nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
NIGERIA: KINGSHIP, POLITICAL RIVALRY AND COMPETING HISTORIES IN ABEOKUTA DURING THE 1990s

decentralised despotism of the local rulers whose legitimacy is entrenched by notions of community and culture. In more general terms, Herbst (2000: 173-97) asserts that the traditional control over the allocation of land reflects the inability of African states to project power to the rural areas. Correspondingly, van Rouveroy (1999: 21-47) maintains that traditional authority inevitably poses a challenge to the political and administrative process in Africa. Believing that the state is losing ground in the conflict with the traditional, von Trotha (1996: 91) even suggests that traditional authorities' are the ideal candidates to preside over the 'political tribalisation' of the social order in Africa. However, the increased role given to traditional authority even in successful or 'strong' states like South Africa would suggest that the perceived dichotomy between traditional and state authority does not characterise all of Africa. Bayart (1993) argues that, in many African nations, the state bureaucracies do not exist in opposition to traditional authority, but as spaces for the assimilation, mediation and collaboration of elites. In this process, those whose social positions are legitimised by tradition try to establish or widen their access to the state, while the 'modem' power holders attempt to utilise what is perceived as traditional legitimacy for their own ends. As Rathbone's (2000) and Vaughan's (2000) studies of traditional authority in Ghana and Nigeria respectively illustrate, this process is often conflictual. However, as revealed by Hameit-Sievers's (1998) analysis of modem INSA NOLTE lectures on African religion and popular culture at the Centre of West African Studies, University of Birmingham, where she obtained her Ph.D. in 1999. Her research interests include chieftaincy and politics in Nigeria. 1 The term 'traditional authority' is used as a general technical term only. It refers to any form of authority which is based on recourse to the principle of tradition.
En Echelon Volcanic Arc as a Key To Recognize Mantle Diapirs in the Lesser Sunda Arc, Eastern Indonesia

Mantle diapirs are a concept led from magma geneses that hydrated mantle above subducting slab comes to be partially fused and lightened, ascending adiabatically and further accelerating the partial fusion. However, it is physically difficult to recognize its presence. The Flores to Alor segment of the Lesser Sunda arc, Indonesia, is characterized by en echelon shaped volcanic islands reflecting the NNW-SSE left-lateral shear stress regime accommodated between north-moving Australian continental accretions in the east and relatively fixed Sundaland in the west. Each element of 'en echelon volcanic islands is a topographically elongated dome that consists of two structures : culmination of anticline of volcanic basement units and clustered young volcanoes. Coexistence of both structures in the same area can be explained when mantle diapirs are assumed : i) Mantle diapir generated clustered young volcanoes and ii} Thinner brittle layer caused by the thermal field above mantle diapirs was deformed by the NNW-SSE left-lateral shear, forming elongated dome.
Quality Management: Important Aspects for the Food Industry

Certainly, with the advent of globalization, the market has become more competitive, be‐ cause it has opened the opportunity for new competitors. This does not necessarily mean risk for the survival of local businesses, but a challenge that they must consider. This chal‐ lenge relates to the need to create greater consumer loyalty to products and services, greater suitability of the product to the consumer’s needs and greater concern about the social im‐ pact of the company. Moreover, this global scenario represents some opportunities for the companies to act in the new markets. It is clear that this action will depend mainly on the quality of their own products and services offered.
Multi-objective evolutionary computation for topology coverage assessment problem

In recent years, the smart city has gained large traction in government, academia, and business. Many real-world applications of smart cities can be formed to a topology graph and to optimally select a specified number of vertices to minimize the uncovered part of the topology graph. An example application is the optimal installation of a specified number of monitors at the crossroads of a city. Such a minimization problem is named a topology coverage optimization problem (TCOP) in this study, and it is a single-objective optimization problem (SOP). However, in actual situations, determining such a specific number a priori is usually difficult; instead, multiple numbers would be provided to us by the decision-makers and the minimum objective value, as well as the optimal installation solution about each number, is solicited from us—such a TCOP about multiple numbers is referred to as ”topology coverage assessment problem (TCAP)”. Hence, the TCAP consists of a series of SOPs (i.e., a series of TCOPs) each of which is NP-hard to optimize. This study introduces a multi-objective approach that is able to optimize all these TCOPs simultaneously—it is capable of obtaining high-quality results about all given numbers at the same time. Besides the simultaneous problem-solving ability, our approach, namely MoCover, also statistically significantly improved the objective value about each provided number, particularly, the vertex cover number result, because of the mutual-promoting relations between the TCOPs and the exploitation of the relations during the optimization process. In this paper, the generalization of MoCover to a class of similar problems is also introduced and discussed.
Africa in Crisis: The Causes, the Cures of Environmental Bankruptcy

A Continent on the Brink * Why  Is The Climate Changing? * The Backdrop to Despair: Importing Poverty - The Population 'Crises' - Health and Poverty * Misuse of Land, Misuse of Water: Overcultivation - Cash Crops Versus Food Crops - Irrigation: The Need and the Reality - The Big Dam * Overgrazing and the Nomads * Forests, Fuel and Energy - Energy and Firewood * Soil and Fish: Peasant Farmers, Peasant Fishermen: Peasants and Rainfed Food Crops - Conserving Africa for Africans - The Fisheries of Africa * Apartheid: Institutionalized Bankruptcy * Conflict, Refugees and the Environment * Aid, Development and the Future: Africa, Is there Hope?
AHA Council on Clinical Cardiology: bringing the best science to the bedside for more than 50 years.

It is indeed a special privilege to be officers of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, as we, along with our members, celebrate the 50th Anniversary of our Council. As we review the state of the Council and look toward its future, it is very clear that we have drawn from our past. The Council on Clinical Cardiology was initially established by the American Heart Association as the Section of Clinical Cardiology on June 5,1952. The minutes of its first meeting held on April 11, 1953, are clear evidence that a strong foundation was set by the collective wisdom and vision of its founding members, then led by the Council’s first chairman, A. Carlton Ernstene. The AHA Section on Clinical Cardiology was established with a clear purpose: “to facilitate and encourage investigations, prevention, treatment, and education in the field of clinical cardiology.”1 In the minutes of this meeting, Samuel A. Levine heralded the future of this Council and its steadfast dedication to the development of practice guidelines and scientific statements, when he declared that “… the American Heart Association’s research program is of a very high caliber, but very serious thought should be given to methods whereby the results of research are made available to the medical profession at large.” That same year, the group developed a meeting structure of presenting brief versions of original investigations (what we now know as abstracts) along with …
A prospective study of inpatients to determine microbial etiology and therapeutic outcome of antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in pakistan.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is among the common diseases that causes illness and death world-wide. Limited data is available for the treatment of patients with CAP and/or medical outcome of CAP patients in Pakistan. This cross-sectional and prospective study was done to determine etiology of CAP patients and to evaluate the therapeutic effects of antibiotics commonly used in treating CAP patients in two different inner-city hospitals, Pakistan.



The study was conducted on 200 hospitalized patients presenting clinical and radiographic evidences of CAP. The patients were assessed for the causative pathogen and their prescriptions were analyzed for the management and treatment of CAP and associated symptoms of pneumonia. Finally the medical outcomes were evaluated.



On establishing the microbial etiology of pneumonia among different CAP causing pathogens, K. pneumoniae was found to be the most identified causative agent (30%) followed by S. pneumoniae (23%). Majority of the patients received cephalosporin antibiotics (80%) followed by aminoglycosides (65%) and penicillins (50%) either as monotherapy or combination treatment. Therapeutic success was observed to occur in majority of the patients. The recovery of CAP patients occurred probably because they received antibiotics which are recommended by WHO and American Thoracic Society. Another reason for successful therapeutic outcome was found to be the significant patient compliance for treatment.



There is a great need for such types of investigational studies to be conducted in developing countries which may guide the empirical therapy and help in defining proper treatment guidelines.
Molecular kinetics of muscle adenosinetriphosphatase. III. Influence of hydrostatic pressure.

An experimental study has been made of the kinetics of the myosinadenosine triphosphate system over a range of hydrostatic pressures (up to 10,000 lb./sq. in.). The work was done over a range of substrate concentrations and at three potassium chloride concentrations, namely 0.05, 0.3, and 0.6 M . 2. 2. The data have been analyzed in terms of the Michaelis-Menten mechanism of enzyme action, and volumes of activation calculated for the bimolecular interaction of enzyme and substrate and for the breakdown of the complex into products; these results are summarized in Table II. Some indication has also been obtained of the effect of KCl concentration on the kinetics. 3. 3. The results are shown to be consistent with previous hypotheses as to the nature of the enzyme-substrate interaction and of the breakdown of the complex. The volumes associated with the enzyme-substrate interaction are positive, which is consistent with there being a charge neutralization as the enzyme and substrate come together. The volumes associated with the breakdown are negative, a fact which is attributed to changes in the conformation of the enzyme. 4. 4. The data obtained for this reaction are compared with volume and entropy data for other enzyme reactions, and are found to show some features in common.
Managing security in a new Learning Management System (LMS)

Common security problems when creating a new system range from basic browser authentication to physical access to servers. The security perspective in e-learning systems is often ignored, and this why this paper tends to emphasize common security issues when developing new Information Systems. We introduce a three layered security measure, such as: the physical control layer, the software control layer and the social engineering training. These three layers tend in various methods to secure users credentials and other data in the newly created Learning Content Management System (LMS).
Progress in international relations theory : appraising the field

All academic disciplines periodically appraise their effectiveness, evaluating the progress of previous scholarship and judging which approaches are useful and which are not. Although no field could survive if it did nothing but appraise its progress, occasional appraisals are important and if done well can help advance the field.This book investigates how international relations theorists can better equip themselves to determine the state of scholarly work in their field. It takes as its starting point Imre Lakatos's influential theory of scientific change, and in particular his methodology of scientific research programs (MSRP). It uses MSRP to organize its analysis of major research programs over the last several decades and uses MSRP's criteria for theoretical progress to evaluate these programs. The contributors appraise the progress of institutional theory, varieties of realist and liberal theory, operational code analysis, and other research programs in international relations. Their analyses reveal the strengths and limits of Lakatosian criteria and the need for metatheoretical metrics for evaluating scientific progress.
Excessive Private Sector Leverage and Its Drivers; Evidence from Advanced Economies

Nonfinancial private sector debt increased significantly in advanced economies prior to the global financial crisis and, with a few exceptions, deleveraging has been limited. Furthermore, in some countries households and corporations have continued to accumulate debt. Drawing on the literature, the paper aims to provide a quantitative assessment of the gaps between actual and sustainable levels of debt and to identify the key factors that drive excessive borrowing. Results suggest that variables that are typically found important in studies focusing on borrowing decisions, are also relevant for explaining the debt sustainability gaps.
History of the technical structure of the IAS

8 history | f.a. (tony) furfari History of the Technical Structure of the IAS previous article in IEEE Industry Applications Magazine [1] described the beginnings , in 1964, of the Industry and General Applications Group (I&GA) in the newly created IEEE. When the IEEE created the organizational structures known as technical societies in 1971, the I&GA became the IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) with which we are all familiar. When the I&GA was created, it included 23 technical committees (TCs) divided into two groups—14 industry committees and nine technology committees. This article will trace the changes over the last 40+ years which have lead to our present structure of four operating departments (ODs) and 18 TCs. The chief sources for the investigation of these structural changes over time are two IAS publications—the first [2] issued in 1984 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the IEEE and the second  issued in 1995 on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the IAS Annual Meeting—plus the series of IAS organizational guides issued annually between 1985–2000. These highly reliable printed sources have been supplemented in certain instances by the somewhat less reliable memory of the author. Of the 14 TCs listed as industry committees in 1964, seven are still active and remain essentially unchanged in scope. Five of these— Cement, Metal, Mining, Petroleum and Chemical, and Pulp and Paper—make up the present Process Industries Department. Domestic Appliance (now called simply Appliance) is part of the Manufacturing Systems Development and Applications Department. Rural Electric Power is part of the Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Department. The seven Industry Committees no longer on our list have disappeared through several means. ■ General Industry Applications apparently became the General Industries Department, including (in 1985) such committees The General Industries Department disappeared in a 1991 restructuring of the IAS technical structure. ■ Land Transportation was moved in 1986 to the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society, a change made at the commit-tee's request. ■ Marine Transportation was moved in 1991 to the IAS Standards Department because its only activity had become the maintenance of IEEE Standard 45 relating to shipboard electrical systems. In 2001, Marine Transportation was moved to the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee, where it is now the Marine Industry Subcommittee.
Symbolic algorithms for Lie algebra computation

In [l] a systematic effort to carry out the structural analysis of a Lie algebra L on a computer was begun. The effort concentrated on the calculation of the various radicals of L , the various series of L , a Cartan subalgebra of L , and the derivation algebra of L. From these computations one can determine whether L is nilpotent, solvable, or semisimple. The computer implementations of this analysis were done using APL. This paper describes the extension of this work to the structural analysis of a Lie algebra L whose multiplication table is defined symbolically rather than numerically. The expanded context of this analysis requires a symbol manipulation language for the computer implementations; we have chosen to use MACSYMA.
Statistical Approaches to Computer-Assisted Translation

Current machine translation (MT) systems are still not perfect. In practice, the output from these systems needs to be edited to correct errors. A way of increasing the productivity of the whole translation process (MT plus human work) is to incorporate the human correction activities within the translation process itself, thereby shifting the MT paradigm to that of computer-assisted translation. This model entails an iterative process in which the human translator activity is included in the loop: In each iteration, a prefix of the translation is validated (accepted or amended) by the human and the system computes its best (or n-best) translation suffix hypothesis to complete this prefix. A successful framework for MT is the so-called statistical (or pattern recognition) framework. Interestingly, within this framework, the adaptation of MT systems to the interactive scenario affects mainly the search process, allowing a great reuse of successful techniques and models. In this article, alignment templates, phrase-based models, and stochastic finite-state transducers are used to develop computer-assisted translation systems. These systems were assessed in a European project (TransType2) in two real tasks: The translation of printer manuals; manuals and the translation of the Bulletin of the European Union. In each task, the following three pairs of languages were involved (in both translation directions): English-Spanish, English-German, and English-French.
E-COMMERCE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECT IN NIGERIA

The ability of the internet to bring together distant parts of the world in a global electronic market place and information exchange has a far-reaching and potentially beneficial impact on the developing economies like Nigeria. These have facilitated a dramatic increase in the volume of trade and economic information available on-line. The overall level of electronic commerce, or business transaction conducted via internet from 1999 to 2013, was impressive and growing exponentially. This paper examines the challenges that is hampering the growth of e-commerce in Nigeria, it will equally survey the opportunities offered by ecommerce. Lastly it will offer solution on how some of these critical challenges will be overcome, so that e-commerce would become an asset for common man in Nigeria.
Vector based labeling method for dynamic XML documents

The rise of eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as a standard for data exchange and representation has made a lot of interest on querying XML documents that conform to an ordered tree-structured data model. It involves labeling, which assigns specific strings to XML documents. Existing schemes are based on natural order, lexicographical order or Variable Length Endless Insertable Code (VLEI) order, which needs relabeling. A novel order concept called vector order has been introduced, which is the basis of the dynamic labeling schemes. Vector order is a simple, yet most effective solution to process updates and it avoids relabeling during updation takes place. Existing dynamic XML labeling schemes, suffer from the complexity introduced by their insertion techniques even if there is less/no update. To make improvent the application of vector order has been proposed to both prefix-based labeling scheme and range based labeling scheme. However, all the existing techniques have high update cost, they cannot completely avoid relabeling in XML updation, it will increase the size of the label which will influence the query performance. By applying the vector order the label generation time, label size and querying time may be reduced during updation takes place. Hence it will improve the performance of the query system.
DETERMINANTS OF INTANGIBLES ASSETS DISCLOSURE IN ANNUAL REPORT: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIAN QUOTED COMPANIES

This study investigates the possible factors that can influence companies in Nigeria to disclose intangible assets in their annual reports to stakeholders. The study used 65 randomly selected quoted companies over a period of five (5) years (2006-2010). In identify the possible firm’s specific characteristics that would influence Nigerian companies’ decision to disclose intangible assets for its stakeholders; descriptive statistics, correlation, and binary logistic regressions were the tools statistically employed. In all, the result shows that the probability for most Nigerian companies to disclose intangible assets are weakly associated with companies in services oriented industry, companies with foreign activities, profitable companies, companies that uses big-audit firms, older firms but highly significant to companies with debt stakeholders. This study therefore conclude that stakeholders with intangible assets disclosure concerns should not pay strong attention to firm’s specific characteristics as most of them might not explain the reason why companies in Nigeria disclose intangible assets.
Fragments in Philosophy and Science; Being Collected Essays and Addresses

James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934) was one of American psychology's seminal thinkers. His biosocial theory of mind, elaborated in "Mental Development in the Child and the Race" and in "Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development", influenced thinkers as diverse as Piaget, Vygotsky, and Mead. His empirical research, republished with important philosophical papers in "Fragments in Philosophy and Science", helped create a standard for rigorous objective procedure and a functionalist attitude within the newly emerging science. His concept of organic selection, elaborated in papers brought together in "Development and Evolution" and further discussed in "Darwin and the Humanities", intoduced a mechanism into evolution theory whereby the effects of acquired adaptations could be taken into account within violating principles of natural selection. His approach to the development of individual minds in social relationship, summarized in "The Individual and Society", helped not only to found American social psychology but to give its uniquely individualistic cast. Finally, his genetic epistemology, given final form in "Genetic Theory of Reality", outlined a theory of mental operations culminating in aesthetic experience. Importantly, during the 1990s, Baldwin studies have undergone a small renaissance, especially as his relationship to Piaget and Vygotsky has been explored. This has created a market for Baldwin materials that this collection should help to fill. Selected here are the best editions of seven key writings, both landmark works and never reprinted essays.