nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Spin-½ in classical general relativity

It is shown that models of elementary particles in classical general relativity (geons) will naturally have the transformation properties of a spinor if the spacetime manifold is not time orientable. From a purely pragmatic interpretation of quantum theory this explains why spinor fields are needed to represent particles. The models are based entirely on classical general relativity and are motivated by the suggestion that the lack of a time-orientation could be the origin of quantum phenomena.
SE Education: What Academia Can Do

hortly after I graduated, my first supervisor told me, " Welcome to GE, Mike. I hope you enjoyed your five years in college, because now we are going to teach you how to be an engineer. " There I was, a freshly minted electrical engineer, proud of my education, ready to solve the world's problems, and the company that just hired me implied I didn't know anything about engineering. They proceeded to tell me that they would teach me how to design real systems, not just the toy circuits I'd analyzed in school using ide-alized models. Further, they would teach me how industry managed systems development and, in particular, how GE did it in one specific application domain—radar systems. After my initial panic, I realized my education wasn't worth-less—it was my entree into the engineering field. Principled advantages. As a seasoned educator, I think it important that we determine what a principled academic education can offer a future practitioner. Adaptability. A software engineer must deal with constantly changing technology. Academia cannot predict what the next language or technique used by industry will be, but by focusing on fundamentals it can prepare students to assimilate technology quickly and efficiently. A software engineer must be exposed to both the computer science from which technologies arise and numerous examples of applying those fundamentals to real problems. Students should be able to understand what a concept is and how to apply it to real problems. To use that knowledge in different contexts, they must be exposed to more than one technology or method. Most importantly, they must be taught how to place new knowledge in context so they can tune and restructure their existing knowledge to better use the new technology. Industry expects you to adapt; a good education teaches you how.  A major part of learning is to learn from your errors. The university is the perfect sheltered environment in which a student can experiment, make mistakes, and learn from them. A good program allows students mistakes, but also teaches the appropriate methods to fix and prevent errors. Practicing software engineers who make too many mistakes or experiment too much will justifiably find themselves with an immediate career change opportunity. Breadth. In its most extreme form, an academic education prepares a student to do nothing but acquire further education. A formal engineering education prepares a student to work in a particular technological …
A comparative kinetic study on the singlet molecular oxygen-mediated photoxidation of α- and β-chymotrypsins

: Kinetic aspects of the sensitized photooxidation of α- and β-chymotrypsins have been studied at pH 6 and 8. The sensitization, employing classical O2(1Δg)-photogenerators, such as xanthene dyes, is a kinetically intricate process because of the presence of ground state dye–protein associations and to the simultaneous participation of superoxide ion and singlet molecular oxygen [O2(1Δg)]. 
 
 
 
Both proteins, that possess the same distribution pattern of photooxidizable amino acids, suffer a pure O2(1Δg)-mediated photodynamic attack, using the carbonylic sensitizer Perinaphthenone. Overall and reactive rate constants for the O2(1Δg)-quenching (in the order of 108 and 107/M/s, respectively), and rates of oxygen consumption determined by time-resolved, spectroscopic and polarographic methods indicate that α- and β-chymotrypsins are less photooxidizable at pH 6, as a result of an enhancement of the O2(1Δg)-physical quenching component. In general terms, β-chymotrypsin exhibits the greater overall proclivity to interact with O2(1Δg), whereas structural factors, possibly evidenced by a higher exposure of the reactive tryptophan residues, impart an increased photooxidation degree to the proteins at pH 8, specially to the α-chymotrypsin.
The politics of oligarchy : the persistence of traditional elites in contemporary Brazil

This dissertation charts the persistence of the traditional political elite in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, through the twentieth century, focusing primarily on the period of authoritarian rule from 1964 to 1982. Contrary to interpretations of Brazilian politics which claim that regional oligarchies were ousted from national and state ruling coalitions by the military and their places taken by technocrats and native and foreign capitalists, this work suggests they retained power. The persistence of this elite during a period of explosive industrial growth and in a regime ostensibly committed to promoting technical competence in government and dispensing with them is explained by the nature of the political relationships which emanate from a state capitalist economy. Traditional elites shifted their power base from land into the state, transforming themselves into a political class whose political dominance rested on their manipulation of state resources. Industrialization fueled by state and foreign investment is demonstrated to have had little impact on the structure of state power. The local bourgeoisie was weak and largely uninvolved in dynamic growth sectors. The organization of the economy along state capitalist lines privileged state elites and enhanced the state's resource base for its clientelistic operations. State-based political clientelism thus became the dominant form of political organization in Brazil. A growing segment of the population left behind in the "economic miracle" were represented by territorially-based politicians whose access to state resources and political networks enabled them deliver state benefits to state clients and marshall support for the authoritarian regime. The persistent grip of traditional political elites on state politics in Minas Gerais is demonstrated through an analysis of elite office holding from 1956 to 1982. Political elites were supplanted in the executive branch of the state by technocrats after 1964 only briefly, most notably in economic ministries, and oligarchs who occupied powerful public office before the 1964 coup d'etat largely succeeded in attaining high posts after it.
Study of Various factors on Oxidation of p-nitro benzoic acid hydrazide-A Kinetic and Mechanistic Approach

The kinetics of oxidation of p-nitro benzoic acid hydrazide by Thaliium (III) in a mixture of perchloric and hydrochloric acid medium at a constant ionic strength has been planned to study iodometrically. The increase in (H + ) and (Cl - ) decreases the rate of the reaction. The activation parameters were also determined and a mechanism is predicted.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Adducts with Solvents from Ag(II)SO4-Based Oxidative C-C Coupling

Abstract9,9′-bianthryl and 9,9′-biphenanthryl were synthesized by direct oxidative C–C coupling of anthracene and phenanthrene, respectively, using divalent silver sulfate Ag(II)SO4 under ambient temperature conditions. Syntheses proceed with rather low yields 6–10%, however, they are competitive to more complex synthetic pathways due to single-pot process and lower waste. The single crystal structures of 9,9′-bianthryl, 9,9′-biphenanthryl and adducts of 9,9′-bianthryl with benzene, toluene and o- and p-xylene were obtained. X-ray structure of the adducts attested that the guest molecules of aromatic hydrocarbons were accommodated in cavities formed by the host 9,9′-bianthryl molecule. The adducts are stabilized mostly by the C–H•••π interactions, as indicated by analysis of crystal structures and Hirschfeld surfaces.
The hydrolysis of C12 primary alkyl sulfates in concentrated aqueous solutions. Part 1. General features, kinetic form and mode of catalysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate hydrolysis

As part of an investigation into the observed rapid hydrolysis of sodium primary alkyl sulfates in commercial concentrated aqueous mixtures (typically 70% by weight of surfactant) at 80 °C, the rate of hydrolysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in water has been followed acidimetrically over a wide range of initial SDS concentrations in aqueous buffers, in the presence of added sulfuric acid (0.20 mol kg−1) and also in unbuffered, initially neutral solution. First order rate coefficients derived from the initial rates of sulfuric acid-catalysed reactions showed unexpected, non-monotonic variations with increasing initial [SDS] at constant [H2SO4] and with [H2SO4] at 70% SDS. Reactions in initially neutral solutions were found to have an autocatalytic form arising from the existence of both an uncatalysed and an acid catalysed pathway from reactants to products. Both pathways are characterised by rate coefficients (derived by computer simulation of the initial phase of the hydrolysis) that vary with the initial [SDS]; those for the acid-catalysed pathway show similar but less dramatic variation than observed in reactions in the presence of sulfuric acid. Possible reasons for the difference in behaviour are discussed. The autocatalysis observed in initially neutral solutions is shown to arise from the production of hydrogen sulfate ions during the hydrolysis, but experiments in buffer solutions at both high and low SDS concentrations show the characteristics of specific hydrogen ion catalysis. Solvent kinetic deuterium isotope effects on both pathways are, however, small. Examination of the dodecanol produced by SDS hydrolysis at low and high initial concentrations in 18O-enriched water showed no incorporation of the label, signifying exclusive S–O cleavage in the acid-catalysed pathway. It is argued that the results, taken in conjunction with literature data, are consistent with an SN2 displacement of sulfate ion by water in the uncatalysed hydrolysis pathway. While, for the hydrogen ion catalysed pathway, a previously suggested unimolecular cleavage of SO3 from dodecyl hydrogen sulfate, with concerted intramolecular proton transfer, appears more consistent with the observations, proton transfer concerted with direct transfer of SO3 to a preassociated water molecule is a plausible alternative.
The Creation of Da-yi(the Largest City)——Preliminary Discussion about the Capital Scale and Organization of Pre-Qin,Qin and Western Han

Studies on the spatial organization of capitals in pre-Qin,Qin and Western Han is of great importance in understanding the history of Chinese city construction.This paper reviews literature and points out that attention to create Da-yi(the largest city) is an important city building feature in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.The main purpose of creating Da-yi is to enhance defense capability of cities,and accomodate peasant households in cities as much as possible.In order to increase number of peasant households,the two dynasties had adopted a city life system called "spring out and winter back" and this system affected the capital population structure,population scale and spatial organization of the the capital city.In addition,this paper preliminary discusses the extended form of Da-yi,exemplified by Xian'yang of Qin Dynasty and Chang'an of Western Han Dynasty.The new form in reflected in the pattern of population resettlement as well as the spatial organization of cities.
Dream Jobs - 2012 [Special Report]

Engineers design things and solve problems. No surprise there—that's the textbook definition of an engineer. But there's nothing textbook about the careers these 10 engineers have forged for themselves. They're educators, explorers, and entertainers, as well as builders and problem solvers. Nicole Richard, for example, is using Lego kits to fire up young minds all over the world with the possibilities of technology. Chieko Asakawa is making the Web accessible to the blind. Kevin Hardy is part of a team attempting to send a man to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest spot in the world's oceans. And Brent Bushnell is creating complicated machines with a simple purpose: to delight and enthrall. Trying to visualize an engrossing career in technology? Problem solved.
The Indian Software Industry

This paper reports on the results of research on the Indian software industry, carried out at Carnegie Mellon University. We use a variety of sources, including a questionnaire survey of Indian software firms, and field visits and interviews with industry participants, observers, and US based clients. The Indian software industry is remarkable in a number of respects. It is service rather than product oriented, heavily export oriented, and is largely managed by professional and entrepreneurial managements. Also, domestic market experience and expertise appears to have very little benefits for successful importers. Although the industry has grown in spectacular fashion, sustaining this performance will pose a number of challenges. In order to counteract the widely reported shortages of skilled software professionals and the possible competition from other low wage, human capital rich countries, Indian firms are trying to move up the value chain by acquiring deeper knowledge of business domains and management capability, and to reduce costs by developing superior methodologies and tools. Whether and how many firms will be a key test of the management skills and willingness to invest along a number of dimensions. From a social perspective, the disconnect between domestic and export markets is a major challenge, but one that the growing diffusion of computers and the improvement of the communication infrastructure should make easier to confront. In the end, the greatest impact the software industry is likely to have on the Indian economy is indirect, in its role as an exemplar of the new business organisational form and as an inspiration to other entrepreneurs.
Encountering the World: China and Its Other(s) in Historical Narratives, 1949-89

This article critically examines historical discourses in modern China and their complex relations with the outside world, most notably theWest. It delineates three noticeable changes in the twentieth century and concentrates on the period 1949-1989. Chinese experimentation with modern historiography began shortly after Western powers defeated China in the late nineteenth century. These defeats forced Chinese scholars to forsake the traditional sinocentric conception of the world and accept a new worldview characterized by aWest-China dichotomy. After 1917, however, the triumph of Bolshevism in Russia offered another alternative to Chinese searching for modernization. As a result, China's cultural relationship with the larger world changed from a dichotomous to a triangular relationship. During China's Republican period (1912-1949), liberal historians constructed a historical narrative modeled on the modernWest and regarded Marxist historical theory as an alien Other. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, however, when Marxist historiography gained orthodox status, theWest was turned into the alien Other. After the Cultural Revolution and especially in the so-called "culture fever" of the 1980s, a younger generation of historians unsatisfied with the dogmatic application of Marxist theory in historical study turned again to the West for inspiration. In renewing their interest in Western historiography, these historians used the Western Other to challenge the official Marxist historiography authorized by the government. In doing so, they formed a counterdiscourse in historical narrative that (together with the emerging sociocultural history) reshaped historical practice in the People's Republic of China.
Np(V) reduction by humic acid: contribution of reduced sulfur functionalities to the redox behavior of humic acid.

The role of sulfur-containing functional groups in humic acids for the Np(V) reduction in aqueous solution has been studied with the objective to specify individual processes contributing to the overall redox activity of humic substances. For this, humic acid model substances type M1-S containing different amounts of sulfur (1.9, 3.9, 6.9 wt.%) were applied. The sulfur functionalities in these humic acids are dominated by reduced-sulfur species, such as thiols, dialkylsulfides and/or disulfides. The Np(V) reduction behavior of these humic acids has been studied in comparison to that of the sulfur-free humic acid type M1 at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 under anaerobic conditions by means of batch experiments. For Np redox speciation in solution, solvent extraction and ultrafiltration were applied. In addition, redox potentials of the sample solutions were monitored. At pH 5.0, both rate and extent of Np(V) to Np(IV) reduction were found to increase with increasing sulfur content of the humic acids. At pH 7.0 and 9.0, sulfur functional groups had only a slight influence on the reduction behavior of humic acid toward Np(V). Thus, in addition to quinoid moieties and non-quinoid phenolic OH groups, generally acknowledged as main redox-active sites in humic substances, sulfur functional groups have been identified as further redox-active moieties of humic substances being active especially in the slightly acidic pH range as shown for Np(V). Due to the low sulfur content of up to 2 wt.% in natural humic substances, their contribution to the total reducing capacity is smaller than that of the other redox-active functional groups.
Micky Wolfson's Cabinet of Wonders: From Private Passion to Public Purpose

Micky Wolfson is one of those larger than life characters who would probably have been more at home in the late 19th century than in our current age of dematerialization and electronic communication. He is a man who likes material things and has traveled far and wide to collect them. In 1984, the stocks he inherited from his father, a prominent real estate developer in the Miami area, were sold to an investment firm and Wolfson realized $84.5 million in cash, a sum which he used to accumulate more than 70,000 objects and 40,000 books and periodicals that now comprise the collection of the Wolfsonian Foundation in Miami Beach, Florida.' Wolfson began to cultivate the collector's instinct as a child when he amassed thousands of keys from hotels and ships' staterooms while traveling with his parents. At Princeton, he studied economics and European civilization and then, after graduate studies at Johns Hopkins, he entered the U.S. diplomatic corps. He was the American vice-consul in Genoa, Italy for five years, resigning in 1971 to begin his life as a full-time collector and man about the world. To better understand the nature of Wolfson's collecting instinct, we might consider the three categories of collecting devised by museologist Susan Pearce: systematics, fetishism, and souvenir collecting.2 Systematics, according to her, is an attempt to represent an ideology. As an example, she cites the Pitt-Rivers Museum in Oxford, England, which portrays the natural history of evolution. Fetishism, she says, is the removal of the object from its original historical and cultural context, and its recontextualization in terms of the collector's own interests. A good example would be William Randolph Hearst's accumulation of European decorative arts at San Simeon, his estate in southern California. Souvenir collecting is simply the gathering of objects on which the collector confers the mnemonic power to evoke personal memories of a place or time. 1 For additional information on Wolfson's life, the history of his collecting passion, and the founding of the Wolfsonian, see John Malcom Brinnin, "Mitchell Wolfson, Jr.: The Man and His Mission," The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts (Fall 1988): 80-93; Tom Sustin, "A Gentleman and A Scholar," New Times (December 30, 1992-January 5, 1993): 1 1-12, 14, 18, 21-22; and John Dorschner, "What Hath Micky Bought?" The Herald Tropic (October 29, 1995): 6-16. 2 Pearce's categories are mentioned in John Windsor, "Identity Parades," in The Culture of Collecting, John Elsner and Roger Cardinal, eds.
Challenges and Opportunities in 'Last Mile' Logistics for On-Line Food Retail

Conventional approaches to logistics for food retail continue to be challenged by the rapid growth of on-line food retail. At the same time, ‘last mile’ logistics optimization for on-line retail also face challenges as changing consumer expectations, habits and purchasing patterns intersect with the increasing density of urban environments. Numerous considerations are already in play around servicing of last mile logistics for on-line food retail including whether it is home delivery or pick-up; delivery is attended or not; and, whether the service is managed in-house or out-sourced to third party providers. Selecting the appropriate distribution and delivery channel is challenging with choices intimately related to the variety and price of products offered for sale (premium or discount) as well as the delivery times promoted to prospective customers. Beyond these pragmatic considerations, are also changing consumer expectations and preferences, innovations in new technology, provenance & traceability, seasonality and emerging reverse logistics issues linked to ‘green’ carbon miles considerations. This paper systematically explores these issues emerging in online food retail logistics.
Effect of nano-Al2O3 on the polarization of polyimide nanocomposite films with tri-layer structures

Polyimide (PI)/Aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanocomposite films wtih tri-layer structures (PI-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/PI/PI-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) are manufactured from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA) via in-situ polymerization method. Microstructure, dielectric property and electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite films are characterized in this paper. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results show that nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles are successfully introduced into target tri-layered structure and are homogeneously dispersed in the polyimide matrix. Compared with pure films, the obtained composite films perform lower relative permittivity at low nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> doping content (0-8wt%) and higher relative permittivity at high nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> doping content (>8wt%). The dielectric loss (loss tangent) of the composite films is higher than that of the pure films at the same frequency, and increases consistently with the increase of nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content, especially in low frequency range. Furthermore, at the same nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> concentration, the dielectric loss of the composite films reduces at frequencies <;103 Hz and increases at frequencies >103 Hz. The effect of nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on electrical conductivity is only observed clearly at low frequency region (<;10Hz). The above-mentioned dielectric property depends on the interaction and compromise of two kinds of polarization, i.e., interfacial polarization and anti-orientation polarization, which are attributed to the interfacial defect effect and blocking effect of nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles, respectively.