nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
History of Electrical Engineering Elihu Thomson: Citizen of Swampscott

Today, December 16th, is a memorable date in the career of Elihu Thomson. On this day, 77 years ago, December 16, 1909, at New York, the first Edison Medal was awarded by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, (AIEE), predecessor society to the present Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), to Elihu Thomson for "Meritorious Achievement, in Electrical Science, Engi¬ neering and Arts, as exemplified in his contributions thereto during the past 30 years."
Chapter 11 Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution

Publisher Summary The wealth of new data from the Fennoscandian Shield allows an attempt of a new comprehensive tectonic model for the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield. This chapter regards it as a testable model that can lead to a more thorough understanding of the processes that operated in the Fennoscandian Shield during the Paleoproterozoic. The tectonic models above have mainly focused on the evolution of the Svecofennian domain especially in the vicinity of the Archean-Proterozoic boundary. Most commonly, accretionary-type tectonics have been proposed to account for the Proterozoic crustal growth. The mappable boundaries of the Karelian craton in the northeast, west, and southwest probably delineate Paleoproterozoic sutures. The boundaries in the east and southeast are undefined and hidden under the Phanerozoic cover.
Structural and Magnetic Study of Fe-15,83%Mn-2,18%V and Fe-18,50%Mn-2,27%Cu Alloys

In this study, the microstructure and magnetic properties of martensite transformation induced were investigated in Fe based alloys ( Fe-15,83%Mn-2,18%V ve Fe-18,50%Mn-2,27%Cu alloys). Micro structures were studied with Scanning Electron Microscope . The effect of the adding V and Cu in Fe-Mn alloy on the magnetic properties has been investigated by Mossbauer spectroscopy technique respectively. It was investigated that the adding of V and Cu to Fe-Mn alloy reveals the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic properties of alloy respectively. The other result of this study is the rate of Mn amount in Fe-Mn-X alloy. If the Mn rate in the Fe-Mn-X alloy is 18% or more, no α-martensitic transformation have been observed. Thus, this study showed that the additional atom has great importance on changing the magnetic properties of alloys.
A Record for Invention: Thomas Edison and His Papers

Thomas A. Edison left a vast and diverse record of his inventive and business activity which can help us better understand the context and processes of technological creativity. The nature and impact of such creativity are neither widely nor well understood today. The array of Edison-related experimental notes and drawings, correspondence, legal and business records, and artifacts provides detailed insight into how Edison and his associates developed and deployed new technologies. In specific examples dealing with Edison's work in telephony and with motion pictures, the documents illustrate the role of analogy and previous experience in Edison's approach to technological problems. The Thomas A. Edison Papers project is making readily available for examination an extensive selection from the 3¿ million pages of such documents. A team of historical editors and researchers are preparing a large selective microfilm edition of Edison's papers and a more fully annotated and illustrated multivolume book edition. This historical editing project is employing innovative procedures and modern technology in dealing with one of the most influential figures in American electrical invention gnd industrial development. The products of this effort are beginning to appear and will soon encourage further study of the complexities of the development of technology, both historically and in our contemporary society.
The Racial-Cultural Framework: A Framework for Addressing Suicide-Related Outcomes in Communities of Color

Suicide-related outcomes are a major public health challenge in communities of color in the United States. To address these challenges, this Major Contribution makes theoretical, empirical, and practice-related contributions to scholarship on suicide-related outcomes among people of color. In this article, the authors present a new framework to conceptualize previous suicidology scholarship, address existing literature gaps, and inform counseling psychologists’ future work on suicide-related outcomes in U.S. communities of color. The framework consists of three components and nine principles that highlight the types of constructs, populations, and preventive interventions that should be emphasized in theory, research, and practice addressing suicide-related outcomes in communities of color. The authors explain why suicide-related outcomes in communities of color deserve attention, describe the framework, and discuss implications of the framework for future practice and training. It is hoped that this fram...
The Use of 3D Optical Measurement Systems in Collaborative Ship Design

The paper presents three dimensional scanning tools elaborated by a Norwegian firm. This tool is applied by a number of Norwegian firms (ship designers, shipbuilders, suppliers of equipment, and classification societies) during their collaborating projects. This tool allows 3D scanning, making drawings and 3D hull models. This tool is also applied in other industries, for example, architecture, house construction, and mechanical production.
Molecular and ionic diffusion in aqueous - deep eutectic solvent mixtures: probing inter-molecular interactions using PFG NMR.

Pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR has been used to probe self-diffusion of molecular and ionic species in aqueous mixtures of choline chloride (ChCl) based deep eutectic solvents (DESs), in order to elucidate the effect of water on motion and inter-molecular interactions between the different species in the mixtures, namely the Ch(+) cation and hydrogen bond donor (HBD). The results reveal an interesting and complex behaviour of such mixtures at a molecular level. In general, it is observed that the hydroxyl protons ((1)H) of Ch(+) and the hydrogen bond donor have diffusion coefficients significantly different from those measured for their parent molecules when water is added. This indicates a clear and significant change in inter-molecular interactions. In aqueous Ethaline, the hydroxyl species of Ch(+) and HBD show a stronger interaction with water as water is added to the system. In the case of Glyceline, water has little effect on both hydroxyl proton diffusion of Ch(+) and HBD. In Reline, it is likely that water allows the formation of small amounts of ammonium hydroxide. The most surprising observation is from the self-diffusion of water, which is considerably higher that expected from a homogeneous liquid. This leads to the conclusion that Reline and Glyceline form mixtures that are inhomogeneous at a microscopic level despite the hydrophilicity of the salt and HBD. This work shows that PFG NMR is a powerful tool to elucidate both molecular dynamics and inter-molecular interactions in complex liquid mixtures, such as the aqueous DES mixtures.
C, O and H isotopic compositions of polymetallic deposits in Lanping Basin, Western Yunnan Province and their geological significance

The characteristics of C, O and H isotopic compositions of polymetallic deposits in the Lanping Basin has been studied. The results show that CO_(2) in ore-forming fluids were derived from thermal decomposition of marine carbonates (or altered marine carbonates) and oxidation and decarbonxylation of sedimentary organic matters; ore-forming fluids were hot brine of basin which derived from paleo-meteoric water by action of water and rocks of basin and basement under some geological conditions, however the ore-forming fluid of Jinding Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit may be mixed with metamorphic fluid. This indicates that ore-forming materials should be derived from crust (basement and strata of basin) and the activity of alkali magma of the Himalayan epoch in peripheral area of basin has made indirect contributions to mineralization of polymetallic deposits in the basin and the sedimentary organic matters had taken part in the mineralization.
The Topes Format Editor and Parser

It is currently difficult and time-consuming to validate and manipulate data in web applications, so we have developed an editor and a parser to simplify these tasks. Our editor enables end-user programmers to create and debug reusable, flexible data formats without learning a complex new language. Our parser uses these formats to turn strings into structured objects and to report its level of confidence that each string is a valid instance of the format. End-user programmers can use our system to create validation code that takes a graduated response to slightly invalid data. We evaluate our system’s expressiveness by defining formats for commonly-occurring web data. This work was funded in part by the National Science Foundation under ITR grant CCF-0325273 (via the EUSES Consortium) and by the National Science Foundation under ITR grants CCF-0438929 and CCF-0324861.
Researching Assessment as Social Practice: Implications for Research Methodology.

Recent educational journals on both sides of the Atlantic have seen a resurgence of debate about the nature of educational research. As a contribution to these debates, this paper draws on theoretical and methodological ‘thinking tools’ of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. Specifically, the paper explores what Jenkins [Jenkins, R. (2002). Pierre Bourdieu .  Routledge and Falmer] refers to as Bourdieu's “reflexive epistemological pluralism” and its implications for research into higher education, with a particular focus on assessment as social practice. This particular theoretical and methodological understanding is used to critically reflect on a study conducted in 2005 on the impact of a policy on anonymous examination marking which was implemented at the University of Cape Town in 2004. The study collected both quantitative data of student examination performance pre- and post-policy implementation, as well as interviews with course conveners. The paper argues that when viewed interdependently the data offers insight into some of the “principles of vision and division” [Bourdieu, P. (1996). The state nobility: Elite schools in the field of power .  Polity Press] at work in assessors’ judgment-making process. The assessors’ deliberations expose ideological tensions between the dual challenges of equity and excellence in the context of a historically white liberal university under transformation.
Clinical and economic impact of non-adherence in COPD: a systematic review.

Medication for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has shown to substantially reduce symptoms and slow progression of disease. However, non-adherence to medication is common and associated with worsened clinical and economic outcomes.



The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of published literature to assess the impact of non-adherence to COPD medication on clinical and economic outcomes.



A search in PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted of original studies published from database inception to 2012. Studies must report on the association between adherence to COPD medication and outcomes, published in English in peer-reviewed journals and full texts needed to be available.



Twelve full articles were included in the review. Most studies were retrospective database studies. Seven studies reported on the association between adherence and clinical outcomes, two on mortality, three on costs, four on quality of life and one on work productivity. Results indicated a clear association between adherence and both clinical and economic outcomes. Evidence from studies revealed increased hospitalizations, mortality, quality of life and loss of productivity among non-adherent patients.



This review revealed a clear association between non-adherence to COPD medication and worsened clinical and economic outcomes making non-adherent patients a priority for cost-effective interventions.
2 Freiheitskonzepte in Kants Philosophie

This chapter presents an overview on the freedom concepts in Kant's philosophy. It discusses the theory of transcendental freedom in the dialectic chapter of the critique of pure reason. In the so-called freedom antinomy, Kant discusses the question of whether the totality of conditions is explored in addition to causality according to natural laws. The chapter discusses the failed attempt of the deduction of the moral law in the groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. It presents a brief overview on the theory of free will in the critique of practical reason. The chapter reveals the reference points in the reflections of the seventies and metaphysics readings. It examines the free will as a template for Kant's own theory of practical freedom. The structure consideration of the will expresses that there is an ever greater degree of real self-determination. The original text of the chapter is in German. free will; freedom antinomy; Kant's philosophy; metaphysics of morals; practical freedom; real self-determination
Experimental Study of Acid Treatment Toward Characterization of Structural, Optical, and Morphological Properties of TiO2-SnO2 Composite Thin Film

The TiO2-SnO2 thin film with single and double-layer structure has successfully synthesized on FTO (Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide) substrate using the screen printing technique. The structural, optical, and morphological properties of the film were investigated by XRD, UV-Vis, and SEM, respectively. The results showed that the single and double-layer structure of TiO2-SnO2 thin film has mixed phase with a strong formation of casseritte phase. The acid treatment effect on TiO2-SnO2 thin film decreases the peak intensity of anatase phase formation and thin film's absorbance values. The morphological study is also revealed that the single layer TiO2-SnO2 thin film had a more porous nature and decreased particle size distribution after acid treatment, while the double-layer TiO2-SnO2 thin film Eroded due to acid treatment.
Process for the manufacture of glass with a high transmission characteristic in the visible spectral range and a high reflection behavior for heat radiation, and lenses made by the process.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE DISK DRIVE IN THE SPECTRUM VISIBLE AND HIGH PERFORMANCE FOR REFLECTION radiant heat as well as low surface resistance. MINERAL GLASS substrates GOES RIDING A layer system in the following order: LAYER1: OXIDE GROUP stannic oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide and zirconium oxide or oxides MIXTURES.  CAPA3: silver or a silver alloy with a silver content of 50% WEIGHT minimum.  ALLOY 80% by weight of nickel and 20% by weight of chromium. CAPA5: OXIDE GROUP stannic oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide and zirconium oxide or oxides MIXTURES. Then heats the substrate YET SET LAYER TO Softening CRYSTAL AND PERMANENTLY TO GIVE YOU THE DUAL.
Oxidative damage to collagen and related substrates by metal ion/hydrogen peroxide systems: random attack or site-specific damage?

Degradation of collagen by oxidant species may play an important role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Whilst the overall effects of this process are reasonably well defined, little is known about the sites of attack, the nature of the intermediates, or the mechanism(s) of degradation. In this study electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with spin trapping has been used to identify radicals formed on collagen and related materials by metal ion-H2O2 mixtures. Attack of the hydroxyl radical, from a Fe(II)-H2O2 redox couple, on collagen peptides gave signals from both side chain (.CHR'R"), and alpha-carbon[.C(R)(NH-)CO-,R = side-chain]radicals. Reaction with collagen gave both broad anisotropic signals, from high-molecular-weight protein-derived radicals, and isotropic signals from mobile species. The latter may be low-molecular-weight fragments, or mobile side-chain species; these signals are similar to those from the alpha-carbon site of peptides and the side-chain of lysine. Enzymatic digestion of the large, protein-derived, species releases similar low-molecular-weight adducts. The metal ion employed has a dramatic effect on the species observed. With Cu(I)-H2O2 or Cu(II)-H2O2 instead of Fe(II)-H2O2, evidence has been obtained for: i) altered sites of attack and fragmentation, ii) C-terminal decarboxylation, and iii) hydrogen abstraction at N-terminal alpha-carbon sites. This altered behaviour is believed to be due to the binding of copper ions to some substrates and hence site-specific damage. This has been confirmed in some cases by electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the Cu(II) ions.
Canadian language policies in comparative perspective

Capturing the dynamism of Canadian language policies, the essays in this volume analyze and compare the effects, histories, and features of language policies as they have been enacted and implemented by Canadian provincial and federal governments. The contributors' comparisons reveal significant domestic and international implications for language policy. An important study of a social and political issue that has immediate local, national, and international consequences, Canadian Language Policies in Comparative Perspective assembles knowledgeable authorities on language policy to provide a comprehensive synthesis of its consequences.
Restarting Securitization Markets: Policy Proposals and Pitfalls

T he opening chapter of this Global Financial Stability Report makes the case that restarting private-label securitiza-tion markets, especially in the United States, is critical to limiting the real sector fallout from the credit crisis amid financial sector deleveraging pressures (see Box 2.1). 1 Mobilizing illiquid assets and transferring credit risk away from the banking system to a more diversified set of holders continues to be an important objective of securitization, and the structuring technology in which different tranches are sold to various investors is meant to help to more finely tailor the distribution of risks and returns to potential end investors. However, this " originate-and-distribute " secu-1 Private-label securitization products comprise those not issued or backed by governments and their agencies , that is, excluding those of government-sponsored enterprises (e.g., Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the United States), and public sector entities (such as Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation in Canada). ritization model failed to adequately redistribute credit risks, in part due to misdirected incentives. Hence, it is important in restarting securitization to strike the right balance between allowing financial intermediaries to benefit from securitization and protecting the financial system from instability that may arise if the origination and monitoring of loans is not based on sound principles. Ultimately, the value of securitized products relies on the quality of underlying assets. Meanwhile, with most of these markets effectively shut down, some central banks and governments have taken up the slack, with various asset purchase and liquidity support programs effectively becoming investors of last resort of securitized instruments. Smaller nonbank lenders have been particularly hard hit, as they do not have central bank support or low-cost deposit funding to fill the void left by the securi-tization market shutdown. While central bank and government support alleviated private-label securitization market funding pressures, anecdotal evidence suggests that they may have also slowed the market's This chapter tracks the rise and fall of securitization markets, and evaluates the various initiatives aimed at restarting them on a sounder footing, focus-ing on the markets for securities not backed by governments or government-sponsored enterprises. The analysis attempts to discern how securitization can positively contribute to financial stability and sustainable economic growth. While most of the current proposals are unambiguously positive for securitiza-tion markets and financial stability, some proposals—such as those designed to improve the alignment of securitizer and investor interests and accounting changes that will result …
Synthesis and oxidation of Zr3Al3C5 powders

Predominantly single phase Zr 3 Al 3 C 5 powders were synthesized in an Ar atmosphere using Zr-Al intermetallics and graphite as starting materials. The reaction path of Zr 3 Al 3 C 5 synthesis was discussed based on differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction results. Lattice parameters of Zr 3 Al 3 C 5 determined using the Rietveld method are a = 3.347 A and c = 27.642 A. In addition, the oxidation of Zr 3 Al 3 C 5 powders was tested by using thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry. The starting and complete oxidation temperatures are 400 °C and 1200°C, respectively. These temperatures are much higher than those for ZrC, suggesting that Zr 3 Al 3 C 5 has better oxidation resistance than ZrC. On the other hand, the oxidation degree of Zr 3 Al 3 C 5 , defined for the complete carbide-oxide transformation, overshot 100% during oxidation. This overshooting is attributed to the formation of amorphous carbon. The phase evolution during the oxidation of Zr 3 Al 3 C 5 was also investigated.
End-to-End Concept Word Detection for Video Captioning, Retrieval, and Question Answering

We propose a high-level concept word detector that can be integrated with any video-to-language models. It takes a video as input and generates a list of concept words as useful semantic priors for language generation models. The proposed word detector has two important properties. First, it does not require any external knowledge sources for training. Second, the proposed word detector is trainable in an end-to-end manner jointly with any video-to-language models. To effectively exploit the detected words, we also develop a semantic attention mechanism that selectively focuses on the detected concept words and fuse them with the word encoding and decoding in the language model. In order to demonstrate that the proposed approach indeed improves the performance of multiple video-to-language tasks, we participate in all the four tasks of LSMDC 2016 . Our approach has won three of them, including fill-in-the-blank, multiple-choice test, and movie retrieval.