nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
How to implement a big data clustering algorithm: a brief report on lesson learned

The current era of Big Data [7] has forced both researchers and industries to rethink the computational solutions for analyzing massive data. In fact, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the design of new algorithms for analyzing information available from Twitter, Google, Facebook, and Wikipedia, just to cite a few of the main big data producers. Although this massive volume of data can be quite useful for people and companies, it makes analytical and retrieval operations really time consuming due to their high computational cost. A possible solution relies upon the possibility to cluster big data in a compact but still informative version of the entire data set. Obviously, such clustering techniques should produce clusters (or summaries) having high accuracy. Clustering algorithms could be beneficial in several application scenarios such as cybersecurity, user profiling and recommendation systems, to cite a few.
The formation of the system of intellectual capital management at enterprises

The function of planning in the system of management of intellectual activity at a company involves four types of plans for the training of the company personnel: thematic plan, plan-program, the plan of methodological support creation, current schedule that divides classes in time, and in space (in classrooms, workplaces and departments). The function – organization in the system of the management of intellectual activity in the company is studied. It is offered to be applicable to: adjustment, ordering, regulation of processes of intellectual activity, their technical equipment and software; creation of an organizational structure of intellectual activity of the enterprise. The paramount meaning of the motivation in the system of managing intellectual activity is highlighted. It implements the needs of employees for: novelty, personal development, professional development, creativity, recognition, expert power. It is proposed to organise in the structure of intellectual activity management the following functional blocks to carry out periodic and selective control: «educational activity», «information ensuring», «cognitive and creative activity», «economic and legal activity». The place of general intellectual processes in general activity of the company, their relationship with the production of material goods is determined. Modelling of advantages and disadvantages according to different types of organizational structure in the system of managing intellectual capital is made.
Reactivity and molecular structure of silicon carbide fibres derived from polycarbosilanes

The thermal behaviour of Nicalon NML 202 fibres was carried out in the absence and in the presence of oxygen. The gaseous species produced and the oxygen balance were determined with a mass spectrometer. Three samples were studied: the desized initial fibre, this fibre after treatment with hydrofluoric acid, and a polycrystalline silicon carbide powder. It was shown that (i) the initial fibre has still an organic character, (ii) it contains a silica-rich layer, and (iii) beneath the silica-rich sheath the bulk of the fibre contains free carbon embedded in a silicon carbide-based network.
E-learning as Supporting Tool for Cooperation in the Field of Process, Energy and Mechanical Engineering on International Level

This contribution deals with the first experience from an educational cooperation between two universities using e-learning and e-teaching tools. The objective of the contribution aims the local conditions of these tools at the Institute of Process and Environmental Engineering at Brno University of Technology. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the application of electronic communication tools in learning, scientific communication and business in close cooperation with Augsburg University of Applied Sciences.
Autonomías indígenas, naciones originarias y sistema político local. El caso del ayllu Kirkyawi (Bolivia) Indigenous autonomous zones, original nations and the local political system. The case of the Kirkyawi ayllu (Bolivia)

The general aim of this work is to contribute to understand the political transformations of the indigenous communities of the Andean region of Bolivia since the state reforms implemented in the decade of 1990 and in a perspective that focuses in how the indigenous community, in our case the ayllu Kirkyawi, have politically reshaped in the new legal, institutional and political frame. We show that it is the “community” constructed from its own political system the one that might constitute juridically as “nation” in the context of the new Estado Plurinacional. That means that it’s necessary to go beyond the “recognition” of the ethnic and cultural diversity to the construction of a political and administrative system that opens the possibility of the construction of a real indigenous autonomy; that’s to say, to determine the indigenous nations’ own political system, authorities system, the instances of participation and decision making and their own legislative practices; in a word, the possibility of self determination. This is the political project that arises from the community for the constitution of the nations of the Estado Plurinacional.
Examinations, Inequality, and Curriculum Reform: An Essay Review of Richard Teese's Academic Success and Social Power: Examinations and Inequality

All educational reforms have particular histories. And all of them are driven not only by technical considerations but also profoundly by cultural, political, and economic projects and by ideological visions of what schools should do. In this contribution to my Reviewing Policy section of Educational Policy, I discuss a significant contribution to our understanding of these projects. “Academic Success and Social Power” focuses on the growth of crucial aspects of a number of these visions, on the conflicts that they often entail, and on who continues to benefit the most from them over time. Richard Teese directs most of his attention to the reform of curriculum and to
The Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Israel.

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been on the rise in recent years in the general population, as well as among patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to add information regarding the use of CAM in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in Israel and explore possible interactions between CAM and prescription medication (PM).



This is a cross-sectional study based on questionnaires. The study included type 2 diabetic patients who were hospitalized in an internal medicine department at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel, between December 2013 and December 2014. Possible interactions between CAM and PM were evaluated by a clinical pharmacist and a clinical pharmacologist.



Out of 111 diabetic patients, 23.4% used CAM. There was no significant difference between the consumers and nonconsumers in terms of age, education, income, smoking, or alcohol habits. Only 11 of the 26 CAM consumers informed their physician regarding the use. We found possible drug-herb interactions in 19 of the 26 CAM consumers. A major interaction was found between omega-3 and antiaggregants and was encountered in 7 (26.9%) of the CAM consumers. Other minor and major interactions were found with vitamin E, ginkgo-biloba, co-enzyme Q10, green tea, fenugreek seeds, pyridoxine, and dandelion.



Since CAM consumption is on the rise, it is desirable to improve our knowledge concerning their potential effects and adverse effects, especially in conjunction with PM. Given the complexity of pharmaceutics in patients with chronic diseases, among them patients with DM, the use of supplementary medicine cannot be ignored.
Structural study of amorphous Zr-Fe-B and Zr-Fe-Si alloys by sup 57 Fe-Moessbauer and magnetization measurements

This paper reports that the short-range order of melt-spun and mechanically alloyed Zr-Fe-B and Zr-Fe-B and Zr-Fe-Si amorphous alloys has been studied by means of {sup 57}Fe-Mossbauer effect and magnetization measurements. It is shown, that the Fe-surrounding for Fe concentrations up to 40at.% is nearly independent from additional B alloying, whereas significant changes are obtained for Si additions. It is indicated, that B mainly occupies interstitial sites with pure Zr surroundings, whereas Si substitutes on Fe sites. The complete determination of the electric field gradient via magnetic distortion leads to the conclusion, that the same well-defined structural unit is present as observed for binary Zr-Fe glasses for Fe contents up to 33at.%. Beyond this concentration, evidence is obtained that separation into a paramagnetic and a ferromagnetic amorphous phase takes place. The ferromagnetic component shows strong induced magnetization in high external fields far above the Curie temperature, preventing the complete determination of the electric field gradient tensor.
Introduction to Geography: People, Places, and Environment

1. Introduction to Geography 2. Weather and Climate 3. Landforms 4. Biogeochemical Cycles and the Biosphere 5. Population, Population Increase, and Migration 6. Cultural Geography 7. The Geography of Languages and Religions 8. The Human Food Supply 9. Earth's Resources and Environmental Protection 10. Cities and Urbanization 11. A World of States 12. National Paths to Economic Growth 13. Political Regionalization and Globalization
Monitoring Ecosystems: Interdisciplinary Approaches For Evaluating Ecoregional Initiatives

This volume brings together leading scientists and researchers to offer a synthesis of lessons learned about ecological monitoring in major ecoregional initiatives around the United States. Contributors present insights and experiences gained from their work in designing, developing and implementing comprehensive ecosystem monitoring programmes in Pacific Northwest, the lower Colorado River Basin, and the Florida Everglades. The book: outlines the conceptual and scientific underpinnings for regional-scale ecosystem monitoring; examines the role and importance of data management, modelling and integrative analyses; and considers techniques for and experience with monitoring habitats, populations and communities. Chapters by the editors synthesize and expand on points made throughout the volume and present recommendations for establishing frameworks for monitoring across scales, from local to international.
Characteristics and outcomes of HIV-1-infected patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

We determined the prevalence of risk factors for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), outcomes of critical illness, and the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients. We hypothesized that in an urban county hospital, HIV-1-infected patients with ARDS would have a higher mortality than their HIV-1-uninfected counterparts.



Subjects were enrolled between 2006 and 2012. Baseline patient demographics, comorbidities, illness severity, causes of ARDS, and clinical outcomes were obtained. The primary end point was hospital mortality.



A total of 178 subjects with ARDS were enrolled in the study; 40 (22%) were infected with HIV-1. The median CD4 count was 75 (15.3-198.3), and 25% were on highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV-1-infected subjects were significantly younger (44 vs 52 years; P < .01) and had higher rates of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, history of hospital-acquired infections, and prior sepsis. HIV-1-infected subjects had greater illness severity by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores (29 [24-31] vs 24 [22-25]; P < .01). Hospital mortality was not higher among HIV-1-infected subjects compared with HIV-1-uninfected subjects (50.0% vs 38.4%; P = .19).



In patients with ARDS, HIV-1 infection was associated with greater illness severity but was not associated with higher mortality in ARDS. Future studies need to be done to evaluate the factors that contribute to high morbidity and mortality in medically vulnerable populations who develop ARDS.
The Role of the State in Economic Development

This paper discusses the recent literature on the role of the state in economic development. It concludes that government incentives to enact sound policies are key to economic success. It also discusses the evidence on what happens after episodes of economic and political liberalizations, asking whether political liberalizations strengthen government incentives to enact sound economic policies. The answer is mixed. Most episodes of economic liberalizations are indeed preceded by political liberalizations. But the countries that have done better are those that have managed to open up the economy first, and only later have liberalized their political system. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.
The Political Economy of East-South Military Transfers

This article analyzes, consecutively, arms transfers from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its East European allies to the developing countries (stressing the economic motives of buyers and sellers that influence the supply of and demand for those arms), the East Europeans' role in East-South military relations (particularly their contribution to technical assistance and personnel training), and the cooperation of the USSR and the East European countries in military production. The analysis demonstrates that the international political economy and world-system approaches complement one another, and the principle for their reconciliation is established. Conclusions are drawn from the analysis concerning Eastern Europe's military relations with the Soviet Union, which are reconceptualized on the basis of the empirical work presented. The significance of changes in those relations for the future course of global military-industrial development is briefly explored.
Interdisciplinarity between design and engineering: Case study: The development of a classroom chair for children ages 6–10

The level of efficiency required nowadays for products to enter the competitive market, led to changes in the methodologies applied by the different actors involved in project development in particular in the area of Design. Today's approach to designing a product is not centred mainly on its creative/ aesthetic elements, but rather more and more on its functional purpose in order to adequately respond to the users' needs and to comply with a wide range of standards, rules and regulations imposed by the market. To satisfy all these requirements, any industrial design project needs to integrate Engineering, Ergonomics or other areas as from its early stages of conception. The area of Design depends on this interdisciplinary approach. For instance, to produce a sculpture, the artist only needs to choose the technology and the raw material. However, to produce a plastic bottle to contain water, specific chemical and mechanical strength testing is needed before selecting the most appropriate materials. This complexity in the field of Design led to innovative methodologies based on an interdisciplinary approach, in particular with the area of Engineering. This methodology is currently applied for projects of Industrial Design by the students of the Master Course in Product and Industrial Design hosted by the Department of Mechanical Engineering FEUP. The integration of the industrial design course in this Faculty allows to develop projects with the contribution of the various fields of Engineering and to benefit from existing partnerships with the industrial sector. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how this methodology was developed. It describes the working methods and processes of Engineering used by Designer as starting point for the development of new products.
Design Education and Engineering Design

Engineering design has been a focus of study not only due to its practical importance for the engineering and technology development domains, but also due to its rich setting that naturally supports cognitive and behavioral investigations of designing, learning, and teaming. It mostly involves ill-structured problem solving, which makes the act of designing and design education complex. This problem context often includes fundamental design, customization, personalization, and domain specific engineering issues. The multi-stage problem solving skills, for example, can be enhanced by integrating real-world problems to the design problem context – an aspect that also brings ill-structuredness.
Why the structure of capital and the useful lives of its components matter: A test based on a model of Austrian descent

This paper centers on the structure of capital and the useful lives of its components by considering an economy with two representative firms, one producing a necessity and another producing a luxury. This difference determines their reinvestment opportunities. Therefore, while the one applies replacement, the other adopts scrapping. However, as these capital policies lead to different service lives, the analysis confronts the issues raised by Miller (Review of Income and Wealth 29:284–296, 1982, Review of Income and Wealth 36:67–82, 1990) and deals with them by drawing on Haavelmo’s (A study in the theory of investment, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1960) suggestions regarding the aggregation of capital. Among other findings, it turns out that the simulation results are highly robust, thus demonstrating that real-world implications may be even stronger than strictly suggested by the model.
German 'grand strategy' and the rise of neoliberalism

This article examines the central role of the West German state in the transition from the golden to the global age of capitalism in the crisis decade of the 1970s. I argue that in order to keep the world economy open for its exports and shore up its competitive position, German crisis managers pursued a grand economic strategy that sought to defeat the interventionist and expansionary responses of the European left and to commit the United States to monetary discipline. The success of this strategy had contradictory consequences: It stabilized the social consensus inside Germany but undermined it in states whose economies did not stand to benefit from austerity measures. Germany's particularistic way of coping with the crisis thus contributed decisively, though not deliberately, to the “disembedding” of the liberal international economic order. This argument challenges existing explanations of neoliberalism as an Anglo-American imposition on a passive Western Europe and Japan or as an ideological conversion of policymakers. I conclude with an alternative interpretation that highlights the interplay of divergent and opposing strategies of crisis management as the principal driver of social and world order change in the 1970s and potentially today.
A critique of some fundamental theoretical and practical tenets of present consumer policy

The paper begins with a critique of the normative foundations of present public consumer policy. In particular, the lack of an indispensible link between the policy goals and the interests of those concerned is stressed. The authors go on to characterize the available set of policy instruments as being frequently arbitrary, interchangeable, and not suitable for systematic evaluation. The conclusion is reaches that present consumer policy has an ex-post character, and the paper closes with an attempt to formulate the goals of a superseding policy with an ex-ante orientation.ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag entfaltet die Kritik an der normativen Basis der gegenwärtigen Verbraucherpolitik in einem kurzen Überblick. Die Verankerung verbraucherpolitischer Ziele, Programmatiken und Handlungsweisen am Marktparadigma wird problematisiert und der Prozeß der Zielbildung bei der programmatischen und pragmatischen Verbraucherpolitik als elitärer Zielfindungsprozeß charakterisiert, dem die Rückbindung an die Interessen der unmittelbar Betroffenen fehlt.Die Kritik an der unzureichenden Diskussion verbraucherpolitischer Zielsetzungen und ihrer Begründung bzw. Rechtfertigung bei der vorherrschenden Verbraucherpolitik wirkt sich notwendigerweise auch auf ihre Versuche zur Instrumentalisierung der genannten Zielsetzungen aus. Da die Ziele weitgehend leerformelhaft und in nicht-operationalisierter Form formuliert sind, bleiben die von verbraucherpolitisch orientierten Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern gemachten Vorschläge zu einer »effizienten« Instrumentalisierung in den Bereichen Verbraucherinformation, Verbraucherschutz und Verbraucherbildung auch meist willkürlich und austauschbar und entziehen sich vor allem einer systematischen Evaluation bezüglich ihrer Wirkungsweise bei der Zielerreichung.Die Ausführungen zur Organisationsproblematik von Verbraucherinteressen zielen vor allem darauf, den Charakter der Verbraucherorganisationen als Formen der Fremdorganisation herauszuarbeiten und auf deren besondere Legitimationsprobleme hinzuweisen.Die vorfindbare Verbraucherpolitik läßt sich grundsätzlich als ex post orientierte Verbraucherpolitik charakterisieren. Am Schluß des Beitrages werden Umrisse einer Umorientierung dieser ex-post-Verbraucherpolitik thematisiert, die prinzipiell dadurch charakterisiert ist, daß sie versucht, verbraucherpolitische Probleme durch rechtzeitige Einflußnahme und Eingriffsmöglichkeiten zu regeln. Ausgewählte Ansatzpunkte für eine solche ex-ante-Orientierung der Verbraucherpolitik werden zur Diskussion gestellt.
ANOTHER WORLD: FREEDOM OF PRESS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

In Small World (1984), David Lodge's satire of academic life and the politics of textual interpretation, a young professor scores a minor cocktail party coup. Deftly displaying the latest postmodernist moves, he recasts his study of Shakespeare's influence on T. S. Eliot to an examination of Eliot's influence on the Bard. This reversal substantially enhances his academic reputation. The Eliot-to-Shakespeare project, he is advised, is much more "interesting" than any study proceeding on conventional assumptions about authorial intent. And in any event, he is assured, academic libraries purchase almost any book about either Shakespeare or Eliot, and they would undoubtedly order a volume featuring both names, in whatever order, in the title. In contrast to Lodge's imaginary Eliot-Shakespeare thesis, Jeffrey Smith's study of freedom of the press and early American journalism enters the notso-small world of First Amendment scholarship by asking a more conventional, though controversial, question: What did the framers really mean by the free press clause of the First Amendment? In approaching the usual textual suspects-the writings of Jefferson, Madison, Franklin, Paine, etc. -and a broad sampling of the eighteenth-century press, Smith avoids fancy interpretive turns in favor of the straightforward claim that recent histories of political culture reveal the "context" of eighteenth-century ideas about freedom of the press and even the "original intent" of the First Amendment.' Not surprisingly, Smith takes special aim at Leonard Levy, the constitutional historian whose works have long dominated discussions of pre and post-First Amendment thought. Levy's Legacy of Suppression (1960) offered the then revisionist thesis that colonial and Revolutionary Era ideas about free expression were much more restrictive than earlier writers had assumed. Using the crime of seditious libel as the baseline for judging "libertarianism," Levy insisted that North American writers fell short of the mark. As framed