nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The system of philosophies of history

Because contemporary political philosophy owes a significant debt to the great nineteenth-century German philosophies of history, a sound knowledge of German Idealist philosophy is crucial to an understanding of our own time. In Political Philosophy 2, Luc Ferry provides not only a thorough introduction to German Idealism and its critics, but also an insightful look at contemporary political philosophy. Ferry begins this second volume of his ambitious three-volume Political Philosophy by considering both the structure and the potential political effects of the various philosophies of history born of German Idealism. He focuses on the key question of whether, and to what extent, the principle of reason may be said to govern the totality of the historically real. This leads to an examination of Hegel's criticism of the moral view of the world and to an assessment of the phenomenological criticism of Hegel put forth by Heidegger and Arendt. Ferry builds on the arguments set forth in Political Philosophy 1, which examines the contemporary philosophical retreat from the Enlightenment ideals of progress, reason, and freedom and also offers a cogent defense of a humanistic modernity. The earlier volume highlights in particular the thought of Leo Strauss, Heidegger, Kant, and Fichte. In volume 2, Ferry again turns to the political thought of Kant and Fichte. To Ferry, these two form a continuum between reform and revolution and thus allow for a moral view of the world that is rendered impossible by both Hegel's absolute affirmation, and Heidegger's absolute negation, of the principle of reason. Ferry devotes the rest of the book to a look at the problems raised by the practical philosophy ofhistory, especially the antinomy that it in turn forms with rationalism. Written with Ferry's characteristic lucidity, this volume will appeal not only to all students of Heidegger and Arendt, but also to the nonspecialist reader interested in German Idealism.
HLA-DR4 as a predictor of outcome three years after onset of rheumatoid arthritis

SummaryData from 59 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis were analysed to determine the predictive value of the possession of HLA-DR4 for disease severity and functional outcome at 3 years after disease onset. The previously reported association of that antigen with seropositive disease was confirmed. Conversely, however, there was no evidence that functional outcome was worse in the HLA-DR4 positive group as measured by the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. The mean articular index was lower in the HLA-DR4 group which also had a smaller proportion with limited wrist extension. In addition, both patient and physicians' global assessment of disease status were better in the HLA-DR4 group. It is concluded that HLA-DR4 is not a useful predictor of poor outcome at 3 years.
The implications of a holographic universe for quantum information science and the nature of physical law

Several lines of evidence suggest that the total information content of the observable universe is bounded by a finite number given by the area of a cosmological surface divided by the Planck area. This is referred to as the holographic principle. The current bound is roughly 10 bits, but in the past it was smaller, varying like t in the early universe. Although the bound is too large today to affect most of everyday physics, it does have profound implications for highly complex systems and for cosmology. For example, the project to build a useful quantum computer, which is projected to exploit states possessing exponential complexity, comes into conflict with the information bound at a level of entanglement of about 400 qubits, suggesting a breakdown of unitary evolution at this threshold, possibly associated with the emergence of classicality. If the information bound is applied to the quantum vacuum, it yields an energy density close to the observed density of cosmological dark energy. However, because the bound is timedependent, the vacuum energy will vary in time too, and consistency with energy conservation then demands that G or c varies with time over cosmological time scales. Further sweeping implications follow if one adopts the philosophy that information is primary (‘the universe is a computer’), and that the laws of physics do not exist in a transcendent Platonic realm of perfect mathematical forms and operations, as is conventionally supposed, but are fundamentally tied to the real physical universe, with its finite age and resources, and subject to the holographic information bound. I suggest a generalization of the information bound based on this point of view, formulated in terms of algorithmic information theory, and briefly mention some of consequences for black holes and the inflationary universe scenario.
Did Securitization Lead to Lax Screening ? Evidence From Subprime Loans 2001-2006 ∗

Theories of financial intermediation suggest that securitization, the act of converting illiquid loans into liquid securities, could reduce the incentives of financial intermediaries to screen borrowers. We empirically examine this question using a unique dataset on securitized subprime mortgage loan contracts in the United States. We exploit a specific rule of thumb in the lending market to generate an instrument for ease of securitization and compare the composition and performance of lenders’ portfolios around the ad-hoc threshold. Conditional on being securitized, the portfolio that is more likely to be securitized defaults by around 20% more than a similar risk profile group with a lower probability of securitization. Crucially, these two portfolios have similar observable risk characteristics and loan terms. We use variation across lenders (banks vs. independents), state foreclosure laws, and the timing of passage of anti-predatory laws to rule out alternative explanations. Our results suggest that securitization does adversely affect the screening incentives of lenders.
Recent developments in the Casimir effect

In this paper I review various developments in the past year concerning quantum vacuum energy, the Casimir effect. In particular, there has been continuing controversy surrounding the temperature correction to the Lifshitz formula for the Casimir force between real materials, be they metals or semiconductors. Consensus has emerged as to how Casimir energy accelerates in a weak gravitational field; quantum vacuum energy, including the divergent parts which renormalize the masses of the Casimir plates, accelerates indeed according to the equivalence principle. Significant development has been forthcoming in applying the multiple scattering formalism to describe the interaction between nontrivial objects. In weak coupling, closed-form expressions for the Casimir force between the bodies, which for example reveal significant discrepancies from the naive proximity force approximation, can be achieved in many cases.
Adjusting to the Information Environment: News Tangibility and Mutual Fund Performance

We study the relationship between mutual funds' performance and shocks to the public information environment of their investments. For each stock, we distinguish between quantitative, or tangible, news (expressed with numeric characters) and qualitative news (expressed as verbal content). We find that funds that trade more actively in response to changes in the stocks' information tangibility earn higher risk-adjusted returns. Funds that are particularly sensitive to such fluctuations have smaller managerial teams and employ managers who are more focused. Overall, our evidence suggests that public signals associated with changes in the type of available information constitute a channel of value creation in asset management.
Incentive Pay and Bank Risk-taking: Evidence from Austrian, German, and Swiss Banks

We use payroll data on 1.2 million bank employee years in the Austrian, German, and Swiss banking sector to identify incentive pay in the critical banking segments of treasury/capital market management and investment banking for 66 banks. We document an economically significant correlation of incentive pay with both the level and volatility of bank trading income-particularly for the pre-crisis period 2003--7 for which incentive pay was strongest. This result is robust if we instrument the bonus share in the capital markets divisions with the strength of incentive pay in unrelated bank divisions like retail banking. Moreover, pre-crisis incentive pay appears too strong for an optimal trade-off between trading income and risk which maximizes the NPV of trading income.
Thermal properties of single-phase Y2SiO5

is a promising candidate for oxidation-resistant or environmental/thermal barrier coatings (ETBC) due to its excellent high-temperature stability, low elastic modulus and low oxygen permeability. In this paper, we investigated the thermal properties Of Y2SiO5 comprehensively, including thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity. It is interesting that Y(2)SiO(5) has a very low thermal conductivity (similar to 1.40 W/m K) but a relatively high linear thermal expansion coefficient ((8.36 +/- 0.5) x 10(-6) K(-1)), suggesting compatible thermal and mechanical properties to some non-oxide ceramics and nickel superalloys as ETBC layer. ) is also an ideal EBC on YSZ TBC layer due to their close thermal expansion coefficients. As a continuous source of Y(3+), it is predicted that Y(2)SiO(5) EBC may prolong the lifetime of zirconia-based TBC by stopping the degradation aroused by the loss of Y stabilizer.
Effect of tungsten (W6+) metal ion dopant on structural, optical and photocatalytic activity of SnO2 nanoparticles by a novel microwave method

In this report, we have successfully synthesized pristine and tungsten (W) doped SnO2 nanoparticles by using novel and one-step microwave irradiation method for the first time. Powder X-ray diffraction results suggest that both pure and W doped SnO2 nanoparticles are crystalline with tetragonal rutile type structure (space group of P42/mnm) formed directly during the microwave irradiation process. The morphology of the nanoparticles are in spherical shaped and the average particle sizes were around 23–32 nm was observed for pure and W doped SnO2 nanoparticles as investigated by transmission electron microscopy analysis. UV–Vis transmission spectra analysis revealed that optical transmission is decreases with the increase of W concentrations (0–10 wt%) and the red shift was observed. The calculated band gap energy of pure SnO2 was found to be 3.61 eV and further it was decreases to 3.47 eV for W (10 wt%) doped SnO2. The photocatalytic properties of the pure and W doped SnO2 samples were evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue rhodamine B in an aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity and reusability of W (10 wt%) doped SnO2 was much higher than that of the pristine SnO2. The improvement mechanism by W doping was also discussed. The samples were further characterized by photoluminescence and Fourier transforms infra- red spectra analysis.
Teaching requirements skills within the context of a physical engineering project

This paper presents two system engineering Master lectures related to requirement engineering dealing with a physical product. It first introduces the framework of these lectures then gives some details about the two lectures: (1) during the first one, "exp.ert" students study tools and methodologies to manage requirements, (2) during the second one, "novice" students use requirement data to realize the product: a scale model sail ship. Finally, an example of benefits of use RE by novice students is given.
Newton was right: Light is particles

A particle model of light (complete in all respects), in which the particles move along helical paths, is proposed. How these particles acquire varying charges and integrate into systems called e-m radiations are explained; the probable physical constants have been deduced. This model replaces 'space-time' by 'gravitational dragging' and 'wave-particle duality' by 'particles following wavy path'. So, if the model is correct, the two great theories of modern physics, 'General Relativity' and 'Quantum Mechanics' will have to be abandoned.
La teoría literaria latinoamericana

My paper aims at answering if there is such a thing as a Latin-American literary theory. So, I first review the concept of theory to pinpoint how it can be linked to the literary. Afterwards, I reflect on the ways theory, criticism, and methodology are related to the three concepts criticism is based on: author, work, and reader. I finally differentiate two areas. The first one is comprised by the theories that would eventually develop into anthropological philosophies and that bring about a pre-textual under* Profesor-Investigador del Departamento de Humanidades de la UAM-Azcapotzalco.
How Deaf Children Learn: What Parents and Teachers Need to Know /

1. What It's All About Who Are We and What Are We Doing Here? Alternative Perspectives on Educating Deaf Students Using This Book Notes, Confessions, and Acknowledgments 2. Introduction to Deaf Children Navigating Issues Those Who Ignore History... Terms of Endearment (or Not) Differences versus Deficiencies Final Words 3. On Hearing and Not Hearing Understanding Hearing Hearing Aids Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Cochlear Implants Final Words 4. Language and Communication Understanding Language From Communication to Language Signed Languages and Visual Communication Systems Spoken Communication Final Words 5. Family and Peers: Foundations of Learning Education Begins at Home Social Interactions: Foundations for Learning Early Intervention Moving from Home to School Social-Emotional Growth during the School Years Last Words 6. Deaf Cognition Are Deaf Children As Smart As Hearing Children? Do Deaf Individuals See Better? Does Sign Language Have an Effect on Words about 7. Learning and Memory Cognition and Learning: From Darkness to Enlightenment Learning Memory Final Words 8.  Solving and Knowledge Experience and Conceptual Development Integration and Organization of Knowledge Final Words 9. Reading The Challenge of Learning to Read What Can We Do about Deaf Students' Reading Achievement? A Few Words about Writing Final Words 10.  The Deaf Education Classroom Options in Deaf Education Programming Assessment and Classroom Placement Classroom Diversity The Classroom Deaf Education Professionals Final Words 12. Where Do We Go from Here? A Journey of 1000 Miles Begins with a Single Step The More Things Change the More They Stay the Same There Are Differences and Then There Are Differences What We Know and What We Need to Know Final Final Words Additional Reading References Index
Best-by-Simulations: A Framework for Comparing Efficiency of Reconfigurable Multicore Architectures on Workloads with Deadlines

Energy consumption is a major concern in multicore systems. Perhaps the simplest strategy for reducing energy costs is to use only as many cores as necessary while still being able to deliver a desired quality of service. Motivated by earlier work on a dynamic (heterogeneous) core allocation scheme for H.264 video decoding that reduces energy costs while delivering desired frame rates, we formulate operationally the general problem of executing a sequence of actions on a reconfigurable machine while meeting a corresponding sequence of absolute deadlines, with the objective of reducing cost. Using a transition system framework that associates costs (e.g., time, energy) with executing an action on a particular resource configuration, we use the notion of amortised cost to formulate in terms of simulation relations appropriate notions for comparing deadline-conformant executions. We believe these notions can provide the basis for an operational theory of optimal cost executions and performance guarantees for approximate solutions, in particular relating the notion of simulation from transition systems to that of competitive analysis used for, e.g., online algorithms.
The inoperative community of Romantic psychiatry

This paper reads Mary Shelley’s Matilda within the context of the rise of psychiatry, or what was termed “moral management,” in England in the Romantic period. The paper traces some of historical and social parameters of this Romantic psychiatry in terms of the desire for community and communal well‐being. On one hand, this desire reflects early psychiatry’s democratic and empathic spirit. On the other, it reflects a way of foisting well‐being upon populations in order better to manage their unwieldy psychological life. Romantic literature stages these two poles as a psychiatric consciousness whose two halves are at once in conflict with and uncannily related to one another. The paper briefly examines Wordsworth’s The Ruined Cottage as an early case history of how this divided consciousness plays itself out in the 1790s, commensurate with the first emergence of psychiatry. It then ends with a reading of Shelley’s novella as a response to the kind of social efficiencies psychiatry had come to represent by ...
Metallogenic geological characteristics and prediction of the gold deposits in east part on northern margin of North China Platform

The studying area,whose structure is complicated and where the major and deep faults in EW trend paleo-basement structure host a Au-Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic belt,is located at the intersection part of northern margin of North China Platform and Daxing'anling geosynclinal folded system in Inner Mongolia.Most gold deposits distributed in Archaean or Proterozoic metamorphic rocks system, the majority of which located on the margin of ancient basement uplift or in the inside controlled by fault structures.Au-bearing quartz vein type,structure-broken altered rock type and magma hydrothermal vein type are the main metallogenic types in this area.About 378t gold resources for potential prospecting are predicted,as well as two metallogenic belts and eight ore-forming areas are divided.
Preparation and Dielectric Measurements of Niobium Pentaoxide Doped Barium Strontium Titanate Glass and Glass Ceramics

(Ba0.2Sr0.8)TiO3-B2O3-K2O based glass as well as glass ceramic with and without 0.1 mol % Nb2O5 were developed by the conventional melt quench method. XRD and FTIR spectra of the glass samples confirms the formation of amorphous structure and presence of stretching and deformation vibrations of B-O-Si linkage and Si-O-Si bridges, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the glass sample reveals that addition of 0.1 mol % Nb2O5 elevates the onset of crystallization temperature from ~600°C to ~675°C. XRD reveals that desired SrBaTiO3 phase was formed upon controlled crystallization of the glass samples at ~750-780°C for 3h. SEM-EDS analysis of the un-doped glass ceramic sample shows the formation of micron sized flower-like, and needle shaped crystals. However addition of 0.1 mol % Nb2O5 modifies the microstructure to irregular shaped crystals. Results from the dielectric measurements suggest that upon addition of 0.1 mol % Nb2O5 the dielectric constant remains the same as compared to the un-doped sample
Learning for design reuse

Over the past decade 'design assistance', i.e. where the computer is viewed as an Intelligent Design Assistant (IDA) [MacCallum-etal85], has emerged in knowledge based design support and has formed the basic research strategy for the CAD Centre, University of Strathclyde, since the mid-80s. Within this philosophy, an IDA would act as a colleague to a designer, providing guidance, learning from past design experiences, carrying out semi and fully automated tasks, explaining its reasoning and in essence complementing the designer's own natural skills, and thus leaving the ultimate decision making, control and responsibility with the designer .
ПРИЗЫВ ЮНЕСКО К МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОМУ И МЕЖРЕЛИГИОЗНОМУ ДИАЛОГУ ИЗ БАКУ

The article considers the outcomes of the 3rd Global Forum of Intercultural Dialogue ‘Sharing culture in the name of security’ that took place on 18-19 May 2015 in Baku and gathered representatives from 500 countries. The efforts of the organizers and international partners were directed at the further development of inter-religious dialogue, where an important part is assigned Russia and the countries of the Muslim world.
A formal framework for real-time information flow analysis

We view Multi-Level Secure (MLS) real-time systems as systems in which MLS real-time tasks are scheduled and execute, according to a scheduling algorithm employed by the system. From this perspective, we develop a general trace-based framework that can carry out a covert-timing channel analysis of a real-time system. In addition, we propose a set of covert-timing channel free policies: If a system satisfies one of our proposed security policies, we demonstrated that the system can achieve a certain level of real-time information flow security. Finally, we compare the relative strength of the proposed covert-timing channel free security policies and analyze whether each security policy can be regarded as a property (a set of execution sequences).
Comment to the paper "The energy conservation law for electromagnetic field in application to problems of radiation of moving particles "

In the paper [B.M.Bolotovskii, S.N.Stoliarov, Uspekhi Fizicheskich Nauk, v.162, No 3, p.195, 1992] the energy conservation law was applied to a problem of radiation of a charged particle in an external electromagnetic field. The authors consecutively and mathematically strictly solved the problem but received wrong result. They derived an expression which includes a change of the energies of the electromagnetic fields accompanying the moving particle corresponding to the initial and final velocity of the particle. The energy of the field accompanying the particle is the energy of the particle of the electromagnetic origin. It should not enter the solution of the problem. The origin of the mistake made by the authors is discussed in this comment.
Software Theory of the Forbidden in a Discrete Design Space

There have been many formulations of “theories” of software systems with a variety of techniques, scopes and degrees of sophistication. But, one element is almost universally absent in all these theories: a clear delimitation of what is forbidden in terms of design. This absence is somewhat surprising, as in other engineering disciplines there are obvious forbidden domains. This paper proposes that in addition to common quality criteria for scientific theories – such as formality, universality and precision – an acceptable software theory should clearly demarcate the forbidden in contrast to the possible. This goal is attainable in small and discrete design space as it limits the amount of subspace search. Algebra is argued to be the mathematical field suitable to characterize forbidden domain boundaries, in particular using an eigenvectors approach. Boundaries are illustrated by a case study.
``Electromagnetic'' Answer to the Nucleon Spin Puzzle

A possible resolution to the question of where the nucleon gets some portion of its internal angular momentum, not carried by the valence quarks, is given in terms of the electromagnetic field angular momentum of the nucleon. This field angular momentum is similiar in origin to that of the Thomson dipole (an electric charge and a magnetic monopole), but arises from the interaction of the quark electric charges and magnetic dipoles. Rough, order of magnitude calculations show that such a field angular momentum could provide some of the nucleon's spin. Under certain assumptions QCD should also exhibit a similiar field angular momentum coming from the interaction of color charges with color magnetic dipoles.