nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial analysis of proofs in projective and affine geometry

The axioms of projective and affine plane geometry are turned into rules of proof by which formal derivations are constructed. The rules act only on atomic formulas. It is shown that proof search for the derivability of atomic cases from atomic assumptions by these rules terminates (i.e., solves the word problem). This decision method is based on the central result of the combinatorial analysis of derivations by the geometric rules: The geometric objects that occur in derivations by the rules can be restricted to those known from the assumptions and cases. This “subterm property” is proved by permuting suitably the order of application of the geometric rules. As an example of the decision method, it is shown that there cannot exist a derivation of Euclid’s fifth postulate if the rule that corresponds to the uniqueness of the parallel line construction is taken away from the system of plane affine geometry.
‘African culture will be revolutionary or will not be’: William Klein's Film of the First Pan‐African Festival of Algiers (1969)

First Pan‐African Cultural Festival took place in Algiers in July 1969 and gave rise to a collective film directed by William Klein. This film, The Pan‐African Festival of Algiers (1969), takes the form of an essay which gives coherence to a huge range of visual materials: posters, photographs, drawings, archive footage of African anti‐colonial struggles as well as sequences taken from the 1969 festival, such as interviews, rehearsals, concerts and speeches. The making of The Pan‐African Festival of Algiers coincided with the emergence of films from the Third World at a global level, often circulating alongside the films of the new waves that emerged from the end of the 1950s and the early 1960s onwards. Another trend found its second wind at this time: militant cinema with revolutionary aims of social intervention entered a golden age around the second half of the 1960s and into the 1970s. For most of the personalities who appeared in The Pan‐African Festival of Algiers it was necessary to g...
A New Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and Its Application to Element Decompositions in Topological Algebras

We present a new proof of the Pythagorean theorem which suggests a particular decomposition of the elements of a topological algebra in terms of an “inverse norm” (addressing unital algebraic structure rather than simply vector space structure). One consequence is the unification of Euclidean norm, Minkowski norm, geometric mean, and determinant, as expressions of this entity in the context of different algebras.
Surface control and multi-composite cathodes

We report recent progress in surface control of cathode element particles. Re-crystallization of the surface layer can be obtained not only in olivines, but also in lamellar compounds, which results in an increase of the electrochemical properties. In addition, we take benefit of the stability of LiFePO4 and the fact that it does not need protection against overcharge, by synthesizing multi-component particles formed by a core particle with higher working potential like LiMnPO4 (4-V cell) and even LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (5-V cell) surrounded by LiFePO4 coated with carbon to the particles with LiFePO4. The remarkable improvement of the electrochemical properties obtained in this process gives evidence that the synthesis of such multi-component composites are promising to improve the energy density and high-rate performance of Li-ion batteries in the near future.
Steady-state kinetics with nitric oxide reductase (NOR): new considerations on substrate inhibition profile and catalytic mechanism.

Nitric oxide reductase (NOR) from denitrifying bacteria is an integral membrane protein that catalyses the two electron reduction of NO to N2O, as part of the denitrification process, being responsible for an exclusive reaction, the NN bond formation, the key step of this metabolic pathway. Additionally, this class of enzymes also presents residual oxidoreductase activity, reducing O2 to H2O in a four electron/proton reaction. In this work we report, for the first time, steady-state kinetics with the Pseudomonas nautica NOR, either in the presence of its physiological electron donor (cyt. c552) or immobilised on a graphite electrode surface, in the presence of its known substrates, namely NO or O2. The obtained results show that the enzyme has high affinity for its natural substrate, NO, and different kinetic profiles according to the electron donor used. The kinetic data, as shown by the pH dependence, is modelled by ionisable amino acid residues nearby the di-nuclear catalytic site. The catalytic mechanism is revised and a mononitrosyl-non-heme Fe complex (FeB(II)-NO) species is favoured as the first catalytic intermediate involved on the NO reduction.
The effects of benzodiazepines in pregnancy.

The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of anxiolytic use in pregnancy, the rate of congenital malformations in neonates at in utero exposure to these agents, and the possible association of congenital malformations with the use of these drugs in pregnancy.



The study was conducted as cross-sectional study. The study was performed at university departments of gynecology and obstetrics in four Zagreb hospitals and included 893 pregnant women. Main outcome measures were pathological defects and congenital malformations.



The main anatomic group N drugs (nervous system) was predominated by the use of the benzodiazepine anxiolytic diazepam (FDA group D), which increased with gestational age. Diazepam was used by 74 (8.3%), 127 (14.2%) and 212 (23.7%) women in the first, second and third trimester respectively. Diazepam ranked second among twenty most frequently prescribed drugs in pregnancy. It was taken by 303 (33.9%) pregnant women, while congenital cardiovascular malformations were recorded in three children and genitourinary malformations in three children too.



The high utilization of diazepam in pregnancy that is not supported by professional guidelines is an issue of serious concern. In spite of some study limitations, its results pointed to inappropriate and even potentially harmful use of drugs in pregnant women from Zagreb, thus calling for upgrading the quality of therapy in this vulnerable period of life. In our opinion, other measures appear to be a more appropriate therapeutic modality than medicamentous therapy in many cases.
Engels: On the scientistic foundation of Marxism

After the clear, precise, and convincing words of Professor Wetter, I should now like to turn to an aspect of the problem of Engels' generalization of Marx' dialectic of history. In doing so, my intention is not to tackle Engels' attempt at dialectic of nature but rather, within the meaning of a broader interpretation of the concept of an "Engels Variant9* as used by Professor Wetter, to deal with the discussion of the dialectic of nature by Soviet philosophers. At the centre of this discussion we find Engels' attempt to define mechanical spatial motion, which is understood to be necessarily inherent in all higher forms of motion. Engels's definition of motion is regarded as a standard example of a dialectical contradiction, the "nature of self-motion".1
Law as a humanities discipline : transformative potential and political limits : introduction

In this special edition of Acta Academica, we called for contributions to engage in critical reflections on law as a humanities discipline against the background of US Crit Karl Klare's suggestion of transformative constitutionalism. We were interested in, for example, reflections on law's epistemological foundations, how the law intersects with historical analyses and with society. A pertinent question was: To what extent does present legal education and training give expression to the transformative ideal of a new order?
Geophysical constraints of shear zones and geometry of the Hiltaba Suite granites in the western Gawler Craton, Australia

The emplacement of the ca 1590–1575 Ma Hiltaba Suite granites records a large magmatic event throughout the Gawler Craton, South Australia. The Hiltaba Suite granites intrude the highly deformed Archaean‐Palaeoproterozoic rocks throughout the craton nuclei. Geophysical interpretation of the poorly exposed central western Gawler Craton suggests that the region can be divided into several distinct domains that are bounded by major shear zones, exhibiting a sequence of overprinting relationships. The north‐trending Yarlbrinda Shear Zone merges into the east‐trending Yerda Shear Zone that, in turn, merges into the northeast‐trending Coorabie Shear Zone. Several poorly exposed Hiltaba Suite granite plutons occur within a wide zone of crustal shearing that is bounded to the north by the Yerda Shear Zone and to the south by the Oolabinnia Shear Zone. This wide zone of crustal shearing is interpreted as a major zone of synmagmatic dextral strike‐slip movement that facilitated the ascent of Hiltaba Suite granite i...
Mapping Melodrama: Global Theatrical Circuits, Parsi Theater, and the Rise of the Social

This essay documents the transnational circulation of Victorian domestic melodrama and its adaptation to Indian theatrical practice, through the example of The Colleen Bawn, one of Dion Boucicault’s most successful works. Using the historical South Asian newspaper archives, the study traces the introduction of melodrama and modern stagecraft into India via the Lewis Company, an enterprising Anglo-Australian family troupe. The drama’s performance history and reception are charted as it traveled from Calcutta to Simla and Bombay. Its subsequent translation and reworking in the Parsi theater, in the form of Bholi Jan, the Gujarati-language version authored by K.N. Kabraji, reveal the highly productive role of melodrama in the South Asian environment. From melodrama developed the “social”, a distinct genre centered on women, the family, and the tensions of modernity. Domestic melodrama’s shape and meaning were thus recast in the new location, leaving a legacy of great importance to the evolution of modern the...
ICTNET at Web Track TREC2014

An ad-hoc task in TREC investigates the performance of systems that search a static set of documents using previously- unseen topics. This year, the ClueWeb12  dataset are used. The overall goal of the risk - sensitive task is to explore algorithms and evaluation methods for systems that try to jointly maximize an average effectiveness measure across queries, while minimizing effectiveness losses with respect to a provided baseline. Two baselines from different IR systems are supplied this year in order to understand the nature of risk- reward tradeoffs achievable by a system that can adapt to different baselines. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we discuss the processing of ClueWeb 12, derived data and external resources. In Section 3, the BM25 model with term proximity , the diversification method and the results fusion strategy are introduced. We report experimental results and the corresponding re-ranking strategy in Section 4. Finally, our work is concluded in Section 5.
Research on foundation and practice of 123 modes in professional engineer education training plan

Over the past 30 years as a whole, China has become one of fastest growing countries in the field of economy at the same period with a 9% GDP growing rate, offering demand space for engineering technical talents with high international qualities. However, the engineering technical talents with high qualities cannot be supplied. In the background of “professional engineers plan” of the Ministry of Education, as one of the 61 demonstration universities in China, Ningbo University of Technology takes the lead in the important reform Plan of engineering education by “123 Modes”. This mode focuses on cultivating Industrial, Initiative and Integrative Engineers. The foundation and practical approach of “123 Modes” are introduced in this paper.
Study about the e-commerce construction of small and medium companies based on the SaaS model

The purpose of the article is to help the small and medium companies to solve some questions to set up the electronic business system based on the SaaS model and help them to break away from the effect of the financial crisis to develop the new market opportunity. The author analyzed the feasibility for the small and medium companies to set up the electronic business system and offered the four models based on the SaaS model according to the current situation of the small and medium enterprises: the third-party e-commerce platform model, virtual host platform technology model, m-commerce model based on the 3G mobile operating provider and subsidiary model based on ERP. At last, offered the specific implementation strategy for the small and medium companies based on explicit the goal of setting up the enterprise's e-commerce platform, prudent choose the SssS service provider, to try out the SssS products, access the safety of the SssS products, certify the price of the SssS products reasonably and sign the service contract clauses in this paper.
Effect of the substrate surface condition on the Ni(thin film)/SiC(0001) interfacial reaction

The effect of the substrate surface, structure, and chemistry on the interfacial interaction in Ni(thin film)/SiC was examined, with a focus on the recently discovered formation of a nickel intercalated graphite phase. Very thin Ni films (∼7 nm) were deposited onto heated 6H–SiC(0001) substrates prepared with: (i) an oxide layer, (ii) a surface reconstruction, and (iii) a pristine surface (no oxide and no reconstruction), followed by further annealing. Characterization using x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy revealed remarkable differences between the samples in terms of both surface morphology and crystallography. Nickel silicides were present in all samples; however, the phase composition differed depending on sample preparation. Furthermore, the pristine surface was the only one that clearly promoted the growth of the nickel graphite intercalation compound (Ni-GIC).
Inefficient Foreign Borrowing: A Dual-and Common-Agency Perspective

Studying the implications of uncoordinated borrowing, the paper first looks at whether and when countries borrow too much in the aggregate. It then revisits the "original sin" debate, analyzing whether and when equity portfolio investment, international portfolio diversification, domestic currency denomination and longer maturities enhance borrowing countries' access to international lending. The paper thereby relates a country's level and quality of access to international capital markets to a variety of institutional features such as the level of domestic savings, their location, the extent of control rights held by political authorities, and the interests of dominant domestic political forces.
The adherence of GPs to guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary tract infections in women is poor.

To assess the adherence of GPs to evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and management of lower urinary tract infection (UTI) in women.



A cross-sectional study was performed from March to July 2009 in primary care offices. Physicians consecutively registered the first six UTI attended during an 8-week period. Age, days with symptoms, episode of infection, associated morbidity, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures performed, antibiotic prescription, allergies and referral or not were registered. The type of antibiotic course (short or long) and first-choice treatments were also taken into account.



Of 176 physicians invited to participate, 110 (62.5%) included 658 women with lower UTI. Urine dipstick was performed in 550 cases (83.6%) and urine culture was requested in 235 women (35.7%), with criteria for culture in 49.6% and without criteria in 32.8%. Antibiotic treatment was administered in 634 cases (96.4%). Short courses were given to 385 women (60.7%) and 75 of those with complicated UTI were treated with long courses (66.4%). First-choice antibiotics were administered as empiric treatment in only 92 women with uncomplicated UTI (17.7%).



These results highlight the poor adherence of GPs to the current recommendations of clinical practice guidelines with a high number of inappropriate urine cultures requested and a low utilization of first-choice antibiotics.
REFLEXÕES SOBRE A INTERVENÇÃO ESTATAL PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA INDÚSTRIA BRASILEIRA DE SOFTWARE

This study aims to identify the forms of intervention practiced by the Brazilian government for the development of software industry in the country. Thus, presents some actions carried out by the Federal Government for the software industry as a result of industrial development activities and efforts for the consolidation of the national innovation system. Is assumed that, among others, the activities related to innovation have a key role in the economic development of the country, specifically related to the software industry. Innovation is designed as deployment or commercialization of new products, services or processes. The innovation process is materialized by the implementation of three distinct stages: invention, innovation and diffusion. Thus, the scope of state intervention is evaluated according to the actions taken to support each stage of the innovation process and is established as actions of removal of trade barriers, development of industry and consolidation of the innovation system. The unit of analysis of this study focuses on the actions taken by the Brazilian government in the software industry, by being a promising industry for economic progress. Therefore, the construction of the results occurred by the documental analysis of management reporting federal government agencies which have taking actions directly geared to Brazilian software industry. Based on the analysis of the results it can be concluded that although there are actions in all areas of intervention, are perceived structural deficiencies and significant strategic that inhibit the development of software industry in Brazil.
Chiral extrapolations and the covariant small scale expansion

We calculate the nucleon and the delta mass to fourth order in a covariant formulation of the small scale expansion. We analyze lattice data from the MILC Collaboration and demonstrate that the available lattice data combined with our knowledge of the physical values for the nucleon and delta masses lead to consistent chiral extrapolation functions for both observables up to fairly large pion masses. This holds in particular for very recent data on the delta mass from the QCDSF Collaboration. The resulting pion–nucleon sigma term is σ π N = 48.9 MeV . This first quantitative analysis of the quark-mass dependence of the structure of the Δ ( 1232 )  QCD within chiral effective field theory suggests that (the real part of) the nucleon–delta mass-splitting in the chiral limit, Δ 0 = 0.33 GeV , is slightly larger than at the physical point. Further analysis of simultaneous fits to nucleon and delta lattice data are needed for a precision determination of the properties of the first excited state of the nucleon.
Nd、Sr and Pb isotopic geochemistry of late-Mesozoic alkaline-rich intrusions from the Tanlu Fault zone:evidence of the magma source.

Tanlu Fault Zone,a large deep fault zone in eastern China,cuts four tectonic units (the North China Craton,the Yangtz Craton,the Hinggan-Inner Mongolia-Jilin-Heilongjiang orogenic belt and the Sulu-Dabie orogenic belt) straight.It is well known that there is a nearly 2000 kilometer-long alkali-rich intrusive rock belt composed of many late-Mesozoic alkaline-rich intrusions in this zone.Based on the pioneers' research,a systematic and thorough geochemical study on their Nd,Sr and Pb isotope is presented in this paper for the first time.The distinct different Nd,Sr and Pb isotopic characteristics of the alkali-rich intrusive rocks in the four tectonic units indicates their different source regions:the late-Mesozoic alkaline intrusions from the Hinggan-lnner Mongolia-Jilin- Heilongjiang orogenic belt are derived from the young crust related to depleted mantle,but the others from the North China Craton,the Yangtz Craton and the Sulu-Dabie orogenic belt are mainly originated from the EMI-type enriched mantle.Farther more,the enrichment degree of the lithospheric mantle from the latter three units is obviously different from each other:the lithospheric mantle from the Sulu- Oabie orogenic belt has the highest enrichment (averageee_(Nd) (t) value is-17.06),that from the North China Craton (average e_(Nd) (t) value is-10.03) takes second place,and the enrichment of the mantle in the Yangtz Craton (averageeNd (t) value is-6.41) is the lowest.It is suggested in this paper that the most enriched lithospheric mantle from the Sulu-Dabie orogenic beh results from the releasing of pressure in the subduetion-exhumation in early Mesozoic era in the Sulu-Dabie orogenic,which conduces to the formation, precipitation and metasomatism of melt/fluids,and then reconstructs the lithospherie mantle from the North China Craton.
VAPOR DEPOSITION OF PARYLENE-F USING HYDROGEN AS CARRIER GAS

A new method for depositing parylene-F (PA-F) thin films on silicon substrates has been explored. Hydrogen has been used as a carrier gas along with liquid precursors, dibromotetrafluoro-p-xylene and 1,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene, to deposit PA-F. The properties of this film have been compared with the films obtained by the Gorham dimer method and the liquid precursor method using FTIR, XPS, and XRD. The PA-F films deposited by the dimer or liquid precursor acquired some kind of microcrystallinity on annealing. However, the PA-F films deposited in the presence of hydrogen were amorphous on annealing. This property could be potentially exploited for application in microelectronic device fabrication.
Socio-Economic Atlas of Kenya: Depicting the National Population Census by County and Sub-Location. Second, revised edition

The Socio-Economic Atlas of Kenya is the first of its kind to offer high-resolution spatial depictions and analyses of data collected in the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census . The combination of geographic and socio-eco - nomic data enables policymakers at all levels, development experts, and other interested readers to gain a spatial understanding of dynamics affecting Kenya. Where is the informal economic sector most prominent? Which areas have adequate water and sanitation? Where is population growth being slowed effectively? How do education levels vary throughout the country? And where are poverty rates lowest? Answers to questions such as these, grouped into seven broad themes, are visually illustrated on high-resolution maps. By supplying precise information at the sub-location level and summarizing it at the county level, the atlas facilitates better planning that accounts for local contexts and needs. It is a valuable decision-support tool for government institutions at different administrative levels, educational institutions, and others. Three organizations – two in Kenya and one in Switzerland – worked together to create the atlas: the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), the Nanyuki-based Centre for Training and Integrated Research in ASAL Development (CETRAD), and the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) at the University of Bern. Close cooperation between KNBS, CETRAD, and CDE maximized synergies and knowledge exchange.