nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Consequences of Eliminating NP Solutions

Given a function based on the computation of an NP machine, can one in general eliminate some solutions? That is, can one in general decrease the ambiguity? This simple question remains, even after extensive study by many researchers over many years, mostly unanswered. However, complexity-theoretic consequences and enabling conditions are known. In this tutorial-style article we look at some of those, focusing on the most natural framings: reducing the number of solutions of NP functions, refining the solutions of NP functions, and subtracting from or otherwise shrinking #P functions. We will see how small advice strings are important here, but we also will see how increasing advice size to achieve robustness is central to the proof of a key ambiguity-reduction result for NP functions.
Algebraic Approaches to Graph Transformation - Part I: Basic Concepts and Double Pushout Approach

The algebraic approaches to graph transformation are based on the concept of gluing of graphs, modelled by pushouts in suitable categories of graphs and graph morphisms. This allows one not only to give an explicit algebraic or set theoretical description of the constructions, but also to use concepts and results from category theory in order to build up a rich theory and to give elegant proofs even in complex situations. In this chapter we start with an overwiev of the basic notions common to the two algebraic approaches, the "double-pushout (DPO) approach" and the "single-pushout (SPO) approach"; next we present the classical theory and some recent development of the double-pushout approach. The next chapter is devoted instead to the single-pushout approach, and it is closed by a comparison between the two approaches.  This document will appear as a chapter of the "The Handbook of Graph Grammars. , G. Rozenberg (Ed.),
A Card from Angela Carter

Angela Carter was one of the most vivid voices of the twentieth century: much studied, copied and adored. When she died at the age of fifty-one, she had published fifteen books of fiction and essays; outrage at her omission from the shortlists of any Booker Prize led to the foundation of the Orange Prize. February 2012 will be the twentieth anniversary of her death but no biographical work has yet appeared. Susannah Clapp and Angela Carter were friends for years. The postcards that Carter sent to her form a paper trail through her life. The pictures she sent were sometimes domestic, sometimes flights of fantasy and surrealism. The messages were always pungent. From Stratford, Ontario, she explained that Canada was 'like Scandinavia, with liquor'. From the States, where she was smarting from a critical onslaught in the London Review of Books, where Susannah then worked, she sent a terrifying picture of Texan chili, with the message: 'Carter's reply to the critics ...goes through you like a dose of salts ...I'd liked to feed it to that drivelling wimp...' Through the medium of her postcards - small documents that are the emails of the twentieth century - Susannah Clapp will evoke Angela Carter's anarchic intelligence, her fierce politics, the richness of her language, her ribaldry, the great swoops of her imagination; she will also say something about her life. Intimate, funny, unexpected, it will catch this unique artist on the wing.
The economy and the educational system in capitalistic societies

The purpose of this article is to analyse the relations between the educational system and economy in capitalist societies. The economy is conceived here in terms of its technical as well as its social relations. The analysis here is centered around the capitalist labour market rather than capitalist technical relations of production as is usual in the literature on the relations between the educational system and the economy. This article is a preliminary attempt to break out of both economistic and sociologistic conceptions which dominate the literature on education.
Erotic Deception into Agapeic Truth

Kierkegaard's radical, existential understanding of the person implies a new approach to 'Truth and Method' and also, therefore, to the philosophy of education. He understands the person as 'a relation that relates itself to itself and in relating itself to itself relates itself to another'. This definition, moving away from the concept of the person as 'an individual substance of a rational nature,' stresses rather that the person is 'a relational agent of loving transcendence.' Implied by this revolutionary understanding of personal being is the new understanding of truth as 'objective uncertainty held fast in the appropriation process of passionate inwardness'. But I shall not deal here with the notion of person or truth. Instead, I will concentrate on Kierkegaard's existential method and pedagogy, and clarify his way of thinking and teaching as 'a deceiving into truth.
Old Age: Cultural and Critical Perspectives

Despite numerous review articles and programmatic essays surveying the social and cultural anthropology of old age (2, 13, 14,41,47,53,55,79,82, 99, 102, 103), a theme in many of them is the relative paucity of anthropologi­ cal attention to the topic. In 1967 Clark made the classic observation that "if one is to judge from typical anthropological accounts, the span of years be­ tween the achievement of adult status and one's funerary rites is either an ethnographic vacuum or a vast monotonous plateau of invariable behavior" (13). Clark's criticism, opening anthropology's future while closing its past to old age, was soon routinized into a requisite lament preceding many essays on the anthropology of aging (79). This gerontological lament did not, however, correlate with the writing of actual monographs. In 1980, after thirteen years and much productive research by many scholars, Fry could still begin her edited anthology by noting that "anthropology has a long history of being interested in age, but not in aging or the aged" (41). Similarly, in 1981 Amoss & Harrell offered an anthology to "help to remedy a massive neglect of old age by the discipline of anthropol­ ogy" (2); and in 1984 Keith & Kertzer began their introduction to another anthology by again drawing attention to the need in anthropology to "pay more systematic attention to the role of age in human societies and cultural sys-
“Multiculturalism” in Europe : losing faith?

Synopsis Various European leaders have voiced their opinions and agreed that multiculturalism has failed in Europe. But what does the discourse actually mean? Commentary IN OCTOBER 2010, German Chancellor Angela Merkel declared that the " multikulti " approach to integration does not work in Germany. She stated that the policy to build a multicultural society with people of different backgrounds " living side by side " has " utterly failed ". Her comments came amid rising anti-immigrant sentiments in Germany, supported by a survey reflecting that 30% of Germans felt the country was " overrun by foreigners ". " Multikulti " elsewhere in Europe She was joined by British Prime Minister David Cameron who several months later argued a similar theme. In a speech in Munich he said the " doctrine of multiculturalism " has failed and only encouraged " different cultures to live separate lives, apart from each other and apart from the mainstream ". A week later, French President Nicolas Sarkozy echoed the same sentiments. He took the opportunity to reiterate his concerns on the need for better policies to promote cultural assimilation and ensure that immigrants follow the French model of political and cultural assimilation. Analysts and observers of such narratives across Europe also point out a commonality across the discourse of all three leaders: they generally highlight concerns pertaining to Muslim immigrants, although they are careful to distinguish between Islam and radical extremism. Nevertheless, it is not by sheer coincidence that Merkel's statements were made amid debates on Muslim immigrants. They followed the publication of former central banker Thilo Sarrazin's controversial book accusing Muslim immigrants of lowering the intelligence of German society. It also cannot be dismissed that Cameron singled out young Muslims for better integration to combat home-grown extremism. Sarkozy was even more blatant in directing at " Muslim compatriots " and the need for a " French Islam and not just an Islam in France ". What are the possible factors driving them to point to 'multiculturalism' as the source of their problems? RSIS Commentaries are intended to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy relevant background and analysis of contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of the S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced electronically or in print with prior permission from RSIS. Due recognition must be given to …
The principles of demonstration and tekmeriodic proofs in the late-antique commentary tradition

I argue that Aristotle’s late-antique commentators read into his theory of demonstration the notion of tekmeriodic proofs in attempt to integrate into the theory of demonstration the assumption that the principles of demonstration should be evident. In so doing, I trace the late antique commentators’ view to Alexander of Aphrodisias’ discussion of the principles of demonstration, showing how his assumption that the principles of demonstration should be evident underlies their notions of tekmeriodic proofs.RésuméOn examine pourquoi les commentateurs d’Aristote dans l’Antiquité tardive lisent dans sa théorie de la démonstration le concept de preuve tekmeriodique. Il s’agit, selon nous, d’une tentative visant à intégrer à cette théorie la supposition que les principes de la démonstration doivent être évidents. Pour justifier cette thèse, nous examinons l’étude des preuves du Tekmerion de Simplicius jusqu’à Alexandre d’Aphrodisie qui considérait les axiomes évidents et envisageait qu’ils puissent prouver des principes de l’être.ZusammenfassungIn diesem Beitrag wird behauptet, dass die spätantiken Aristoteles-Kommentatoren in dessen Lehre vom Beweis das Konzept des tekmérion hineininterpretieren, um sie mit der Behauptung zu verbinden, die Prinzipien des Beweisens müssten unbezweifelbar sein. Dabei wird die Perspektive der spätantiken Kommentatoren von Simplicius bis zu Alexander von Aphrodisias’ Diskussion der Prinzipien des Beweisens zurückverfolgt, um zu verdeutlichen, inwieweit dessen Forderung nach unbezweifelbaren Prinzipien des Beweisens die Grundlage für das Konzept tekmeriodischer Belege bei den spätantiken Kommentatoren bildet.ResumenExaminamos por qué los comentaristas de Aristóteles en la Antiguidad tardía leen en su teoría de la demostración el concepto de prueba tekmeriódica. Se trata, creemos, de una tentativa que quiere integrar a esta teoría la suposición de que los principios de la demostración tenían que ser evidentes. Para justificar esta tesis, examinamos el estudio de pruebas de Tekmerion de Simplicius hasta Alejandro d’Afrodisías que consideraba los axiomas cómo evidentes y contemplaba la posibilidad que pudiesen probar los principios del ser.
Evolutionary genetics research reports

ORAFF, R. J., AND SNELL, 0. ID. 1969. Histocompatibility genes of mice IX. Transplantation, 8, 861-875. BULL, P. 1964. PartiaL incompatibility not affecting total litter size in the mouse. Genetics, 50, 563-570. HULL, P. 1969. Maternal-foetal incompatibility associated with the H-3 locus in the mouse. Heredity, 24, 203-209. PALM, j. 1970. Maternal-foetal interactions and histocompatibility polymorphism.  Histocompatibility genes of mice IV. Transplantation, 2, 743-751. SNELL, 0. D., CUDKOWICz, 0., AND BUNKER, H. i'. 1967. Histocompatibility genes of mice VII. Transplantation, 5, 492-503. STAATS, j. 1964. Standardised nomenclature for inbred strains of mice. Cancer Research, 24, 147-168.
On Quantum Statistical Mechanics on Robertson-Walker Spacetimes

We review our approach to quantum statistical mechanics on Robertson-Walker space-times using the framework of algebraic quantum eld theory on curved spacetimes. Our approach starts with the deenition of an adiabatic KMS state. This state approximates a thermal equilibrium state of a free Bose gas on Robertson-Walker spacetimes. Furthermore it is of Hadamard form, i.e. a physically relevant state in the philosophy of algebraic quantum eld theory. We start an analysis of the possibility of Bose-Einstein condensation on closed Robertson-Walker spacetimes, taking into account the eeects of niteness of the spatial volume of a closed Robertson-Walker spacetime. It turns out that a critical radius can be deened. Below this radius, the gas is in a condensed state, while the condensate disappears above the radius.
Let's Fall in Love . . . to Stay Healthy—Whether and How Qiong Yao's Romance Fits into Healthy Realism

As a film genre devised both to reflect social realities and to promote moral values, healthy realism was introduced into the Taiwanese cinema scene by the Central Motion Picture Corporation (CMPC) in 1963. Since then, an issue that remains an academic conundrum for the scholars of this type of film is whether and how screen adaptations of Qiong Yao’s novels by filmmakers working in the healthy realism genre fit into the model. This paper seeks to enter the debate by revisiting the generic features of healthy realism and reassess the role played by romantic love in this style of movie. The first part of this paper revisits the definition of “healthy realism,” analyzing why the genre remains within the scope of realism despite its intended use as government propaganda, and explores the effects of romantic melodrama in achieving the realist aim of the model. The second part of the paper features analyses of the plots of Oyster Girl and Four Loves with the intention of discerning the motive force of the society of which healthy realism films sought to treat, an undertaking which leads to the discovery that romantic love is an essential element of healthy realism when it serves as the affective condition for bio-power and thus supports the modernization efforts described by the film model. The reliance on melodramatic devices and the significance of romantic love to the underlying social relations pave the way for the entry of Qiong Yao’s romance into the healthy realism genre.
On the Semantics of ReFLect as a Basis for a Reflective Theorem Prover

This paper explores the semantics of a combinatory fragment of reFLect, the lambda-calculus underlying a functional language used by Intel Corporation for hardware design and verification. ReFLect is similar to ML, but has a primitive data type whose elements are the abstract syntax trees of reFLect expressions themselves. Following the LCF paradigm, this is intended to serve as the object language of a higher-order logic theorem prover for specification and reasoning - but one in which object- and meta-languages are unified. The aim is to intermix program evaluation and logical deduction through reflection mechanisms. We identify some difficulties with the semantics of reFLect as currently defined, and propose a minimal modification of the type system that avoids these problems.
Mid-Continent Region--Laboratory for Petroleum Exploration: ABSTRACT

End_Page 1560------------------------------Many geological concepts of widespread application to petroleum exploration were either first, or early, observed and studied in the Mid-Continent region. Five are selected for discussion. These are: (1) pools reservoired in sandstone patches, lenses, channels and bars; (2) unconformities, truncations, and layers of geology--their influence on exploration; (3) tilted oil-water contacts, fluid pressure gradients; (4) changing structure with depth, converging strata, "bald-headed" structures, closed structures below terraces, and the hinge-line concept; and (5) one discovery leads to another--and another. These are typical of some of the simple geological phenomena that abound in this region, that seem to control much petroleum occurrence, and that are continually being used in the worl -wide search for oil and gas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1561------------
Charles Dickens in Pennsylvania in March 1842: Imagining America

Charles Dickens visited the United States in 1842, including a significant amount of time in Pennsylvania. Dickens’s travels resulted in a tour book, American Notes for General Circulation; a novel containing a harshly critical American segment, Martin Chuzzlewit; a vast quantity of letters that were later published; and American-inspired passages in other novels, such as the prison inmate descriptions in A Tale of Two Cities . Dickens shocked and angered American readers when the beloved author found much to criticize. In the Keystone State, for example, he noted that the transportation system was primitive, the people’s manners and habits abhorrent, and the prison system appalling. Dickens discovered there was no sympathy for authors whose works were being routinely pirated by publishers in an era of virtually no copyright protection. Dickens hoped that his six-month tour of the States could, at the very least, open American eyes to the need for institutional reforms and a copyright law.
Utopia and Dystopia in Literature and Cinema

Science fiction in literature and cinematography has been usually perceived as a genre which either exposes the dangers of growing technology and its effects on mankind, usually in an apocalyptic setting, or which foresees an expansion of humankind into the Universe and possible encounters with other forms of life. The former usually carries a dystopian, while the latter both dystopian and, although rarely, utopian views of the future. In the article Deconstructing The Matrix, particular attention will be paid to one film of this genre, The Matrix, directed by Andy and Larry Wachlowski in 1999. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that a perspective of the conventional perception of the genre as mostly entertaining is a limited one, and to provide arguments for multiple interpretations of the work. The work will be analyzed by applying a methodology of deconstructive analysis and will be focused in more detail into binary oppositions of the main themes presented in the film. Finally, by deconstructing the visual and linguistic material, it will be suggested how and where the inconsistencies, misstatements or contradictions open up the material for further questioning. The visual and linguistic elements which are present and also absent from the core text and the subtexts will be consequently examined and compared.  Science Fiction, Utopia, Dystopia, Literature, Cinema EDEBİYAT VE SİNEMADA ÜTOPYA VE
Community Detection in Complex Networks Using Agents

Community structure identification has been one of the most popular research areas in recent years due to its applicability to the wide scale of disciplines. To detect communities in varied topics, there have been many algorithms proposed so far. However, most of them still have some drawbacks to be addressed. In this paper, we present an agent-based based community detection algorithm. The algorithm that is a stochastic one makes use of agents by forcing them to perform biased moves in a smart way. Using the information collected by the traverses of these agents in the network, the network structure is revealed. Also, the network modularity is used for determining the number of communities. Our algorithm removes the need for prior knowledge about the network such as number of the communities or any threshold values. Furthermore, the definite community structure is provided as a result instead of giving some structures requiring further processes. Besides, the computational and time costs are optimized because of using thread like working agents. The algorithm is tested on three network data of different types and sizes named Zachary karate club, college football and political books. For all three networks, the real network structures are identified in almost every run.
Book review: Gender, violence and popular culture: tellingstories

This book approaches the interrelation of popular representations of gender and violence and 
global politics by focusing on the narrative of television shows like Angel, Buffy the Vampire 
Slayer, and The West Wing. Ioanna Gouseti finds this is a theoretically sophisticated and 
enjoyable book that motivates its readers to think critically, even when they’re ‘only’ watching 
television.
The Political Economy of Housing Supply: Homeowners, Workers, and Voters

Equilibrium of the housing market depends on a complex set of interactions between: (1) individual location decisions; (2) individual housing investment; (3) collective decisions on urban growth. We embed these three elements in a model of a dynamic economy with two sources of friction: ill-de…ned property rights on future land development and uninsurable shocks a¤ecting labor productivity. We characterize the feedback between the households’ desire to invest in housing as a hedge against the risk of rent ‡uctuations and their support for supply restrictions once they own housing. The model generates an ine¢ ciently low supply of housing in equilibrium. The model also rationalizes the persistence of housing undersupply: the more restricted the initial housing supply, the smaller the city size selected by the voting process. We use the model to study the e¤ects of a number of policies and institutional changes.
On the analysis of set-based fuzzy quantified reasoning using classical syllogistics

Syllogism is a type of deductive reasoning involving quantified statements. The syllogistic reasoning scheme in the classical Aristotelian framework involves three crisp term sets and four linguistic quantifiers, for which the main support is the linguistic properties of the quantifiers. A number of fuzzy approaches for defining an approximate syllogism have been proposed for which the main support is cardinality calculus. In this paper we analyze fuzzy syllogistic models previously described by Zadeh and Dubois et al. and compare their behavior with that of the classical Aristotelian framework to check which of the 24 classical valid syllogistic reasoning patterns or moods are particular crisp cases of these fuzzy approaches. This allows us to assess to what extent these approaches can be considered as either plausible extensions of the classical crisp syllogism or a basis for a general approach to the problem of approximate syllogism.
Privatization as a Socioeconomic Phenomenon

The industrial policy of the last few years has been marked by the disintegration of established economic ties and a protracted structural crisis. This makes the transition to a market economy more painful, and workers at all levels face unaccustomed difficulties associated with the survival of enterprises and their conversion to forms of economic management more suited to the new socioeconomic realities. Economic adaptation (searching for investors, economic partners, and markets; creating competitive products; expanding and redesigning production, etc.) is intimately linked to social adaptation, that is, workers' search for their place in the emerging system of economic relations.