nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
"that Old Pride of the Men of the Auvergne" - Laity and Church in Auvergnat Romanesque Sculpture

The title is an allusion to the description by Suger, Abbot of St. Denis, of the men of the Auvergne. Suger depicts that old pride in a chapter of his Deeds of Louis the Fat, which chronicles the arrival of King Louis VI in the region (1122 and 1126), to succor Eimeric I, the Bishop of Clermont, obliged to flee his episcopal town after its seizure by the Count of Auvergne. The citation provides a frame of reference for the subject of this study: the Auvergnat laity and its relations with the Church as they can be deduced from the abundant representations of secular figures in Romanesque Auvergne. A wide-ranging interdisciplinary approach is brought into play in dealing with the art historical, historical, social, political, legal, theological, and liturgical aspects of the theme. The first three chapters treat the various contexts in which secular characters appear. Chapter 1 distinguishes between two series, of lay donors and of avaricious persons, Chapter 2 discusses figures of warriors in enigmatic contexts in the churches of Brioude and Riom-es-Montagnes. Chapter 3 is concerned with non-noble figures, namely a group of rustic shepherds. Chapter 4 examines the ecclesiastical condition in the province through a case study of the monastic community of Mozac. The description of the peculiarities of Auvergnat Romanesque sculpture, and the inquiry into the imagery as a product of the rival forces of Church and laity, offers a new reading of such matters as property, social hierarchy, law, liturgy, and theology, as they are reflected in stone. The unrecorded past of the figures in various contexts of giving or of indulging in avarice, war, and bloodshed, is perhaps compensated by this sculptural abundance.
"Non-Ultimate" and the Reification of Attributes

During the southern Song dynasty, the "Non-Ultimate and Great Ultimate Debate" between Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan included a number of philosophical questions and was important for its philosophical significance. Although this debate took place between two idealist philosophers, it demonstrated the level of philosophical thought of the times and provides philosophical insights and lessons that are worth examining. This article will attempt to explore briefly the nature and evolution of the category "Non-Ultimate" and the reification of the category of attributes.
Dynamic Games among Traders in the Online Commerce Market

This paper studies dynamic games among traders through the reputation system in the online commerce market. The first part of the paper investigates how institutions and the reputation mechanism help to sustain trust in the online market. Using eBay as an example of online commerce market, we develop game theoretical models of asymmetric information on product quality and show that the reputation system can support trust if all the reputation reports are observable. By changing reporting costs, the reputation system has dierent eect on deterring fraud. As mentioned in the literature on online trust, the lack of incentives to report is one of the main reasons for observing partial reputation reports. In the second part of the paper, we designs a mechanism to solve this problem. We suggest that eBay creates an option for sellers to compensate the buyers’ cost on providing reports. We show that there exists a pooling equilibrium where both good type sellers and bad type sellers will choose this rebate option under certain conditions. The sellers’ types are revealed through those reports. This mechanism also helps to induce bad type sellers to put eort in the model of both moral hazard and adverse selection.
Cold bose gases with large scattering lengths.

We calculate the energy and condensate fraction for a dense system of bosons interacting through an attractive short range interaction with positive s-wave scattering length a. At high densities n>>a(-3), the energy per particle, chemical potential, and square of the sound speed are independent of the scattering length and proportional to n(2/3), as in Fermi systems. The condensate is quenched at densities na(3) approximately 1.
A new NSF thrust: computer impact on society

The recently formed (Nov. 9, 1972)  Section in NSF's Office of Computing Activities reflected a growing need to understand the wide and deep impact which computers and associated information technology are having on our social organizations and way of life. The program has two principal thrusts, computer impact on organizations and computer impact on the individual, to be implemented via studies and demonstrations. As experience is gained and the program matures, research projects of considerable scope and import may be reasonably expected which will develop ways computer science and technology can be creatively applied to meeting individual and social needs.
Have sex or not? Lessons from bacteria.

Sex is one of the greatest puzzles in evolutionary biology. A true meiotic process occurs only in eukaryotes, while in bacteria, gene transcription is fragmentary, so asexual reproduction in this case really means clonal reproduction. Sex could stem from a signal that leads to increased reproductive output of all interacting individuals and could be understood as a secondary consequence of primitive metabolic reactions. Meiotic sex evolved in proto-eukaryotes to solve a problem that bacteria did not have, namely a large amount of DNA material, occurring in an archaic step of proto-cell formation and genetic exchanges. Rather than providing selective advantages through reproduction, sex could be thought of as a series of separate events which combines step-by-step some very weak benefits of recombination, meiosis, gametogenesis and syngamy.
Sequence-stratigraphic framework on Mesozoic and Paleogene of the East China Sea shelf basin

According to seismic wave Termination type and borehole data,4 first-class sequence boundaries and 4 second-class sequence boundaries are identifed in Mesozoic and Paleogene of the East China Sea shelf basin.Moreover, these strata into 3 tectonic sequences and 7 super sequences are divided.Based on analyzing the evolution of sequence stratigraphy,it is pointed out that the evolution of sedimentary in the East China Sea shelf basin include 6 stages;Depress stage,Fore-arc stage,Volcanic stage,Rift stage,Post-rift stage and Inversion stage.
Ainda sobre a teoria da história em Marx

There is a widespread interpretation that Marx and Engels maintained a positivist view of progress (like a mechanical succession of phases in history) that led them to Eurocentric, and even racist, positions towards the “least developed” regions of the world. Even though there may be some truth in these accusations, that from times to times some Marxists and its critics reproduces, this paper aims to defend Marx’s theory of history. We think that one should note that already in The German Ideology it is possible to see a clearly non-linear theory of history that would be further developed in Marx’s later works.
SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of the intrusives in the Tongling metallogenic cluster and its dynamic setting

This paper selected five typical Mesozoic intrusives from the Tongling metallogenic cluster (Xiaotongguanshan, Fenghuangshan, Xinqiao, Dongguashan, and Shatanjiao plutons), and made a systemic SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating for the five plutons, which produced an age range of 151.8±2.6–142.8±1.8 Ma. This work put an accurate constraint on the formation age of the intrusives in the Tongling metallogenic cluster. These age data indicate that magmatic activity reached a peak during Late Jurassic. The intrusive sequence of magma is generally from quartz monzonite (porphyry) through monzonite to granodiorite to quartz monzodiorite to pyroxene monzodiorite to gabbro-diabase. The intrusives of different lithology differed in crystallization age, probably implying the intrusives in the Tongling area underwent an evolutional process of magma, which was closely related to geodynamical setting in the depths of the area. A dynamic model was presented for the origin of the igneous rocks in the study area as follows. The assembly between the Yangtze craton and the North China craton finished at the end of T3, and then the stage of another compressional orogeny began in the Tongling area, i. e., Pacific dynamic system. Along with the subduction of the Izanagi plate underneath the Eurasian plate at J2-J3, NW-trending compression toward the East China continent was produced, and compressional deformation also took place, forming NE-trending fold and resulting in thickening of the crust in the Tongling area. High-density eclogite-facies rocks were produced in the low part of the crust, resulting in the delamination of mantle lithosphere and lower crust, and upwelling of materials in asthenosphere. Decompression melting produced basaltic magma, and the materials in lower crust were heated by the underplating of the basaltic magma. Thus, melting of lower crust yielded granitic magma, which intruded along deep and large faults through various geological processes (J3-K1). The SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of 151.8±2.6–142.8±1.8 Ma for intrusives in the Tongling area suggests that the delamination of lithosphere mantle and lower crust at least began at middle-late stage of Late Jurassic, resulting in sharp thinning of lithosphere and intense extension of middle-upper crust. Thus, a lot of decollements were produced between cover and cover, basement and cover, and middle and lower crust. This was structural layering or detachment of lithosphere in the Tongling area. Three concordant ages for old inherited cores of magmatic origin (747–823 Ma) indicated that there were obvious magmatism in the Tongling area during Neoproterozoic, and a little more of the Neoproterozoic igneous source rocks participated in the formation of Mesozoic intrusives.
Market Networks and the Value in Knowledge Exchanges: Evidence from Biotechnology Strategic Alliances

Researchers have argued that market networks are an integral part of the firm's value output, but the extent to which the structural characteristics of firms and their partners in market networks mediate the link between network embeddedness and value generation remains a largely unexplored area of research. This paper argues that diffusion mechanisms within market networks enable them to selectively impute and know the value of inter-organisational knowledge exchanges. The purpose of this paper is to empirically determine the extent of this phenomenon in the context of the strategic alliance market network in the biotechnology industry. I find evidence that the position of firms' partners in the network of strategic alliances is a significant predictor of wealth gains from the announcement of knowledge exchange deals. Also, for explicit knowledge exchanges, the market reacts more to announcements by firms that are in the periphery of the strategic alliance network.
Effects of Ni-Ti-Cu alloy composition and heat treatment temperature after cold working on phase transformation characteristics

With regard to Ni-50Ti-Cu (at%) shape memory alloys, phase transformation characteristics under no stress were studied at the copper content of 6–9 at% using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analysis. In solution-treated materials, B2-orthorhombic transformation occurs at the copper content of 7.6 at% or more. With the increase in copper content, the temperature for B2-orthorhombic transformation gradually increases, whereas the temperature for the orthorhombic-monoclinic phase transformation resulting from decreasing temperature rapidly falls. The phase transformation temperature in 27% cold-worked materials remains virtually constant, despite the copper content, and increases with increasing heat-treatment temperature. The hysteresis in the B2-orthorhombic transformation stabilized via cold working is as low as ∼18 K.
From Science to Social Technology: Eugenics and Politics in Twentieth-Century Switzerland

During the first half of the twentieth century, eugenics became a mainstream approach to the solution of social problems across Europe and North America. Perceived to be part of these social problems, sexuality and gender non-conformity constituted a threat to the social order. In this context, eugenics became an approach and a tool to rationalize the management of sexuality. The article examines how practices and discourses of sexuality, gender, and ideas about normalcy intersected with particular fears and anxieties about nation and degeneracy, thereby giving rise to the use of eugenics as a social technology. The connections between eugenics and politics are explored through the Swiss experience with eugeni- cally based social policies and policy debates.
Dialogue with Angie B: a collaborative experiment in art criticism

AbstractThis article is the outcome of a discussion between a writer and a painter that took place in the artist's studio over a period of six months. The aim of the discussion was to explore the contribution of a philosophical approach to art criticism, in particular, looking at the uses of phenomenology to articulate the motivations and intentions of the artist towards both the object and an audience. The article offers aspects of phenomenology as a way of approaching works of artistic production that may be overlooked, undervalued or marginalized by conventional critical attitudes. It highlights the experience of engaging with paintings on an intimate level, that is, in the immediate proximity of a productive or receptive context.
'This learned nobleman': (Archdeacon William Coxe on Shcherbatov, 1784): Mikhail Shcherbatov’s British connections

About the book: This collection of essays, which honours Professor Anthony Cross and his work on Imperial Russia's eighteenth-century culture and connections with Britain, brings together contributions from sixteen leading scholars in the field of eighteenth-century Russian studies. They address a wide range of topics in the diplomatic, social, cultural, literary and linguistic history of the period, including its international dimensions. Their essays represent a significant addition to scholarship on Russia's `long' eighteenth century.
Comment to: “Fine structure constant in the spacetime of a cosmic string” [Phys. Lett. B 614 (2005) 140]

In the paper [F. Nasseri,  (2005) 140–142], F. Nasseri shows that the value of the fine structure constant reduces due to the presence of a cosmic string. In this comment I want to point out that this conclusion is not completely correct in the sense that the result obtained is valid only in a very special situation.
The integration of functions into logic programming: a survey

Functional and logic programming are the most important declarative programming paradigms, and interest in combining them has grown over the last decade. Early research concentrated on the definition and improvement of execution principles for such integrated languages, while more recently efficient implementations of these execution principles have been developed so that these languages became relevant for practical applications. In this paper we survey the development of the operational semantics as well as the improvement of the implementation of functional logic languages.
Does a physical activity referral scheme improve the physical activity among routine primary health care patients?

Physical activity referral (PAR) schemes or concepts occur in varying forms. Because few physical activity intervention studies have been carried out in routine health care settings, it is difficult to translate research findings into daily practice. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a PAR scheme implemented in routine primary health care. The study did not include a control group and was based on the ordinary staff's work efforts and follow-up measures. During a 2-year period, 6300 PARs were issued. Effectiveness was measured by an increase in self-reported physical activity. Half of the patients reached reported increased physical activity both at 3 months (49%) and at 12 months (52%). The proportion of inactive patients decreased from 33% at baseline to 17% at 3 months and 20% at 12 months. The proportion of patients who were physically active on a regular basis increased from 22% at baseline to 33% at 3 months and 32% at 12 months. Neither the patient's age nor the profession of the prescriber was associated with differences in effectiveness. The patient's activity level at baseline, the type of physical activity as well as the reason for the prescription were associated with increased physical activity.
Medicolegal anthropology in France.

Medicolegal anthropology has a very long history in France. Basic studies on human skeletal remains started as early as the 18th century. The 19th century produced many medical theses and research papers on age, sex, as well as stature estimation. The research proliferated in the first 60 years of the 20th century, much of which is still in use in France and abroad. The later half of the 20th century, however, was dormant in research on human skeletal biology at a time when forensic anthropology was becoming an active field worldwide. In the last decade, medicolegal anthropology took a different perspective, independent of its traditional roots. Research and practice have both been in the professional domain of forensic physicians unlike the situation in many other countries. Population based studies requiring large databases or skeletal collections have diminished considerably. Thus, most research has been on factors of individualization such as trauma, time since death, crime scene investigation, and facial reconstruction. It is suggested that there is a need for cooperation between the forensic physician and anthropologist to further research. This also encourages anthropologists to carry out research and practice that can fulfill the needs of the medicolegal system of the country.
Experimental study of humic acid adsorption onto bacteria and Al-oxide mineral surfaces

Humic acid adsorption onto bacterial and mineral surfaces was measured as a function of pH and humic:surface ratio. The bacterial species used was the aerobic gram-positive species Bacillus subtilis , and Al mineral surface site interactions were isolated by using corundum (Al 2 O 3 ). Adsorption of humic acid onto both surfaces is strongly pH-dependent, increasing with decreasing pH over the pH range 2.5–11.5. Humic acid adsorption also increases with increasing concentration of the sorbing surface. Because adsorption of humic acid onto the bacterial surface is strongest under low-pH conditions when both the humic acid (with three proton-active functional group types: L1, L2, and L3) and the bacterial surface are uncharged, the interaction is dominantly hydrophobic. We model the adsorption with a site-specific surface complexation approach based on the reaction: (1) X–H(L3) 0 +R–COOH 0 ⇔R–COOH–H(L3)–X 0 , where X and R represent the humic acid molecule and bacteria, respectively, to which the L3 and carboxyl functional groups are attached. Conversely, humic acid adsorption onto the mineral surface is strongest when the humic acid is negatively charged and the mineral surface is positively charged, with the adsorption decreasing as the concentration of positively charged mineral surface sites decreases with increasing pH. This type of adsorption is dominantly electrostatic, and can successfully be modeled also with a site-specific approach using the reaction: (2) X–(L1) −1 +>Al(OH 2 ) + ⇔>Al(OH 2 )–(L1)–X 0 , where >Al represents a crystallographically bound surface Al atom. We test the surface complexation approach by comparing observed humic acid adsorption in systems containing both bacteria and mineral surfaces to quantitative estimates of adsorption in these systems. The estimates are conducted independent of the experiments, based on the results from the simplified systems. The model predictions of humic acid adsorption in mixed humic–bacteria–mineral systems are reasonably accurate in describing the observed adsorption behavior in these mixed systems, indicating that the surface complexation approach can be successfully used to quantify the distribution of humic acid in realistic subsurface environments.
Judging Teachers: Foucault, governance and agency during education reforms

Over a decade after publication of Thinking Again: Education After Postmodernism (1998) contention still emerges among Foucaultians over whether discursively made‐up things really exist, and whether removal of the constituent subject leaves room for agency within techniques of caring for the self. That these questions are kept alive shows that some readers have not rethought Foucault, finding what possibly comes after postmodernism. Using Wittgenstein to ‘reciprocally illuminate’ Foucault (after Tully and Marshall), I open teacher inspection and reforms to problematization, as relations to bedrock rules governing games of truth. ‘How, upon entering classrooms, do inspectors know “teaching” is taking place and not crazy and fuzzy things in its name?’ Taking up Hirst's vexing question, I move beyond liberal‐analytic concept‐mapping and neo‐liberal individualism to more fully assay the political ground for judging teaching practices through genealogy. Epistemological, political and ethical concerns intersect...
Characterization of TiO 2 Thin Films Deposited by SILAR Method

SILAR method is adopted for the deposition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films. Titanium trichloride and ammonium hydroxide are used as the cationic and anionic precursors respectively. Deposition parameters such as growth rate, individual dipping and rinsing times and precursor concentration are optimized to obtain uniform, adherent films. As-deposited TiO2 films are annealed at 300°C and 400° C. The crystallization behaviour of TiO2 thin films is analysed by X-ray diffraction. Optical constants of the films are evaluated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Effect of deposition parameters on the optical properties of the films is analysed.The direct and indirect band gap values of the TiO2 thin films is in the range of 3.4-3.8 eV and 2.1-3.8 eV respectively.
Flaton Inflation Model

We propose an inflation model which is constructed by two “flatons”. In this model, one of flatons causes inflation. However, it is not the inflaton but the other flaton which generates density perturbations for structure formation. The spectral index of these perturbations n is controlled by the ratio of the mass squared of these flatons, Mχ/Mσ, and n ≃ 0.6 − 0.98 for Mχ/Mσ ≃ 0.62 − 0.75. This model realizes a “tilted inflation” structure formation scenario and is cosmologically interesting. Although the inflaton belongs to so called moduli, this can be diluted by the decay of the other flaton.
Integrated Natural Language Generation Systems

Many existing natural language generation systems can be characterized according to their modularization as either pipelined or interleaved. In these separated systems, the generator is divided into several modules (e.g., planning and realization), with control and information passing between the modules during the generation process. This paper proposes a third type of generator, which we call integrated, that unifies the modules into a single mechanism. The mechanism uses a small set of orthogonal basic operations to produce planned and grammatical language output. Integrated systems are conceptually attractive and may support generation of pragmatic effects more effectively than other systems. After discussing the advantages of the integrated approach, we summarize GLINDA, an integrated generator currently under development at Carnegie Mellon. GLINDA is the generator used for narration and intercharacter communication in the Oz Interactive Fiction and Virtual Reality Project.