nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Das erste zoologische Kompendium in der Zeit der Renaissance: Edward Wottons Schrift „Über die Differenzen der Tiere”︁

The English physian Edward Wotton wrote the first zoological compendium in the time of the Renaissance. As a convinced representative of Renaissance-Humanism Wotton strictly applied Aristotelian methodological principles to Aristotelian facts. In this way he tried to make Classical Antiquity complete; the Renaissance of ancient zoology is here tantamount to a new beginning. Wotton's achievement is in the first place to have provided a good summary of the whole of ancient zoological knowledge to which he added a few observations of his own. He carried through the Aristotelian concept of differentiation by many distinguishing features more strictly than Aristotle himself and all subsequent authors. In this way he attained the first zoological system, which influenced all later systematic attempts. The main Aristotelian groups are further subdivided and the Zoophyta are separated for the first time as an independent group. Wotton used a practical indexation method and got rid of an excess of detail in the text, adding critical annotations to each chapter. By means of the two indices, one of the names and the other of the parts of animal, Wotton tried to improve the precision of nomenclature and by this the identification of the objects under examination. His critical position on fabulous animals reveals his progressive mind.
Diazirinyl anion: a cyclic 4.pi.-electron system

In this communication, we now report that tert-butyldiazirine and the parent compound, neither of which can undergo an elimination reaction due to the absence of a β-hydrogen, both lead to the exclusive formation of a P-1 ion. The reactivity of the resulting species is quite similar, and the structure, reactivity, and proton affinity of the parent system are described herein
Nobel Lecture: The BEH mechanism and its scalar boson

Short and long range interactions 843 II. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 844 A. Spontaneous symmetry breaking in phase transitions 844 B. Spontaneous symmetry breaking in field theory 845 III. The BEH Mechanism 846 A. The fate of the Nambu-Goldstone boson and vector boson masses 846 B. The fate of the massive scalar boson 847 C. Fermion masses 848 D. Why is the mechanism needed? 848 E. Dynamical symmetry breaking 848 F. The electroweak theory and the standard model 848 IV. The Discovery 849 References 850
Regulation of Surface Charge by Biological Osmolytes.

Osmolytes, small molecules synthesized by all organisms, play a crucial role in tuning protein stability and function under variable external conditions. Despite their electrical neutrality, osmolyte action is entwined with that of cellular salts and protons in a mechanism only partially understood. To elucidate this mechanism, we utilize an ultrahigh-resolution frequency modulation-AFM for measuring the effect of two biological osmolytes, urea and glycerol, on the surface charge of silica, an archetype protic surface with a pK value similar to that of acidic amino acids. We find that addition of urea, a known protein destabilizer, enhances silica's surface charge by more than 50%, an effect equivalent to a 4-unit increase of pH. Conversely, addition of glycerol, a protein stabilizer, practically neutralizes the silica surface, an effect equivalent to 2-units' reduction of pH. Simultaneous measurements of the interfacial liquid viscosity indicate that urea accumulates extensively near the silica surface, while glycerol depletes there. Comparison between the measured surface charge and Gouy-Chapman-Stern model for the silica surface shows that the modification of surface charge is 4 times too large to be explained by the change in dielectric constant upon addition of urea or glycerol. The model hence leads to the conclusion that surface charge is chiefly governed by the effect of osmolytes on the surface reaction constants, namely, on silanol deprotonation and on cation binding. These findings highlight the unexpectedly large effect that neutral osmolytes may have on surface charging and Coulomb interactions.
Commerical and Industrial AI - Indroduction to the Special Issue

n h e practical application of artificial intelligence (AI) has been the center of controversy for many years. Certainly, if we mean AI to be a realization of real human intelligence in the machine, its current state may be considered primitive. In this sense, the name artificial " intelligence " can be misleading. However, when AI is looked at as advanced computing, it can be seen as much more. In the past few years, the repertory of AI techniques has evolved and expanded, and applications have been made in everyday commercial and industrial domains. AI applications today span the realm of manufacturing, consumer products, finance, management and medicine. Implementation of the correct AI technique in an application is often a must to stay competitive. Truly profitable AI techniques are even kept secret.
The Challenges and Implications of Globalization For Undergraduate Pedagogy

Whether in the United States, India, China, or in Poland, today’s students in the developed and emerging world construct their identities in a globally interconnected world. It is a world that is increasingly flat (Friedman, 2005), rife with more opportunity than the one inherited by previous generations, but also with more anxiety – a “generalized or unspecified sense of disequilibrium” (Turner, 1988, p. 61, cited by Gudykunst and Nishida, 2001, p. 59).
The spiritual experience index: A measure of spiritual maturity

The Spiritual Experience Index was developed to measure spiritual maturity in persons of diverse religious and spiritual beliefs. The scale was constructed from a developmental rather than a multidimensional conceptualization of faith. Initial findings from a religiously heterogeneous college sample indicated good reliability for the SEI and supported its use as a unidimensional measure. Higher scores on the SEI were significantly related to lower dogmatism and intolerance of ambiguity. The SEI was also moderately related to higher religious participation and positively correlated with intrinsicness and quest. However, compared with the intrinsic and quest scales, the SEI emerged as the strongest indicator of adaptive spiritual functioning. Directions for future research are suggested.
Strong Cosmic Censorship for T2-Symmetric Spacetimes with Cosmological Constant and Matter

We address the issue of strong cosmic censorship for T2-symmetric spacetimes with positive cosmological constant. In the case of collisionless matter, we complete the proof of the C2 formulation of the conjecture for this class of spacetimes. In the vacuum case, we prove that the conjecture holds for the special cases where the area element of the group orbits does not vanish on the past boundary of the maximal Cauchy development.
Chemical speciation of nucleotide 5′-monophosphates in the presence of biogenic amines

AbstractThe interaction of adenosine-, uridine-, inosine- and guanosine-5’-monophosphates with protonated ethylenediamine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine, was studied potentiometrically, at t = 25°C. The species ALH20 are formed with diamines, ALH20, ALH3+ with triamine, and, ALH20, ALH3+ and ALH42+ with tetramine. The stability of these species is strongly dependent on the product charge, ζ = |zanion • zcation|: the ratio log/СД is fairly constant, and, for the different systems, varies from 0.53 to 0.59. This behaviour is very similar to that shown by the analogous species of ATP (logKr/ζ = 0.52), already studied in these laboratories. Two other factors are taken into account for the analysis of stability data, i.e., the length of alkyl chain(s) in the amine, and the difference between total and protonated amino groups. These factors are related to steric arrangement and to the possibility of hydrogen bonding contribution. The relevance of these complexes in the chemical speciation of b...
System Dynamics Based Research on Housing Market

With the reform of residential policies in China, housing market is of great concern to many people. Both from practitioners and academics are there a large body of researches on this issue, normatively and positively. This paper investigates into factors that influence housing prices based on present situations in China, and establishes a system dynamics model to explore the mechanism of the market. The model is composed of three sectors which are product sector, consumer sector and developer sector. Intra relationships within each sector and interactions between the sectors are described. The model established can be used to predict the behaviors of the housing market, as long as data are adequately available. Therefore, it can act as a support for government's prudent policy issuing, developers' informed investment decision, and consumers' rational consumption.
Electric field dependent photoluminescence studies of photorefractive polymer/semiconductor nanoparticle composites

In this paper we report the electric field dependence of the photoluminescence emission from CdSe and CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanoparticle sensitized photorefractive polymer devices. For the CdSe sensitized device the observed field dependence is attributed to tunneling of holes out of the nanoparticles and their partial recapture, while for the CdSe/ZnS sensitized device the ZnS shell was found to suppress the recapture process.
Hermes: a distributed event-based middleware architecture

In this paper, we argue that there is a need for an event-based middleware to build large-scale distributed systems. Existing publish/subscribe systems still have limitations compared to invocation-based middlewares. We introduce Hermes, a novel event-based distributed middleware architecture that follows a type- and attribute-based publish/subscribe model. It centres around the notion of an event type and supports features commonly known from object-oriented languages like type hierarchies and super-type subscriptions. A scalable routing algorithm using an overlay routing network is presented that avoids global broadcasts by creating rendezvous nodes. Fault-tolerance mechanisms that can cope with different kinds of failures in the middleware are integrated with the routing algorithm resulting in a scalable and robust system.
Dislocated Narratives and Sites of Memory: Amateur Photographic Surveys in Britain 1889–1897

Prior to the formation of Sir Benjamin Stone's National Photographic Record Association (NPRA), a number of amateur photographic societies throughout Britain embarked on photographic surveys. The catalyst for these endeavours was ‘Illustrated Boston’, a set of slides visually describing the New England town sent from the Boston Photographic Society and premiered by the Liverpool Amateur Photographic Association in 1889. These slides were then shown in photographic societies throughout the United Kingdom. Although William Jerome Harrison had published erudite advice on how to carry out such a task, these formative surveys reveal a dislocation between ideal methodology and the realities of amateur surveying. This disjuncture has significant import for the representation of place and, drawing on the theories of Timothy Mitchell and Pierre Nora, this article examines the surveys as reflecting, and contributing to, particular social, aesthetic, political and institutional contexts integral to which was an ocul...
Identification of diagnostic subtypes of chronic pelvic pain and how subtypes differ in health status and trauma history.

Our primary aim was to identify subtypes of chronic pelvic pain and to compare the cases of women with the identified subtypes on health status and trauma history. We hypothesized that women with diffuse abdominal/pelvic pain would have greater health impairment and report more lifetime trauma than women with vulvovaginal pain or cyclic pain.



We collected questionnaire data on 289 consecutive women patients from a university chronic pelvic pain clinic. From patient records, 1 gynecologist identified chronic pelvic pain subtypes on the basis of reported symptoms and the localization of pain during examination. We used analysis of covariance with pairwise contrasts.



Seven diagnostic subtypes were identified. Patients with diffuse abdominal/pelvic pain had more trauma and worse mental and physical health status compared with patients with vulvovaginal pain and cyclic pain. Those patients with abdominal/pelvic pain also had poorer health than patients with neuropathic and fibroid pain. Endometriosis was unrelated to health status.



There is immense need for further research to define subtypes of chronic pelvic pain.
Performance Implications of Network Structure, Resource Investment, and Competition in the German Motion Picture Industry

This study offers a new framework for organizing a motion picture in such a way that chances for box-office success are enhanced. We combine and expand two strands of research for the moviemaking industry: the economic approach and the social network perspective. Therefore, we integrate the product-inherent categories of creative sphere and financial resources as well as the product-induced categories of marketing support and competition with concepts from social network analysis (i.e., connectivity and density). We test our hypotheses on a sample of each year’s top ten German movies as to box-office admissions for the period 1990–2004. In particular, we find that extensive care and industry knowledge are required when organizing the economic and social framework in which a film project is undertaken, since ultimately, movie success does not depend on individual star power. On the contrary: The real star is the team.
Effect of sulfur partial pressure on the growth of CuInS2 single crystals

CuInS 2 single crystaLs of moderate size have been produced by the gradient freeze technique under different sulfur pressures. Results from EDX show that with higher sulfur pressures the cracking 
along the ingot decreases, but at 2 bar these cracks are still present. XRD shows that CuS is present at these cracks and is due to the loss of In 2 S into the gas phase. Despite this loss of In 2 S PL reveals the material to be In-rich.
An Action Approach to Control Systems

The role of budgets in organisations has received much attention from accounting theorists over the 20 years since Stedry's experiments on budget‐setting. In that time there has been a difference of emphasis between theorists in the United States, who have concentrated on the relation of the budget to the individual, and the European theorists, who have been more concerned with organisational aspects of budgets (Cooper, 1981). Individual and organisational aspects are not, of course, completely different: there is a considerable mutual influence between them. Nevertheless, the tradition is somewhat different, and the related discipline has in the USA tended to be psychology, whereas Europeans have tended to turn more to systems approaches to the sociology of organisations.
Freud's Other Enlightenment. Turning the Tables on Kant1

I strongly believe that there is something fundamentally wrong with the tacit dichotomy the binary opposition that is frequently presupposed in these controversies: the dichotomy between being a Jew (and taking one's Jewish heritage seriously) and being an Aujkldrer (committed to the Enlightenment ideals of universal science and rational critique). Freud was both, and he was proud of being both. a Jew and an A uJkldrer2
Role of Interface Thermal Boundary Resistance, Straining, and Morphology in Thermal Conductivity of a Set of Si-Ge Superlattices and Biomimetic Si-Ge Nanocomposites

Nanoscale engineered materials with tailored thermal properties are desirable for applications such as highly efficient thermoelectric, microelectronic and optoelectronic devices. It has been shown earlier that by judiciously varying interface thermal boundary resistance (TBR) thermal conductivity in nanostructures could be controlled. Two types of nanostructures that have gained significant attention owing to the presence of TBR are superlattices and nanocomposites. A systematic comparison of thermal behavior of superlattices and nanocomposites considering their characteristic structural factors such as periodicity and period length for superlattices, and morphology for nanocomposites, under different extents of straining at a range of temperatures remains to be performed. In this presented work, such analyses are performed for a set of Si-Ge superlattices and Si-Ge biomimetic nanocomposites using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations at three different temperatures (400 K, 600 K, and 800 K) and at strain levels varying between −10% and 10%. The analysis of interface TBR contradicts the usual notion that each interface contributes equally to the heat transfer resistance in a layered structure. The dependence of thermal conductivity of superlattice on the direction of heat flow gives it a characteristic somewhat similar to a thermal diode as found in this study. The comparison of thermal behavior of superlattices and nanocomposites indicate that the nanoscale morphology differences between the superlattices and the nanocomposites lead to a striking contrast in the phonon spectral density, interfacial thermal boundary resistance, and thermal conductivity. Both compressive and tensile strains are observed to be important factors in tailoring the thermal conductivity of the analyzed superlattices, whereas have very insignificant influence on the thermal conductivity of the analyzed nanocomposites.
Deliberative Systems: Democratizing deliberative systems

'Deliberative democracy' is often dismissed as a set of small-scale, academic experiments. This volume seeks to demonstrate how the deliberative ideal can work as a theory of democracy on a larger scale. It provides a new way of thinking about democratic engagement across the spectrum of political action, from towns and villages to nation states, and from local networks to transnational, even global systems. Written by a team of the world's leading deliberative theorists, Deliberative Systems explains the principles of this new approach, which seeks ways of ensuring that a division of deliberative labour in a system nonetheless meets both deliberative and democratic norms. Rather than simply elaborating the theory, the contributors examine the problems of implementation in a real world of competing norms, competing institutions and competing powerful interests. This pioneering book will inspire an exciting new phase of deliberative research, both theoretical and empirical.
Sustainability principles and their integration into a higher education mechanical engineering undergraduate programme

Current undergraduate engineering programs tend to be organised along fairly standard 
engineering themes such as mechanical engineering or automotive engineering. The engineering institutions have made it plain that sustainability needs to be a fundamental 
element of all mechanical engineering themed courses yet in reality only a tiny minority 
of modules make reference to sustainability. It is true, however that sustainability is a 
subject with such a large depth and breadth that the subject could be dedicated to whole degree courses. This paper defines the Principles of Sustainability  and suggests several types of degree program through which sustainability can be introduced into a higher education, undergraduate mechanical engineering scheme. The paper explains that sustainability can only be taught through the medium of design since the design function is the only function which has an overview and can influence the life of a 
product from "cradle to grave".
The Place of Spiritualism and Ancient Africa in American Psychology

As we approach the 21st century, the institutions of American psychology question their continued alliance with the framework of natural or exact sciences-such as physics, chemistry, and geologyin the theorization, research, and practice of psychology (Basalla, 1988; Coon, 1992; Leahy, 1992; Merchant, 1989; Smith, 1992). Major schools of American psychology had at different periods thrust themselves out as an empirical or a scientific body beginning with the science of consciousness and mental psychology in 1879 followed by the technology of behaviorism in 1913; this was subdued 40 years later by the science of information-processing psychology and cognitive technology, which to this day dominates American psychology. One distinct element shared by these scientific movements and revolutions in psychology is antispiritualism. Within the past 10 decades, the boundary between psychology as a science for the understanding of nature and psychology as the science for the control of human nature remains troublesome (Smith, 1992). Many psychologists continue to view psychology as a mechanism for human control and abhor the issue of spiritualism in modem psychology. It is essential to recognize, as noted by McGuire (1973), that psychologists in their
Current management of acute bronchiolitis in Switzerland.

Acute bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in the first year of life. Current expert opinion and scientific data suggest that pharmaceutical agents have little impact on the natural course of the disease.



Postal questionnaires were sent to all Swiss paediatricians to assess their current practice for treating acute bronchiolitis in children.



Of a total of 937 questionnaires, 541 (58%) were returned. Of the respondents, 422 (78%) treat children with acute bronchiolitis. Up to 99% of paediatricians used bronchodilators in the outpatient and inpatient management, either routinely (up to 62%) or occasionally (37%). Steroids were used by 41% of the respondents in outpatient management and by 57% in inpatient management. The paediatric respiratory physicians tended to use bronchodilators and corticosteroids less frequently than the general paediatricians.



A wide variation in the treatment of bronchiolitis was noted. Despite lack of evidence of benefit most Swiss paediatricians use pharmaceutical agents in the management of acute bronchiolitis. In particular, bronchodilators and corticosteroids were used in inpatient management in Switzerland much more frequently than recently reported for Australian paediatricians. National guidelines could be helpful in reducing the variations in the management of acute bronchiolitis in our country.
Bound states due to an accelerated mirror

We discuss an effect of accelerated mirrors which remained hitherto unnoticed, the formation of a field condensate near its surface for massive fields. From the view point of an observer attached to the mirror, this is effect is rather natural because a gravitational field is felt there. The novelty here is that since the effect is not observer dependent even inertial observers will detect the formation of this condensate. We further show that this localization is in agreement with Bekenstein's entropy bound.