nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Health-related quality of life in Australian adults with renal insufficiency: a population-based study.

Health-related quality of life is increasingly recognized as an important outcome in clinical research and patient care. Although there are a large number of reports of quality of life in the setting of end-stage renal disease, the impact of lesser degrees of renal impairment in the general population has not been described.



Data relating to quality of life measured by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) was available for 10,525 participants (93.6%) of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study, a randomly selected representative sample of the Australian population aged 25 years or older. Results are examined by category of renal function (Cockcroft-Gault estimated glomerular filtration rate: normal, > or =60 mL/min/1.73 m2; renal insufficiency, <60 mL/min/1.73 m2).



Significant impairment in health-related quality of life was seen with renal insufficiency for all SF-36 scales except Vitality and Mental Health. Adjusting for the substantial comorbidity associated with renal insufficiency, scores for Physical Functioning, Role-Physical, General Health, Vitality, and Role-Emotional were significantly lower. Examination of age-specific effects on health-related quality of life showed that mental health was particularly impaired in the younger age group, and Physical Functioning, in the older age group with renal insufficiency. Patterns of impairment were similar in men and women.



Results from this study indicate that the current emphasis on clinical interventions aimed at preserving renal function are likely to improve the negative impact of kidney disease on health-related quality of life; however, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Survey and Practice of 3D City Modeling

3D city modeling is an interesting subject that attracts both computer aided design and computer graphics communities. This paper surveys the recent development of 3D city modeling techniques for either real or virtual city. Some typical approaches and fundamental principles behind them are also analyzed and compared. Finally we introduce a rule-driven procedure modeling approach for large-scale virtual city. Comparing with the existing approaches, the rules adopted by the proposed approach and based on urban planning principles are easy to be understood and customized. Our experiments proved the system is effective and efficient.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANOMALIES AND GOLD ANOMALIES IN SOUTHEASTERN GUIZHOU AND THEIR ORE-PROSPECTING SIGNIFICANCE

In order to tap ore-prospecting potential in southeastern region of Guizhou,the authors interpreted regional gravity magnetic anomalies,studied distribution of gold geochemical anomalies in the Tianjinli gold ore concentration area of eastern region and western region and,as a result,discovered the regularity that the gold ore deposits(ore spots) and gold geochemical(element,block) anomalies are related spatially,temporally and genetically to the planar distribution of gravity and magnetic anomalies as well as the distribution of the inferred magmatic intrusions(basic,acid and tectonic alteration rocks) and the regional EW-trending and NS-trending deep and great faults.The results open up the new train of thought in search for gold deposits in the Tianjinli gold ore concentration area of eastern region as well as its periphery.The prospecting for veined gold deposits in metamorphic detrital rocks should not be confined only to the relevant horizons and the intersections between the NE-trending structure and the accompanied faults(i.e.,anticline plus a cut) as well as their nearby places.
IST is more than an algorithm to prove ZFC theorems

There is a sentence in the language of IST, Nelson's internal set theory, which is not equivalent in IST to a sentence in the ∈-language. Thus the Reduction algorithm, that converts bounded IST formulas with standard parameters to provably (in IST) equivalent ∈-formulas, cannot be extended to all formulas of the IST language.  Internal set theory IST was invented by Nelson (1977) as an attempt to develop nonstandard mathematics from a unified axiomat- ical standpoint. This theory has demonstrated its ability to ground vari- ous branches of nonstandard analysis, see e.g. van den Berg (1987), F. and M.Diener (1988), F.Diener and Reeb (1989), Reeken (1992). It is regarded as one of the advantages of IST that there exists a simple algorithm, introduced also by Nelson, to transform sentences in the language of IST to provably equivalent (in the sense of provability in IST) sentences formulated in the ZFC language. This algorithm, together with Nelson's theorem that IST is a conservative extension of ZFC, is used sometimes � On leave to Bergische Universitat - Gesamthochschule Wuppertal during Spring 1993.
Financial Markets and Economic Development in Africa

This paper reviews the theory and evidence on the links between financial development and economic activity in the context of African countries. The paper presents stylized facts on the trends and patterns of financial development in Africa since the 1970s, discusses the size and performance of African stock markets, and summarizes the findings from existing empirical studies on the effects of financial development on economic growth in African economies. The evidence discussed in the paper indicates that financial systems are still relatively underdeveloped in the majority of African countries. Aggregate (traditional) measures of financial intermediation show that credit supply has either stagnated or declined in most of sub-Saharan African countries in the past two decades. However, recent structural and institutional indicators of financial market development show that a number of countries have made significant progress in promoting an environment that is conducive to financial intermediation. Much progress is still needed, however, especially to strengthen the institutional framework for banking regulation, promote monetary policy autonomy, establish government and central bank credibility, develop banking supervision, which will create an environment that is conducive to investment and saving. Progress in those areas will not only promote financial market development but it will also foster economic growth.
n + p → d + γ in effective field theory

The radiative capture process n + p → d + γ provides clear evidence for meson exchange currents in nuclear physics. We compute this process at low energies using a recently developed power counting for the effective field theory that describes nucleon-nucleon interactions. The leading order contribution to this process comes from the photon coupling to the nucleon magnetic moments. At subleading order there are other contributions. Among these are graphs where the photon couples directly to pions, i.e. meson exchange currents. These diagrams are divergent and require the presence of a local four-nucleon-one-photon counterterm. The coefficient of this operator is determined by the measured cross section, σ expt = 334.2±0.5 mb, for incident neutrons with speed | v | = 2200 m/s.
Software Quality and Management: How the World's Most Powerful Software Makers do it

Controlling software quality is a major challenge in modern software development projects. This article looks at software development practices at the two largest producers of software, IBM and Microsoft, and compares them against the Software Engineering Institute's (SEI) Capability Maturity Model (CMM). It concludes that rigorous quality controls and the CMM's basic premise for reaching higher maturity are still the best ways to produce quality software.
Phase stability of ZrO2 9.5Y2O3 5.6Yb2O3 5.2Gd2O3 compound at 1100 °C and 1300 °C for advanced TBC applications

Phase instability of conventional zirconia compounds (YSZ: Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) at temperatures above 1200 °C, is one of the important reasons of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) destruction in new generation of turbines. In this study, ZGYbY: ZrO 2 9.5Y 2 O 3 5.6Yb 2 O 3 5.2Gd 2 O 3 powder, as a new material for TBC applications, was synthesized through a chemical co-precipitation method to enhance the phase stability of the YSZ at higher temperatures. A cyclic method with 5 h cycles at 1100 °C and 1300 °C for 50 h was employed to investigate the phase stability of YSZ and ZGYbY compounds. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis confirmed the phase stability of both of powders during thermal cycling at 1100 °C for 50 h. The results of thermal cycling at 1300 °C for 50 h indicated that ZGYbY powder exhibits excellent phase stability due to full retention of t-prime zirconia phase and restriction of tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition upon cooling. However, in the case of YSZ powder, after thermal cycling at similar condition, it decomposed to two new phases including cubic and monoclinic zirconia with 62 wt% and 38 wt%, respectively.
Salt water, Raphael d'Abdon : review

As the title suggests, Raphael d'Abdon's poems are made of elemental substances and essential aspects of life. They speak in a direct, but profound, way. Many of these poems are stories, uncluttered narratives peopled with idiosyncratic characters that often break a sense of stereotype or cliche. The poems have a variety of tones, from meditative to satirical to highly engaged commentary on society. D'Abdon talks about and tells stories from the everyday, and has a narrative voice with an often highly ironic, but humane, take on life, politics and society.
Diffusion of Interstitial Elements in Ti Alloys Used as Biomaterials

Titanium alloys are excellent implant materials for orthopedic applications due to their desirable properties, such as good corrosion resistance, low elasticity modulus, and excellent biocompatibility. The presence of interstitial elements (such as oxygen and nitrogen) causes strong changes in the material’s mechanical properties, mainly in its elastic properties. Study of the interaction among interstitial elements present in metals began with Snoek’s postulate, that a stress-induced ordering of interstitials gives rise to a peak in the mechanical relaxation (internal friction) spectra. In the mechanical relaxation spectra, each species of interstitial solute atom gives rise to a distinct Snoek’s peak, whose temperature and position depend on the measurement frequency. This effect is very interesting because its peculiar parameters are directly related to the diffusion coefficient (D) for the interstitial solute. This paper presents a study of diffusion of heavy interstitial elements in Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta alloys using mechanical spectroscopy. Pre-exponential factors and activation energies are calculated for oxygen and nitrogen in theses alloys.
Online Grid Replication Optimizers to Improve System Reliability

In a data intensive grid system, many data replica schemes and models have been proposed to improve the system response time or data consistency, but little attention has been paid to the system reliability. In this paper, we investigate how these data replica schemes impact the system reliability. We use several metrics of system reliability we previously proposed (system bytes missing rate and system file missing rate), and we model the system availability problem assuming limited replica storage and different sized files. In order to achieve higher system data availability, in this paper we propose two new replica optimizers, MinDmr-beta and MinDmr-gamma, to minimize the data miss rate (MinDmr). A comparison of our replica optimizers using a simulation on the OptorSim demonstrates that by utilizing our strategy, we can increase the data availability for files with different sizes.
The future of medicine. The role of the consumer.

As representative of the universities and medical schools of the United States, I congratulate the University of Nebraska Medical Center on the important occasion of its 100th anniversary. But may I remind you that, when a university or a medical school achieves an age of 100 years, a century, it really only attains its majority. This can be compared, perhaps, with attaining the age of 21 for the individual. You see, therefore, that the University of Nebraska Medical Center has merely gone through infancy and part of the teens. It is an occasion to rejoice about, but it is not an occasion to feel any pangs of incipient senility. I am reminded of the fact that the span of years that has been covered by the history of this university and this medical school has been a very exciting century within the area of medicine and medical education. It has
Around the world - biomedical engineering in Sweden

13th Nordic Baltic Conference Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics (NBC’05) On 13–17 June 2005, the 13th Nordic Baltic Conference Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics (NBC’05) was held in Umea, Sweden, and chaired by Ronnie Lundstrom. It was organized by the Swedish Society for Medical Engineering and Medical Physics (MTF) and the Swedish Society of Radiation Physics (SFfR). The host was the Centre for Biomedical Engineering and Physics at Umea University. NBC’05 featured nine keynote lectures: • Toril Hernes, Medical Faculty, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, “The Computer Assisted Future: New Possibilities in Education, Simulation, and Minimally Invasive Therapy” • Richard Kitney, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, “WebBased Health and the Future Role of Molecular Biology” • George Tesar, Umea University, Umea, Sweden, “Scientific Entrepreneurship and Market Realities” • Alan Murray, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, “From a Scientific Study, to a Manuscript, to Its Publication” • Metin Akay, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, “Complexity of Respiratory Neural Network Modeling Maturation” • John Webster, University of Wisconsin, Madison Wisconsin, “Tissue Ablation: Devices and Procedures” • P. Laguna, Zaragoza University, Zaragoza, Spain, “Heart Rate Variability: Models, Methods, and Applications in Stress Testing” • Joachim Nagel, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, “The European Higher Education Area in Biomedical Engineering—Achievements, Trends, and Developments” • Inger-Lena Lamm, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, “Education and Training of the European Medical Physicist; Roles and Responsibilities in Radiation Protection and Safety.” John Webster
AdaptC: programming adaptation policies for WSN applications

Evolution in both hardware and software technologies has enabled Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) to target a multiplicity of domains. Programming for such advanced WSNs remains a challenging process for users, especially as the WSN may need to make changes as per outcomes from different scenarios during execution. Usually, various adaptation policies are written while programming such applications to enable changes. However it is difficult for the programmer to anticipate changes for new scenarios. It also becomes difficult to reuse these adaptation policies. In this paper, we propose AdaptC, an abstraction for such adaptation policies that facilitates re-usability and expansion across various WSNs. We also present concepts for the design and implementation of AdaptC. We evaluate the abstraction for multiple use cases and compare it against existing work.
Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski and English Dissenting Poets of the Early 18th Century: A Study in Reception of Neo-Latin Poetry in Great Britain

The article presents historical, literary, religious and political context in which interest in the poetry of the Baroque Neo-Latin poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595–1640) appeared in the first half of the 18th century among English dissenters and non-conformists. The article concentrates on the best known and most prolific of the six dissenting translators of Sarbiewski Isaac Watts (1674–1748) and his pupil and biographer Thomas Gibbons (1720–1785). The article includes a brief presentation of the translated poems of Sarbiewski and their translators.
Role of extracellular polymeric substances in bioflocculation of activated sludge microorganisms under glucose-controlled conditions.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by suspended cultures of microorganisms from an activated sludge plant in the presence of glucose were characterized in detail using colorimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. EPS produced by the multi-species community were similar to literature reports of pure cultures in terms of functionalities with respect to C and O but differed subtly in terms of N and P. Hence, it appears that EPS produced by different microorganisms maybe homologous in major chemical constituents but may differ in minor components such as lipids and phosphodiesters. The role of specific EPS constituents on microbial aggregation was also determined. The weak tendency of microorganisms to bioflocculate during the exponential growth phase was attributed to electrostatic repulsion when EPS concentration was low and acidic in nature (higher fraction of uronic acids to total EPS) as well as reduced polymer bridging. However, during the stationary phase, polymeric interactions overwhelmed electrostatic interactions (lower fraction of uronic acids to total EPS) resulting in improved bioflocculation. More specifically, microorganisms appeared to aggregate in the presence of protein secondary structures including aggregated strands, beta-sheets, alpha- and 3-turn helical structures. Bioflocculation was also favored by increasing O-acetylated carbohydrates and overall C-(O,N) and O=C-OH+O=C-OR functionalities.
The Gulf Coast Onshore Offshore Experiment: Some preliminary results

The purpose of the Gulf Coast Onshore Offshore Experiment, which was carried out in cooperation with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, was to determine crustal structure of a section across the Gulf Coast Geosyncline where the sediments are near maximum thickness. There is a longstanding difficulty in conceiving of a mechanism by which the deep sedimentary basins are formed. There appear to be two possibilities: (1) deposition of sediments on a continental crust which was downbuckled to accommodate them by some unknown means; or (2) that wherever the sediments were formed initially, they were finally deposited in deep water. In the latter case one would expect that they would be underlain by a thin oceanic crust.
Blood-compatibility of La_2O_3 Doped Amorphous Carbon Film

La2O3 doped amorphous carbon(a-C) films were deposited on silicon substrates using a Radio-Frequency magnetron sputtering.The effect of doped rare earth on the microstructure,composition,surface morphology and hydrophilicity of a-C films were studied using Raman spectra and XPS,respectively.Results show that rare earth addition has a suppressive effect on the ratio of sp3-bond to sp2-bond in the a-C films and the hydrophobicity of rare earth doped a-C films is increased.The observation of platelet adhesion shows that the anti-cruor of a-C films can be improved by rare earth doped and the sample added appropriate rare earth shows the best blood compatibility.The mechanism of haemocompatibility of a-C films doped rare earth is discussed.
Market Share, Scale, and Market Value: An Empirical Study of Small Closely Held Manufacturing Firms

This study examines the impact of the interaction of the firm variables market share and scale, and the industry conditions of concentration and growth, on the market value of 225 closely held, micro-market share manufacturing firms. The results suggest that the market value of small firms with micro-market shares benefits from the presence of large firms in concentrated industries. The study also found support for the hypothesis that the impact of concentration and scale economies on small-firm performance varies according to industry growth.
On Competing Technologies and Historical Small Events: The Dynamics of Choice under Increasing Returns

This paper explores the dynamics of microeconomic choice between objects with increasing returns. It finds that such dynamics possess four features: (a) a potential inefficiency of aggregate outcome, even where individual choices are perfectly rational; (b) an inflexibility of outcome, in that market shares become locked-in--they cannot always be influenced by standard, marginalist policy measures; (c) a non-predictability, in that knowledge of supply and demand conditions does not suffice to predict ultimate market shares; and (d) a non-ergodicity, in that small historical events are not always averaged away, but can determine the path of market shares. These properties are demonstrated within a simple model where agents choose between technologies competing for adoption. 
 
Choice under increasing returns appears to raise serious questions for policy prescription, for the interpretation of economic history, and for the possibility of constructing models for accurate economic prediction.
The inhibition of malate dehydrogenase by chlorammine-platinum complexes.

Equilibrium association constants have been calculated for various platinum (II) and platinum (IV) complexes. The association constants were greatest for the dinegatively charged state, regardless of the valence state of the platinum, and the constant decreased considerably as the charge increased. There were no measurable values for positively charged complex states. The conclusion is that the electrostatic charge of the platinum complex is the most important factor causing the inhibition of the enzyme, and the steric differences have only a minor effect, while geometric variation as in the comparison of cis and trans dichlorodiamine-platinum (II) isomers yields no differences in inhibition.
IMAGING THE FUTURE: NEW VISIONS AND NEW RESPONSIBILITIES

. History may be pregnant with a new paradigm centering around the organic features of systems in four areas: the global-ecological, the national-social, the organizational-institutional, and the individual-psychological. Key terms are holistic, synergy, harmony, interdependence, and synthesis. A transition is occurring in each of these realms that has great potential for human fulfillment, if the shift can be successfully managed. Movements in theology can be similarly illuminated by this analysis at three points: the global conversation between liberation and establishment theologies, the renewed discussion among Christian theologians regarding other world religions, and the current influence of process theology.
A longitudinal qualitative analysis of the factors that influence patient distress within the lung cancer population.

The literature consistently shows that lung cancer patients experience both greater number of symptoms and concerns about health and existential issues compared with patients from other cancer populations and that patient distress near diagnosis predicts survival in lung cancer patients. Also evidence suggests that symptom characteristics (e.g. symptom intensity and frequency) influence distress. The relationship between aspects of patients' symptom experiences can be complex and the mechanisms underpinning this association are not fully understood at present.



Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 lung cancer patients and 15 primary caregivers at four time points: at the beginning of treatment and then subsequently at three, six, and twelve months, providing a total of 44 patient and 32 caregiver interviews. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was employed in the data analysis.



The analysis presented here concentrates on two areas which was reported to influence distress in this population: (1) patients' perception of symptoms and symptom characteristics and their associated distress; and (2) the relationship between patients' causal reasoning and their distress.



The complexity of the issues involved in the development of symptom distress needs to be recognised by health care professionals in this poor prognosis group of patients. Better patient preparation about symptoms may alleviate some of the symptom distress in lung cancer patients.