nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New insights into the phylogeny of eukaryotes based on ciliate Hsp70 sequences.

The current framework of the eukaryotic phylogeny is based on the analysis of a comprehensive set of sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA. However, phylogenies based on protein-encoding genes are not completely congruent with this picture. Since congruence between different markers is the best tool to determine evolutionary history, we focused on Hsp70 (heat-shock protein of 70 kDa), a chaperone protein which is highly conserved and is a potentially reliable phylogenetic marker. We used a PCR-based approach to sequence Hsp70s in two distinct classes of Ciliates. Seven Hsp70s were identified from Paramecium tetraurelia (Oligohymenophora) and six Hsp70s from Euplotes aediculatus (Hypotricha), encompassing orthologous genes for all major Hsp70 classes of Eukaryotes, i.e., those localized in cytosol, in endoplasmic reticulum, and in mitochondria. Three independent phylogenies of eukaryotes, based on each set of orthologous genes, have been constructed using different tree reconstruction methods. A significant advantage of Hsp70s is the existence of outgroups close to Eukaryotes for these major classes, reducing the long-branch attraction artifact due to the outgroup. The monophyly of Ciliates is supported by good bootstrap proportions in the phylogenetic reconstructions, and this phylum is generally a sister-group of Sporozoa, forming the expected Alveolates clade. The Hsp70 seems to be a suitable phylogenetic marker since it recovers all the monophyletic groups, undoubtedly defined by morphological criteria. The Hsp70 trees are, however, notably different from the rRNA ones and do not show two aspects of the classical topology, i.e., the successive emergence of deeply branching groups and the vast assembly of the major eukaryotic groups, emerging at the tip of the tree, i.e., the "terminal crown". More precisely, the Hsp70 trees do not resolve the relationships between the major groups of Eukaryotes with confidence, in keeping with the hypothesis that all these groups emerged in a great radiation that occurred at the origin of all the extant Eukaryotes.
Characterisation of novel modified active carbons and marine algal biomass for the selective adsorption of lead.

This paper discusses the sorption performance of novel materials for the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) from near-neutral aqueous solutions. Active carbons with surface heteroatoms of oxygen and phosphorus have been prepared. The surface functional groups display weakly acidic ion exchange characteristics. The optimum solution pH for maximum metal sorption is related to the pK values of the surface functional groups. In oxygenated active carbons, pK values are not distinct but can be obtained by describing proton binding to the heterogeneous adsorbent surface as a continuous proton affinity distribution. Information derived from zeta-potential measurements combined with knowledge of the pK distribution function and concentration of surface functional groups has been used to explain the selectivity of oxidised active carbons towards lead(lI) in the presence of copper(II) from multi-metal bearing solutions. Marine algal-based biosorbents have been challenged with lead(II) and copper(II)-bearing wastewater. The weakly acidic carboxyl groups of structural polysaccharides present within the algal matrix display high sorption capacity for both metals. The negative surface charge of algal particles results in electrostatic interactions as well as coordination between metal species and the adsorbent surface. Proton affinity for the algal surface lowers the negative surface potential at pH values around 2. The surface functional groups in algae unlike those in oxidised active carbons may be represented by discrete acid-dissociation constant values. The influence of conformational differences in uronic-acid segments upon metal ion selectivity is discussed.
Mechanized verification of fine-grained concurrent programs

Efficient concurrent programs and data structures rarely employ coarse-grained synchronization mechanisms (i.e., locks); instead, they implement custom synchronization patterns via fine-grained primitives, such as compare-and-swap. Due to sophisticated interference scenarios between threads, reasoning about such programs is challenging and error-prone, and can benefit from mechanization. In this paper, we present the first completely formalized framework for mechanized verification of full functional correctness of fine-grained concurrent programs. Our tool is based on the recently proposed program logic FCSL. It is implemented as an embedded DSL in the dependently-typed language of the Coq proof assistant, and is powerful enough to reason about programming features such as higher-order functions and local thread spawning. By incorporating a uniform concurrency model, based on state-transition systems and partial commutative monoids, FCSL makes it possible to build proofs about concurrent libraries in a thread-local, compositional way, thus facilitating scalability and reuse: libraries are verified just once, and their specifications are used ubiquitously in client-side reasoning. We illustrate the proof layout in FCSL by example, outline its infrastructure, and report on our experience of using FCSL to verify a number of concurrent algorithms and data structures.
Design Systems in Practice and Education

This short written contribution is structured in a way which is intended to promote discussion. It deals in turn with: 1) the area of competence of the author ii) the concepts underlying ABACUS software iii) experience gained from its application iv) considerations for the future. A fuller discussion is given in the Chapter "The Impact of Computer-Based Models on Design Decision-Making" in Rebuild (Ed. Derricott and Chissik, John Wiley).
Effect of Psychiatric Illness on Acute Care Utilization at End of Life From Serious Medical Illness.

Little is known about psychiatric illness and utilization of end-of-life care.



We hypothesized that preexisting psychiatric illness would increase hospital utilization at end of life among patients with chronic medical illness due to increased severity of illness and care fragmentation.



We reviewed electronic health records to identify decedents with one or more of eight chronic medical conditions based on International Classification of Diseases-9 codes. We used International Classification of Diseases-9 codes and prescription information to identify preexisting psychiatric illness. Regression models compared hospital utilization among patients with and without psychiatric illness. Path analyses examined the effect of severity of illness and care fragmentation.



Eleven percent of 16,214 patients with medical illness had preexisting psychiatric illness, which was associated with increased risk of death in nursing homes (P = 0.002) and decreased risk of death in hospitals (P < 0.001). In the last 30 days of life, psychiatric illness was associated with reduced inpatient and intensive care unit utilization but increased emergency department utilization. Path analyses confirmed an association between psychiatric illness and increased hospital utilization mediated by severity of illness and care fragmentation, but a stronger direct effect of psychiatric illness decreasing hospitalizations.



Our findings differ from the increased hospital utilization for patients with psychiatric illness in circumstances other than end-of-life care. Path analyses confirmed hypothesized associations between psychiatric illness and increased utilization mediated by severity of illness and care fragmentation but identified more powerful direct effects decreasing hospital use. Further investigation should examine whether this effect represents a disparity in access to preferred care.
Beyond Chayanov: investment decisions in the rural third world―the viewpoint of farmers, bankers, and the central government

This article suggests criteria for defining and measuring profits in Third World rural activities. Some of the criteria (e.g., discount rate, exchange rate, externalities) are rarely discussed by anthropologists. Measures of profit for the same activity may differ by the viewpoint chosen. With an example, I show how a farmer, an official from the government budget office, a banker, and the central government budget office calculate profits. The conclusion contains a discussion of the limitations of the model.
A Proposal for a Heterogeneous Cluster ScaLAPACK (Dense Linear Solvers)

The authors study the implementation of dense linear algebra kernels, such as matrix multiplication or linear system solvers, on heterogeneous networks of workstations. The uniform block-cyclic data distribution scheme commonly used for homogeneous collections of processors limits the performance of these linear algebra kernels on heterogeneous grids to the speed of the slowest processor. We present and study more sophisticated data allocation strategies that balance the load on heterogeneous platforms with respect to the performance of the processors. When targeting unidimensional grids, the load-balancing problem can be solved rather easily. When targeting two-dimensional grids, which are the key to scalability and efficiency for numerical kernels, the problem turns out to be surprisingly difficult. We formally state the 2D load-balancing problem and prove its NP-completeness. Next, we introduce a data allocation heuristic, which turns out to be very satisfactory: Its practical usefulness is demonstrated by MPI experiments conducted with a heterogeneous network of workstations.
Diabetes mellitus and the increased risk of foot injuries.

With one person dying from diabetes-related preventable complications, including foot complications, every 7 seconds across the world, it is clear this is a major health challenge. Foot ulceration in diabetes remains the commonest reason for hospital admission in Western countries. From neuropathy to peripheral vascular disease, the challenges are significant and can result in premature death, but early diagnosis by aware health-care professionals, combined with supporting people in self-care, can help reduce the problems of diabetes to manageable proportions.
The Gender/Science System: Response to Kelly Oliver

I welcome the opportunity to respond to Kelly Oliver's critique of my paper published earlier in this journal for at least three reasons: out of respect for the tradition of intellectual exchange to which Oliver's invitation tacitly appeals; because the issues are of quite general importance, even far beyond feminist theory; and out of fidelity to the goals of contemporary feminist theory, central to which I take to be the unravelling of classical dichotomies. This commitment inspires me to protest the current tendency among some feminist critics to tacitly reinforce (often under the name of “deconstruction”) the very dichotomy between objectivism and relativism which I and others have sought to undermine. Here, as always, the tell-tale marks of such oppositional reconstructions are to be found in the collapse and obliteration of distinctions internal to the categories under questions.
Men and Things: Karl Polanyi, Primitive Accumulation, and Their Relevance to a Radical Green Political Economy

Now is an important moment to be thinking and talking about a critical and normative green political economy. Whether via attempts to develop effective and socially just climate policies at multiple scales of governance [including REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation) schemes], or to develop proliferating and controversial neoliberal instruments for dealing with undesirable environmental change, environmental governance, and environmental change in the context of contemporary global capitalism are on the agenda. What would a critical and normative green political economy for the current moment look like? This paper draws on Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation as a resource for answering that question. In particular, Polanyi's discussion of problematic and dualistic notions of nature and society in early political economy and the role he accords social struggles over land in developing his theory of fictitious commodities, embeddedness and the double movement are revisited. The p...
Interconnectedness and the Magic of Group Analysis

This article explores the relationship between the theory/experience of interconnectedness that is central to group analysis and the notion/experience of magic that is rarely written about in group analysis. The first part of the article reviews the history of magic in psychological theories of the mind ranging from Plato to Freud and Jung. A group-analytic clinical example serves to introduce a discussion of the place of magic within group-analytic theory and practice. It is hoped that this will encourage further dialogue about this important subject.
How Do Students Solve Parsons Programming Problems? -- Execution-Based vs. Line-Based Feedback

In large introductory programming classes, there typically are no resources for adequate individual guidance. Automatic feedback for programming tasks can facilitate students' learning by allowing them to get immediate individual feedback regardless of time and place. This paper presents a study on how the type of automatic feedback in Parsons problems affects how students solve them. Students on their first programming class were divided into two groups and, in two assignments, each group in turn received different type of feedback. The type of feedback had an effect on how students constructed their programs and how quickly they were able to complete them. With feedback based on execution as opposed to the visible arrangement of code, the programs were more frequently executable when feedback was requested and, overall, feedback was requested less frequently. Based on the analysis, we discuss possible future improvements to automatic feedback in this type of an assignment.
‘As glad a father as ever was King’: The Reformation counterfactuals of Henry VIII's children

The frustrations of Henry VIII in his search for a male heir are well documented in historical research and in popular culture, with everything from soap operas to mnemonics tracing his destructive relationships with his six wives (The Tudors and the ever-unsettling ‘divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded, survived’). Such attention is justified, as Henry's decision to break away from the Roman Catholic Church in his quest for his first divorce was the catalyst for decades of religious and political strife, domestically and internationally. But what if his first son had lived? What if one of his daughters had been a boy instead? This essay puts forward several counterfactual situations based on the sex and health of Henry's male and female children that could have had profound implications for English policy and the monarchy, and explores a facet of counterfactual research – biological chance – that has previously been underrepresented.  An earlier version of this essay was handwritten and presented...
Queenship and the Currency of Arts Patronage as Propaganda at the Early Stuart Court

Hitchmough explores the built heritage of royal palaces as emotional and intellectual gateways to the narratives that help us understand the present through an analysis of the past. From the contemporary installation of Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red at the Tower of London to Inigo Jones’s designs for the Banqueting House at Whitehall, this chapter examines the ways in which contemporary design can allude to complex political and historical loyalties. It focuses on interactions between queenship and visual culture and the agency that Queen Anna of Denmark exercised through her patronage of Inigo Jones and Ben Jonson. Hitchmough considers the Banqueting House as visual propaganda, relating its Neo-Palladian design to the Queen’s masque performances and, ultimately, to the staging of Charles I’s execution.
Too Much Competition in Higher Education?: Some Conceptual Remarks on the Excessive-Signaling Hypothesis

Within the economics of higher education, there is a small but influential literature that describes and analyzes the outcomes of competitive processes on markets for higher educational services. Colleges and universities in the United States currently invest a vast amount of resources in order to attract well-qualified students. Costly activities like advertising, infrastructure investments, the recruitment of academic stars, or the granting of merit-based tuition discounts can be interpreted as different forms of "market signaling" in the sense of Spence. According to some social science authors, these signaling activities have reached a dimension that has to be classified as excessive or socially wasteful from a welfare-economic viewpoint. The present article makes some conceptual remarks on this excessive-signaling hypothesis, and intends to contribute to the debate about the (potentially) harmful and beneficial effects of competition in higher education.
Internal control over financial reporting and managerial rent extraction: Evidence from the profitability of insider trading

markdownabstract__Abstract__ 
 
This paper examines the association between ineffective internal control over financial reporting and the profitability of insider trading. We predict and find that the profitability of insider trading is significantly greater in firms disclosing material weaknesses in internal control relative to firms with effective control. The positive association is present in the years leading up to the disclosure of material weaknesses, but disappears after remediation of the internal control problems. We find insider trading profitability is even greater when insiders are more likely to act in their own self-interest as indicated by auditors’ weak “tone at the top” adverse internal control opinions and this incremental profitability is driven by insider selling. Our research identifies a new setting where shareholders are most at risk for wealth transfers via insider trading and highlights market consequences of weak “tone at the top”.
Evident based Case Study and Analysis on Lane - Change Detection

main goal of this article is to offer various insights in the domain of lane detection system of ITS. More specifically, we provide an overview of various lane detection techniques by establishing several ways of categorization in tabular form. Finally, we spot the left over gaps both in research and in system level evaluation and propose research directions for bridging these gaps. A procedure of lane detection has also been discussed in this paper. Moreover analysis of accidents for last decade has been discussed. KeywordsLane Detection,
Crustal evolution of Palaeozoic in Beishan area,Gansu and Inner Mongolia,China

The AnZ ancient continent was been splited from the Early Cambrian in Beishan area bounded by Gansu and Inner Mongolia, China. The oceanic basin was finally been closed to form a new unified continent in the end of Carboniferous, went through two periods of plate tectonic system and two times of main underthrust-collision orogeny. The first period of plate tectonic system occured in Early Palaeozoic(O_2~S_3), Kazakhstan plate and Tarim plate were firstly divided along Hongliuhe-Niujuanzi-Xichangjing. The oceanic crust underthrusted from south to north in Late Ordovicain-Silurain and the oceanic basin was been closed to form a unified continent again in the end of Silurain. The second one took place in the middle period of Late Palaeozoic(C), Kazakhstan plate and Tarim plate were secondly divided, following the formation of Hongshishan-Baiheshan-Pengboshan seconddary ocean. The plate tectonic frame had been concluded in the end of Carboniferous, and a new unified continent had been formed. After this, Beishan area got into intracontinental evolution, and appeared a series of spreading mechanism in Carboniferous-Permian, such as intracontinental rifts, chasmic trough, faulted basins, and so on.
Coping with Ancient Gods, Celebrating Christian Emperors, Proclaiming Roman Eternity: Rhetoric and Religion in Late Antique Latin Panegyrics

The present contribution provides an examination of the relationship between the emperor and the divine sphere in Latin panegyric poetry of the fifth and sixth centuries. Following the path magisterially set forth by Claudian, poets like Sidonius Apollinaris and, later on, Corippus employs the same literary genre to praise the newly-come Germanic kings or the Eastern Emperor. They have, however, to face a profoundly transformed historical and political realm, not to mention a different approach towards religion. Whereas Panegyrici Latini and Claudian could make wide use of mythological similes to celebrate Rome, her grandeur and the deeds of the emperor, his successors deal with the ancient gods in quite a clear-cut or, so to say, crystallized way. They show a conservative (and, to some extent, nostalgic) attitude and still believe in the endurance of Rome, which is fated to last eternally. The sacralization of Rome (with the concurring ideas of a Christian providence and the literary cliché of pagan aeternitas) is integrated within the frame of an empire that has become totally Christianized and, especially in the East, finds in political theology a privileged terrain to establish its roots. In particular the link between Christianity and the emperor as vicar of God is well outlined by the symbolism of court ceremonial and gesture, which panegyrics describe in great detail.
Advances in group psychotherapy and self psychology: An intersubjective approach

The theory of the "self" as applied to group psychotherapy has had particular meaning in this age and culture wherein people strive for independence, autonomy, and self-sufficiency, but all too often at the cost of alienation from others. The much-talked about phenomenon of the "me" culture can be viewed as a product of the times we live in, but a closer look also reveals it to be a common compensatory response to psychological factors going back to an early period of life when a child's developmental needs were misunderstood, ignored, mocked, overvalued, or overwhelmed by caretakers who could not relate to the child phase-appropriately. In such a case, a foundation for good-enough object relations never emerged. Children who experienced little or no enthusiastic responsiveness from such caretakers, except perhaps by taking on a submissive, compliant false self, can hardly be expected to relate spontaneously and with mature reciprocation. This paper discusses clinical issues in group psychotherapy with narcissistic and borderline patients; but first a brief review of the principal concepts of self psychology will be useful, especially more recent developments. For a deeper immersion into the earlier concepts, Kohut and Wolfs article (1978) and Kohuťs last two books (1977, 1984) are recommended.
Fabrication of metal matrix composites by metal injection molding : A review

Metal injection molding (MIM) is a near net-shape manufacturing technology that is capable of mass production of complex parts cost-effectively. The unique features of the process make it an attractive route for the fabrication of metal matrix composite materials. In this paper, the status of the research and development in fabricating metal matrix composites by MIM is reviewed, with a major focus on material systems, fabrication methods, resulting material properties and microstructures. Also, limitations and needs of the technique in composite fabrication are presented in the literature. The full potential of MIM process for fabricating metal matrix composites is yet to be explored.