nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Model of Emerging Technologies in Asia Pacific

Emerging technologies became pervasive in this decade due to its significant growth in terms of high-volume transactions and sophisticated businesses. According to Gartner, public cloud in Asia Pacific will continue its high growth and hit a minimum of $11.5 billion by end of 2018. However the challenge can be arise from the other side as only those enterprises who understand agility and collaboration can be the winner. Market power for a single firm is very low in competitive market furthermore, to survive in uprising competition; companies need to differentiate themselves by customizing their products and services, and to quickly adapt themselves into a common platform in the region.
 To envision the roadmap for regional prosperity, a three-step approach was proposed, to align culture, technologies, and economy into a transformation process, and eventually to achieve a common model of regional collaboration.
The combination of copper with amino acids, peptides, and proteins.

By equilibrating solutions containing amino acids, peptides, or proteins with the sparingly soluble copper salt malachite (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), it has been possible to determine the amount of copper in the solutions complexed to these compounds, and the amount of free copper in the solutions in equilibrium with the complex. The dissociation constant for the copper–glycine complex has been estimated from the data obtained using this system. The nature of the complexes has been deduced both from chemical determinations of the bound copper, and from manometric measurements of the extent of complexing, made in bicarbonate buffers. The simple amino acids have been shown to form complexes of the type CuR2, which are appreciably dissociated in dilute solutions. The degree of complexing is influenced by the nature of the group R. Histidine, tryptophane, and other compounds containing more than one donor nitrogen atom are able to form more than one type of complex with copper. The participation of other nitrogen atoms ...
Reduction and reoxidation of humic acid: influence on speciation of cadmium and silver.

Naturally occurring variations of redox conditions are considered to affect the interactions between trace metals and humic substances in a 2-fold manner. First, additional proton binding sites of humic substances formed under reducing conditions may also act as binding sites for trace metals. Second, reduced humic substances may transfer electrons to redox-active trace metals. In this study, we investigated the influence of electrochemical reduction of a purified soil humic acid on the binding of two chalcophile metal cations of environmental concern, Cd(2+) and Ag(+), with metal titrations conducted under monitored redox conditions. The binding of cadmium to reduced humic acid was slightly enhanced compared to humic acid reoxidized by O(2) and quantitatively in excellent agreement with the increase in binding sites formed upon reduction. Competitive experiments with calcium indicated that sulfur-containing sites played a minor role in cadmium binding, although sulfur K-edge XANES revealed that 36% of humic sulfur was in a reduced oxidation state. In all experiments with silver, the formation of Ag(0) was detected with transmission electron microscopy. Free Ag(+) activities under reducing conditions were controlled by Ag(0) formation rather than by binding to humic acid.
The significance of bent mountain belts

Mountain belts, also called orogens, are the factories where stable continental crust is originated. They run along thousands of kilometres on the Earths surface and depict an almost linear geometry, occasionally interrupted by curved tracts. We search the importance of those curved tracts in the mountain belts, if they constitute a tectonic structure by themselves and, if so, what is its relevance. The relevance of the curved mountain belts is of timely importance in understanding whether they are caused by crustal or lithospheric processes, if they are the answer to sudden stress changes, if they provide efficient pathways for fluid circulation in the crust and, fundamentally, what processes cause them.
Entering the watershed : a new approach to save America's river ecosystems

Entering the Watershed is the product of a two-year project established by the Pacific Rivers Council to develop new federal riverine protection and restoration policy alternatives. It recommends a comprehensive new approach to river protection based on principles of watershed dynamics, ecosystem function, and conservation biology -- a nationwide, strategic community- and ecosystem-based watershed restoration initiative. The book: describes in detail the existing level of damage to rivers and species analyzes flaws and gaps in existing policy provides the framework necessary to develop new policies outlines the scientific underpinnings and management strategies needed in new policy makes specific policy proposals
The Idea of a Strategist's Education

C. P. Snow observed, “the intellectual life of the whole of western society is increasingly split into two polar groups.” As he declared, on one side are the scientists, and on the other, “literary intellectuals.” Within strategic studies, one may compare this to the tensions between social scientist and historical approaches. His observation therefore provides insight into educating young strategists. This paper examines the evolution of the military and strategic studies discipline in an American context, contending the approach is not unique to Americans, but applies generally. Regarding such development, the author contends the role of military culture; the interaction of formal and informal reasoning; and the roles of history and the social sciences are crucial, concluding that a humanistic and scientifically informed interdisciplinary approach steeped by the thoughts of the military and strategic studies expert best prepares young strategists for service.
Genesis: The Evolution of Biology

Part I: evolution and revolution the origin Darwin's champions Darwinism and socio-political thought mutualism dissent from Darwin. Part II: the myth of cell theory the body politic evolving embryology the egg. Part III: Mendel Redux emerging genetics Darwinian renaissance genes, germs, and enzymes genetic heresy. Part IV: conceiving a master molecule beyond the genome molecular evolution and microbial phylogeny symbiomics the evolution of relationships.
The Institutional Analysis of Entrepreneurship: Historist Aspects of Schumpeter’s Development Theory

The notion of entrepreneurship in Schumpeter’s works has been interpreted as a dualistic concept, involving a shift of the conceptual focus from the heroic founders of new firms to the routinised employees in bureaucratic corporations. This interpretation neglects a most crucial aspect of Schumpeter’s theory of economic development, that is the historicity of entrepreneurship which is based on the analytical distinction between the entrepreneurial function and its historically specific carriers. Schumpeter’s German works provide most relevant insights for the related debate on the concept of entrepreneurship, for they mirror the sustained intellectual impact of historist thought on methodological as well as on conceptual grounds. With special attention to the intellectual relationship between Schumpeter, Sombart and Spiethoff it is concluded that Schumpeter’s German works already contain the major components of his comprehensive research efforts. Thus an assessment of explorations on the historicity of entrepreneurship in Schumpeter’s German works contributes to the interpretation of Schumpeter’s theory as well as to the current formulation of a Schumpeterian paradigm in modern economics.
New National and Post-Colonial Literatures: An Introduction

This is a collection of essays designed to provide a survey of colonial, new national, and post-colonial literatures, and related criticism. The collection is intended as an introduction to those new to the subject, and it will also be of interest to the specialist. Besides examining the main concerns, opinions, and theories that have shaped discussion in this area, there is also a detailed bibliography of primary and secondary sources. The approach is comparative and by topic. The essays range from discussion of colonial literatures through nationalism to the internationalization of literature, multiculturalism, writing by post-colonial women, and analyses of the literature of the native peoples of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Most of the essays discuss creative writers and critics, including V. S. Naipaul, Derek Walcott, Chinua Achebe, Vikram Seth, Fred D'Aguiar, Anita Desai, and Jamaica Kincaid.
Teeny, tiny dirac neutrino masses: an unorthodox point of view

There are now strong hints suggesting that neutrinos do have a mass after all. If they do have a mass, it would have to be tiny. Why is it so? Is it Dirac or Majorana? Can one build a model in which a teeny, tiny Dirac neutrino mass arises in a natural way? Can one learn something else other than just neutrino masses? What are the extra phenomenological consequences of such a model? These are the questions that I will try to focus on in this talk.
Antiprotons in CR: What Do They Tell Us?

Recent measurements of the CR antiproton flux have been shown to pose a problem for conventional propagation models. In particular, models consistent with secondary/primary nuclei ratio in CR produce too few antiprotons, while matching the ratio and the antiproton flux requires ad hoc assumptions. This may indicate an additional local CR component or new phenomena in CR propagation in the Galaxy. We discuss several possibilities which may cause this problem.
An historical look at the global context of international study

Recogni7ing that academic, scientific and technological strengths have become increasingly important in international relations, this study hypothesizes that the flow of knowledge resources among nations is intercnnectd with global political, economic and cultural relationships. As a means of validating this premise, this study analyzes one componen of academic interaction - international study at the level of higher education. This article outlines changes in international study patterns in the decades following World War II and explores how the postwar context affected inteational exchange relationships. International exchange during the 1960s and 1970s indicated strong participation by students from Third World nations and the popularity of five industrialized host nations. These reisiornhips are explored through a statistical study of the flow of students from 18 developing nations out to the world and to the United States in particular. The findings assess the ihlpaLnce of key economic factors (such as involvement in global trade and concentration of trade), educational variables (including national emphasis on education and the availability of domestic oppintnities) and political arenas (such as intenational assistance and scholarship dependency) in determining international study pattems. As curent shifts in our postwar world order unfold before us, better underanding of historical factors underlying international exchange may be instnrmental as we anticipate its futur within the context of new geopoliticAl alliances
Heraclitus on Religion

The article sets out to reinterpret Heraclitus' views on religion and, by implication, his position in the context of the Presocratic philosophers' relationship to the Greek cultural tradition. It does so by examining the fragments in which Heraclitus' attitude to the popular religion of his time is reflected. The analysis of the fragments 69, 68, 15, 14, 5, 96, 93 and 92 DK reveals that the target of Heraclitus' criticism is not the religious practices themselves, but their popular interpretation. Heraclitus' fragments are simultaneously shown to identify the underlying structure of the 'unity of opposites,' inherent in various religious practices. Heraclitus appears to reinterpret religious practices in terms of the conceptual structures of his own philosophy. On the other hand, religion provides him with the categories for the construction of his philosophical theology. Thus Heraclitus' treatment of religion is shown to be analogous to his treatment of ethics and politics, which he also tries to incorporate into his highly integrated vision of reality. In contrast to Xenophanes' radical critique of the traditional religion, Heraclitus emerges not as a reformer or an Aufklarer , but as an interpreter, who tries to discern the structures of meaning inherent in the existing practices, and to assume them into his own philosophical project.
The Rise of the City: Adam Smith Versus Henri Pirenne

In recent years a great deal has been written about the problems and processes of economic growth, particularly as they pertain to the econom? ically less developed countries of the world. At the same time, much less attention has been paid to the intellectual legacies of these contemporary theories of economic growth. Consequently, there is some danger of mis? placed emphasis on the contributions of the forerunners in this area of intellectual thought. A good illustration may be the considerable attention given to Henri Pirenne's theory of urban-economic growth,1 while the strikingly similar theory developed by Adam Smith at least a hundred and twenty-five years earlier has been  Actually there was little that was new in Pirenne's theory of urban economic development. Not only had Smith presented the same ideas, along with some basic historical analysis in The Wealth of Nations, he also developed his concepts and reasoning in a much more systematic, analytical manner.3 In retrospect, it seems that all Pirenne did was to add a bit of historical evidence to Smith's model of economic-historical growth. Perhaps, had the famous historian been aware of the famous economist's work, he might have taken quite a different approach to the revival of commerce, towns, and general economic growth during the period of the tenth through the thirteenth centuries. The purposes of this paper, therefore, are to place Pirenne's and Smith's respective contribu? tions in a new perspective in this small part of the history of intellectual thought and, in so doing, to state Smith's theory as explicitly as possible.
Alkali Metal Ion Complexes with Phosphates, Nucleotides, Amino Acids, and Related Ligands of Biological Relevance. Their Properties in Solution.

Alkali metal ions play very important roles in all biological systems, some of them are essential for life. Their concentration depends on several physiological factors and is very variable. For example, sodium concentrations in human fluids vary from quite low (e.g., 8.2 mmol dm(-3) in mature maternal milk) to high values (0.14 mol dm(-3) in blood plasma). While many data on the concentration of Na(+) and K(+) in various fluids are available, the information on other alkali metal cations is scarce. Since many vital functions depend on the network of interactions occurring in various biofluids, this chapter reviews their complex formation with phosphates, nucleotides, amino acids, and related ligands of biological relevance. Literature data on this topic are quite rare if compared to other cations. Generally, the stability of alkali metal ion complexes of organic and inorganic ligands is rather low (usually log K < 2) and depends on the charge of the ligand, owing to the ionic nature of the interactions. At the same time, the size of the cation is an important factor that influences the stability: very often, but not always (e.g., for sulfate), it follows the trend Li(+) > Na(+) > K(+) > Rb(+) > Cs(+). For example, for citrate it is: log K ML = 0.88, 0.80, 0.48, 0.38, and 0.13 at 25 °C and infinite dilution. Some considerations are made on the main aspects related to the difficulties in the determination of weak complexes. The importance of the alkali metal ion complexes was also studied in the light of modelling natural fluids and in the use of these cations as probes for different processes. Some empirical relationships are proposed for the dependence of the stability constants of Na(+) complexes on the ligand charge, as well as for correlations among log K values of NaL, KL or LiL species (L = generic ligand).
Characterization of the α phase nucleation in a two-phase metastable β titanium alloy

Beta titanium alloys are increasingly the best choice for automotive and aerospace applications due to their high performance-to-density ratio. Among these alloys, the TIMETAL Ti-LCB is already used in the automotive industry because it presents excellent mechanical properties and a lower cost compared with other Ti alloys. The current study deals with the characterization of the nucleation and growth of the α phase in several thermomechanical processes, because the distribution and size of the α phase strongly influence the mechanical properties of the resulting microstructures. Several heat treatments were conducted after either cold rolling or annealing. The resulting microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, or electron backscatter diffraction. It was observed that the morphology and the volume fraction of the α phase are strongly dependent on the holding temperature, on the heating or cooling rate, and on the β grain size.
On lovely pairs of geometric structures

We study the theory of lovely pairs of geometric structures, in particular o-minimal structures. We use the pairs to isolate a class of geometric structures called weakly locally modular which generalizes the class of linear structures in the settings of SU-rank one theories and o-minimal theories. For o-minimal theories, we use the Peterzil–Starchenko trichotomy theorem to characterize for a sufficiently general point, the local geometry around it in terms of the thorn U-rank of its type inside a lovely pair.
Building Stability in Latin American Financial Markets

This paper argues that the investor reluctance to make long-term commitments to Latin American financial markets results from experience. In the 1980s, while ex ante real interest rates on Latin American financial assets were usually high, ex-post real interest rates were often highly negative. In the 1990s, policymakers instituted stabilization programs and structural reforms that have improved the environment in which financial markets operate. Based on a review of experiences in the region, this paper shows that, when these opportunities are taken, investor confidence in long-term markets is strengthened.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance

A firm aims to achieve the goal of maximizing firm value by tradition. Recently, the concept of business ethics evolves into corporate social responsibility (CSR), which now has become a major issue in the business environment. The modern definition of CSR argues that a firm, as a corporate citizen, is expected not only to fulfill its economic responsibility, but also its social and environmental responsibilities. Built on this new definition, this study aims to empirically explore the relationship between CSR and firm performance from the stakeholder approach. For this research purpose, we construct a local CSR index (CSRI) based on two ideas, socially responsible investment and corporate contributions to stakeholders. Sampled the data from Taiwan Stock Exchange and Taiwan Economic Journal for the time period of 2004-2008, the CSRI is constructed on economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The main finding reveals that fulfilling CSR has a significantly positive impact on firm performance. The implication suggests that a firm could serve as a good corporate citizen, while in the meantime showing an exceptional firm performance.
Afterword: Mortgage Markets and the Urban Problematic in the Global Transition

This afterword develops one argument about, and then engages in two dialogues with, this symposium on the subprime crisis and the mortgage market. First, it argues that these articles have a unifying theme: they all insist that any understanding of the evolution of the subprime crisis must take into account the role of the complex, racialized dynamics of social inequality in urban space. This perspective, which we term the 'urban problematic', is shared by the authors gathered here; however, it is notably absent from many other accounts of the origins of the subprime crisis. This leads to two dialogues with these articles. The first explores this question: if this problematic is so powerful, then why isn't it pervasive in all social-scientific and economic discussions of the subprime crisis? The second dialogue then asks why there aren't richer ongoing exchanges between social scientists engaged in the urban problematic, on one side, and heterodox economists, on the other side? We suggest that it will be beneficial to deepen these interdisciplinary exchanges; and doing so will require making visible - and then overcoming - some hidden disjunctures in the ways that those working on these problems from different starting points frame and orient their work.
Paley's watchmaker analogy and prebiotic synthetic chemistry in surfactant assemblies. Formaldehyde scavenging by pyrroles leading to porphyrins as a case study.

The formation of elaborate molecules is regarded as an essential first step in prebiotic chemistry, but how such transformations could spontaneously occur, particularly in dilute aqueous conditions, remains poorly understood. Here, micromolar concentrations of a 3,4-dialkylpyrrole and excess formaldehyde in aqueous micellar solution (pH 7) at 25 or 50 °C were found to give good yield (up to 40%) of the lipophilic octaalkylporphyrin. The reaction occurs despite a mean occupancy number of ∼0.1 pyrrole molecules/micelle, and <1 of 10,000 micelles initially containing the requisite 4 pyrrole molecules to form the porphyrin assuming a (random) Poisson distribution. Yields of up to 13% were observed in large, unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles, wherein there are ∼15,000 pyrrole molecules per vesicle membrane. Double-labeling crossover experiments (of 3,4-diethylpyrrole and 3,4-dimethylpyrrole) examined by mass spectrometry revealed facile exchange processes of reactive constituents among both micelle and vesicle surfactant assemblies. Together, the exchange of pyrrolic reactants among micelles and the thermodynamic driving force for tetrapyrrole formation overcome the apparent statistical odds against reaction. The fruitful exchange, accumulation and reaction of minute quantities of reactants in aqueous-surfactant assemblies suggest a general means for formation of prebiotically valuable constituents, even when the statistical odds at the outset are overwhelmingly improbable.