nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Diversity and Rapprochement of Theories of Institutional Change: Original Institutionalism and New Institutional Economics

Understanding the complexity of institutional change is a necessary step in gaining deeper knowledge of economic performance over time, and it is one of the main challenges in the research agenda of institutionalism. Institutional change can be studied using a variety of theoretical approaches. We study some of the main approaches to institutional change in original economic institutionalism and new institutional economics. First, after comparing the approaches of Emile Durkheim and Thorstein Veblen, we focus on the contributions of the instrumental value theory and other original institutional traditions in the study of institutional change. Second, new institutional economics improved on the weak points of rational choice institutionalism regarding institutional change and incorporated the “institutions-as-rules” approach (Douglass North) and the “institutions-as-equilibria” approach (Avner Greif, Masahiko Aoki). We analyze both approaches to institutional change. Furthermore, we present an updated nonintegral overview of approaches to institutional change, show several interconnections between original and new institutionalisms, and conclude that the dialogue between the different theories of institutional change is relevant and beneficial.
Equality and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: what is the Ideology?

This works analyzes the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in connection with equality and non-discrimination. The thesis has two major parts. The first part discusses a possible pattern or standard to predict the results of the Inter-American Court in connection with equality and non-discrimination. The author revised cases from this Court in order to predict when the Court will find that certain behaviour violates the rights to equality and non-discrimination of the American Convention of Human Rights. The work claims that the identificacion by the Court of certain groups as “vulnerable” is the key to find a violation of the rights to equality and non-discrimination. The second part aims to make a theoretical analysis in connection with these findings. The author studies what are the possible ideological constructions that can be found in the Court’s jurisprudence. This part uses concepts and ideas developed by Slavoj Žižek in relation to Ideology. After explaining what is ideology for Žižek, the author analyzes if this ideology as constructed by Žižek is present in the work of the Court. The theoretical analysis is done trough three sections. The first section analyzes ideological constructions found in the work of the Inter-American Court. The second attempts to explain the ideological constructions found in the Court’s jurisprudence connected with equality and non-discrimination. The last chapter analyzes the ideology found in the research and claims put forward in the first section of the thesis.
Gas-phase reactions of the atomic oxygen radical cation with halogenated compounds.

Rate constants and product distributions have been measured for the reactions of O(+)˙((4)S) with the methyl halides (CH(3)F, CH(3)Cl, CH(3)Br, CH(3)I) and three perfluorinated compounds (CF(4), SF(6), SF(5)CF(3)) at 300 K in a flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube (FA-SIFT). The reactions occur with high efficiency, despite the necessity for spin conversion in some processes. The mechanisms include charge transfer, atom abstraction, and fragmentation reactions. Computational modeling was carried out to provide insight into these processes.
Free amino acid dynamics in marine methanogens. beta-Amino acids as compatible solutes.

Methanogenic archaebacteria respond to osmotic stress by accumulating a series of organic molecules which function as compatible solutes. In two strains of marine methanogenic archaebacteria, Methanogenium cariaci and Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus, four key organic solutes are observed: L-alpha-glutamate, beta-glutamate, N epsilon-acetyl-beta-lysine, and betaine. The first three of these are synthesized de novo; betaine is transported into the Mg. cariaci cells from the medium. Mesophilic Mg. cariaci will preferentially transport betaine from the extracellular medium if it is present to counterbalance the external NaCl. In its absence it synthesizes N epsilon-acetyl-beta-lysine as the dominant osmolyte. This zwitterionic compound occurs at levels in Mg. cariaci which are considerably greater (based on mumol/mg of protein) than in Mc. thermolithotrophicus grown in media of the same ionic strength. Intracellular potassium ion concentrations, determined by 39K NMR spectroscopy and atomic absorption, differ significantly in the two cells. In Mc. thermolithotrophicus, intracellular K+ is balanced by the total concentration of anionic amino acid species, glutamate, and beta-glutamate. Turnover of the organic solutes has been monitored using 13C-pulse/12C-chase, and 15N-pulse/14N-chase experiments. Both beta-amino acids exhibit slower turnover rates when compared to L-alpha-glutamate or aspartate, consistent with their roles as compatible solutes. Biosynthetic information for the beta-amino acids is also provided by 13C-labeling experiments. beta-Glutamate shows a lag in 13C uptake from 13CO2, indicative of its biosynthesis from a precursor (probably a macromolecule) not in equilibrium with the soluble L-alpha-glutamate pool. Confirmation of a novel route for beta-glutamate synthesis and the production of the beta-lysine moiety from the diaminopimelate pathway is deduced from [13C2]acetate labeling patterns.
Degree of rational mappings, and the theorems of Sturm and Tarski

We provide an explicit algorithm of computing the mapping degree of a rational mapping from the real projective line to itself. As a corollary we prove Sturm’s theorem and a number of its generalizations. These generalizations are used to prove Tarski’s theorem about real semialgebraic sets. Similarly a version of Tarski’s theorem can be proved for an arbitrary algebraically closed field.
STRATA AND SPORES ASSOCIATION OF DOGAI CORING REDBEDS OF NORTH TIBETAN PLATEAU

Widespread fluvial redbeds are exposed widely in Qiangtang block of North Tibetan Plateau. Dating these redbeds can provide very important data for understanding the geological and deformational history of North Tibetan Plateau.The geological group of INDEPTH III studied the stratigraphy and deformation of Dogai Coring redbeds in North Tibetan Plateau, and discovered varieties of spores for time determination. The spores association corresponds to the vegetation dominated by arid grassland and in Late Miocence Pliocene period. The latest 40 Ar- 39 Ar dating of the basalt overlying Dogai Coring redbeds gives ages ranging from 2 5Ma to 3 2Ma, which provides upper limit age for strata and deformation of Dogai Coring redbeds. It is inferred that the Dogai Coring redbeds formed in Late Miocene, and the crustal shortening of Dogai Coring redbed basin, circa 50%, occurred at the end of Miocene Early Pliocene.The time of strata and deformation of Dogai Coring redbeds sets a new constrain for understanding the geodynamic process of the Tibetan Plateau.
Selected Poems of Gabriela Mistral

The first Nobel Prize in literature to be awarded to a Latin American writer went to the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral. Famous and beloved during her lifetime all over Latin America and in Europe, Mistral has never been known in North America as she deserves to be. The reputation of her more flamboyant and accessible friend and countryman Pablo Neruda has overshadowed hers, and she has been officially sentimentalised into a 'poetess' of children and motherhood. Translations, and even selections of her work in Spanish, have tended to underplay the darkness, the strangeness, and the raging intensity of her poems of grief and pain, the yearning power of her evocations of the Chilean landscape, the stark music of her Round Dances, the visionary splendour of her Hymns of America. During her lifetime Mistral published four books: Desolation, Tenderness, Clearcut, and Winepress. These are included in the 'Complete' Nobel edition published in Madrid; the Poem of Chile, her last book, was printed years after her death. Le Guin includes poems from all five books in this volume, with particular emphasis on the later work. The intelligence and passion of Le Guin's selection and translation will finally allow people in the North to hear the originality, power, purity, and intransigence of this great American voice.
The development of a scale to measure the experience of spiritual connection and the correlation between this experience and values

Previous research shows religiosity (across several religions) is associated with conservative values (tradition, conformity and security) from the Schwartz value scale and not with spiritually oriented, self-transcendent values. The relationship between religiosity and spirituality is controversial. We developed a 48-item scale, the Spiritual Connection Questionnaire (SCQ)-48, to measure experience and beliefs of spiritual connection, an aspect of spirituality that is consistent with religious and non-religious or New Age interpretations of spirituality. We selected 14 items (SCQ-14) that best predicted health and then tested the correlation between the SCQ-14 and the SVS in a student and an older population in the UK. In both populations the SCQ-14 was negatively associated with values at the self-enhancing value pole (power, security and hedonism) and in the older population was positively associated with a value at the self-transcendent value pole (universalism, but not benevolence). Religiosity has been shown to be associated with values that enhance societal identification and hence inter-group differentiation and conflict. By contrast, we found that the experience of spiritual connection is associated with values that reduce inter-group differentiation. Despite these differences, we found that self-reported religiosity enhances spiritual experience.
Assessment of neurologists’ knowledge regarding intravenous fibrinolytic therapy for acute stroke in Shanxi province in China

BackgroundLimitations in physicians’ knowledge regarding fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke may contribute to low rate of fibrinolytic therapy in China. Here physicians’ knowledge was surveyed on intravenous fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke.MethodsNeurologists (n = 175) from 27 major general hospitals in Shanxi province, P. R. China, were invited to complete questionnaires regarding their basic knowledge of intravenous fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. The questionnaire contained 12 multiple-choice questions. One point was assigned for a correct answer and zero point for a false or unanswered question.ResultsOne hundred and thirty-one neurologists (74.9%) responded to the questionnaires. The mean accuracy rate of 12 questions was 54.9 ± 25.01% (range 0.8–96.2%). The mean total score for respondents was 6.59 ± 2.03 (range 2–11). More years of experience and higher academic degrees were independent factors related to the total scores (P = 0.000 and P = 0.004, respectively).ConclusionsThe neurologists in this study were knowledge deficient in the area of intravenous fibrinolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. This partially accounts for the low rate of fibrinolytic therapy in China.
Cinema and desire : feminist Marxism and cultural politics in the work of Dai Jinhua

Dai Jinhua is one of contemporary China's most influential theoreticians and cultural critics. A feminist Marxist, her literary, film, and TV commentary has, over the last decade, addressed an expanding audience in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. "Cinema and Desire" presents Dai Jinhua's best work to date. In these pages she examines the Orientalism that made Zhang Yimou the darling of international film festivals, lays bare Euro-American fantasies about the Sixth Generation of Chinese cinema auteurs, establishes Huang Shuqin's "Human, Woman, Demon" as the People's Republic's first genuinely feminist film, comments on TV representations of the Chinese Diaspora in New York, speculates on the value of Mao Zedong as an icon of post-revolutionary consumerism, and analyzes the rise of shopping plazas in 1990s' urban China as a strange montage in which the political memories of Tiananmen Square and the logic of the global capitalist marketplace are intricately intertwined.
The Performance of De Novo Private Firms in Russian Manufacturing

This paper considers the current performance and future prospects of newly-established private manufacturing firms in Russia, using information gathered in a mid-1994 World Bank survey of 439 Russian industrial firms, including forty-odd de novo private firms. The paper finds that in terms of most performance indicators, de novo private manufacturing firms look significantly better than their state-owned and privatized counterparts. They are actually growing rather than contracting, operating at higher levels of capacity utilization, expanding employment rapidly, and investing more. Their outlook for future performance is similarly more positive, with higher expectations for growth of output and employment, and more planned investments. In most cases these differences appear to be inherent to the de novo character of the firms and cannot be attributed to their size, location, or the industrial sector in which they operate. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role which these dynamic enterprises are likely to play in the recovery of the Russian economy.
The volcanic stratigraphy and location of massive sulphide deposits in the Oman ophiolite

The volcanic stratigraphy of the Oman ophiolite complex is made up of three distinct mappable units termed (in order of eruption) the Geotimes, Lasail and Alley Units. The Geotimes Unit is dominantly basaltic pillow lavas whereas the Lasail and Alley Units comprise basalt-andesite-rhyolite fractionation series. Field observations and geochemistry indicate that each formation erupted in a different local tectonic environment: the Geotimes Unit at a fast-spreading ridge crest; the Lasail Unit as a series of discrete volcanic seamounts; and the Alley Unit in a submarine graben setting. Almost all significant massive sulphide deposits formed on the Geotimes pillow lavas just prior to eruption of the basalt pillow lavas of the Lasail Unit and all are locatyed in the seamount areas. The volcanicity and hydrothermal activity all took place within a geologically short period of time above a subduction zone, possibly as an incipient arc-basin complex.
‘By partner we mean ...’: Alternative geographies of ‘gay marriage’:

This article argues that in the context of debates regarding same sex marriage, too little attention has been paid to geographic specificity that not only reconstitutes sexualities but also remakes these in relation to material classed relations. In contrast to arguments that appear to transcend spatial differentiation, I will examine the differential effects of the Civil Partnership Act, particularly for those on state-based benefits. Using data collected from local government websites, I will argue that the implications for those who are now understood as ‘new couples’ vary according to local government district. ‘Acceptance’ of same sex relationships effects same sex couples in geographically diverse ways, with classed dimensions. Thus, the class and place-based benefits of sexual ‘equalities’ question the ubiquitous deployment of hetero/homonormativity to understand the ‘new landscapes of equality’. The article then goes on to focus on the city of Brighton and Hove to explore classed ‘choice’, exclusi...
Construction Simulation Research at the University of Michigan

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Robert I. Carr Professor of Civil Engineering  The paper summarizes three current research thrusts at the University of Michigan to advance the state of the art of computer modeling of construction. They can be classified as (1) process simulation, (2) project simulation, and (3) project time-cost tradeoff. The research was born out of a concern for the limited capacity of available techniques to model construction realities. Construction managers select methods to assertible material resources using human and equipment resources. Tasks are linked as activities, which are performed in a sequence dictated by physical and resource constraints. Objectives in selecting alternative methods and resource assignments are to complete the project quickly and inexpensively. Most human and equipment resources and methods are shared among several activities, as are supervision, weather, and other duration and cost related variables. Some of the variables, such as construction methods and personnel and equipment assignments are selected by managers and are therefore decision variables. The magnitudes of other variables, such as crew and equipment productivities and weather, are uncertain and can be considered selected by nature and are therefore random variables. In reality, managers make decisions as they are needed, based on progress and information available to date, and they monitor
Profitability of Canadian- Versus U.S.-controlled Enterprises

This paper examines the course of profitability of large Canadian-resident enterprises over the period 1990-98. It focuses first on the differences in the profitability of Canadian-controlled and U.S.-controlled enterprises and asks whether there are differences in trends in profitability by country of ownership over the business cycle experienced in the 1990s. It uses micro-economic data on the profitability of large non-integrated firms to investigate the role played by market share in determining profitability in each group and the extent to which profits that deviate from the mean are forced quickly or slowly back to their long-run equilibrium values. Both facets of profit behaviour are related to the nature of competition in the markets served by firms. Finally, it examines the role played by changes in the Canada-U.S. exchange rate in determining profitability in order to understand the extent to which each group uses these changes to adjust their foreign prices and thus to affect reported Canadian profits.
Was Hitler a Darwinian?: Disputed Questions in the History of Evolutionary Theory

In tracing the history of Darwin's accomplishment and the trajectory of evolutionary theory during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most scholars agree that Darwin introduced blind mechanism into biology, thus banishing moral values from the understanding of nature. According to the standard interpretation, the principle of survival of the fittest has rendered human behavior, including moral behavior, ultimately selfish. Few doubt that Darwinian theory, especially as construed by the master's German disciple, Ernst Haeckel, inspired Hitler and led to Nazi atrocities. In this collection of essays, Robert J. Richards argues that this orthodox view is wrongheaded. A close historical examination reveals that Darwin, in more traditional fashion, constructed nature with a moral spine and provided it with a goal: man as a moral creature. The book takes up many topics-including the character of Darwin's chief principles of natural selection and divergence, his dispute with Alfred Russel Wallace over man's big brain, the role of language in human development, his relationship to Herbert Spencer, how much his views had in common with Haeckel's, and the general problem of progress in evolution. Moreover, Richards takes a forceful stand on the timely issue of whether Darwin is to blame for Hitler's atrocities. Was Hitler a Darwinian? is intellectual history at its boldest.
Technical Workshop: Implementing DDI4 - Data Description Model

The workshop will be an opportunity for developers and other implementers to discuss possible options available for implementing the prototype DDI4 Data Description model. Work at the UK Data Archive indicates that the current DDI4 RDF binding is not performant at scale and could leverage existing vocabularies to a greater extent. The workshop will be an opportunity to explore additional strategies, namely using graph morphisms other than RDF triples, going beyond SPARQL to consider additional graph query languages like Gremlin and simplifying some of the proprietary structures of the DDI4 model like RelationSpecification, by re-using existing vocabularies like XKOS instead.
Ethnicity on parade : inventing the Norwegian American through celebration

Why do people at certain historical moments choose to define themselves in terms of their ethnicity? What concrete concerns are embedded in such identification? What does the creation of this identity mean in the larger context of history and social relationships? These are some of the questions April R. Schultz addresses in this interdisciplinary study of the way in which ethnic identity has been shaped and expressed in American culture. Drawing on the work of historians, anthropologists, literary critics, and cultural theorists, Schultz analyzes one national celebration - the 1925 Norwegian-American Immigration Centennial - as a strategic site for the invention of ethnicity. She shows how Norwegian Americans used this ceremony to create a distinctive vision of their past and present - a social and cultural construction that both accommodated and resisted dominant Anglo-American conceptions of assimilation. By taking a close look at the experiences of a white, middle-class, Protestant ethnic community, this book challenges many assumptions about the "Americanization" of immigrant groups and offers new insight into the uses of historical memory.
Variational derivation of relativistic fermionantifermion wave equations in QED

We present a variational method for deriving relativistic two-fermion wave equations in a Hamiltonian formulation of QED. A reformulation of QED is performed, in which covariant Green functions are used to solve for the electromagnetic field in terms of the fermion fields. The resulting modified Hamiltonian contains the photon propagator directly. The reformulation permits one to use a simple Fock-space variational trial state to derive relativistic fermion–antifermion wave equations from the corresponding quantum field theory. We verify that the energy eigenvalues obtained from the wave equation agree with known results for positronium.
Type theories, toposes and constructive set theory: predicative aspects of AST

We introduce a predicative version of topos (stratified pseudotopos) based on the notion of small maps in algebraic set theory, developed by Joyal and one of the authors. Examples of stratified pseudotoposes can be constructed in Martin-Lof type theory, which is a predicative theory. A stratified pseudotopos admits construction of the internal category of sheaves, which is again a stratified pseudotopos. We also show how to build models of Aczel-Myhill constructive set theory using this categorical structure.
Intertemporal equilibrium with financial asset and physical capital

We build an infinite-horizon dynamic deterministic general equilibrium model with imperfect markets (borrowing constraints), in which heterogeneous agents invest in capital or/and financial asset and consume. There is a representative firm which maximizes its profit. Firstly, the existence of intertemporal equilibrium is proved even if aggregate capital is not uniformly bounded. Secondly, we study the interaction between the financial market and the productive sector. We also explore the nature of physical capital bubble and financial asset bubble as well.