nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum chemical study of the thermodynamics, kinetics of formation and bonding of H2CN: Relevance to prebiotic chemistry

SummaryUsing the Iterative Extended Huckel Theory (IEHT), energy-conformation studies have been carried out for H2CN (I),trans-HCNH (IIA), andcis-HCNH (IIB), three possible isomers formed by addition of a hydrogen atom to hydrogen cyanide. Calculations show that the order of decreasing thermodynamic stability is I
$$ > $$
 IIA > IIB.Results of a series of calculations designed to simulate the stepwise addition of a hydrogen atom to hydrogen cyanide to form both I and IIA indicate that formation of I is also kinetically favored over IIA. Calculated properties of the minimum energy conformers of I and IIA and the nature of the bonding in them are described. The calculated distribution of the unpaired electron density in I compares favorably with results obtained empirically from the ESR spectra of a radical formed by addition of H atoms to HCN. The potential role of H2CN (I) as a reactive intermediate in prebiotic organic synthesis and its possible relevance to interstellar organic chemistry are discussed.
The Analysis on The Rock Gold Metallogenic Condition Around The Jiayin Depression

On the analysis of the metallogenic geological environment and the metallogenic rule of large-, medium-, small-scale rock gold deposits around the Jiayin Depression that is the primary rock gold metallogenic region in Heilongjiang Province, The text brings out a cognition that in this region the ore-controlling factors includes the Proterozoic metamorphic rocks (Xindong Group, Heilongjiang Group), the deep fault (F9), the Cretaceous intermediate-acid volcanic rocks, and so on. With the cognition, we do some predictions on the rock gold deposits around the Jiayin Depression, and determine the ore-prospecting direction of rock gold deposits.
"New Technologies and the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from France"

This paper focuses on the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the gender pay gap along the wage distribution. Our empirical analysis relies on two complementary French surveys conducted in 1998 and 2005 on a large sample of employees. We estimate quantile regressions and use a difference-in-difference strategy to assess the effect of new technologies. Both in 1998 and 2005, we find that the gender gap estimated for the group of ICT-users is not really different from the gap for non-users. Among ICT-users, wage differentials between men and women are mostly explained by a divergence in the rewards to identical characteristics.
Comparative Legal Studies: Traditions and Transitions

1.  accounting for an encounter Roderick Munday Part I. Comparative Legal Studies and its Legacies: 2. The universalist heritage James Gordley 3. The colonialist heritage Upendra Baxi 4. The nationalist heritage H. Patrick Glenn 5. The functionalist heritage Michele Graziadei Part II. Comparative Legal Studies and its Boundaries: 6. Comparatists and sociology Roger Cotterrell 7. Comparatists and languages Bernhard Grossfeld Part III. Comparative Legal Studies and its Theories: 8. The question of understanding Mitchel Lasser 9. The same and the different Pierre Legrand 10. The neo-romantic turn James Whitman 11. The methods and the politics David Kennedy Part IV. Comparative Legal Studies and its Futures: 12. Comparatists and transferability David Nelken 13. Comparatists and extraordinary places Esin Orucu Conclusion 14. Beyond compare Lawrence Rosen Index.
Extension of Bernstein polynomials to infinite dimensional case

The purpose of this paper is to study some new concrete approximation processes for continuous vector-valued mappings defined on the infinite dimensional cube or on a subset of a real Hilbert space. In both cases these operators are modelled on classical Bernstein polynomials and represent a possible extension to an infinite dimensional setting.The same idea is generalized to obtain from a given approximation process for function defined on a real interval a new approximation process for vector-valued mappings defined on subsets of a real Hilbert space.
The Evolution of Lisp

Lisp is the world's greatest programming language—or so its proponents think. The structure of Lisp makes it easy to extend the language or even to implement entirely new dialects without starting from scratch. Overall, the evolution of Lisp has been guided more by institutional rivalry, one-upsmanship, and the glee born of technical cleverness that is characteristic of the “hacker culture” than by sober assessments of technical requirements. Nevertheless this process has eventually produced both an industrial-strength programming language, messy but powerful, and a technically pure dialect, small but powerful, that is suitable for use by programming-language theoreticians.
We pick up where McCarthy's paper in the first HOPL conference left off. We trace the development chronologically from the era of the PDP-6, through the heyday of Interlisp and MacLisp, past the ascension and decline of special purpose Lisp machines, to the present era of standardization activities. We then examine the technical evolution of a few representative language features, including both some notable successes and some notable failures, that illuminate design issues that distinguish Lisp from other programming languages. We also discuss the use of Lisp as a laboratory for designing other programming languages. We conclude with some reflections on the forces that have driven the evolution of Lisp.
Dispersion relations at finite temperature and density for nucleons and pions

We calculate the nucleonic and pionic dispersion relations at finite temperature T and non-vanishing chemical potentials $(\mu_f)$ in the context of an effective chiral theory that describes the strong and electromagnetic interactions for nucleons and pions. The dispersion relations are calculated in the broken chiral symmetry phase, where the nucleons are massive and pions are taken as massless. The calculation is performed at lowest order in the energy expansion, working in the framework of the real time formalism of thermal field theory in the Feynman gauge. These one-loop dispersion relations are obtained at leading order with respect to T and $\mu_f$. We also evaluate the effective masses of the quasi-nucleon and quasi-pion excitations in thermal and chemical conditions as the ones of a neutron star.
Healthcare resource utilization and costs in working-age patients with high-risk atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: findings from a multi-employer claims database.

Patients with coronary artery disease with diabetes, a history of acute coronary syndromes, cerebrovascular atherosclerotic disease, or peripheral arterial disease are at particularly high risk for a cardiovascular (CV) event and can be defined as having high-risk atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The objective of this study is to examine healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and total healthcare costs (THC) for patients with ASCVD in a commercially insured population.



A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a large, US employer-based, claims database. Patients with an ASCVD diagnosis between October 1, 2008 to September 30, 2009 who met eligibility requirements were included. All-cause and ASCVD-related HRU and THC for the first and second year of follow-up were examined for all patients and by the number of arterial beds affected. Adjusted THC were compared across groups with and without polyvascular disease.



The analysis included 152,290 patients with ASCVD. Use of CV-related medications, hospitalizations, and office visits were highest among patients with three arterial beds affected. Mean all-cause THC for patients with ASCVD were ∼$19,000 per patient in Year 1 or Year 2, with medical costs as the main driver. ASCVD-related THC were also similar for Year 1 ($8699) and Year 2 ($7925) across all patients. Adjusted all-cause and ASCVD-related THC for both years were greatest for patients with three affected arterial beds compared with one or two affected beds (p < 0.001 for each comparison).



This is the first study in a managed care setting to systematically estimate all-cause and ASCVD-related THC for an aggregated population of ASCVD patients at high risk for a CV event. The economic burden of ASCVD in working-age patients in the US is substantial. Significantly higher HRU and costs were found in patients with polyvascular disease compared with those with only one affected bed.
Recent global trends in the chinese construction industry and its market

The rapidly increasing construction demand in China, particularly spurred by the coming 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2010 Shanghai Expo, provides challenging opportunities for overseas construction enterprises. Therefore understanding the structure and dynamics of construction industry in China is crucial, particularly the potential changes of the market after the China's entry into the World Trade Organization. This paper analyses the development of construction economics and institutional regulations in the construction market, and provides a comprehensive image on the Chinese construction sector in the global environment.
FORLØSNING FRA DENNE VERDENS ONDER: Politisk-teologisk brug af den kristne eskatologi i sekulariseret form

Politics and theology constitute two domains that we would prefer to understand as separate and as operating according to different principles, but as the term “political theology” would indicate, certain common traits do exist. Both areas are capable of displaying ardent followers with fierce ideological or dogmatic devotions—devotions that have a history of developing into violent movements. It is the intention of this text to describe and explain in more analytical terms the principal idea behind this devotion, as it arises when certain theological motives achieve their heyday in politics. The key object is therefore the concept of eschatology and the reasons why it constitutes such a central theme in collective redemptive efforts. The text presents itself in three stages. First, the concept of eschatology is introduced, followed by the concept of Gnosticism as an example of the world-negating view inherent in eschatology. Second, it is shown how a present day position in theology is influenced by esch...
Policy, Politics, and Social Inequality in the Educational System of Greece

Educational policy remains a key variable in the way state governments respond to global change. This paper examines the policy, politics, and social inequality that permeate the educational system in Greece. It begins by placing Greek educational policy in its wider political, cultural, and socio-economic context. It considers the "post-modernization" process in Greece in recent years and reflects on the structure and political economy of Greek education. Then the paper reports on how social inequality is reproduced in the Greek educational system, and emphasizes the need for further research to better understand the complex and changing nature of the nation-state of Greece.
The fusion calculus: expressiveness and symmetry in mobile processes

We present the fusion calculus as a significant step towards a canonical calculus of concurrency. It simplifies and extends the /spl pi/-calculus. The fusion calculus contains the polyadic /spl pi/-calculus as a proper subcalculus and thus inherits all its expressive power. The gain is that fusion contains actions akin to updating a shared state, and a scoping construct for bounding their effects. Therefore it is easier to represent computational models such as concurrent constraints formalisms. It is also easy to represent the so called strong reduction strategies in the /spl lambda/-calculus, involving reduction under abstraction. In the /spl lambda/-calculus these tasks require elaborate encodings. Our results on the fusion calculus in this paper are the following. We give a structured operational semantics in the traditional style. The novelty lies in a new kind of action, fusion actions for emulating updates of a shared state. We prove that the calculus contains the /spl pi/-calculus as a subcalculus. We define and motivate the bisimulation equivalence and prove a simple characterization of its induced congruence, which is given two versions of a complete axiomatization for finite terms. The expressive power of the calculus is demonstrated by giving a straight-forward encoding of the strong lazy /spl lambda/-calculus, which admits reduction under /spl lambda/ abstraction.
Can anti-B ---> X(c) l anti-nu l help us extract |V(ub)|?

We study radiative corrections to ?Xc?? decays assuming the power counting mc ~ (?QCDmb)1/2 for the charm-quark mass. Concentrating on the shape-function region, we use effective field-theory methods to calculate the hadronic tensor at NLO accuracy. From this we deduce a shape-function independent relation between partially integrated ?Xc?? and ?Xu?? spectra to leading power in 1/mb, including first-order corrections in the strong coupling constant. This may provide an independent cross-check on the determination of the CKM element |Vub|.
Education externalities in rural Ethiopia: evidence from average and stochastic frontier production functions

Education will have externality effects in agriculture if, in the course of conducting their own private economic activities, educated farmers raise the productivity of uneducated farmers with whom they come into contact. This paper seeks to determine the potential size and source of such benefits for rural areas of Ethiopia. Average and stochastic frontier production function methodologies are employed to measure productivity and efficiency of farmers. In each case, internal and external returns to schooling are compared. We find that there are substantial and significant externality benefits of education in terms of higher average farm output and a shifting outwards of the production frontier. External benefits of schooling may be several times as high as internal benefits in this regard. However, we are unable to find any evidence of externality benefits to schooling in terms of improvements in technological efficiency in the use of a given technology. This suggests that the source of externalities to schooling is in the adoption and spread of innovations, which shift out the production frontier.
To network or not to network, that is the question

Polyploidization can be regarded as one of the most important evolutionary processes. It is well known that the condition of polyploidy is common in plant species, and it has been suggested that approximately 70% of angiosperms have undergone at least one ancient genome duplication (Masterson 1994). Moreover, recent studies assume that palaeopolyploidy is widespread throughout all eukaryotic lineages, having occurred, for example, during the evolution of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen), in the early ancestor of vertebrates, and repeatedly during the evolution of teleost fishes (Makalowski 2001). In polysporangiophytes (‘vascular plants’ or tracheophytes), polyploidy is recognized as an important phenomenon, with several lines of evidence suggesting that 15% of angiosperm
Exhumation of the Sucking-Dayman Massif, Papua New Guinea

Daczko, N R EM: ndaczko@els.mq.edu.au AF: Macquarie University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109,  Caffi, P EM: lpcaffi@hotmail.com AF: Macquarie University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109,  Carroll, S A EM: scarroll@els.mq.edu.au AF: Macquarie University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109,
Foundations of Algebraic Geometry Class 27

0.1. Here is a notion I should have introduced earlier: induced reduced subscheme structure. Suppose X is a scheme, and S is a closed subset of X. Then there is a unique reduced closed subscheme Z of X “supported on S”. More precisely, it can be defined by the following universal property: for any morphism from a reduced scheme Y to X, whose image lies in S (as a set), this morphism factors through Z uniquely. Over an affine X = Spec R, we get Spec R/I(S). (Exercise: verify this.) For example, if S is the entire underlying set of X, we get X.
What Works Better? A Study of Classifying Requirements

Classifying requirements into functional requirements (FR) and non-functional ones (NFR) is an important task in requirements engineering. However, automated classification of requirements written in natural language is not straightforward, due to the variability of natural language and the absence of a controlled vocabulary. This paper investigates how automated classification of requirements into FR and NFR can be improved and how well several machine learning approaches work in this context. We contribute an approach for preprocessing requirements that standardizes and normalizes requirements before applying classification algorithms. Further, we report on how well several existing machine learning methods perform for automated classification of NFRs into sub-categories such as usability, availability, or performance. Our study is performed on 625 requirements provided by the OpenScience tera-PROMISE repository. We found that our preprocessing improved the performance of an existing classification method. We further found significant differences in the performance of approaches such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation, Biterm Topic Modeling, or Naïve Bayes for the sub-classification of NFRs.
Physician variability in the management of acute postoperative and cancer pain: a quantitative analysis of the Michigan experience.

Little is known about physician attitudes, goals, or satisfaction regarding acute postoperative and cancer pain management.



To provide quantitative data regarding the status of acute postoperative and cancer pain management by Michigan physicians. To measure physician confidence, preference, and satisfaction as well as identify their pain care goals for acute postoperative and cancer pain management. To evaluate variability in acute postoperative and cancer pain decision making based upon physician demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes.



A cross-sectional survey, which included two cancer and three acute postoperative pain vignettes.



A randomly-selected sample of three hundred sixty-eight licensed Michigan physicians who provide clinical care for acute postoperative and cancer pain patients.



The majority of respondents (>50%) reported providing acute postoperative pain care frequently, while a minority (<20%) reported doing so for cancer pain. The majority of the physicians (>75%) reported goals of at least adequate pain relief without distress for both acute postoperative and cancer pain. Physicians more frequently chose the optimal pain management response for men following prostatectomy (56.2%) than for women following myomectomy (42%). They also chose the optimal response for metastatic prostate cancer more frequently (16.3%) than for metastatic breast cancer pain management (10.7%).



These data highlight physician variability in acute postoperative and cancer pain management decision making. Further study of the physician variable is necessary to improve the management of acute postoperative and cancer pain.
Study on strategic approaches of cultivating tourism market entity in China

With the rapid development of tourism industry in China, the main function of tourism industry is not only to gain exchange revenue or financial reward, but also to serve social life, to enhance the vitality of market economy, to meet the growing consumers' demand, to promote international exchange and cooperation, to improve the image of the state which have shown that development of tourism in China has entered into a new historical stage. In order to further develop tourism industry, in addition to consider changing the mode of economic growth, emphasizing on the basic role of market for allocating resources and the key role of cultivating market entity for promoting the sustainable and healthy development of tourism economy are also must be returned to consider. It has been ignored the importance of cultivating tourism market entity for a long time, and a sufficient number and competitive tourism market entities has been indeed lacked of in China. In view of present situation and developing problems of China's tourism market entity, this paper proposes strategic approaches of further improving tourism enterprises' operation situation, stimulating tourism consumers' demand and improving comprehensive service quality of tourism providers.
Genome sequencing using mapreduce on FPGA with multiple hardware accelerators (abstract only)

The genome sequencing problem with short reads is an emerging field with seemingly limitless possibilities for advances in numerous scientific research and application domains. It has been the hot topic during the past few years. Growing with the data population and the ease to access for personal users, how to shorten the response interval for short read mapping at a large scale computing domain is extremely important. In this paper we propose a novel FPGA-based acceleration solution with Map-Reduce framework on multiple hardware acceleration engines. The combination of hardware accelerators and Map-Reduce execution flow could greatly expedite the task of aligning short length reads to a known reference genome. Our approach is based on preprocessing the reference genomes and iterative jobs for aligning the continuous incoming reads. The read-mapping algorithm is modeled after the creditable RMAP software approach. Furthermore, theoretical speedup analysis on a MapReduce programming platform is presented, which demonstrates that our proposed architecture has efficient potential to reduce the average waiting time for large scale short reads applications.