nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Synthetic Proof of Pappus’ Theorem in Tarski’s Geometry

In this paper, we report on the formalization of a synthetic proof of Pappus’ theorem. We provide two versions of the theorem: the first one is proved in neutral geometry (without assuming the parallel postulate), the second (usual) version is proved in Euclidean geometry. The proof that we formalize is the one presented by Hilbert in The Foundations of Geometry, which has been described in detail by Schwabhäuser, Szmielew and Tarski in part I of Metamathematische Methoden in der Geometrie. We highlight the steps that are still missing in this later version. The proofs are checked formally using the Coq proof assistant. Our proofs are based on Tarski’s axiom system for geometry without any continuity axiom. This theorem is an important milestone toward obtaining the arithmetization of geometry, which will allow us to provide a connection between analytic and synthetic geometry.
The Concept of History in Walter Benjamin’s Critical Theory

The point of departure of this study is Walter Benjamin's last text, "Theses on the Philosophy of History". Benjamin appeals to the significance of theology for historical materialism in order to overcome one of the decisive reasons why Marx's unique theoretical project, in its positivistic interpretations, was not understood with the necessary radicality and had been in danger of losing its explanatory power and revolutionary impulse. The necessity of looking back to the past constitutes the basic theme of the study, and it is analyzed at the epistemological, ontological and political levels. The view backwards is also necessary because the past shows how all its atrocities, which we think have been overcome, may at any time return in a way which we are unable to imagine.
The impact of doctor–patient communication on patients’ perceptions of their risk of breast cancer recurrence

PurposeDoctor–patient communication is the primary way for women diagnosed with breast cancer to learn about their risk of distant recurrence. Yet little is known about how doctors approach these discussions.MethodsA weighted random sample of newly diagnosed early-stage breast cancer patients identified through SEER registries of Los Angeles and Georgia (2013–2015) was sent surveys about ~2 months after surgery (Phase 2, N = 3930, RR 68%). We assessed patient perceptions of doctor communication of risk of recurrence (i.e., amount, approach, inquiry about worry). Clinically determined 10-year risk of distant recurrence was established for low and intermediate invasive cancer patients. Women’s perceived risk of distant recurrence (0–100%) was categorized into subgroups: overestimation, reasonably accurate, and zero risk. Understanding of risk and patient factors (e.g. health literacy, numeracy, and anxiety/worry) on physician communication outcomes was evaluated in multivariable regression models (analytic sample for substudy = 1295).ResultsAbout 33% of women reported that doctors discussed risk of recurrence as “quite a bit” or “a lot,” while 14% said “not at all.” Over half of women reported that doctors used words and numbers to describe risk, while 24% used only words. Overestimators (OR .50, CI 0.31–0.81) or those who perceived zero risk (OR .46, CI 0.29–0.72) more often said that their doctor did not discuss risk. Patients with low numeracy reported less discussion. Over 60% reported that their doctor almost never inquired about worry.ConclusionsEffective doctor–patient communication is critical to patient understanding of risk of recurrence. Efforts to enhance physicians’ ability to engage in individualized communication around risk are needed.
Evolution characteristics of Quaternary tectonic stress field in the north and east margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau

By inversion of fault slip data for Quaternary tectonic stress field and the analysis of crustal deformation after late Teriary, we explained the evolution of crustal dynamic about the north and east margin of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau since Miocene. From middle or late Miocene to early Pleistocene, the tectonic stress field was featured by a maximum principal compression which was coming from the collision of India Plate perpendicular to the boundary of the plateau, and was basically of reverse faulting type. Since the late period of early Pleistocene, India Plate continued to push northward and the compressional deformation of the plateau interior increased continuously, meanwhile, NW-SE extension appeared on the east side of the plateau. This formed a favorable condition for the interior block of the plateau to slide towards east and southeast, causing the faults surrounding the plateau to change from thrust to strike-slip. The contemporary tectonic stress field was formed from the late period of early Pleistocene and continued to present. The direction of maximum principal compressional stress rotated clockwise with respect to the previous tectonic stress field, the stress field was mainly of strike-slip type.
Implicitizing rational hypersurfaces using approximation complexes

In this paper we describe an algorithm for implicitizing rational hypersurfaces in case there exists at most a finite number of base points. It is based on a technique exposed in math.AG/0210096, where implicit equations are obtained as determinants of certain graded parts of a so-called approximation complex. We detail and improve this method by providing an in-depth study of the cohomology of such a complex. In both particular cases of interest of curve and surface implicitization we also yield explicit algorithms which only involves linear algebra routines.
Annealing-Driven Microstructural Evolution and Its Effects on the Surface and Nanomechanical Properties of Cu-Doped NiO Thin Films

The effects of annealing temperature on the structural, surface morphological and nanomechanical properties of Cu-doped (Cu-10 at %) NiO thin films grown on glass substrates by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering are investigated in this study. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the as-deposited Cu-doped NiO (CNO) thin films predominantly consisted of highly defective (200)-oriented grains, as revealed by the broadened diffraction peaks. Progressively increasing the annealing temperature from 300 to 500 °C appeared to drive the films into a more equiaxed polycrystalline structure with enhanced film crystallinity, as manifested by the increased intensities and narrower peak widths of (111), (200) and even (220) diffraction peaks. The changes in the film microstructure appeared to result in significant effects on the surface energy, in particular the wettability of the films as revealed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the contact angle of the water droplets on the film surface. The nanoindentation tests further revealed that both the hardness and Young’s modulus of the CNO thin films increased with the annealing temperature, suggesting that the strain state and/or grain boundaries may have played a prominent role in determining the film’s nanomechanical characterizations.
Deep root of a continent–continent collision belt: Evidence from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) deep borehole in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (HP–UHP) metamorphic terrane, China

deep borehole, which reached a depth of 5158 m in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane, provides a new window into the deep root of a continent–continent collision belt, and the tectonic processes by which supracrustal material is recycled into the mantle by subduction and then uplifted to the surface. Major research themes of the CCSD project were to: (1) determine the three-dimensional composition, structure and geophysical character of the deep root of this orogenic belt; (2) investigate the nature and timing of the UHP metamorphism; (3) investigate the processes of crust–mantle interaction involved in the formation and exhumation of the UHP rocks; (4) study the process of fluid circulation and mineralization during subduction and exhumation; (5) study the rheological properties of the various rocks during subduction and exhumation; (6) develop and refine dynamic models for deep subduction and exhumation of crustal rocks, and (7) establish a long-term, natural laboratory for the study of present-day crustal dynamics (e.g., stress, strain, fluid activity). The CCSD has developed precise oriented profiles of the main borehole in terms of lithology, geochemistry, oxygen isotopes, zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages, 40 Ar– 39 Ar ages, deformation, rheology, mineralization, physical properties of the rocks, petrophysical logs, seismic reflections and underground fluids. The present paper summarizes the integrated research results of this project, especially the new findings concerning the deep root of a continent–continent collision.
On the definition of objective probabilities by empirical similarity

We suggest to define objective probabilities by similarity-weighted empirical frequencies, where more similar cases get a higher weight in the computation of frequencies. This formula is justified intuitively and axiomatically, but raises the question, which similarity function should be used? We propose to estimate the similarity function from the data, and thus obtain objective probabilities. We compare this definition to others, and attempt to delineate the scope of situations in which objective probabilities can be used.
Microstructure and optical properties of Gd2O3 thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition

Gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 O 3 ) thin films were deposited on Si (100) and quartz substrates at different substrate temperatures (300–873 K) and oxygen partial pressures (0.002–2 Pa) by pulsed laser deposition technique. The microstructure of the films was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD pattern shows the presence of monoclinic phase of Gd 2 O 3 as a major phase along with a small volume fraction of cubic phase at lower substrate temperatures. Optical transmittance and absorbance of the Gd 2 O 3 films were measured by UV–visible spectrophotometer. The films deposited at different deposition conditions show a strong absorbance at ~ 220 nm and exhibit transmittance in the range of 70–90%. Highest value of band gap (~ 5.80 eV) is obtained for the Gd 2 O 3 film deposited at 873 K.
Logic, Language, Information and Computation, 15th International Workshop, WoLLIC 2008, Edinburgh, UK, July 1-4, 2008, Proceedings

Tutorials and Invited Lectures.- Inter-deriving Semantic Artifacts for Object-Oriented Programming.- On the Descriptive Complexity of Linear Algebra.- Talks on Quantum Computing.- On Game Semantics of the Affine and Intuitionistic Logics.- The Grammar of Scope.- Contributed Papers.- Conjunctive Grammars and Alternating Pushdown Automata.- Expressive Power and Decidability for Memory Logics.- Reasoning with Uncertainty by Nmatrix-Metric Semantics.- A Propositional Dynamic Logic for CCS Programs.- Towards Ontology Evolution  Logic as a Logic of Belief Revision.- Time Complexity and Convergence Analysis of Domain Theoretic Picard Method.- On the Formal Semantics of IF-Like Logics.- One-and-a-Halfth Order Terms: Curry-Howard and Incomplete Derivations.- Labelled Calculi for ?ukasiewicz Logics.- An Infinitely-Often One-Way Function Based on an Average-Case Assumption.- On Characteristic Constants of Theories Defined by Kolmogorov Complexity.- Adversary Lower Bounds for Nonadaptive Quantum Algorithms.- On Second-Order Monadic Groupoidal Quantifiers.- Inference Processes for Quantified Predicate Knowledge.- Using ? -ctl to Specify Complex Planning Goals.- Hyperintensional Questions.- Skolem Theory and Generalized Quantifiers.- On a Graph Calculus for Algebras of Relations.
Secure distributed human computation

This paper is a preliminary exploration of secure distributed human computation. We consider the general paradigm of using large-scale distributed computation to solve difficult problems, but where humans can act as agents and provide candidate solutions. We are especially motivated by problem classes that appear to be difficult for computers to solve effectively, but are easier for humans; e.g., image analysis, speech recognition, and natural language processing. This paradigm already seems to be employed in several real-world scenarios, but we are unaware of any formal and unified attempt to study it. Nonetheless, this concept spawns interesting research questions in algorithm design, human computer interfaces, and programming language / API design, distributed systems, and cryptography, among other fields. There are also interesting implications for Internet commerce and the B24b model. We describe this research area and suggest a basic framework for the design of such systems. We analyze security and reliability against malicious parties using standard probability theory tools. We then derive design principles using standard decision-theory concepts. Finally, we list extensions and open problems.
Populismo: sostanza o attributo?

Laclau sees populism as the very essence or substance of political life. Here, along the lines of Freud’s investigation into group psychology, it is argued that populism is merely an attribute, or property, of political leadership. Seen in this light, populism comes to affect political life only at times, when a given society starts undergoing a process of radical reshaping. Thus, the question of populism paves the way for a further question: What does it mean that a society reshapes itself?
Fast congruence closure and extensions

Congruence closure algorithms for deduction in ground equational theories are ubiquitous in many (semi-) decision procedures used for verification and automated deduction. In many of these applications one needs an incremental algorithm that is moreover capable of recovering, among the thousands of input equations, the small subset that explains the equivalence of a given pair of terms. In this paper we present an algorithm satisfying all these requirements. First, building on ideas from abstract congruence closure algorithms, we present a very simple and clean incremental congruence closure algorithm and show that it runs in the best known time O(n log n). After that, we introduce a proof-producing union-find data structure that is then used for extending our congruence closure algorithm, without increasing the overall O(n log n) time, in order to produce a k-step explanation for a given equation in almost optimal time (quasi-linear in k). Finally, we show that the previous algorithms can be smoothly extended, while still obtaining the same asymptotic time bounds, in order to support the interpreted functions symbols successor and predecessor, which have been shown to be very useful in applications such as microprocessor verification.
The ALMA common software: dispatch from the trenches

A method for managing resolvers of test answers to maintain consistent and efficient scoring of test answers. Collaborative scoring allows two test resolvers to score the same test answer and resolves potential discrepancies in the scores provided by the resolvers. Quality items monitor a test resolver's scoring performance against a known standard. A quality-control test item, having a known score, is transmitted to a test resolver. After receiving a score from the resolver, the known score is compared with the resolver's score and a quality profile is generated for the resolver.
The 1943 Lake Hawea earthquake—a large subcrustal event beneath the Southern Alps of New Zealand

A re‐assessment of both instrumental and macroseismic data for the earthquake felt widely in the South Island of New Zealand on 1943 May 08 indicates that it was a subcrustal ML 5.9 event c. 50 km deep located near the head of Lake Hawea. This location places it in the uppermost mantle beneath the crustal root of the Southern Alps, within the dipping seismic zone defined by well‐located smaller earthquakes. Both the rupture dimension of the 1943 earthquake and the planar nature of the dipping seismic zone itself imply that the uppermost mantle in this region is rigid on c. 10 km and c. 100 km length scales, consistent with recent numerical models of lithospheric deformation. Subduction of rigid mantle lithosphere provides an explanation for the unusual isoseismal pattern for the 1943 event.
A real time computer systems course for engineers

This paper describes a new lecture/laboratory course being developed at The University of Michigan to provide students with technical knowledge and experience in incorporating computing elements into engineering designs and control systems. The course, intended for students with minimal computer background (e.g. one higher level language course), seeks to expose students to: the significance of various computer architectures to real time operations; software considerations to real time applications; interrupts and device handling; A/D and D/A conversation techniques; computer to computer communication; and an introducation to digital process control. A laboratory, composed of three LSI-11 microcomputer systems and hardware necessary to connect these to external devices, provides students with hands-on experience in the application of these topics. Laboratory emphasis is on use of computers as elements in control systems.
The Imprecise Wanderings of a Precise Idea: The Travels of Spatial Analysis

The chapter uses a schematic map, “Quantgeog Airline,” first drawn by Peter Taylor in 1977, as an entree to discuss the complicated geography of the spatial analysis tradition within the history of geography. That tradition seeks to explain spatial order using a formal vocabulary reduced to its simplest axioms. The chapter draws on science studies to fashion some concepts to understand the diffusion of the idea of spatial analysis. It makes use of Foucault’s concept of heterotopia, Gieryn’s idea of a “truth spot”, and Latour’s notion of a “center of calculation,” applying these three concepts to provide a substantive (geographical) genealogy of the spatial analysis tradition that begins in ancient Greece, moves to Italy, and then in the seventeenth century shifts to Amsterdam and Cambridge (U.K.). The authors analyse the tradition’s complicated development in the twentieth century by looking at the United States in the 1950s during the so-called “quantitative revolution” and Northern Europe from the 1930s to early 1950s (Germany, Estonia, and Sweden).
Beryllium(II) binding to ATP and ADP: Potentiometric determination of the thermodynamic constants and implications for in vivo toxicity

Highly toxic beryllium(II) is divalent metal ion with a high charge density, making it a potential target for binding to bio-molecules rich in O donor groups. In aqueous solution Be2+ binds to ATP and ADP to form 1:1 Be2+:ATP and Be2+:ADP complexes in relatively acidic media. At neutral pH the complex formed undergoes hydrolysis. Be2+ binding to ATP and ADP is much stronger than Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding. The high affinity of Be2+ toward ATP and ADP binding suggests a mechanism relevant to understanding the in vivo chemical toxicity of this metal.
Thiazides and hypertension in the elderly.

The declining use of diuretics in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients described in the report by Monane and colleagues in this issue of Hypertension is lamentable but understandable. Lamentable because meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials in elderly hypertensive patients have shown that diuretic-based treatment leads to an impressive reduction in morbidity and mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease, as well as all-cause mortality.1 2 Elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension (≥160/<90 mm Hg) enjoy the same benefit from diuretic-based therapy as patients with elevations of both systolic and diastolic pressures.3 Lamentable because these randomized clinical trials have influenced most of the recent national guidelines that recommend prescribing a diuretic in a low dose preferentially in the initiation of antihypertensive therapy, especially for …
Half a century of computer methods in power system analysis, planning and operations: Part I: Glenn W. Stagg — His life and his achievements

This is the first of two of papers devoted to the contributions of Glenn W. Stagg to the advancement of the state-of-the-art in power system analysis, planning and operations. It provides an overview of his career and highlights his great accomplishments and honors. The second paper contains more technical details of his seminal contributions to the deployment of digital computers in the electric power industry.
On Sloane's Persistence Problem

We investigate the so-called persistence problem of Sloane, exploiting connections with the dynamics of circle maps and the ergodic theory of $\mathbb{Z}^d$ actions. We also formulate a conjecture concerning the asymptotic distribution of digits in long products of finitely many primes whose truth would, in particular, solve the persistence problem. The heuristics that we propose to complement our numerical studies can be thought in terms of a simple model in statistical mechanics.
Incidence and factors associated with medication nonadherence in patients with mental illness: A cross-sectional study

In spite of the progress made in the treatment of psychiatric disorders during the last few decades, nonadherence continues to be a frequent phenomenon, often associated with potentially severe clinical consequences and increased health-care costs. There are numerous factors associated with medication nonadherence in patients with mental illness. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence and factors associated with medication nonadherence among psychiatric outpatients.



A cross-sectional study was carried out in the outpatient psychiatric department of an Indian tertiary care private hospital over a period of 1 year. Patients aged 18 years and above who presented with mental illness as diagnosed by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 and who were receiving at least one psychotropic medication for at least 1 month were included in the study. Medication adherence was assessed using the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS).



Of the 400 patients, 172 (43%) were nonadherent to their prescribed medications. There is a statistically significant association between the education (P = 0.001), number of drugs (P = 0.002), family income (P = 0.013), and nonadherence. Among the 172 patients, 33.5 % were nonadherent to their therapy due to patient-related factors followed by drug-related factors (32%) and disease-related factors (31%).



The overall incidence of medication nonadherence in patients with mental illness was 43%. Numerous factors contributed to medication nonadherence. Strategies need to be developed and implemented to enhance medication adherence, and thereby achieve a better therapeutic outcome in patients with mental illness.
You can look it up.

When I walked into the American Psychological Association (APA) bookstore last August during APA's annual convention in the New Orleans convention center, I saw what appeared to be a new levee protecting the city. On closer inspection, it turned out to be a display of a couple hundred copies of the new APA Dictionary of Psychology. It is clear that APA Books, the book publishing arm of our national organization, thinks this will be a big seller, and I bet it will.
Recounting Our Riches

In Recounting Our Riches two street people, Lulu and Baloune, who are trying to recycle themselves as entertainers, set out to find the answers and, following the circuitous route of the clown, discover that we need better ways to measure what is really important in life. An invitation to leave a world of things and enter a world of relationships, Recounting Our Riches is the English translation of the Theâtre Parminou’s Contes de la Richesse . It is part of a trilogy based on the works of economist Patrick Viveret and inspired by work by the French theatre company La Tribouille.