nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Unifying Prospects: Tinting Geological Maps in Nineteenth-Century Britain

Geologically interested savants of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries described three-dimensional spatial relationships through the visual language of maps and sections of the Earth. At this time, there was a debate whether colour or line should feature in mapping our strata. Colour was an identifying characteristic of Wernerian mineralogy, but the exact manner in which colour should be employed in representing a mineralogical landscape remained controversial. According to the engineer and geologist William Smith (1769–1839), words or symbols, engraved on a map, marred a visual simplicity that accommodated an immediate understanding of the area represented. Colour enabled a quick and rational study of the countryside so that the savant instantly visualized the logic of the landscape. Andre-Jean-Marie Brochant de Villiers (1792–1857), professor of geology and mineralogy at Ecole des Mines, argued differently. In a letter to Thomas Webster (1773–1844), he remarked on the difficulty of correl...
The Prospect of Y2SiO5-Based Materials as Protective Layer in Environmental Barrier Coatings

Bulk yttrium monosilicate (Y2SiO5) possesses interesting properties, such as low thermal expansion coefficient and stability in water vapor atmospheres, which make it a promising protective layer for SiC-based composites, intended for the hottest parts in the future gas turbines. Because protective layers are commonly applied by thermal spraying techniques, it is important to analyze the changes in structure and properties that these methods may produce in yttrium silicate coatings. In this work, two SiO2-Y2O3 compositions were flame sprayed in the form of coatings and beads. In parallel, the beads were spark plasma sintered at relatively low temperature to obtain partially amorphous bulk specimens that are used as model bulk material. The thermal aging—air and water vapor atmosphere—caused extensive nucleation of Y2SiO5 and Y2Si2O7 in both the bulk and coating. The rich water vapor condition caused the selective volatilization of SiO2 from Y2Si2O7 at the specimen surface leaving a very characteristic micro-ridged Y2SiO5 zones—either in coatings or sintered bodies. An important increase in the thermal conductivity of the aged materials was measured. The results of this work may be used as a reference body for the production of Y2SiO5 coatings using thermal spraying techniques.
The Birth of Methodism in England.

Among the most important and exciting discoveries in Romano-British archaeology was, in the 1960s, the site of a major Roman palace dating from around 43 A.D. Cunliffe, who directed the excavation, describes its progress and unfolds the history of the site from early military beginnings to the palace's final destruction. Fully illustrated with maps and photos, 128 black and white, 8 in color. $15.00
Book Review: Travels of the Criminal Question: Cultural Embeddedness and Diffusion by Dario Melossi, Maximo Sozzo & Richard Sparks, Eds.

This collection of workshop presentations refined into critical articles is excellent evidence of the service provided by the International Institute of the Sociology of Law (the “IISL”) to the global community of socio-legal scholars interested in the sociology of law. For many years, the IISL has drawn together an elite band of researchers and thinkers in a summer workshop programme; the topics for which are selected to stimulate the broadest cutting-edge consideration around the intersection of law and society.
The Replication of Violence: Thoughts on International Terrorism After September 11th 2001

This book does not attempt to explain the momentous events of September 11th 2001. Instead it attempts to sharpen our understanding of what phrases such as 'international terrorism' and 'the war against terror' have come to mean since that date. Taking on the issues from a philosophical standpoint, Suman Gupta observes that it has long been difficult to define what constitutes a 'terrorist act'. He explains how the events of last year have jolted even existing understandings in unexpected ways and, importantly, why this difficulty of definition persists. Examining how acts of terrorism and counter-terrorist measures are portrayed in the Western media and the impact this has on public perception, this thoughtful and provocative account provides a refreshing counterpoint to the sensationalised and often over-simplified reporting in the mainstream media.
EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL AND NON-FINANCIAL INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ON PRICES ’ MECHANISMS FOR EMERGENT MARKETS : THE CASE OF BUCHAREST STOCK EXCHANGE

This paper investigates the impact of publicly disclosed information on market values for Romanian companies listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange, using as benchmark a more developed market, the Madrid Stock Exchange. The study is motivated by the European Union’s decision to require the use of the International Financial Reporting Standards for the consolidated financial statements of all listed companies (Regulation EC 1606/2002) and by the 2007 Romanian adoption of the Markets and Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) - which is the cornerstone of the European Commission’s Financial Services Action Plan. Thus, we compare the value relevance of Internet disclosed information provided by annual and interim financial reports and other non-financial news in the decision making process of investors. In order to evaluate the overall impact of information disclosure, we built a global disclosure indicator according to the so-called Principal Components Analysis by including individual disclosure dummies. Empirical tests support our research hypothesis according to which there is a relative incremental value of a higher volume and a better quality of information, reflecting prices’ overreactions even in the case of a market with imperfect trading mechanisms.
Reactive pulsed laser deposition of InN thin films

III-V nitrides group are promising materials for technological applications such as: semiconductor lasers, light emitting diodes, optical detectors and refractory materials. In addition, transistors based on the group III nitrides should operate at higher temperatures and under more adverse conditions than similar devices on silicon, II- VI materials, or other III-V materials, due to the high band gap, the strong chemical bonds and the high chemical inertness of the nitrides. The paper reports the first results concerning the deposition of InN thin films by reactive laser ablation of indium target in nitrogen atmosphere. A XeCl excimer laser ((lambda) equals308 nm, (tau) equals30 ns) was used as laser source. The laser beam was incident on the target with an angle of 45 degrees, laser fluency was set at 5 J/cm 2 . In order to achieve uniform irradiation condition and to avoid fast drilling, the target was rotated with 180 rpm. KBr, Si and sapphire substrates were positioned at 3.5 cm from the target and parallel to it. The nitrogen pressure during deposition was set at 1*10 -4 , 5*10 -3 and 5*10 -1 mbar, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDAX), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis were carried out in order to check the composition, structure and the surface aspect of the deposited layers.
Researches and applications on strange design and manufacturing cooperation systems on the concurrent engineering

This thesis is about the strange design and manufacturing cooperation systems. The ideas of concurrent engineering is applied in cooperation systems and the key problems involved the systems, the working conditions the rebuilding of developments, the forms, the working models, the issue of products data are analyzed and some corresponding solutions are worked out. Through the designs of approval of manufacturing products, the designs in different places of the products can be approved in order to keep the products data of different places in aggrement. By the Fire Wall, the products data of the enterprise can be keep safely. Though exchanging the data and the information by the information platform, the virtual assembly, previewing and cooperation can be carried out so as to keep the developments of enterprise products in high speed and high effiency.
Strong cosmic censorship for solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell field equations with polarized Gowdy symmetry

A proof of strong cosmic censorship is presented for a class of solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell equations, those with polarized Gowdy symmetry. A key element of the argument is the observation that by means of a suitable choice of variables the central equations in this problem can be written in a form where they are identical to the central equations for general (i.e. non-polarized) vacuum Gowdy spacetimes. Using this, it is seen that the deep results of Ringstr¨ om on strong cosmic censorship in the vacuum case have implications for the Einstein–Maxwell case. Working out the geometrical meaning of these analytical results leads to the main conclusion.
Muon decays in the Earth's atmosphere, differential aging and the paradox of the twins

Observation of the decay of muons produced in the Earth's atmosphere by cosmic ray interactions provides a graphic illustration of the counter-intuitive space-time predictions of special relativity theory. Muons at rest in the atmosphere, decaying simultaneously, are subject to a universal time-dilatation effect when viewed from a moving frame and so are also observed to decay simultaneously in all such frames. The analysis of this example reveals the underlying physics of the differential aging effect in Langevin's travelling-twin thought experiment.
Business Intelligence for E-commerce: Survey and Research Directions

The increase of online shopping has allowed e-commerce to become an usual concept. However, companies still have little knowledge about their customers and the most appropriate and effective processes they should apply to create a perfect fit between costumers’ needs and companies’ offers. To solve this problem, it is important to merge e-commerce with business intelligence, because this would enable to obtain knowledge about e-commerce platforms’ customers, allowing the analysis of customers’ behavior, discovering purchasing patterns, improve relationship management with customer, get better stock management, support to create marketing actions, better financial performance and so forth. This paper provides a review of the literature, suggests new research directions, and proposes an architecture to combine e-commerce with business intelligence.
Human Capital Accumulation and Labor Market Equilibrium

The objective of this paper is to analyse an equilibrium search model with on-the-job search and human capital accumulation. In our model wages are disperse because firms pay workers of the same productivity different wages and workers of different productivies earn different wages. New entrants to the labour market increase their wages mainly through on-the-job search. As workers gain more experience and move up the offer distribution, job-to-job transitions become less frequent and human capital accumulation dominates wage growth. This interaction generates a wage distribution that exhibits a density with a unique mode and a long and decreasing right tail as observed in the data.
WACANA POLITIK MEDIA: STUDI ATAS BERITA POLITIK PADA KORAN KOMPAS (EDISI JULIDESEMBER2013) DALAM TINJAUAN TEORI SIMULASI JEAN BAUDRILLARD

The research about Media Political Discourse: Study of Political News on 
Kompas (edition of July-December 2013)  
discourse on political news in the mass media, especially around of the 2014 
elections, which has been constructing as and directing as of publik opinion and 
political reality of society into a single reality, so that, between facts and political 
opinion are become blurred. The aims of this research is to describe and then analyze 
the form of Jean Baudrillard's theory of simulation, especially in reviewing of media 
discourse. The aims of this research is analyze and reveal the changes of the political 
discourse in the mass media to a political reality through political news of Kompas. 
The aims of this research is analyze, explain and than reveal the media role in 
constructing a political reality and public mindset on their reality of political life and 
democracy in the view of Jean Baudrillard's theory of simulation. 
This research is the library research, which uses the method: language 
analitic, which function as to povide a thorough understanding of the meaning of 
language expression, especially of the analogal language, which contained in political 
news of Kompas. Semiotics, which function as to provide an overview of the system 
of sign which covered in the political media discourse of Kompas. Hermeneutic, 
which function as to understand the deepest meaning of political media discourse 
which contained in Kompas. 
The results of this research showed that the political reality in the political 
media discourse of Kompasâ��s political news, basically does not exist or was died, so 
there is only a pseudo-political reality, which consumed by the public as a the real of 
reality. This condition definitely indicating the hyperreality of meaning of the 
political reality by itself, which in practice, the hyperreality of meaning of the 
political reality is often used as political tools by the interested parties. Thus, The 
mass media has become politicization tools of opinion and political reality in the 
public sphere, with the way of politicization of meaning by means of the language 
which used in its political discourse. Politicization of meaning in political news of 
Kompas that changed the political discourse into a political reality and composing 
and than reinforcing or consolidating public opinion, and also, composing the public 
mindset of the phenomena or the political events that are or have been in progress.
Computability on the space of countable ordinals

While there is a well-established notion of what a computable ordinal is, the question which functions on the countable ordinals ought to be computable has received less attention so far. We propose a notion of computability on the space of countable ordinals via a representation in the sense of computable analysis. The computability structure is characterized by the computability of four specific operations, and we prove further relevant operations to be computable. Some alternative approaches are discussed, too. 
As an application in effective descriptive set theory, we can then state and prove computable uniform versions of the Lusin separation theorem and the Hausdorff-Kuratowski theorem. Furthermore, we introduce an operator on the Weihrauch lattice corresponding to iteration of some principle over a countable ordinal.
Effects of reactors on the deposition of DLC films using liquid electrochemical technique

Carbon films were deposited on silicon substrates by liquid electrochemical technique at low temperature (60 °C) in ambient atmosphere. Glass reactor, glass reactor with PTFE-coating inside, glass reactor with quartz-coating inside and quartz reactor were used with the same experimental setup to compare the effects of reactors on the deposition of carbon films. The applied potential, the distance between anode and substrate and the deposition time were fixed at 900 V (4.2 kHz, 50%), 6 mm and 5 h, respectively. The morphology and microstructure of the films were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX) was used to measure the composition of the films. The SEM observations showed that the films deposited using glass reactor were composed of crystals of several micrometers which contained nearly 10 at.% of Ca. Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed that DLC films have been deposited, but with an obvious sharp peak at 1085 cm − 1 which is assigned to calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) crystals. The glass reactor is the possible source of Ca because the electrolyte was composed of analytically pure acetone and deionized water with the proportion of Ca below the determination of AAS (atomic absorption emission spectrophotometer AA-6200). Using glass reactor with PTFE-coating inside could successfully avoid the impurity of Ca from the glass reactor, but new non-metallic impurities coming from the PTFE-coating made the films rough. Continuous and smooth films were deposited by using a glass reactor with quartz-coating inside and quartz reactor, which could avoid both Ca ( 3 . It can be concluded that the materials of the reactors could play an important role not only in the composition, but also the morphology and microstructure of films deposited by liquid electrochemical technique.
Polarization effects on $W$ boson pair productions with the extra neutral gauge boson at the $e^{+} e^{-}$ linear collider

We perform the comprehensive analysis of the polarization effects on the e^+e^- -> W^+W^- process in the presence of the extra neutral gauge boson at the LC energies. Consideration of the polarizations of the produced W bosons and the beam polarizations provides substantial enhancements of the sensitivity to the Z-Z' mixing angles in various models and the asymmetry variables also give the strict constraints on the mixing angles. We find that the \chi-model and the left-right model get the strict constraint from \sigma_{LL}^{unpol} while the \psi-model and the \eta-model from the beam polarization asymmetry.
VOODB: A Generic Discrete-Event Random Simulation Model To Evaluate the Performances of OODBs

Performance of object-oriented database systems (OODBs) is still an issue to both designers and users nowadays. The aim of this paper is to propose a generic discrete-event random simulation model, called VOODB, in order to evaluate the performances of OODBs in general, and the performances of optimization methods like clustering in particular. Such optimization methods undoubtedly improve the performances of OODBs. Yet, they also always induce some kind of overhead for the system. Therefore, it is important to evaluate their exact impact on the overall performances. VOODB has been designed as a generic discrete-event random simulation model by putting to use a modelling approach, and has been validated by simulating the behavior of the O2 OODB and the Texas persistent object store. Since our final objective is to compare object clustering algorithms, some experiments have also been conducted on the DSTC clustering technique, which is implemented in Texas. To validate VOODB, performance results obtained by simulation for a given experiment have been compared to the results obtained by benchmarking the real systems in the same conditions. Benchmarking and simulation performance evaluations have been observed to be consistent, so it appears that simulation can be a reliable approach to evaluate the performances of OODBs.
MAGIC WITH A MESSAGE: The Poetics of Christian Conjuring

This article examines the performance practices of U.S. gospel magicians, evangelical Christians who convey religious messages with conjuring tricks. Emphatically denying that they possess supernatural powers and scrupulously avoiding effects that resemble biblical miracles, they take pains to present their tricks as unambiguously skillful performances intended to entertain, uplift, and instruct. When patterned on a Christian motif, otherwise self-referential magic tricks constitute a versatile signifying medium. Addressing the poetics of gospel magic in the setting of instructional workshops, this analysis explores a variety of ways performers utilize iconic resemblances between conjuring effects and Christian referents to produce complex and evocative expressions of faith. At the same time, they carefully manage signifiers of virtuosic agency that are intrinsic to the efficacy of gospel magic performance, but that also threaten to undermine their Christian message.
Generation of metal-nanoparticle colloidal solution by means of magnetron deposition on a liquid surface

A new method for generating a metal-nanoparticle colloidal solution by means of magnetron deposition on a chemically neutral metal on the surface of a flowing liquid in a high-cycle mixing scheme is proposed. The properties of the Au nanoparticle colloidal solution produced by Au magnetron deposition on the surface of vacuum silicone oil were investigated experimentally. The density and kinematical viscosity of the solution have been measured. The gold nanoparticle mean size and concentration are specified, and nanoparticle growth model is considered.
Marcel Khalife socio-political life: The case of "Oh My Father, I am Yusuf" Marcel Khalife, vida socio-politica: El caso de "Oh My Father, I am Yusuf"

This paper intends to present Marcel Khalifes life during the Lebanese civil war. Named artist of peace in 2005 by the UNESCO, he is among the most renowned artists mainly through his political songs composed in albums such as "Promises of the Storm", "Arabic CoffeePot"… The latter was released in 1995. The music is based on poems written by the Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish. Our aim is to seek Khalife's life and music in relation with the Lebanese conflict in order to better understand his music compositions. The main source of our musical and lyrical analysis will be the song "Oh My Father, I am Yusuf", extracting the main elements which forms it. The methodology will be based on Martin Irvine research in "Popular Music as a Meaning-System". It will be supported by press articles in relation to the composer's musical activities and performances during the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). This will allow us to comprehend the relationship between the composer and the political situation and better understand the influence of society on music. This paper will present the beginning of the research and the onward objectives to complete that we will be able to present in further publications.
Changing policy, changing attitudes? Public opinion on employment relations in New Zealand, 1990–2008

Did significant policy shifts in employment relations in the 1990s lead to equally large changes in the attitudes of New Zealanders towards employment relations? Have policy modifications made since 1999 further shaped public perceptions? This paper explores the role of policy feedback in influencing public opinion towards employers and unions and towards government responsibility for jobs and wages. Using data from New Zealand public opinion surveys, most notably the New Zealand Election Study (1990–2008), the paper finds some evidence that policy feedback has occurred in the employment relations arena, but the impact is not as strong or consistent as we might expect. As such, New Zealanders do not completely endorse the ‘there is no alternative’ arguments of neoliberalism, but they do not have an overwhelming desire to return to Keynesian demand-management employment policies.
Sovereign Risk: Constitutions Rule

This paper models the executive's choice of whether to reschedule external debt as the outcome of an intra-governmental negotiation process. The executive's necessity of a confidence vote from the legislature is found to provide the rationale for why some democracies may not renegotiate their foreign obligations. Empirically, parliamentary democracies are indeed less prone to reschedule their foreign liabilities or accumulate arrears on them. Most of the democracies that have been able to significantly reduce their debt/GNP ratio without a 'credit incident' were parliamentary. Moreover, countries with stronger political checks on the executive and lower executive turnover have a lower rescheduling propensity. These results suggest that North and Weingast's account of the evolution of institutions in 17th century England gives substantial mileage in understanding the international debt markets in the contemporary developing world