nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The History of Poland since 1863: Abbreviations

List of maps Preface Abbreviations 1. Triloyalism and the national revival 2. Poland and the crisis of 1900-7 3. Poland on the eve of the First World War 4. The emergence of an independent Polish state 5. The breakdown of parliamentary government 6. Pilsudski in power, 1926-35 7. Poland without Pilsudski 8. Poland in defeat, September 1939-July 1941 9. The ill-fated alliance, August 1941-April 1943 10. The years of Tempest, May 1943-December 1944 11. Post-war Poland 12. The rise and ebb of stalinism 13. The October turning point 14. 'The little stabilization' 15. The decline of Gomulka 16. Poland under Gierek 17. Polish society, 1945-75 Notes Select bibliography Index.
Military Keynote Address and Panel Discussion: Military Simulation and Modeling - Today - Tomorrow

● war-gaming Computer simulation and modeling can be used as a decision support tool to determine how a battle force should be constituted and how it should be deployed. Moreover, simulation is frequently applied to support and evaluate joint forces concepts and efficiency for training and for the prosecution of conflict. This is made possible since simulation provides a clear understand ing of the complementary roles of each of the military services as applied in any given scenario.
Modeling and Validating Time, Buffering, and Utilization of a Large-Scale, Real-Time Data Acquisition System

Data acquisition systems for large-scale high-energy physics experiments have to handle hundreds of gigabytes per second of data, and are typically implemented as specialized data centers that connect a very large number of front-end electronics devices to an event detection and storage system. The design of such systems is often based on many assumptions, small-scale experiments and a substantial amount of over-provisioning. In this paper, we introduce a discrete event-based simulation tool that models the dataflow of the current ATLAS data acquisition system, with the main goal to be accurate with regard to the main operational characteristics. We measure buffer occupancy counting the number of elements in buffers; resource utilization measuring output bandwidth and counting the number of active processing units, and their time evolution by comparing data over many consecutive and small periods of time. We perform studies on the error in simulation when comparing the results to a large amount of real-world operational data. We show which efforts are required to minimize the error for such a configuration, and explain possible reasons for the most important outliers we are observing. Furthermore, we use this tool to derive an operational envelope of the system, which describes the minimal amount of resources required to fulfill certain real-time guarantees.
Symbolic-numerical analysis of equilibrium solutions in a restricted four-body problem

Algorithms for searching equilibrium solutions of the circular restricted four-body problem formulated on the basis of triangular Lagrange solutions of the three-body problem are discussed. For small values of one of the two system parameters, equilibrium solutions are found in the form of power series. For large values of this parameter, an algorithm for numerical solution is presented. The proposed algorithms are implemented in the computer algebra system Mathematica.
The Lot of the Beautiful: Pragmatism and Aesthetic Ideals

This article focuses on the intimate relationship between German aesthetic theory, particularly the philosophies of Kant and Schiller, and the pragmatic tradition of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I argue that many aspects of Kantian aesthetic theory – his development of reflective judgement, genius, and common sense – are reflected in the thinking of C. S. Peirce. I conclude, however, that such a comparison risks selling short the way that German idealism influenced American thinkers and instead suggest that it is more fruitful to concentrate on ‘aesthetic experience’. I argue that attending to the aesthetic dimensions of experience might re-orient contemporary approaches to pragmatism that continue to focus on the way that pragmatism might intervene in debates in epistemology and philosophy of language.
Bounds on generic high-energy physics modifications to the primordial power spectrum from back-reaction on the metric

Modifications to the primordial power spectrum of inflationary density perturbations have been studied recently using a boundary effective field theory approach. In the approximation of a fluctuating quantum field on a fixed background, the generic effect of new physics is encoded in parameters of order H/M. Here, we point out that the back-reaction on the metric can be neglected only when these parameters obey certain bounds that may put them beyond the reach of observation.
Learning Features that Predict Cue Usage

Our goal is to identify the features that predict the occurrence and placement of discourse cues in tutorial explanations in order to aid in the automatic generation of explanations. Previous attempts to devise rules for text generation were based on intuition or small numbers of constructed examples. We apply a machine learning program, C4.5, to induce decision trees for cue occurrence and placement from a corpus of data coded for a variety of features previously thought to affect cue usage. Our experiments enable us to identify the features with most predictive power, and show that machine learning can be used to induce decision trees useful for text generation.
Bas van Fraassen's Philosophy of Science and His Epistemic Voluntarism

Bas van Fraassen's anti-realist account of science has played a major role in shaping recent philosophy of science. His constructive empiricism, in particular, has been widely discussed and criticized in the journal literature and is a standard topic in philosophy of science course curricula. Other aspects of his empiricism are less well known, including his empiricist account of scientific laws, his relatively recent re-evaluation of what it is to be an empiricist, and his empiricist structuralism. This essay attempts to provide an overview of these diverse aspects of van Fraassen's empiricism and to show how they relate to one another. It also focuses on the nature of van Fraassens's epistemic voluntarism and its relationship to his empiricist philosophy of science.
Taxing capital income in a perpetual youth economy

We reconsider the issue of capital income taxation in an OLG perpetual youth framework. We show that the long run zero tax result does not generally hold. Besides the “life-cycle” motive pointed at by recent works, this work unveils two other forces pushing toward the taxation of capital income: the disconnection between generations and the relationship between the government and the individual intertemporal discount rates. We also show as a special case, that the non zero tax result applies also if age dependent taxes are not available, provided that the life-cycle behavior is ruled out, which cannot happen in the standard OLG models. Finally, it emerges that unfair life insurance contracts do not qualitatively affect the results.
Depression treatment preferences after acute traumatic spinal cord injury.

To examine preferences for depression treatment modalities and settings and predictors of treatment preference in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).



Cross-sectional surveys.



Rehabilitation inpatient services.



Persons with traumatic SCI (N=183) undergoing inpatient rehabilitation.



Not applicable.



Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scale, history of psychiatric diagnoses and treatments, and a depression treatment preference survey.



Among inpatients with SCI (28% had Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥10 indicating probable major depression), a physical exercise program was the most preferred treatment option (78% somewhat or very likely to try) followed by antidepressants prescribed by a primary care provider (63%) and individual counseling in a medical or rehabilitation clinic (62%). All modalities were preferred over group counseling. Although not statistically significant, more depressed individuals stated a willingness to try antidepressants and counseling than nondepressed individuals. Subjects preferred treatment in a medical/rehabilitation setting over a mental health setting. Those with a prior diagnosis of depression and a history of antidepressant use were significantly more willing to take an antidepressant. Age ≥40 years was a significant predictor of willingness to receive individual counseling.



Treatment preferences and patient education are important factors when choosing a depression treatment modality for patients with SCI. The results suggest that antidepressants, counseling, and exercise may be promising components of depression treatment in this population, particularly if they are integrated into medical or rehabilitation care.
Chemistry in Art Introduction to the Virtual Art Exhibition

We are pleased and excited to present the virtual exhibition “Chemistry in Art” which continues and expands HYLE’s aspiration to promote a dialogue among the disciplines by now including the work of practicing visual artists. With this exhibition HYLE’s special issue on “Aesthetics and Visualization in Chemistry” (Nos. 9.1 & 9.2) transcends the usual boundaries of scholarly journals and provides an alternate mode for reflecting on the aesthetics of chemistry that might otherwise be neglected by academicians. It is our hope that the inclusion of artistic works will not only appeal to, and satisfy, the aesthetic impulses of those of us who are already involved in the study of chemistry, but also broaden the conversation to include others who might feel marginalized by scholarly discourse. Toward this end, we present fourteen contemporary visual artists who each reflect on chemistry with a distinct artistic and conceptual perspective. Since 1986, when the entire Biennale di Venezia was devoted to “Arte e Scienza”, the relationship between science and art has been the focus of the art world. Even if one excludes the various popularizations of science and electronic media art projects, which are often also classified under the heading ‘art and science’, the topic has been the recipient of extraordinary attention from curators, gallery directors, and cultural critics. There are museums, societies, journals, magazines, foundations, and annual awards, and there have been countless conferences, symposia, and exhibitions devoted to the exploration of the relationship between art and science. Examples of recent art exhibitions are Laboratorium , a participatory exhibition that took place throughout the city of Antwerpen, Belgium, in the summer of 1999 and which explored the convergence/divergence of art in science within the framework of the literal and conceptual laboratory (Obrist & Vanderlinden 2001); Weird Science ( 1999), an exhibition at the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan of four artists’ work that adopt “the practices of science” in order to critique “the influence, authority, and effects of the scientific field” (Apel 1999, p. 11); Unnatural Science where artists presented quasi-science at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (2000
General Fuzzy Answer Set Programs

A number of generalizations of answer set programming have been proposed in the literature to deal with vagueness, uncertainty, and partial rule satisfaction. We introduce a unifying framework that entails most of the existing approaches to fuzzy answer set programming. In this framework, rule bodies are defined using arbitrary fuzzy connectives with monotone partial mappings. As an approximation of full answer sets, k-answer sets axe introduced to deal with conflicting information, yielding a flexible framework that encompasses, among others, existing work on valued constraint satisfaction and answer set optimization.
Does Trust Reduce Concern for Information Privacy in E-Commerce?

Internet commerce continues to grow rapidly and is expected to exceed $5 trillion in 2005. Nevertheless concern for information privacy has been identified as a major consideration constraining many from internet consumerism. Trust has also been identified as an antecedent to willingness/intent to transact, buy or purchase. This research seeks to specify and support a model that involves additional constructs such as familiarity, risk, quality of website, gender, peresonal innovativeness, discretionary income, age, and other factors in order to identify what factors and/or interactions are significant in determining whether a prospect intends to part with funds and become a customer. Data to be gathered with online survey and analyzed using regression.
Corrosion protection of an AISI 321 stainless steel by SiC coatings

Silicon carbide coatings were produced by dynamic ion mixing (DIM) at room temperature and at 750 °C by ion beam sputtering of a SiC target and simultaneous bombardment with a 160 keV Ar + ion beam. The chemical composition of the coatings was determined by Rutherford backscattering and by nuclear reaction analysis. The microstructural state of the coatings was investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy whereas their density was determined by X-ray reflectometry. It is found that, for all the deposition temperatures, the DIM treatment promotes the crystallisation of the β-SiC phase. Passivation/corrosion tests performed in 1 N H 2 SO 4 indicate that the corrosion resistance is considerably improved by DIM regardless of the deposition temperature. It is suggested that the interface mixing along with the coating densification is responsible for the protective effect.
A pattern recognition method of mathematical graphs

A computer-aided system for transformation of mathematical figures into tactile graphics is useful for visually impaired students when they learn mathematics and science. To develop such a system, research on mathematical figure recognition techniques is needed. It is natural to assume that (1) mathematical figures included characters and formulas to explain lines or curves that are graphical expressions of functions or equations, and (2) graphs are sometimes drawn using broken lines. Under these assumptions, this paper discusses a method of separating a mathematical figure into character components and graph components, and a classification method of broken lines.
Applying Systems Modeling Approaches to Building Construction

Current building modeling environments lack the ability to support coordinated, incremental and systematic description of project requirements, design specifications, and the set of interactions that emerge among them, from different stakeholders, during building design. This paper discusses the prospect of a system-centric modeling framework that integrates a parametric CAD tool with a system modeling application to assess design intent based on construction-specific knowledge. The CAD tool provides strong geometric modeling capabilities, while system modeling allows the description of feature-based design specifications, aligned with construction standards and construction know-how. The ultimate goal of the proposed approach aims for the identification of conflicting interactions between design specifications, from different building material systems and stakeholders, to prevent design errors and on-site rework. The proposed framework will enable collaborative scenarios between Model Based System Engineering and BIM based on parametric, simultaneous, software integration to reduce humanto-data translation errors, improving model consistency among material systems, BIM tools, and project stakeholders.
The Evolving Definition of a Gene

928 BioScience • December 2009 / Vol. 59 No. 11 www.biosciencemag.org There was a time when a biologist could discover a new species by strolling into a field and saying, “What, ho! I’ve never seen one of those before!” Of course, by now biologists have seen it all—or at least all of the things that are easy to see. So a scientist who spies something seemingly new first needs to consider whether that creature belongs to a previously identified species.
Reflecting on “Issues Supervising Family Violence Cases”

In reflecting on Dawn McBride’s article entitled Issues Supervising Family Violence Cases, I use a case study to confirm and add to McBride’s ideas. Specifically, areas of focus include advocacy and social influence with disabled clients, dangers for counsellors related to violent partners or family members, additional issues about agency documentation and confidentiality, cultural aspects of family violence in relation to immigrants, and attending to mental illness and vulnerability to violence. Finally, McBride includes a handout covering areas that would initiate supervision for counsellors involved with this population; strong support for its distribution is advocated.
Constraint on cosmic density of the string moduli field in gauge-mediated supersymmetry-breaking theories

We derive a constraint on the cosmic density of string moduli fields in gauge-mediated supersymmetry-breaking theories by requiring that photons emitted from the unstable moduli fields should not exceed the observed X-ray backgrounds. Since the mass of the moduli field lies in the range between O (0.1) keV and O (1) MeV and the decay occurs through a gravitational interaction, the lifetime of the moduli field is much longer than the age of the present universe. The obtained upper bound on their cosmic density becomes more stringent than that from the enclosure condition for the present universe for a mass greater than about 100 keV.
Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics.

In preparing this edition, Dreyfus and Rabinow added not only the interview with Foucalt - "On the Genealogy of Ethics: An Overview of Work in Progress" - but also a new chapter on the books Foucalt was working on at the time: two more planned volumes of "The History of Sexuality" and a third book, "Le Souci de soi," that was to analyze the great attention paid by the ancient world to the care of the self. Foucault himself wrote at the time that this book "presents a very clear and intelligent analysis of the work that I have attempted to do. Resolving many misunderstandings, it offers an accurate, synthetic view... Beyond its particular goal, I believe this work opens new horizons for the relations between American and European thought."
Deep structure of the lithosphere beneath the territory of Bulgaria

РезюмеРaсчumaны временные невязкu Р волн nрuхо¶rt;ящuх nо¶rt; рaзнымu aзuмуmaмu u улaмu. Трехмернaя uнверсuя эmuх невязок ¶rt;aеm основу ¶rt;ля хaрaкmерuзaцuu сmрукmуры верхнеŭ мaнmuu nо¶rt; Болaрuеŭ. Мuзuŭскaя nлamформa u Ро¶rt;оnскuŭ мaссuв, ¶rt;вa рaзлuчных блокa mолщuхоŭ лumосферы nрuблuзumельно 130–140 км с зоноŭ¶rt;е лumосферa mоньше в¶rt;оль uх конmaкma. Обa блокa хaрaкmерuзовaны nроmuвоnоложно нanрaвленноŭ зaвuсuмосmыо оmносumельно высокоŭ u нuзкоŭ скоросmu Р волн. Эma нanрaвленнaя зaвuсuмосmь uнmерnреmuровaнa кaк nоруженuе aнuзоmроnных сmрукmур в верхнюю мaнmuю. Эmu сmрукmуры можно nре¶rt;сmaвumь кaк осmamкu naлеосуб¶rt;укцuŭ сmaроŭ океaнuческоŭ лumосферы.SummaryTeleseismic P residuals calculated for waves arriving from various azimuths and angles of incidence, and a 3-D inversion of the residuals provided the basis for characterizing the uppermost mantle structure beneath Bulgaria. The Moesian Platform and the Rhodopean Massif are two different blocks characterized by a lithosphere thickness of about 130–140 km with a zone of lithosphere thinning along their contact. Both units have opposite patterns of the directional dependence of relatively high and low P velocities. This directional dependence is interpreted by dipping anisotropic structures in the subcrustal lithosphere, which probably represent remnants of paleosubductions of an old oceanic lithosphere.
A Matter of Words: NLP for Quality Evaluation of Wikipedia Medical Articles

Automatic quality evaluation of Web information is a task with many fields of applications and of great relevance, especially in critical domains like the medical one. We move from the intuition that the quality of content of medical Web documents is affected by features related with the specific domain. First, the usage of a specific vocabulary (Domain Informativeness); then, the adoption of specific codes (like those used in the infoboxes of Wikipedia articles) and the type of document (e.g., historical and technical ones). In this paper, we propose to leverage specific domain features to improve the results of the evaluation of Wikipedia medical articles. In particular, we evaluate the articles adopting an "actionable" model, whose features are related to the content of the articles, so that the model can also directly suggest strategies for improving a given article quality. We rely on Natural Language Processing (NLP) and dictionaries-based techniques in order to extract the bio-medical concepts in a text. We prove the effectiveness of our approach by classifying the medical articles of the Wikipedia Medicine Portal, which have been previously manually labeled by the Wiki Project team. The results of our experiments confirm that, by considering domain-oriented features, it is possible to obtain sensible improvements with respect to existing solutions, mainly for those articles that other approaches have less correctly classified. Other than being interesting by their own, the results call for further research in the area of domain specific features suitable for Web data quality assessment.
Categorical abstract algebraic logic: Gentzen pi -institutions and the deduction-detachment property

Given a π -institution I , a hierarchy of π -institutions I(n ) is constructed, for n ≥ 1. We call I(n ) the n-th order counterpart of I . The second-order counterpart of a deductive π -institution is a Gentzen π -institution, i.e. a π -institution associated with a structural Gentzen system in a canonical way. So, by analogy, the second order counterpart I(2) of I is also called the “Gentzenization” of I . In the main result of the paper, it is shown that I is strongly Gentzen , i.e. it is deductively equivalent to its Gentzenization via a special deductive equivalence, if and only if it has the deduction-detachment property .