nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aging of solar selective Cr-SiO absorbers

Ageing of Solar Selective Cr-SiO-AbsorbersM. Djahanbakhsh, J. Eldring, B. Kiuge, L. K. ThomasInstitut fur Metallische Werkstoffe-Metallphysik-,Technische UniversitatBerlin,Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, FRGABSTRACTThin films of Cr-SiO-cermets produced by evaporation on metal substrates show spectral selectivity. This propertydepends not only on the substrate material, the average composition and the thickness of the film but also on theconditions ofthe preparation. In particular the temperature ofthe substrate dunng preparation has a strong influence onthe change of selectivity during ageing. Ageing processes have been investigated in the temperature range 400 to 800°Cin Aratmosphere for time periods up to 42 days by means of optical measurements, Xray analysis and other properties.The main effect is the decrease ofthe thickness of the film and a change of the structure. By dissociation of the SiO intoSi and °2 all chromium-suicides have been observed which are known from the binary CrSi-constitution diagram withthe exception of CrSi. Some formation of Cr203 was observed not because of the development of oxygen by the reduc-tion of $102 but by residual oxygen in the Ar-atmosphere.I . INTRODUCTIONSelective absorber coatings change their properties because they are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Usually onetries to use components with high melting points and stable oxides so that changes of properties remain small duringageing even at higher temperatures which are necessary to provide heat for industrial processes. In earlier investigationswe tested the optical properties of thin films of Cr-SiO-cermets on metal substrates12. But there is missing a betterunderstanding of the long-time behaviour and the ageing process of these coatings in the temperature range of theintended industrial use.In this paper we were interested in the ageing of these Cr-SiO-cermets and in some parameters which influence theirproperties. We did not consider reflectivity only but included also the geometry of the films, the hardness and particularlythe structure. For the ageing expenments the samples were kept in Ar-atmosphere in the temperature range 400 to800°C for periods up to 1000 h (42 days).
The Day School as an Educational Community: Involving Jewish Families

In 1955, Rabbi William S. Malev had the vision to establish a Conservative Jewish Day School at Congregation Beth Yeshurun in Houston. In 1956 I became a member of the second entering class, along with children from 12 other gutsy, visionary families. I can only imagine the discussions and decision-making process of our parents. At that time, the notion of a “conservative” day school (or any non-orthodox day school) was an untested model—not only for the frontiers of Texas, but anywhere else in America. Who had ever though of a “conservative” day school? What would be the curriculum? Would this fledgling “school,” comprised of two tiny classes, be able to provide excellent general (and Judaic) education? [This was critical to these highly educated, motivated, achieving parents.] What would be the implications for socialization for this little class? It is clear to me that anyone who would “subject” his/her child to this experiment had to be a great risk-taker, and a pioneering visionary with great commitm...
Integrating actions and state constraints: A closed-form solution to the ramification problem (sometimes)

Our general concern is with how to integrate a representation of action into an existing set of state constraints. As has been observed in the literature, state constraints implicitly define indirect effects of actions as well as indirectly imposing further preconditions on the performance of actions. Thus, any representation scheme we propose must address the ramification and qualification problems, as well as the frame problem. In this paper we achieve such a representation for a syntactically restricted class of situation calculus theories. This paper presents two major technical contributions. The first contribution is provision of an axiomatic closed-form solution to the frame, ramification and qualification problems for a common class of ramification constraints. The solution is presented in the form of an automatable procedure that compiles a syntactically restricted set of situation calculus ramification constraints and effect axioms into a set of successor state axioms. The second major contribution of this paper is provision of an independent semantic justification for this closed-form solution. In particular, we present a semantic specification for a solution to the frame and ramification problems in terms of a prioritized minimization policy, and show that the successor state axioms of our closed-form solution adhere to this specification. Observing that our minimization policy is simply an instance of prioritized circumscription, we exploit results of Lifschitz on computing circumscription [6] to show that computing the prioritized circumscription yields our successor state axioms. In the special case where there are no ramification constraints, computing the circumscription yields Reiter’s earlier successor state axiom solution to the frame problem .
Sequence-dependent pKa shift induced by molecular self-assembly: insights from computer simulation.

The control of catalytic activity using molecular self-assembly is of fundamental interest. Recent experiments (Muller et al.,   2009, 48, 922-925) have demonstrated that two sequence isomers of β-peptides show remarkably different activity as an amine catalyst for a retro-aldol cleavage reaction, a difference attributed to the ability of one of the sequences to form large aggregates. The self-assembly and catalytic activity of these two isomers are investigated using constant pH molecular dynamics (CPHMD), for an atomistic model of β-peptides in implicit solvent. Simulations show that the globally amphiphilic (GA) isomer, which experimentally has high activity, forms large aggregates, while the non-GA isomer forms aggregates that are at most three or four molecules in size. The pK(a) shift of the βK-residues is significantly higher in the GA isomers that make a large aggregate. Since the decrease in pK(a) of the side-chain ammonium group is the main driving force for amine catalysis, the calculations are consistent with experiment. We find that the buried βK residues become entirely deprotonated, and the pK(a) shift for other titratable βK residues is accompanied mainly by a clustering of solvent exposed βK residues. We conclude that simulations can be used to understand catalytic activity due to self-assembly.
The Economic Returns of Immigrants' Bonding and Bridging Social Capital: The Case of the Netherlands

This paper aims at explaining to what extent social capital can help immigrants in the Netherlands make headway on the labor market. Two forms of social capital are identified. Bonding refers to a dense network with thick trust and is measured as the strength of family ties and trust in the family. Bridging implies a crosscutting network with thin trust and is measured as inter-ethnic contacts and outward orientation. It is examined to what extent bonding and bridging for immigrants in the Netherlands can be associated with a higher likelihood of employment and higher income. Results show that (1) bridging networks are positively associated with both employment and income; (2) bonding networks do not affect economic outcomes; and (3) levels of trust (neither thick nor thin) cannot explain economic outcomes.
DEPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARLY AND MIDDLE JURASSIC ON THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE QAIDAM BASIN AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

On the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin(NQB),a Jurassic fossil-rich clastic sequence is well developed.From bottom to top it composed of the Formations of Xiaomeigou,Dameigou,Caishiling and Hongshuigou.The Lower Jurassic includes the Xiaomeigou FM and the Lower Dameigou FM and the Middle Jurassic consists of the Upper and middle of Dameigou FM.During the Early-middle Jurassic,NQB was suffered from intensive and complicated tectonic movement.As the result,there formed many small fault basins,filled by the deposits of shallow lakes,river-flood plains,lake-fan deltas and braid deltas in Early Jurassic,and the deposits of lake alluvial plain,shallow-deep lake in the Middle Jurassic,as the environment changed into a reducing deep water.The Lower Jurassic consists of conglomerate,fine sandstone,siltstone,carbonaceous mudstone and shale,characterized by changing thickness;The Middle Jurassic mainly consists of fine-grained clastic deposits and thick black shale.Thick lacustrine mudstone occurs in the Lower Jurassic and a coal-bearing sequence in the Middle Jurassic in the NQB.Source rocks are rich in organic matters of typeⅡand III.The clastic deposits with high porosity could be a high quality reservoir,with mudstone and shale acting as seal rocks.The combination of source rocks,reservoirs and seals has provided excellent geological conditions for the accumulation of small scale hydrocarbon deposits,in particular gas deposits,in the Jurassic of the region.
A New Approach for an Interdisciplinary Senior Elective for Electrical Engineering and Electrical Engineering Technology Majors in Electric Vehicle Applications

In this paper, we describe a new approach to introducing electrical engineering students to a new area in electrical engineering and electrical engineering technology education. In this project which was funded by the Department of Education, we have utilized ‘only-as-needed’ and ‘just-in-time’ philosophies in the course design. The course is taught by the two sponsoring departments. The paper details the topics, the laboratory experiments, the laboratory facilities, and computer activities that are included in the course. It also describes how a comprehensive design project is used to promote integration of knowledge in diverse topics such as batteries and energies, DSP and fuzzy controllers, power electronics, solid-state high-power devices, and data acquisition. The paper also describes the role that industry plays in the development, its assessment of the course, and means of dissemination.
Using Crowdsourcing for Scientific Analysis of Industrial Tomographic Images

In this article, we present a novel application domain for human computation, specifically for crowdsourcing, which can help in understanding particle-tracking problems. Through an interdisciplinary inquiry, we built a crowdsourcing system designed to detect tracer particles in industrial tomographic images, and applied it to the problem of bulk solid flow in silos. As images from silo-sensing systems cannot be adequately analyzed using the currently available computational methods, human intelligence is required. However, limited availability of experts, as well as their high cost, motivates employing additional nonexperts. We report on the results of a study that assesses the task completion time and accuracy of employing nonexpert workers to process large datasets of images in order to generate data for bulk flow research. We prove the feasibility of this approach by comparing results from a user study with data generated from a computational algorithm. The study shows that the crowd is more scalable and more economical than an automatic solution. The system can help analyze and understand the physics of flow phenomena to better inform the future design of silos, and is generalized enough to be applicable to other domains.
Curating Performance: Artist as Curator, Curation as Act

“Curating Performance” presents short works on the role of the curator in the performing arts—introducing short writings by Jacob Wren, Deborah Pearson, Emelie Chhangur, David Bateman, Pam Patterson, Natalie Doonan, Helen Simard, and Sky Fairchild-Waller and Cara Spooner—for a special News and Reviews edition on the International Community of Performing Arts Curators’s 2014 Montreal symposium.
Characteristics of User Redesign Process: A Study of Changes Made by Users in Architect-Designed Housing

Housing is dynamic. It changes with time. A sample of 60 houses in the Shagari Low Cost housing scheme in Kaura Namoda was studied in order to find out the characteristics of changes made by the users. Physical observations and questionnaires were used as the major instruments of data collection. The results show that 91% of occupants have made various changes to the original designs without the help of professional designers, and some of the changes have completely transformed the outlook of the houses in locational planning, materials and form. This implies that a post architectural design phase exists, suggesting that the design process can be divided into two phases; the initial design by the architect and the subsequent redesign by the user. The paper presents preliminary findings on the general characteristics of user redesign and concludes that a clear process can be established. The architectural design process can, therefore, be expanded to include the user redesign process in order to reflect the entire lifespan of the building.
Entity Resolution with Markov Logic

Entity resolution is the problem of determining which records in a database refer to the same entities, and is a crucial and expensive step in the data mining process. Interest in it has grown rapidly, and many approaches have been proposed. However, they tend to address only isolated aspects of the problem, and are often ad hoc. This paper proposes a well-founded, integrated solution to the entity resolution problem based on Markov logic. Markov logic combines first-order logic and probabilistic graphical models by attaching weights to first-order formulas, and viewing them as templates for features of Markov networks. We show how a number of previous approaches can be formulated and seamlessly combined in Markov logic, and how the resulting learning and inference problems can be solved efficiently. Experiments on two citation databases show the utility of this approach, and evaluate the contribution of the different components.
Jaspers, Karl (1883–1969)

Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) was an existentialist philosopher, deeply influenced by Kant, Kierkegaard, and Max Weber, whose philosophy formed a subjectivist counterpart, within the existentialist movement, to the fundamental ontology of Martin Heidegger. His works exercised great influence in a number of theoretical fields in Germany in the middle years of the twentieth century. He began his career as a psychiatrist, and published enduringly influential works in this field: notably his General Psychopathology (1913). The major philosophical publication of his philosophical career was the three-volume work Philosophy (1932), which attempted to fuse Kantian and Hegelian ideas to provide an account of the experiential formation of human consciousness. In this work, he analyzed consciousness as proceeding from the level of immediate knowledge and progressing through a sequence of antinomies toward a level of truthfully unified reflection and self-knowledge. Also of philosophical importance are Jaspers's interventions in religious debate. The central idea in Jaspers's philosophy of religion is the concept of philosophical faith, in which he promoted a critical-recuperative attitude toward religious inquiry and attempted to convert elements of religious doctrine into a (secularist) account of human possibilities and freedoms. The ambition behind his work on religion and myth was to liberate transcendent knowledge from theology, and to permit an interpretive transformation of religiously conceived essences into aspects of human self-interpretation. 
 
 
 
 
existentialism; 
philosophy; 
religion
In the Shadow of Schumpeter: W. Rupert Maclaurin and the Study of Technological Innovation

Schumpeter is a key figure, even a seminal one, on technological innovation. Most economists who study technological innovation refer to Schumpeter and his pioneering role in introducing innovation into economic studies. However, despite having brought forth the concept of innovation in economic theory, Schumpeter provided few if any analyses of the process of innovation itself. This paper suggests that the origin of systematic studies on technological innovation owes its existence to the economist W. Rupert Maclaurin from MIT. In the 1940s and 1950s, Maclaurin developed Schumpeter’s ideas, analyzing technological innovation as a process composed of several stages or steps, and proposed a theory of technological innovation, later called the linear model of innovation. The paper also argues that Maclaurin constructed one of the first taxonomies for measuring technological innovation.
OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF IRON ENRICHED OIL –IN-WATER EMULSIONS

In  the present work  the oxidative stability of sunflower oil-in-water emulsions has been researched on. Proteins can prevent or promote lipid oxidation by various mechanisms depending on their physicochemical characteristics. Sodium caseinate (NaCas) can prevent lipid oxidation, essentially by chelating metals ions, but other mechanisms such as free-radical scavenging may also be involved.  Conjugated dienes (CD) were evaluated (primary products of lipid oxidation), and the volatile compounds: pentane, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2-(E)-octenal were selected as markers of secondary products of lipid oxidation (GC/SPME).  The affinity of milk proteins to bind free iron ion is the first factor that controls the transfer to oil/water interface.  All the soluble iron that could be present in the emulsions was likely bound by caseins At pH = 6.5, the oxidative stability of   NaCas-stabilized emulsions greatly depends on metal availability. The chelating properties of NaCas and electrostatic interactions favored positioning of the metal ions at the interface, a key place to initiate the oxidation reactions. A change in pH   modifies the complex formation between metallic ions and proteins: hydrogen ions compete with metallic ions to bind the protein. At low pH, the anionic groups of aminoacyl residues tend to become protonated. As a consequence, their affinity for cations decreases, and therefore reduces their complexation with the protein.The presence of ferrous ion influences the oxidation rate. The ability of the complex to retain iron ion and to avoid “free” ferrous ion is very important factor to be controlled.
Geochronology and geochemical characteristics of Late Triassic porphyritic rocks from the Zhongdian arc, eastern Tibet, and their tectonic and metallogenic implications

Ore-bearing porphyritic rocks are widely distributed in the Zhongdian arc in the southern part of the Yidun arc, eastern Tibet. New U–Pb zircon dates, and previous results, show that the porphyritic rocks formed mainly between 221 and 211 Ma, with a peak at 217–215 Ma. These Late Triassic porphyritic rocks and associated volcanic rocks are primarily calc-alkaline igneous rocks, some of which have geochemical affinities with adakite, such as high SiO 2 (≥ 56 wt.%), Al 2 O 3 (≥ 14 wt.%), and Sr, and low Y and heavy rare earth element contents. However, moderate Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios of these rocks compared with typical adakites characterize them as being transitional between adakites and normal arc rocks. Those rocks that do not have adakitic affinities are typical normal arc volcanic rocks. The porphyritic and associated volcanic rocks occur in the eastern and western parts of the Zhongdian arc, and both have the same geochemical characteristics and ages. The new dates, geochemical data, and Sr–Nd isotopic ratios, combined with previous data on the Zhongdian arc (particularly the Xiaxiaoliu basalt that has enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt characteristics), suggest that these rocks are probably related to slab break-off or slab-tearing of the westward subducting Garze–Litang oceanic crust in the Late Triassic. The enriched mantle wedge metasomatized by subducted fluids and sediments was heated by ascending asthenosphere and underwent partial melting. These magmas then probably interacted with underplated mafic material and experienced a melting–assimilation–storage–homogenization process (MASH) in the lower crust and/or with slab-derived melts, resulting in formation of the porphyritic rocks and associated porphyry deposits in the Late Triassic Zhongdian arc.
Importance of Quality for Construction Project Success

Construction projects are always expected to create a balance between cost, time and quality. It is possible to have high quality and low cost, but at the expense of time, and conversely to have high quality and a fast project, but at a cost. High quality is not always the primary objective for the client; however, it is extremely important to a successful project. An appropriate level of quality could be determined during all phases of the construction project. Specially, construction and commissioning are two critical phases where the project could impact by its operability, availability, reliability, and maintainability of a facility. Ultimately, a facility with a good construction quality program and minimal defects is more likely to have a smooth and trouble free transition into the commissioning and qualification phase of the project. This creates a great potential for quality improvements in construction projects, as the poor quality could negatively effect to project failures. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the importance of quality for construction project success. Accordingly, quality and related key literature were reviewed and a framework of quality for construction project success was developed.
발해의 영역에서 본 고구려 계승성

Palhae was the kingdom stood for the first time in 30 years after Koguryo goes to ruin. Today, The territory of Palhae was the southern Manchuria of China and the southern Maritime Province of Russia, the north Korea. The territory of Palhae inherited the one of Koguryo as it increased 1.5 times or 2 double. The territory can be referred to as having spread in a northeast area including the Maritime Province. On the other hand, the contents about the human-ethnical succession relation which carries out whether the people from Palhae was the posterity of Koguryo can be considered by move situation and fixing grade of the residents who resided in the Koguryo domain. It must take into consideration the fact which the residents of Koguryo after the Koguryo downfall moved in large numbers in the inland of Tang by compulsion. However quite many numbers in these were the influence which came back from the Palhae founding of the country process to the hometown again, the population which remained in the inland of Tang there was a few. Moreover, the populations who is Koguryo and Palhae was main industry it was farming, the way of a life of the residents to whom a political system like the Juhyun(zhouzian: 州縣) system also mainly carries out fixing too is reflected. Such various situations are the spatial and human of Kokuryo and Palhae, it can be said that it was carrying out proof of the succession relation strongly.
Culture as rhetoric: patterning in the verbal interpretation of interaction between teachers and administrators in an American high school

Six “texts” produced by the staff of an American high school are analyzed and shown to possess a common rhetorical structure that is independently constituted and that may determine what is being said. It is argued that this rhetoric of everyday talk signifies a set of social positions that are projected onto social reality without always representing it. It is suggested that in this rhetoric may lie the concrete impulse in the phenomenological world that has led anthropologists to talk of culture.