nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A semantics for functions and behaviours

The functional animation language Fran allows animations to be programmed in a novel way. Fran provides an abstract datatype of ``behaviours'' that represent time varying values such as the position of moving objects, together with a simple set of operators for constructing behaviours. More generally, this approach has potential for other kinds of real-time systems that consist of interactive components that evolve over time. We introduce a small functional language, CONTROL, which has behaviours and operators that are similar to those in Fran. Our language improves on Fran in certain key areas, in particular, by eliminating start times and distinguishing between recursive functions and recursive behaviours. Our main contribution is to provide a complete formal semantics for CONTROL, which Fran lacks. This semantics provides a precise description of the language and can be used as the basis for proving that programs are correct. The semantics is defined under the assumption that real number computations and operations on behaviours are exact. Behaviours are modelled as functions of continuous time, and this approach is combined with the standard approach to the semantics of functional languages. This combination requires some novel techniques, particularly for handling recursively defined behaviours.
Pleistocene recharge and flow reversal in the Williston basin, central North America

Low δ 18 O values of formation waters, collapse structures related to salt dissolution, hydrodynamic blowout structures, and biodegradation of oils, all suggest a significant influx of fresh water into the Williston Basin along the outcrop belt in southern and central Manitoba during Pleistocene glaciation. The thickness of the continental ice sheet over Manitoba would have provided sufficient hydrologic head to reverse the regional-scale flow system of the Williston Basin. The dynamic nature of the flow system suggests that modern day pressure distributions may not be good proxies for ancient petroleum migration pathways as is commonly assumed.
Taking sides : clashing views on controversial issues in American history

PART 1. Colonial Society ISSUE 1. Is America Exceptional?  Seymour Martin Lipset, from American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword NO: Ian Tyrrell, from "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review Professor of public policy Seymour Martin Lipset describes the United States as an "outlier" because of its revolutionary origins and because statistically it is more religious, optimistic, patriotic, rights-oriented, and individualistic than other nations in the world. Professor of history Ian Tyrrell criticizes the national focus of the concept of American exceptionalism and advocates the development of a "transnational" history, which focuses upon themes of historical development common to the United States and other countries.
Lanthanum sulfide/graphene oxide composite thin films and their supercapacitor application

In this study, graphene oxide, lanthanum sulfide and their composite thin films are prepared using simple and inexpensive chemical methods and their supercapacitive performance is evaluated. The X-ray diffraction study shows the formation of mixed-phase lanthanum sulfide with monoclinic α-LaS2 and tetragonal La5S7. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images show porous surface morphology of lanthanum sulfide and composite thin films. The supercapacitive performance of composite film tested in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte shows highest specific capacitance of 312 F g−1 at a 5 mV s−1 scan rate.
Hydrodynamical Behaviour of Gas Spheres with Masses of 104M⊙ to 1020M⊙

For gas spheres with masses of 104M0'"'-'1020Me, the hydro dynamical evolution, beginning from a state where the objects have become opaque, is calculated by means of an electronic computer. The effects of general relativity is included, but energy transport is neglected. The mechanism of bounce, crush and collapse is discussed qualitatively. It is shown that gas spheres with mass greater than about 107 Me cannot escape from the final collapse because of general relativistic effect, though this mass limit depends on the initial condition. Therefore, the cause of the expansion of the metagalactic system cannot be explained in terms of the bounce of a gas sphere with mass about 1020 Me.
PENANGANAN PSIKOPATOLOGI DENGAN PSIKOTERAPI ISLAMI

a review of psychology, psychopathology can be started from three assumptions. First, the Freudian assumed that the human soul was basically born in sickness, evil, negative / destructive. To be positive, it need companion ways that are impersonal and directive / directing. Second, as a behaviorist, Skinner assumed that the human soul was born in neutral (not sick and unhealthy), where the environment plays a role in determining the direction of its development. Third, Maslow and Rogers as a humanistic figure assume that the human soul was born in a state of conscious, free, responsible and guided by positive forces emanating from itself to the expansion of all human potential to its fullest. Whereas in Islamic studies of psychopathology can be divided into two categories, namely the worldly, as has been formulated by contemporary psychology, and the hereafter. This paper attempts to explain anything what kinds of psychotherapy according to the study of Islam and how Islam is doing its part in the psychotherapy world and ukhrowi psychopathology.  Islamic psychotherapy, psychopathology
Common Practices in the Electronic Commerce and Their Legal Significance

The objective of this paper is to present the examples of common practices developed by Internet companies, which are so widespread in the international electronic commerce that they could serve as the basis for adjudicating disputes in the online world (ecustoms). Customary norms played a very important role providing norms for solving commercial disputes in the Medieval times (Law Merchant) and continue to play an important role in modern international trade. Modern judges and arbiters refer to commercial customs to interpret legal acts or to settle disputes. And numerous legally relevant practices emerged in the electronic trade, particularly in the areas of online security, electronic contracting, data protection, handling of emails etc. Governments could utilise the knowledge of Internet practices to supplement national and international regulation of electronic commerce. The knowledge of electronic commerce customs could thus enhance Internet-related legislation and make it better adjusted to the needs of the knowledge-based economy. The article also outlines the concept of Internet Law Merchant as an autonomous from the national legal systems body of Internet commerce customary practices, which could be selected by parties to a transaction as the law governing their contract. The paper draws on the concept of electronic commerce custom (e-custom) as a potential remedy in removing legal uncertainty in the electronic environment.
The Geology of San Nicolas Island, California: ABSTRACT

The rocks forming San Nicolas Island are almost wholly composed of sandstones and shales, Middle Eocene in age. The island is elongate, with its major axis running N. 70° W. The submarine contours reflect a similar trend in a much larger mass and further indicate a rather extended uplift in a northwest direction toward Santa Rosa Island. San Nicolas Island is a high point on this uplift and the attitudes of the sedimentary series suggest that the island is the southeast end of an eroded and faulted anticline, with the anticlinal axis about one mile landward along the southwest shore, trending roughly northwest. The topography is in harmony with the folding, and the shape of the island is guided by the structure of the underlying sedimentary rocks. Five marine terrace above the one now being abraded show the successive stages in the carving of the island. The folding and faulting antedate the terracing, for the marine terraces cut across the beds disregarding structure. The terrace surfaces are not perceptibly warped and are nearly parallel to one another. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1519------------
Extracting trading rules from the multiple classifiers and technical indicators in stock market

This study intends to mine reasonable trading rules by classifying the up/down fluctuant direction of the price for Korea Stock Price Index 200 (KOSPI 200) futures. This research consists of two stages. The first stage is classifying the fluctuant direction of the price for KOSPI 200 futures with several technical indicators using artificial intelligence techniques. And the second stage is mining the trading rules to resolute conflict among the outputs of the first stage using the inductive learning. To verify the effectiveness of proposed approach, this study composes four comparable models and performs statistical test. Experimental results show that the classification performance of the proposed model outperforms that of other comparable models. In addition, the proposed model yields higher profit than other comparable models and buy-and-hold strategy.
Quantum Geometrodynamics of the Bianchi IX Cosmological Model

The canonical quantum theory of gravity?quantum geometrodynamics (QG)?is applied to the homogeneous Bianchi type IX cosmological model. As a result, a framework for the quantum theory of homogeneous cosmologies is developed. We show that the theory is internally consistent and prove that it possesses the correct classical limit (the theory of general relativity). To emphasize the special role that the constraints play in this new theory, we compare it to the traditional ADM square-root and Wheeler?DeWitt quantization schemes. We show that, unlike traditional approaches, QG leads to a well-defined Schr?dinger equation for the wavefunction of the universe that is inherently coupled to the expectation value of the constraint equations. This coupling to the constraints is responsible for the appearance of a coherent spacetime picture. Thus, the physical meaning of the constraints of the theory is quite different from Dirac's interpretation. In light of this distinctive feature of the theory, we re-address the question of the dark energy effects in the Bianchi IX cosmological model for highly non-classical quantum states. We show that, at least for this model, for any choice of the initial wavefunction, quantum corrections will not produce accelerated expansion of the universe.
Virtual Communities of Practice for Regional Small Businesses: Bringing Informal Networks Online

Virtual communities of practice (VCoPs) are online business networks which are increasingly used by large organisations as a key strategy for creating value in the knowledge-based economy of the 21st Century.This paper examines the applicability of VCoPs to cross-industry regionally clustered small business networks. Interviews conducted with government and industry informants in two regional areas of Australia indicate that these strategies used for establishing VCoPs are applicable to such small business networks. Both regions had regional networks with active member involvement displaying CoP characteristics. Significant social capital existed on which VCoPs could be built, and there were viable alternatives to satisfy the roles of sponsors and leaders. There were, however, significant impediments that will have to be addressed before VCoPs can be  implemented such as the apparent reluctance of many SME owners to use the Internet and ICT generally, and the preference for informal networking. Funding to ensure that VCoPs are sustainable was also an issue. VCoPs appear to be extremely useful in linking small businesses in regional areas and in the development of viable regional clusters.
블레이크의 숭고와 카니발적 세계관 - 『천국과 지옥의 혼인』을 중심으로

This article aims to study the relationship between Blake’s sublimity and Bakhtin’s carnival theory. The Marriage shows that Blake’s sublimity is not so much an aesthetic experience as an act which opens the self toward others. Instead of following Burke’s sublime obscurity to guild the predominant truth and mystified political ideology, Blake subverts the static world view of Burke by creating the principle of ‘Contraries’: reason and energy, soul and body, ‘the Devouring’ and ‘the Prolific.’ The idea is similar to a ‘gay relativity’ of carnival arriving the ‘both /and’ world in which the self and others coexist. Blake’s satire on dogmatic religion and hypocritical authorities results in Carnival laughter directing not only at people to be laughed but also at those who are laughing. This laughter breaking the distinction between actors and spectators, writers and readers leads to creative interpretation of the text, revealing a completely new world where the fool speaks God’s truth, free from all laws and restrictions. The devil’s voice in The Marriage reflects the wisdom of the holy fool combining the sacred with the profane. Through continual shifting from top to bottom, from front to rear of numerous parodies, Blake reminds us that the sublime has its roots in the process of exploring the new relationship between I and you living in the dynamic world.
Challenges to design GREEN high rise building in IRAN

In recent years, the debate over tall buildings and their impact on the environment has been raised greatly. On the one hand, the need to build tall buildings for various reasons such as: economical, functional, and environmental and on the other hand, High consumption of resources because of tall buildings is a challenge. In recent years, there has been six main approach in the design of high-rise buildings: Hightech, Monolithic, Kinetic, Scenography, Media tic and Ecological. Ecological approach in the design of high-rise buildings, is realized by sustainable and green architecture. Ecological approach to architecture of high-rise buildings has led to not only the buildings less damage to the environment, but they also promote the quality of the environment. LEED standards at the late of twentieth century is used because of realization of these goals. In spite of a favorable environment for the use of renewable energy in Iran, there are four factors to reach green design: cultural, economic, technological and legal. Also in this condition there are some necessities to build green in high rise: saving energy (by solar panels, wind turbine, GHP system, CCHP), usage of green space in high rise, recycling water, healthy material and sustained construction, double skin façade, site development (green transport). In a case study of green high rise in Iran, renewal energies decreased usage of energy in building from 290kwh/m2 to 75kwh/m2. Also economic factors shows the rise of 1.21.4% in cost but 30-35% reduction in energy costs in green high rises. Compared to a conventional building, usage of renewal energies has 17.5% increase in Mechanical costs, 17% in Architecture & 37.5% in green spaces. With double skin façade, total cost increases about 8.2%-8.4% and without 1.2%-1.4%. In maximum condition it is 10% rise in cost compared with a conventional building.
The (im)possibility of development studies

Development studies is commonly understood to be committed both to a principle of difference (the Third World is different, hence the need for a separate field of studies) and a principle of similarity (it is the job of development policy to make 'them' more like 'us'). This double commitment has led to important challenges to the intellectual standing of the discipline and/or its object of study, development. This paper begins by reviewing five theorems which pronounce the impossibility of development studies. It then offers a more sympathetic account of the field. While recognizing the urgent need for development studies to be critical and at times oppositional, the paper suggests that an allied commitment to public policy-making can be taken as a sign of maturity. Development, and development studies, should be understood as sets of social practices, or technologies of rule, the organization and effects of which need to be (and in key respects are) contested and subjected to political and scholarly review.
Consolidation of database check constraints

Independent modeling of various modules of an information system (IS), and consequently database subschemas, may result in formal or semantic conflicts between the modules being modeled. Such conflicts may cause collisions between the integrated database schema of a whole IS and the modeled subschemas. In our previous work, we have proposed criteria and algorithms for identifying and resolving such conflicts so as to provide a consolidation of database subschemas with the integrated database schema with respect to various database concepts, such as domains, relation schemes, primary key constraints and referential integrity constraints. In this paper, we propose a new approach and algorithms for identifying conflicts and testing consolidation of subschemas with the integrated database schema against check constraints. The proposed approach is based on satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) solvers. Hereby, we propose the integration of SMT solvers into our MDSD tool, aimed at supporting a database schema integration process.
The Education Issue [From the Editor's Bench]

As the cover indicates, this issue of I&M Magazine includes a salute to education. Technology clearly is an endeavor fueled by education, and engineering is one of the most education-intensive professions in existence. We invest a lot of our time in education both in and out of the classroom, for the pace of technology never slows - as a rule, it accelerates - and we must keep up or be left behind.
Notes on Firing Theory

These notes are intended to be tutorial in nature, rather than comprehensive. The reader who desires a comprehensive treatment should see 1, which contains additional references to the considerable literature that exists on "coverage problems." It seems to be the nature of the subject that there are a great many conceptually similar cases and sub-cases, each requiring a different mathematical treatment. Our goal here is to describe and summarize the main ideas, recording in the process only those results for which simple expressions are available. The material in the first three sections of these notes is devoted to computations of the probability of "killing" a target with possibly several "weapons", with the effectiveness of each weapon depending on a two-dimensional miss distance. The same mathematics applies to computations of such things as the probability of "detecting" a target with "sensors"; the only essential feature is that the crucial event must either happen or not. Partial damage is not permitted - each shot either kills the target or leaves it unscathed. This assumption is often not realistic, but it nonetheless must serve because practically all analysis is based on it.
Wirtinger's Calculus in general Hilbert Spaces

The present report, has been inspired by the need of the author and its colleagues to understand the underlying theory of Wirtinger's Calculus and to further extend it to include the kernel case. The aim of the present manuscript is twofold: a) it endeavors to provide a more rigorous presentation of the related material, focusing on aspects that the author finds more insightful and b) it extends the notions of Wirtinger's calculus on general Hilbert spaces (such as Reproducing Hilbert Kernel Spaces).
Virtual Assembly Analysis Tool and Architecture for e-Design and Realization Environment

Many customers are no longer satisfied with mass-produced goods. They are demanding customization and rapid delivery of innovative products. Many companies are now realizing that the best way to reduce life cycle costs is to evolve a more effective product development paradigm using Internet and web based technologies. Yet there remains a gap between current market demands and product development paradigms. The existing CAD systems require that product developers possess all the design analysis tools in-house making it impractical to employ all the needed and newest tools. Hence, this paper addresses how assembly operation analysis can be embedded transparently and remotely into a service-oriented collaborative assembly design environment. A new assembly operation analysis framework is introduced and a relevant architecture and tools are developed to realize the framework. Instead of the current sequential process for verifying and validating an assembly design, a new Virtual Assembly Analysis (VAA) method is introduced in the paper to predict the various effects of joining during actual collaborative design. As a case study, arc welding and riveting processes are investigated. New service-oriented VAA architecture and its VAA components are proposed and implemented on prototype mechanical assemblies.
Mechanical stratigraphy of sedimentary section - implications for petroleum exploration, Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Mechanical response of sedimentary units to extension varies, depending on their rheology. In the Gulf of Suez, knowledge of the mechanical stratigraphy assures better control for seismic interpretation, structural analysis, and delineation of possible hydrocarbon traps. Recent field studies and seismic analysis allow delineation of the structural response of a range of prerift and synrift lithologies. The prerift section is divided into three major mechanical/stratigraphic units: Precambrian basement, Nubian sandstone, and Cenomanian through Eocene shallow marine platform rocks. Single fault planes in the basement are expressed in the overlying Nubian sandstone as closely spaced parallel faults and fractures. In contrast, the inhomogeneous Late Cretaceous-Paleogene section of alternating brittle and ductile beds drapes over the underlying normal faults. The synrift section may comprise three mechanical/stratigraphic units: (1) early Miocene carbonates and clastics; (2) middle-late Miocene evaporites; and (3) Pliocene-Recent clastics. The lower synrift rocks respond to faulting much like the Cenomanian-Eocene units. The evaporite section acts as a major detachment zone, with underlying faults dying out upward. Onshore, faults in the more brittle passive cover rocks sole into the underlying evaporites. Thus, faults at the surface may be entirely decoupled from master faults in the early synrift and prerift strata. Mechanicalmore » response in the synrift section is complicated by syntectonic processes such as growth faulting, compaction, and lateral facies changes.« less
Influence of applied pressure during field-assisted sintering of Ti(C,N)–WC–FeAl based nanocomposite

N)–WC–FeAl based nanocomposites are processed by field-assisted sintering at 1500 °C. The phase and microstructural evolution during the process under the influence of different applied pressures of 30, 50 and 100 MPa are studied using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Lattice parameters of (Ti,W)(C,N) solid solution and binder phases after sintering are found to vary with applied pressure. The nanocomposite grains are observed to possess a core-rim microstructure. Microstructural variations in terms of type, size and fraction of “core-rim” structure as a function of applied pressure are investigated. The hardness and indentation fracture toughness values are in the range of 17.6–18.4 GPa and 5.9–6.8 MPa√m, respectively. These values are comparable with those reported for Ti(C,N)-based composites with metal binder.