nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Constructive CK for Contexts

This note describes possible world semantics for a constructive modal logic CK. The system CK is weaker than other constructive modal logics K as it does not satisfy distribution of possibility over disjunctions, neither binary (3(A _ B) ! 3A _ 3B) nor nullary (3? ! ?). We are interested in this version of constructive K for its application to contexts in AI (dP03). However, our previous work on CK described only a categorical semantics (BdPR01) for the system, while most logicians interested in contexts prefer their semantics pos- sible worlds style. This note fills the gap by providing the possible worlds model theory for the constructive modal system CK, showing soundness and complete- ness of the proposed semantics, as well as the finite model property and (hence) decidability of the system. Wijesekera (Wij90) investigated possible worlds se- mantics of a system similar to CK, without the binary distribution, but satisfying the nullary one. The semantics presented here for CK is new and considerably simpler than the one of Wijesekera.
Effect of socioeconomic status on treatment and mortality after stroke.

Socioeconomic status is associated with increased mortality from ischemic heart disease. We undertook a study to determine whether a similar association exists between socioeconomic status and stroke mortality.



We linked hospital discharge abstracts and vital-status data for all patients with acute stroke admitted to hospitals in Ontario between April 1994 and March 1997. Socioeconomic status for each patient was inferred on the basis of median neighborhood income. We determined the risk of death at 30 days and 1 year; secondary analyses compared the use of medications, inpatient rehabilitation services, and carotid endarterectomy by socioeconomic status. We used multivariate analyses to adjust for age, sex, stroke type, comorbid conditions, and hospital and physician characteristics.



The study sample consisted of 38 945 patients. Each $10 000 increase in median neighborhood income was associated with a 9% reduction in the hazard of death at 30 days (adjusted hazard ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.96) and a 5% reduction in the hazard of death at 1 year (adjusted hazard ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.92 to 0.99). Patients in the lowest income quintile were less likely than those in the highest to receive in-hospital physiotherapy (58% versus 61%, P<0.001), occupational therapy (36% versus 47%, P<0.001), and speech pathology (21% versus 28%, P<0.001). There were no differences in the use of medications or carotid endarterectomy based on socioeconomic status. Waiting times for carotid surgery, however, were significantly longer in the lowest income quintile than the highest (90 days versus 60 days, P=0.002).



Socioeconomic status affects mortality and access to some health services after stroke, even in a country with a universal health insurance program. Understanding and reducing these socioeconomic disparities should be a priority for future research.
Superconductivity of Thin Film Intermetallic Compounds

Investigations of both the macroscopic and microscopic properties of thin film superconducting materials are being carried out. Compounds under study are either technologically significant or involve possible unique mechanisms for superconductivity whose realization may extend the range of critical parameters. Under study are low carrier density superconductors, selected Heavy Fermion Compounds and Chevrel phase superconductors. High-quality superconducting films of both PbTe(T1) and mixtures of La2S3-La3S4 have been prepared. These materials are low carrier density superconductors. This work is an important step in the direction of fabricating three-terminal superconducting (FET-like) devices. Films of UPt3 have been produced which exhibit superconductivity. The goal of demonstrating the nature of superconducting pairing in this heavy fermion compound using tunneling and the proximity effect is in sight. Domain wall superconductivity has been demonstrated in the ferromagnetic phase of HoMo6S8, a Chevrel phase compound which is a reentrant superconductor.
Query-Focused Extractive Video Summarization

Video data is explosively growing. As a result of the "big video data", intelligent algorithms for automatic video summarization have re-emerged as a pressing need. We develop a probabilistic model, Sequential and Hierarchical Determinantal Point Process (SH-DPP), for query-focused extractive video summarization. Given a user query and a long video sequence, our algorithm returns a summary by selecting key shots from the video. The decision to include a shot in the summary depends on the shot's relevance to the user query and importance in the context of the video, jointly. We verify our approach on two densely annotated video datasets. The query-focused video summarization is particularly useful for search engines, e.g., to display snippets of videos.
No Final Victories: 40 Years on the Frontlines of Race, Sport, and Culture An Interview with Scholar/Activist Dr. Harry Edwards

AbstractAs a prelude to the 40th anniversary of the publication of his influential book, The Revolt of the Black Athlete (1969), we had the opportunity to speak at length with Dr. Harry Edwards in a series of face-to-face and telephone interviews totaling more than six hours. Our wide-ranging interview explored Edwards' own appraisal of his "legacy," a reflection of his contributions to scholarly and activist projects as a consideration of his work with professional sports team organizations. It is our hope to have genuinely captured the complexities, contradictions, and contributions of this important sport studies figure.
Nuclear magnetic and conductivity relaxations by Li diffusion in glassy and crystalline LiAlSi4O10

The dependence of lithium diffusion on the degree of structural order was investigated in LiAlSi 4 O 10 in its glassy and polycrystalline states by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ionic conductivity relaxation techniques. The NMR measurements were performed in the temperature range from 150 K to 1000 K, which covers the diffusion induced spin-lattice relaxation rate ( T 1 −1 ) maximum for each of the modifications. The dependence of T 1 −1 on the Larmor frequency was observed in the range from 11.3 MHz to 38.9 MHz. Impedance spectroscopy was carried out on the glassy sample in the frequency interval from 100 Hz to 10 MHz and for temperatures between ambient temperature and 670 K. The results obtained from the two methods reflect significant deviations of the relaxation processes from their respective standard models (BPP and Debye) with regard to anomalous frequency dependences of T 1 −1 and of the conductivity, and a difference between the low and high temperature activation energies. These anomalies are discussed in terms of the dynamic structure model and other theories for anomalous relaxation in ionic conductors. When the results are analyzed in the framework of the dynamic structure model there are indications for clustering of the mobile species which results in correlated motion of Li ions. In a crystalline sample, the activation energy is larger and the jump frequency is smaller than in the amorphous material.
Efficient Algorithms for Bounded Rigid E-unification

Rigid E-unification is the problem of unifying two expressions modulo a set of equations, with the assumption that every variable denotes exactly one term rigid semantics. This form of unification was originally developed as an approach to integrate equational reasoning in tableau-like proof procedures, and studied extensively in the late 80s and 90s. However, the fact that simultaneous rigid E-unification is undecidable has limited the practical relevance of the method, and to the best of our knowledge there is no tableau-based theorem prover that uses rigid E-unification. We recently introduced a new decidable variant of simultaneous rigid E-unification, bounded rigid E-unification BREU, in which variables only represent terms from finite domains, and used it to define a first-order logic calculus. In this paper, we study the problem of computing solutions of individual or simultaneous BREU problems. Two new unification procedures for BREU are introduced, and compared theoretically and experimentally.
K-Ar illite age constraints on the Proterozoic formation and reactivation history of a brittle fault in Fennoscandia

K-Ar ages of authigenic illite from two drill-core gouge samples of a fault in the Palaeoproterozoic basement of Finland record two distinct faulting events. The older sample yields apparent ages from 1240 ± 26 to 1006 ± 21 Ma for four grain size fractions between 6 and <0.1 μm. The second sample is structurally younger and yields statistically distinct ages ranging from 978 ± 20 to 886 ± 18 Ma. We interpret the ages of the <0.1 m fractions, which are the youngest, as representing the actual time of faulting. XRD analysis and age modelling exclude significant age contamination of the finest dated fractions with inherited host rock components. These results provide therefore an example of meaningful isotopic dating of illite-type clay material formed during Precambrian faulting, demonstrate and constrain fault reactivation and give evidence for brittle Sveconorwegian Mesoproterozoic shortening and Neoproterozoic extension in Fennoscandia.
Stethoscope: A platform for interactive visual analysis of query execution plans

Searching for the performance bottleneck in an execution trace is an error prone and time consuming activity. Existing tools offer some comfort by providing a visual representation of trace for analysis. In this paper we present the Stethoscope, an interactive visual tool to inspect and analyze columnar database query performance, both online and offline. It's unique interactive animated interface capitalizes the large data-flow graph representation of a query execution plan, augmented with query execution trace information. We demonstrate features of Stethoscope for both online and offline analysis of long running queries. It helps in understanding where time goes, how optimizers perform, and how parallel processing on multi-core systems is exploited.
An edge cloud-based body data sensing architecture for artificial intelligence computation

As various applications and workloads move to the cloud computing system, traditional approaches of processing sensor data cannot be applied. Specifically, tenants may experience incompatibility and unpredictable performance variation due to inefficient implementations. In this article, we present an edge cloud–based body data sensing architecture for artificial intelligence computation. The main rationale for designing the edge cloud–based sensing architecture is as follows. By analyzing physical body data on the edge cloud computing system, we can identify the relationship between body activities and health conditions for persons. In addition, we can support real-time applications without catastrophic failures by our efficient and stable implementation of the sensing architecture. Our cloud storage architecture is designed to support both stateful and stateless applications, which are compatible with traditional infrastructures and provide server consolidation with a CPU-aware scheduling of virtual mach...
The Meaning of “Place” to Older Adults

Social workers are well-equipped to work with older adults and their families. The life course perspective provides a framework for seeing older adulthood as a stage of life in the continuum of life as well as a stage with its own characteristics and tasks. All the roles within social work practice can be adapted to this population. In addition, social workers working with older adults and their families must be cognizant of the specific issues that are associated with aging and older adulthood. The issue of loss on many levels is a frequent topic. One area of loss that is not frequently addressed is the loss associated with where one lives. The word place can have several meanings. One meaning has to do with where one lives. The second meaning of loss is about one’s status and role—place-in-society. For older adults both meanings become important issues as they and their families navigate the decisions that have to be made. While residence is based on the level of independence and competence of the older adult, the issue of place-as-status is a constant frustration for older adults. Issues of leaving one’s place and losing status in the eyes of others evoke a myriad of feelings depending on the particular older adult. But given that as one ages there are naturally some physical and mental acuity losses, every older adult is subject to feelings of sadness, depression, hopelessness, and even anger. These feelings are natural responses to loss. Among the roles of social workers working with older adults is one of helping a mourning process move to a healthy acceptance of one’s aging and planning rather than devolving into major depression.
Key Agreement in Peer-to-Peer Wireless Networks

We present a set of simple techniques for key establishment over a radio link in peer-to-peer networks. Our approach is based on the Diffie-Hellmankey agreement protocol, which is known to be vulnerable to the "man-in-the-middle" attack if the two users involved in the protocol do not share any authenticated information about each other (e.g., public keys, certificates, passwords,shared keys, etc.) prior to the protocol execution. In this paper, we solve the problem by leveraging on the natural ability of users to authenticate each other by visual and verbal contact. We propose three techniques. The first is based on visual comparison of short strings, the second on distance bounding, and the third on integrity codes; in each case, the users do not need to enter any password or other data, nor do they need physical or infrared connectivity between their devices. We base our analysis on a well-established methodology that leads us to a rigorous modularization and a thorough robustness proof of our proposal.
Origin of hematite and its associated remanence in the Copper Harbor Conglomerate (Keweenawan), upper Michigan

To study further the origin remanence in red beds, the volcanogenic Copper Harbor Conglomerate has been investigated using both paleomagnetic and petrographic techniques. Paleomagnetic results suggest the presence of two magnetic components, both possessing a westerly and shallow or normal Keweenawan direction. One component (in the vicinity of declination 294°, inclination −7.6) comprises approximately 30% of the total natural remanent magnetization, is removed by alternating field demagnetization following chemical demagnetization, and shows a consistent inclination error that is controlled in sense and amount by the dip of the cross beds in which the samples were taken. The low coercivities of this component suggest that the magnetization resides in magnetite. This and the inclination error due to the bedding indicate that the component is a detrital remanent magnetization. 
 
The predominant component (declination 286.5°, inclination 0.0°, based on six sites) is removed by chemical demagnetization and shows no consistent relationship between inclination and dip of the cross beds, which suggests that it is a postdepositional magnetization. This component resides in hematite that is removed during the chemical demagnetization procedure. Petrographic studies show that hematite is present authigenically as pigment and as partly to wholly martitized grains. Martitization may have occurred before or after deposition; petrographic results are at present inconclusive. A pole position calculated from this postdepositional component (168.3°E, 11.2°N) is similar to poles from the overlying Nonesuch Shale and Freda Sandstone, which suggests that the remanence was acquired before the end of Freda deposition.
Economic Analysis of Central Bank Interest Rate Expectations and Impacts on the Real Estate Market Forecast

This paper analyzes the February 3rd People's Bank of Chinese raised the reverse repo rate and standing loan facilities (SLF) interest rate move, combined with the previous soon has raised the medium-term lending facility (MLF) rate measures, pointed out that the interest rate increase after another, attention will lead the market. Forecast the central bank chooses in the money market operations to raise interest rates in 2017 China monetary policy at the same time analysis and, and for the 2017 fiscal year Chinese economic structural adjustment, promote the effect of supply side reforms, especially the impact on the development of the real estate market in 2017 China.
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

ON BEHALF OF THE CLAIMANT Mr. John Laskin Mr. John Terry Torys LLP Suite 3000 Toronto, ON Canada M5K 1N2 ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT Dra. Gladys Gutiérrez Alvarado Procuradora General de la República Avenida Lazo Martí Edificio Procuraduría General de la República Piso 8, Santa Mónica Caracas, Venezuela AND Dr. Ronald E.M. Goodman Mr. Paul S. Reichler Foley & Hoag LLP 1875 K Street, N.W., Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20006 U.S.A.
Investigation on the interaction between γ-cyclodextrin and α-amylase

A growing interest has been shown regarding the impact of α-amylase on the quality of fermented foods. Therefore, the interaction between γ-cyclodextrin and α-amylase was investigated in this article. The results showed that γ-cyclodextrin had an inhibitory effect on the activity of α-amylase under certain conditions, obtaining the strongest inhibitory effect when the concentration of γ-cyclodextrin was 10 mmol/L, the reaction temperature was 45 °C, pH = 5.9 and reaction time of 120 min. The results also showed important changes in the secondary structure of α-amylase induced by γ-cyclodextrin, including the transformation of α-helix, β-fold and random coil. Moreover, the addition of γ-cyclodextrin could induce the change of endogenous fluorescence intensity by changing the microenvironment of the α-amylase. According to the results of NMR, a part of the α-amylase molecule enters the cavity of the γ-cyclodextrin, and the other part forms a hydrogen bond with the outer cavity, forming a complex. The experimental results provide references for the application of γ-cyclodextrin and α-amylase.
Management of Lung Cancer in the Elderly.

Lung cancer disproportionately affects the elderly. Aging is typically associated with higher risk of comorbidity, declines in physical, organ, and cognitive function, and diminished social support. Hence the management of a disease as complex and potentially lethal as lung cancer in this population is challenging. Despite most patients with lung cancer being elderly, most high-level evidence has been derived from studies that included younger patients and only a minority of the fit elderly. This article reviews the literature on the care of older adults with lung cancer. The evolving role of geriatric assessment in lung cancer is discussed.
Evolutionary cell biology: functional insight from "endless forms most beautiful".

In animal and fungal model organisms, the complexities of cell biology have been analyzed in exquisite detail and much is known about how these organisms function at the cellular level. However, the model organisms cell biologists generally use include only a tiny fraction of the true diversity of eukaryotic cellular forms. The divergent cellular processes observed in these more distant lineages are still largely unknown in the general scientific community. Despite the relative obscurity of these organisms, comparative studies of them across eukaryotic diversity have had profound implications for our understanding of fundamental cell biology in all species and have revealed the evolution and origins of previously observed cellular processes. In this Perspective, we will discuss the complexity of cell biology found across the eukaryotic tree, and three specific examples of where studies of divergent cell biology have altered our understanding of key functional aspects of mitochondria, plastids, and membrane trafficking.
Crisis and catharsis : the power of the Apocalypse

For the first time in complete form, the results of recent analyses of the Apocalypse are presented in a way that is easily understood by the beginning student and challenging to the scholar looking for a fresh approach. In a clear and vivid manner, Adela Yarbro Collins discusses the authorship of the book of Revelation, when it was written, the situation it addressed, the social themes it considered, and the psychological meaning behind apocalyptic language.
Fabrication and Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2Te3 Prepared by Combining Chemical Bath Method and Hot Pressing

Bi2Te3 bulk materials were prepared by combining chemical bath method and hot pressing at 80 MPa and 375 °C for 1 h. The samples before and after hot pressing were examined by X-ray diffraction, and the fracture surface of the bulk materials was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The electrical transport properties of the bulk materials were measured from room temperature up to 250 °C under Ar. The results indicate that sulfur addition can prevent the oxidation of Bi2Te3 nanostructures; however, it is not good to the thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te3 under the present synthesis conditions.
The Economics of Predation: What Drives Pricing When There Is Learning-by-Doing?

We formally characterize predatory pricing in a modern industry-dynamics framework that endogenizes competitive advantage and industry structure. As an illustrative example we focus on learning-by-doing. To disentangle predatory pricing from mere competition for efficiency on a learning curve we decompose the equilibrium pricing condition. We show that forcing firms to ignore the predatory incentives in setting their prices can have a large impact and that this impact stems from eliminating equilibria with predation-like behavior. Along with the predation-like behavior, however, a fair amount of competition for the market is eliminated.
Points on Computable Curves

The "analyst's traveling salesman theorem" of geometric measure theory characterizes those subsets of Euclidean space that are contained in curves of finite length. This result, proven for the plane by Jones (1990) and extended to higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces by Okikiolu (1992), says that a bounded set K is contained in some curve of finite length if and only if a certain "square beta sum", involving the "width of K" in each element of an infinite system of overlapping "tiles" of descending size, is finite. In this paper we characterize those points of Euclidean space that lie on computable curves of finite length. We do this by formulating and proving a computable extension of the analyst's traveling salesman theorem. Our extension, the computable analyst's traveling salesman theorem, says that a point in Euclidean space lies on some computable curve of finite length if and only if it is "permitted" by some computable "Jones constriction". A Jones constriction here is an explicit assignment of a rational cylinder to each of the above-mentioned tiles in such a way that, when the radius of the cylinder corresponding to a tile is used in place of the "width of K" in each tile, the square beta sum is finite. A point is permitted by a Jones constriction if it is contained in the cylinder assigned to each tile containing the point. The main part of our proof is the construction of a computable curve of finite length traversing all the points permitted by a given Jones constriction. Our construction uses the main ideas of Jones's "farthest insertion" construction, but takes a very different form, because, having no direct access to the points permitted by the Jones constriction, our algorithm must work exclusively with the constriction itself