair local economic growth, and may even have beneficial effects in rural markets, with the possible exception of farm-dependent areas. These findings are derived from empirical models that relate both shortrun and longrun growth in real per capita personal income to geographic restrictions on bank activity, local bank (deposit) market concentration, local or nonlocal ownership of local bank offices, and local or nonlocal control of local bank deposits.
K. Jaspersas ir egzistencializmo socialinės bei teorinės prielaidos

The article presents some notes on K. Jaspers’s biography. On the basis of an analysis of the monopolist stage of imperialism, technological progress, its social consequences and specific features of spiritual culture, the author throws light on social and theoretical premises of the formation of existentialism. Against the background of confronting positive scientism with irrationalism, some distinquishing features of K. Jaspers’ philosophy are presented.
[Concept of teamwork and inter- and intra-connection for better management of COPD patients].

The elderly population makes up a majority of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and more than 90 % of these patients have mild or moderate severity of COPD. Furthermore, in general, most severe cases receiving occasional long-term oxygen therapy may show a gradual decline in the activity of daily living and/or a cognitive impairment during the clinical course. These conditions together with the fact that in most cases the medical facility is far from patient's home prevent them from regularly visiting chest physicians at a large community hospital; therefore, they are possibly managed by non-specialists at private clinics. Recently, there have been significant advances in COPD management, and evidences of its appropriate pharmaceutical treatment are now available. Thus, there is a need for translational research with the recent advances in COPD management. This manuscript describes the concept of teamwork and inter- and intra-connection for better management of COPD patients.
An Effective Decision Procedure for Linear Arithmetic with Integer and Real Variables

This paper considers finite-automata based algorithms for handling linear arithmetic with both real and integer variables. Previous work has shown that this theory can be dealt with by using finite automata on infinite words, but this involves some difficult and delicate to implement algorithms. The contribution of this paper is to show, using topological arguments, that only a restricted class of automata on infinite words are necessary for handling real and integer linear arithmetic. This allows the use of substantially simpler algorithms, which have been successfully implemented.
Theoretical Insights into the Role of Water Molecules in the Guanidinium-Based Protein Denaturation Process in Specific to Aromatic Amino Acids.

Noncovalent interactions between the guanidinium cation (Gdm+) and aromatic amino acids (AAs) in the water molecules have been studied using quantum chemical calculation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our studies show that there are two different modes of interactions between Gdm+ and AAs with and without water molecules. It is observed that nonhydrated Gdm+ interacts with AAs through N-H···π interactions, whereas hydrated clusters of Gdm+ are stabilized by stacking interactions with the help of the water-mediated hydrogen bond. Thus, different hydration patterns have significant effects on the predominant cation···π interactions in AAs-Gdm+ complexes. Findings from MD simulation elicit that the interaction pattern of Gdm+ with AAs varies as Phe < Tyr < Trp. Both the QM and MD calculations show a similar trend in the interaction of AAs with Gdm+. Moreover, the interaction of AAs with Gdm+ depends on the spatial orientation of AAs in the protein and the concomitant local structure, that is, the AAs present in the unstructured region of protein such as coils and bends exhibit higher binding for Gdm+ when compared to the AAs present in the structured region of the protein such as the α-helix and the β-sheet. Our study clearly reveals that H-bonded water molecules and the hydration pattern of Gdm+ as well as the positional presence of these AAs in the protein structure context play determining roles in the denaturation of protein by the Gdm+ cation.
SYMPOSIUM: TRAILBLAZERS TOO LIGHTLY MENTIONED? The Empirical Institutions-Growth Literature: Is Something Amiss at the Top?

The past two decades have witnessed a resurgence of economic research on the most fundamental question: What causes economic growth? The research has suggested numerous determinants such as geography, physical capital, human capital, technology, population growth, and international trade. 1 More recently, however, empirical growth research has focused on “institutions.” For example, the theme of the World Bank’s 2002 World Development Report was “Building Institutions for Markets.” Although growth theory’s focus on institutions is a more recent phenomenon, economists’ acknowledgment of institutions is nothing new. In 1776, Adam Smith proclaimed that the path to economic prosperity begins with a general presumption of freedom from government intervention, and, ever since, classical liberal economists have continued the tradition (e.g., Hayek 1954, Friedman and Friedman 1980). Finally, beginning with the work of Douglas North, the link between institutions and economic performance gradually worked its way into the more academic discussions of growth theory (e.g., North and Thomas 1973, North 1990). One obvious reason for the long-standing lack of attention on institutions in the empirical growth literature is the inherent difficulty in measuring institutions. Although measures of some aspects of institutions have existed for some time, such as the Freedom House indexes of political and civil freedom, measures of a more comprehensive view of institutions and especially economic
Chapter Twenty-Seven. Abuse And Attacks

Faced with abuse of an ethnic, racial or religious nature, members of staff in schools hesitate or waver between two attitudes. The first consists in considering them as jokes, juvenile provocations or mere marks of familiarity with no hostile intention, especially if it is a question of interaction between pupils. A second attitude is based on the idea that the insults and abuse are meaningful and that this meaning is alarming. When it is a question of attacks and physical violence of an anti-Semitic nature, schools seem even less capable of dealing with the problems in a satisfactory manner. Anti-Semitism in schools is undoubtedly a reality. But it is exaggerated or, conversely, played down and always twisted as a result of the huge inadequacies of the educational system creating scandals in situations where simple measures, taken locally and internally with a minimum of common sense, should suffice. abuse; anti-Semitic nature; physical violence; schools
The Dance of Dependency: A Genealogy of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence discourse challenges cultural acceptance of male violence against women, yet it is often constituted by gendered, racialized, and class-based hierarchies. Transformative efforts have not escaped traces of these hierarchies. Emancipatory ideals guiding 1970s feminist activism have collided with conservative impulses to maintain and strengthen family relationships. Crime control discourse undermines critiques of dominance through its focus on individual men. Domestic violence discourse exemplifies both resistance to and replication of hierarchies of power. In the 1990s, "domestic violence" represents a convoluted, contradictory discourse that incorporates the contested terrains of sex, love, violence, law, and truth. This discourse is a feminist victory, on one side, as it has urged social recognition of women's oppression and developed material resources and institutions specifically addressed to the problem. It is simultaneously a feminist nightmare, as it has absorbed grassroots struggles into the machinery of social engineering and mass mediation, reinscribing patterns of race, class, and gender domination. It is a political and discursive space in which emancipatory ideals collide with repressive mechanisms of social control; the legal, familial, and social scientific establishments. In the United States, at the end of the millennium, "domestic violence" is a code for physical and emotional brutality within intimate relationships, usually heterosexual. As a code, it glosses the intricate, layered connections of power relationships built on race, class, and gender hierarchies, each tied in unique fashion to requirements of female dependency. These power hierarchies recede as the discursive focus abstracts acts of violence as a pathology to be remedied, separate from a critique of the relationships of dominance
Off-label use of cardiovascular medications in children hospitalized with congenital and acquired heart disease.

Many barriers exist to conducting pediatric cardiovascular (CV) trials, and the majority of therapies used are not evidence based. Recent legislation has aimed to stimulate pediatric research and improve drug labeling. This study describes off-label use of CV medications in children hospitalized with congenital and acquired CV disease.



The 2005 Pediatric Health Information System database was queried for patients with CV International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision codes who received CV medications. Off-label use (patient younger than US Food and Drug Administration-approved age) was described. Multivariate analysis used Poisson regression to model the number of CV drugs received off-label. There were 31,432 patients included (median age, 10.4 months; interquartile range, 30 days to 6.8 years). Congenital heart disease (67%) was the most common diagnosis. Other diagnoses included hypertension, arrhythmia, myocarditis/cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, rheumatic fever/endocarditis, and heart transplant. Seventy-eight percent received > or = 1 CV medication off-label, and 31% received > or = 3 CV medications off-label. The most commonly used CV medications were furosemide, epinephrine, dopamine, lidocaine, and milrinone. The latter 3 (prescribed in 69% of patients) were used off-label in all cases. Medications studied under recent federal initiatives were prescribed in only 20% of patients, and were still used off-label 62% of the time. In multivariate analysis, heart transplant recipients (odds ratio 1.7; 95% CI 1.5 to 1.9) were most likely to receive a greater number of off-label CV medications.



Despite recent legislation, off-label use of CV medications in the pediatric population is common. These data highlight the need for further study to determine which treatments should be used more frequently and which are unsafe or ineffective in children hospitalized with CV disease.
Cost enforcement in the real-time specification for Java

The Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) provides an integrated approach to scheduling periodic real-time threads and monitoring their CPU execution time. It defines a cost enforcement model whereby a periodic real-time thread is suspended when it consumes more CPU time (budget) than it requested in a single release. However, compliant implementations need not support this model, as the underlying operating systems mechanisms are not widely available. Consequently, experience with the model is limited (it is generally not provided in most implementations of the RTSJ). In previous work we showed, using model checking techniques, that the current version of the cost enforcement model can, under certain unlikely scenarios, allow a periodic thread more than its CPU budget in a single period. Such a behaviour can undermine any schedulability analysis that has been undertaken. In this paper, we present a revised formal model, which corrects this anomalous behaviour, and evaluate its properties. We also extend the formal model, so it allows support for real-time threads with sporadic and aperiodic releases, and show how our revised cost enforcement model is valid for all types of threads.
Democratic producersm: enlisting American for workplace flexibility

Employee participation in management is a common element of on-going industrial relatons reforms. Current liberal productivist models of reform focus workplace co-operation between workers and managers and on competition among plants. Although there are serious pitfalls for unions on co-operation, American unious have a long history of interest in producerist schemes of labour participation. This essay argues that the actual character of industrial relations and whether or not the new industrial relations serves the interests of union members depends in part on the ability of unions to develo a new producerist vision that politically links workers' interests at work the interests of society in a productive economy.
Trade Liberalization in Mexico: An Analysis of the Anti-Export Bias

2 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Sven Arndt for his invaluable insights and advice during the creation and completion of this paper. I would also like to thank Professor Heather Antecol for her constant feedback throughout the semester, and everyone else that helped me in constructing this paper.  Modern trade theory suggests that protectionist policies hinder exports by altering domestic prices and production incentives. This paper examines the effect of import tariffs on Mexican non-oil exports through a comprehensive analysis of the Mexican trade sector, including a breakdown of the most important free trade agreements for the Mexican economy, information on Mexican resource mobility and factor endowment, and analysis on Mexico's tariff structure. The paper finds that import tariffs on both intermediate and final goods have a direct and significant effect on exports, alluding to the existence of an anti-export bias, and argues that free trade is the most effective way to promote exports and allow for domestic price readjustment.
Jostling for Advantage: Licensing and Entry into Patent Portfolio Races

Licensing in a patent thicket allows firms to either avoid or resolve hold-up. Firms' R&D incentives depend on whether they license ex ante or ex post. We develop a model of a patent portfolio race, which allows for endogenous R&D efforts, to study firms' choice between ex ante and ex post licensing. The model shows that firms' relationships in product markets and technology space jointly determine the type of licensing contract chosen. In particular, product market competitors are more likely to avoid patent portfolio races, since the threat of hold-up increases. On the other hand, more valuable technologies are more likely to give rise to patent portfolio races. We also discuss the welfare implications of these results.
An Evaluation of Limited Equity Housing Cooperatives in the United States

Limited equity cooperatives (LECs) are evaluated within the following framework: 1) the effect of resident participation on operating costs, 2) the disutility of time and effort that members devote to co-op activities, 3) the intangible benefits of co-op living, 4) the degree of subsidization, and 5) the financial viability of LECs. As a result of information gathered from interviews of field practitioners and academic experts, the authors' personal experiences, and a review of the literature, LECs are seen as an effective way of providing home-ownership opportunities for low-income families the United States.
What Landscape Means to Me

AbstractPaul Evans is a freelance writer and broadcaster specialising in ecological and landscape issues. He is a Country Diarist and a regular contributor of environmental features for The Guardian,  Watch columnist for The Guardian Weekly, a presenter of the BBC Radio 4 programme Nature and a contributor to other radio programmes – such as Landlines – and environmental periodicals. He has a background in horticulture, arboriculture and nature conservation, is a past chair of BANC (British Association of Nature Conservationists) and has interests in natural history, poetry and wandering about in woods. Much of the author's work is concerned with what he calls a philosophy of Nature, and how values, attitudes and ideas affect our understanding of phenomena in the environment. He lives with his family in Much Wenlock, Shropshire.