nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[A new geographical approach to migration data: fields, relationships, and relational spaces].

The impact of migration on groups with strong ethnic or regional identities is assessed. The development of group-related activities in areas such as individual or family businesses, leisure, and retirement is explored. Consideration is given to relationships between migrant groups and the towns to which they have moved, as well as the impact of emigration on the places they have left. The primary geographical emphasis of the article is on Europe. (summary in ENG)
REVERSIBLE INTERCALATI0N OF GRAPHITE BY FLUORINE AND RELATED SYNTHETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES

The pentafluorogermanate salts of a variety of cations (CI02+, NO+, SF3+' N02+, and XeF 5+) were synthesized and characterized by x-ray crystallographic and vibrational methods. The pentafluorogermanate ion was found to exist in one monomeric and at least three polymeric modifications in its salts. Lattice energy calculations and vapor pressure/temperature measurements established the following gas phase fluoride ion affinities: GeF 4 , 100(6); BF3 , 92(6); AsF 5 , 115(7); XeF 5+, 202(7); ClF2+, 223(7); SF 3+, 211(7); IF6+' 211(7) kcal mole-I. The electron affinities of the third row transition metal hexafluorides were likewise re-evaluated. + +The new graphite bifluorides, C12 HF2 and C18 HF2 were prepared; their crystal structures establish that they are correctly formulated as graphite salts. Fluorination of graphite in the presence of HF produced these salts and the first-stage hydrofluorides C~l-a(HF)a (5 > x > 2, x/a ~ 12), which were studied by XPS, n.m.r., vibrational spectroscopy, and crystallographic methods. In these compounds, fluorine forms weak,
Conceptualizing the Role of Collaborative E-Commerce in Geographically Defined Business Clusters

This paper focuses on the intersection of two important trends: 1) the growth of Internet based business-to-business electronic marketplaces that have proliferated in many different industries, largely built on hopes for large scale efficiencies in the area of transaction costs, and 2) the renewed interest on geographically defined business clusters in studies of economic growth and innovation. Juxtaposing these two topics, the basic argument is that a primary weakness of most B2B hubs is the dominance of efficiency-related services and the relative lack of social/relationship building services that are so important to the formation of stable business trading relationships. Conversely, evidence from successful geographically defined business clusters suggests that location and proximity facilitate the formation of social capital and interfirm relationships in many ways that do not require inter-organizational information systems. Thus, inter-organizational systems (like B2B hubs) are likely to be underused in geographically defined clusters. We conclude that successful collaborative e-commerce in geographical business clusters must recognize and complement the rich communications and pre-existing relationships that have served to enhance trust and cooperative behavior, rather than attempt be a substitute for such communication and relationships.
Summary from 7th European software process workshop (EWSPT'7), Kaprun near Salzburg, 21-25 Feb. 2000

This workshop series has, for most of the time, been supported by the PROMOTER/PROMOTER2 ESPRIT Basic Research Working Groups, coordinated by the University of Nancy. The year 2000 workshop was a combined workshop with the European PIE project. PIE stands for Process Instance Evolution and constitutes an ESPRIT IV Framework Long Term Research project number 34840 (not to be confused with the ESSI Process Improvement Experiments, PIEs). The aim of the PIE project is to study, to investigate, and ultimately to demonstrate what kind of services are needed to support change and evolution in human organizational processes.
Utopia and the ideal society. A study of English Utopian writing 1516–1700

Preface Introduction 1. Utopia and the ideal society: in search of a definition 2. The re-emergence of utopia: Sir Thomas More 3. The re-emergence of utopia: the European experience 1521-1619 4. Robert Burton and the anatomy of utopia 5. Sir Francis Bacon and the ideal society 6. Samuel Gott's New Jerusalem 7. Gerrard Winstanley and the Restoration of True Magistracy 8. James Harrington's Oceana 9. The Harringtonians 10. Royalism and utopia 11. The full-employment utopia of seventeenth-century England Conclusion Bibliographies Index.
Employers dependency on foreign workers in Malaysia food service industry: A preliminary study

As a rapid developing country, many Malaysian citizens are currently living in the fast paced of life. This way of life has developed a trend of eating out in various restaurants and food stalls due to lack of time for food preparations. This trend has contributed to the booming of the food serving industry businesses and has created mass vacancies for employment. However, these employment vacancies are occupied by foreign workers. This paper is intends to (1) examine the relationship between contributing factors with employers dependency towards foreign workers and lastly (2) analyze the effects of contributing factors towards employers dependency on foreign workers. There are four variables used in this research namely government laws and regulations, attitudes of workers, availability of local workers and wages and incentive. Here, this study is applying correlation and regression to analyze the data. The findings show that all variables are associated with employers' dependency towards foreign workers. Lack of law and regulation enforcement is the most significant predictor that influences employers' dependencies towards foreign workers.
Geochronology of a Late Archaean flood basalt province in the Pilbara Craton, Australia: constraints on basin evolution, volcanic and sedimentary accumulation, and continental drift rates

Eleven high precision (±2–5 million years) SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages have been obtained from felsic rocks within a single stratigraphic section of late Archaean volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the east Pilbara of Western Australia. The stratigraphic succession (Nullagine and Mount Jope Supersequences in sequence-stratigraphic terminology, Fortescue Group in lithostratigraphic terminology) is interpreted to be the rock record of three major geotectonic cycles that formed in an extensional, rift-related environment between about 2772 and 2715 Ma. The geochronology is constrained by a detailed stratigraphic framework based on unconformities and supported by a preliminary magnetostratigraphy. Field mapping, geochemical and petrographic studies have shown that previously unrecognised thin felsic tuff bands are interbedded in subaerial flood basalt piles and mafic tuffs. While flood basalts and proximal felsic volcanic rocks comprise by volume most of the volcanogenic components of the succession, felsic volcanism is now known to have been active periodically through each geotectonic cycle. The succession covers a time period of about 57 million years. The lower ∼1400 m of a thick (∼1700 m) clastic sedimentary succession from the oldest geotectonic cycle was deposited at a rate of about 100 m per million years over a mean time period of 14 million years. In contrast, a younger ∼150 m thick cogenetic tuff-basalt unit accumulated in less than 3 million years, and others probably accumulated at similar rates, comparable to those of Phanerozoic flood basalts. Unconformities in the succession are shown to be of variable duration and one unconformity marking the boundary between the first and second geotectonic cycles may represent a time-gap of more than 10 million years. The unconformity-based stratigraphic framework, the new geochronology and palaeomagnetic studies  have been combined to determine a possible late Archaean continental drift rate for one part of the succession, implying a period of motion as fast as or up to five times faster than any known from the Phanerozoic.
From Kinetics of OH Reaction with Glutamic Acid to Oxidative Damage to Proteins.

Hydroxyl (OH) is a radical that is distributed all over the universe including the human body, where it can be readily produced, results in oxidative damage to cellular components, and leads to several health implications. While the reaction of OH with proteins is usually addressed as the gas-phase reaction of free amino acids with OH in theoretical studies, this study questions the efficiency of such calculations by focusing on the reaction of glutamic acid (Glu) with OH. According to the results, the reaction profile alters significantly by shifting from gas-phase calculations to solvent-phase due to the zwitterionic nature of this amino acid. So that the barrier height of the N-terminal reaction path and the relative energies of the species vary considerably. Furthermore, the interconnection of all collisional energy transfer events and chemical changes through solving the reaction's master equation and inclusion of the effect of tunneling suggests that the major product changes from vdw1-N to R-CA, R-CB, and R-CG by considering the effect of solvent on the gas-phase reaction. Despite these changes, the rate constants of both gas- and solvent-phase reactions (1.23 × 1010 and 7.32 × 109 L mol-1 s-1, respectively, at 310 K and 1 atm) demonstrate positive temperature dependency. With respect to the rate coefficients reported in the literature, Glu, Ser, and Met are the most vulnerable amino acids to oxidative attack by OH among the Ser, Cys, Asn, β-Ala, Ala, Gly, Met, and Glu amino acids.
Government Sponsored Enterprises and Resource Allocation: With Some Implications for Urban Economies

About half of the money that finances housing in the U.S comes from three government-related "Agencies:" two government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs): Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and a government owned enterprise, Ginnie Mae, that buy mortgages and securitize them and sell the securities or debt backed by mortgages (or mortgage-backed securities) in the bond markets. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and their role in the mortgage market and effects on resource allocation and urban economies. A central point of the paper is that the problem is essentially a "second best" one because of the presence of multiple guarantees and subsidies in the mortgage market. The two agencies may well lead to too much housing but they may also be the most efficient (relatively to banks, which also have guarantees and subsidies) way of funding mortgages.
The Relation Between Man and World

Human identity has traditionally been defined by way of juxtaposing man and world in a static and substantialist manner. This approach implies a false idealism in terms of ontology and creates a misleading sense of exclusivism in terms of anthropology. The relation between man and world can only be properly understood on the basis of transcendental realism, a position that acknowledges the interdependence of self-experience and world-experience in the sense of Realdialektik. Anthropology and ontology are indeed two sides of the same coin. Referring to discourses of phenomenology and transcendental philosophy, the paper analyzes the ontological dialectic of man and world, including the cosmological dimension, offers a critique of the traditional “anthropocentric” approach, and reflects on the civilizational impact of a comprehensive “ontological anthropology.”
EPR characteristics of heat treated complexes of metals with demineralised humic brown coal in air and ammonia atmospheres

Investigations were carried out on complexes of metal ions with solvent pre-extracted and demineralised Lubstow humic brown coal (HC) ( Eocene, Midlands Poland ; content of humic acids above 80%). Metal–humic brown coal complexes (HC–M) were obtained at pH 5.1 by ion exchange of solid HC with the following metal ions: Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , Ti 3+ , Cr 3+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ag +1 , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Al 3+ , Ga 3+ , Tl 3+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Bi 3+ . Metal uptake by the HC is dependent on the radius of the metal ion and its susceptibility to complexation in polyfunctionalised humic matrix. The complexes were heat treated to different final temperatures in a range up to 650 °C. Raw HC–M complexes and resultant chars were characterised by elemental composition, IR, and quantitative electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (QEPR). The binding sites of the metal cations are oxygen functional groups (mainly –COOH, –OH phenolic ). EPR parameters (i.e., concentration of stable free radicals and g -value) were determined in air and gaseous ammonia atmosphere. The nature of the observed free radicals in raw HC–M complexes is mainly of semiquinone type ( g =2.0036 in air and 2.0045 in gaseous ammonia atmosphere). Heat treatment of the complexes causes gradual defunctionalisation, resulting in elimination of quinone and hydroquinone structural units and generation of polyaromatic sheets containing aromatic type free radicals. Practically complete disappearance of semiquinone radicals occurs at 400 °C heat treatment, and intensive development of aromatic type free radicals occurs above that temperature. Paramagnetic metal ions cause strong decrease of the observed free radical concentration in HC–M complexes due to antiferromagnetic interaction with electrons of semiquinone type radicals (Cu 2+ >Fe 3+ >Mn 2+ >Cr 3+ >Ti 3+ ). The observed concentration of free radicals in the HC–M complexes with alkaline metal ions of s and p block metals as well as d 10 metal ions is higher compared to the value of uncomplexed HC. Gaseous ammonia strongly shifts hydroquinone–semiquinone–quinone equilibria towards generation of semiquinone anion radicals, which is manifested by elevated concentrations of free radicals and increases of g -value in chars of heat treated samples in the region below 400 °C. The control of free radical types and concentrations in environment allows to: (i) predict the state of temporal alkalinity (due to use of ammonia and urea based fertilisers), (ii) binding of heavy metal cations, and (iii) degree of humic matter maturation.
Tree-Based Parallel Load-Balancing Methods for Solution-Adaptive Finite Element Graphs on Distributed Memory Multicomputers

To solve the load imbalance problem of a solution-adaptive finite element application program on a distributed memory multicomputer, nodes of a refined finite element graph can be remapped to processors or load of a refined finite element graph can be redistributed based on the current load of each processor. For the former case, remapping can be performed by some fast mapping algorithms. For the latter case, a load-balancing algorithm can be applied to balance the computational load of each processor. In this paper, three tree-based parallel load-balancing methods, the MCSTLB method, the BTLB method, and the CBTLB method, were proposed to deal with the load imbalance problems of solution-adaptive finite element application programs. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methods, we have implemented those methods along with three mapping methods, the AE/ORB method, the AE/MC method, and the MLkP method, on an SP2 parallel machine. Three criteria, the execution time of mapping/load-balancing methods, the execution time of a solution-adaptive finite element application program under different mapping/load-balancing methods, and the speedups achieved by mapping/load-balancing methods for a solution-adaptive finite element application program, are used for the performance evaluation. The experimental results show that 1) if the initial mapping is performed by a mapping method and the same mapping method and load-balancing methods were used in each refinement to balance the load of processors, the execution time of an application program under a load-balancing method is always shorter than that of the mapping method, and 2) the execution time of an application program under the CBTLB method is shorter than that of the BTLB method and the MCSTLB method.
Financing Investment: The Choice Between Bonds and Bank Loans

We build a dynamic model of investment and financing decisions to study the choice between bonds and bank loans in a firm's marginal financing decision and its effects on corporate investment. We show that firms with more growth options, higher bargaining power in default, operating in more competitive product markets, and facing lower credit supply are more likely to issue bonds. We also demonstrate that, by changing the cost of financing, these characteristics affect the timing of investment. We test these predictions using a sample of U.S. firms and present new evidence which supports our theory.
Life's a switch. Experiences in NSF undergraduate design projects.

During the summer of 2002 Stephanie Popp and Jennifer Barnes developed a manual, "Life's a Switch," through a project funded by the National Science Foundation. This manual teaches people how to build their own cost effective assistive switches. Assistive switches are a form of assistive technology which includes any device that enhances a person's quality of life by improving the individual's mobility, ability to perform daily activities, enhancing communication, or allowing participation in education, vocational activities and recreation. One main goal of assistive technology is to provide opportunities for children with disabilities to explore, play, learn, and communicate with others. Switches are essential tools used to provide these opportunities. When a child with developmental disabilities understands the connection between the activation of a switch and the resulting action it triggers, the knowledge of cause and effect is gained. Therefore, the basis for all future learning is established . One of the current problems facing assistive switch users is the cost of available items. This project provides more affordable solutions for switch users by teaching the families and educators of switch users how to make their own switches and adaptors in the "Life's a Switch" manual. For example, some assistive technology vendors sell large button switches from $25.00 to $45.00, tread switches for $40.00, and pillow switches for $35.00 . Amazingly, all parts and tools used to make these assistive switches can be bought and made into personally designed assistive devices averaging a cost of around $10.00 . A workshop to teach this manual was also developed. This workshop will spread awareness of the more affordable options this project sets forth. In September of 2002, the first workshop was held in a laboratory classroom at the University of Wyoming's College of Engineering. Each attendant was provided with a kit that included all essential tools and components needed to make an assistive switch. Workshops scheduled into 2003 will provide educational opportunities for participants as well as opportunities for improvement of the manual.
In the Name of National Security: Hitchcock, Homophobia, and the Political Construction of Gender in Postwar America

In the Name of National Security exposes the ways in which the films of Alfred Hitchcock, in conjunction with liberal intellectuals and political figures of the 1950s, fostered homophobia so as to politicize issues of gender in the United States.

As Corber shows, throughout the 1950s a cast of mind known as the Cold War consensus prevailed in the United States. Promoted by Cold War liberals--that is, liberals who wanted to perserve the legacies of the New Deal but also wished to separate liberalism from a Communist-dominated cultural politics--this consensus was grounded in the perceived threat that Communists, lesbians, and homosexuals posed to national security. Through an analysis of the films of Alfred Hitchcock, combined with new research on the historical context in which these films were produced, Corber shows how Cold War liberals tried to contain the increasing heterogeneity of American society by linking questions of gender and sexual identity directly to issues of national security, a strategic move that the films of Hitchcock both legitimated and at times undermined. Drawing on psychoanalytic and Marxist theory, Corber looks at such films as Rear Window, Strangers on a Train, and Psycho to show how Hitchcock manipulated viewers' attachments and identifications to foster and reinforce the relationship between homophobia and national security issues.

A revisionary account of Hitchcock's major works, In the Name of National Security is also of great interest for what it reveals about the construction of political "reality" in American history.
Recurrent Neural Networks for Dialogue State Tracking

This paper discusses models for dialogue state tracking using recurrent neural networks (RNN). We present experiments on the standard dialogue state tracking (DST) dataset, DSTC2. On the one hand, RNN models became the state of the art models in DST, on the other hand, most state-of-the-art models are only turn-based and require dataset-specific preprocessing (e.g. DSTC2-specific) in order to achieve such results. We implemented two architectures which can be used in incremental settings and require almost no preprocessing. We compare their performance to the benchmarks on DSTC2 and discuss their properties. With only trivial preprocessing, the performance of our models is close to the state-of- the-art results.
Wait-Free Primitives for Initializing Bayesian Network Structure Learning on Multicore Processors

Structure learning is a key problem in using Bayesian networks for data mining tasks but its computation complexity increases dramatically with the number of features in the dataset. Thus, it is computationally intractable to extend structure learning to large networks without using a scalable parallel approach. This work explores computation primitives to parallelize the first phase of Cheng et al.'s (Artificial Intelligence, 137(1-2):43-90, 2002) Bayesian network structure learning algorithm. The proposed primitives are highly suitable for multithreading architectures. Firstly, we propose a wait-free table construction primitive for building potential tables from the training data in parallel. Notably, this primitive allows multiple cores to update a potential table simultaneously without appealing to any lock operation, allowing all cores to be fully utilized. Secondly, the marginalization primitive is proposed to enable efficient statistics tests to be performed on all pairs of variables in the learning algorithm. These primitives are quantitatively evaluated on a 32-core platform and the experiment results show 23:5× speedup compared to a single thread implementation.
Natural theology and the plurality of worlds: Observations on the Brewster-Whewell debate

The object of this study is to analyse certain aspects of the debate between David Brewster and William Whewell concerning the probability of extra-terrestrial life, in order to illustrate the nature, constitution and condition of natural theology in the decades immediately preceding the publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin's Origin of species. The argument is directed against a stylised picture of natural theology which has been drawn from a backward projection of the Darwinian antithesis between natural selection and certain forms of the design argument. Contrary to the popular image of natural theology as an essentially static, autonomous and monolithic set of presuppositions about the existence of design in nature, the paper underlines the existence of a fundamental divergence of strategies within natural theology, a divergence that, in the case of Brewster and Whewell, can be correlated with the religious cultures to which they most closely belonged. The fact that, in the plurality of worlds...