nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Should Buyers Try to Shape IT-Markets Through Non-Market (Collective) Action? - Antecedents of a Transaction Cost Theory of Network Effects

This paper develops a transaction cost theoretic model of network effects and applies it to assessing the chances of user groups to influence the range of technological choices available on the market. The theoretical basis of the model is formulated by a number of empirically refutable propositions which overcome some conceptual and empirical difficulties encountered by the traditional interpretation of network effects as (positive) network externalities. The main difference between our model and modelling network effects as network externalities is that network effects are seen as caused by the costs of purchasing/marketing new technology, i.e. transaction costs, rather than by the benefits of using new technology. A preliminary application of the model suggests that a user group’s ability to function as a conduit for information exchange and knowledge sharing can significantly improve the chances of replacing an established technology by a new, potentially superior one. This, however, would call for a rather different type of user group than exists today.
Hessling's Quantum Equivalence Principle and the Temperature of an Extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m Black Hole

The Hessling improvement of the Haag, Narnhofer and Stein principle is analysed in the case of a massless scalar field propagating outside of an extremal R-N black hole. It is found that this sort of ``Quantum (Einstein's) Equivalence Principle'' selects only the R-N vacuum as a physically sensible state, i.e., it selects the temperature $T=0$ only.
Making a world of difference recruitment of undergraduate students at USU

This paper describes two creative methods that are used to recruit undergraduate students at Utah State University. The first is "Engineering State", a four-day hands-on immersement in a wide array of engineering disciplines, and the second is a slide show called "Making a World of Difference-Women in Engineering" that was created by a woman engineering student to provide an uplifting, upbeat look at the difference a woman can make in the world if she becomes an engineer, and to encourage young women to take a second look at the opportunities engineering presents for them. The Engineering State program has been inplace since 1992 and has had clear, measurable benefits in the recruitment of students to USU engineering programs. One of the goals of Engineering State is to attract women and minorities to consider an engineering career. The engineering students who have seen the preliminary portions of the new slide show have excited comments, smiles on their faces, and a renewed positive outlook. It is hoped that this exposure will provide much-needed role models, success stories, and a new look at engineering as the people-oriented profession that it can be. This slide show is available free to interested faculty, and is downloadable in Power Point format from the Web.
Crustal melting in the Himalayan orogen : field, geochemical and geochronological studies in the Everest region, Nepal

A combination of field studies and geochemical techniques were used to investigate the timing and processes involved in leucogranite generation in the Everest region of the Himalayan orogen. Geochemical investigations focused on samples from three outcrops at different structural levels in the Himalayan metamorphic core where in situ crustal melting and multiple generations of leucogranite intrusions were observed. Accessory phase thermochronological and U-Pb geochronological studies were combined to determine the timing of anatexis in a migmatite at the structurally lowest outcrop. Quantitative measurement of REE and Y in monazites and xenotimes, that were later dissolved and dated by U-Pb IDTIMS, revealed monazite growth at temperatures appropriate for crustal melting (>650*C) between 25.4 and 24.8 Ma, suggesting that anatexis was ongoing at that time. Further constraints were placed on the timing of crustal melting, granite crystallization and cooling with a detailed U-Pb IDTIMS and 40Ar/39Ar study of leucogranite dikes, sills, and the metamorphic rocks they intrude. Backscattered electron imaging of accessory minerals provided important insights into the petrogenesis of monazite, xenotime and zircon, and guided efforts to isolate accessory phase growth domains. In two granitic sills, extensive accessory phase crystallization between ca. 26 and ca. 23 Ma was interpreted to be the result of episodic to semi-continuous melt generation and crystallization at least between those times. These melt products were later entrained in melts that crystallized as syntectonic sills at 21-22 Ma. Younger crosscutting dikes crystallized between 17.5 and 18.3 Ma. The range in accessory phase dates from these dikes and sills that represent magmatic crystallization ages spans from 26.2 to 17.5 Ma, providing evidence for melt generation in one region over roughly 9 million years. Neodymium isotopic signatures of the same monazite and xenotime grains dated by U-Pb IDTIMS were used to investigate melting processes and granite source-rock characteristics. The dominant control of monazite on the Nd isotopic composition of its host rock was clearly demonstrated. Some Nd isotopic heterogeneities recorded in monazite and in xenotime support a model for melt generation where accessory phases grow from locally derived sources in an isotopically heterogeneous melt.  Kip V. Hodges Title: Professor of Geology
Detrital Zircon Age Spectra of the Upper Cretaceous Atogura and Tochiya Formations in the Northern Kanto Mountains, SW Japan:Evidence of Across-arc Link to the Hida Belt

The overall configuration of the Cretaceous subduction-related arc-trench system in Japan is preserved in the current distribution of the relevant orogenic components; i.e., the coeval set of accretionary complexes formed at the trench (Sanbosan and North Shimanto belts), high-P/T meta-ACs along the Wadati–Benioff zone (Sanbagawa and Shimanto metamorphic belts), arc batholiths (Ryoke–Sanyo and San-in belts), and fore-arc basin strata (Ryoseki–Monobegawa and Izumi groups). To document the sediment distributary pattern within the Cretaceous arctrench system and the composition of relevant provenance, detrital zircon dating was conducted for the Upper Cretaceous sandstones (Atogura and Tochiya formations) from the northern Kanto Mountains. These strata occur immediately to the south of Median Tectonic Line of SW Japan, and as klippe with unknown origin. The results of U-Pb dating by LA-ICPMS show that three sandstones have common age spectra with four major age groups; i.e., 120–150 Ma (Early Cretaceous), 170–200 Ma (Jurassic), 250–300 Ma (Permian), and 1600–2200 Ma (Paleoproterozoic), with minor amounts of much older grains up to 2900 Ma (Archean). These age spectra are unique, when compared to other coeval Cretaceous fore-arc and/or intra-arc sandstones in Japan. The Early Cretaceous grains were obviously derived from a proximal source to the depositional site, probably the Cretaceous volcanic arc of the Ryoke–Sanyo belt in SW Japan. The dominant grains of the Jurassic and Permian ages were probably derived from coeval plutonic belts in the provenance, whereas the Paleoproterozoic grains were probably derived from continental blocks in East Asia with crusts of corresponding ages, such as the North and South China blocks. Except for the Cretaceous arc source, Jurassic and Permian granitoids are extremely rare in 地学雑誌 Journal of Geography(Chigaku Zasshi) 124(4)633–656 2015 doi:10.5026/jgeography.124.633 * 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科宇宙地球科学教室 ** 日本大学文理学部地球システム科学科 *** 京都大学理学部地質学鉱物学教室 * Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan ** Department of Geosystem Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan *** Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
Formation Mechanism and Effect on Petroleum Accumulation of the Weathering Crust, Top of Jurassic, in the Hinterland of Junggar Basin

Clay-layer of the weathering crust, top of Jurassic, in the hinterland of Junggar Basin, is characterized by enriched Al_ 2O_ 3, Fe_ 2O_ 3 and TiO_ 2. The weathering crust can be classified into two types according to maturity index (SiO_ 2/Al_ 2O_ 3). Type Ⅰ shows high maturity, with SiO_ 2/Al_ 2O_ 3 between 2.7~4.0, and type Ⅱ shows low maturity, with SiO_ 2/Al_ 2O_ 3 between 4.0~5.0. Difference of the maturity of weathering crust (MWC) is mainly caused by tectonic environment and geological time. In the ridge area of Che-Mo Paleohigh, MWC is low, as weathering crust developed progressively down into underlying strata during uplift of the Paleohigh in Late Jurassic. In the flank area of the paleohigh and the area unaffected by the paleohigh, MWC is high, as weathered crust developed in relatively stable environment and experienced longer time. MWC is low in the area of Dong 1 well, as weathered time is much shorter caused by the deposit of J_ 3q in Late Jurassic. Truncate-reservoirs can be formed in the ridge of the paleohigh as weathering crust developed upon sandbody of J_ 1s directly. In other area, weathering crust is an important seal for petroleum migration and accumulation.
Method and device for the computer-implemented evaluation of client business processes

Storage medium containing a computer program, and this kind of computer program with an appropriate program code for execution in an electronic customer business processes and systems, and computer systems for the computer implemented evaluation of the process executing the process according to the invention It provides. In order to check the business process-related data included in the business process (GP) to be input to the computer system, in a first checking step the data is static check based on character recognition, is hypotheses are created for the each of the check datum content the hypothesis is created in the second checking step is dynamically checked.
JavaMarker Extended: An Eclipse Plugin to Mark Java GUI Programs

Graphical user interfaces are an important part of today’s application, which requires academic staff to teach the principles and to ask students to deliver assignments on designing those interfaces. The considerable number of students in this filed makes the process of marking difficult and time consuming. Therefore the existence of an automated marking system seems inevitable. Graphical user interfaces however, for some reasons are difficult to be marked automatically. Amongst these difficult issues are the event driven nature of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), existence of several components in Java that do the same job and can be used interchangeably and the possibility of designing a program in a complete different ways. This paper elaborates these difficulties and introduces an Eclipse plugin, which is an extension to previously introduced system, designed to mark GUI programs. General Terms GUI Marking, GUI Grading, Automated Assessment, Computer Based Assessment, Java
Reterritorialization and Whispers From the Walls

According to Kellie Jones, reterritorialization involves ‘recapturing one’s (combined and various) history, much of which has been dismissed as an insignificant footnote to the dominant culture’. In this essay, I bring artist and photography scholar Deborah Willis’s use of Jones’s concept of reterritorialization to bear on Whispers from the Walls, an installation that Whitfield Lovell created at the University of North Texas Art Gallery in 1999. Chiefly, I explore what kinds and whose histories Whispers from the Walls engaged. In particular, I emphasize contributions that the photographs Lovell studied to create the installation and the objects he included therein made to recovering histories.
Aircraft engines: a proud heritage and an exciting future

The 150 th anniversary of the Royal Aeronautical Society has seen Rolls-Royce become a global player in aerospace and a champion of British industry. Its products vary from the nimble RR300, powering two-seater helicopters, all the way to the 97,000-pound thrust Trent XWB, powering future variants of the Airbus A350, and the MT30, which provides the propulsion for the Royal Navy's new Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers. It has built this range of products derived from the vision and innovation of its talented engineers, spurred on by the guiding principles provided by Henry Royce. This has seen it through times of war, hardship, bankruptcy and fierce competition to emerge as the leading manufacturer of aircraft engines and a provider of power across land and sea. Alongside its products, it has developed pioneering services to support its customers, analysing real-time data to improve the reliability and efficiency of its engines. In keeping with its tradition of innovation, the company is continuing to develop new products and services for the next generation of power systems for land, sea and air.
P Systems and Topology: Some Suggestions for Research

Lately, some studies linked the computational power of abstract computing systems based on multiset rewriting to Petri nets and the computation power of these nets to their topology. In turn, the computational power of these abstract computing devices can be understood just looking at their topology, that is, information flow. This line of research is very promising for several aspects: (i) its results are valid for a broad range of systems based on multiset rewriting; (ii) it allows to know the computational power of abstract computing devices without tedious proofs; (iii) it links computational power to topology and, in this way, it opens a broad range of questions. In this paper we summarise the known results on this topic and we list a few suggestions for research together with the relevance of possible outcomes.
Effect of Thermal Cycling on the Ferroelectric Characteristics of Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene Copolymer Thin Films

Thin films of polyvinylidene (PVDF) and its copolymers containing 50 to 30 mole % of trifluoroethylene (TrFE) demonstrate rapid reversal of polarization under applied electric field, and can be used as ferroelectric materials in non-volatile memory devices. In this study, Fourier-transform infrared transmission (FTIR-TS) and grazing incident reflection absorption (FTIR-GIRAS) spectroscopy techniques were used to examine the changes in Curie transition temperature (Tc), chain and dipole orientation in selected VDF copolymer spun-cast films as a subjected to a reversible thermal-cycling treatment. A reversible solid-to-solid β-crystalline phase transition with thermal hysteresis and a favorable C-F dipole orientation along the electric field direction were observed for the sample subjected to thermal-cycling below its melting point (Tm). An irreversible β-crystalline phase transition with unfavorable C-F dipole orientation was observed for the sample treated to heating-cooling cycle above Tm. The results are reported in detail here.
Deciphering the petrogenesis of deeply buried granites: whole-rock geochemical constraints on the origin of largely undepleted felsic granulites from the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif

The prominent felsic granulites in the southern part of the Bohemian Massif (Gföhl Unit, Moldanubian Zone), with the Variscan (w340 Ma) high-pressure and high-temperature assemblage garnet+quartz+hypersolvus feldspar kyanite, correspond geochemically to slightly peraluminous, fractionated granitic rocks. Compared to the average upper crust and most granites, the U, Th and Cs concentrations are strongly depleted, probably because of the fluid and/or slight melt loss during the high-grade metamorphism (900–1050(C, 1·5–2·0 GPa). However, the rest of the trace-element contents and variation trends, such as decreasing Sr, Ba, Eu, LREE and Zr with increasing SiO2 and Rb, can be explained by fractional crystallisation of a granitic magma. Low Zr and LREE contents yield w750(C zircon and monazite saturation temperatures and suggest relatively low-temperature crystallisation. The granulites contain radiogenic Sr (Sr/Sr340= 0·7106–0·7706) and unradiogenic Nd ( 340 Nd = 4·2 to 7·5), indicating derivation from an old crustal source. The whole-rock Rb–Sr isotopic system preserves the memory of an earlier, probably Ordovician, isotopic equilibrium. Contrary to previous studies, the bulk of felsic Moldanubian granulites do not appear to represent separated, syn-metamorphic Variscan HP–HT melts. Instead, they are interpreted as metamorphosed (partly anatectic) equivalents of older, probably high-level granites subducted to continental roots during the Variscan collision. Protolith formation may have occurred within an Early Palaeozoic rift setting, which is documented throughout the Variscan Zone in Europe.
Banks’ disclosure of information and financial stability regulations

This study proposes a model that analyzes the interaction between a bank and its creditors. The bank uses short-term wholesale funding and the creditors decide whether to roll over their loan using information about the bank. The model shows that, when the creditors become more reluctant to roll over their loans since the bank heavily depends on such a debt, the bank does not issue the short-term debt excessively and its privately optimal amount of the debt in this situation corresponds to the socially desirable one. This implies that a regulation requiring banks to disclose information about their capital structures can by itself contribute to stabilizing the financial system. However, the model also shows that to ensure the result, we need an additional regulation that bridges the information gap between banks and creditors.
Structure and electrochemical properties for complexes of nitrocompounds with inorganic ions: A theoretical approach

Reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions are widely used for removal of nitrocompounds from contaminated soil and water. Structures and redox properties for complexes of nitrocompounds, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), with common inorganic ions (Na(+) , Cl(-) , NO3-) were investigated at the SMD(Pauling)/PCM(Pauling)/MPWB1K/TZVP level of theory. Atoms in molecules (AIM) theory was applied to analyze the topological properties of the bond critical points involved in the interactions between the nitrocompounds and the ions. Topological analyses show that intermolecular interactions of the types O(N)…Na(+) , C-H…Cl(-) ( ONO2-), and C…Cl(-) ( ONO2-) may be discussed as noncovalent closed-shell interactions, while N-H···Cl(-) ( ONO2-) hydrogen bonds are partially covalent in nature. Complexation causes significant decrease of redox activity of the nitrocompounds. Analysis of the reduction potentials of the complexes obtained through application of the Pourbaix diagram of an iron/water system revealed that sodium complexes of NTO might be reduced by metallic iron.
수출입기업의 관세업무 리스크관리 사례연구

The objective of this paper is to construct the risk management system and to propose management plan related to operational risk generated in the customs business of Korean firms. To analysis actual conditions, 3 cases of trade firms' customs audit, which are located in Korea, have been applied. It can be concluded that the use of risk control can reduce the cost of risk management and thus can be an effective risk management method in the customs business of trade firms. The results propose that the construction of customs risk management system and 5 plans of regal risk management.
Formally Verified Cryptographic Web Applications in WebAssembly

After suffering decades of high-profile attacks, the need for formal verification of security-critical software has never been clearer. Verification-oriented programming languages like F* are now being used to build high-assurance cryptographic libraries and implementations of standard protocols like TLS. In this paper, we seek to apply these verification techniques to modern Web applications, like WhatsApp, that embed sophisticated custom cryptographic components. The problem is that these components are often implemented in JavaScript, a language that is both hostile to cryptographic code and hard to reason about. So we instead target WebAssembly, a new instruction set that is supported by all major JavaScript runtimes.We present a new toolchain that compiles Low*, a low-level subset of the F* programming language, into WebAssembly. Unlike other WebAssembly compilers like Emscripten, our compilation pipeline is focused on compactness and auditability: we formalize the full translation rules in the paper and implement it in a few thousand lines of OCaml. Using this toolchain, we present two case studies. First, we build WHACL*, a WebAssembly version of the existing, verified HACL* cryptographic library. Then, we present LibSignal*, a brand new, verified implementation of the Signal protocol in WebAssembly, that can be readily used by messaging applications like WhatsApp, Skype, and Signal.
Merging institutionalism and the Evolution theory

The article analyses the main postulates of the evolution – institutional theory, that has emerged in 1980s as a unity of the third stage of the development of the "old" institutionalism and the evolution economic theory. The main achievements of three representatives of this trend are presented: Jeffrey Hodgson, England, Ernesto Screpanti, Italy, and Lars Magnusson, Sweden. Despite the difficulties, encountered by the evolution-institutional approach, it is not considered a perspective economic tendency. It might be applied for detailed analyses of the problems resulting from the global economic crisis and the transformation processes in Europe.
Occurrence of oceanic plagiogranites in the older tectonic zone, Southwest Japan

Rb and Sr concentrations and Sr isotopic compositions were determined for the Dai granitic rocks of trondhjemitic composition occurring in a serpentinite mass in the Nagato tectonic zone formed in the Late Paleozoic era, and for the granitic rocks of quartz dioritic composition recently dredged from the seamount of the Kyushu-Palao Ridge. Both granitic rocks are characterized by low abundances of K and Rb, low K 2 O/Na 2 O ratios, high K/Rb ratios, low Rb/Sr ratios and low initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios. These characteristics suggest that strong similarities may exist between the Dai granitic rocks and the dredged granitic rocks, and that the Dai granitic rocks may be classified as oceanic plagiogranite. These oceanic plagiogranites may plausibly represent single-stage mantle-derived granites, possibly from the suboceanic mantle.
A New Institutional Economics Perspective on the Relationship Among Societal Values, Governance Structure and Access to Rural Health Care Services

According to New Institutional Economics, transactional activities, governance structures, institutions and beliefs and values are related hierarchally. Williamson (2000) formalizes this framework to show that each governing level must be aligned with the adjacent level for transaction costs to be minimized. This framework is applied to the question of balancing costs and access in health care. Transaction costs in providing health care services can be minimized if all hierarchal functions are aligned. Examining the highest level associated with beliefs and values reveals that the beliefs of people might not be fully consistent with the institutions and governance structures expected or advocated in the area of health care, particularly in the context of rural health care services.