nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Bounded Deterrence

According to this analysis, the deterrent relationship is bounded by two concepts, the nuclear threshold and the level of unacceptable damage, each of which is a function of the utility of the threatened objective to both deterrer and aggressor. The crucial assumption of the theory, that the utility of foreign policy objectives varies with the objective, is tested empirically regarding American attitudes toward security commitments. Five variables loading on three dimensions predict the utility of these commitments. A consequence of the theory is that it calls into doubt government assertions that the nuclear umbrella provides as much security to allies as to the deterrer.
CURRENT--CURRENT INTERACTION AND CALCULATION OF THE NONLEPTONIC BARYON DECAYS.

Arguments are given why the non-leptonic weak interaction should, in a quark model with neutral. vector boson strong interaction (&on model), be calculable in terms of low-energy contributions, which can be estimated from the knowledge of semi-leptonic processes. Fair agreement with experiments seems to support this possibility. The suggestion is also made that the " gluon " model could be very helpful in understanding many properties of e. m. and weak interactions .
An environmental history of British settlement in Van Diemen's Land: The making of a distinct people, 1798 - 1831

Van Diemen's Land received approximately 72 000 convicts, mainly from the 
British Isles and Ireland, between 1 803 and 1 853, and convicts and their 
descendants formed the large majority of the population of the island colony 
throughout this time. This thesis focuses on the environmental experience of this 
majority population in the first three decades of settlement. It argues that the 
history of British settlement of Van Diemen's Land, and consequently, to a not 
insignificant extent, Australia, has been distorted by a failure to recognize that the 
rigorous attempts to reproduce English rural society - social and environmental - 
were largely undertaken by a relatively small group of free settlers. The 
consequence of the failure to recognize the extent to which socio-economic 
background shaped environmental experience, is that the life-changing 
experience of the new land by a people without the capital or privilege to buffer 
them from an immediate experience of place, have been obscured. The thesis 
studies how the rich and accessible resources of the off-shore islands, coastal 
bays and estuaries and, above all, grassy woodlands of the midlands and east 
coast provided convicts and former convicts with an economic and physical 
refuge from the rigorous and often brutal attempts to turn them into a disciplined 
subservient labour force. This encounter with the new land occurred in the 
context of a populated and defended land, and while this thesis is not 'Aboriginal 
history', the Aborigines are inevitably central to the British experience, and the 
cross-cultural meeting and conflict are major themes within it.
Aerospace engineering department at Cairo University: Past, present, and future

The beginning of modern engineering education in Egypt dates back to 1816 when the famous ruler “Wali”; Mohammed Ali Pasha established “Madrasat El-Mohandeskhana” (which means the School of Engineering). This start was 92 years before the establishment of Cairo University which became a reality on December 21st, 1908. In 1935, it was renamed as the “Faculty of Engineering”. The Faculty of Engineering has kept this name ever since. Aerospace engineering department was established in 1953 under the name of “Aeronautics Engineering” and it played an important role for promoting the economic and strategic growth in Egypt since its inception. This paper aims to reflect past, present and future research and development in Aerospace Engineering department at Cairo University. It will shed some light on the department capabilities and accomplishments and future hopes and vision.
Exploring at the Fringes: The Bibliography as Database

Exploring at the Fringes: The Bibliography as Database for Teaching American Studies in Arab Universities Professor Mohammed Dajani Daoudi Professor Munther Dajani Ms. Zeina Barakat American Studies Institute Al-Quds University mohddajani@gmail.com msdajani511@gmail.com, zeinabarakat81@gmail.com This presentation describes a comprehensive bibliography of books in Arabic dealing with American affairs created to enhance American Studies research and teaching in Arab universities and research institutions as well as by interested Arab scholars, academics, teachers and journalists. A Bibliography of Arab Books covering American Affairs (2009), not only does it list books that are needed for the courses offered in the American studies programs, it also includes all books available on the subject that carries in its title the name of the United States or Americans, written in Arabic or translated to Arabic. The bibliography was compiled in the hope that it would aid, as well as, stimulate other Arab scholars to write about and investigate more American issues and topics, as well as, to inform researchers what books written by Americans have been published in their areas of interest, or which books have been translated to Arabic. Once the task was complete and more than 1000 entries were listed, one realized that a comprehensive bibliography, properly understood and analyzed offers much more than meets the eye. In effect, such a bibliography is itself a database from which may be extracted a great deal of useful knowledge and information about both the different fields of interest to the Arab public and the practitioners who work in them. This paper is a preliminary effort to explore how bibliographies store and reveal data and how this information may become most useful in teaching American Studies in Arab universities and schools, and ways it may promote future research and publications. It aims to identify what type of books on American affairs are published in Arabic and what are the areas of concern over a long period of time? One of the most interesting questions that this comprehensive bibliography reveals is, Why do Arabs hate America and how this problem can be dealt with?
Independence and dependency: Options and constraints for women over the life course

In western countries, social policies emerged to compensate impacts which result from an unequal distribution of bargaining power in modern market economies. Thus, they provide some options to avoid disadvantageous working conditions. However, by counteracting unequal bargaining situations, social policies produce new inequalities. In all western societies, social policies tend to treat women as workers of a special kind. Some treat women as individuals and citizens; others primarily as mothers or wives, as different but equal, or, in contrast, along the principle of “sameness.” In each case, women's life chances, their life course, and the relationship between independence and dependency are affected in a peculiar way. This article examines the relationship between independence and dependence built into various welfare regimes from a woman's point of view: Which regime helps best to combine both—a family and paid work?
Ions and the protein surface revisited: extensive molecular dynamics simulations and analysis of protein structures in alkali-chloride solutions.

Proteins interact with ions in various ways. The surface of proteins has an innate capability to bind ions, and it is also influenced by the screening of the electrostatic potential owing to the presence of salts in the bulk solution. Alkali metal ions and chlorides interact with the protein surface, but such interactions are relatively weak and often transient. In this paper, computer simulations and analysis of protein structures are used to characterize the interactions between ions and the protein surface. The results show that the ion-binding properties of protein residues are highly variable. For example, alkali metal ions are more often associated with aspartate residues than with glutamates, whereas chlorides are most likely to be located near arginines. When comparing NaCl and KCl solutions, it was found that certain surface residues attract the anion more strongly in NaCl. This study demonstrates that protein-salt interactions should be accounted for in the planning and execution of experiments and simulations involving proteins, particularly if subtle structural details are sought after.
Testing a dynamic process of policy making in civil rights

Presidential influence is examined at successive stages of the civil rights policy process. The sequential nature of the policy process implies a temporal component. We find support for short term linkages and the existence of institutional constraint over and above the impact of individual presidents. Longer term, year to year, linkages prove less important. For civil rights, then, the policy process is predominantly a short term phenomenon in which presidential discretion and independence are constrained by institutional factors. The president's ability to respond to external factors is part of presidential influence in the civil rights policy process.
Analysis of partitioning of organic compounds and proteins in aqueous polyethylene glycol-sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems in terms of solute-solvent interactions.

Partition behavior of nine small organic compounds and six proteins was examined in poly(ethylene glycol)-8000-sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems containing 0.5M osmolyte (sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, TMAO) and poly(ethylene glycol)-10000-sodium sulfate system, all in 0.01M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. The differences between the solvent properties of the coexisting phases (solvent dipolarity/polarizability, hydrogen bond donor acidity, and hydrogen bond acceptor basicity) were characterized with solvatochromic dyes using the solvatochromic comparison method. Differences between the electrostatic properties of the phases were determined by analysis of partitioning of sodium salts of dinitrophenylated (DNP-) amino acids with aliphatic alkyl side-chain. It was found out that the partition coefficient of all compounds examined (including proteins) may be described in terms of solute-solvent interactions. The results obtained in the study show that solute-solvent interactions of nonionic organic compounds and proteins in polyethylene glycol-sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase system differ from those in polyethylene glycol-dextran system.
Different Interaction Mechanisms of Evaporated Porphyrin Films Exposed to NO 2

In this work, metal free and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin films were 
employed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas 
sensors. The films were vacuum evaporated and the sensor response was evaluated 
as changes in the optical absorption spectra, hydrophobic properties and 
conductivity at different gas concentrations. From UV-Vis results, 
important changes in the absorption peaks were observed after gas exposure. The 
morphology of the films before and after gas interaction was obtained by using 
scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. The films morphology showed a 
degradation after gas adsorption for the metal free system but gas entrapment 
for the zinc porphyrin film. In order to elucidate the gas adsorption 
phenomena, density functional theory calculations were also performed. Here, it 
was observed that the porphyrin chemical structure not only affects the gas coordination 
sites which affect the porphyrin electronic distribution and packing 
arrangement, but also, determines the gas detection mechanism for sensing 
applications.
Cartografia: estratégias de produção do conhecimento

This article deals with the concept of cartography in order to propose a singular style of knowledge production which develops Spinoza’s idea of life expansion. At first, we criticize some of the philosophical influences of Plato and Descartes on the field of methodological discussion as constituents of a homogeneous and moralistic way of life. These influences are characterized by the logical modern rationality. After that, we use the contemporary thoughts of authors such us Deleuze, Einstein, Heisenberg, Godel and Prigogine to suggest that the knowledge production should state heterogeneity of life, respecting ethical, aesthetical and political parameters.
New Directions for Organization Theory: Problems and Prospects

This is a comprehensive analysis of the present state of organization theory. The author traces the evolution and particularly the more recent history of the field, and its scope and content. He then considers the relevant literature organized by major issues and concepts. Jeffrey Pfeffer makes the point that the world of organizations the book surveys has changed in four important ways: the increasing externalization of the employment relation and the development of the "new employment contract;" the change in the size distribution of organizations, with a comparative growth in the proportion of smaller organizations; the increasing influence of external capital markets on organizational governance and decision making; and the increasing salary inequality within organizations in the U.S. compared both to the past and to other industrialized nations. These changes make it especially important to understand the organizations themselves. The author is a major scholar in the field of organizations and his perspective should be of considerable interest to scholars and students in the field.
Generalizing Landauer's principle.

In a recent paper  it is argued that to properly understand the thermodynamics of Landauer's principle it is necessary to extend the concept of logical operations to include indeterministic operations. Here we examine the thermodynamics of such operations in more detail, extending the work of Landauer to include indeterministic operations and to include logical states with variable entropies, temperatures, and mean energies. We derive the most general statement of Landauer's principle and prove its universality, extending considerably the validity of previous proofs. This confirms conjectures made that all logical operations may, in principle, be performed in a thermodynamically reversible fashion, although logically irreversible operations would require special, practically rather difficult, conditions to do so. We demonstrate a physical process that can perform any computation without work requirements or heat exchange with the environment. Many widespread statements of Landauer's principle are shown to be special cases of our generalized principle.
Thermal flow in the gravitational O(n) model

We study the massless flow from the critical point (dilute loops) to the low-temperature phase (dense loops) of the O(n) loop gas model when the model is coupled to 2D gravity. The flow is generated by the gravitationally dressed thermal operator \Phi_{1,3} coupled to the renormalized loop tension \lambda ~ T-T_c. We find that the susceptibility as a function of the thermal coupling \lambda and the cosmological constant \mu satisfies a simple transcendental equation.
Islam, Property and Philanthropy: Ethical and Philosophical Foundations and Cultural Influences

This chapter is to comprehend and highlight essential aspects of philanthropy in Islam that are likely to benefit human security emphasising the ethical principles of property and human relationships. To contextualise the discussion, the chapter deals with the concepts of ethics and property in Islam. The first section (‘Islamic ethical principles influencing human relationships or muamalat’) deals with the principles of ‘public benefit’ (maslahah). The second section (property and economic relationships in Islam) in three sections deals with ‘private property and public interests in Islam’, ‘principles and conditions of profit making in Islam’, and ‘property, gift and inheritance’. The following section (‘philanthropy in Islam’) deals with the fundamental, and essential features, of obligatory charity as codified in Islam. The chapter argues that Islam promotes purposive strategic philanthropy that may ensure human security even in the modern world. It concludes that the principles and instruments of human security as propounded in Islam have varied interpretations and manifestations resulting from flexibility in Islamic jurisprudence, thus Muslim philanthropy and human security in MMCs are influenced by local ‘cultural phenomenon’ and destined to be different across MMCs.
A guide to the volcanoes of southern Kamchatka, Russia

The remote sub-arctic wilderness of Kamchatka contains a line of active volcanoes above the Pacific Ocean plate subduction zone. This guide is based on the itinerary of the 1999 GA excursion to sites around Petropavlovsk. Descriptions cover the Uzon caldera and its Valley of Geysers, and the volcanoes of Avacha, Karimsky, Gorely and Mutnovsky.
A Typology for Modeling Processes in Clinical Guidelines and Protocols

We analyzed the graphical representations that are used by various guideline-modeling methods to express process information embodied in clinical guidelines and protocols. From this analysis, we distilled four modeling formalisms and the processes they typically model: (1) flowcharts for capturing problem-solving processes, (2) disease-state maps that link decision points in managing patient problems over time, (3) plans that specify sequences of activities that contribute toward a goal, (4) workflow specifications that model care processes in an organization. We characterized the four approaches and showed that each captures some aspect of what a guideline may specify. We believe that a general guideline-modeling system must provide explicit representation for each type of process.
Beyond Marx and Mach : Aleksandr Bogdanov's Philosophy of living experience

A. Aleksandr Bogdanov.- B. Toward a New Approach to Bogdanov and the Russian Machists.- C. Studying Bogdanov.- D. The Philosophy of Living Experience.- I. The Contemporary Problem of Philosophy and Philosophy's Career.- A. Philosophy and Life.- B. The Rise and Development of Worldviews.- C. "What is Materialism?".- D. Ancient and Modern Materialisms.- II. Empiriocriticism.- A. Empiriocriticism Depicted.- B. Empiriocriticism Criticized.- C. The Social Roots of Empiriocriticism.- III. Dialectical Materialism.- A. Bogdanov's Dialectic.- B. Dialectics Prior to Marx and the Meaning of the Idealist Dialectic.- C. The Materialist Dialectic and Marx's Truly Active Worldview.- D. Joseph Dietzgen and the Russian Dialectical Materialists.- E. The Real Dialectic and the Task of Philosophy.- IV. Empiriomonism.- A. "Labor Causality".- B.The Elements of Experience.- C. Objectivity.- D. Sociomorphism.- E. Substitution.- F. The "Empiriomonistic" Worldpicture.- V. The Science of the Future.- Conclusion.- Notes.
Bibliography of Maarten Kuitenbrouwer

This chapter presents the biography of Maarten Kuitenbrouwer. Maarten Kuitenbrouwer goes beyond a factual summary and links KITLV history to historiographical concepts in a broader context, such as orientalism, occidentalism, universalism and relativism. He places KITLV in the larger international setting of institutions concerned with past and present colonies in the East and West. Kuitenbrouwer himself said that his book contained a 'contextualized history'. At the beginning of the 21st century Kuitenbrouwer summarized his own conclusion from 1991: 'Dutch expansion in Indonesia can certainly be called imperialistic, with the Netherlands' rather unusual status as a small power explaining a number of deviations from the general pattern of modern imperialism'. Kuitenbrouwer was occupied with the present commemorative book and requests to write about Dutch development aid and human rights.  Dutch development; KITLV history; Maarten Kuitenbrouwer; modern imperialism; Netherlands; occidentalism; orientalism; relativism
On the Fortunes of Stock Exchanges and Their Reversals: Evidence from Foreign Listings

Using a sample that provides unprecedented detail on foreign listings, new listings, and delistings for 29 exchanges in 24 countries starting from the early 1980s, we document a growing tendency of listings to concentrate in the U.S. and the U.K., and large changes in all exchanges' ability to attract foreign companies. We highlight the following determinants of these patterns. First, during the sample period, investor protection improved in many countries. As investor protection improves in the country of origin, firms become less likely to list in countries with weak investor protection, but more likely to list in countries with strong investor protection, especially in the U.K. and the U.S. Second, we show that foreign listings are related to the exchange's market valuation in the same way that domestic equity issues are and that firms that are more difficult to evaluate are more inclined to list in foreign exchanges with high valuations.
Stabilization of Bi2O3 Polymorphs with Sm2O3 Doping

The synthesis of bismuth trioxide polymorphs in the binary system (Bi2O3)1−x(Sm2O3)x in the range 0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.1 has been investigated by adding small amounts of Sm2O3 into pure α- Bi2O3. The polymorphic changes, crystallographic properties, and Sm2O3 content dependence of the lattice parameters of the observed β- and δ-phases are reported. All the obtained solid solutions had nonstoichiometric compositions and nonstoichiometry increases with the increasing amount of mole % Sm2O3 addition. Because of nonstoichiometry, the produced phases have lattice defects. These defects are mainly oxygen ion vacancies.
Integration of e-government services delivery in Australia: Implications for China

The effective and sustainable development of e-government relies on information and communication technology, on reforms of government departments, and more importantly, relies on the mode of government services delivery to the community. How to deliver government services efficiently and conveniently to most people is an important topic during e-government construction. Centrelink, Australian government services delivery agency, had made significant achievements in providing government services since its establishment in 1997. This paper discusses Centrelink's delivering mode from services integration and channels combination respectively. The implications for Chinese government services delivery are discussed.
What Determines Knowledge Sourcing From Host Locations of Overseas R&D Operations?: A Study of Global R&D Activities of

What determines knowledge sourcing from host locations of overseas R&D operations? We investigate factors that influence the extent to which overseas R&D laboratories source knowledge from host locations. Drawing on both the capabilities perspective and the embeddedness perspective, we have developed a conceptual model and then examined it empirically focusing on overseas R&D labs of Japanese multinationals. Statistical findings from negative binomial regressions show that both technological capabilities of the lab and external embeddedness in the local scientific and engineering communities matter.
On the Complexity of the Abelian Sandpile Model: Communication Complexity and Statistical Mechanics

In this paper, the complexity of recognizing the critical configurations of the two-dimensional Abelian sandpile model is studied, some known facts are reviewed, and a simplified proof of the burning test is presented. Then, the existence of sublinear time algorithms solving the aforementioned problem is studied, with a lower bound for the monotone complexity of the problem established by employing some tools of communication complexity.