nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Formation of medical education in North Korea: 1945-1948].

This study focuses on the formation of medical education in North Korea from 1945 to 1948 in terms of the centralization of medical education, and on the process and significance of the systemization of medical education. Doctors of the past trained under the Japanese colonial system lived and worked as liberalists. More than half of these doctors who were in North Korea defected to South Korea after the country was liberated. Thus the North Korean regime faced the urgent task of cultivating new doctors who would 'serve the state and people.' Since the autumn of 1945, right after national liberation, Local People's Committees organized and implemented medical education autonomously. Following the establishment of the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea, democratic reform was launched, leading to the centralized administration of education. Consequently, medical educational institutions were realigned, with some elevated to medical colleges and others shut down. The North Korean state criticised the liberalistic attitude of doctors and the bureaucratic style of health administration, and tried to reform their political consciousness through political inculcation programs. The state also grant doctors living and housing privileges, which show its endeavor to build 'state medicine'. By 1947, a medical education system was established in which the education administration was put in charge of training new doctors while the health administration was put in charge of nurturing and retraining health workers. In this way, the state was the principal agent that actively established a centralized administrative system in the process of the formation of medical education in North Korea following national liberation. Another agent was deeply involved in this process - the faculty that was directly in charge of educating the new doctors. Studying the medical faculty remains another research task for the future. By exploring how the knowledge, generational experience, socio-political consciousness and world views adopted by these teachers during the colonial era were manifested in their pedagogy after national liberation will shed more light on the 'prototype' of North Korean medical education.
An Austrian view of expectations and business cycles

Austrian economists have contributed several important concepts to business cycle theory including: inter-temporal coordination of production and consumption, heterogeneous specificity of capital, non-neutrality of money, and the capital structure of production. Noticeably lacking, however, is a clear theory of expectations. Recent Austrian responses to rational expectations critiques—such as positing a prisoner’s dilemma, heterogeneous entrepreneurs, and adverse selection—try to fill this gap. But much work remains to be done developing an Austrian theory of expectations, one where they are endogenous to the market process and market institutions. This paper explores how people adapt their expectations to changing market phenomena based upon their perceived costs and benefits of doing so. It then applies endogenous expectations to the 2008 financial crisis.
Selection signatures underlying dramatic male inflorescence transformation during modern hybrid maize breeding

Inflorescence capacity plays a crucial role in reproductive fitness in plants, and in production of hybrid crops. Maize is a monoecious species bearing separate male and female flowers (tassel and ear, respectively). The switch from open-pollinated populations of maize to hybrid-based breeding schemes in the early 20 th century was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in tassel size, and the trend has continued with modern breeding over the recent decades. The goal of this study was to identify selection signatures in genes that may underlie this dramatic transformation. Using a population of 942 diverse inbred maize accessions and a nested association mapping population comprised of three 200-line biparental populations, we measured 15 tassel morphological characteristics by manual and image-based methods. Genome-wide association studies identified 242 single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with measured traits. We compared 41 unselected lines from the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) population to 21 highly selected lines developed by modern commercial breeding programs and show that tassel size and weight were reduced significantly. We assayed genetic differences between the two groups using selection statistics XP-EHH, XP-CLR, and F ST . All three selection statistics show evidence of selection at genomic regions associated with tassel morphology relative to genome-wide null distributions. These results support the tremendous effect, both phenotypic and genotypic, that selection has had on maize male inflorescence morphology.
The discrete mathematics of consistent belief functions

In this paper we extend the geometric approach to belief functions to the case of consistent belief functions, i.e. belief functions whose plausibility function is a possibility measure, as a step towards a unifled geometric picture of a wider class of fuzzy measures. We prove that, analogously to consonant belief functions, they form a simplicial complex (a structured collection of simplices) whose maximal simplices are congruent. We also show that consistency is strictly related to the issue of combinability, a fact re∞ected in the similarity between the consistent complex and the complex of singular belief functions, i.e. belief functions whose core is a proper subset of their domain. Finally we draw inspiration from the approximation problem to illustrate a convex decomposition of belief functions in terms of some \consistent coordinates" on the complex which is closely related to the pignistic function, an example of how the language of discrete mathematics can help us to draw connections between belief, probability and possibility.
Optimization Techniques Applied to Railway Systems

We study the problem of minimizing the usage of electrical energy in railway systems. The objective is to determine a train speed profile that minimizes energy consumption given a time schedule. In collaboration with an industrial partner, we propose a new model that is more complete than the ones existing in the literature, in particular the model takes into account several non-linearities that emerge in a real setting. First, we formulate our problem within the framework of optimal control where our solution approach consists in discretizing the control problem and solving numerically the finite-dimensional optimization problem that is obtained out of the discretization. To do so we develop a platform based on AMPL and Ipopt that allows a fast and accurate solution. We then reformulate the problem within the framework of Dynamic Programming which allows to get the optimal action for any initial point. Solving the Dynamic Programming is very time consuming and we develop a C++ code to solve some simple examples. We finally implement our solution in a train simulator in order to estimate the energy reduction obtained in several real examples provided by INGETEAM S.A. The results obtained by the simulator indicate that the energy reduction is between 8% and 25%. We thus conclude that our first approach represents a scheme that could be implemented by industry to solve real-life cases.
India's Economy: Growth, Governance and Reform Introduction to the Special Issue

"India Review publishes social science research across disciplines on Indian politics, economics, society and international relations." This is the avowed aim of the journal in which appears this introduction and the collection of articles that follow. Yet there has been a powerful and long- running trend toward specialization, so that journals focus on particular fields and sub-fields. Among the social sciences, economics is prominent as a representative of these forces, though by no means the only discipline to follow such a route. However, this has not led to a distribution of attention and access that comes even close to matching what might seem to be consistent with the origins of economics as "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations." For example, Das et al. 1 examined articles published in the top-five economics journals from 1985 to 2004 (a 20-year span) and found 2,383 papers on the US, 65 papers on China, 39 papers on India, and 34 papers on all of Sub-Saharan Africa. The latter three countries and regions, of course, are significant in encompassing the great majority of the world's population that are attempting to bring their material well-being to levels that might be considered morally acceptable in the modern world. So the geographic bias of economics journals is one reason for conceiving and putting together this special issue of India Review. However, it might be argued that the Indian economy has already generated a large number of overviews, analyses and narratives from among the large and distinguished cadre of (mainly Indian) economists who think about the subject, published in the form of books rather than in journals. This is indeed true. Some of these books are single-authored or co-authored, 2 which would differentiate the collection being introduced here. But there are also significant and important collections of essays on the Indian economy, each with its own group of multiple, prominent contributors. 3 The current collection is indeed close to the last category. What differentiates this set of articles from all the other collections that have come before? Perhaps the main factor here is timeliness, and the novelty that comes with it. Many collections of papers on a topic such as the Indian economy undergo a long process (often beginning with a conference) of finding a publisher, getting reviews and revisions and winding their way through the
Coming Forward: The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings Subsequent to Wrongdoing

We investigate the effects of social and regulatory forces on a firm's decision to disclose past wrongdoing by voluntarily restating its earnings. With an eight-year sample of more than 2,500 public firms, including 170 voluntary restaters, we find that firms are more likely to voluntarily restate their earnings in response to informal social pressures from other firms in their industry and less likely to do so in response to formal regulatory sanctions. We also show that the impact of these forces varies with firm status. We contribute to corporate governance and public policy research that examines the effectiveness of “hard” versus “soft” deterrence measures on firm compliance.
[Epitome of social work in hospitals in modern China-Social Work in Hospitals].

As the first theoretical monograph about social work in hospitals in China, Social Work in Hospitals was published by Chung Hwa Book Co. in 1946 and was an exposition on the concept, methods and measures of social work in hospitals in detail. The book analyzed the cultivation of quality in the staff and localization of social work in hospitals by introducing cases the author experienced, which made the book an epitome of observation of social work in hospitals in modern China. The social medical idea and case treatment method advocated in the book had their historical inspirational function in establishing a harmonious doctor-patient relationship, improving medical service quality and strengthening humane care.
Violence and the politics of research

to the Problems.- 1: Pitfalls in the Pursuit of Knowledge.- 2: Legitimate and Illegitimate Uses of Violence: A Review of Ideas and Evidence.- II: Three Case  How Not to Study Violence.- III:  Science and Social Control: Controversies over Research on Violence.- 5:  Psychiatry, Politics, and the Study of Violent Behavior.- 6: Fragile Knowledge and Stubborn Ignorance: Agenda for the Study of Violence.- 7: Ethics and the Control of Research.
Dental loss among ambulatory patients with diabetes

There is a high prevalence of dental loss among patients with diabetes. Understanding the factors that impact dental loss in this population will aid with developing new strategies for its prevention.



Using a cross-sectional study design, diabetes patients presenting for routine clinic visit were evaluated with an investigator-administered questionnaire. Data was collected on demographics, dental history, duration, control and complications of diabetes.



Among 202 subjects, 100 were female, mean age: 58.9 ± 13.2 years, duration of diabetes: 15.8 ± 11.0 years, and hemoglobin A1c: 7.7 ± 1.6%. Thirty-one patients (15.3%) had lost all their teeth and only 13 (6.4%) had all 32 of their natural teeth. Using multiple linear regression, older age (β= - 0.146; 95% CI: - 0.062 to - 0.230), not flossing (β= - 3.462; 95% CI: - 1.107 to - 5.817), and presence of diabetic retinopathy (β= - 4.271; 95% CI: - 1.307 to - 7.236) were significant predictors of dental loss.



Dental loss is common in patients with diabetes and is associated with older age, diabetic retinopathy and not flossing. In order to reduce dental loss among patients with diabetes, regular flossing should be emphasized as an important component of dental care.
Οι Γερμανοί ξανάρχονται... Τι έκανες στον πόλεμο Θανάση; Η ιστορική μαρτυρία και η πολιτική λειτουργία δύο σατιρικών κωμωδιών

This article refers to the potential use, as historical source of two satirical comedies, the movies “Οι Γeρμανοί ξανάρχονται” (1947) and “Τι έκανeς στον πόλeμο Θανάση;” (1971). The theoretical basis which underlines the article is that Greek post-war cinema offers to the historian a priceless source material for the study of recent Greek history. The choice of the specific movies is justified by the common fundamental elements which they, not by chance, share. Both of them were showed in historically crucial periods. The first, at 1947, during –at the beginning indeed– of the Greek Civil War. The second, at 1971, the last years of the military Dictatorship. Both of them, as they seemingly refer to the Germans Occupation of Greece, exercise criticism on their contemporary totalitarian regimes. The fact that they were produced under these vicious circumstances does not reduce their political significance. Both of them, were extraordinary successful. This choice from the audiences is precisely what gives us an insight look of their attitudes and feelings. For the same reason they strongly influenced “public opinion” and provoked harsh political dialogue through the press as well intense political reactions. In our opinion, these two movies reflect the “common sense” for the given historical moments, as they illuminate the internal political and ideological motivations of the majority of the middle-class. Or, generally thinking, the majority of people who, during the Civil War or the Junta, placed themselves against the Regime, although they were not willing to directly resist to the official decisions. In sum, we believe that film research offers a considerable source material, one that does not replace traditional history sources, but adds to them. Moreover, this new approach may be proved more attractive or effective when we try to familiarize younger audiences with recent Greece’s political History.
Exploration for Oil in Japan: GEOLOGICAL NOTES

Petroleum of the oil fields of Honshu, Japan, occurs in several types of structural traps, in late Miocene and Pliocene sandstone and tuffaceous sand. Interbedded mudstones are considered the probable source rocks. Production from Miocene and Pliocene beds in Hokkaido has been small; Cretaceous beds may yield commercial quantities. Recommendations for future exploration are included.
Time-Bounded Task-PIOAs: A Framework for Analyzing Security Protocols

We present the Time-Bounded Task-PIOA modeling framework, an extension of the Probabilistic I/O Automata (PIOA) framework that is intended to support modeling and verification of security protocols. Time-Bounded Task-PIOAs directly model probabilistic and nondeterministic behavior, partial-information adversarial scheduling, and time-bounded computation. Together, these features are adequate to support modeling of key aspects of security protocols, including secrecy requirements and limitations on the knowledge and computational power of adversarial parties. They also support security protocol verification, using methods that are compatible with informal approaches used in the computational cryptography research community. We illustrate the use of our framework by outlining a proof of functional correctness and security properties for a well-known Oblivious Transfer protocol.
Development And Evaluation Of A Decision Model For Approval Of Civil Engineering Independent Study Projects

Like most departments of engineering the Department of Civil & Mechanical Engineering at the United States Military Academy continuously strives to balance various factors when evaluating course offerings and instructor workloads. Independent study projects represent a significant strain on that balance. The Department of Civil & Mechanical Engineering is currently in the midst of a considerable curriculum adjustment. One of the many benefits of this change is the move towards an increase in the number of Firstie (Senior) Year engineering electives. In an effort to reduce the demands on the faculty advising independent study projects and to encourage increased Cadet enrollment in engineering electives, the Department has chosen to reduce the number of independent study project offerings. It is the desire of the Department to develop and evaluate a decision model for judging prospective independent study projects. The focus of this document is the process of exploring, developing, and evaluating such a decision model. The decision modeling literature has been reviewed and the use of a Multi-Criteria Decision approach has been selected. The Multi-Criteria Decision Model, more commonly known as a weighted decision matrix, gives the user a full spectrum of options to evaluate a decision. A decision matrix can accommodate changes in the input parameters over time. In addition, the engineering education literature has been reviewed and notably little evidence has been found of application of decision models for “go/no go” type evaluations of independent study projects. This study holds the generative promise of adding to the literature in this arena. This document includes a review of the applicable educational and decision modeling literature. Further, the various stakeholders and parameters utilized in the development of our MultiCriteria Decision Model are detailed herein. The process of evaluating the Model relative to multiple years of Department records of prior authorized independent study projects is described and associated statistics are reported. The results of this decision modeling development process are likely to be of interest to all engineering educators charged with the process of making curriculum decisions and particularly those decisions in which the influence of multiple stakeholders and parameters must be considered.
Bank Lending, Financing Constraints and SME Investment

SME investment opportunities depend on the level of financing constraints that firms face. Earlier research has mainly focused on the controversial argument that cash flow-investment correlations increase with the level of these constraints. We focus on bank loans rather than cash flow. Our results show that investment is sensitive to bank loans for unconstrained firms but not for constrained firms, and trade credit predicts investment, but only for constrained firms. We also find that unconstrained firms use bank loans to finance trade credit provided to other firms. Our results illustrate alternative mechanisms that firms employ both as borrowers and lenders.
Localization of gravitational energy and its potential to evaluation of hydrogen atom properties

Vaidya metric as an integral part of the Expansive Nondecelerative Universe (ENU) model enables to localize the energy of gravitational field and, subsequently, to find a deep interrelationship between quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity. In the present paper, stemming from the ENU model, ionisation energy and energy of hyperfine splitting of the hydrogen atom, energy of the elementary quantum of action, as well as the proton and electron mass are independently expressed through the mass of the planckton, Z and W bosons and fundamental constants.
Eugenics, Infant Exposure, and the Enemy Within: A Pessimistic Reading of Zack Snyder’s 300

The article analyzes the film "300" by Zack Snyder. Particular focus is on the racist and insulting contents of the film. It mentions that the Australian film critic, Paul Byrnes called it as "one of the most sickeningly violent and mindless films of the new millennium." Also discusses the role of perceived politics of 300 in Iran's propaganda war against the West.
Microstructural and Nano‐Mechanical Characterisation of Multicomponent Composites Nanocrystalline Matrix

Multicomponent, Ti-based, in situ formed composites with a nanocrystalline matrix are a promising new type of material for structural applications. The materials exhibit an excellent combination of mechanical properties resulting from the composite microstructure. This paper contains a detailed introduction to such materials and a review of the most recent developments in the specific areas of microstructural and nano-mechanical characterization.
The Complexity of Reversal-Bounded Model-Checking

We study model-checking problems on counter systems when guards are quantifier-free Presburger formulae, the specification languages are LTL-like dialects with arithmetical constraints and the runs are restricted to reversal-bounded ones. We introduce a generalization of reversal-boundedness and we show the NExpTime-completeness of the reversal-bounded model-checking problem as well as for related reversal-bounded reachability problems. As a by-product, we show the effective Presburger definability for sets of configurations for which there is a reversal-bounded run verifying a given temporal formula. Our results generalize existing results about reversal-bounded counter automata and provides a uniform and more general framework.
The Need for International Policy Coordination: What's Old, What's New, What's Yet to Come?

Fifty years ago, the Chicago School argued that flexible exchange rates would insulate employment from foreign economic disturbances: there is no need for policy coordination; flexible exchange rates suffice. Twenty five years later, the Bretton Woods system was gone, and the first generation of policy coordination models was introduced. Chicago School arguments not withstanding, these Old-Keynesian models provided a theoretical rational for policy coordination. Now, a new generation of policy coordination models is emerging. These New-Keynesian models incorporate optimizing households, monopolistic competition and nominal inertia. Here, we examine macroeconomic interdependence and the scope for policy coordination in a tractable second generation model that has received much recent attention. We relate our discussion to the old Chicago School arguments, to earlier analyses of first generation models, to recent empirical work on productivity, and to recent theoretical work on closed economy models. We conclude that second generation models may have more scope for policy coordination than did the first, and we identify the empirical work that is needed to give a serious answer to the question.