nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Information security governance framework

Many companies, especially Japanese companies, have implemented information security with bottom up approach, starting from implementing piece by piece security controls. As increase the number of information security incidents and spread its impact, companies have implemented many measures in the wide spectrum, from technical counter measure systems (firewalls to protect internal network) to security management.
 Japanese government has introduced compliance schemes for protecting privacy data and computers from illegal access. In addition, Ministry of Economics, Trade and Industry (METI) proposed private companies to enhance information security governance capabilities with the tools such as "Information Security Report Model" (here after IS for 'Information Security'), "IS Management Benchmarking" and "Business Continuity Planning Guide (BCP)".IS Management System (ISMS) certification, IS Auditing and IS Rating scheme are also introduced to assure the implementation of security.
 Then, there are so many measures existing separately. Corporate Executives (CEO and board of directors including CIO, CRO, and CISO etc.) have come to know the amount of investment for security measures is too large to pay.
 This paper propose Information Security Governance (here in after, ISG) Framework which combines and inter-relates many existing information security schemes. With this ISG framework, Corporate Executives can direct, monitor, and evaluate IS related activities in a unified manner.
Concerning the Unity of Consciousness: Part II William James on Personal Conscious Unity

Everyone agrees on one thing about consciousness. It possesses some sort of unity. Theorists of consciousness do not always give the same account of what this property amounts to, or of that from which they believe unity derives. In the present article, the unity of consciousness is discussed with reference to authors who have given to it some, larger or smaller, quantity of theoretical attention. Four main kinds of conscious unity emerge from the discussion, though these are not all uncontroversial. William James's treatment of one of these—called here “personal conscious unity”–is addressed in the greatest detail; but there remains a great deal more that needs to be said about all four kinds of conscious unity. The article is published in two parts.
Mobilisierung alternativer Finanzressourcen: Erfahrungen mit der Einführung von Studiengebühren

The paper sheds some light on the financial structures of higher education in Germany. Recently in several member states of Germany tuition fees have been introduced. Chapter II describes the current situation in Germany, the financial structures in the OECD countries and sheds some light on the higher education costs as well as parts to be borne by the public and private sector. Chapter III discussed the distributional impacts of the current German system and adds some information on the education returns in Germany in the post war period. The analysis over the whole lifecycle renders results which proof that the higher education advantages are quite remarkable and might be a justification for more intensified financing by tuition fees. But all this has to be embedded into an encompassing strategy of tax and social policy, especially to prevent a strengthened process of social selection, which would be counterproductive for an increased and highly qualified human capital in Germany.
Exponents 3 and 4 of Fermat ’ s Last Theorem and the Parametrisation of Pythagorean Triples

This document gives a formal proof of the cases n = 3 and n = 4 (and all their multiples) of Fermat’s Last Theorem: if n > 2 then for all integers x, y, z: x + y = z =⇒ xyz = 0. Both proofs only use facts about the integers and are developed along the lines of the standard proofs (see, for example, sections 1 and 2 of the book by Edwards [Edw77]). First, the framework of ‘infinite descent’ is being formalised and in both proofs there is a central role for the lemma coprimeab ∧ ab = c =⇒ ∃ k : |a| = k. Furthermore, the proof of the case n = 4 uses a parametrisation of the Pythagorean triples. The proof of the case n = 3 contains a study of the quadratic form x + 3y. This study is completed with a result on which prime numbers can be written as x + 3y. The case n = 4 of FLT, in contrast to the case n = 3, has already been formalised (in the proof assistant Coq) [DM05]. The parametrisation of the Pythagorean Triples can be found as number 23 on the list of ‘top 100 mathematical theorems’ [Wie]. This research is part of an M.Sc. thesis under supervision of Jaap Top and Wim H. Hesselink (RU Groningen). The author wants to thank Clemens Ballarin (TU München) and Freek Wiedijk (RU Nijmegen) for their support. For more information see [Oos07].
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY STUDY OF CARBONATE SLOPE DEPOSIT

Study on the Permian Sequence Stratigraphy of the Youjiang Basin reveals that gravity flow develops during every period of eustatic cycles and it displays individual characteristic internal configuration and genetic framework of sequences.Lowstand is characterized by basin margin downslope miscellaneous lithic turbidites,and gravity flow is relatively less in shelf marginal systems.During transgressive periods,gravity flow is dominated by calcarenaceous clastic flow and its recomposed sand deposit.The deposit of gravity flow in highstand has large thickness,wide distribution and rich genetic patterns,and is mainly characterized by well developed calcarenaceous colluvial rocks ,grain flow,liquefied sediment flow,clastic flow,and turbidity flow.
Dielectric properties of cobalt doped cadmium oxalate crystals

CoxCd1−xC2O44H2O crystals grown by gel technique are characterized for dielectric properties by optical absorption measurements. Loss curve shows a relaxation peak at 500 KHz corresponding to a relaxation time of 0·3 µs. Cole-Cole diagrams give exponent of universal power law to be equal to 0·22. Optical absorption shows peaks due to Co+2 ion and water of hydration. An attempt is made to understand the results.
Problems in a weakless universe

The fact that life has evolved in our universe constrains the laws of physics. The anthropic principle proposes that these constraints are sometimes very tight and can be used to explain in a sense the corresponding laws. Recently a “disproof” of the anthropic principle has been proposed [1] in the form of a universe without weak interactions, but with other parameters suitably tuned to nevertheless allow life to develop. If a universe with such different physics from ours can generate life, the anthropic principle is undermined. We point out, however, that on closer examination the proposed “weakless” universe strongly inhibits the development of life in several different ways. One of the most critical barriers is that a weakless universe is unlikely to produce enough oxygen to support life. Since oxygen is an essential element in both water, the universal solvent needed for life, and in each of the four bases forming the DNA code for known living beings, we strongly question the hypothesis that a universe without weak interactions could generate life.
Viewing counting polynomials as Hilbert functions via Ehrhart theory

Steingrimsson (2001) showed that the chromatic polynomial of a graph is the Hilbert function of a relative Stanley-Reisner ideal. We approach this result from the point of view of Ehrhart theory and give a sufficient criterion for when the Ehrhart polynomial of a given relative polytopal complex is a Hilbert function in Steingrimsson's sense. We use this result to establish that the modular and integral flow and tension polynomials of a graph are Hilbert functions.
Ozone initiated heterogeneous oxidation of unsaturated carboxylic acids by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.

Despite considerable effort has been directed to ozone-initiated heterogeneous oxidation of unsaturated organic species in atmospheric environment, current knowledge about how chemical structure of unsaturated carboxylic acids affects their reaction kinetics remains very limited. Here, kinetics of heterogeneous reaction of ozone with six unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, vaccenic acid, eladic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid and 2-hexadecenoic acid) were studied via a flow system combined with attenuated total reflection Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Pseudo-first-order rate constants (kapp) and overall reactive uptake coefficients (γ) values were derived according to the changes in absorbance from infrared spectra. Results have shown reaction rates are highly dependent on structures of unsaturated fatty acids. Cis-isomer has faster reaction kinetics than trans-isomer, and conjugated system between CC and CO bonds can greatly inhibit reactivity. Also, it is found that a longer carbon chain length between CC bond and COOH group or a shorter chain length between CC bond and last carbon seemingly enhances reaction kinetics. In addition, changes in redox activity and hydrophilicity of oleic acid samples before and after exposure ozone have been reported for the first time. Results have revealed that ozone-initiated heterogeneous reaction can markedly increase redox activity and hydrophilicity of unsaturated carboxylic acids.
Air Pollution XXIV

In these proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution, international academics and air pollution practitioners contribute to the evolving understanding of the science and policy contexts of air pollution. 
 
The management of air pollution is one of the most challenging problems facing the international community. A particular strength of the series has been the attention given to regulatory and, market solutions to air pollution management. The Air Pollution series of conferences has consistently acknowledged that science remains the key to identifying the nature and scale of air pollution impacts and reaffirmed that science is essential in the formulation of policy relevant information for regulatory decision making. The conference series also acknowledged, at a very early stage, that science alone will not improve a polluted atmosphere. The scientific knowledge derived from well-designed studies needs to be allied with further technical and economic studies in order to ensure cost effective and efficient mitigation. In turn, the science, technology and economic outcomes are necessary but not sufficient.
Whewells tidal researches: scientific practice and philosophical methodology

Primarily between 1833 and 1840, Whewell attempted to accomplish what natural philosophers and scientists since at least Galileo had failed to do: to provide a systematic and broad-ranged study of the tides and to attempt to establish a general scientific theory of tidal phenomena. In the essay at hand, I document the close interaction between Whewell’s philosophy of science (especially his methodological views) and his scientific practice as a tidologist. I claim that the intertwinement between Whewell’s methodology and his tidology is more fundamental than has hitherto been documented.
The dynamical Mordell-Lang conjecture in positive characteristic

Let K be an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic p, let N be a positive integer, let f be a self-map on the algebraic torus T=G_m^N defined over K, let V be a curve in T defined over K, and let x be a K-point of T. We show that the set S consisting of all positive integers n for which f^n(x) is contained in V is a union of finitely many arithmetic progressions, along with a finite set and with finitely many p-arithmetic sequences, which are sets of the form {b + ap^{kn}: n is a positive integer} where a and b are given rational numbers and k is a positive integer. We also prove that our result is sharp in the sense that S may be infinite without containing an arithmetic progression. Our result addresses a positive characteristic version of the dynamical Mordell-Lang conjecture and it is the first known instance when a structure theorem is proven for the set S which includes p-arithmetic sequences.
The High-Z Supernova Search: Measuring Cosmic Deceleration and Global Curvature of the Universe Using Type Ia Supernovae*

The High-Z Supernova Search is an international collaboration to discover and monitor Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) at z > 0.2 with the aim of measuring cosmic deceleration and global curvature. Our collaboration has pursued a basic understanding of supernovae in the nearby universe, discovering and observing a large sample of objects and developing methods to measure accurate distances with SNe Ia. This paper describes the extension of this program to z ≥ 0.2, outlining our search techniques and follow-up program. We have devised high-throughput filters that provide accurate two-color rest frame B and V light curves of SNe Ia, enabling us to produce precise, extinction-corrected luminosity distances in the range 0.25 M=-0.2 -->−0.8+1.0 if ΩΛ = 0. For a spatially flat universe composed of normal matter and a cosmological constant, we find Ω -->M=0.4 -->−0.4+0.5, Ω${Λ}$ -->=0.6 -->−0.5+0.4. We demonstrate that with a sample of ~30 objects, we should be able to determine relative luminosity distances over the range 0 < z < 0.5 with sufficient precision to measure ΩM with an uncertainty of ±0.2.
Analysis of architectural variants for auditable blockchain-based private data sharing

Many applications by design depend on costly trusted third-party auditors. One such example is the industrial application case of federated multi-disciplinary optimization (MDO), in which different organizations contribute to a complex engineering design effort. Although blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT) has strong potential in reducing the dependence on such intermediaries, the architectural complexity involved in designing a solution is daunting.
 In this paper, we analyze the architectural variants for decentralized private data sharing while guaranteeing auditability and non-repudiation of data access operations, as well availability of the shared data. The architectural variants analyzed focus on attaining: (i) confidential data exchange, (ii) governing access to the shared data, (iii) providing data access auditability, and (iv) data validation or conflict resolution. We systematically enumerate architectural decisions at the levels of: storage, policy-based file access control, data encryption methods, and auditability mechanisms for private data.
 The main contribution of this work is a comprehensive overview of architectural variants for decentralized control of private encrypted data, and the involved trade-offs in terms of performance, storage overhead, auditable trust and security. These findings are validated in the context of the aforementioned industry case that involves federated multi-disciplinary optimization (MDO).
Multi-level university educations curriculum and construction of microelectronics packaging and assembly specialization

China's electronics industry has seen a significant development in the last decades. The electronics manufacturing industry has become one of the country's largest industries. Many well-qualified researchers and engineers are needed to meet the demands of the microelectronics industry and research. The fast developing electronics industry challenges the conventional university education. How to innovate the education curriculum to provide qualified engineers for the electronics industry is a challenging task for universities. Education program on microelectronic packaging and assembly has been established at GUET. In this paper, the experiences of establishing the multi-level education program for the microelectronics manufacturing are briefly summarized. A focus is put on the new bachelor's degree program of Microelectronic Manufacturing Engineering. The objective, scope and curriculum structure of the education program are proposed, which is with an emphasis on the sectors of electronic packaging, assembly and test. This proposal is supported by the fact of the existing huge demands for the qualified engineers in these sectors. To achieve the goal, the core courses for the educational curriculum and educational means are proposed and discussed. Further effort to enhance the educational ability is needed.
Handbook of Research on Advanced Intelligent Control Engineering and Automation

In industrial engineering and manufacturing, control of individual processes and systems is crucial to developing a quality final product. Rapid developments in technology are pioneering new techniques of research in control and automation with multi-disciplinary applications in electrical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, aerospace, and instrumentation engineering. The Handbook of Research on Advanced Intelligent Control Engineering and Automation presents the latest research into intelligent control technologies with the goal of advancing knowledge and applications in various domains. This text will serve as a reference book for scientists, engineers, and researchers, as it features many applications of new computational and mathematical tools for solving complicated problems of mathematical modeling, simulation, and control.
Policy Salience and the Causal Structure of Representation

In earlier research, Cnudde and McCrone (1966) presented a revised version of the Miller and Stokes model of representation, which they contend to be an accurate portrait of the causal processes by which public preferences are translated into roll call votes. Using nonrecursive analytic techniques, we reexamine their thesis and conclude that it is correct. On policy domains that representatives believe to be highly salient to their constituencies, legislators' perceptions are the key linkage mechanism. Conversely, when representatives see a policy domain as relatively less salient, the influence of their perceptions declines.
MTT: The Maude Termination Tool (System Description)

Despite the remarkable development of the theory of termination of rewriting, its application to high-level programming languages is far from being optimal. This is due to the need for features such as conditional equations and rules, types and subtypes, (possibly programmable) strategies for controlling the execution, matching modulo axioms, and so on, that are used in many programs and tend to place such programs outside the scope of current termination tools.The operational meaning of such features is often formalized in a proof-theoretic manner by means of an inference system (see, e.g., [2, 3, 17]) rather than just by a rewriting relation. In particular, Generalized Rewrite Theories (GRT)  are a recent generalization of rewrite theories at the heart of the most recent formulation of Maude .
Interdisciplinary Research in Jurisprudence and Constitutionalism

Under the influence of a narrowly understood scientific legal positivism, jurisprudence has neglected interdisciplinary research for a long time. However, today there are strong practical and scholarly reasons for an interdisciplinary analysis of law triggered, e.g., by bioethics, life sciences, economics and ecology. And yet the very subject matter of law shimmering between normativity and descriptivity seems to resist all attempts to be taken in by common enterprises across disciplines: How then is the necessary interdisciplinary research in jurisprudence possible without abandoning its core, legal dogmatics? 
This question was discussed at a special working group during the IVR-World Congress in Cracow. The papers have been polished and updated for publication. The volume falls into two parts: One is directed at the basic conceptual and institutional questions of interdisciplinary research in jurisprudence; the other one concentrates on one fruitful and highly important field of interdisciplinary research, constitutionalism. The volume brings together a truly international and in itself interdisciplinary group of experts in the field, from Finland to Brazil and from Spain to Greece.
Cooperation and Noise in Public Goods Experiments: Applying the Contribution Function Approach

We introduce a new design for experiments with the voluntary contributions mechanism for public goods. Subjects report a complete contribution function in each period, i.e., a contribution level for various marginal rates of transformation between a public and a private good. The results show that subjects' behavior cannot be explained exclusively as the result of errors. Individuals exhibit essentially one of two types of behavior. One group of subjects behaves in a way, consistent with some kind of other-regarding motivation. Some features of the data indicate that these subjects' behavior is interdependent. Another group of subjects behaves in accordance with a utility function that depends only on their own earnings. The interaction between these two groups may be important when explaining behavior over time.
The analyzing power for the pp -> ppn reaction at Q = 10 MeV

R. Czyżykiewicz1a,b, P. Moskal, H.-H. Adam, A. Budzanowski, E. Czerwiński, D. Gil, D. Grzonka, M. Janusz, L. Jarczyk, B. Kamys, A. Khoukaz, K. Kilian , P. Klaja, B. Lorentz, J. Majewski, W. Oelert, C. Piskor-Ignatowicz, J. Przerwa,  Ulbrich , P. Winter, M. Wolke, P. Wüstner, Z. Zhang, W. Zipper Institute of Physics, Jagellonian University, 30-059 Crac ow, Poland IKP, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany IKP, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münste r, Germany Institute of Nuclear Physics, 31-342 Cracow, Poland Institut für Strahlenund Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedr ch-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany f Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowi ce, Poland ZEL, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany present address: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, S witzerland
Women and Ischemic Heart Disease: Recognition, Diagnosis and Management

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most frequent causes of death in both males and females throughout the world. However, women exhibit a greater symptom burden, more functional disability, and a higher prevalence of nonobstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to men when evaluated for signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia. This paradoxical sex difference appears to be linked to a sex-specific pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia including coronary microvascular dysfunction, a component of the 'Yentl Syndrome'. Accordingly, the term ischemic heart disease (IHD) is more appropriate for a discussion specific to women rather than CAD or coronary heart disease. Following the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Heart Truth/American Heart Association, Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation and guideline campaigns, the cardiovascular mortality in women has been decreased, although significant gender gaps in clinical outcomes still exist. Women less likely undergo testing, yet guidelines indicate that symptomatic women at intermediate to high IHD risk should have further test (e.g. exercise treadmill test or stress imaging) for myocardial ischemia and prognosis. Further, women have suboptimal use of evidence-based guideline therapies compared with men with and without obstructive CAD. Anti-anginal and anti-atherosclerotic strategies are effective for symptom and ischemia management in women with evidence of ischemia and nonobstructive CAD, although more female-specific study is needed. IHD guidelines are not "cardiac catheterization" based but related to evidence of "myocardial ischemia and angina". A simplified approach to IHD management with ABCs (aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-renin blockers, beta blockers, cholesterol management and statin) should be used and can help to increases adherence to guidelines.