nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Market Structure and Multiproduct Industries

TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS of the theory of the firm has concentrated on single-product firms. But, in reality, most businesses produce many products, and many regulatory and antitrust issues involve only these enterprises. In recent years, economists and policymakers dealing with antitrust and regulatory issues have increasingly recognized the need for a theory that can be used to evaluate the efficiency of market structures in industries dominated by a few firms operating in a diverse range of markets. For such firms, conventional concepts of structure and performance such as economies of scale, measures of concentration, and barriers to entry do not adequately capture the complexity of market relationships. A few examples illustrate the complexities introduced by the multi-product firm and highlight the need for a theory that can be used to evaluate performance and conduct in its markets. In many trucking and air city-pair markets, the efficient number of carriers appears to be relatively small (perhaps even one). Does this imply, however, that trucking firms and air carriers that compete in a wide range of city-pair markets should be regulated as natural monopolists or that mergers involving overlapping markets should be disallowed? In the petroleum industry, there is a current trend to diversify into other sources of fuel, and in cable TV markets there are numerous attempts to integrate vertically. What should economists look for in evaluating whether these changes in market structure are motivated by efficiency or by anticompetitive behavior? For a dominant firm, such as AT&T, there is a frequent complaint that the incumbent firm is preventing entry by "cross-subsidizing" one of its products, which faces competition by entrants, at the expense of other of its products. What kinds of regulatory intervention in pricing or in market structure must be considered
Trauma patients who present in a delayed fashion: a unique and challenging population.

A proportion of trauma patients present for evaluation in a delayed fashion after injury, likely due to a variety of medical and nonmedical reasons. There has been little investigation into the characteristics and outcomes of trauma patients who present delayed. We hypothesize that trauma patients who present in a delayed fashion are a unique population at risk of increased trauma-related complications.



This was a retrospective review from 2010-2015 at a Level I trauma center. Patients were termed delayed if they presented >24 hours after injury. Patients admitted within 24 hours of their injury were the comparison group. Charts were reviewed for demographics, mechanism, comorbidities, complications and outcomes. A subgroup analysis was done on patients who suffered falls.



During the 5-y period, 11,705 patients were admitted. A total of 588 patients (5%) presented >24 h after their injury. Patients in the delayed group were older (65 versus 55 y, P < 0.001) and more likely to have psychiatric comorbidities (33% vs. 24%, P = 0.0001) than the control group. They were also more likely to suffer substance withdrawal (8.9% vs. 4.1%, P < 0.001) but had toxicology testing for drugs and alcohol done at significantly lower rates. Patients that presented delayed after falls were similar in age and injury severity score (ISS) but more likely to suffer substance withdrawal when compared to those with falls that presented within 24 hours. Patients with falls that presented delayed had toxicology testing at significantly lower rates than the comparison group.



Trauma patients that present to the hospital in a delayed fashion have unique characteristics and are more likely to suffer negative outcomes including substance withdrawal. Future goals will include exploring strategies for early intervention, such as automatic withdrawal monitoring and social work referral for all patients who present in a delayed fashion.
A machine learning approach to student modeling

The notion of buggy procedures has played an important role in recent cognitive models of mathematical skills. The authors review some earlier work on student modeling, in which Artificial Intelligence methods have been used to automatically construct buggy models of student behavior. They then propose an alternate approach to student modeling that draws on insights from the rapidly developing field of machine learning, and describe ACN, a student modeling system that incorporates this approach. This system begins with a set of overly general rules, which it uses to search a problem space until it arrives at the same answer as the student. The ACM computer program then uses the solution path it has discovered to determine positive and negative instances of its initial rules, and employs a discrimination learning mechanism to place additional conditions on these rules. The revised rules will reproduce the solution path without search, and constitute a cognitive model of the student's behavior. The authors examine ACM's operation in the domain of multi-column subtraction problems, and propose some extensions that should be included in future versions of the system. Finally, they discuss the generality, psychological validity, and practical utility of this approach to student modeling.
From anchors to orientations: Towards a contemporary theory of career preferences

The way people make sense of their careers in the contemporary world can no longer be usefully captured by objective benchmarks of career success, such as salary growth and promotion. Commentators have highlighted the need to address subjective criteria reflecting idiosyncratic needs, values and goals underpinning people's career choices and behavior. Our paper contributes to this debate by discussing and empirically exploring the core features of a contemporary theory of career preferences. Taking Schein's influential work on career anchors as a point of departure we identify and explore a set of research questions among a sample of professional workers. Our findings suggest that orientations are partially shaped in the broad social and family context; that people can have primary and secondary orientations; that orientations are adaptable to people's work and life circumstances; and that career preferences are, to a large extent, context specific limiting generalizations across national and occupational cultures.
관광 e-마켓플레이스의 참여요인에 관한 연구

E-marketplace is a kind of B2B e-business system that supports business transactions between companies. If e-marketplace could be revitalized, we might expect not only the development of related industry but also the decrease of transaction costs between companies. Likewise, it is necessary to introduce and revitalize e-marketplace in tourism industry. Participants to tourism e-marketplace might be tourism-related companies like as travel agencies, lodging and shipping companies, etc. Also tourists want to search a variety of tourism products or contents. So tourism e-marketplace might have to include characteristics of B2C e-business systems as well as B2B e-business systems. Factors were found by analyzing the existing papers related with B2B e-marketplace and B2C web site. The purpose of this paper is to enumerate and assess significant factors that might influence in participating in the tourism e-marketplace through statistical survey.
Rationality Explanations The Case of Kissinger's Decision to Supply Arms to Angola

The article distinguishes between deductive rationality models which explain the behaviour of large numbers of people placed in similar external circumstances, and explanations of a single action by one individual, individual rationality. The traditional justification for rationality models is that they offer good predictions. The main argument in this article is that individual rationality is testable and can serve to assess the empirical accuracy of the assumption of rationality in models. Three strategies to judge whether an individual action is rational — situational logic, motivational analysis and process-tracing — are used to analyse Henry Kissinger's decision in July 1975 to provide arms to Angola, an act which was intended to increase the value of the American reputation for toughness. The discussion is informed by Barry Nalebuff's game-theoretic analysis of rational beliefs concerning the value of reputation in deterrence. Finally, the article draws the implications of the empirical analysis of ...
Isogeny in superstable groups

We study and develop a notion of isogeny for superstable groups inspired by the notion in algebraic groups and differential algebraic notions developed by Cassidy and Singer. We prove several fundamental properties of the notion. Then we use it to formulate and prove a uniqueness results for a decomposition theorem about superstable groups similar to one proved by Baudisch. Connections to existing model theoretic notions and existing differential algebraic notions are explained.
Thermoelectric Properties of Cu-Substituted Bi2Ca2Co2Oy Misfit Oxides

Co2-xCuxOy (x=0.0, 0.2, 0.4) Samples were prepared by solid-state reaction method and the effect of Cu substitution on the thermoelectric properties was investigated. The presence of Cu element improved the grain size and electrical conductivity, but Seebeck coefficients were reduced by Cu substitution. It was found Cu substitution is an effective way to improve the thermoelectric performance system at high temperature.
IMPACT OF ORDER OF ENTRY ON BUSINESS PERFORMANCE

Many research found that pioneer firm have high business performance than early follower but many research found that the follower firms can bit the pioneer performance. From the equivocal finding the researcher want to investigate whether the pioneer firms perform better than early follower and the relationship order of entry and business performance (market share and ROI). The Population are 465 textile companies with 200 employees listed in BPS Manufacturing Directory. CEO or Managing Director were selected as respondent. The results found that there is significant difference between order of entry on market share and ROI. This research also found that the pioneer performs better than early follower in achieving business performance (market share and ROI) and order of entry have positive relationship with business performance ( market share and ROI).
Notice of RetractionAgency costs on the company's financial management

Generally, many expenses exist in the distribution process of assets among different relevant parties. The separation of ownership and management will result in the principal-agent relationship, which can lead to agency cost. This is just the focus of this paper: How to understand agency cost and how to cope with it. First of all, the paper discussed the correlated theory and concepts. Furthermore, some aspects in which agency cost can affect financial management were analyzed. The last but not least, some measures which can reduce agency cost and increase firm's value were submitted. The major conclusion is that agency cost can affect all fields of financial management, and people must pay more attention to it.
State and religion in contemporary Iran modernity, tradition, and political Islam (1979-2005)

The title of this study raises questions about the meaning and the
significance of the words 'modernity', 'tradition' and 'Political Islam'
in contemporary Iran. The purpose of this study is to reveal true
meanings of the thoughts and practises of the post-revolution Iranian elites
and intellectuals, in relations to and alongside the social events, to
emphasize the existence of a modernisation process in the institution of
state and the moderate re-interpretation of Islam in the religious
establishment, which together have given rise to the distinctly Iranian
features of political development. This study shall be in a socio-historical
setting because political changes and social events in contemporary Iran are
difficult to identify and impossible to understand unless their roots are
discovered in their true locations.
Photoluminescence mechanism of annealed ZnO/Zn/Al2O3 sandwich structures deposited on glass substrates

The effect of Al 2 O 3 layers on optical properties of ZnO/Zn/Al 2 O 3 sandwich structures is investigated. Results indicated that as the deposition time of Al 2 O 3 increases, violet peak centered at 402 nm gradually shifted to 412 nm and the intensity firstly decreases and then increases. We discuss the intensity change and shift of violet peak relating to V Zn defects and the band alignment of ZnO/Zn/Al 2 O 3 sandwich structures, respectively. We proposed that ZnO/Zn/Al 2 O 3 sandwich structures can be approximately regarded as a quasiquantum-well-like structure. So the electron tunneling from Zn to Al 2 O 3 layer is suppressed and the photogenerated carriers can be confined in the Zn Fermi level. In order to further understand the effect of posttreatment on optical properties of samples, samples are annealed in vacuum at 350 °C for 1 h. PL emissions are weakened with the increase of Al 2 O 3 deposition time. Interestingly, at a same deposition condition, PL emissions are still improved after posttreatment. Combined Al 2 O 3 layer modulation with annealing treatment, steady PL properties can be effectively improved.
Just two statements can make Americans and Scandinavians agree about social welfare

Can just two sentences about the motivation and situation of social welfare recipients’ crowd out a life-time of cultural learning and make American and Scandinavian social agree on the issue of social welfare? Using large-scale survey experiments, Lene Aaroe and Michael Bang Petersen challenge the prevalent perception that Americans hold highly skeptical opinions about social welfare while Scandinavians, including Danes, tend to love the welfare state. Rather, Americans and Danes use similar deep-seated, social instincts to reason about who deserves social welfare despite their exposure to different welfare state cultures: If Danes and Americans perceive welfare recipients as lazy, they oppose social welfare. If the perceive social welfare recipients as making an effect to find work and contribute to society, they are likely to support it.
C.F. von Weizsäcker’s Reconstruction of Physics: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow

Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker’s thinking has always crossed the borders between physics and philosophy. Being a physicist by training he still feels at home in the physics community, as a philosopher by passion, however, his mind cannot stop thinking at the limits of physics. His physical ideas are based on the general conceptual and methodological preconditions of physical theories. The above quotation does indicate this: Heisenberg’s hint on symmetry as a natural starting point for a physicist — even though already philosophically motivated by Plato — left Weizsacker “dissatisfied.” He even wanted to explore the reasons for the symmetries themselves.
Licensing software engineers: the Computer Society must continue to lead

The key issue concerning the licensing of software engineers as Professional Engineers in the United States is not whether it should occur; i.e., it appears that such licensing is inevitable, and the focus should therefore be on having an implementation strategy that is of maximum benefit to both the computing and engineering communities. Of the two major computing societies, IEEE-CS has shown the most willingness to work with the US licensing organizations in the short-term. The article argues that it is essential that the Computer Society continue to provide leadership to the computing field in this area.
Synthetic iron complexes as models for natural iron-humic compounds: Synthesis, characterization and algal growth experiments.

A series of monomeric and dimeric FeIII complexes with O,O-; O,N-; O,S-coordination motifs has been prepared and characterized by standard analytical methods in order to elucidate their potential to act as model compounds for aquatic humic acids. Due to the postulated reduction of iron in humic acids and following uptake by microorganisms, the redox behavior of the models was investigated with cyclic voltammetry. Most of the investigated compounds showed iron reduction potentials accessible to biological reducing agents. Additionally, observed reduction processes were predominantly irreversible, suggesting that subsequent reactions can take place after reduction of the iron center. Also the stability of the synthesized complexes in pure water and artificial seawater was monitored from 24h up to 21days by means of UV-Vis spectrometry. Several complexes remained stable even after 21days, showing only partially precipitation but some of them showed changes in UV-Vis spectra already after 24h which were connected to protonation/deprotonation processes as well as redox processes and degradation of the complexes. The ability to act as an iron source for primary producers was tested in algal growth experiments with two marine algae species Chlorella salina and Prymnesium parvum. Some of the compounds showed effects on the algal cultures, which are comparable with natural humic acids and better as for the samples kept under ideal conditions. Those findings help to understand which functional groups of humic acids could be responsible for the reversible iron binding and transport in aquatic humic substances.
Increased morbidity, mortality and length of in-hospital stay for patients with acute coronary syndrome with pre-morbid psychiatric diagnoses.

Psychiatric and cardiac comorbidities form the top two budget categories for health systems in high-income countries with evidence that psychiatric pre-morbidities lead to worse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). There are no studies examining this relationship in a national multicentre population level study in the UK, and no studies examining their impact on length of in-hospital stay (LoS) in ACS. Recognizing at-risk populations and reducing LoS in ACS is an essential part of improving patient care and cost-effectiveness.



We investigated the impact of psychiatric diagnoses on morbidity, all-cause mortality and LoS amongst 57,668 ACS patients between Jan-2004 and Dec-2014 using the Secure-Anonymized-Information-Linkage (SAIL) databank. Demographics, admissions, cardiac and psychiatric comorbidities were identified using coded data.



There were a total of 3857 out of 57,668 patients who had a pre-morbid psychiatric diagnosis. The mean LoS in patients without psychiatric comorbidities was 9.78days (95% CI: 9.66-9.91). This was higher (p<0.01) in the presence of any psychiatric diagnosis (14.72), dementia (20.87), schizophrenia (15.67), and mood disorders (13.41). Patients with psychiatric comorbidities had worse net adverse cardiac events (HR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.16-1.21) and mortality rates (HR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.23-1.30).



Our results demonstrate that psychiatric comorbidities have a significant and clinically important impact on morbidity, mortality and LoS in ACS patients in Wales, UK. Clinicians' awareness and active management of psychiatric conditions amongst ACS patients is needed to reduce poor outcomes and LoS and ultimately the risk for patients and financial burden for the health-service.
Characterization of freshwater natural dissolved organic matter (DOM): mechanistic explanations for protective effects against metal toxicity and direct effects on organisms.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) exerts direct and indirect influences on aquatic organisms. In order to better understand how DOM causes these effects, potentiometric titration was carried out for a wide range of autochthonous and terrigenous freshwater DOM isolates. The isolates were previously characterized by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Proton binding constants (pKa) were grouped into three classes: acidic (pKa≤5), intermediate (58.5). Generally, the proton site densities (LT) showed maximum peaks at the acidic and basic ends around pKa values of 3.5 and 10, respectively. More variably positioned peaks occurred in the intermediate pKa range. The acid-base titrations revealed the dominance of carboxylic and phenolic ligands with a trend for more autochthonous sources to have higher total LT. A summary parameter, referred to as the Proton Binding Index (PBI), was introduced to summarize chemical reactivity of DOMs based on the data of pKa and LT. Then, the already published spectroscopic data were explored and the specific absorbance coefficient at 340nm (i.e. SAC340), an index of DOM aromaticity, was found to exhibit a strong correlation with PBI. Thus, the tendencies observed in the literature that darker organic matter is more protective against metal toxicity and more effective in altering physiological processes in aquatic organisms can now be rationalized on a basis of chemical reactivity to protons.
Electrochemical Studies of the Effect of Temperature and pH on the Adsorption of α-Lactalbumin at Pt

The adsorption behavior of holo- and apo-a-lactalbumin at a 
Pt/electrolyte interface was studied in an acidic, neutral, and alkaline 
medium over the temperature range 273 to 353 K, using the cyclic voltammetry 
technique. It was shown that the surface charge density, resulting from 
protein adsorption, is directly proportional to the amount of adsorbed 
protein (surface concentration), indicating that adsorption is accompanied by 
the transfer of charge. A significant difference in the amount of adsorbed 
protein (between the two types of protein) was obtained at pH 7 because of 
the difference in conformation of the molecule in the presence/absence of 
bound calcium. On the other hand, the resemblance in behavior of the two 
types of proteins observed at pH 2 and pH 11 suggested that the protein is in 
its molten globule state and is depleted in calcium at these pHs. The 
adsorption process was modeled using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The 
values of the Gibbs free energy of adsorption indicated that the protein 
molecules strongly adsorb onto the Pt surface via chemisorption. The protein 
expressed the highest affinity toward adsorption at pH 2 and the lowest at pH 
11. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic, resulting from the 
excess energetics required for the breaking of intramolecular interactions 
relative to those involved in the formation of protein-metal bonds. The 
adsorption of a -LA onto a Pt surface was found to be an entropically 
governed process, suggesting structural unfolding of the protein at the 
electrode surface.
Nd–Sr–Pb isotopic composition and mantle sources of Triassic rift units in the Serbo-Macedonian and the western Rhodope massifs (Bulgaria–Greece)

We report on the field occurrence and isotopic compositions of metamafic rocks exposed in the Serbo-Macedonian (Volvi and Therma bodies) and western Rhodope (Rila Mountains) massifs of Bulgaria and Greece. These metamafic units consist of high- and low-Ti gabbroic and basaltic rocks, whose Nd–Sr–Pb isotopes are compatible with mantle-derived MORB and OIB components with a small amount of crustal material involved in their melt source. These isotopic features combined with the field observations are consistent with an intra-continental rift origin of the metamafic rocks protolith, and are comparable to those of the Triassic rift-related mafic rocks in the northern Aegean region.