nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Xed: a new tool for extracting hidden structures from electronic documents

PDF became a very common format for exchanging printable documents. Further, it can be easily generated from the major documents formats, which make a huge number of PDF documents available over the net. However its use is limited to displaying and printing, which considerably reduces the search and retrieval capabilities. For this reason, additional tools have recently appeared that allow to extract the textual content. However their practical use is limited in the sense that the text's reading order is not necessary preserved, especially when handling multicolumn documents, or in presence of complex layout. Our thesis is that those tools do not consider the hidden layout and logical structures of documents, which could greatly improve their results. We propose a novel approach to overcome the document content extraction, by merging a) low-level extraction methods applied on PDF files with b) layout analysis performed on a synthetically generated TIFF image. The paper describes the various steps necessary to achieve this task. Finally, we present a first experiment on the restitution of the newspapers' reading order which shows encouraging results.
Microstructure evolution in γ-irradiated carbon fibers revealed by a hierarchical model and Raman spectra from fiber section

The surface activity and mechanical properties of carbon fibers (CFs) were improved simultaneously by magical γ-irradiation. However, microstructure evolution rules of γ-irradiated CFs were still ambiguous. As a representative, T1000 CFs were irradiated by γ-rays and then observed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy from fiber surface, deducing the paradoxical results in terms of fiber structural transformation due to the different penetration depth of above measurements. Therefore, a hierarchical model composed of outer-surface, sub-surface and core parts had been proposed, which allowed us to understand the microstructure evolution of irradiated CFs profoundly. Subsequently, Raman spectra from fiber cross-section were performed to further confirm the accuracy of new model. The results demonstrated that oxygen-containing functional groups were significantly introduced into the outer-surface by the combined effect of γ-rays and reactive media, which increased the surface activity and disordered the structure of outer-surface part. Meanwhile, γ-irradiation improved the graphitic order and atomic rearrangement of sub-surface and core parts regardless of medium effect. Furthermore, the graphitization of sub-surface part showed more notable increase than that of core part under γ-irradiation. This paper would offer the key to reveal the relationship among microstructure, surface activities and mechanical properties of γ-irradiated CFs.
Characterization of some 4-gonal configurations of Ahrens-Szekeres type

Motivated by the Ahrens-Szekeres Quadrangles, we shall present a variation of the 4 -gonal family method of construction introduced by Kantor in 1980. The relation between generalized quadrangles of order ( s , s ) and of order ( s - 1 , s + 1 ) has been known for a long time. A geometrical description of this interrelation was given by Payne in 1971 and rests on the notion of regular points or of regular lines. In this paper we wish to develop these connections algebraically in the hope of getting more insight into them from the group-theoretical point of view. In this way we are able to characterize two classes of known 4 -gonal configurations.
Social Capital within the Context of Business Theory Evolution

Schumpeter approves that the entrepreneurship the primary engine in economic development. Hayek and Kirzner emphasized the role of entrepreneurs acquiring and processing information. Drucker goes deep into classification of entrepreneurial opportunities and provides practical advice to entrepreneurs. Herbert and Link have identified three distinct intellectual traditions in the development of the entrepreneurship literature: l) The German Tradition, based on von Thuenen and Schumpeter; 2) The Chicago Tradition, based on Knight and Schultz; 3) The Austrian Tradition, based on von Mises, Kirzner and Shackle. The first models of measurement and an estimation of activity of the organizations concerned financial parameters. Edvinsson argues intellectual capital consist from human capital and structural capital. McElroy adds the social capital. In the contemporary academic literature, social capital is discussed in two related ways. The first, primarily associated with sociologists Burt, Lin, and Fortes, refers to the resources that individuals are able to procure by virtue of their relationships with other people. The second approach to social capital, one most closely associated with Putnam, refers to the nature and extent of one's involvement in various informal networks and formal civic organizations. In recent years, some scholars have suggested a third conceptual classification. Called "linking" social capital, this dimension refers to one's ties to people in positions of authority, such as representatives of public and private institutions.
Does the Quality of Online Customer Experience Create a Sustainable Competitive Advantage for E-Commerce Firms?

Claims have often been made that the quality of the online customer experience in terms of web site ease of use, selection of goods offered, quality of customer service, the effectiveness of virtual community building, and site personalization are crucial to the success of e-commerce firms. If differences in the quality of online customer experiences provide a long-term competitive advantage, we would expect a positive relation between quality of online customer experience and shareholder value. Skeptics, however, argue that any advantage arising from the quality of online customer experiences would simply be competed away through imitation and innovation. To test these opposing views, we use scorecards of online customer experience provided by Gomez Advisors for a sample of 48 e-commerce firms during the period 4Q:1999 to 3Q:2000 and examine the relation between the scores and shareholder value. We measure shareholder value as the price-to-sales ratio, a measure commonly used for e-commerce firms. On average, we find that the association between online customer experience scores and the price-to-sales ratio is positive. In addition, the magnitude of the positive association is decreasing in the extent of competition (especially from brick-and-mortar firms) and the probability of failure, as measured by the amount of cash left to fund operations. The stock market appears to view differences in the quality of online customer experience as a viable competitive advantage even after the April 2000 stock market crash.
Chinese Foreign Investment in Wine Production: A Comparative Study of the Bordeaux Region in France and Western Australia

This chapter explores the extent and nature of outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) by Chinese companies in the wine sectors in the Bordeaux region of France and in Western Australia. Primary field research was undertaken along with analysis of secondary trade data. Results indicate that overall, the level of Chinese OFDI is relatively low. The motivations of investors in both wine regions were identified as the following: to exploit growing domestic wine markets; to achieve reliability and security of wine supply and to leverage the prestige that tends to be associated with this industry globally. In Bordeaux the ‘appellation’ was a clear motivation, as were the vineyards’ historic buildings. In Australia, cementing existing business relationships, as well as access to Australian residency were seen to be strong drivers of investment. Recently, both trade to China and new investment from China have fallen in the industry, due, in part, to the impact of an anticorruption drive by the Chinese government. Some managerial implications for the industry are highlighted and directions for future research identified.
International Perspectives on the Meanings of Work and Working: Current Research and Theory:

The problem and the solution. This article situates the topic of the meaning of work and working in the broader context of social science research and theory and develops a rationale for its importance for the theory and practice of human resource development. Some of the themes, anchoring the content of the following articles, are related to issues of levels of analysis in the research on meaning of working; the need for the integration of different disciplinary traditions (historical, sociological, psychological, economic); the dangers of assuming an overly individualistic position on the subject; the role of meaning of working research in understanding the issues of self-identity; and crises of meaning of working arising from unemployment, lay-offs, and growing poverty around the world.
The figure-ground relationship of modern city

This paper is based on the theory of figure-ground relationship.With the study of figure-ground relationship between traditional city and modern city in the book Collage City,the author analyzed the causes of the problems in the design of modern city.In the end,the author inquired into the applicability of figure-ground relationship in the design of modern city and the elicitation of theory of figure-ground relationship in the design of urban exterior space,so as to create better harmonious urban space.
Microstructural and kinetic aspects of devitrification of Fe40Ni40B20 metallic glass

The crystallization characteristics of Vitrovac 0040 commercial glass with a composition of Fe40Ni40B20 have been investigated in detail using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, optical and electron microscopy techniques. The results confirm the simultaneous occurrence of four kinds of crystalline precipitates with differing growth behaviour. The overall transformation kinetics of the eutectic product which had the highest growth rate has been documented. The result yielded a low value of 2.08 for the Avrami exponent, which has been attributed to its athermal nucleation and anisotropic growth behaviour. The diffusivity obtained from interlamellar spacings has been found to agree well with the previous values obtained by direct measurement using secondary ion mass spectroscopy for boron diffusion.
INOCULATION IN THE BOSTON SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC OF 1721.

A REMARKABLE aspect of medicine in recent years is that so many of the issues involved, including such diverse subjects as carcinogens and krebiozen, or fluoridation, have been reported in the newspapers and discussed at length by the public as well as by members of the medical profession. In addition, committees appointed to investigate specific medical issues more and more frequently include laymen, not because they are more "objective" or more competent than physicians, but simply because on these issues they are assumed to be as knowledgeable. It would be easy, but erroneous, to assume that this association between professional and nonprofessional personnel has always been a feature of American medicine. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, medicine surrounded itself with a cloak of inscrutability, removing itself entirely from the public domain. 1 Before this, however, especially in the colonial era, the discussion of medical issues had been a
Effect of Cr, Hf and temperature on interface reaction between nickel melt and silicon oxide core

Effects of Cr, Al and Hf, varied from 0–32 wt.%, 1–7.5 wt.% and 0.3–1.5 wt.% respectively, on reactions between nickel base alloy melt and silicon oxide core were investigated in this paper. Role of temperature also was studied. Morphology and structures of reaction products were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Amount of alumina in interface increased with Cr level, and formed a layer with thickness up to several microns in alloy of 32 wt.% Cr, and 1 wt.% Al. Reaction products in alloy without Hf were mainly alumina, while in alloy with Hf were mainly hafnium oxides and alumina. More hafnium oxides were formed in alloy with 1.5 wt.%Hf and 9 wt.% Cr, while more alumina formed in alloy with 0.3 wt.%Hf and 15 wt.%Cr, a double layer of reaction products formed at the temperature of 1540 °C, which were composed of a hafnium oxide layer near the metal and a alumina layer above it. The result shows that Cr, Hf levels in the alloy and reaction temperature have the effect of accelerating interface reaction.
Preference-based Teaching

We introduce a new model of teaching named "preference-based teaching" and a corresponding complexity parameter---the preference-based teaching dimension (PBTD)---representing the worst-case number of examples needed to teach any concept in a given concept class. Although the PBTD coincides with the well-known recursive teaching dimension (RTD) on finite classes, it is radically different on infinite ones: the RTD becomes infinite already for trivial infinite classes (such as half-intervals) whereas the PBTD evaluates to reasonably small values for a wide collection of infinite classes including classes consisting of so-called closed sets w.r.t. a given closure operator, including various classes related to linear sets over $\mathbb{N}_0$ (whose RTD had been studied quite recently) and including the class of Euclidean half-spaces. On top of presenting these concrete results, we provide the reader with a theoretical framework (of a combinatorial flavor) which helps to derive bounds on the PBTD.
All physical transforms from RW require the universe to have the same variable physical photon velocity

I have investigated what coordinate systems, other than the RobertsonWalker (RW) system, there might be to describe a homogeneous and isotropic universe that are physical close to the origin, i.e., covariant transforms from RW that there have a Minkowski metric. I show that all possible such systems must have the same variable photon velocity close to their origin, which is consistent with the RW system also having the same variable photon velocity. Implausible though it may seem, if the criteria for physicality are valid, it seems inescapable that this must represent the physical photon velocity c(t). The assumption of homogeneity makes it applicable to physical processes throughout the universe. I find that the analytic expression for it is c(t) = ah, the cosmic scale factor times the Hubble ratio in appropriate units. The existence of variability derives from the physicality criteria being applied to the transformed coordinates expanded from the origin out to the lowest order of the RW radial coordinate, and not to gravitational energy density, which determines only its magnitude. I show that there are covariant transforms which are physical over a large fraction of the universe’s space-time. The replacement of the RW time by a generalized time, for which the differential is c(t)dt, keeps invariant the Lorentz transform, the Minkowski metric and the Einstein field equation. These can then be used to preserve and extend all our physical laws. Other physical “constants” that depend on the photon velocity may also change.  cosmology theory—distances and redshifts—elementary particlesvariable light velocity ∗Mailing address: 1000 Oak Hills Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108.
Discrete Frequency Selection of Frame-Based Stochastic Real-Time Tasks

Energy-efficient real-time task scheduling has been actively explored in the past decade. Different from the past work, this paper considers schedulability conditions for stochastic real-time tasks. A schedulability condition is first presented for frame-based stochastic real-time tasks, and several algorithms are also examined to check the schedulability of a given strategy. An approach is then proposed based on the schedulability condition to adapt a continuous-speed-based method to a discrete-speed system. The approach is able to stay as close as possible to the continuous-speed-based method, but still guaranteeing the schedulability. It is shown by simulations that the energy saving can be more than 20% for some system configurations.
The diversity of mitosis: the value of evolutionary experiments

The diversity of genome distribution systems in protists, algae, fungi, and insects is reviewed. Ultrastructural and experimental details are cited that illustrate this diversity. It is argued that an orthodox mode of daughter genome distribution does not exist; as long as the necessary precision was maintained, different components of the primordial mitotic system were modified to perform the same functions. This premise is applied to homologous genome distribution systems, and examples of meiotic diversity are cited. It is suggested that these "evolutionary experiments" provide unique opportunities for dissection of functions common to all genome distribution systems.
Scalable Property Aggregation for Linked Data Recommender Systems

Recommender systems are an integral part of today's internet landscape. Recently the enhancement of recommendation services through Linked Open Data (LOD) became a new research area. The ever growing amount of structured data on the web can be used as additional background information for recommender systems. But current approaches in Linked Data recommender systems (LDRS) miss out on an adequate item feature representation in their prediction model and an efficient processing of LOD resources. In this paper, we present a scalable Linked Data recommender system that calculates preferences on multiple property dimensions. The system achieves scalability through parallelization of property-specific rating prediction on a MapReduce framework. Separate prediction results are summarized through a stacking technique. Evaluation results show an increased performance both in terms of accuracy and scalability.
Economic Issues arising from sharing the Network of IMT-2000

Third-generation mobile telecommunication systems(IMT-2000) will be an essential element of the future telecommunication infrastructures. the characteristics of IMT-2000 such as lumpy investment and vast initial investment would require to set up appropriate plans and strategy for IMT-2000, which consider the national competitive advantages and benefits of end-users. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity of sharing network of IMT-2000. Specifically, this study discusses the validity of introduction of sharing the network and suggests a reasonable way of share the network overcoming the problems generated by sharing the network. Spectrum allocated for IMT-2000 is a finite resource and therefore the number of IMT-2000 license holders will be limited and market will be closed oligopoly. In Korea, three licenses are currently planned in view of the spectrum available. Therefore, sharing the network between service providers would be resonable in the view of promoting competition in the market and reducing investment to build out a network.
Threshold open charm production in nucleon-nucleon collisions

The associative charm particles production in nucleon-nucleon collisions N + N↦Λc(Σc) + ¯D + N, is described in a general way and the spin and isospin structure of the corresponding matrix elements are derived. Using an analogy with strange-particle (ΛK) production, the D-meson exchange model is considered in detail. Estimations of the energy behavior of the threshold cross-sections show a large dependence on the form of the phenomenological hadron form factors and indicate that, at threshold, the cross-section is three orders of magnitude smaller than for strange-particle production.
Kernel LMS algorithm with forward-backward splitting for dictionary learning

Nonlinear adaptive filtering with kernels has become a topic of high interest over the last decade. A characteristics of kernel-based techniques is that they deal with kernel expansions whose number of terms is equal to the number of input data, making them unsuitable for online applications. Kernel-based adaptive filtering algorithms generally rely on a two-stage process at each iteration: a model order control stage that limits the increase in the number of terms by including only valuable kernels into the so-called dictionary, and a filter parameter update stage. It is surprising to note that most existing strategies for dictionary update can only incorporate new elements into the dictionary. This unfortunately means that they cannot discard obsolete kernel functions, within the context of a time-varying environment in particular. Recently, to remedy this drawback, it has been proposed to associate an ℓ1-norm regularization criterion with the mean-square error criterion. The aim of this paper is to provide theoretical results on the convergence of this approach.
Role of the nurse in managing patients with hepatic cerebral oedema.

Acute liver failure occurs abruptly often without pre-existing liver disease being present. Management comprises support of the patient and treatment of symptoms until recovery or transplantation can occur. Cerebral oedema is one of the recognized complications of acute liver failure with a mortality rate of 30-50% when it occurs. Effective supportive nursing management includes use of sedative agents, positioning and thermoregulation if the patient is to recover or be optimized for transplantation.
Language support for lightweight transactions

Concurrent programming is notoriously difficult. Current abstractions are intricate and make it hard to design computer systems that are reliable and scalable. We argue that these problems can be addressed by moving to a declarative style of concurrency control in which programmers directly indicate the safety properties that they require.
 In our scheme the programmer demarks sections of code which execute within lightweight software-based transactions that commit atomically and exactly once. These transactions can update shared data, instantiate objects, invoke library features and so on. They can also block, waiting for arbitrary boolean conditions to become true. Transactions which do not access the same shared memory locations can commit concurrently. Furthermore, in general, no performance penalty is incurred for memory accesses outside transactions.
 We present a detailed design of this proposal along with an implementation and evaluation. We argue that the resulting system (i ) is easier for mainstream programmers to use, (ii ) prevents lock-based priority-inversion and deadlock problems and (iii ) can offer performance advantages.
Der Aufstieg komplexer Tiere und Pflanzen

Wir hoffen, dass wir bisher uberzeugend darlegen konnten, dass viele der Dinge, die komplexe Organismen wie wir besitzen – eukaryotische Zellen, Mehrzelligkeit, Sex – und andere, von denen wir abhangig sind, wie Sauerstoff, wahrscheinliche Folgen des Lebens sind, nachdem es sich auf der Erde vor 3,5 Mrd. Jahren entwickelt hatte. Aber das Auftauchen groser Organismen haben wir bisher kaum erwahnt. Wie sieht es mit Krebsen, Dinosauriern und Baumen aus?
Asset Pricing When 'This Time is Different'

Recent evidence suggests that younger people update beliefs in response to aggregate shocks more than older people. We embed this generational learning bias in an equilibrium model in which agents have recursive preferences and are uncertain about exogenous aggregate dynamics. The departure from rational expectations is statistically modest, but generates high average risk premiums varying at generational frequencies, a positive relation between past returns and agents’ future return forecasts, and substantial and persistent over- and undervaluation. Consistent with the model, the price-dividend ratio is empirically more sensitive to macroeconomic shocks when the fraction of young in the population is higher. 2015; editorial decision March 10, 2016