nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Large-Scale Software Engineering Group Project at the University of the West of England, Bristol

This paper reports on the introduction of a large-scale software engineering group project (in excess of 8 students per group) into the modular undergraduate degree scheme at the University of the West of England, Bristol. The approach taken aims to provide an experience of the coherent nature of software engineering and to develop project and group management skills in undergraduate students. A representational model of this approach is described, together with its implementation.
The Contentiousness of Markets: Politics, Social Movements, and Institutional Change in Markets

While much of economic sociology focuses on the stabilizing aspects of markets, the social movement perspective emphasizes the role that contentiousness plays in bringing institutional change and innovation to markets. Markets are inherently political, both because of their ties to the regulatory functions of the state and because markets are contested by actors who are dissatisfied with market outcomes and who use the market as a platform for social change. Research in this area focuses on the pathways to market change pursued by social movements, including direct challenges to corporations, the institutionalization of systems of private regulation, and the creation of new market categories through institutional entrepreneurship. Much contentiousness, while initially disruptive, works within the market system by producing innovation and restraining capitalism from destroying the resources it depends on for survival.
Multi-objective Exploration of Compiler Optimizations for Real-Time Systems

With the growing complexity of embedded systems software, high code quality can only be achieved using a compiler. Sophisticated compilers provide a vast spectrum of various optimizations to improve code aggressively w. r. t. different objective functions, e. g., average-case execution time (ACET) or code size. Due to the complex interactions between the optimizations, the choice for a promising sequence of code transformations is not trivial. Compiler developers address this problem by proposing standard optimization levels, e. g., O3 or Os. However, previous studies have shown that these standard levels often miss optimization potential or might even result in performance degradation. In this paper, we propose the first adaptive WCET-aware compiler framework for an automatic search of compiler optimization sequences which yield highly optimized code. Besides the objective functions ACET and code size, we consider the worst-case execution time (WCET) which is a crucial parameter for real-time systems. To find suitable trade-offs between these objectives, stochastic evolutionary multi-objective algorithms identifying Pareto optimal solutions are exploited. A comparison based on statistical performance assessments is performed which helps to determine the most suitable multi-objective optimizer. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated on real-life benchmarks showing that standard optimization levels can be significantly outperformed.
NISHIDA KITARŌ, G.W.F. HEGEL, AND THE PURSUIT OF THE CONCRETE: A DIALECTIC OF DIALECTICS

A comparison of the dialectical worldviews of Nishida and Hegel is made by developing the notion of dialectical ontology as concrete philosophy in which logic is understood to extend beyond the level of discourse to the point where knowledge and experience cease to be opposed. The differences between their dialectical methods are outlined, highlighting Hegel's emphasis on the actualization of self-consciousness and historical progress in contrast to Nishida's concepts of the dialectal universal "place," the external now, and the self as expressive monad. It is argued that neither thinker is able to fulfill his own demand for a maximally concrete philosophy. However, by performing a dialectic of their dialectics, the pursuit of concrete philosophy is furthered. Takahashi Satomi's notion of "inclusive dialectics" is introduced to aid in articulating the comparative standpoint through which such a dialectic may be conceived.
Political tuning in Ankara, a capital, as reflected in its urban symbols and images

Determining the 'tensions, conflicts and social changes' in the city through symbolic configurations and shifting images has been a recent dimension in the study of urban culture. This is the perspective taken in this article. A brief introduction of Turkey and Ataturk is followed by a study of urban symbols. Starting with those of the Ottoman period, these include monuments and statues; the names of city squares, parks and shops; and the street names and official city emblems since the settlement became the capital in 1923. The city itself was the symbol of national independence and the new republic in the 1920s and 1930s. Fluctuations over the years, in the preference for certain names or artefacts, reflect the shifts from nation-building to clashes of political ideologies and, more recently, an 'identity crisis' that the nation has overtly been experiencing. The study is based on observations that are supported by publications from libraries and private collections, including memoirs. Further material has been provided by informal talks with people from all backgrounds, including the recollections of the author Erdentug, who has lived in the city since 1956, and the reminiscences of her parents commencing twenty years before this date.
A conversation with Emeritus Professor Frank Stilwell, Department of Political Economy, University of Sydney

This discussion, with a true pioneer of pluralist economics teaching, examines a particular strategy for achieving reform that has been adopted at Sydney University. It is a strategy that may have wide applicability for the reform of economics. The strategy is shown to have two features. Firstly, there has been the pursuit of institutional independence: a separate department of pluralist economics has been established that is independent of the existing neoclassical economics department. The second feature of the strategy has been one of explicit disciplinary differentiation: a pluralist economics is taught using the disciplinary title of 'political economy' rather than 'economics'. The discussion also offers a range of interesting insights on the mainstream research frontier, the relationship between a pluralist economics and other social sciences, and the issues facing mainstream economists.
Upper Paleozoic-Lower Mesozoic in the Coqen basin, Tibet, China: A potential petroleum——bearing sedimentary sequence

The latest stratigraphic and paleontological studies indicate that in the Coqen basin there was no 75 Ma sedimentary hiatus during the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic. Among the deposits, marine carbonate rocks were deposited during the Late Permian to Late Triassic Norian and continental-margin clastic rocks were deposited during the Late Triassic Rhetian to Early-Middle Jurassic. They are in unconformable contact. The Coqen basin was a marine carbonate basin during the Late Permian to Late Triassic Norian and still a low-lying area that received very thick deposits during the Late Triassic Rhetian to Early-Middle Jurassic. In the context of the strategic evaluation of macroscopic petroleum exploration, the Middle Permian Qixiaan to Late Triassic Norian carbonate rocks in the basin have the properties of source rocks and the Late Triassic Rhetian to Early-Mid Jurassic clastic rocks have the properties of cover rocks;the unconformity between them has the properties of reservoir rocks. The Middle Permian-Lower Jurassic in the Coqen basin form a favorable sequence for petroleum exploration, which is named the Guge sequence.
Symmetry Reduction and Exact Solutions in Twisted Noncommutative Gravity

We review the noncommutative gravity of Wess et al. and discuss its physical applications. We define noncommutative symmetry reduction and construct deformed symmetric solutions of the noncommutative Einstein equations. We apply our framework to find explicit deformed cosmological and black hole solutions and discuss their phenomenology. 
This article is based on a joint work with Thorsten Ohl.
Social Anxiety in 18 NAtions: sex and age differences

The aim of this study was to examine age and sex differences in 6 dimensions of social anxiety in a sample of 16,940 people over the age of 16 in 18 countries in Ibero-America. Participants completed the «Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults» (SAQ-A), which includes the following dimensions: 1. Awkward behavior in socially embarrassing situations; 2. Interactions with the opposite sex; 3. Interactions with strangers; 4. Criticism and embarrassment; 5. Assertive expression of annoyance, disgust or displeasure; and 6. Speaking/performing in public/Talking with people in authority. The results showed that women reported significantly more anxiety than men in 88.67% of the social situations covered by the SAQ-A. All but three countries showed significant sex differences in social anxiety with women reporting greater anxiety than men. With regards to age, the younger age groups (up to the age of 24) showed greater sex differences in social anxiety depending on the specific social
Implicit Association Test: separating transsituationally stable and variable components of attitudes toward gay men.

Implicit attitudes are conceived of as formed in childhood, suggesting extreme stability. At the same time, it has been shown that implicit attitudes are influenced by situational factors, suggesting variability by the moment. In the present article, using structural equation modeling, we decomposed implicit attitudes towards gay men into a person factor and a situational factor. The Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), introduced as an instrument with which individual differences in implicit attitudes can be measured, was used. Measurement was repeated after one week (Experiment 1) or immediately (Experiment 2). Explicit attitudes towards gay men as assessed by way of questionnaires were positive and stable across situations. Implicit attitudes were relatively negative instead. Internal consistency of the implicit attitude assessment was exemplary. However, the within-situation consistency was accompanied by considerable unexplained between-situation variability. Consequently, it may not be adequate to interpret an individual implicit attitude measured at a given point in time as a person-related, trait-like factor.
Gale-Shapley Matching in an Evolutionary Trade NetWork Game

This study investigates the performance of Gale-Shapley matching in an evolutionary market context. Computational experimental findings are reported for an evolutionary match-and-play trade network game in which resource constrained traders repeatedly choose and refuse trade partners in accordance with Gale-Shapley matching, participate in risky trades modeled as two-person prisoner's dilemma games, and evolve their trade behavior over time. Particular attention is focused on correlations between ex ante market structure and the formation of trade networks, and between trade network formation and the types of trade behavior and social welfare outcomes that these trade networks support. Related work can be accessed here: http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/tnghome.htm
A Framework for Formally Verifying Software Transactional Memory Algorithms

We present a framework for verifying transactional memory (TM) algorithms. Specifications and algorithms are specified using I/O automata, enabling hierarchical proofs that the algorithms implement the specifications. We have used this framework to develop what we believe is the first fully formal machine-checked verification of a practical TM algorithm: the NOrec algorithm of Dalessandro, Spear and Scott. 
 
Our framework is available for others to use and extend. New proofs can leverage existing ones, eliminating significant work and complexity.
On Asymptotic Estimates in Switching and Automata Theory

Formulas and algorithms have recently been given for calculating the number of symmetry types of functions, networks and automata under various transformation groups. In almost all cases, the computations involved are quite difficult and require the use of a digital computer. In this paper, asymptotic estimates are given for these numbers, which are trivial to compute and which are very accurate in most cases even for small values of the parameters.
Technology Transfer, Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade

By developing a Ricardian trade model that features technology transfer via foreign direct investment (FDI), we show that technology transfer via multinational enterprises (MNEs) increases world output and trade in goods and services. When there are many goods a continuous reduction in the cost of technology transfer will cause increasingly more technologically advanced goods to go through the product cycle, i.e., goods initially produced in the advanced North are later produced in the backward South as a result of increased technology transfer via MNEs.
The set of types of a finitely generated variety

The paper presents an algorithm of polynomial time complexity to compute the type set of a finite algebraic system A , as defined in the monograph of McKenzie and Hobby: ‘The Structure of Finite Algebras’. To do so, it introduces the concept of a subtrace, and uses subtraces to characterize the type set of A . It is also shown that to calculate the type set of the variety generated by A is more difficult, by presenting various examples, in which a given type occurs only in subalgebras of high powers of A .
A case of ‘No man’s land’ in economics: price indexes and their applications

Even though price indexes are one of the great inventions of economics, the theory of index numbers and its applications are ignored by the average economist. While in contrast, the theory of economic index numbers has attracted some of the best minds over the years. Therefore, it seems that in economics, theory of price indexes and its applications constitute a case of 'No man's land'. Our purpose is precisely to illustrate its relevance using a three-step strategy. In the first step, we highlight the sense of the so-called 'basic problem of index numbers' by means of evoking its practical origin, namely, the measurement of the purchasing power of an Oxford student. In the second step, we show the significance of the economic approach using as a case the debate about the appropriate conceptual framework for the Consumer Price Index in the USA. In the third step, we display some alternatives to the plutocratic aggregate method, and we establish its relevance using as an example the measurement of the multidimensional poverty in Mexico.
A Survey of Data Structures for Computer Graphics Systems

This is a survey of a data structures and their use in computer graphics systems. First, the reasons for using data structures are given. Then the sequential, random, and list organizations are discussed, and it is shown how they may be used to build complex data structures. Representative samples of languages specifically designed for creating and manipulating data structures are described next. Finally some typical computer graphics systems and their data structures are described. It is also pointed out that much work remains to be done to develop a satisfactory theoretical foundation for designing data structures.
'It's the romance, not the finance, that makes the business worth pursuing': disclosing a new market culture

This paper argues that the new economy was a rhetorical fabrication, which, through the ability of stakeholders like the cultural circuit of capital, was able to define what the facts consisted of and to train up bodies that bent to those facts. This fabrication could therefore produce regularities in the world. In the first instance, the chief beneficiary was the financial sector, which was able to use the new economy rhetoric to engineer a financial bubble. But, even after the inevitable financial crash, the new economy has left a legacy which should not be scoffed at.
Was Osler opposed to women becoming doctors?

In 1885 William Osler (1849-1919) expressed his opposition to women-only medical schools in Canada arguing there was no market for female practitioners. He believed women were not strong enough for clinical practice. He was unhappy that the Johns Hopkins University was forced to accept women when its Medical School opened in 1893. At Oxford he continued to express concern about the fitness of women for practice and suggested their best opportunities lay in a limited number of areas--pathology, institutions for women, the care of women and children in general practice, and in India and the missionary field. His views seemed to change during the First World War, when he helped to raise funds for the London School of Medicine for Women and supported Charles Sherrington's attempt to get women admitted to the Oxford Medical School. However, in his last year he was again concerned about the relatively poor quality of women physicians--but at least thought it unsurprising considering how badly they had been treated!
Properties of the hydrogenase of Megasphaera elsdenii.

The catalytic activities of Megasphaera elsdenii hydrogenase are stimulated by salts. The stimulation is due to the anion: the more chaotropic the anion, the greater the effect. Dithionite-reduced and dye-oxidised preparations of hydrogenase are inactivated by reaction with oxygen. The inactivation of the reduced enzyme by excess oxygen follows pseudo-first-order kinetics; the reaction order for the oxidised enzyme has not been established. The rate of oxygen-inactivation is decreased by bovine serum albumin. The hydrogen production activity decreases in the presence of dimethylsulphoxide and ethylene glycol. The hydrogen oxidation activity is stimulated by dimethylsulphoxide, and the activity remains linear with time at concentrations up to 50% (v/v). Above 70% dimethylsulphoxide the steady-state activity of hydrogenase is abolished for both types of activity. The enzyme is more stable in a hydrogen atmosphere than in an argon atmosphere, and the oxidized enzyme is more stable than the reduced enzyme. The enzyme is isolated in the presence of dithionite and it is therefore reduced. When the enzyme is oxidized by treatment with 2,6-dichloroindophenol or with (bi)sulphite, its activity increases by up to 65%; this activation is not reversed when the enzyme is re-reduced. The increase in activity is associated with a change of the redox potential of the incubation medium to a less negative value; half of the maximum activation occurs at -0.41 V. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the dithionite-reduced hydrogenase resembles that of a reduced ferredoxin-type of spectrum with two 4Fe-4S clusters. The spectrum of the oxidized enzyme is similar to that of Chromatium high-potential iron-sulphur protein. No redox potentials can be ascribed to these spectra since the redox system changes upon freezing to liquid helium temperatures.
The impact of financial services and managerial Training on Costa Rica SMEs

Este trabajo estima el impacto de los servicios financieros (diferentes del credito) y los cursos de capacitacion de corto plazo sobre las ventas reales, numero de empleados, grado de formalizacion y acceso al credito en el sistema financiero formal, de un conjunto de micro, pequenas y medianas empresas clientes de una entidad de microfinanzas que opera en Costa Rica. Para ello, se emplea un panel de datos de cinco anos (2006 a 2010) y modelos econometricos que tratan de controlar por atributos de las empresas, tanto observables como no observables, que afectan el desempeno de las variables sobre las cuales se mide el impacto. Los resultados senalan que aquellas empresas que recibieron servicios financieros diferentes del credito lograron aumentar mas el valor de sus ventas y el empleo, y tambien mejoraron su grado de formalizacion (aunque este resultado es debil estadisticamente), cuando se las compara con aquellas que no obtuvieron acceso a este tipo de financiamiento. Ademas, pareceria ser que las garantias de participacion y cumplimiento son el instrumento financiero que mas impacta en forma positiva el desempeno de estas empresas. Por otra parte, no se obtuvo evidencia de que los servicios de capacitacion de corta duracion tuvieran algun impacto sobre el desempeno de estas empresas. Con base en todo lo anterior se plantean varias recomendaciones de politica.  This paper considers the impact that financial services other than credit, and short term training courses have on total sales, employee number, level of formalization and access to credit in the regular financial system for a group of micro, small and medium size enterprises that are clients of a micro financing entity operating in Costa Rica. With this aim, data collected over five years (2006 to 2010), and econometric models that monitor a company`s performance by visible and non-visible attributes affecting measuring variables were used. Results show that the companies that received financial services other than the credit itself increased sales and employment more , and also improved their level of formalization (although the latter is statistically weak), when compared to others that did not had access to this type of financing. Also, it seems that participation and compliance guarantees are the most impacting financial instrument on company performance. On the other hand, no evidence was obtained about short training courses had any impact on company performance. Finally, some policy changes are recommended.
Apatite Fission Track Dating of the Central European Basement. Postvariscan Thermo-Tectonic Evolution

Apatite fission track (FT) dating reveals the thermotectonic evolution of rocks below 140°C. It is applied to 75 samples from the Central European crystalline basement in the Oberpfalz, Schwarzwald, and Vosges regions. Most intensively studied are the areas around the potential target locations for the deep continental drilling project KTB near Erbendorf/Oberpfalz and Haslach/Schwarzwald. The measured apatite FT ages range from 30 to 200 Ma. For nearly all samples, except for a few samples in the Oberpfalz, confined track length measurements indicate steady cooling below 140°C. The measured apatite FT ages date the cooling to ca. 100°C. In addition, projected track length measurements allow one to calculate the cooling age to ca. 60°C. Consequently, for each sample the temperature vs time path can be reconstructed. Since for most of the areas the cooling is due to tectonic uplift, uplift rates between 0.02 and 0.08 km Ma−1 can be inferred. Block faulting prevails in the Schwarzwald. In some cases elevated palaeo-thermogradients must be assumed in order to reconcile the apatite FT data. Notably, the Steinwald Hohenzug, in the southwestern extension of the Eger-Graben, and the Haslach area were likely geothermally active during the Tertiary. The selected KTB location near Windisch-Eschenbach/ Oberpfalz seems to have experienced uniform uplift (0.05 km Ma−1) without significant thermal disturbance during the last 60 Ma.
Krivine's intuitionistic proof of classical completeness (for countable languages)

In 1996, Krivine applied Friedman's A-translation in order to get an intuitionistic version of Godel completeness result for first-order classical logic and (at most) countable languages and models. Such a result is known to be intuitionistically underivable (see J. Philos. Logic 25 (1996) 559), but Krivine was able to derive intuitionistically a weak form of it, namely, he proved that every consistent classical theory has a model. In this paper, we want to analyze the ideas Krivine's remarkable result relies on, ideas which where somehow hidden by the heavy formal machinery used in the original proof. We show that the ideas in Krivine's proof can be used to intuitionistically derive some (suitable variants of) crucial mathematical results, which were supposed to be purely classical up to now: the Ultrafilter Theorem for countable Boolean algebras, and the maximal ideal theorem for countable rings.