nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
"Sovereigns in the Marketplace: Consumer Groups and Citizenship (without Nations?) in the

The enlargement of Europe and globalization are reconfiguring European consumerism. In this new context, personal, local and national agency in the social and the political relations of consumption are in great flux. I will use some recent language and circulars regarding GMOs to suggest that what consumers may be gaining in active agency through the creation of supranational agencies and NGOs and the proliferation of Internet activism, they may be losing in the accountability of their local governments. Further, the means by which “European” consumers are being created, possibly a classe objet in Bourdieu’s terms, reflects an erosion of national sovereignty and its crisis, producing what may be a “consolation narrative” to the spectre of the failure of democracy.
Process Models for Distributed Event-Based Systems

Distributed Event-Based Systems (DEBSs) are middleware supporting the interaction of publisher and subscriber components via events. In DEBSs, the subscribers to be notified when an event is announced are decided at run-time without requiring publisher components to know the name or locations of the subscribers, nor the subscribers to know the name or locations of the publishers. This low coupling between components makes DEBSs suitable for applications with a large or unpredictable number of autonomous components. The development of applications in DEBSs is an ad hoc process poorly supported by current software engineering methodologies. Moreover, the behaviours exhibited by these systems and their applications are not well understood, and no suitable models exist where these behaviours can be described and analyzed. The main concern of this thesis is the development of such models. Specifically, we develop formalisms and models supporting the specification, prediction, and validation of the behaviour exhibited by the middleware and the applications executing on it. Our main contributions to the area are: new formalisms for the representation of DEBSs and their applications, and for the specification of both, system and application properties; a categorization of the features related to the definition, announcement, and notification of events in DEBSs and, in general, event-based systems; models representing the categorized DEBS features; case studies detailing models and properties for specific systems; a prototype tool for the verification of DEBSs and applications. The formalisms developed expose the location of the actions in the modelled systems and support the specification of several forms of location-awareness and adaptive behaviour.
Random Generation of Embedded Graphs and an Extension to Dobrushin Uniqueness (Extended Abstract)

We design a generation algorithm for a problem which a&es in computational chemistry: the random generation of models of amorphous strutures. Such structures can be modeled as graphs which see embedded in d-space. The algorithm uses the well known approach of simulating a rapidly-mixing Markov chain. Gur analysis of the Mixing rate is based on Dobrushin uniqueness. The structure of the problem forces us to extend the basic method and find an alternative to Dobrushin’s condition which is more appropriate for our problem. This extension appears to be of more general interest.
The ‘Design Procedure’ as a Means of Storing Engineering Knowledge

The author observes that, apart from work done in the area of some expert systems, there has been little discussion of the problems of storing the knowledge used by engineering designers. It is often assumed that this comprises only a knowledge of engineering science in conjunction with a certain inner ‘feel’ for materials and system behaviour. The author argues that the knowledge of how to design is different from these and merits a separate identity, with its own epistemology and philosophy. The idea of the ‘design procedure’ is introduced as the means by which certain engineering design knowledge and skill can be stored, communicated, learned, researched, and given its own history independent of engineering science.
Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States

The occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water is of national concern because of their relatively high aqueous solubility, mobility, and persistence, because many are known or suspected carcinogens, because of their widespread use, and because they have been found in drinking-water supplies. Because of this national concern, VOCs were selected for National investigation (hereafter termed "National Synthesis") by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in 1994. The broad goals of this National Synthesis are to: (1) describe current water-quality conditions with respect to VOCs; (2) define trends, or lack of trends, in VOCs in surface and ground water; and (3) identify, describe, and explain causal relations among the occurrence and distribution of VOCs in surface water and ground water, and natural and human factors. The National Synthesis of VOCs in ground water has three objectives: (1) to describe their occurrence, status, and distribution; (2) to determine relations among VOCs in shallow ground water and natural and human factors; and (3) to determine, compare, and contrast the occurrence, transformation, transport, and fate of selected VOCs in the hydrologic cycle for several regionally or nationally important aquifer systems. The description of VOC occurrence, status, and distribution in ground water focuses on major aquifers of the United States. Occurrence describes the presence or absence of VOCs, their frequency of occurrence, and their ranges of concentrations. Status compares the concentrations of VOCs detected in relation to waterquality regulations or advisories, such as Maximum Contaminant Levels, Proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels, Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, and Health Advisories. Distribution describes the variability of VOCs in ground water, areally and by depth. This report describes the study design for conducting such an assessment. The assessment focuses on aquifers, or parts of aquifers, that are currently used or have the potential to be used as sources of water supplies, using data collected as part of local, State, and Federal ground-water monitoring programs since 1985. Assessment by aquifer and comparison of results among aquifers will be completed for those aquifers for which adequate spatial or depth-related data are available. Assessment of VOCs in aquifers also will be completed at regional and national scales. A set of criteria for well-network design, well construction, sample-collection methods, and methods of laboratory analysis must be met before VOC data are used for assessment. An appropriate well-network design will provide a generally unbiased, random, equal-area distribution of sampling sites throughout the aquifer, or part of the aquifer, of interest. Well-construction
Henry George's Labor Theory of Value: He Saw the Entrepreneurs and Workers as Employers of Capital and Land, and Not the Reverse

. Henry George, the 19th century American economist and social philosopher, saw the problem of protecting the working peoples' wages and Jobs one of distributive justice. He attacked as fallacious the idea that equality of opportunity to work was a “privilege” accorded to labor. The protectionist system, he held, was based on the antidemocratic notion that “the many are called to serve and the few to rule.” The paternalism of protection, whether in the domestic or the world economy, is “the pretense of tyranny,” he argued. He holds that labor, including workers and entrepreneurs, and not landholders, or owners of capital, is the source of all economic value. Labor, he reasoned, “employs capital,” and not the reverse. George's theory of value was an improvement on Adam Smith's, putting into it a greater emphasis on the importance of land in the analysis of the distribution of wealth. But it was a production cost theory, with all its problems and advantages.
Beyond Net Neutrality: International Examples Enabling Innovation and Consumer Choice in the Mobile Internet Ecosystem

The FCC’s new Open Internet rules seek to limit interference by broadband service providers in markets for Internet-based content and applications. But to do so, the rules may significantly reduce the amount of innovation possible in the broadband service market. An aggressive interpretation of the rules suggests that broadband providers are generally required to offer customers access to all lawful Internet traffic, or none at all.This paper explores the way in which this all-or-nothing homogenization of the American broadband product differs from innovative non-net-neutral practices that are taking root in other countries, particularly in mobile markets. Around the world, companies are offering consumers alternatives to traditional broadband access, including zero-rated or premium content, sponsored data, and social media plans, which can benefit consumers and enhance competition in both broadband and edge markets. As the FCC fleshes out its new standard for regulating broadband business practices, it should be careful that its rules do not preclude Americans from sharing in the global revolution currently taking place in telecommunications.
Examples of Hard Tautologies in the Propositional Calculus

We present examples of hard tautologies in propositional calculus by encoding instances of the assertions made by Ramsey's theorem. We provide evidence that these tautologies are indeed hard by
 1. showing that there are no short proofs for these tautologies in certain restricted classes of proof systems;
 2. relating a proof of these tautologies to the problem of determining the diagonal Ramsey numbers for graphs.
Passaggi di schiavitù e libertà: Il pensiero politico di Toni Morrison

When Toni Morrison observes that "modern life begins with slavery", she reconceives "the truly modern person" as one who devises ways of acting and creating community in the face of "predatory Western phenomena". Thus, revising the relationship between modernity and freedom, Morrison's writing exemplifies what Charles Mills and Thomas McCarthy call the alternative tradition of modern political thought or what Robert Gooding-Williams describes as Afro-modern political thought: a genre centrally concerned with the operations of racial power and the potential for black emancipation. What is Morrison's distinctive contribution to this tradition? Thick with historical detail, Morrison's novels open windows into the individual acts and forms of collective life through which African Americans have attempted to create livable lives from the era of New World colonization in A Mercy (2008) to the contemporary U.S. in "God Help the Child" (2015). In both her fiction and criticism, furthermore, Morrison explores the impact of modern race on white imaginations, exposing the false freedom of mastery and conquest and disturbing American dreams of limitlessness and innocence.
The Contentious Politics of Higher Education : Struggles and Power Relations within English and Italian Universities

Movement scholars have generally overlooked the study of mobilizations within institutions. Even less known are the effects that mobilizations within institutions provoke. By combining field theory and social movement approach, my thesis aims to shed light on the variety of institutional impacts that the recent global wave of student mobilizations has produced within some Italian and English universities. More notably, I have looked at the way and to what extent student mobilizations have brought about changes in the university life in terms of student services and facilities, courses and curricula reorganization, and governance structure. To explore it, I have singled out three English (University of Birmingham, Sussex University, and University College of London) and three Italian universities (University of Turin, Sapienza of Rome, and Federico II of Naples), which have witnessed high levels of student mobilization over the past years (2008/2013). Have these mobilizations produced an impact within the university field? My argument is that the institutional context of universities does matter in explaining the variety and diversity of impacts that such mobilizations have brought about.
Interactions of cyclic hydrocarbons with biological membranes.

Many cyclic hydrocarbons, e.g. aromatics, cycloalkanes, and terpenes, are toxic to microorganisms. The primary site of the toxic action is probably the cytoplasmic membrane, but the mechanism of the toxicity is still poorly understood. The effects of cyclic hydrocarbons were studied in liposomes prepared from Escherichia coli phospholipids. The membrane-buffer partition coefficients of the cyclic hydrocarbons revealed that these lipophilic compounds preferentially reside in the membrane. The partition coefficients closely correlated with the partition coefficients of these compounds in a standard octanol-water system. The accumulation of hydrocarbon molecules resulted in swelling of the membrane bilayer, as assessed by the release of fluorescence self-quenching of fluorescent fatty acid and phospholipid analogs. Parallel to the expansion of the membrane, an increase in membrane fluidity was observed. These effects on the integrity of the membrane caused an increased passive flux of protons and carboxyfluorescein. In cytochrome c oxidase containing proteoliposomes, both components of the proton motive force, the pH gradient and the electrical potential, were dissipated with increasing concentrations of cyclic hydrocarbons. The dissipating effect was primarily the result of an increased permeability of the membrane for protons (ions). At higher concentrations, cytochrome c oxidase was also inactivated. The effective concentrations of the different cyclic hydrocarbons correlated with their partition coefficients between the membrane and aqueous phase. The impairment of microbial activity by the cyclic hydrocarbons most likely results from hydrophobic interaction with the membrane, which affects the functioning of the membrane and membrane-embedded proteins.
Formal hardware verification with BDDs: an introduction

This paper is a brief introduction to the main paradigms for using BDDs (binary decision diagrams) in formal hardware verification. The paper addresses two audiences: for people doing theoretical BDD research, the paper gives a glimpse of the problems in the main application area; and for people building hardware, the paper gives a peek under the hood of the formal verification technologies that are rapidly gaining industrial importance. Topics described include combinational equivalence checking, symbolic simulation, sequential equivalence checking, model checking and symbolic trajectory evaluation.
Lithospheric Framework of Australia

The Australian continent comprises an amalgamation of cratonic elements onto which there has been significant Phanerozoic accretion in the east. The result is a complex lithospheric structure with a broad span of ages of material at the surface. The continent is moving rapidly to the north at c. 7 cm/yr, relative to Asia. The collisions with the Eurasian and Pacific plates to the north, coupled to the interaction with the Pacific Plate along the eastern plate boundary through Tonga and New Zealand result in a complex pattern of stresses that is reflected in a moderate rate of intra-plate earthquakes. Extensive geophysical investigations at a continental scale have revealed details of the nature of the lithosphere. The lithosphere is thick (200 km or more) and seismically fast beneath the Precambrian domains of the centre and west of Australia and thins to the east, in a series of steps, to c. 80 km in the Tasman Sea. Large gravity anomalies in the centre of the continent attest to complex deformation in the Phanerozoic that has left a residue of domains with rapid changes in crustal thickness. The development of Australia's generally thick lithosphere has exerted fundamental control on the overall tectonic stability and consequent landscape evolution, the distribution of earthquakes and associated seismic risk, the evolution of sedimentary basins, as well as heat flow and other resource endowment.
Discoverers, Explorers, Settlers: The Diligent Writers of Early America

"Send those on land that will show themselves diligent writers." So urged the "sailing instructions" prepared for explorer Henry Hudson. With distinctive command of the primary texts created by such "diligent writers" as Columbus, William Bradford, and Thomas Jefferson, Wayne Franklin describes how the New World was created from their new words. The long verbal discovery of America, he asserts, entailed both advance and retreat, sudden insights and blind insistence on old ways of seeing. The discoverers, explorers, and settlers depicted America in words or via maps, tables, and landscape views as a complex spatial and political entity, a place where ancient formula and current fact were inevitably at odds."
Three Islands of Knowledge About Negotiation in International Organizations in Negotiation Theory and the EU: The State of the Art

The once-distinct literatures on European Union politics and negotiation theory are increasingly interlinked, with each drawing upon and contributing to the other. This collection aims to stimulate even more, and more systematic, research on negotiations in the EU. In particular, it presents a state of the art of the literature at the intersection of these two fields by identifying areas of considerable research progress and by proposing a set of questions that require further research. In the introduction, we elaborate the rationale of this volume and introduce the various contributions.
Political Murder: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism

THE LESSONS OF ANTIQUITY 1. Jehovah's Children and His Enemies The Bible as Source In the Days of the Judges The Life and Times of Joab Division and Fall of the Monarchy Governance under the Lord 2. The Greeks Darkness and Light in Hellas The Strange Case of Athens Colonial Tyrants: Phalaris of Acragas Dionysius and Dion of Syracuse Tyrannies North and East The Macedonia Adventure The Birth of Tyrannicide Theory 3. Rome A Republic of Laws The Gracchi Pompey, Caesar, Cicero The Empire as Epilogue What the Romans Showed 4. Other Peoples, Other Lands Reports from the Neighbors Rival Powers Greater Asia: The Sins of Devadatta Continents Known and Unknown 5. Zealots, Barbarians, and Assassins A Time of Transition Palestine and the Roman Imperium German Invaders and Their Ways Islam: Victories and Divisions Ismailis and the Hashishiyyin PART TWO: THE EUROPEAN CENTURIES 6. The High Middle Ages Causes and Limits of Change Kings, Lords, and Churchmen Murder at Canterbury Some Early Christian Views Two Schoolmen on Tyrannicide 7. A New Age of Princes English Dynasts Fifteenth-Century France Renaissance Italy From Polemics to Analysis: Guicciardini Machiavelli 8. Religious Warfare and Reason of State A Century of Bloodshed The Monarchomachs Coligny and William the Silent The Queen in Danger? Henry of Navarre Wallenstein Trial and Punishment 9. The Early Modern Interlude The Dog That Did Not Bark in the Night Signs of Revulsion Some Likely Victims Spared Remnants of Violence The Eighteenth Century Revolution in France The End of the Remission 10. The Nineteenth Century An Old, but Widening Stage The Kotzebue Killing Orsini in Paris, 1858 The Tsar and "The People's Will" Phoenix Park PART THREE: THE MODERN WORLD 11. Civilization in the Balance Before 1914 The First World War Russian Shambles The "Terrible Twenties": Two Ends of Europe Weimar Germany The 1930s: Terror and the State The Thirties: Russia and Germany 12. World War II and After Some Noteworthy Victims Heydrich, Darlan, and the Resistance "The Fuhrer Must Go!" Settling Accounts Different Battles on Changing Lines 13. Recent Times Mass and Location Independence and Nationhood The New Nihilists Historic Targets: Schleyer, Moro, and the Pope Post-Colonial Crises Africa Enters the Arena The Middle East 14.  Latin, British, and French Where Does the "New World" Fit? "English Islands" Canada--and Quebec 15. The United States "Conceived and Born in Violence"? The Watershed of the Civil War Madmen or Zealots? Centers of Controversy: Weiss, Oswald, and Ray Official Connections Conclusion: Looking Backward and Forward Notes Index
On the Theory of Graded Structures

It is well known that various notions of distinguished bases of ideals, such as standard and Grobner bases, and algorithms for constructing them, play a central role in solving algorithmic problems in polynomial ideal theory and related algebraic theories. In this paper a new structural algebraic framework is given for the concept and the construction of the so-called generalised standard bases. Although the spirit of this paper is more structural than algorithmic, the general results achieved should also help to shape and direct future research in the algorithmic aspects of commutative algebra.
Research on the Application of Ecological Landscape in Urban Environmental Protection

Urban ecosystem is very complicated. If the ecological environment is not protected and used, the urban environment will become harsh. Ecological landscape is the patron saint of nature. It not only has the function of greening, but also can improve the quality of ecological environment. The role of ecological landscape in the city is also highlighted. This article discusses the ecological landscape protection measures from the connotation of urban ecological landscape and application of ecological landscape in improving urban environment regulating the urban climate.
Dialogos: a robust system for human-machine spoken dialogue on the telephone

This paper presents Dialogos, a real-time system for human-machine spoken dialogue on the telephone in task-oriented domains. The system has been tested in a large trial with inexperienced users and it has proved robust enough to allow spontaneous interactions both to users which get good recognition performance and to the ones which get lower scores. The robust behavior of the system has been achieved by combining the use of specific language models during the recognition phase of analysis, the tolerance toward spontaneous speech phenomena, the activity of a robust parser, and the use of pragmatic-based dialogue knowledge. This integration of the different modules allows to deal with partial or total breakdowns of the different levels of analysis. We report the field trial data of the system and the evaluation results of the overall system and of the submodules.
My Favorite Editor Anywhere

textabstractHow can off-the-shelf editors be reused in applications that need mature editing support? We describe our editor multiplexer which enables interactive, application guided editing sessions using e.g. GNU Emacs and Vim. At a cost of less than 1 KLOC of editor specific glue code, both IDE builders and users benefit. Rapid integration of existing editors reduces application development cost, and users are not confronted with yet another foreign editor with its own learning curve
Elimination of hydrogen flouride from flourosuccinic acids. Kinetics of dehydroflourination of 2,2-diflourosuccinic acid

Elimination of hydrogen fluoride from 2,2-difluorosuccinic acid was found to follow second order kinetics with the activation energy of 16.9 kcal/mol. The probable mechanism is bimolecular trans-elimination giving fluorofumaric acid. No hydrogen-deuterium exchange was observed.