nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Everything is Always Going to Hell Urban Scholars as End-Times Prophets

For some time urban scholars in political science have been estranged from the mainstream scholarship of their discipline. In this article I offer three explanations for this phenomenon. First, in the 1960s urban scholarship became wedded to the political project of savings the cities—an ideological commitment that still colors urban research. Second, urban scholarship continues to reflect the reform traditions inherited from the Progressive Period. Third, urban scholars have been prone to excessive rhetoric when describing the urban condition. These three tendencies have combined to make the study of cities a somewhat insular enterprise.
Introduction to Formal Concept Analysis and Its Applications in Information Retrieval and Related Fields

This paper is a tutorial on Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) and its applications. FCA is an applied branch of Lattice Theory, a mathematical discipline which enables formalisation of concepts as basic units of human thinking and analysing data in the object-attribute form. Originated in early 80s, during the last three decades, it became a popular human-centred tool for knowledge representation and data analysis with numerous applications. Since the tutorial was specially prepared for RuSSIR 2014, the covered FCA topics include Information Retrieval with a focus on visualisation aspects, Machine Learning, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Text Mining and several others.
Small business growth in contrasting environments

manner. In the past two decades, several organization theorists have tried to structure this reservoir of 'everything outside the organization'. They stratified the environment according to levels of specificity, immediacy, and relevance to the organizational phenomenon concerned (cf. Beard and Dess 1988; Castrogiovanni 1991; Starbuck 1976). Moreover, for the sake of comparison, theorists have described the basic character of environmental elements in terms of various theoretical dimensions (cf. Aldrich 1979; Child 1972; Dess and Beard 1984; Mintzberg 1985). Thus, it is argued that environments are both multilevel and multidimensional (Betton and Dess
The role of colloid particles in the albumin-lanthanides interaction: The study of aggregation mechanisms.

We studied the interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lanthanide ions in aqueous solution in the 4.0÷9.5pH range. A strong increase of the solution turbidity was observed at pH values exceeding 6, which corresponds to the formation of Ln(OH)3 nanoparticles, while no changes were observed near the isoelectric point of BSA (pH 4.7). The results of the dynamic light scattering and protein adsorption measurements clearly demonstrated that the observed turbidity enhancement was caused by albumin sorption on the surface of Ln(OH)3 and colloid particles bridging via adsorbed protein molecules. Upon pH increase from 4.5 to 6.5, albumin adsorption on lanthanide colloids was observed, while the following increase of pH from 6.5 to 9.5 led to protein desorption. The predominant role of the electrostatic interactions in the adsorption and desorption processes were revealed in the zeta-potential measurements. No reversibility was observed upon decreasing pH from 9.5 to 4.5 that was suggested to be due to the other interaction mechanisms present in the system. It was shown that while for all lanthanide ions the interaction mechanism with BSA was similar, its manifestation in the optical properties of the system was significantly different. This was interpreted as a consequence of the differences in lanthanides hydrolysis constants.
Advances in medical sociology : a research annual

Part 1 New perspectives on the doctor-patient relationship: patient-centred medicine - some sociological observations on its constitution, penetration, and cultural assonance, David Silverman, Michael Bloor physicians' self-referent communication as management of uncertainty along the illness trajectory, Monica Hardesty regressive intervention - the discourse of medicine during terminal encounters, Jeffrey M. Clair universal entitledness for health care and its implications on the doctor-patient relationship - a new perspective on medical care, Zeev Ben-Sira. Part 2 The subjective experience of illness: age, chronic pain, and subjective assessment of health, Ellen L. Idler, Ronald J. Angel normative beliefs of social scientists regarding the psychosocial and environmental factors that influence health behaviour change related to smoking, Mary Beth Love, Quint C. Thurman, et al. Part 3 Moral dimensions in medicine: life events and their effects on suicide - a test among physicians, Roger L. Brown moral evaluation in medical research, Arnold Arluke. Part contents.
Towards Better Regime of Environment

With the creation of Department of Environment, and now Ministry of Environment and Forest, at the Centre, which plays an advisory, co-ordinating and 'watch dog' role, our environmental protection activities have received an impetus. A nodal agency is thus created to look at the problem, not from narrow angle but in a wider and co-ordinatig perspective. No doubt the innovation in bringing forest and environment under one ministry will ease the pitch for an integrated approach towards environmental protection.
Static security evaluation of an industrial web application

JavaScript is the most popular programming language for web applications. Static analysis of JavaScript applications is highly challenging due to its dynamic language constructs and event-driven asynchronous executions, which also give rise to many security-related bugs. Several static analysis tools to detect such bugs exist, however, research has not yet reported much on the precision and scalability trade-off of these analyzers. As a further obstacle, JavaScript programs structured in Node.js modules need to be collected for analysis, but existing bundlers are either specific to their respective analysis tools or not particularly suitable for static analysis.
 In this paper we propose a novel approach to compare the precision, scalability and code coverage of two widely-used static analysis frameworks---WALA and SAFE---together with simplePack, which analyzer-agnostically bundles dependent modules, enabling a fair comparison. To appropriately evaluate the precision of the analyzers, we select all equivalent user object and variable references, and compute their properties' average points-to set sizes. Our evaluation indicates that SAFE provides higher precision and better code coverage at the cost of a somewhat lower scalability. Evaluating the simplePack bundler manifests that the static call graph of its bundle is more precise compared to the bundle produced by Browserify, one of the most popular module bundlers. Based on these results, we analyze the data flows of a hybrid app (JS & native) provided by an industrial partner via taint analysis. To that end we modeled the native (platform) functions of the app in a DSL for SAFE and extended its taint analysis to support tainted objects rather than only primitive type data. We show that there is potential for injection attacks, as tainted objects may reach the sink without being sanitized.
Do you pay a fair price for electricity? Consumers’ satisfaction and utility reform in the EU

The research question addressed by this paper is a simple one: are European consumers happy with the electricity supply services after two decades of reforms? We focus on self-assessed consumers’ satisfaction with electricity prices as reported in three waves of Eurobarometer survey, 2000-2002-2004, conditioning on some indicators of public ownership, vertical integration and entry regulation across the EU-15. Our results do not support a systematic association between consumers’ satisfaction and the complete reform package made of privatisation, vertical disintegration and liberalisation. These results, which have been extensively tested for robustness, raise various concerns about the way the reform processes have been undertaken and provides some warnings about possible effects on public support for public utility reforms.
Reaction intermediates of CO oxidation on gas phase Pd4 clusters: a density functional study.

Density functional theory (DFT) studies have revealed the energetically favorable reaction paths for oxidation of CO on Pd(4) cluster. Adsorption of various species such as O(2), 2O, O, CO, CO(2), and coadsorbate combinations, including O(2)+CO, 2O+CO, O+CO, and O+CO(2) on neutral, cationic, and anionic Pd(4) clusters were investigated. The results indicate that Pd(4)(+) and Pd(4) are more effective for catalyzing CO in comparison with Pd(4)(-). It is further observed that dissociated oxygen is a superior oxidant for CO oxidation on Pd(4)(q) (q = 0, 1, -1) than molecular and atomic oxygen.
Some Thoughts on the Contentious State of Economics: Why So? What to Do?

This brief note, commenting on the disorderly state of the discipline, identifies several causes of disagreement, concluding that a major source of dissention amongst economists is over the question of how to “do” economics: whether or not attempts—as by “neoclassical” and “new classical” schools of thought—to emulate the methods of natural sciences such as physics are more likely to bring understanding or result in distortion of the subject matter.
More of the same? New Labour, the Coalition and education: markets, localism and social justice

This paper seeks to draw out the continuities and ruptures in current English education policy. In particular it considers the relationship between Coalition policy rhetoric and that of the Labour Party. Although the paper is concerned with the British and more specifically English context, it examines a range of questions that move beyond that particular setting. It explores the way in which we can understand crisis and the manner in which this informs policy discussion and the re-ordering of neo-liberalism. In conclusion, it argues that the presumed radicalism of the Labour Party can only take us so far, and that an examination of policy for its progressive and radical possibilities, whatever their origins, is an important site of struggle.
Optically Selective Adsorption of α-Amino Acids on Montmorillonite-Cu-1-Lysine Complexes in High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Optically active cationic complexes adsorbed on montmorillonite can be used for the resolution of racemic mixtures. Montmorillonite-Cu-lysine systems were used as a solid phase in high-pressure liquid chromatography for the resolution of the optical isomers of α-amino acids. Selectivity constants > 1.5 were measured for phenylalanine and tryptophan. The selectivity constants for the amino acids containing saturated-hydrocarbon side chains were in the range of 1.25–1.44. The montmorillonite-Cu-l-lysine complex displayed a stronger affinity for the l-isomers of α-amino acids than for the d-isomers at pHs near neutrality. Inasmuch as surface-catalyzed peptide formation on clays has been proposed as a step in chemical evolution, this stronger affinity between the clay-Cu-l-amino acid complex and l-amino acids might have been significant in prebiotic evolution. The mechanism of optical resolution probably involved ligand exchange. Optimizing the choice of the optically active ligands and of the chelating cation in the chiral agent may improve the resolution of the optical isomers.
On the genesis of Post constraint in modern electromagnetism

The genesis of the Post constraint is premised on two attributes of modern electromagnetism: (i) its microscopic nature, and (ii) the status of
 e ˜ ( x , t ) and
 b ˜ ( x , t ) as the primitive electromagnetic fields. This constraint can therefore not arise in EH-electromagnetism, wherein the primitive electromagnetic fields are the macroscopic fields
 e ˜ ( x , t ) and
 H ˜ ( x , t ) . Available experimental evidence against the Post constraint is incomplete and inconclusive.
Typed GoI for Exponentials

In a recent paper we introduced a typed version of Geometry of Interaction, called the Multi-object Geometry of Interaction (MGoI). Using this framework we gave an interpretation for the unit-free multiplicative fragment of linear logic. In this paper, we extend our work to cover the exponentials. We introduce the notion of a Got Category that embodies the necessary ingredients for an MGoI interpretation for unit-free multiplicative and exponential linear logic.
Compressive deformation of a pre-Bushveld diabasic sill, Sudwala, eastern Transvaal

A tremolite-bearing metadolerite sill, intrusive into the Upper Monte Christo Formation is exposed in a road cutting in the eastern Transvaal, close to the Elandshoogte Gold Mine. A subhorizontal thrust fault is located along the footwall contact and steeper, westerly dipping splays are present. The structure developed is consistent with ESE-directed thrust faulting of an initially en echelon set of sills. Bleaching of the wall-rocks occurs around the fault splays and subeconomic gold mineralisation is present in fault-related, carbonate-quartz veining
Effects of fluorination on the structure, magnetic and electrochemical properties of the P2-type NaxCoO2 powder

The main goal of this research has been to investigate for the first time the effects of fluorination on the crystal structure, magnetic, and electrochemical properties of the P2-type Na x CoO 2 powder. Sodium cobalt oxide with a P2-type structure is synthesized by a modified solid-state reaction consisting of alternating processes of rapid heating up to 750 °C and rapid cooling to the room temperature. The obtained powder is fluorinated using a gas-solid reaction with NH 4 HF 2 as fluorinating agent. Fluorination causes a decrease of sodium content in the parent phase with the concurrent formation of the minor phases of Na 2 CO 3 and NaF. The structure of Na x CoO 2 in both powders is refined in P 6 3 / mmc space group. The results of the Rietveld refinement combined with the findings from the XPS measurements confirm the Na 0.76 CoO 2 and Na 0.44 CoO 1.96 F 0.04 stoichiometries for the pristine and fluorinated powders, respectively, which indicates that 4 at.% of fluorine ions per formula unit are incorporated in the structure. Preliminary electrochemical investigations have revealed an improved charge/discharge performance. The influence of fluorination on morphology and magnetic properties has also been examined.
The Role of Bank Restructuring in Recovering from Crises: Mexico 1995-98

In this paper we analyze the evolution of the Mexican economy between 1995 and 1998. The remarkable quick recovery seen in aggregate activity has not been uniform across the economy. The tradable sector has grown strongly, while the non-tradable sector has recuperated only sluggishly. This asymmetric response is intimately linked with the severe credit crunch that Mexico has experienced since 1995. Although fresh domestic bank lending dried up, tradable firms obtained financing in the international capital market. This was not the case in the non-tradable sector. A phenomenon that has gone hand in hand with the credit crunch is the steady increase in the share of non-performing loans. We analyze the reasons for this increase, the rationale for the partial bailout policy adopted in 1995, and we investigate why this policy stance did not solve the banking problem. An important lesson is that non-performing loans are unlikely to disappear on their own, even under a high GDP growth scenario. Furthermore, the existence of non-performing loans presents an obstacle for the banking system to adequately perform its functions. This raises the question of whether an alternative strategy under which all non-performing loans were recognized at once and the fiscal costs were all paid up-front would have been preferable.
John Locke: Resistance, Religion and Responsibility

Acknowledgements List of abbreviations  Locke's intellectual development Part I. Religion and the Politics of Toleration: 1. Against the 'tyranny of a religious rage' 2. Restoration churchmanship and the 'Essay on Toleration' 3. Undermining the temple of worship of priest and prince 4. The theology of a reasonable man 1667-83 Part II. Resistance and Responsibility: 5. Locke's moral and social thought 1660-81: the ethics of a gentleman 6. Resistance and the Second Treatise 7. Locke's moral and social thought 1681-1704 Part III. Heresy, Priestcraft and Toleration John Locke Against the 'Empire of Darkness': 8. Theology, epistemology and toleration: against the 'Empire of Darkness' 9. The contexts of The Reasonableness of Christianity 10. From the Reasonableness to the Paraphrase: a unitarian heretic Conclusion Bibliography Index.
History and memory as revolutionary tools: An analysis of the significance of Ndabaningi Sithole’s historical novel Umvukela wamaNdebele (The Ndebele Revolution)

“The colonised man who writes for his people ought to use the past with the intention of opening the future, as an invitation to action and a basis for hope.(Fanon 1969: 187)” This paper analyses Ndabaningi Sithole’s historical novel Umvukela WamaNdebele (1956) as a tool for revolution. It argues that although the novel was written under repressive colonial conditions , the author uses the history of the Ndebele in a militant and radical manner to come up with rebellious literature meant to raise the consciousness of the oppressed Africans in the then Rhodesia, to fight against the oppressors. The novel, although written in the 1950s, transcends historical epochs as it interrogates the present post Zimbabwean independence situation, especially the betrayal of the aspirations of the masses by the present leadership and thus gives a direction for the future. History can be a tool for empowerment and liberation. The way a historical artist retrieves and articulates the history of his/her people influences how those people negotiate their present and shape their future.
BetaEta-Complete Models for System F

We show that Friedman's proof of the existence of non-trivial βη-complete models of λ→ can be extended to system F. We isolate a set of conditions that are sufficient to ensure βη-completeness for a model of F (and α-completeness at the level of types), and we discuss which class of models we get. In particular, the model introduced in Barbanera and Berardi (1997), having as polymorphic maps exactly all possible Scott continuous maps, is βη-complete, and is hence the first known complete non-syntactic model of F. In order to have a suitable framework in which to express the conditions and develop the proof, we also introduce the very natural notion of ‘polymax models’ of System F.
Donnees stratigraphiques et tectoniques nouvelles sur la Montagne de Tauch [with discussion]

Tauch mountain southeast of the Mouthoumet Paleozoic massif, France, is composed of Aptian and Cenomanian (Cretaceous) deposits and has generally been considered a remnant of the Mesozoic sedimentary cover which formerly capped the massif. The Cretaceous deposits of the mountain are folded, and the structure may represent a second-order thrust without an overturned flank. The mechanics of emplacement are discussed.
Correction to 'MPGS: An Interactive Tool for the Specification and Generation of Multimedia Presentations'

ÐMultimedia presentations are composed of objects belonging to different data types such as video, audio, text, and image. An important aspect is that, quite often, the user defining a presentation needs to express sophisticated temporal and spatial constraints among the objects composing the presentation. In this paper, we present a system (called MPGSÐMultimedia Presentation Generator System) which supports the specification of constraints among multimedia objects and the generation of multimedia presentations according to the specified constraints. The constraint model provided by MPGS is very flexible and powerful in terms of the kinds of object constraints it can represent. A large number of innovative features are supported including: asynchronous and simultaneous spatial constraints; components of interest and priority levels; motion functions. Obviously, the flexibility provided to the users requires the development of nontrivial techniques to check constraint consistency and to generate a presentation satisfying the specified constraints. In this paper, we illustrate the solutions we have devised in the framework of MPGS. Index TermsÐMultimedia data, multimedia presentations, temporal/spatial synchronization, presentation consistency.
Prevention of pediatric pulmonary problems: The importance of maternal smoking

Although many factors are associated with lower respiratory illnesses in children, few can be identified as likely direct causal influences. Maternal smoking has been strongly associated with respiratory morbidity in early life. The relationship is consistent in different studies, and is dose-related. It is also resistant to attempts at statistical control for factors that might confound the association. The effect seems most marked from maternal smoking during pregnancy. Stopping young women taking up cigarette smoking is a priority preventive medical need.
Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West

In Something in the Soil, Patricia Nelson Limerick travels far outside the usual academic circles to bring Western past and Western present into a spirited union. Whether her topic is the rapid growth in the West today, the patent awfulness of most academic writing, or struggles over the standing of the "Great White Men" of the region's past, Limerick operates on the principle that history is an active presence in the West, layers of collective memory that are, quite literally, "something in the soil." Enlightening and always witty, this wide-ranging collection of essays and arguments from the New West's landmark historian offers an artful journey into its dramatic past and contentious present.
Entrepreneurship in the network economy

The network economy typically signifies a notion from the information society where new
products and services are developed by collaborating individuals and/or businesses organised in virtual networks. The network economy has important characteristics in common with Northern European governance models, which suggests a direction for developing workable governance models for businesses engaging in network economy activities. This resemblance presents a unique perspective on global economic development. Innovation can and should be combined with high ethical, social and environmental standards. This is illustrated by empirical data on Hidden Champions in Europe: middlesized companies that are dominant in their specific market niches. We suggest that the rise of the network economy could have far-reaching consequences for the way businesses should be organised and
managed.
Grounding Bound Founded Answer Set Programs

To appear in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP) 
Bound Founded Answer Set Programming (BFASP) is an extension of Answer Set Programming (ASP) that extends stable model semantics to numeric variables. While the theory of BFASP is defined on ground rules, in practice BFASP programs are written as complex non-ground expressions. Flattening of BFASP is a technique used to simplify arbitrary expressions of the language to a small and well defined set of primitive expressions. In this paper, we first show how we can flatten arbitrary BFASP rule expressions, to give equivalent BFASP programs. Next, we extend the bottom-up grounding technique and magic set transformation used by ASP to BFASP programs. Our implementation shows that for BFASP problems, these techniques can significantly reduce the ground program size, and improve subsequent solving.