nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Les mésaventures de la critique. Réflexions à partir de Jacques Rancière

The Misadventures of Critique. Reflections from the Work of Jacques RanciereThe article puts forward an argument which has two stages. It begins by an acknowledgement of the criticism addressed by Ranciere to a postmodern mode of social critique which basically explains that if social critique is no longer effective, it is because the system subjected to the critique has the capacity to digest all the various types of criticism which can be levelled against its actual mode of operation. The conclusion to be drawn from this can only be that the status of such a discourse is a paradoxical one, insofar as it denounces the illusions of critique while preserving its own position as a lucid agent of critique. The article then seeks to formulate its reservations concerning the position of Ranciere, when the latter argues that the paradox or contradiction exposed in this respect is in fact inscribed in social critique from the beginning, in other words since Marx. The article demonstrates that the critical procedure, as envisaged by Marx, in no sense posits a hierarchical distinction between the lucid critic and the mass of those to whom the social critic addresses a discourse explaining the causes of the illusions of which they are inevitably the victims.
Сэр Джошуа Рейнолдс и античное искусство: заметки о живописи на мифологические сюжеты на примере картины «Младенец Геракл, удушающий змей», написанной по заказу Екатерины II

This essay explores and tries to identify and discuss all the visual sources tapped on by Reynolds to paint his Infant Hercules for Empress Catherine II, at the Hermitage in St Petersburg, as well as for The Continence of Scipio for Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin, which was shipped together with the former and is nowadays exhibited in the same room at the Hermitage. Unlike the histories of their commissions, the deconstruction of their visual sources is almost entirely original. To implement his idea of presenting young Russia in the image of a mighty baby-hero from Classical mythology, Reynolds was looking for inspiration, and could find depictions of the infant Hercules strangling serpents in both modern and antique paintings and prints, as well as in coins and sculptures. His invention for the baby protagonist is based on the reworking of an antique model seen in 1752, the ‘Infant Hercules’, since 1589 on show in the Tribuna of the Uffizi. The popularity of this antique statue through the ages is proven by a number of Renaissance bronze replicas, as well as by its steady, albeit clumsy reproductions in Greek and Roman imperial coins, such as Caracalla’s. Though less blatant than in his earlier works, Reynolds’s visual quotations are to be found among earlier modern sources he could draw on, like the works by Annibale Carracci, Alessandro Algardi, Ercole Ferrata, Pieter van der Werff,++ etc. Special attention is drawn to Thomas Rowlandson’s political satire of which Reynolds must have been also aware.
Naturalizing or demythologizing scientific inquiry: Kitcher's Science, Truth and Democracy

In Science, Truth and Democracy, Philip Kitcher has argued that science ought to meet both the epistemic goals of significant truth and the nonepistemic goals of serving the interests of a democratic society. He opposes this science as servant model to both the theology of science as source of salvific truth and the theology of science as anti-Christ. In a recent critical comment, Paul A. Roth argues that Kitcher remains entangled in the theology of salvific truth, not realizing that its goal is either vacuous or unattainable. Instead of theologies, Roth proposes demythologization. In the end, science attains neither truth nor value, for these goals are incomprehensible and unattainable. Consequently, science’s goals are entirely pedestrian and without special interest. Adopting Kitcher’s own scientific naturalistic epistemology, the author argues for a naturalized theology of science, using a science as mediator model, in which both nature and scientist have a role in the acquisition of significant truth.
Against No-ĀtmanTheories ofAnattā

Suppose we were to randomly pick out a book on Buddhism or Eastern Philosophy and turn to the section on 'no-self' (anattā). On this central teaching, we would most likely learn that the Buddha rejected the Upanisadic notion of Self (Ātman), maintaining that a person is no more than a bundle of impermanent, conditioned psycho-physical aggregates (khandhas). The rejection of Ātman is seen by many to separate the metaphysically 'extravagant' claims of Hinduism from the austere tenets of Buddhism. The status quo has not, however, gone unchallenged. I shall join forces against this pernicious view, integrating some recent contributions into a sustained, two-pronged argument against no-Ātman theories of anattā. At the end it shall be suggested, in line with Thanissaro Bhikkhu, that anattā is best understood as a practical strategy rather than as a metaphysical doctrine.
The Marxist Theory of the State: An Introductory Guide

This essay seeks to familiarise young students of society with the basic propositions of the Marxist theory of the state. It discusses the concept and characteristics of the state, and also examines the central tenets and elements of the Marxist perspective on the origin and nature of the state. The criticisms often levelled against the Marxist view of the state, as well as the Marxist rebuttal of the critique are also highlighted. Moreover, the core principles of the liberal theories of the state – to which the Marxist theory is opposed – are outlined so as to situate the issues of discourse in proper contexts.  10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n4p527
John Hulm-scientist and friend-a remembrance

One of John's important contributions was the discovery in 1952 of superconductivity in the compound of vanadium and silicon (V3Si) made with his student Hardy at the University of Chicago, where he was an assistant professor. This opened a rich new field of superconductivity.John lives on as an unforgettable human being in my mind and I would guess in the minds of many. He was highly respected for his scientific wisdom and his administrative fairness and honesty. Alas, those glory days of research at Westinghouse with outstanding scientists gathered by Zener and Condon, and continued under John's leadership as the Chief Scientist, live on only in memory. I could say the equivalent about Bell Labs as well. I am grateful that he, and I (and many others too) were there during those golden days.
Spin, statistics, and the spin quantization frame

The spin-statistics connection is derived in a simple manner under the postulates that (1) the state vectors are only superposed with the plus sign, and (2) not only a common spin quantization axis but a complete quantization frame has to be specified. This means that the orientation of the spin states in the plane normal to the quantization axis has to be specified. Before the state vectors can be superposed their spinor ambiguity has to be removed. This is achieved by relating the orientation angles by means of rotations in spin space and taking all rotations in the same sense. The minus sign for particles with half-integral spin then obtains by applying the above principles to transition-amplitude formulas. Relativity and quantum field theory are not involved.
The politics and poetics of journalistic narrative : the timely and the timeless

True stories Acknowledgements  What Isn't Literature 1. Writing after the fact: Crane, journalism and fiction 2. 'News that stays': Hemingway, journalism and objectivity in fiction 3. News that fits: The construction of journalistic objectivity 4.  1960s New Journalism as 'other' 5. The 'incredibility of reality' and the ideology of form 6. Freud and our 'Wolfe Man': The Right Stuff and the concept of belatedness Conclusion Notes Works cited Index.
On the spontaneous break down of massive gravities in 2+1 dimensions

We show that locally Lorentz invariant, third order, topological massive gravity can not be broken down neither to the local diffeomorphism subgroup nor to the rigid Poincare group. On the other hand, the recently formulated, locally diffeomorphism invariant, second order massive triadic (translational) Chern-Simons gravity breaks down on rigid Minkowski space to a double massive spin-two system. This flat double massive action is the uniform spin-two generalization of the Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca system which one is left with after U(1) abelian gauge invariance breaks down in the presence of a sextic Higgs potential.
5G CHAMPION - Rolling out 5G in 2018

The 5G CHAMPION Consortium will provide the first fully integrated and operational 5G prototype in 2018 - this effort is a major leap ahead compared to existing punctual technology trials, such as, e.g., Proof-of-Concept platforms focusing on mmWave communication in specific bands, etc. This paper describes the overall set-up including a synergetic combination of technologies such as beamforming based mmWave &amp; Satellite service provisioning, virtualized infrastructure, software reconfiguration across the entire stack, accurate positioning and high-speed solutions. The key enablers are described in detail and related efforts in standards and regulation organizations are discussed.
The Birth of Model Theory: Löwenheim's Theorem in the Frame of the Theory of Relatives

What do the theorems of Gödel–Deligne, Chevalley–Tarski, Ax–Grothendieck, Tarski–Seidenberg, and Weil–Hrushovski have in common? And what do they have to do with the book under review? Each of these theorems was proven by techniques in a particular mathematical area and by model theoretic methods. In fact, these model theoretic methods often show a pattern that extends across these areas. What are model theoretic methods? Model theory is the activity of a “selfconscious” mathematician. This mathematician distinguishes an object language (syntax) and a class of structures for this language and “definable” subsets of those structures (semantics). Semantics provides an interpretation of inscriptions in the formal language in the appropriate structures. At its most basic level this allows the recognition that syntactic transformations can clarify the description of the same set of numbers. Thus, x − 3x < −6 is rewritten as x < −2 or x > 3; both formulas define the same set of points if they are interpreted in the real numbers. After clarifying these fundamental notions, we give an anachronistic survey of three themes of twentieth century model theory: the study of a) properties of first order logic, b) specific first order theories, and c) classification of first order theories. In this survey we will highlight the increasing interactions between “pure” model theory and the analysis of topics in core mathematics. Then we return to the book at hand and see how Löwenheim’s 1915 paper [Löw67] set the stage for these developments. On the syntactic side, first order logic contains several logical symbols: equality; the quantifiers ∀, ∃; a sequence of variables, vi; and the logical connectives ∧,¬,∨. A vocabulary τ for first order logic consists of a collection of relation and function symbols that is appropriate for the area of mathematics being formalized. Terms of the language based on τ are built up inductively from constant and variables using the function and relation symbols of the language. An atomic formula has the form R(t1, . . . tn) where R is a relation symbol with n-arguments and the ti are terms. The first order language associated with τ is the least set of formulas containing the atomic τ -formulas and closed under the Boolean operations and quantification over individuals. Formulas in which each variable is bound by a quantifier are called τ -sentences. On the semantical side, a structure for this vocabulary consists of a domain (also denoted A) and a relation on A for each relation symbol with n arguments (a function from A into A for each function symbol with n arguments) and with equality interpreted as identity. In a structure A, each variable-free term denotes an element of A. Truth in a structure is also defined inductively: if there are no quantifiers, a formula is true in the structure A if the interpretation of the terms lies in the relation which is the interpretation of the formula. The truth of Boolean combination and or quantified formulas is defined in the natural way; e.g.,
Timing and mode of emplacement of the Roberts Mountains allochthon, Antler orogeny

This Antler model involves incipient subduction of continental crust and miogeoclinal strata beneath an accretionary wedge composed primarily of oceanic sedimentary rocks and lesser outer shelf strata (under-thrusting and sediment obduction). Three phases of associated tectonism are: (1) first emplacement phase, in which only oceanic crust is subducted, evidenced primarily by foreland epeirogeny; (2) second emplacement phase, in which incipient subduction of continental crust occurs and a flysch trough is formed; (3) post-emplacement phase of isostatic uplift of continental margin and allochthon, accompanied by molasse sedimentation. The first two phases, associated with compressive movements of the Antler orogeny of Nevada, occurred between mid-Frasnian and mid-Osagean time. This interval equals about 23 m.y., based on C. A. Sandberg9s estimates of the duration of conodont zones. Overlap of the surface trace of the Roberts Mountains thrust by the Kinderhookian Webb Formation preceded final emplacement of the allochthon. Ordovician, Devonian, and Kinderhookian units in the allochthon, as mapped in the Carlin-Pinyon Range area by Smith and Ketner, overlie the oldest Antler flysch (Kinderhookian age) and are interpreted to have been encased within the Antler clastic wedge during Osagean time.
Learning Concepts by Arranging Appropriate Training Order

Machine learning has been proven useful for solving the bottlenecks in building expert systems. Noise in the training instances will, however, confuse a learning mechanism. Two main steps are adopted here to solve this problem. The first step is to appropriately arrange the training order of the instances. It is well known from Psychology that different orders of presentation of the same set of training instances to a human may cause different learning results. This idea is used here for machine learning and an order arrangement scheme is proposed. The second step is to modify a conventional noise-free learning algorithm, thus making it suitable for noisy environment. The generalized version space learning algorithm is then adopted to process the training instances for deriving good concepts. Finally, experiments on the Iris Flower problem show that the new scheme can produce a good training order, allowing the generalized version space algorithm to have a satisfactory learning result.
Cancer and its Treatment in Main Ancient Books of Islamic Iranian Traditional Medicine (7th to 14th Century AD)

Islamic medicine is regarded as a comprehensive medical school with a long, glorious and worldwide reputation. Some of the physicians of this school are famous worldwide and have contributed valuable services to the scientific world. Given the dramatically increasing prevalence of cancer and the relative inefficacy of current medications, there is a great demand for the introduction of effective therapeutic approaches. To this end, integration of traditional medicine with modern medical treatments represents a promising option. In this essay, methods of diagnosis and treatment of cancer have been mentioned from the viewpoint of five famous physicians before the Mongolian attack who used Islamic medicine, namely Rhazes, Akhaveyni, Ahwazi, Avicenna and Jorjani. The ideas discussed dates back to a period between the eighth and fourteenth centuries.
Perspectives on Chinese mobile communications

The successful admission to the World Trade Organization has given China new momentum for further development of its mobile communications infrastructure and fueled international competition as well in the mobile communication market of the country. Since the opening up of its economy, China has spent billions of dollars to purchase equipment from foreign telecommunication manufacturers, which has created a heavy burden to modernize its legacy industrial sectors. China, as the largest developing country in the world, has been emerging as a nation with the fastest penetration rate growth in mobile communications, exceeding the United States to become the largest single mobile cellular market in terms of subscriber population. This article not only outlines the current status but also presents some perspectives on China's mobile communications, including the China's mobile communication market and the China's mobile communication R&D activities.
Singularity-Free Electrodynamics for Point Charges and Dipoles: Classical Model for Electron Self-Energy and Spin

It is shown how point charges and point dipoles with finite self-energies can be accomodated into classical electrodynamics. The key idea is the introduction of constitutive relations for the electromagnetic vacuum, which actually mirrors the physical reality of vacuum polarization. Our results reduce to conventional electrodynamics for scales large compared to the classical electron radius $r_0\approx 2.8\times10^{-13}$ cm. A classical simulation for a structureless electron is proposed, with the appropriate values of mass, spin and magnetic moment.
Bond markets in emerging economies: an overview of policy issues

Central banks have multiple interests in the development of bond markets. At a fundamental level, the government bond markets help to fund budget deficits in a non-inflationary way and so enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy. In addition, many central banks use government bond markets for the conduct of monetary policy. They often act as agents for the government in various aspects of the management of government debt. They oversee clearance and settlement systems, and they are responsible for the stability of the financial system, often directly supervising banks. This multiplicity of interests means that the policy issues that arise are very diverse. Many of them were considered by a small group of central bankers at the BIS during a two-day meeting in December 2001. This paper summarises some of the more important issues discussed in this volume.
Circumventing anxiety during interpersonal encounters to promote interest in contact: An implementation intention approach ☆

Interactions with new acquaintances are often filled with anxiety that can reduce the desire for long-term contact. The present research tested whether providing participants with implementation intentions (“if–then” plans) that specify how to act when feeling anxious boosted interest in sustained contact and close interpersonal distance. Implementation intentions led to increased interest in sustained contact during anxiety-provoking interactions in the laboratory (Study 1) and daily interracial interactions (Study 2). They also led to closer interpersonal distance in anticipation of interracial interactions (Study 3). Implementation intentions were more effective than forming goal-directed responses (Studies 1, 2, & 3), or not forming a self-regulation strategy (Studies 2 & 3), and were effective over multiple interactions and across time, despite being learned only once (Study 2). Participants across conditions reported similar levels of anxiety, suggesting that promoting an interest in sustained contact can be accomplished without reducing anxiety, but rather, by shielding individuals from the negative effects of anxiety during social interactions.
Influence of Preexisting Tectonic Trends on Geometries of Sevier Orogenic Belt and Its Foreland in Utah: ABSTRACT

The tectonic style of the late Mesozoic Sevier orogenic belt in Utah was greatly affected by preexisting structural trends that date from the late Precambrian rifting and fragmentation of the North American continent. The late Precambrian cratonic margin (Cordilleran hinge line) was marked by a system of prominent faults including the north-south-trending ancestral Wasatch and ancient Ephraim faults and the southwest-northeast-trending Leamington, Scipio, Cove Fort, and Paragonah faults. During the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, renewed activity on these faults affected the geometries of the late Paleozoic Paradox and Oquirrh basins, the boundaries of the Jurassic Arapien Formation, and the sedimentary pattern of the Cretaceous foreland basin. Many of these fault zones were reactivated as tectonic ramps (e.g., the ancient Ephraim fault) and tear faults (e.g., the Leamington fault) during the compressional Sevier tectonism. The Fillmore arch and some other structural highs situated along the edge of the late Precambrian craton caused ramping of the inner Keystone-Pavant-Canyon thrust sheets and telescoping of the frontal thrust sheets. Post-thrust uplift of basement highs led to tectonic denudation and to the development of low-angle, extensional faults, such as the Sevier detachment. Northeast-trending lineaments, such as the Cove Fort and Paragonah lineaments, were reactivated as right-lateral strike-slip faults. They also affected the extent of the Marysvale volcanic field. End_of_Article - Last_Page 859------------
[Prosecution of Mélanie Hahnemann in 1847 at the court of Paris: illegal practise of pharmacy and medicine].

Recently married, the Hahnemanns came to Paris in 1835. The great man, 80, was authorised to practice in France. His wife Mélanie always assisted him in writing prescriptions, and in recruiting patients. When he died in 1843, she was continuing to practise assisted or not by a physician, Deleau or Croserio. A young pharmacist, Charles LeThiére, lived close to her as her adoptive son, grandson of the famous painter Guillaume Guillon-LeThière who was the director of the French Academy of Fine Arts of Rome at the Villa Medici, grandson as well of the Roman pharmacist Giuseppe Meli. Early Charles remained orphan and was educated by Mélanie. In 1844, he obtained his pharmaceutical graduation at the Ecole supérieure de Pharmacie de Paris. In 1847, she was accused of illegal practising of medicine and pharmacy. She claimed that she held the degree of doctor in homeopathy granted to her by the Academy of Pennsylvania. The court condemned her on the medical side considering that she earned money without legal certification in medicine. But as the drugs were prepared by a pharmacist, and delivered free of charge to the patients, no sentence was pronounced against her neither against LeThière. However, the court tempted to object that LeTière did not meet all the legal requirements for practising his pharmaceutical activity, especially aruging that he did not own an open shop of pharmacy, and that he did not declare his activity to the authorities in Paris. This point underline the fact that during the XIXth century the French law (21 germinal An XI- 1803), obliged the starting drug industry to be in dependence of the shops of pharmacy opened to the public, owned by a graduated pharmacist. As defender Mrs. Hahnemann chose the quite known solicitor Chaix d'Estange. Many testimonies came for justifying her capability of medical prescribing from artists, officers, writers and several aristocrats. From abroad came the supports of American doctors, Hempel, Hering and Hull. But the core question motivating her sentence came from the medical lobby acting in Paris led by the professor Orfila. Among the adepts of the homeopathy themselves, raised division and rivalry, but all considering that Mélanie Hahnemann's behavior was criticable. The court fined her for hundred francs that she paid. Then, she kept the circle of her friends and continued in medical counselling.