nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The impact of an AIDS symposium on attitudes of providers of pediatric health care.

Following reports of concern among health-care workers regarding the occupational risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a symposium was designed in 1987 to demonstrate to health-care providers at three hospitals in The Bronx, New York, the low risk of occupational HIV infection and techniques for avoiding infection. After the symposium, 103 of the health-care providers who had attended it completed a questionnaire assessing the impact of the symposium on their attitudes; the responses from 100 of these providers were used in this study. Twenty-nine of the responding providers reported that the symposium had increased their concerns regarding their risk of HIV infection; this group was composed of seven of the 15 medical students who responded, 12 of the 36 housestaff, seven of the 28 faculty, and three of the 21 other medical staff. The findings of the present study suggest that a symposium designed to decrease concerns of occupational HIV infection among health-care workers may have the opposite effect on some of those who attend it, especially medical students. Education alone may be inadequate to reassure some providers. The authors recommend small-group sessions addressing the emotional aspects of health-care providers' concerns.
The regulation of leased lines

Leased lines from the premises of corporations to the points of presence of service providers are a key economic input to their business models. There has been a scries of complaints from new entrant operators around the world, that they are being disadvantaged in their access to this essential facility and that discrimination of various forms is commonplace. Examples of both complaints and regulations are given from the United States of America, the Republic of South Africa, Singapore and the United Kingdom. Conclusions arc drawn and policy recommendations are made.
ASYMMETRIC POLICY REACTIONS AND INFLATION

Inflation determination is studied in a model in which policy makers care about inflation and the difference between actual and desired output as in Kydland and Prescott (1977) and Barro and Gordon (1983). We extend the analysis by assuming that desired output depends on the realisation of the supply shock, and show that this influences average inflation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inflation is higher in countries experiencing more volatile output, as implied by the theory, and that the Federal Reserve reacted asymmetrically to output before 1980, which also supports the hypothesis that asymmetric policy responses influence steady-state inflation rates.
Semantic analysis of rough logical formulas based on granular computing

Semantic Analysis of Logical formulas is to research into the meaning sets of logical formulas based on granular computing. In the paper, the meaning sets are axiomatized, and the reasoning systems are created to start with set axioms. The deductive reasoning in the set axiomatic systems is illustrated with real examples. The decomposing of granulation and the amalgamation of granules are also discussed. Index Terms-- Granular computing, Meaning sets of the logical formula, Meaning Set Axiomatization, Granular Deductive Reasoning.
Arc magmatism and hydrocarbon generation in the northern Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

A Middle–Late Miocene andesitic arc named the Mohakatino Volcanic Centre is buried beneath younger sediments in the northern part of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand’s primary oil production province. Volcanoes of the centre cover an area of about 3200 km 2 . An estimated 7000±3000 km 3 of andesite were erupted from the centre and between 1000 to 2500 km 3 of magma were intruded into the basement beneath the volcanic cones. The key element of the petroleum system altered by magmatism is the maturity of source rocks and the timing of expulsion, although volcanism also contributes to the formation of potential reservoirs and traps. In the northern Taranaki Basin, two periods of hydrocarbon expulsion occurred: following magmatism (14 Ma to about 8 Ma), and following renewed burial (since about 4 Ma). Thermal models indicate that Late Cretaceous terrestrial source rocks close to large magmatic intrusions became fully mature during magmatism. Overlying marine source rocks are modelled to still be generating and expelling hydrocarbons to the present day. Hence hydrocarbon expulsion and the charge history of this basin is partly governed by Miocene magmatism. Results are also relevant to many petroleum basins that contain similar andesitic arc volcanic rocks.
Venture Capitalist Participation and the Performance of IPO Firms: Empirical Evidence from France, Germany, and the UK

The paper investigates the impact of venture capitalists on the operating and market performance of firms going public by using a hand-collected international dataset of venture- and non venture-backed IPOs at the German Neuer Markt, the French Nouveau Marche, and the British techMARK. The study focuses on differences in the issuer and offering characteristics as well as in balance sheet data. Moreover, the influence of venture capitalists is assessed via a number of variables reflecting the quality of venture-backing, such as the pre- and post-issue shareholdings, board membership, age, syndication, organizational form, and overall participation in IPOs of the sample. Using the international dimension of the investigation, the involvement of venture capitalists in IPOs across countries is considered as an additional proxy for the experience of investors. The overall findings suggest that venture-backed firms do not generally outperform those without venture-backing. Instead, merely a subgroup of internationally operating venture capitalists has positive effects on both the operating and market performance of portfolio firms. The outcome is interpreted as evidence for the heterogeneity of venture capitalists in the European market that is currently undergoing a consolidation process.
VUV-photolysis of aqueous solutions of hydroxylamine and nitric oxide. Effect of organic matter: phenol.

VUV-irradiation of aqueous solutions containing hydroxylamine (NH2OH) in its acid form (NH3OH+) and phenol (C6H5OH) results in the simultaneous mineralization of the organic substrate and the almost quantitative reduction of NH3OH+ to ammonium ions (NH4+). Irradiation of aqueous solutions of NH3OH+ in the absence of organic substrates showed the formation of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) and minor quantities of NH4+. In line with these experiments, VUV-irradiation of aqueous solutions of nitrogen monoxide (NO˙) yields NH4+ only when C6H5OH is simultaneously mineralized. A possible reaction mechanism is discussed, where reactions of NO˙ and NH3OH+ with hydrogen atoms (H˙), hydroxyl radicals (HO˙) and hydrated electrons (e-aq), all generated by the VUV-photochemically initiated homolysis of water, are of great importance to the observed results. In the presence of phenol, competition between phenol and either NO˙ or NH3OH+ for these reactive intermediates in the primary volume of reactions strongly determines the oxidation state and nature of the N-containing products. C-Centered radicals and intermediate products of reactions may also have an important effect on the overall mechanism. The present results are discussed in relation to the actual state of knowledge presented in the literature.
Structural sequence and its relationship with Cu-Ni sulfide ore deposit in the Jinchuan Area,Gansu,China

The ore-controlling structures in the Jinchuan Area have their own characteristics.A deeper nappe fault of the Luliang stage,occurring between the Bajiazuizi and Tamazigou groups,made the hanging strata of Baijiazuzi group to be intensively deformed,which associated with the later extensional tectonics,having created the condition for the penetrating of ore-bearing magma.The Jinchuan Area had been developed into a typical metamorphic core complex and accompanied with large-scale mafic-ultramafic magma intrusion during the Middle and Late Proterozoic.Qilian-orogeny was the major tectonic movement after the forming of the Jinchuan ore deposit.During the orogenic process,a series of thrust and strike-slip faults trending NWW made the Longshoushan metamorphic core complex to be gripped and bulged upward by the collision.It composed a palm tree structure that built up the major regional tectonic framework of this area.The Qilian-orogeny had also led to the rupturing,strike-slip and tilting of the original stratiform ore-bearing magmatic intrusions.Due to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau,the new tectonic movement further pushed the ore-bearing magmatic intrusions NEE-wards onto the Cenozoic alluvium.
Tectonic comparisons of Caucasus and California cordillera

Many parallels exist between the Caucasus region, shaped as the Eurasian and Arabian-African plates converged during the Cenozoic Alpine orogeny, and California, where the North American and Pacific plates interact. The Forecaucasian platform hosts many large oil and gas fields in molasse-filled foredeeps of high heat flow. Production is from Permian to Pliocene tight anticlines on reverse faults, diapiric structures, shoe-string sands of the prolific Maikop series, and Tertiary fanglomerates and sand lenses. Although not an exact parallel, this production suggests potential in Paleozoic and Mesozoic marine and Tertiary fanglomeratic, tuffaceous, and fluvial sediments in basins of the sparsely drilled Basin and Range. The Greater Caucasus, like the Sierra Nevada, show Paleozoic-Mesozoic geosynclinal sedimentation, subduction, and granitic magmatism. The former have undergone much folding, thrusting, and Quaternary volcanism. Jurassic bituminous limestone is exposed, a source for the petroliferous Transcaucasian Intermontane depression. The latter is filled with thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic flysch and molasse and, like California's Great Valley forearc basin, orogenic terrane and permeable soils favor enology. Sources also include Eocene and Miocene diatomaceous and bituminous clays. Reservoirs include prolific Pliocene sands, Eocene olistostromes, fractured tuffaceous rocks, and Cretaceous-Miocene sandstones in anticlines and stratigraphic traps. Migration to basin flanks was aided bymore » compression. The Lesser Caucasus, a continuation of the main ophiolite foldbelt of Turkey, shares a subduction and accretionary history with the Franciscan melange. This microplate was obducted to Eurasia as the prong-shaped Arabian plate moved it and other microplates of the east Mediterranean in several directions (the Turkish microplate dextrally along the North Anatolian transform fault) and deformed wide areas.« less
Watershed Management for Lake Lanier: Perspectives on Inter-governmental Implementation

In March 2000, the City of Gainesville and Hall County, in cooperation with Forsyth County, completed the Community Watershed Assessment. The project outlined recommendations for improving or maintaining the water quality and biotic integrity of the tributaries entering Lake Lanier, as well as the tributaries to the North Oconee and Etowah Rivers. The three governments have continued to cooperate during the implementation phase. Hall County and the City of Gainesville have been working closely to ensure consistency in watershed management and efficiency in implementing the plan. The watershed management plan included recommendations for additional storm water controls, stream buffers, and increased enforcement of sedimentation and erosion control measures. Implementation of the watershed management plan required programmatic changes in existing municipal policies, potential organizational changes, and ordinance revisions. Hall County has developed a single watershed protection ordinance to incorporate many of the requirements for watershed management, including storm water quality and quantity controls, an approach for managing new development, and a requirement for stream buffers. The City of Gainesville has taken a similar approach and is revising the municipal code to incorporate these requirements. In addition, the City and Hall County have developed an integrated watershed monitoring program that includes both water quality and biological monitoring, stream walks to identify potential water quality and habitat degradation, and an adopt-a-stream program to solicit public participation.
Biofunctionalization of Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Part II

The surface of Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy was modified in 0.1 M calcium hypophosphite (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 ) solutions via the addition of tricalcium phosphate, wollastonite or silica powders using a plasma electrolytic oxidation process. Depending on the anodizing bath chemical composition and applied voltage, various oxide layers were formed on the substrate. The morphology, cross-section and chemical composition of the Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (TL-XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The surface roughness of the oxide layers was also measured. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was examined using potentiodynamic polarization in Ringer's solution. The surface modification improved their corrosion resistance in physiological fluid.
ITERATION SCHEDULING USING BAYESIAN NETWORKS IN AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

In software industry nowadays, Agile Software Development methods have been largely adopted. Agile Software Development methods themselves can be considered a certain level of reducing projects risks. However, optimization of software project scheduling has always been big challenges in both practice and academia, since industrial software development is a highly complex and dynamic process. There is also a need for a probabilistic method that better model and predict uncertainty in software projects. This paper proposes an enhanced method and algorithm by combining optimized agile iteration scheduling and the ability to predict and handle risks in resource-constrained contexts of Bayesian Networks. Based on the method, a software was developed as a support tool for managers to control their project schedules. The tool also provides a reliable set of strategies of sequencing tasks in agile iteration scheduling.
Effect of electric fields on solid-state reactions between oxides Part 2 Interdiffusion studies in polycrystalline calcium and aluminium oxide pellets

A study of the effect of d.c. electric fields on the interdiffusion behaviour of CaO and AI2 03 pellets was made using scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffraction. When the CaO component is positively charged, the field acts to reinforce the preferred direction of normal thermal diffusion and the thickness of the product layers is increased. The reverse occurs when the CaQ component is negatively charged. A greater degree of diffusion is observed in unelectrolysed than in electrolysed samples; this unexpected result could be due to field-enhanced sintering in the latter which reduces the contribution of grain-boundary diffusion processes. The effective electrical mobility of the migrating species in the various product phases is calculated from the measured downfield shift in the diffusion profile, and compares well with estimates previously made by more approximate methods.
Embodied Knowledge and The Walking Qur'an: Lessons for the Study of Islam and Africa

More than a study of Qur’an schooling in Senegambia, Rudolph Ware’s The Walking Qur’an offers a new reading of West African history and a compelling argument about Islamic epistemologies. According to Ware, the embodied knowledge practices preserved in Senegambian Qur’an schools up to the present day have their roots in the early days of Islam. This article focuses on Ware’s intervention in the debate about epistemology and engages with his distinction between embodied knowledge, which he uses to characterize the knowledge practices in the Qur’an schools, and disembodied knowledge, which Ware sees as predominant among modern Muslims. Expanding on Ware’s exceptional study, the article argues that the embodied knowledge paradigm is closely connected to a wider Islamic tradition that can be labeled the Maliki-Ash’ari complex. Further, the article raises questions about Ware’s depiction of the disembodied knowledge paradigm and calls for further research into Salafi epistemology.
Late Cenozoic deep weathering patterns on the Fennoscandian shield in northern Finland : A window on ice sheet bed conditions at the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation

The nature of the regolith that existed on the shields of the Northern Hemisphere at the onset of ice sheet glaciation is poorly constrained. In this paper, we provide the first detailed account of an exceptionally preserved, deeply weathered late Neogene landscape in the ice sheet divide zone in northern Finland. We mine data sets of drilling and pitting records gathered by the Geological Survey of Finland to reconstruct regional preglacial deep weathering patterns within a GIS framework. Using a large geochemical data set, we give standardised descriptions of saprolite geochemistry using a variant of the Weathering Index of Parker (WIP) as a proxy to assess the intensity of weathering. We also focus on mineral prospects and mines with dense pit and borehole data coverage in order to identify links between geology, topography, and weathering. Geology is closely linked to topography on the preglacial shield landscape of northern Finland and both factors influence weathering patterns. Upstanding, resistant granulite, granite, gabbro, metabasalt, and quartzite rocks were associated with fresh rock outcrops, including tors, or with thin ( fines values above 3000 and 4000. Beneath valley floors developed along mineralised shear and fracture zones, weathering penetrated locally to depths of > 50 m and included intensely weathered kaolinitic clays with WIP fines values below 1000. Late Neogene weathering profiles were varied in character. Tripartite clay–gruss–saprock profiles occur only in limited areas. Bipartite gruss–saprock profiles were widespread, with saprock thicknesses of > 10 m. Weathering profiles included two discontinuities in texture, materials and resistance to erosion, between saprolite and saprock and between saprock and rock. Limited core recovery when drilling below the soil base in mixed rocks of the Tana Belt indicates that weathering locally penetrated deep below upper fresh rock layers. Such deep-seated weathered bands in rock represent a third set of discontinuities. Incipient weathering and supergene mineralisation also extended to depths of > 100 m in mineralised fracture zones. The thin weathering crusts found extensively beneath till may represent types of early or middle Pleistocene palaeosols. We confirm that glacial erosion has been very limited (
Probabilistic Argumentation: An Equational Approach

There is a generic way to add any new feature to a system. It involves (1) identifying the basic units which build up the system and (2) introducing the new feature to each of these basic units. In the case where the system is argumentation and the feature is probabilistic we have the following. The basic units are: (a) the nature of the arguments involved; (b) the membership relation in the set S of arguments; (c) the attack relation; and (d) the choice of extensions. Generically to add a new aspect (probabilistic, or fuzzy, or temporal, etc) to an argumentation network $${\langle S,R \rangle}$$⟨S,R⟩ can be done by adding this feature to each component (a–d). This is a brute-force method and may yield a non-intuitive or meaningful result. A better way is to meaningfully translate the object system into another target system which does have the aspect required and then let the target system endow the aspect on the initial system. In our case we translate argumentation into classical propositional logic and get probabilistic argumentation from the translation. Of course what we get depends on how we translate. In fact, in this paper we introduce probabilistic semantics to abstract argumentation theory based on the equational approach to argumentation networks. We then compare our semantics with existing proposals in the literature including the approaches by M. Thimm and by A. Hunter. Our methodology in general is discussed in the conclusion.
The Impact of Business Process Outsourcing on Firm Performance and the Influence of Governance

Does BPO pay off at the firm-level? Although there are several studies which analyze the potential benefits of BPO, there is a virtual absence of research papers on BPO outcomes. Based on an analysis of 137 Business process outsourcing (BPO) ventures at 254 German banks in a period between 1994 and 2005, we found that the outsourcer's financial performance in terms of profitability and cost efficiency was increased significantly compared to industry peers without BPO. The increase stems not from workforce reductions but rather from increased employee productivity. Further, we show how BPO governance ensures BPO success: individually negotiated outsourcing contracts help to improve cost efficiency and profitability measures. Relational governance based on trust has only positive effects on profitability.
Assumption-Based Reasoning with Finite Set Constraints

In this paper we present an extension of the traditional approach to assumption-based reasoning. Instead of propositional logic we use the framework of finite set constraints. The idea is that a proposition x can also be considered as Boolean variable x ∈ {0, 1}. The literals x and ∼x are then represented by Boolean set constraints x ∈ {1} and x ∈ {0} respectively. More generally, arbitrary finite variables x with values in Θx and finite set constraints x ∈ X , X ⊆ Θx, can be considered. This improves the expressiveness of assumption-based systems significantly. This paper shows how assumption-based systems can be extended to finite set constraints and it describes a method to determine arguments for hypotheses in this more general situation.
Absolute integrated SAXS measurements during the crystallization of linear polyethylene

Absolute intensity measurements of a dynamic small-angle x-ray scattering from a linear polyethylene were carried out during polymer crystallization from melt in a temperature range of 113.5° to 124.5°C. The mean-square modulation of the electron density over the irradiated volume was evaluated and the feasibility of dynamic experimentation for crystallization kinetic analysis was established. The results provide an absolute value of mass density of the amorphous phase of a semicrystalline polymer at the crystallization temperature.
Computing Bisimulations for Stochastic Process Algebras using Symbolic Representations

Stochastic process algebras have been introduced in order to enable compositional performance analysis. The size of the state space is a limiting factor, especially if the system consists of many cooperating components. To fight state space explosion, various proposals for compositional aggregation have been made. They rely on minimisation with respect to a congruence relation. This paper addresses the computational complexity of minimisation algorithms and explains how efficient, BDD-based data structures can be employed for this purpose.
Quantitative adhesion data for two energetic physical vapor-deposition processes

This paper provides quantitative ring shear adhesion data for copper plated on titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) by the hot hollow cathode physical vapor deposition process and copper plated on 304 stainless steel by magnetron ion plating. These are the first known published data of these types for physically vapor deposited coatings and they show that adhesion on difficult to plate substrates was quite good and compares favorably with data for electrodeposited coatings on similar substrates.