nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
After the Gold Rush: Establishing a True Profession of Software Engineering

Award-winning author Steve McConnell offers candid reflections upon the state of software development today and a critical look at the work needed to turn software engineering into a true profession. This talk highlights key trends and calls for a more rigorous and standards-based profession. The ideas presented in this talk will help software developers step back from the day-to-day rush of their work and think about where their careers and the industry are heading. Bio Steve McConnel1 is Chief Software Engineer at Construx Software. In 1998, readers of Software Development named Steve one of the three most influential people in the software industry, along with Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds. His first two books (Code Complete and Rapid Development) won Software Development magazine's Jolt Excellence award for outstanding software development books of their respective years. McConnel1 has also written numerous technical articles and volunteers as Editor in Chief of IEEE Software magazine. His most recent book is After the Gold Rush: Creating a True Profession of Software Engineering. He can be reached at stevemcc@construx.com. Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Software Engineering Education and Training (CSEET01) 1093-0175 $10.00
Picture archiving and communication system design issues: The importance of modelling and simulation

Picture archiving communication system (PACS) development turns out to be very complex. Due to both the vast amount of data and the complexity of hospital organizations, currently only small-scale systems have been realized. And although the experiences obtained with these systems are essential, there is a risk for underestimating the complexity and requirements inherent in hospital-wide PACS systems. In this paper, it is advocated that modelling and simulation be used as tools to obtain insight into the behavior and structure of future PACS systems. Modelling and simulation can also be used to actively support the design of PACS, especially its software. In order to capture the full complexity of PACS in a simulation model, and to take full advantage of simulation as a design tool, the development of a new modelling method has begun. This method is based on semantic data models and decision processes, and can be used for both system analysis and design. The first systems modelled with this method were imaging procedures in a hospital and a computer network. The resulting simulation models are a direct reflection of reality, and have a high degree of modularity. Consequently, in spite of the complexity of the systems, their models are easy to understand and maintain.
Numerical Algorithms Based on Analytic Function Values at Roots of Unity

Let $f(z)$ be an analytic or meromorphic function in the closed unit disk sampled at the $n$th roots of unity. Based on these data, how can we approximately evaluate $f(z)$ or $f^{(m)}(z)$ at a point $z$ in the disk? How can we calculate the zeros or poles of $f$ in the disk? These questions exhibit in the purest form certain algorithmic issues that arise across computational science in areas including integral equations, partial differential equations, and large-scale linear algebra. We analyze some of the possibilities and emphasize the distinction between algorithms based on polynomial or rational interpolation and those based on trapezoidal rule approximations of Cauchy integrals. We then show how these developments apply to the problem of computing the eigenvalues in the disk of a matrix of large dimension. Finally we highlight the power of rational in comparison with polynomial approximations for some of these problems.
A whole new kind of engineering

There is a lot of momentum for software engineering to become a title act branch of engineering. A brochure from McMaster University (www.cas.mcmaster.ca/cas/undergraduate/SEbrochure.pdf, Fall 1999), reads, "At McMaster we have taken the position that software engineering is a branch of engineering and have applied well established principles of engineering education in this new specialty." And, the Texas Board of Professional Engineers is certifying software engineers as title act engineers, today. If other states follow then software engineering will become a title act branch of engineering by fiat.While I agree that software engineering resembles traditional engineering in many ways, I also believe that software engineering is a whole new kind of engineering that is equal to, parallel to, and independent of traditional engineering. I believe that if software engineers want to be licensed, they should recognize their unique reality and become licensed in a way that reflects this reality. Software engineers should be professionalized on their own terms, with their own regulatory structure. Software engineers should create a whole new kind of engineering, and not just follow the path trodden by traditional engineers.In the first section, I argue that software engineering is a real profession that stands on its own and that its culture differs substantially from that of traditional engineering. Software engineering is big: it counts nearly as many practitioners as traditional engineering; diverse: it has many areas of specialized practice; and enduring: it has grown steadily for more than fifty years. Every facet of software engineering, from technology to attitude to origins, differs from traditional engineering, which profoundly affects the culture of software engineering. Software engineering is not a branch of traditional engineering.In the second section, I argue that all-of-software-engineering-combined should resemble all-of-traditional-engineering-combined. Four kinds of traditional engineering regulation are practiced today that software engineering can emulate: unregulated, title-act, practice-act, and all-of-engineering-combined. Of these four kinds, title-act and all-of-engineering-combined are the most likely outcomes. There is a lot of momentum to regulate software engineering as a title-act branch of engineering. However, regulating software engineering like all-of-engineering-combined will give software engineers more control over their destiny, let them define their own identity and culture, wield their own power, and set their own curriculum and immigration policy.
On the Axiomatic Foundations of Linear Scale-Space

Since the pioneering work by Witkin (1983) and Koenderink (1984) on the notion of “scale-space representation”, a large number of different scale-space formulations have been stated, based on different types of assumptions (usually referred to as scale-space axioms). The main subject of this chapter is to provide a synthesis between these linear scale-space formulations and to show how they are related. Another aim is to show how the scale-space formulations, which were originally expressed for continuous data on spatial domains without preferred directions, can be extended to discrete data as well as to spatio-temporal domains with preferred directions. Connections will also be pointed out to approaches based on non-uniform smoothing.
Roles of ethnic identity and locus of control on the psychosocial and professional outcomes for ethnic tokens

ABSTRACT While the United States continues to see an increase of diversity in today’s workforce, the levels of that diversity are still not equal across many jobs and organizations. In many work places in our country there are ethnic token employees who struggle to prove their worth and competence in companies. Some companies are still employing just one or a few minority employees at a time, as they may be unaware that they could be putting them in compromised token situations. Thus they may struggle to understand the varying experiences of token employees which may affect their work-related outcomes. In the current study, we were interested in discovering if the level of ethnic token employees’ ethnic identity and their locus of control would affect their work engagement, burnout, and turnover intentions. The research also examined locus of control as a potential moderator of the relationship between perceived tokenism and burnout, as well as ethnic identity as a potential moderator of the relationships between perceived tokenism with engagement and turnover intentions.
Intelligence, crises and security: Lessons from history?

The scholarly study of intelligence has grown steadily into what is now a distinct sub-field of history and political science. Recent events – notably jihadist attacks on the US, Spain and the UK and the war on Iraq and its aftermath – have generated debate and controversy about the use and representation of intelligence. A plethora of official inquiries have fuelled debates into the ‘intelligence failures’ involved. This essay explores how lessons might be learned from the history of intelligence for contemporary debates and controversies. An overview of the issues includes discussion of how different approaches are apparent between American and British perspectives. Challenges and opportunities for applying lessons from the past are explored and a case is made for greater engagement between academia and officialdom.
Citizenship Education in Discussions Concerning Political Issues

The purpose of this article is to analyse the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) use of discussions on social and political issues and then problematize the meaning of “discussions” – in particular, the topic of discussion – through a qualitative analysis of actual discussions in the class room. A qualitative study of classroom discussions is used to shed light on everyday preconditions between teacher and students. The topic of discussion, is analysed as a social and discursive construction. Political matters such as institutional issues and (inter)national affairs in the ICCS-study are also mostly the focus for the teachers in the classroom study. However, the interaction between teachers and students would seem to indicate that choice of issues for discussion always is a political choice. If students are imagined through a lens of being citizens, already in school, then choice of issues for discussion could be understood as a process of negotiation between the teacher and the students. The issues for discussion can therefore be connected to a notion of legitimate democratic participation concerning mutually recognized issues.
Development of a remote-control transportation system for use in underground spaces

207 Subway underground excavation work with cut-and cover method, particulaly the transportation of constraction material, equipment, and muck, is greatly affected by construction conditions aboveground. The appropriateness of the method used for this work is a major factor in the progressing of construction. Traffic in urban areas has become increasingly heavy, which makes it difficult to set up asystem for the direct transportation of things between the road surface and work sitesunderground. As a result, things are usually transported vertically along shafts at fixedacces points and then horizontally along levels to the work sites.
Metrics for Community Analysis: A Survey

Detecting and analyzing dense groups or communities from social and information networks has attracted immense attention over the last decade due to its enormous applicability in different domains. Community detection is an ill-defined problem, as the nature of the communities is not known in advance. The problem has turned even more complicated due to the fact that communities emerge in the network in various forms such as disjoint, overlapping, and hierarchical. Various heuristics have been proposed to address these challenges, depending on the application in hand. All these heuristics have been materialized in the form of new metrics, which in most cases are used as optimization functions for detecting the community structure, or provide an indication of the goodness of detected communities during evaluation. Over the last decade, a large number of such metrics have been proposed. Thus, there arises a need for an organized and detailed survey of the metrics proposed for community detection and evaluation. Here, we present a survey of the start-of-the-art metrics used for the detection and the evaluation of community structure. We also conduct experiments on synthetic and real networks to present a comparative analysis of these metrics in measuring the goodness of the underlying community structure.
Textos apócrifos determinantes de repertorios plásticos cristianos

The first Christian images  appeared on catacomb walls and on the surfaces of sarcophagi of burial sites. The main idea was to transmit the definitive possibility of eternal salvation to the faithful. The images also  called upon sacred history and  encouraged Christian piety, besides embellishing burial sites. The gradual emergence of several religious texts, of diverse and controversial content,  stimulated decisions on which writings were canonic and which were apocryphal. At the same time, the tolerance of the Roman Empire towards Christianism caused a proliferation of places where these images could be put. Many new themes appeared, while others (which were) already existent were modified and adapted, strengthening the iconographic repertory from the second century onwards, mainly under the influence of apocryphal books. The images related to the lives of Mary and Jesus, later condemned by the Church, were designed and shaped under ecclesiastic approval, occupying  important places and those of high visibility in religious meeting places.
About Commonwealths, Kings and Laws: Franscisco de Vitoria and His Lecture “On the Civil Power”

This is an introductory article to the translation of Fr. Vitoria’s lecture “On Civil Power”, consisting of some biographical notes about Vitoria, as well as several of his lectures and considerations of his political theory. Although Vitoria did not give any clear definition of civil power in the text of this Relectio, he marked its three principal causes (finalis, efficiens, materialis), according to Aristotelian methodology. The appearance of power is a result of the nature of human society and, consequently, by the nature of the human himself. Following the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle, Vitoria declared the social and political nature of a human being that calls him to live in society. In turn, in order to develop into the perfect community, such a society needs some vis directiva, i.e., the power. Only this power can stimulate the birth of a Commonwealth, although not belonging to the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth, in turn, can create the King but can not give him the power (because power belongs only to God and can not be divided) but transfers authority (authoritas) to the king. Therefore, the King stands over all of his citizens and the entire Commonwealth while being responsible for his actions only before God.
DataSeg: dynamic streaming sensor data segmentation for activity recognition

Human activity recognition is an active research area, especially in ambient assisted living environments. In such environments, residents' data are collected from sensors to be interpreted as human activities. The main constraint is that these activities have to be detected online and in real time for a continuous recognition. One major issue that remains a challenge to achieve is data segmentation. Usually, in the literature, the segmentation is either performed by following a fixed or a dynamic time-window length. As stated in several works, static time-window length has several drawbacks while adjusting dynamically the window length is more appropriate. However, most of the previous methods for dynamic data segmentation are based on two strong assumptions: the user's routine does not change and a pre-segmented data set can be provided for learning the time-window size. Yet, these constraints are not always verified. In this paper, we propose a novel method, DataSeg, that dynamically adapts the time-window size. DataSeg does not require pre-segmented data and it can be applied to different user routines. This is achieved by combining statistical learning and semantic interpretation to analyze the incoming sensor data and choose the better time-window size. The presented approach has been implemented and evaluated in several experiments using the real data set Aruba from the CASAS project. The experiments show the viability of the proposal.
Translation in Prokaryotes.

This review summarizes our current understanding of translation in prokaryotes, focusing on the mechanistic and structural aspects of each phase of translation: initiation, elongation, termination, and ribosome recycling. The assembly of the initiation complex provides multiple checkpoints for messenger RNA (mRNA) and start-site selection. Correct codon-anticodon interaction during the decoding phase of elongation results in major conformational changes of the small ribosomal subunit and shapes the reaction pathway of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis. The ribosome orchestrates proton transfer during peptide bond formation, but requires the help of elongation factor P (EF-P) when two or more consecutive Pro residues are to be incorporated. Understanding the choreography of transfer RNA (tRNA) and mRNA movements during translocation helps to place the available structures of translocation intermediates onto the time axis of the reaction pathway. The nascent protein begins to fold cotranslationally, in the constrained space of the polypeptide exit tunnel of the ribosome. When a stop codon is reached at the end of the coding sequence, the ribosome, assisted by termination factors, hydrolyzes the ester bond of the peptidyl-tRNA, thereby releasing the nascent protein. Following termination, the ribosome is dissociated into subunits and recycled into another round of initiation. At each step of translation, the ribosome undergoes dynamic fluctuations between different conformation states. The aim of this article is to show the link between ribosome structure, dynamics, and function.
Private Demands and Demands For Privacy: Dynamic Pricing and the Market for Customer Information

Consumer privacy and the market for customer information in electronic retailing are investigated. The value of customer information derives from the ability of firms to identify individual consumers and charge them personalized prices. Two settings are studied, a closed privacy regime in which sale of customer information is forbidden and an open privacy regime in which it is permitted. Consumers fare poorly and firms fare well under an open privacy regime when consumers are myopic. In such settings the opportunity to sell information often gives firms incentives to charge 'experimental' prices. When consumers are farsighted relative to firms, however, they may undermine the market for customer information by strategically rejecting offers. In this case, firms are always better off committing to keep customer information private.
Crustal magnetization beneath the aulneau and sabaskong batholiths, kenora and fort frances districts, Ontario, Canada☆

Gravity survey and aeromagnetic data over the Aulneau and Sabaskong batholiths, in the Kenora-Fort Frances districts of northwestern Ontario, have been modelled using crustal seismic surveys in the area as constraints. A crustal section was constructed from these results extending from the surface to the uppermost portion of the lower crustal layer. The batholiths are found to be relatively thin (average thickness 7 and 5 km, respectively). A prominent magnetic anomaly is centred in the contact zone between the batholiths, and overlaps both of them. Its source is interpreted as an intrusion in the lower part of the upper crustal layer. Surface measurements of magnetization and anomaly interpretation show that most of the magnetization of the Sabaskong body is concentrated in a linear central zone which extends through the body. An improved method of combining measurements of magnetization of rock samples with magnetic anomaly interpretation allows a more reliable calculation of the percent magnetite equivalent for buried rock units.
Rethinking children, violence and safeguarding

Debates, Dilemmas and Challenges / 1. Living In A Violent World? / Part II: An Interdisciplinary Overview of Recent Research and Scholarship / 2. Why Are Some Children Violent? / 3. What Causes Child Maltreatment? / Part III: Implications for Children's Lives / 4.  Villains and Victims / 6. Behaving Badly / 7. Protection, Safeguarding and Prevention / References / Index
The Architecture of a System for the Indexing of Images by Content

This paper presents the architecture of an image database system which provides a platform for the accommodation of various algorithms for interactive and automatic indexing, storage, and retrieval of medical images by content. The system maintains a dynamic hierarchy of image classes. The class hierarchy is used to narrow down the search to images of the same modality, anatomical characteristics, etc. Each image is classified into an image class based on information supplied by the user or obtained from the image itself. An important feature of the system is its ability to support multiple image indexing by content methods, in the form of description types. During system installation, one or more description types are selected for each image class based on the inherent characteristics of the class. Then, for each description type, a content description of each image in the class is generated and inserted in the description database. In the case of a query, the system generates one or more descriptions of the query image, automatically or interactively, and searches the logical database for similar descriptions. The images whose descriptions match those of the query image are retrieved for browsing by the user. This system may also be used as a platform for evaluating image content description methods, since new methods can be added to it easily.
Modelling Inhomogeneity in the Universe

An overview of some recent developments in inhomogeneous models is presented. As the volume and precision of cosmological data improves, it will become more and more essential to understand the non-linear behaviour of the Einstein field equations. This requires the study of exact inhomogeneous solutions, including their density distributions, their evolution, their geometry, and their causal structure. Observations are strongly affected by the detailed geometry and evolution of a model, and therefore interpretation of observations depends on understanding them. It is generally assumed the universe is homogeneous if averaged over large enough scales, but to actually prove this is so, will require the assumption to be relaxed, and a rigorous inhomogeneous approach to be applied. Though the Lemaitre-Tolman metric has long been used for models of spherical inhomogeneities, there have been a number of new results, including a variety of methods for creating models with specific properties, and their application to cosmic structures on several different scales. Interest in the Szekeres metrics is on the increase, and the quasi-spherical metric was recently used to model specific cosmic structures for the first time. The quasi-planar and quasi-hyperspherical metrics have been hardly studied until recent work invesigated their physical and geometric properties. There is enormous scope for work with these metrics.