nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding Computational Thinking before Programming: Developing Guidelines for the Design of Games to Learn Introductory Programming through Game-Play

This paper outlines an innovative game-based approach to learning introductory programming that is grounded in the development of computational thinking at an abstract conceptual level, but also provides a direct contextual relationship between game-play and learning traditional introductory programming. The paper proposes a possible model for, and guidelines in support of, this games-based approach contextualized by an analysis of existing research into the issues of learning programming and game based learning approaches. Furthermore, the proposed game-based learning model focuses not only on procedural and applied knowledge and associated skills acquisition in computational thinking, but also provides contextualised theoretical knowledge on Computer Science concepts. By way of illustration, the authors introduce a game prototype currently being developed to combine a puzzle solving game-play that uses Computer Science concepts as the game elements.
Microstructural investigations on zirconium oxide–carbon nanotube composites synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization

Zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 )/carbon nanotube composites were prepared by hydrothermal crystallization at 200 °C for 8 h of zirconium hydroxide [(Zr(OH) 4 n H 2 O; n =8–16] in the presence of carbon nanotubes. The hydrothermal crystallization of zirconium oxide, under autoclave conditions, occurred on the walls of the tubes. The process yielded a homogeneous composite powder consisting of microcrystalline ZrO 2 and multi-walled nanotubes, hence representing an alternative route for the synthesis of ceramic–nanotube composites. Microstructural and qualitative characterizations were performed using different electron microscopy techniques.
Liquid crystalline polymer laminates

On the basis of a poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolyester containing 60 mol % p-hydroxybenzoic acid, thin liquid crystalline films (160 μm thick) are obtained by melting the polymer at 300°C and chilling at 0°C. The undrawn films obtained have a high degree of orientation as evidenced by X-ray measurements. Due to molecular orientation, these films are characterized by their excellent mechanical properties. In order to avoid losses in the mechanical strength due to increase in their thickness, laminates are prepared using thin liquid crystalline films. Lamination is carried out by annealing under pressure at 170°C for 6 h, resulting in samples with excellent mechanical properties regardless of their thickness. A method is proposed that makes it possible to combine the unique mechanical properties of thin films of liquid crystalline polymers with a lamination process in order to obtain thick and very strong materials.
Accelerating universe as from the evolution of extra dimensions

In this paper we propose that the accelerating expansion of the present matter-dominated universe, as suggested by the recent distance measurements of type Ia supernovae, is generated along with the evolution of space in extra dimensions. The Einstein equations are first analyzed qualitatively and then solved numerically, so as to exhibit explicitly these patterns of the accelerating expansion in this scenario. A fine-tuning problem associated with such a scenario is also described and discussed.
The Chiral Magnetic Effect: Measuring event-by-event P- and CP-violation with heavy ion-collisions

Gluon field configurations with nonzero topological charge induce P- and CP-odd effects. Such configurations are likely to be produced during heavy ion collisions. In this article, I will argue that in the intense (electromagnetic) magnetic field produced in non-central heavy ion collisions, topological charge creates an electromagnetic current in the direction of the magnetic field. This is the Chiral Magnetic Effect. It leads to separation of positive from negative charge along the direction of the magnetic field. I will point out that this effect can be investigated experimentally with a charge correlation study and will refer to interesting data from the STAR collaboration.
Semistable reduction for overconvergent F -isocrystals, II: A valuation-theoretic approach

We introduce a valuation-theoretic approach to the problem of semistable reduction (i.e., existence of logarithmic extensions on suitable covers) of overconvergent isocrystals with Frobenius structure. The key tool is the quasicompactness of the Riemann-Zariski space associated to the function field of a variety.
Recent Progress in Inflationary Cosmology

We discuss two important modifications of inflationary paradigm. Until very recently we believed that inflation automatically leads to flatness of the universe, Omega = 1. We also thought that post-inflationary phase transitions in GUTs may occur only after thermalization, which made it very difficult to have baryogenesis in GUTs and to obtain superheavy topological defects after inflation. We will describe a very simple version of chaotic inflation which leads to a division of the universe into infinitely many open universes with all possible values of Omega from 1 to 0. We will show also that in many inflationary models quantum fluctuations of scalar and vector fields produced during reheating are much greater than they would be in a state of thermal equilibrium. This leads to cosmological phase transitions of a new type, which may result in an efficient GUT baryogenesis, in a copious production of topological defects and in a secondary stage of inflation after reheating.
Acting out: Performing feminisms in the contemporary art museum

The position that feminist art holds within the art museum is complex and often contradictory. There is a very real danger that when absorbed into the museum exhibition, feminist art can become a historicising category, framed as a singular movement rather than a currently relevant set of strategies. The alternative would be the presentation of feminism as a set of living practices. Since 2010, the feminist artist collective LEVEL has been involved in a range of activities designed to reinvigorate the discussion of women's position in the art world and society more broadly. LEVEL was commissioned to provide a public program as part of the WAR IS OVER! (IF YOU WANT IT): YOKO ONO exhibition held at the Museum of Contemporary Art Australia (MCA) in late 2013. This paper discusses the design of that project as an attempt to move beyond the script of feminism as a historical moment, and back to the lived experience of feminist art as political understanding and social engagement.
Formation of a spirodiazaselenurane and its corresponding azaselenonium derivatives from the oxidation of 2,2'-selenobis(benzamide). Structure, properties and glutathione peroxidase activity.

The oxidation of 2,2'-selenobis(benzamide) with N-chlorosuccinimide or hydrogen peroxide afforded the corresponding stable azaselenonium chloride and hydroxide, respectively. Both structures were characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic methods. Each contains a covalent N-Se bond, as well as a noncovalent interaction between the selenium atom and the carbonyl oxygen atom of the other amide moiety. The treatment of the azaselenonium chloride with an excess of potassium hydride in DMSO-d(6) afforded the corresponding spirodiazaselenurane species, which proved hydrolytically unstable, but was characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The azaselenonium chloride displayed significant glutathione peroxidase-like catalytic activity in an assay with benzyl thiol and either hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
State space reconstruction in the presence of noise

Takens' theorem demonstrates that in the absence of noise a multidimensional state space can be reconstructed from a scalar time series. This theorem gives little guidance, however, about practical considerations for reconstructing a good state space. We extend Takens' treatment, applying statistical methods to incorporate the effects of observational noise and estimation error. We define the distortion matrix, which is proportional to the conditional covariance of a state, given a series of noisy measurements, and the noise amplification, which is proportional to root-mean-square time series prediction errors with an ideal model. We derive explicit formulae for these quantities, and we prove that in the low noise limit minimizing the distortion is equivalent to minimizing the noise amplification. We identify several different scaling regimes for distortion and noise amplification, and derive asymptotic scaling laws. When the dimension and Lyapunov exponents are sufficiently large these scaling laws show that, no matter how the state space is reconstructed, there is an explosion in the noise amplification- from a practical point of view determinism is lost, and the time series is effectively a random process. In the low noise, large data limit we show that the technique of local singular value decomposition is an optimal coordinate transformation, in the sense that it achieves the minimum distortion in a state space of the lowest possible dimension. However, in numerical experiments we find that estimation error complicates this issue. For local approximation methods, we analyze the effect of reconstruction on estimation error, derive a scaling law, and suggest an algorithm for reducing estimation errors.
Embedded markets: A dialogue between F.A. Hayek and Karl Polanyi

The recent economic crisis has once more underscored the close connection between markets and social life, thrusting this point at the centre of the analysis of economic and political activity and has once more asked the question of whether and how individuals are embedded in both. Here I argue that an analysis and partial reconciliation of the positions of F.A. Hayek and Karl Polanyi on the topic can help in this debate.
Heidegger' Categories in Being and Time

In Division One of Being and Time Heidegger presents a novel categorization of what there is, and an original account of the project of on tology and consequently of the nature and genesis of those ontological categories. He officially recognizes two categories of Being: Zuhandensein (readiness-to-hand) and Vorhandensein (presence-at-hand). Vorhandene things are roughly the objective, person-independent, causally interacting subjects of natural scientific inquiry. Zuhandene things are those which a neo Kantian would describe as having been imbued with human values and significances. In addition to these categories, there is human Being, or Da sein, in whose structure the origins of the two thing-ish categories are to be found. This essay concerns itself with three of Heidegger's conceptual innova tions: his conceiving of ontology in terms of self-adjudicating anthropological categories, as summed up in the slogan that "fundamental ontology is the regional ontology of Dasein," his corresponding anti-traditional assertion of the ontological priority of the domain of the Zuhandensein to that of the Vorhandensein, which latter is seen as rooted in or precipitated out of that more basic (Heidegger says "primordial") world of human significances, and the non-Cartesian account of awareness and classificatory consciousness as social and practical. Section I presents an interpretation of Heidegger's notion of fundamen tal ontology, and its relation to the "vulgar" ontology practiced by previous philosophers. Section II introduces Zuhandendensein?the world of equip ment, each element of which is experienced as having some practically con stituted role or significance. Section III offers a reading of Mit-Dasein, the social mode of Being which institutes the world of equipment. Finally, Sec tion IV discusses the move from a world of equipment, about which there are no facts over and above how things are taken to be by all the bits of Dasein in volved, to a realm of things which have properties not exhausted by their pos sible roles in Dasein's practical
[The attempts and current status of cancer rehabilitation at Osaka Medical College Hospital].

We introduced an attempt at cancer rehabilitation at Osaka Medical College Hospital. We also reported trends in the clinical department that ordered the cancer rehabilitation, and the days needed to consult the rehabilitation department after hospitalization for 1,028 patients who needed rehabilitation from January to June 2012. The number of rehabilitation orders for cancer patients has increased in comparison with the same period during 2009, and the percentage of cancer rehabilitation orders has also increased, both in total and in each clinical department consulted. In addition, clinical departments that introduced a rehabilitation schedule along with their treatments ordered cancer rehabilitations much earlier than those departments without such a schedule. In future, to start cancer rehabilitation at an earlier stage, we should endeavor to create awareness of the importance of cancer rehabilitation and the introduction of a rehabilitation schedule along with cancer treatments.
Conduction-electron localized-moment interaction in palladium-silicon base amorphous alloys containing transition metals

The electrical and magnetic properties of amorphous alloys 
obtained by rapid quenching from the liquid state have been studied. 
The composition of these alloys corresponds to the general formula 
M x Pd 80-x Si 20 , in which M stands for a metal of the first transition 
series between chromium and nickel and x is its atomic concentration. 
The concentration ranges within which an amorphous structure could be 
obtained were: from 0 to 7 for Cr, Mn and Fe, from 0 to 11 for Co 
and from 0 to 15 for Ni. A well-defined minimum in the resistivity vs 
temperature curve was observed for all alloys except those containing 
nickel. The alloys for which a resistivity minimum was observed had a 
negative magnetoresistivity approximately proportional to the square 
of the magnetization and their susceptibility obeyed the Curie-Weiss 
law in a wide temperature range. For concentrated Fe and Co alloys 
the resistivity minimum was found to coexist with ferromagnetism. 
These observations lead to the conclusion that the present results 
are due to a s-d exchange interaction. The unusually high resistivity 
minimum temperature observed in the Cr alloys is interpreted as a 
result of a high Kondo temperature and a large s-d exchange integral. 
A low Fermi energy of the amorphous alloys (3.5 eV) is also responsible 
for the anomalies due to the s-d exchange interaction.
"All deformed Shapes": Figuring the Posture-Master as Popular Performer in

The early eighteenth-century entertainment economy can be characterized by its variety and its modernity. One component of this modern entertainment economy that has received little attention is the posture-master—in contemporary parlance, the contortionist. His highly embodied entertainments, which strip away prop, sound, costume, and plot, became in the early eighteenth century markedly consistent features in the advertising pages of popular urban newspapers. Posture-masters, with their tricksy facility at reshaping and deforming the human body, seem to offer a ready-made analog to the popular image of the modern audience in need of education. Four of the most famous posture-masters of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries—Joseph Clarke, Mr. Higgins, John Riner, and William Phillips—gained renown through their marvelous bodily manipulations. Though there is little archival evidence of such performers or performances in the first person, a surprising quantity of information from newspapers helps us re-situate them in a larger historical context, even perhaps reclaim their perversion from the normativizing stories and practices of critical debate. Though one might expect posture-masters to play marginal roles in the eighteenth-century entertainment economy, they in fact speak very much to the consolidation of the modern cultural landscape in which entertainment as a category is becoming a viable, and even threateningly dominant, mode of consumption.
Nuove riflessioni su Hannah Arendt e il razzismo americano

Socially Separate, but Politically Equal.  Arendt’s Reflections on Little Rock is a brief but intense piece that has often been neglected by scholars. In this paper, Arendt applies her famous analysis of the human condition to the controversial issue of American school segregation. By examining this paper, it is possible to outline the main weaknesses of Arendt’s formal conception of law and to underline the reductionist account she offers of the relation between political equality and racial discrimination. By strictly separating social and political realms, Arendt takes a stance that can be understood as an instantiation of the colour-blind principle. In consequence, Arendt’s reasoning undermines the constitutional legitimacy of Brown v. Board of Education. In spite of her insistence on the importance of education for a political society, Arendt also seems to undervalue the role of the school as the first entrance into the normative world.
Assessment of structural performance of historical Ishan church

This study focuses on the historical Ishan Church in Artvin, Turkey and its structural behaviour. The main purpose of this study is to investigate structural behaviour of the church. Therefore, Ishan Church is modelled numerically, and analyzed by means of static and dynamic analyses. Analysis results and literature review prove that the cracks identified in the structure are caused by external effects and excessive load. Moreover, critical stresses are frequently observed in the skewback of main arches, and these parts are considered to be risky in terms of structural performance.
Discussion of sexual rigidity in women.

Sexual rigidity in women is recorded as "cold yin" in Chinese medicine. Statistical studies show that 55-80% of middle-aged Chinese women suffer from this illness. The writer believes this number is credible based on his nearly twenty years of clinical practice in Chinese medicine. This article puts forward the writers personal views on this topic and invites comments from colleagues. The writer uses different approaches in accordance with the specific situations of individual patients. With the generalized thinking of Chinese medicine as a guiding force the writer while treating the physical symptoms (including primary complaints) targets the patients sexual functioning which often leads to a synergistic result. At the same time as he makes adjustments with regard to the patients sexual functioning the writer often resorts to a three-pronged approach consisting of Chinese medicine psychological counseling and guidance regarding daily life. (excerpt)
Beiträge zur Elektronenemission von Metalloxyden, Legierungen und Metallkarbiden

Contributions are given concerning thermionic emission of metal oxides, alloys and metal carbides. It seems to be more convenient to characterize the emission power of such substances by a temperature of optimal electron emission and an emission image instead of giving merely an average value of the work function. On account of the formula for thermionic electron emission a linear relation can be expected between the average value of the work function and the temperature of optimal thermionic emission. Alloys of Cr especially with Fe and Ni show a decomposition for higher temperatures caused by evaporation and migration of Cr on the emitting surface. The thermionic emission of the measured metal carbides is much smaller than that of the alkaline earth oxides and is diminished too by oxidizing processes during the heating of the cathodes.
Elements of Information Theory [Book Review]

Elements of Information Theory is probably the first book that covers the subject of Information Theory (in Shannon's sense) in full generality and nothing more. It does not focus on coding theorems only, nor is it a combination of subjects from both information theory and coding theory. Instead, it contains besides the classical results in information theory, i.e., the fundamental limits in communication, also the contributions of information theory made to inter�ecting re­ search areas such as statistics, probability theory, economics, physics, computer science and mathematics. The discussions on this broad class of topics are perfectly balanced. Each subject gets the attention it deserves in the perspective of information theory. Based on lecture notes, this book serves as an introductory text for senior and graduate level students of communication theory, statistics and computer science. It can also be very useful for professionals in these fields who feel the desire to broaden their view. It will certainly give all of its readers a firm foundation in the field of information theory. The fact that the book is self-contained and rigorous docs not make it boring. In their proofs the authors have consistently aimed at sim­ plicity and elegance. It must have been a pleasant experience for them that nearly always this could be accomplished using information­ theoretical arguments. This resulted in a coherent text which is exciting not only for readers not very familiar with information theory but also for specialists. The book contains sixteen chapters including the introduction. All chapters are followed by a brief summary, a collection of problems and a set of historical notes. At the end of the book we find an overall summary, a biography and an index.
A CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING DESIGN IS A COMPLEX PRODUCT

Many of the challenges in organising and developing an international engineering conference under severe time and cost constraints are similar to those involved developing a complex technical artefact. The large number of authors and reviewers who are active in the process and the just-in-time character of their deliveries further complicate the task. This paper describes and analyses the experience of developing a recent international conference on engineering design from a product development perspective. Key factors for developing a successful conference are analysed. The main purpose is to provide future conference organisers with recommendations to help promote successful and rewarding conferences.
Society and Democracy in Germany

Preface to the German edition Preface to the English edition The "German Question: The question is posed Politics, character and society Imperial Germany and the industrial revolution The faulted nation Equality of the Long Road to Modernity: The citizen and the classes Social stratification of the German people Unmodern men in a modern world Community and society Conflict of the Nostalgia for Synthesis: Conflict and liberty The German idea of truth Paths in industrial Utopia The tragedy of the German labour movement The myth of the state Diversity or Elites Between Monopoly and Cartel: Changes of the German elite Lawyers of the monopoly Service, wealth and power Who governs Germany? German intellectuals, politics and status Publicness or The Misery of Pretty Virtues: The public and the private virtues In the pedagogical province The unpolitical German Humanistic theory and practical inhumanity: an excursus The German character German Answers: The path to dictatorship National socialist Germany and the social revolution The two Germanies: the German Democratic Republic The two Germanies: the German Federal Republic Bibliography Index