nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Why we age – a new evolutionary view

This article introduces a new evolutionary theory of aging, which suggests that aging is the result of imperfections in cell turnover in organisms. Some of the simplest animals demonstrate the strongest ability of cell renewal and therefore, according to this theory, their aging often seems to be negligible. Evolutionarily related organisms (e.g. mammals) share similar abilities in tissue cell turnover but they differ in the rates at which the process is performed. These rate differences are more or less forced by the speed of irreversible damage (e.g. lipofuscin) increase in their cells. This speed is the result of an evolutionary trade-off of “function vs. resistance to irreversible damage” in their cell molecules. The article also offers an explanation of the differences in basal metabolic rate between different species. Put simply, while a trade-off in irreversible damage plays a role in aging, the trade-off in reversible damage plays a role in basal metabolic rate.
Phase stability and neutron diffraction studies of Laves phases Zr(Cr(1-x)M(x))(2) with M=(Cu0.5Ni0.5) and 0

Laves phases of composition Zr(Cr(1-x)M(x))(2) with M = (Cu0.5Ni0.5) and 0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.2 have been synthesised with the hexagonal C14- and/or cubic C15-type structures. By X-ray and neutron diffraction we have determined the structures of the alloys, and in particular the sites for the 3d metal substitution. The position of the hydrogen atoms in the structures and the occupation of the different sites of the hydrides have been determined. Purity and quality of polycrystalline alloys have been checked by using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis techniques. The effects of the M/Cr substitution have been studied for phase stability, maximum hydrogen content and hydrogen site stability and analyzed in view of applications as electrodes in H-M batteries.
The effect of stress on faulting and minor intrusions in the vicinity of a magma body

The stress field in the vicinity of a body of fluid of simple geometry contained within a non-homogeneously stressed solid has been calculated and the result applied to the case of a magma body within a region of the crust subject to triaxial stresses. The types of faulting and minor intrusion which result are described.The theory indicates that the regional stresses in the crust together with the magma pressure control the type of faulting, the form of the minor intrusions and the occurrence of eruptions from the magma body.The stress conditions favouring caldera formation, the intrusion of radial dykes, dyke swarms and cone sheets are described.
Moderator’s Opening Remarks

This type of discussion is relatively rare in Christian circles, precisely because it is a difficult one. Though the roots of modern economics lie, intellectually speaking, in the thought of Aristotle, medieval philosophers, and the sixteenth-century Spanish Scholastics, there is little doubt that the dominant philosophical and anthropological influences on most modern economic thought have been generally positivistic in nature. Even today, there are many economists who are relatively uninformed of the ultimate roots of their discipline, and who have never questioned the moral-anthropological assumptions that underlie much of their work. Samuel Gregg et al, "Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Congress for the Development of Economic Personalism August 9-12, 2001 Grand Rapids, Michigan," Journal of Markets and Morality 4, no. 2 (Fall 2001): 289-355
Management of non-cardiac chest pain: from research to clinical practice.

Non-cardiac chest pain assessed by cardiologists in their outpatient clinics or by coronary angiography usually has a poor symptomatic functional and psychological outcome. Randomised trials have shown the effectiveness of specialist psychological treatment with those who have persistent symptoms, but such treatment is not always acceptable to patients and may not be feasible in routine clinical settings.



To describe a sample of patients referred to cardiac outpatient clinics from primary care in a single health district who were consecutively reassured by cardiologists that there was not a cardiac cause for their presenting symptom of chest pain.



Systematic recording of referral and medical information of patients consecutively reassured by cardiologists. Reassessment in research clinic six weeks later (with a view to inclusion in a randomised trial of psychological treatment, which has been separately reported) and followed up at six months.



A cardiac clinic in a teaching hospital providing a district service to patients referred from primary care.



133 patients from the Oxfordshire district presenting with chest pain and consecutively reassured that there was no cardiac cause during the recruitment period; 69 had normal coronary angiograms and 64 were reassured without angiography.



A subgroup (n = 56) with persistent disabling chest pain at six weeks were invited to take part in a randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural treatment.



Standardised interview and self report measures of chest pain, other physical symptoms, mood and anxiety, everyday activities, and beliefs about the cause of symptoms at six week assessment; repeat of self report measures at six months.



Patients had a good outcome at six weeks, but most had persistent, clinically significant symptoms and distress. Some found the six week assessment and discussion useful. The psychological treatment was helpful to most of those recruited to the treatment trial, but a minority (15%) of those treated appeared to need more intensive and individual collaborative management. Patients reassured following angiography were compared with those reassured without invasive investigation. They had longer histories of chest pain, more often reported breathlessness on exertion, and were more likely to have previously been diagnosed as having angina, treated with antianginal medication, and admitted to hospital as emergencies.



These findings suggest a need for "stepped" aftercare, with management tailored according to clinical need. This may range from simple reassurance and explanation in the cardiac clinic to more intensive individual psychological treatment of associated underlying and often enduring psychological problems. Simple ways in which the cardiologist might improve care to patients with non-cardiac chest pain are suggested, and the need for access to specialist psychological treatment discussed.
The reactivity of silylated amino(dichloro)phosphanes in the presence of silver salts.

New cyclic and acylic phosphorus-nitrogen compounds have been synthesized in reactions of Hyp-N(SiMe3)PCl2 (hypersilyl = Hyp = (Me3Si)3Si) with silver salts of the perfluorinated anions [CF3CO2](-), [CF3SO3](-), and [C6F5](-). Depending on the choice of the silver salt, not only AgCl but also Me3SiCl elimination could be observed, leading to a transient highly reactive 1,3 dipole molecule. This 1,3 dipole molecule was found to be a key species, which can undergo [3 + 2] cyclization, when a dipolarophile such as acetonitrile is present. Also, dimerization or even cyclo-tetramerization are observed. The occurrence of different reaction channels demonstrates that the hypersilyl moiety can act as a highly reactive functional group. All new compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Loss Leading as an Exploitative Practice

Large retailers, enjoying substantial market power in some local markets, often compete with smaller retailers who carry a narrower range of products in a more efficient way. We find that these large retailers can exercise their market power by adopting a loss-leading pricing strategy, which consists of pricing below cost some of the products also offered by smaller rivals, and raising the prices on the other products. In this way, the large retailers can better discriminate multi-stop shoppers from one-stop shoppers — and may even earn more profit than in the absence of the more efficient rivals. Loss leading thus appears as an exploitative device, designed to extract additional surplus from multi-stop shoppers, rather than as an exclusionary instrument to foreclose the market, although the small rivals are hurt as a by-product of exploitation. We show further that banning below-cost pricing increases consumer surplus, small rivals' profits, and social welfare. Our insights apply generally to industries where a firm, enjoying substantial market power in one segment, competes with more efficient rivals in other segments, and procuring these products from the same supplier generates customer-specific benefits. They also apply to complementary products, such as platforms and applications. There as well, our analysis provides a rationale for below-cost pricing based on exploitation rather than exclusion.
The spatial evolution of an industry: the example of broiler production

An attempt is made to test some ideas concerning the tendency for an industry to move towards economically rational patterns as it evolves. These ideas originated from assertions made by Hoover, Tiebout, Pred and Smith. Data were collected from a sample of broiler growing plants in the East Midlands. Individual and organizational decision makers are identified and analysis of the data shows that, over a period of time, plants begin to use nearer sources of inputs, increase in size and begin to cluster around the points to which their products are sent.
An Undergraduate Curriculum in Software Engineering

Software development and maintenance is only a human generation old, but is already practiced widely in government, business, and university operations on a trial and error, heuristic basis that is typical in such a new human activity. The term software engineering is also widely used as a commercial buzzword for marketing short courses and tools for specific heuristic approaches to software development and maintenance. But legitimate engineering processes, such as found in civil, mechanical, or electrical engineering, have foundations in mathematics and science that require four year university curricula, not three day short courses. Foundations in mathematics and computer science are just reaching the point where legitimate undergraduate engineering curricula are possible for software engineering. Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) plans to develop an undergraduate software engineering curriculum to provide students with new capabilities and standards for software development, evolution, and maintenance.
Schumpeter, Commons, and Veblen on Institutions

This article compares Schumpeter, Veblen, and Commons with regard to institutions setting up the paradigm of institutional evolutionary economics. Their theories are of a complex nature, and as such, it is very difficult to situate them in a clear-cut tradition. The main similarity is their opposition to the thesis that market economy is an independent and self-regulating system, in an attempt to integrate economic, sociological, and political perspectives with regard to the functioning of the system. Also, change per se is in contrast to the notion of equilibrium. Of course, despite the parallels, the existence of differences is undeniable.
Machine Learning Tips and Tricks for Power Line Communications

A great deal of attention has been recently given to Machine Learning (ML) techniques in many different application fields. This paper provides a vision of what ML can do in Power Line Communications (PLC). We first and briefly describe classical formulations of the ML, and distinguish deterministic from statistical learning models with relevance to communications. We then discuss ML applications in PLC for each layer, namely, for characterization and modeling, for the development of physical layer algorithms, for media access control and networking. Finally, other applications of the PLC that can benefit from the usage of ML, as grid diagnostics, are analyzed. Illustrative numerical examples are reported to serve the purpose of validating the ideas and motivate future research endeavors in this stimulating signal/data processing field.
MUMPS--an economical and efficient time-sharing system for information management.

MUMPS, the Massachusetts General Hospital Utility MultiProgramming System, is a compact time-sharing system for information management. This paper discusses the historical development of MUMPS and describes the basic modules found in its implementation. Detailed descriptions of the time-sharing executive, MUMPS language interpreter, input/output file system, and global data base are given, emphasizing their integration into an easy-to-use yet powerful system for application program design, development and maintenance.
Quality-of-life measures in Taiwanese adults with symptomatic gallstone disease

PurposeThe objective of this study was to investigate the association of quality-of-life status with baseline laboratory findings among Taiwanese adults having symptomatic gallstone disease.MethodsA prospective quality-of-life survey was administered at a tertiary referral medical center among 102 consecutive adults with symptomatic gallstone disease. Patients underwent regular laboratory testing at admission and were evaluated using the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI). Correlation and regression models were used to investigate quality-of-life predictors.ResultsCompared with the general Taiwanese adult population, patients having symptomatic gallstone disease had significantly poorer performance on all eight SF-36 subscales (P < 0.001). Total GIQLI showed moderate to strong correlation with all eight SF-36 subscale scores (γ = 0.29 ~ 0.62, P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, serum levels of direct bilirubin (β = −32.6, P = 0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (β = −13.6, P = 0.032) were predictive of worse total GIQLI (adjusted R2 = 0.183).ConclusionsSymptomatic gallstone disease may considerably affect patient quality of life in terms of general health status and gastrointestinal-specific measures. Before gallstone surgery, serum levels of direct bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase significantly correlated with quality-of-life measures and can be used to evaluate patient well-being at admission.
The Impact of Hosting a Major Sport Event on the South African Economy

The impact of the sporting industry on economic decision making has increased dramatically since the global media explosion in the 1980s. Tourism and advertising revenues generated by these mega-events have become a major boost to the economies of hosting nations. In addition, globalisation has placed great emphasis on the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI), especially to developing countries. This paper seeks to examine the impact of the pre-event phase expenditure attributed to the hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup on the South African economy. In this phase, expenditure is mainly geared towards the construction and improvement of infrastructure required to successfully host the event. Using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model developed specifically for the South African economy, the impact of the pre-event phase on the local economy is measured. It is found that there is a positive impact on most macroeconomic variables, including GDP and employment. With the potential economic benefits of the event and post-event phases of the World Cup also taken into account, it can be concluded with relative certainty that the impact of hosting a mega-event on the South African economy is beneficial towards achieving higher economic growth and development. In addition to analysing the impact of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the outcomes are also used to briefly examine the feasibility of South Africa’s bid to host the 2011 IRB World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games.
Minimum Energy Information Fusion in Sensor Networks

In this paper we consider how to organize the sharing of information in a distributed network of sensors and data processors so as to provide explanations for sensor readings with minimal expenditure of energy. We point out that the Minimum Description Length principle provides an approach to information fusion that is more naturally suited to energy minimization than traditional Bayesian approaches. In addition we show that for networks consisting of a large number of identical sensors Kohonen self-organization provides an exact solution to the problem of combining the sensor outputs into minimal description length explanations.
Integer Valued Betting strategies and Turing Degrees

Betting strategies are often expressed formally as martingales. A martingale is called integer-valued if each bet must be an integer value. Integer-valued strategies correspond to the fact that in most betting situations, there is a minimum amount that a player can bet. According to a well known paradigm, algorithmic randomness can be founded on the notion of betting strategies. A real X is called integer-valued random if no effective integer-valued martingale succeeds on X. It turns out that this notion of randomness has interesting interactions with genericity and the computably enumerable degrees. We investigate the computational power of the integer-valued random reals in terms of standard notions from computability theory.
Thermodynamics and Self-Gravitating Systems

This work assembles some basic theoretical elements on thermal equilibrium, stability conditions, and fluctuation theory in self-gravitating systems illustrated with a few examples. Thermodynamics deals with states that have settled down after sufficient time has gone by. Time dependent phenomena are beyond the scope of this paper. While thermodynamics is firmly rooted in statistical physics, equilibrium configurations, stability criteria and the destabilizing effect of fluctuations are all expressed in terms of thermodynamic functions. The work is not a review paper but a pedagogical introduction which may interest theoreticians in astronomy and astrophysicists. It contains sufficient mathematical details for the reader to redo all calculations. References are only to seminal works or readable reviews 1 . Delicate mathematical problems are mentioned but are not discussed in detail.
FDI spillovers in an emerging market: the role of foreign firms' country origin diversity and domestic firms' absorptive capacity

Prior literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) spillovers has mainly focused on how the presence of FDI affects the productivity of domestic firms. In this study, we advance the literature by examining the effect of the diversity of FDI country origins on the productivity of domestic firms. We propose that the diversity of FDI country origins can facilitate FDI spillovers by increasing the variety of technologies and management practices brought by foreign firms, to which domestic firms are exposed and that they can potentially utilize. Further, the extent to which domestic firms can utilize these technologies and practices depends upon their absorptive capacity. Using panel data on Chinese manufacturing firms during the period 1998–2003, our results support these propositions. We find that the diversity of FDI country origins in an industry has a positive relationship with the productivity of domestic firms in the industry. This positive relationship is stronger when domestic firms are larger, and when the technology gap between FDI and the domestic firms is intermediate.
Nanoindentation: hardness and phase transition in silicon

The hardness of a thin film of silicon is studied in the framework of the 3D Hertzian contact theory. The anisotropy and the anharmonicity of silicon are taken into account for the first time. It is shown that the contribution of plasticity to the hardness of silicon is significant while we know that it possesses strong covalent bonds and dislocations must be thermally activated in this material. The semiconductor–metal phase transition, driven by the tetragonal shear strain superimposed on the non-hydrostatic pressure generated by a diamond indenter, is also studied. For this aim, the Landau theory of phase transitions and the contact theory are combined. The comparison with available nanoindentation experiments is made.
Petrology and K/Ar ages of volcanics dredged from the Eolian seamounts: implications for geodynamic evolution of the southern Tyrrhenian basin

Systematic marine investigations carried out in the last decade indicate that the Eolian island orogenic volcanism extends to the seamounts located on the western (Sisifo, Enarete, Eolo Seamounts) and the northeastern (Alcione, Lametini Seamounts) sides of the emerged Eolian Island arc, as well as on the upper part of Palinuro and Marsili Seamounts, constituting on the whole a ring-like structure. Basaltic to rhyolitic lava samples dredged from these localities mostly belong to calc-alkaline and shoshonitic associations and are strictly comparable, both in petrographical and geochemical characteristics, to subaerial products outcropping on the Eolian islands. Moreover a few tholeiitic basalts, with island arc affinity, have been recovered for the first time from north Lametini and lowermost Eolian slope. The calc-alkaline magmatic activity appears to date as far back as1.3–0.9 ± 0.2m.y. to the west (Sisifo Seamount) and probably postdates (or is synchronous with) the tholeiitic episodes, whereas the oldest shoshonitic volcanism so far found at Eolo and Enarete Seamounts has an age of 0.85–0.64 ± 0.06m.y. The geochronological data indicate a general trend of within-serial rejuvenation of the volcanism moving counterclockwise from the Sisifo area, as well as a chronological zonation of magmatic products characterized by a rapid transition, within the time span of about 0.1 m.y., to more abundant shoshonitic and leucite-tephritic lavas in limited portions of the structure (Lipari, Vulcano and Stromboli). Model calculations based on a large spectrum of incompatible elements indicate that the parental melts of the various magma series could be derived by different partial melting degrees of spinel- to garnet-peridotite mantle sources heterogeneously enriched through the influx of distinct metasomatizing fluids driven off the subduction zone. Subduction reactivation and the related Eolian volcanism appear to be diachronous with respect to the oceanic spreading in the Tyrrhenian marginal basin and characteristically analogous, in timing, to the tectonic and magmatic evolution of the western Pacific island arc and back arc basin systems, where an earlier opening of the marginal basin was followed by an arc volcanism on the rifted-off migrating plate. The chronological zonation inside limited sectors of the structure coupled with the widespread age of volcanism of different serial affinity along the whole structure and the counterclockwise rejuvenation of the within-serial magmatic activity, could be related to deformation (via torsion, segmentation and lateral stretching) and progressive steepening of the subducted slab resulting in the present concavity of the Benioff zone which corresponds to a maximal oroclinal distortion of the Apenninic-Maghrebian chain.
Heroism, self-abnegation and the liberal organization

Chester Barnard's classic, The Functions of the Executive, is premised on an Aristotelean conception of human nature. This reliance ramifies throughout his analysis of the cooperative basis of human organizations. Perhaps its most important manifestation appears in his definition of willing cooperation as self-abnegation. For by so removing cooperation from its utilitarian and contractarian assumptions, he avoids the well known criticisms of those assumptions while retaining his fundamental liberalism. Put positively, self-abnegation informs Barnard's liberalism with an heroic dimension. This, in turn, enables him to provide an account of organizational effectiveness which is at once realistic and optimistic and which values its unique human participants.