nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The structural dynamics of the pharmaceutical industry An analysis of prescription drug costs in the United States & Canadian Markets

It is axiomatic that prescription drug prices are higher in the United States than Canada. While many politicians and consumer advocates consider this prima facie evidence of drug company greed, economists are less quick to judge. The monopoly offered by patents generates the profits that are necessary to motivate innovation. Still, the evidence is rather overwhelming that drug prices vastly exceed their marginal production costs. The existence of price controls in many nations creates an exaggerated version of price discrimination in the pharmaceutical industry and this, in turn, offers a unique ability to directly measure the loss in efficiency that results from the market structure of this industry.
Complete Axiomatization for the Bisimilarity Distance on Markov Chains

In this paper we propose a complete axiomatization of the bisimilarity distance of Desharnais et al. for the class of finite labelled Markov chains. Our axiomatization is given in the style of a quantitative extension of equational logic recently proposed by Mardare, Panangaden, and Plotkin (LICS'16) that uses equality relations t =_e s indexed by rationals, expressing that "t is approximately equal to s up to an error e". 
Notably, our quantitative deductive system extends in a natural way the equational system for probabilistic bisimilarity given by Stark and Smolka by introducing an axiom for dealing with the Kantorovich distance between probability distributions.
Mapping Diversity in Milan - Historical Approaches to Urban Immigration

An historical and spatial approach is crucial to the understanding of any city. Waves of immigration and population movements from different sources have constructed the cultural mix of this financial, industrial and market city over time. To focus just on the new foreign immigration into Milan over the last 25 years or so risks omitting the deep historical fissures created by previous (and bigger) waves of population movements - the traces left by these populations in the urban fabric and their role in subjective experience. Moreover, the historical and spatial comparison of various types and moments of population movement can help us to understand the changes to this city at macro and micro-levels. This paper uses a mixture of approaches in order to understand and map diversity in Milan, its province and its region. It is intended as a discussion paper to be looked at in conjunction with the work and arguments laid out in other research projects and published work. Methodologies used in this paper range from straightforward historical research (using documents and archives) to photography, micro-history (the examination of one small area - in this case one housing block) and oral historical interviews.
NTQ Checklist No. 5: Pier Paolo Pasolini

Pasolini was an extremely unorthodox dramatist. A cult figure in the ‘sixties for his controversial art films, he cultivated notoriety as a rebel who challenged (and was persistently persecuted by) Italy's cultural and political establishment. ‘This hid the fact that, as well as being a successful film-maker, he was an innovative novelist and consummate poet, a tireless essayist, and a provocateur in cultural and social matters, as well as an expert critic and compiler of dialect poetry – a cultural entrepreneur in the fullest sense. The year he wrote the bulk of his theatre, 1966, marked the beginning of his last phase: self-consciously, he assumed both cultural and sexual heterodoxy as an act of defiance against the ‘horrendous universe’ of neo-capitalist Italy and the intolerance of its consumerist values. In Britain, he has been almost entirely neglected except as a film-maker, and much of his work – the entire corpus of theatre and most of his essays – has still to be translated into English. This checklist by Russell Williams will thus hopefully serve as an introduction to the work of an entirely original and provocative playwright. It is followed by a more extended study by Paolo Puppa of perhaps Pasolini's best-known piece for the theatre, Affabulazione .
Roger Griffin, Modernism and Fascism. The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler

Con Modernism and Fascism, Roger Griffin, già autore di parecchi rilevanti saggi e libri sul fenomeno internazionale del fascismo, propone una lettura della cultura fascista in chiave «modernista», rintracciando le numerose espressioni «moderniste» di fascismo e nazismo. Il libro è diviso in due parti, la prima di natura piuttosto metodologica, la seconda più concreta e «applicata» (sulla presenza del modernismo nel fascismo italiano e nel nazismo tedesco).
Physical therapy for older adults with arthritis: what is recommended?

With the exponential growth of the aging segment of the population, physical therapy clinics are treating larger proportions of patients with arthritic conditions. Arthritis is a leading cause of functional restrictions and disability due to its associated pain, inflammation, cardiovascular and pulmonary involvement. These symptoms overlaid upon normal age-related declines in the musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, integumentary and cardiopulmonary systems place older adults with arthritis at higher risk of disability and loss of independence. Physical therapy interventions are recognized as an integral component of arthritis management and their benefits have been well documented. This article reviews the common findings of the physical therapy examination and evidence for physical therapy interventions for select arthritic conditions.
Deciding about IT: IT Portfoliomanagement in 19 Major Organizations in the Netherlands Anno 2010

Getting value from IT investments is mentioned as one of the reasons why organizations should pay attention to IT governance. (Applegate et al (2009)). As far as the IT governance of IT is concerned, IT portfolio management is often viewed as a condition, without which it is difficult to fit in IT investment optimally within an organization's requirements. (Dhillon, et al (2010)). This article is about this IT portfolio management and discusses the state of affairs in the Netherlands in the year 2010. The article consists of two parts. The first part explains the theory on which the study is based. Regarding this, the conditions for enabling introduction of portfolio management, its governance and organization, the data which is used in portfolio management and the possible results of performing portfolio management are discussed. The second part maps the actual practice of each of these four areas in the Netherlands. It may be concluded that the examined organizations particularly focus on IT project portfolio management. The department that carries out this portfolio management, is often part of a staff department which is also involved in other tasks. The reason for starting portfolio management is the vast number of large projects, resulting in a lack of insight and overview. In general, the data for controlling portfolios is centrally available. The level of control of ICT portfolios varies per sector. Furthermore, the data in the portfolios is immediately related to the objective of the portfolio management. In the portfolio management process, people in over 50% of all cases use spreadsheets (Excel) and/or simple database applications (Access) for registering the data. In the Netherlands, portfolios are not used for arriving at indicators or for benchmarking.
Putting the "engineering" into "software engineering"

Is software development really a form of engineering? Or is it just some kind of elaborate craftsmanship? Are we just fooling ourselves thinking that we are doing engineering? If so, it is certainly not from lack of trying hard over the last 20 years. But may be we tackled the problem from the wrong end: we tried to impose techniques from other engineering disciplines onto software development models without understanding the real nature of software. We analyze the similarities and the differences, and pinpoints the key discriminants (lack of fundamental laws, technology churn, no manufacturing stage) that make software endeavours somewhat different than, for example, those in civil or mechanical engineering. We look at a few recent developments that help fill the gaps: iterative development and model-driven design. And we use Frank Gero's function-behaviour-structure framework to help us contrast software engineering with other engineering disciplines.
Public Profit Sharing

Many countries suffer from persistently high unemployment rates. The scope for labour market reforms is often limited to measures that hurt neither shareholders nor workers. This paper develops a policy proposal, which allows the government to reduce wage costs without changing the income positions as determined in the process of wage negotiations. It is shown that the introduction of public profit sharing, i.e., substituting profit shares for social security contributions, can boost employment both in the short run and the long run. Calibrating the model and comparing the results with recent empirical findings about the impact of labour taxation confirm the theoretical findings.
A coat of many colors : Osip Mandelstam and his mythologies of self-presentation

For the major poets of Osip Mandelstam's generation, poetry represented a calling in the most tangible sense. To respond to it meant to fashion from the available cultural and personal material a mythic self, one that could serve both as the organizing subject for poetry and as an object of worshipful adoration. A successful poet like Mandelstam thus became the focal point of a complex cultural phenomenon-perhaps a charismatic cult-that shaped his writings, gesture, and reception. Gregory Freidin examines Mandelstam's legacy in this broader context and lays the groundwork for approaching modernist Russian poetry as a charismatic institution. He traces the interplay of poetic tradition, personal background, historical events, religious culture, and political developments as they entered the symbolic order of Mandelstam's art and helped determine its outlines in the reader's imagination. Many important aspects of the Mandelstam phenomenon, including the Jewish theme, the meaning of the poet's Christianity, his political stand, and, in particular, his conflict with Stalin and Stalinism, receive here a new interpretation. A case study in the emergence of a literary cult, A Coat of Many Colors reveals how Russian poetry of the early twentieth century functioned as a charismatic institution of a distinctly modern kind. Those who belonged to it combined knowledge of the recent studies in myth, magic, and religion with the cultivation of verbal magic, mythic consciousness, and unorthodox religious beliefs. Following Mandelstam's career over its entire span (1908-1938), Freidin shows how the poet benefited from literary scholarship, comparative mythology, the history and sociology of religion at the same time he was emulating in his poetry the very subject of these academic disciplines. To account for this duality in interpreting Mandelstam's writings, Freidin draws on explanatory paradigms of contemporary human sciences, from Saussure and the Formalists to Weber, Durkheim, Freud, and Marcel Mauss.
Lambda flow in heavy-ion collisions: The role of final-state interactions.

Lambda flow in Ni+Ni collisions at SIS energies is studied in the relativistic transport model (RVUU 1.0). It is found that for primordial lambdas the flow is considerably weaker than proton flow. The inclusion of final-state interactions, especially the propagation of lambdas in the mean-field potential, brings the lambda flow close to that of protons. An accurate determination of the lambda flow in heavy-ion experiments is shown to be very useful for studying lambda properties in dense matter.
A System-Theoretic Approach to Bandwidth Estimation

This paper presents a new foundational approach to reason about available bandwidth estimation as the analysis of a min-plus linear system. The available bandwidth of a link or complete path is expressed in terms of a service curve, which is a function that appears in the network calculus to express the service available to a traffic flow. The service curve is estimated based on measurements of a sequence of probing packets or passive measurements of a sample path of arrivals. It is shown that existing bandwidth estimation methods can be derived in the min-plus algebra of the network calculus, thus providing further mathematical justification for these methods. Principal difficulties of estimating available bandwidth from measurements of network probes are related to potential nonlinearities of the underlying network. When networks are viewed as systems that operate either in a linear or in a nonlinear regime, it is argued that probing schemes extract the most information at a point when the network crosses from a linear to a nonlinear regime. Experiments on the Emulab testbed at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, evaluate the robustness of the system-theoretic interpretation of networks in practice. Multinode experiments evaluate how well the convolution operation of the min-plus algebra provides estimates for the available bandwidth of a path from estimates of individual links.
Standard development for CAD data exchange in the Japanese construction field

The Japan Construction Information Centre is in the process of organising a consortium in accordance with the Construction CALS/EC Action Program that has been established by the Ministry of Construction (MOC). The Centre is currently engaged in the development and testing of an infrastructure base for the distribution of drawing data (CAD data) with a view to creating a shared environment for the smooth exchange of data among all users, including public owners. This report gives an outline of the efforts that are being made.
Real Estate Holdings of Public Firms and Collateral Discount

Using a novel and detailed transaction-level data on commercial real estate assets, we construct real estate asset portfolios for a comprehensive set of public firms between 2000 and 2013. We find that a commercial real estate asset is sold at a significant discount when the real estate asset is not redeployable for alternative uses, when potential buyers in the geographical region are limited, and when the industry is concentrated. These effects are further exacerbated for distressed firms and cannot be fully reconciled by the quality of real estate assets. Bank loan spreads incorporate information on the expected commercial real estate discounts due to collateral channel.
Symptoms and delay times during myocardial infarction in 694 patients with and without diabetes; an explorative cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn myocardial infarction (MI) a short pre-hospital delay, prompt diagnosis and timely reperfusion treatment can improve the prognosis. Despite the importance of timely care seeking, many patients with MI symptoms delay seeking medical care. Previous research is inconclusive about differences in symptom presentation and pre-hospital delay between patients with and without diabetes during MI. The aim of this study was to describe symptoms and patient delay during MI in patients with and without diabetes.MethodsSwedish cross-sectional multicentre survey study enrolling MI patients in 5 centres within 24 h from admittance.ResultsChest pain was common in patients both with and without diabetes and did not differ after adjustment for age and sex. Patients with diabetes had higher risk for shoulder pain/discomfort, shortness of breath, and tiredness, but lower risk for cold sweat. The three most common symptoms reported by patients with diabetes were chest pain, pain in arms/hands and tiredness. In patients without diabetes the most common symptoms were chest pain, cold sweat and pain in arms/hands. Median patient delay time was 2 h, 24 min for patients with diabetes and 1 h, 15 min for patients without diabetes (p = 0.024).ConclusionChest pain was common both in patients with and without diabetes. There were more similarities than differences in MI symptoms between patients with and without diabetes but patients with diabetes had considerably longer delay. This knowledge is important not only for health care personnel meeting patients with suspected MI, but also for the education of people with diabetes.
Towards a New Welfare Mix for the Most Vulnerable: reforming social services in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia

Social services reform in countries in transition, striving for a new welfare mix, is driven by three broad principles, sometimes described as the ‘ 3Ds’ of reform, namely deinstitutionalization (the move away from an over-reliance on long-term care in residential institutions towards more humane and cost effective community-based services) ; diversification (the promotion of a renewed welfare mix of state and non-state providers including NGOs and the private sector) ; and decentralization (the transfer of rights, duties and responsibilities as close as possible to local populations). Based on evidence of actual and proposed reforms in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia, the paper suggests that the three principles have tended to be treated separately rather than as inter-linked. Hence, reforms have often been blocked, or had unintended consequences, as a result of an excessive legalism, and a lack of concern with equity, economies of scale, incentives for new providers, safeguards regarding standards, and creative ways of overcoming resistance to change. In addition, external assistance efforts have often been uncoordinated and contradictory. The paper argues that more emphasis needs to be placed on the development and implementation of a meso-level “ zonal” planning framework, within a whole systems approach, to reorder existing services and establish alternative, community based and family-centred services.
The poetry of W.B. Yeats

Yeats, which is largely based on the Macmillan "W.B. Yeats' Selected Poems". The author places the poetry of W.B. Yeats in the context of his mythological learning and evolviong metaphysical philosophy as well as that of Irish history. He traces the development of Yeats from fin-de-siecle Symbolist, through his public role as spokesman of Irish culture and politics, to the energetic and angry old man whose works are filled with "angry joy". His analysis of the poems is illuminated by a wide use of Yeats' prose and dramatic works that highlights significant themes, particularly the creative oppositions between the natural and the supernatural and the poet and the modern world.
Provenance of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains from U–Pb and Hf analysis of detrital zircons in Cretaceous to Quaternary sediments in Prydz Bay and beneath the Amery Ice Shelf

In central Antarctica, drainage today and earlier back to the Paleozoic radiates from the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains (GSM). Proximal to the GSM past the Permian–Triassic fluvial sandstones in the Prince Charles Mountains (PCM) are Cretaceous, Eocene, and Pleistocene sediment in Prydz Bay (ODP741, 1166, and 1167) and pre-Holocene sediment in AM04 beneath the Amery Ice Shelf. We analysed detrital zircons for U–Pb ages, Hf-isotope compositions, and trace elements to determine the age, rock type, source of the host magma, and “crustal” model age ( T DM C ). These samples, together with others downslope from the GSM and the Vostok Subglacial Highlands (VSH), define major clusters of detrital zircons interpreted as coming from (1) 700 to 460 Ma mafic granitoids and alkaline rock, eHf 9 to − 28, signifying derivation 2.5 to 1.3 Ga from fertile and recycled crust, and (2) 1200–900 Ma mafic granitoids and alkaline rock, eHf 11 to − 28, signifying derivation 1.8 to 1.3 Ga from fertile and recycled crust. Minor clusters extend to 3350 Ma. Similar detrital zircons in Permian–Triassic, Ordovician, Cambrian, and Neoproterozoic sandstones located along the PaleoPacific margin of East Antarctica and southeast Australia further downslope from central Antarctica reflect the upslope GSM–VSH nucleus of the central Antarctic provenance as a complex of 1200–900 Ma (Grenville) mafic granitoids and alkaline rocks and older rocks embedded in 700–460 Ma (Pan-Gondwanaland) fold belts. The wider central Antarctic provenance (CAP) is tentatively divided into a central sector with negative eHf in its 1200–900 Ma rocks bounded on either side by positive eHf. The high ground of the GSM–VSH in the Permian and later to the present day is attributed to crustal shortening by far-field stress during the 320 Ma mid-Carboniferous collision of Gondwanaland and Laurussia. Earlier uplifts in the ∼ 500 Ma Cambrian possibly followed the 700–500 Ma assembly of Gondwanaland, and in the Neoproterozoic the 1000–900 Ma collisional events in the Eastern Ghats–Rayner Province at the end of the 1300–1000 Ma assembly of Rodinia.
Modeling and Experimental Analysis in Excimer‐Laser Crystallization of Amorphous Si Films on a Glass Substrate with Different Buffer Layers

In this work, the excimer-laser-induced crystallization of amorphous silicon (a-Si) films was investigated numerically and experimentally. The basic structure is an a-Si film on a glass substrate. The control parameters are the laser intensity and the pulse number. The effects of SiO 2 and Si 3 N 4 layers located between the Si film and glass substrate were also studied. In the microstructure analysis of the laser-irradiated area, the critical fluences (full-melt threshold, FMT) between the partial melting and complete melting regimes can be found by applying scanning electron microscopy. An efficient two-dimensional numerical model is carried out to predict the critical fluences (FMT) and the transient temperature distribution during the laser processing. From the analysis of temperature responses, the FMT obtained from the simulation results of the proposed model agree fairly well with those from the experimental data reported in the literature and acquired in this research.
The method for growing a polycrystalline silicon film for charge trapping on the controllable silicon substrate film stress

To provide a semiconductor-on-insulator multilayer structure. Multilayer comprises a single crystal semiconductor support substrate of a high resistivity, an oxide having irregularities, nitride or oxynitride layer, a polycrystalline silicon layer, a dielectric layer and the single crystal semiconductor device layer. Multilayer structure, prepared by a method of reducing Uehabau.
An Elimination Theorem for Regular Behaviours with Integration

In this paper we consider we consider a variant of the process algebra ACP with rational time and integration. We shall indicate a subdomain of regular processes for which an Elimination Theorem holds: for each pair of processes p, q in this class there is a process z in this class such that p∥q and z have the same behaviour. Furthermore, we indicate by some simple examples that if the subdomain is restricted or enlarged, then the elimination result is lost. The subdomain has a strong link with the model of timed automata of Alur and Dill.