nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aromatic hydrocarbon binding to cytochrome P450 and other enzyme binding sites: are hydrophobic compounds drawn into the active site or pushed from the aqueous phase?

The subject of hydrocarbon inhibition of cytochrome P450-dependent reactions as well as data on other enzyme-catalyzed reactions from the literature was examined to determine the relationship between the "hydrophobicity" of the hydrocarbons and their ability to act as inhibitors. The compounds used in these studies (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, and n-butylbenzene) behave as competitive inhibitors, with the affinity increasing as the size of the inhibiting hydrocarbon increases. A similarity was seen in the size dependence for both hydrocarbon inhibition of cytochrome P450-dependent activities (-0.6 to -0.7 kcal/mol/methylene group) and transfer of these compounds between aqueous and organic phases (-0.68 kcal/mol/methylene group), suggesting that the active site of cytochrome P450, in some ways, is comparable to an organic solvent in its ability to accommodate hydrophobic compounds. A more detailed examination of this process was initiated to separate the "hydrophobic effect" into its two component processes: (i) hydration of the hydrocarbon ligand and (ii) transfer of the unhydrated hydrocarbon onto the enzyme active site. In other words, do larger hydrocarbons bind more avidly to the active site because they are drawn more effectively into that site (pull), or is the size-dependent increase in hydrocarbon binding the result of the larger compounds being more efficiently expelled from the aqueous medium (push)? The results indicate that the predominant force involved in binding is the ability of the active site of cytochrome P450 and an impressive number of other enzymes to draw the hydrocarbon from the aqueous medium. The hydration of the hydrocarbon is much less dependent on the size of the hydrocarbon, indicating that dehydration or partial dehydration of the hydrocarbon molecule (upon leaving the solution and combining with the enzyme) contributes to the overall binding process to a much lesser extent; hydrophobic binding in the most widely used sense (entropy driven) is not the primary driving force that is responsible for the observed size dependence effects. It is pointed out that not all types of binding would be expected to follow the law which describes the size dependence for simple hydrocarbons because of heat-entropy relationships. The different temperature dependence of these heat-entropy relationships further complicates the analogy between enzyme-ligand binding and ligand partitioning between aqueous and organic phases. The maximum contribution that can be attributed to entropy driven hydrophobic binding (in the most widely used sense) is -0.1 to -0.2 kcal/mol/methylene group for the aromatic hydrocarbons examined here.
Executives Political Connection and Over-investment in New Energy Companies：Empirical Evidence from China's Capital Market

Establishing links between business and government is a common phenomenon in the world. Using data of new energy companies listed in Shenzhen and Shanghai Stock Exchange,the paper examines the relationship between political connection and firms’ over-investment. We find that executives political connection is a significant promotion of firms’ over-investment; the political connection is divided into the centraland local-level, and further tests find that political connections with different levels have no significant impact on firms’ over-investment. Our findings provide an empirical evidence for strengthening the Governance Reform of the government.
The impact of autism services on mothers' occupational balance and participation.

This mixed-methods study examined the impact of professional services on employment and leisure participation of mothers of children with autism. In Phase 1, 139 mothers with a child with autism completed a comprehensive survey addressing their experiences with services and occupational participation. In Phase 2, in-depth interviews, informed by grounded theory methodology, were conducted with a sub-sample of 19 mothers to discuss their experiences with services and the relationship between services, employment, and leisure participation. Findings revealed that discontinuity of services was a significant predictor of disrupted employment and/or leisure. A process of occupational imbalance and sacrifice emerged related to mothers' foregoing participation in personally meaningful occupations to focus time on navigating and participating in professional services for their child. Our findings suggest that many professionals who work with individuals with autism conceptually value family-centered care; yet, actual services often ignore family issues and focus exclusively on the child.
Public Private Partnerships and Efficiency: A Short Assessment

Over the last 35 years or so, governments around the world have enhanced the participation of private actors to deliver a wide variety of goods and services, traditionally delivered by the public sector. The development of public–private partnerships (PPPs) has been, and continues to be, one of the most popular contractual forms this increased private sector role has taken. Despite this long lasting interest, robust theoretical and empirical research on their efficiency has, however, only emerged relatively recently.
Conway's problem for three-word sets

We prove two results on commutation of languages. First, we show that the maximal language commuting with a three-element language, i.e. its centralizer, is rational, thus giving an affirmative answer to a special case of a problem proposed by Conway in 1971. Second, we characterize all languages commuting with a three-element code. The characterization is similar to the one proved by Bergman for polynomials over noncommuting variables (see  (1969) 327 and Algebraic Combinatorics on Words,  2000): A language commutes with a three-element code X if and only if it is a union of powers of X.
Introducing Euclidean relations to Mizar

In this paper we present the methodology of implementing a new enhancement of the Mizar proof checker based on enabling special processing of Euclidean predicates, i.e. binary predicates which fulfill a specific variant of transitivity postulated by Euclid. Typically, every proof step in formal mathematical reasoning is associated with a formula to be proved and a list of references used to justify the formula. With the proposed enhancement, the Euclidean property of given relations can be registered during their definition, and so the verification of some proof steps related to these relations can be automated to avoid explicit referencing.
Creep of Non—Oxide Ceramics Considering Oxidative Influences

Creep of silicon nitrides and silicon carbides is considered, including the effects of oxidation. Basic behaviour is defined, the relevant background equations presented, and the parallel microstructural mechanisms discussed. For porous silicon nitride the pore size rather than amount is critical in determining creep under oxidation. In dense sintered silicon nitride the presence or absence of viscous glassy phases is the main factor controlling behaviour. Silicon carbide ceramics show relatively low creep rates and are not so sensitive to oxidation effects.
Humanistisk religionsforskning : En otydlig tradition belyst av "Arbetets riddare"

The humanistic tradition within the study of regligions has currently lost much of its identity. It could be argued that it is in fact about to be devoured by approaches taken over from the social and antural sciences. By discussing some features that through the last 150 years have been seen as a typical for a humanistic methodology, and a couple of more idiosyncratic features, the author aims to initiate a discussion whether a humanistic study of religion is obsolete, or if it still is something wort preserving and developing. The arguments are supported by examples taken from the 19th century American Christian-socialist fraternity The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor.
The adsorption of amino acids and cations onto goethite: a prebiotic chemistry experiment

Few prebiotic chemistry experiments have assessed the adsorption of biomolecules by iron oxide-hydroxides. The present work investigated the effects of cations in artificial seawaters on the adsorption of Gly, α-Ala and β-Ala onto goethite, and vice versa. Goethite served to concentrate K and Mg cations from solution; these effects could have played important roles in peptide nucleoside formation. Goethite showed low adsorption of Gly and α-Ala. On the other hand, β-Ala (a non-protein amino acid) was highly adsorbed by goethite. Because Gly and α-Ala are the most common amino acids in living beings, and iron oxide-hydroxides are widespread on Earth, additional iron oxides should be studied. Increased ionic strength in artificial seawaters decreased the adsorption of amino acids by goethite. Because Na was highly abundant in the artificial seawater, it showed the highest effect on amino acid adsorption. β-Ala increased the adsorption of K and Ca by goethite, this effect could have been important for peptide synthesis.
Ideas of Differentiated Instruction in Russian/Soviet Pedagogy

More than a century and a half old—this, according to our data, is the minimal age of the idea of differentiated instruction. In 1832, T. Stepanov's pamphlet On Differences in Abilities [O razlichii sposobnostei] was published in St. Petersburg, and, even though it went unnoticed by the official historiography, objectively it signalled the beginning of the development of child and pedagogical psychology in Russia. Because he was close to materialist determinism in his philosophical worldview, Stepanov, in contrast to the English scientist F. Hamilton, viewed abilities as the product of the interaction between natural and social factors. In particular, he focused attention on the vital role played by external circumstances in the origins of differences between people.
Attitudes to Psychiatry among Swedish and Nicaraguan Medical Students: A Cross-Cultural Study

Attitudes to psychiatry were examined with the self-report questionnaire APT-30 among 60 Swedish and 130 Nicaraguan medical students who had entered the curriculum in psychiatry. There was a slight female dominance (54%). Nicaraguan students were from two different university sites. In general, the students from all sites had higher scores, indicating a more positive attitude, on the ATP-30 than has been reported from earlier studies in the 1980s. There were no cross-cultural differences between Swedish and Nicaraguan students with regard to overall attitude to psychiatry. Differences on subscales were in general small. Nicaraguan students expressed a significantly more positive attitude to psychiatric patients, but there were no cross-cultural differences on other subscales. Having a close relative with a mental disorder or being a religious person did not significantly influence attitudes in any university site. Gender was a clear discriminating factor. Female students had a significantly more positive ...
Seismic investigation of the Coast Plutonic Complex – Insular Belt boundary beneath the Strait of Georgia

The Strait of Georgia, a topographic depression between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia, is considered to be the boundary between two tectonic provinces: the Coast Plutonic Complex on the east and the Insular Belt to the west. The allochthonous nature of the Insular Belt has been established, mainly on the basis of paleomagnetic measurements. Various tectonic models to explain the geological differences between the two provinces have been proposed. One of these suggests that the boundary is an old transform fault zone and is represented currently by a thrust fault along the eastern side of the Strait of Georgia. Other models propose that the Coast Plutonic Complex is a feature superimposed by tectonic and metamorphic events after the accretion of the Insular Belt. Such models do not require a major crustal discontinuity along the Strait of Georgia.In May 1982, a seismic refraction survey using a 32 L air gun and a radio telemetering sonobuoy system was carried out in the Strait of Ge...
Silicon Surface Passivation by Laser Processing a Sol–Gel TiOx Thin Film

Silicon surface passivation is highly important for solar cells and other optoelectronic devices. In order to achieve a high-performance, low-cost, room-temperature, and nonvacuum surface passivation, we investigated laser processing of sol–gel TiOx films on n-type semiconductor silicon. We achieved an effective lifetime of 1.11 ms and surface recombination velocity SRV = 6.25 cm/s using 60 nm thin TiOx film and laser fluence value near the silicon melting point (1.19 J/cm2). Through structural and electrical analysis, we provide the mechanism of laser processing for achieving excellent surface passivation. We found that laser processing can induce chemical passivation in addition to the intrinsic field effect passivation and can accelerate the sol–gel reaction while maintaining a high-purity TiOx film. Moreover, the optical reflection and refractive index measurements were carried out, and results show that our laser-processed TiOx films can function as antireflection layer and provide excellent passivat...
Antigorite-induced seismic anisotropy and implications for deformation in subduction zones and the Tibetan Plateau: Antigorite-induced seismic anisotropy

The present study, which is a follow-up of the Journal of Geophysical Research paper by Ji et al. (2013a), provides a new calibration for both seismic and fabric properties of antigorite serpentinites. Comparisons of the laboratory velocities of antigorite serpentinites measured at high pressures with crystallographic-preferred orientation data measured using electron backscatter diffraction techniques demonstrate that seismic anisotropy in high T serpentinite, which is essentially controlled by the antigorite c axis fabric, is independent on the operating slip system but strongly dependent on the regime and magnitude of finite strain experienced by the rock. Extrapolation of the experimental data with both pressure and temperature suggests that Vp anisotropy decreases but shear wave splitting (ΔVs) and Vp/Vs increase with increasing pressure in either cold or hot subduction zones. For a cold, steeply subducting slab, antigorite is most likely deformed by nearly coaxial flattening or trench-parallel movements, forming trench-parallel seismic anisotropy. For a hot, shallowly subducting slab, however, antigorite is most likely deformed by simple shear or transpression. Trench-normal seismic anisotropy can be observed when the subducting dip angle is smaller than 30°. The geophysical characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau such as strong heterogeneity in Vp, Vs and attenuation, shear wave splitting and electric conductivity may be explained by the presence of strongly deformed serpentinites in lithospheric shear zones reactivated along former suture zones between amalgamated blocks, hydrated zones of subducting lithospheric mantle, and the crust-mantle boundary if the temperature is below 700°C in the region of interest.
What's the Good of the Market? An Essay on Michael Sandel's What Money Can't Buy

This essay will discuss the criticisms of the economic approach to markets offered by Michael Sandelâ€™s What Money Canâ€™t Buy. After reviewing the main arguments, the essay looks at these from three main angles. First, it relates them to different traditions of thinking about markets and their achievements that have been developed by economists. Second, it discusses the idea that markets can change values as argued by Sandel in light of recent related literature in economics. Third, it discusses some of the literature on alternatives to using the market to allocate resources and the pros and cons of these.
Herder's Moral Philosophy: Perfectionism, Sentimentalism and Theism

While the last several decades have seen a renaissance of scholarship on J. G. Herder (1744–1804), his moral philosophy has not been carefully examined. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap, and to point the way for further research, by reconstructing his original and systematically articulated views on morality. Three interrelated elements of his position are explored in detail: (1) his perfectionism, or theory of the human good; (2) his sentimentalism, which includes moral epistemology and a theory of moral education; and (3) his theism, which deepens and justifies these other elements.
SIMBASE: A Decision Support System for Economic Justification of Automated Construction Technology

Methodology for the economic justification of automated technology has already been developed in the manufacturing arena. This paper discusses the modifications required for application of this methodology to the construction industry. Modifications are necessary due to the industry's conservative nature in adapting new technology, the fact that the construction process resembles more a job shop production system rather than a flow shop (more difficult to automate), and due to the fact that the majority of construction contractors, relatively speaking, are small in size and capital poor. An economic justification methodology appropriate for the construction industry is presented with four modules: Cost and Performance Information Module (CPIM), Cost and Performance Evaluation Module (CPEM), Project Bids Estimation Module (PBEM), and Total Expected Profit Module (TEPM).
A single gas barrier layer of high-density Al2O3 formed by neutral beam-assisted sputtering at room temperature

This paper reveals the formation of high-density Al 2 O 3 thin films at low temperatures for inorganic gas barriers using neutral beam-assisted sputtering (NBAS). The NBAS induces an annealing effect even at room temperature through energetic neut.al particles, leading to an enhancement in the density of Al 2 O 3 thin films. As a result, we obtained a water vapor transmission rate of 1.58 × 10 −5  g/(m 2 ·day) using a single layer of Al 2 O 3 thin film at a thickness of 100 nm. In the NBAS, the energetic neutral particle bombardment of the thin film occurs during magnetron sputtering. The high-density Al 2 O 3 gas barrier films formed by the NBAS show applicability to organic microelectronic devices, including organic light-emitting diodes.
Foreword of Nestor Gonzalez

Engineering Faculty of the Universidad Central de Chile considers it a privilege, a pride and a joy to be a host of this important Conference, which brings sciece and technology of interest to the Latin American community. Certainly, IEEE Chilecon2015 has been an excellent opportunity for researchers, academics and professionals from all areas of the work of the Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Industrial and make an appointment to enhance their knowledge, promote and share experiences and learning.
The Role of Corporate Political Strategies in M&As

In line with the view that politics can complicate M&A deals, we find that firms contributing to political action committees or involved in lobbying are less likely to be acquired and their takeover process is lengthier. As we empirically show, this can be explained by the fact that politicians have motives to interfere with the takeover process due to career concerns, in terms of getting re-elected and raising funds for future campaigns. We also document that politically connected target firms command higher takeover premiums from bidders lacking political expertise, consistent with the notion that the market regards target firms' connections, not easily replicable by bidders, as means to enhance growth opportunities of the merged firm.
Optimal financial contracts with unobservable investments

In this article we propose a security-design problem in which risk neutral entrepreneurs make unobservable investment decisions while employing the investment funds of risk-neutral outside investor/creditor(s). Contracts are restricted to satisfy limited liability and monotonicity of the payment schedule. The model we present extends the classical one proposed by Innes (1990, ) along three main directions: agents' decisions may be restricted by their initial capital and outside financial opportunities; their investment decisions may also consist in hiding funds in an asset placed outside their firms; initial firms' capital, which identifies entrepreneur types, may only be imperfectly observed by creditors (i.e. types are private information). We motivate our interest in this security-design problem referring to the 'opacity' that often characterizes the financial situation and decisions of small firms, a particularly large fraction of the non-financial sector in most developed countries.
Gifted Students with Disabilities: "Twice Exceptionality" in the Music Classroom.

Many music educators teach students who are both gifted and possess a learning disability—what is commonly referred to as “twice exceptionality.” This article describes some characteristics of twice-exceptional students, the challenges these students often face in school, and some strategies music educators can use to properly differentiate instruction and curricula. The strategies offered include highlighting strengths and mitigating areas of challenge; emphasizing integrative thinking and deemphasizing dispersive thinking; allowing students flexibility of choice; overtly teaching organizational skills, self-regulation, and compensation strategies; and building relationships. While the differentiation strategies suggested are specifically for twice-exceptional students, they can benefit all students.
The Development of Theory of Mind Reasoning in Micronesian Children

In this study, the development of false-belief understanding was investigated among 3–5-year-old Yapese and Fais children in Micronesia. Sixty-nine children took part in an experiment investigating their understanding of false belief with a culturally adjusted surprise content task, which has been widely used in Theory of Mind (ToM) research and was first introduced by Hogrefe, Wimmer and Perner (1986). The results show that as in western cultures, 3-year-old Micronesian preschoolers do not display understanding of false belief measured with classical false-belief tasks, while 5-year-olds do. These findings contribute to research on the universality and cultural variability of cognitive development in preschool age children.
Matter for Cosmetics? The "Made in France" Argument

The market for cosmetics has shown considerable growth in recent years, particularly driven by emerging markets. Many cosmetic brands are present in these countries, competing with French products, which are renowned worldwide. This reputation is mainly based on France's iconic image built through its premium brands. In our research, we question the relevance of the country of origin in the process of consumer decision making and ask representatives of the French cosmetics sector about their assessment. Our overarching research question is: Does the country of origin allow cosmetics to differentiate themselves in the globalized and highly competitive world markets?