nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thinking in Terms of Systems through Engineering Design

The essence of engineering is design. Design may yield an artifact, system, or process to realize an opportunity or to satisfy a problem. Engineering design is complex and typically set within a system that may be interwoven into other systems. Furthermore, engineering designs are often non-linear, iterative, and contain multiple interconnected variables. Therefore, thinking in terms of systems in engineering design is a required skill for the successful engineer’s tool box. The aim of this research study was to understand high school students’ systems thinking when engaged in an engineering design challenge. Specifically, emerging qualitative themes and phenomena related to systems thinking in engineering design were explored and analyzed. This study included 12 high school students. The students were paired into teams of two to work through an engineering design challenge. These dyads were given one hour in their classrooms with access to a computer and engineering sketching paper to complete the design. Immediately following the design challenge, the students participated in a post hoc reflective group interview. The methodology of this study was informed and derived from cognitive science’s verbal protocol analysis. In this research study we gathered multiple forms of data and triangulated these data in our analysis. These forms included audio and video recordings of both the design challenge and the interview, computer tracking, and student generated sketches. Additionally, qualitative analysis techniques were used to understand and interpret systems and engineering design themes and findings. Through the qualitative analysis, it was shown that the students demonstrated thinking in terms of systems. The results imply that systems thinking can be part of a high school engineering curriculum. The students considered and explored multiple interconnected variables that were technical as well as non-technical in nature. The students showed further systems thinking by optimizing their design through balancing trade-offs of non-linear interconnected variables. Sketching played an integral part in the students’ design process as it was used to generate, develop, and communicate their designs. Although many of the students recognized their own lack of drawing abilities, they understood the role sketching played in engineering design. Therefore, graphical visualization through sketching is a skill that educators may want to include in their curricula. The qualitative analysis also shed light on analogous reasoning. The students drew from their personal experience in lieu of professional expertise to better understand and expand their designs. Hence, the implication for educators is to aid the students in using their knowledge, experience, and pre-existing schemata to work through an engineering design.
Baltic foreign policy making establishments of the 1990s: Influential institutional and individual actors

This article examines, evaluates, and compares the role of political institutions in the foreign policy making process of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the 1990s. The central claim advanced is that the extent of influence exercised by political institutions in transitional states was largely conditioned by, and depended on, the individuals who headed these institutions. It is argued that the stronger the personality at the top of a political institution, the greater and more influential role it played in the foreign policy making process of the country.
Microstructure and electrical characteristics of Ni–Cr thin films

Microstructure of thin films of different compositions of Ni–Cr alloy, over the range from 40 wt.% to 80 wt.% Ni, deposited on silicon nitride coated GaAs substrates, is investigated under Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) in as-deposited and annealed conditions. The procedure of wet etching vias through GaAs substrates is used for preparing samples for TEM. Microstructures of as-deposited films of different Ni–Cr alloys are related to the nature of the parent alloy in the binary phase diagram. The microstructural transformations in annealed films of single and two-phase alloy materials are interpreted based on the comparison of TEM micrographs in conjunction with the X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction data. The changes in the electrical characteristics such as resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the films in relation to the microstructural transformations are discussed. The effect of superimposing a polyimide layer on the TCR of Ni–Cr films is also discussed.
An autoethnographic study of the person in the principal's office.

The paper provides a review and critique of 22 empirical investigations conducted in the African context on the leadership of the school principal. Two questions guided the review: How can current research on the principalship in the African context be characterized? What are areas for future research on the issue? Applying an inductive analysis of the 22 studies, this review suggests that the studies reviewed focussed on issues that can be categorized into five themes: professional development; shared leadership; gender and leadership; critical competences and practices of the principal; and identities and subjectivities of the school principal. The majority of studies employed a qualitative case study approach. This analysis builds on educational leadership research by identifying contributions and limitations of this body of research, and providing recommendations for future research.
Structure and Function of Verbal Conflicts among Adults with Mental Retardation.

The discourse competence of mentally retarded residents of a group home was studied by examining their arguments. Tape recordings of naturally occurring speech were collected by a participant observer; the arguments therein were transcribed for analysis. Arguments among the residents gave evidence of being an acceptable and sought after discourse genre, and residents were able to participate in them successfully regardless of their linguistic ability. These arguments often exhibited a pragmatically useful assertion/contradiction pattern in relation to an original statement, extending over many turns. The results showed that: (a) the majority of arguments exhibited a constrained discourse pattern; (b) many of the residents’ arguments did not, and were not designed to, resolve conflicts; (c) residents were able to maintain extended interactions during arguments; (d) arguments observed were neither disruptive nor dysfunctional; and (e) augments functioned as a positive source of social interaction.
The sedimentary trough of the Rhine graben

Accurate knowledge of the sediments in the Rhine graben is not only essential for proper corrections of geophysical data but it provides the main tool to reconstruct the development of the graben in time and space. A large number of borehole data and reflexion seismic results have been made available by mining and oil prospecting companies. Depth charts of the basis of Tertiary sediments of different Mesozoic layers and sometimes of the surface of the crystalline basement have been designed. Longitudinal and cross sections of the trough show tectonic features in detail e.g. the north-south tilting, the basins and sills within the rift, the existence of deeper depressions at the edges of the rift. Aeromagnetic and gravity data are used for additional evidence.
Quantum electrodynamics for vector mesons.

Quantum electrodynamics for rho mesons is considered. It is shown that, at the tree level, the value of the gyromagnetic ratio of the rho+ is fixed to 2 in a self-consistent effective quantum field theory. Further, the mixing parameter of the photon and the neutral vector meson is equal to the ratio of electromagnetic and strong couplings, leading to the mass difference M(rho0)-M(rho+/-) approximately 1 MeV at tree order.
Infrastructures to Engineer Open Agent Environments by Means of Electronic Institutions

Electronic institutions provide a computational analogue of human institutions to engineer open environments in which agents can interact in an autonomous way while complying with the norms of an institution. The purpose of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, we lightly survey our research on coordination infrastructures for electronic institutions in the last ten years. On the other hand, we highlight the research challenges in environment engineering that we have tackled during this journey as well as promising research paths for future research on the engineering of open environments for multi-agent systems.
The PPP project renegotiation analysis based on the asymmetric game model

Public-private partnership (PPP) model has become an important solution of governments to provide infrastructures. In the execution of the PPP projects contracts, however, inevitably to renegotiate, which might affect the execution efficiency of PPP contracts. This paper built two PPP projects renegotiation bargaining game models of the private sectors and public sectors respectively through the analysis of the PPP projects renegotiation process, drawing the conclusion of the risks proportion shared by each party according to corresponding sub-game refining Nash Equilibrium. On the basis of that, we proposed to look into the motivation of the renegotiate initiator, intensify supervision of the PPP projects operating period and strengthen organizational capacity for renegotiation, which will promote the sound development of the PPP projects.
Reply to Joan Scott

In reading and reflecting on Joan Scott's reply to my article, it occurs to me that it may be worthwhile to re-state, in brief and therefore simplified terms, a couple of my points that she picks up on. First, let me say that I was inspired to write my original essay in part because I had found many of Scott's formulations-about the often ill-understood links between knowledge and experience or the problematic constitution of subjects inside the several hermatically sealed counter-worlds of identity politics-highly suggestive. I therefore set out to understand that which Scott does and does not accomplish in her book, Gender and the Politics of History. As I remarked in my original essay, there is much to be learned from reading this book. What finally troubles me about Scott's work, however, is the way in which "difference" slides quickly over into "opposition," a polarity of forces or ideas that get figured not merely as incompatible but as utterly irreconcilable. ' This move suggests that, for Scott, there can be no differences that do not usher in a struggle for pre-eminence-even, or perhaps especially, among feminist scholars.
Are There No Citizens in Gilead? - A Civic Reading of Margaret Atwood’s Dystopian Novel: 'The Handmaid's Tale'

In this paper, we develop a typology of citizenship hoping for fidelity to a wide range of political experiences. We develop it in dialogue with Margaret Atwood’s dystopian novel, The Handmaid’s Tale. In that book, Atwood imagines extreme imbrications of fundamentalism, patriarchal ideology and an environmental disaster that radically reduce the available breeding pool among women. The dystopian result is the Republic of Gilead whose mission is to preserve a pool of handmaids who bear children for notable couples who cannot conceive.In the essay, we explore the question: Why develop a typology aimed at empirical investigation of civic life in dialogue with a dystopia? Our answer is that the standard approaches to civic description and analysis fail to address problems related to the roles of 1) imagination, 2) moral judgment, 3) place and 4) gender in civic studies and civic life. We contend that dialogue with Atwood’s novel allows for a more nuanced typology and critical analysis of civic life. Our typology identifies five types of citizen and civic functionary: 1) Purely Affirmative Citizens and Civic Functionaries; 2) Aspirational Citizens and Civic Functionaries; 3) Resisting Citizens and Civic Functionaries; 4) Resigned Citizens and Civic Functionaries; and 5) Revolutionary Citizens. These distinctions encourage us to resist the temptation to think of citizenship as simply a status assigned to privileged persons within a territory. Rather, citizenship is a field of possibilities governed by competing conceptions of good citizenship. In the concluding section of the paper, we apply the typology to many of the characters in the novel. We find rich combinations of citizens and civic functionaries caught in political struggles that would occur in a totalizing regime such as the Republic of Gilead. The analysis models the sort of thick description and typological analysis that could be used on a variety of imaginary and observable regimes.
Midas: a declarative multi-touch interaction framework

Over the past few years, multi-touch user interfaces emerged from research prototypes into mass market products. This evolution has been mainly driven by innovative devices such as Apple's iPhone or Microsoft's Surface tabletop computer. Unfortunately, there seems to be a lack of software engineering abstractions in existing multi-touch development frameworks. Many multi-touch applications are based on hard-coded procedural low level event processing. This leads to proprietary solutions with a lack of gesture extensibility and cross-application reusability. We present Midas, a declarative model for the definition and detection of multi-touch gestures where gestures are expressed via logical rules over a set of input facts. We highlight how our rule-based language approach leads to improvements in gesture extensibility and reusability. Last but not least, we introduce JMidas, an instantiation of Midas for the Java programming language and describe how JMidas has been applied to implement a number of innovative multi-touch gestures.
Market Access, Investment, And Heterogeneous Firms

This article presents a model of international trade in which heterogeneous firms can expand through capital acquisitions. I show that demand elasticities are a crucial element in predicting which firms invest, in what location, and for what reason. High-productivity firms, who tend to sell goods at a low elasticity, invest for market access (tariff jumping). Middle productivity firms, who tend to sell at a higher elasticity, invest for productivity improvement. The relative value of trade costs dictates which incentive is larger. In equilibrium, trade liberalization can reduce aggregate productivity by reducing an important source of investment demand: foreign firms.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE OF ECONOMICS AND PHILOSOPHY ON NEUROECONOMICS

The past fifteen years or so have witnessed considerable progress in our understanding of how the human brain works. One of the objectives of the fast-growing field of neuroscience is to deepen our knowledge of how the brain perceives and interacts with the external world. Advances in this direction have been made possible by progress in brain imaging techniques and by clinical data obtained from patients with localized brain lesions. A relatively new field within neuroscience is neuroeconomics, which focuses on individual decision making and aims to systematically classify and map the brain activity that correlates with decision-making that pertains to economic choices. Neuroeconomic studies rely heavily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which measures the haemodynamic response (that is, changes in the blood flow) related to neural activity in the brain. Neuroeconomics is acquiring considerable visibility and is undoubtedly an important new development in economics. In the very recent past there have been surveys published in economics journals,1 entire issues of journals devoted to it,2 books have been published containing both criticisms and defences of neuroeconomics,3 a new handbook of neuroeconomics is in the process of being published,4 public debates have taken place on the merits and pitfalls of neuroeconomics,5
Foreign Business "Payments":: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Greek and American Ethical Evaluations

This study investigates the differences in the way illegal payments to officials are perceived by two different cultures - American and Greek. Two hundred and forty American business students and two hundred and four Greek business students were presented with three scenarios describing a government official demanding a bribe from a businessman and three scenarios describing a government official being offered a bribe by a businessman. The Reidenbach-Robin instrument was used to measure the thical reactions of the two samples to these scenarios. Results indicate that ethical reaction to bribery vary by (a) the nationality of the person offering the bribe, and (b) the country where the bribe is offered. In addition, Greeks perceived bribery differently from the American on only one of the scenarios.
Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity: Critical Essays on the Philosophical Discourse of Modernity

Maurizio Passerin d'Entreves - "Modernity Versus Postmodernity", J. Habermas. Part 1 Critical rejoinders: the discourse of modernity - Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger and Habermas, F. Dallmayr deconstruction, postmodernism and philosophy - Habermas on Derrida, C. Norris splitting the difference - Habermas's critique of Derrida, D. Hoy Habermas and Foucault, J. Schmidt intersubjectivity and the monadic core of the psyche - Habermas and Castoriadis on the unconscious,  two versions of the linguistic turn - Habermas and poststructuralism, J. Bohman Habermas and the question of alterity, D. Coole the casuality of fate - modernity and modernism in Habermas, J.M. Bernstein the subject of justice in postmodern discourse - aesthetic judgment and political rationality, D. Ingram.
An evaluation of inter-organisational information systems development on business partnership relations

Inter-organisational information systems (IOS) are being used within SCM to improve businesses processes and to facilitate closer working relations with business partners. However, the technologies themselves impact on this relationship as they allow various levels of information flows, communications, function integration and partner integration. The aim of this paper is to evaluate IOS development influencing partnership integration within Supply Chain Management (SCM) by investigating thirteen businesses that use a variety of IOS. IOS are classified into Elementary IOS, Intermediate IOS and Advanced IOS. Organisational variables such as information flows, partner co-ordination and integration, partner trust and confidence are measured against the level of IOS development. Variables such as management commitment, financial costs, system standards and partner resistance are investigated as forces or barriers, and related to different levels of IOS development. This research concludes that IOS development results in increased information flows and coordination which supports the development of trust and confidence in business partners. However, the customer position in the supply chain, whether it be retailer, distributor or manufacturer can influence the use of IOS of its business partners. Also, although IOS allows businesses to source and contact a larger range of business partners, the tendency is for businesses to use a smaller number of partners. This work also shows that IOS development changes a business’s relationship with its partners and moves it towards partnership integration. However, a number of organisational factors impact on this integration. These factors vary with the level of IOS development. Management commitment and showing the requirement for IOS development can act as a positive force in developing IOS or as a barrier against IOS development. Other barriers include resistance from business partners, financial costs, lack of system standards and technical maturity of the companies. The effect of these barriers also is affected by the level of IOS development.
Initial Caledonian Magmatism in Jamtland Area, Sweden: Chapter 28: Central Orogenic Belt

A late Precambrian sequence in the Caledonian geosyncline was penetrated by numerous steep dikes of olivine-bearing porphyritic diabase which acted as feeder conduits for volcanic members of the superimposed lower Ordovician sequence. Volcanism in this part of the geosyncline began with the extrusion of albite rhyolite, followed by basaltic and acidic volcanic rocks. The sequence of igneous activity ended with peridotite intrusions and a basaltic flow.
Interaction of Embedded Tri‐Isotropic Fuel Particles with Melt of Alkaline Borosilicate Glass

A silicon carbide (SiC) layer is an outer-coated layer of spent tri-isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles and it is known to be a pressure vessel for retaining fission products, and preventing contamination in the primary circuit of a nuclear reactor. The goal of this article is to elucidate the chemical bonding and an interface formation of an alkaline borosilicate glass (ABG) with the coating layer of TRISO fuel particles. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the intermediate chemical phase at the interface SiC/glass as a function of the material impurity and thickness of the SiC layer. The findings provide valuable information regarding the restriction parameters of immobilisation TRISO particles in glass. The interaction between the glass and SiC caused a total destruction of a thin SiC layer (10 μm), a random partial interaction to a thick SiC layer (40 μm) and formation of bubbles (CO2, CO) to an inner pyrolitic carbon (IPYC). The Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed that the interaction of ABG with the SiC layer occurred at a point, where a low excess of carbon was co-deposited during chemical vapour deposition process. The interaction resulted in a formation of a mono-crystal SiC, dispersed in vitreous silica as a crystalline inclusion.
The Law of Impersonal Transactions

Most economic interactions happen in a context of sequential exchange in which innocent third parties suffer information asymmetry with respect to previous "originative" contracts. The law reduces transaction costs by protecting these third parties but preserves some element of consent by property rightholders to avoid damaging property enforcement—e.g., it is they, as principals, who authorize agents in originative contracts. Judicial verifiability of these originative contracts is obtained either as an automatic byproduct of transactions or, when these would have remained private, by requiring them to be made public. Protecting third parties produces a legal commodity which is easy to trade impersonally, improving the allocation and specialization of resources. Historical delay in generalizing this legal commoditization paradigm is attributed to path dependency—the law first developed for personal trade—and an unbalance in vested interests, as luddite legal professionals face weak public bureaucracies.
A Mechanism for Strengthening Fluorine-Containing Lithium Aluminum Silicate Glass-Ceramics

A 0.4% difference in the unit cell volume of β-spodumene was found between the exterior surface and the interior of a fluorine-containing glass-ceramic. The smaller cell volume of the interior places the exterior in compression and is believed to be largely responsible for the increase in strength of this material over that of lithium aluminum silicates which do not contain fluorine. The stress calculated from these data is consistent with the measured strength values. The compressive layer was ∼140 μm thick and is depleted in fluorine. Experimental and calculated deflection data from thin surface slices taken from one side confirm the differential lattice volume-strengthening mechanism in fluorine-containing lithium aluminum silicate glass-ceramics.