nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Variation of the constants in the late and early universe

A manufacturing process system includes: a plurality of processing devices which processes workpieces, with respective equipment associated with the plurality of processing devices; a transfer device which transfers the workpieces to the plurality of processing devices; a host computer which performs creating a transfer plan including information of timings at which the workpieces are carried in and out by the transfer device and acquiring an operation schedule including information of maintenance time from the plurality of processing devices; and a processing device group controller which performs acquiring the transfer plan and the operation schedule from the host computer, comparing the transfer plan and the operation schedule of each processing device, specifying the last process before maintenance for each processing device, detecting the end timing of the specified process, and instructing each processing device to be switched to an idle state at the end timing along with the associated equipment.
Reference Dependence and Market Competition

This paper studies the implications of consumer reference dependence in market competition. If consumers take some product (e.g., the first product they have considered) as the reference point in evaluating others and exhibit loss aversion, then the more "prominent" firm whose product is taken as the reference point by more consumers will randomize its price over a high and a low one. All else equal, this firm will on average earn a larger market share and a higher profit than its rival. The welfare impact is that consumer reference dependence could harm firms and benefit consumers by intensifying price competition. Consumer reference dependence will also shape firms' advertising strategies and quality choices. If advertising increases product prominence, ex ante identical firms may differentiate their advertising intensities. If firms vary in their prominence, the less prominent firm might supply a lower-quality product even if improving quality is costless.
Is a good deal always fair? Examining the concepts of transaction value and price fairness

Previous research has shown that if consumers are aware that they are paying more than another customer for a similar transaction, then they may perceive the price to be unfair. A concept closely related to fairness is transaction value, defined as consumers' perceptions of the psychological satisfaction or pleasure from taking advantage of a price deal. In this research, we conceptualize that although consumers' perceptions of price fairness and transaction value share many similarities, nevertheless there are also important differences. Using three studies, we empirically examine these differences. We show that although a "bad deal" is typically perceived to be an unfair price, a "good deal" is not necessarily perceived to be the fairest price.
Local Position Invariance and Vacuum Energy Shifts

We discuss tests of the Einstein Equivalence Principle due to energies which are purely quantum mechanical in origin. In particular, we consider using Lamb Shift energies to test for possible quantum violations of Local Position Invariance. (to appear in the Proceedings of the 5th Canadian Conference on General Relativity and Relativistic Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, May 13-- 15, 1993) (acknowledgements changed to correct an omission in the originally submitted version)
A brief look at the history of the Deaconess Hospital, Edinburgh, 1894-1990.

The Deaconess Hospital, Edinburgh, opened in 1894 and was the first establishment of its kind in the UK, maintained and wholly funded as it was by the Reformed Church. Through its 96-year lifetime it changed and evolved to time and circumstance. It was a school: for the training of nurses and deaconesses who took their practical skills all over the world. It was a sanctum: for the sick-poor before the NHS. It was a subsidiary: for the bigger hospitals of Edinburgh after amalgamation into the NHS. It was a specialised centre: as the Urology Department in Edinburgh and the Scottish Lithotripter centre. And now it is currently student accommodation. There is no single source to account for its history. Through the use of original material made available by the Lothian Health Services Archives - including Church of Scotland publications, patient records, a doctor's casebook and annual reports - we review its conception, purpose, development and running; its fate on joining the NHS, its identity in the latter years and finally its closure.
Preparation and magnetic properties of Fe-AI-N thin films

The FeAIN thin films were deposited on Si(100) and NaCI substrates by dual ion beam sputtering. The effects of nitrogen pressure and substrate temperature on the structure and magnetic properties of FeAIN films were investigated. The FeAIN films with higher value of the saturation magnetization (Ms) agree with that films deposited at higher Ts or lower R(N2). It is found that the Al addition in FeN films results in the small crystallite, and the coercivity (Hc) decrease, and improvement of the thermal stability as well. After annealing at 500℃, the best soft magnetic properties of the Fe-AI-N films with 10% (atomic fraction) Al content are Ms of 2.02 T and Hc of 0.96 kA/m.
Quantifying the relationship between symptoms at presentation and the prognosis of sarcoidosis.

Although it is the general consensus that sarcoidosis patients who present with sarcoidosis-related symptoms have a worse outcome than patients whose disease is detected incidentally without symptoms, this premise has not been rigorously examined.



Consecutive patients followed longitudinally at one US university sarcoidosis clinic were questioned concerning the onset and description of sarcoidosis-related symptoms at disease presentation. The patients were classified into those with no sarcoidosis-related symptoms at presentation (NSP group) and those with symptoms at presentation (SP group). The following outcomes were examined in the NSP and SP groups: most recent spirometry, organ involvement, need for sarcoidosis therapy, most recent health related quality of life (HRQOL) as measured by the Sarcoidosis Assessment Tool (SAT), most recent chest imaging Scadding stage results.



660 sarcoidosis patients were analyzed, with 175 in the NSP group and 485 in the SP group. Compared to the NSP group, the SP group had a more frequent requirement for any sarcoidosis treatment, corticosteroid treatment, and non-corticosteroid treatment at some time and within the most recent year of follow up (at least 50% more than the NP group with strong statistical differences with p values all 0.01 or less). In addition, the SP group had significantly more organ involvement (p < 0.001) and several worse SAT domains (p < 0.022) than the NP group. There were no differences between the groups in terms of final spirometry or development of Scadding stage 4 chest radiographs. These findings held even after adjusting for age, sex, race, and time between presentation and the most recent follow-up visit using a multivariable logistic regression framework.



In our sarcoidosis cohort, compared to the absence of symptoms at presentation, the presence of symptoms was associated with a greater need for treatment, more organ involvement, and worse HRQOL.
Internal Markets for Supply Chain Capacity Allocation

This paper explores the possibility of solving supply chain capacity allocation problems using internal markets among employees of the same company. Unlike earlier forms of transfer pricing, IT now makes it easier for such markets to involve many employees, finegrained transactions, and frequently varying prices. The paper develops a formal model of such markets, proves their optimality in a baseline condition, and then analyzes various potential market problems and solutions. Interestingly, these proposed solutions are not possible in a conventional market because they rely on the firm's ability to pay market participants based on factors other than just the profitability of their market transactions. For example, internal monopolies can be ameliorated by paying internal monopolists on the basis of corporate, not individual, profits. Incentives for collusion among peers can be reduced by paying participants based on their profits relative to peers. Profit-reducing competition among different sales channels can be reduced by imposing an internal sales tax. And problems caused by fixed costs can be avoided by combining conditional internal markets with a pivot mechanism.
Jelly’s Place: An Ethnographic Memoir

This is a report of a field experience in retrospect. An ethnographic study of black streetcorner men, it was conducted in the early 1970s among the patrons of Jelly’s Place, a bar and liquor store on the South Side of Chicago. The 55 men came repeatedly to Jelly’s corner and created a local social stratification system. The focus of the study was the way in which they made and remade their local status system in everyday life. This document describes the field work experience which led me to focus on this particular sociological issue and to represent the social dynamics of the group.
Frictional properties of diamond-like carbon glassy carbon and nitrides with femtosecond-laser-induced nanostructure

This paper reports macro and micro frictional properties of DLC, TiN, CrN films and GC substrate of which surfaces are nanostructured with femtosecond (fs) laser pulses. The friction coefficient μ of the nanostructured surface was measured at a usual load with a ball-on-disk friction test machine. The results have shown that carbon materials of DLC and GC provide lower values of μ than TiN and CrN, and μ of DLC and TiN measured with a hardened steel ball decreases with an increase of the laser pulse energy. On the other hand, μ of nanostructured surfaces of thin films monotonously increases with an increase in laser pulse energy, which was measured with a micro-scratch test at an ultralight load of 1.5 mN utilizing a diamond tip. The friction coefficient of the GC substrate irradiated at a low fluence around the ablation threshold has shown a lower value than that of the non-irradiated surface.
Democratie als heteronome autonomie

How should we view the relationship between law and politics? And, in the wake of this question, how should we relate legal and political theory? In this special issue, we have chosen to approach such questions through the work of a political theorist: Bonnie Honig. Bonnie Honig, Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University, and Senior Research Fellow at the American Bar Association, is a key figure in the movement of agonistic political theory. Her book, Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics1 is generally regarded as a central text in con­ temporary political theory. Agonism can be described as a theory of politics that takes struggle as the lens through which politics is viewed. Politics is a realm of irreducible conflict, but this is not something to be deplored: not only are conflicts inescapable but they may also have positive generative effects. In Honig’s view, the prime task of agonism is to deconstruct the binaries that are created in the dominant political theories and to show the plurality of meanings that are covered by such binaries.2 Thus, she takes issue with theories that present politics and democracy as (potentially) peaceful deliberation and with theories that reduce politics to the manifes­ tation of brute power. Honig’s theoretical perspective does not aim at pro­ viding answers to the problems set by legal or political theory but at scruti­ nizing the presuppositions that underlie the posing of such problems. An agonistic view of politics also rearranges the relationship between poli­ tics and law. Politics is the broader context of law. Law and politics are not opposites, but interconnected domains, and the questions that arise in law always turn out to have political dimensions. Political decisions cannot be viewed as preceding law: they need to be taken and retaken in the daily
Insights and perspectives in the clinical and operational management of cancer-related anemia.

Management of anemia in patients with cancer presents challenges from clinical, operational, and economic perspectives. Clinically, anemia in these patients may result from treatment (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgical interventions) or from the malignancy itself. Anemia not only contributes to cancer-related fatigue and other quality of life issues, but also affects prognosis. From the operational perspective, a patient with cancer who is also anemic may consume more laboratory, pharmacy, and clinical resources than other patients with cancer.
The Effects of Brief and Elaborate Mood Induction Procedures on the Size of Young Children’s Drawings

In this research, children were asked to imagine significant positive and negative life events with the use of mood induction stories to compare this type of mood induction with briefer, arguably less effective task instructions used in previous research. The main aim was to assess whether additional scaling changes would be made in relation to more meaningful topics. In support of previous findings it was found that children adjusted scaling in relation to positive topics only when briefer mood induction instructions were used. This finding contradicted claims in clinical and educational literature and showed that care is needed when designing instructions for drawing tasks which are intended to be used in assessment situations.
The Reform of Logic in Descartes's and Spinoza's Works

Sooner or later there comes a time in the history of a science when it pauses from dealing with its innumerable special problems and returns to the study of first principles and the foundations that delimit its particular field of inquiry. The result is usually a radical revision of a number of established basic ideas, the discovery of some hitherto unknown dimension in the field, and the emergence of an appropriate paradigm for investigating the field. It was the fate of logic to be one of the first fields (second only to astronomy) to undergo such a reformation, which lasted more than two centuries. Its instigators were Rene Descartes and Benedict Spinoza.
Nuclear matter with off-shell propagation

Symmetric nuclear matter is studied within the conserving, self-consistent T-matrix approximation. This approach involves off-shell propagation of nucleons in the ladder diagrams. The binding energy receives contributions from the background part of the spectral function, away from the quasiparticle peak. The Fermi energy at the saturation point fulfills the Hugenholz-Van Hove relation. In comparison to the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach, the binding energy is reduced and the equation of state is stiffer.
Study of inclusive multi-ring events from atmospheric neutrinos

The current analysis of atmospheric neutrinos by the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration is based only on fully-contained one-ring events and partially contained events. We show that the up-down ratio of fully-contained, inclusive, multi-ring events gives an independent test of the atmospheric neutrino anomaly, without the need for particle identification. Moreover, this class of events is rich in neutral current events and hence gives crucial information for discriminating between oscillations of ν μ into ν e , τ and ν s .
Special Issue: Representing functionality in design

, As designs exist to satisfy some purpose or function, knowledge of functionality is essential in a wide variety of designrelated activities, including generation and modification of designs, comparison, evaluation and selection of designs, and explanation, diagnosis or repair of designs. Functional modelling refers to a wide variety of approaches to model a design and its requirements from its functional aspects so as to allow reasoning about its functionality for various activities such as the above. Function has been historically interpreted in a wide variety of ways: for instance, as an abstraction of the intended behavior of a design, an indexing of its intended behavior, the relationship between a design and its environment, the external behavior of a design, or its internal behavior. Functional reasoning as a design approach has been around for at least 25 years now (Koller, Rodenacker, and Roth in Germany, French in the United Kingdom, Freeman and Newell in the United States, Hubka in Switzerland, and Yoshikawa in Japan are but a few examples of the early researchers in this area), and have attempted to support design in the conceptual stage by methods and approaches to describe function, to establish function structures (e.g., by using generally valid functions), to satisfy these subfunctions and combine them into concept alternatives (e.g., by using catalogues of physical effects and working principles), and to evaluate these (e.g., by using morphological matrices). However, the emphasis was largely prescriptive, and computer supports passive in nature. The advent of computers and the development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques provided a renewed focus on reasoning about functions, extending the area into diagnosis and explanation, and allowed computers to take a more active role in the design process, especially in its generative aspects. A formal representation of functionality is essential for supporting any of th€se activities on computers.
Making Monsters: Ugliness, Hatred, and Self-Representation in Viennese Modernity

Making Monsters: Ugliness, Hatred, and Self-Representation in Viennese Modernity 
 
Kathryn Simpson, PhD 
Concordia University, 2016 
 
This dissertation explores self-representation in early-twentieth-century Vienna, for example in local practices of self-portraiture. Visual artists discussed include Richard Gerstl, the composer Arnold Schonberg (who also painted), Oskar Kokoschka, and Egon Schiele. Nevertheless this project is interdisciplinary, and as such other forms of self-representation are also considered – for example rhetorical self-representational strategies by Viennese figures such as the satirical writer Karl Kraus, architect and theorist Adolf Loos, and the young philosopher-psychologist Otto Weininger. 
The primary phenomenon under investigation in this discussion is the extensive use of ugliness as a strategy for self-representation in Viennese modernity, an ugliness that was connected specifically – and, as I detail, pervasively – to an affect of hate. My argument is first and foremost that obsessive self-representation was a crucial component of Viennese modernity, and secondly that this obsession with self-fashioning and display must be understood at least in part in terms of a related cultural preoccupation with ugliness and hatred. 
I analyze these cultural currents of hate and ugliness as they played out in philosophy, medicine (especially psychology and psychoanalysis), politics, and of course art history. I consider the significance of the scholars of the Vienna School of Art History – such as Franz Wickhoff, who argued in defence of ugliness. I also consider the role of ugliness in contemporaneous aesthetic philosophy, for example in the theory of negative empathy popularized first by Theodor Lipps and later by Wilhelm Worringer. Sigmund Freud’s comments on ugliness and hate further illuminate a cultural milieu known both for its alienation and antagonism and for its artistic achievements. I demonstrate that at the beginning of the twentieth century Viennese artists and thinkers fashioned oppositional personae and represented themselves as ugly for a variety of reasons: to emphasize the vanguard quality of their art, to grapple with Vienna’s virulent antisemitism, to work through other identity issues, to express a sense of martyrdom, to “tell the truth,” to create notoriety in a competitive local scene, and, ultimately, to affirm the totality of existence as that which includes the negative.
Propositional Representation of Arithmetic Proofs (Preliminary Version)

Equations f@@@@ &equil; g@@@@ between polynomial time computable functions can be represented by sets of propositional formulas. If f@@@@ &equil; g@@@@ is provable in certain arithmetic systems, then polynomial length proofs of the representing formulas exist in certain propositional systems. Two cases of this phenomenon and a general theory are given.
On the Exploration and Practice of Core Capabilities of Excellence Electronics Engineers

Based on the exploration of the structure of the core capabilities of excellence electronics engineers, this paper proposes to establish the cultivating approaches which can improve and enhance tangibly the students' inventiveness, applying and teamwork abilities meeting the demands of the regional electronics industries for the modern electronics engineering persons with ability through the creation of TRIZ innovative curriculum, the introduction of the research-type study, the implementation of the practice teaching model driven by projects and the promotion of the Second Classroom of “Technology Innovation”. ; application; collaboration; engineer
Growth of CVD diamond films over bio-medical materials

Diamond films were nucleated on surgically implantable stainless steel, titanium and molybdenum substrates in a microwave plasma CVD reactor designed and built within these laboratories. Three different nucleation processes were adopted. These included mechanical abrasion with micron scale diamond dust, a proprietary subsonic impregnation method and the application of a dc bias voltage to the substrate. A combination of these methods resulted in a dramatic enhancement in the nucleation density on stainless steel. Experiments were also performed on titanium and molybdenum substrates once the optimum nucleation conditions on stainless steel had been ascertained. The films were characterised using a variety of different techniques including SEM, LIMA and XRD. The deposited films were found to be highly faceted and of high elemental purity. XRD analysis demonstrated that carbide phases had formed on each substrate prior to film growth.
Radical Analyses of Imperialism, the Third World, and the Transition to Socialism: A Survey Article

A SURVEY of Marxist and other radical interpretations of interactions among the three "worlds" of advanced capitalism, socialism, and the less developed countries (LDCs). It includes, first, analyses of the causes, aims, and methods of capitalist imperialism. The survey next examines the impact of world capitalism on LDCs, including theories of dependency and unequal exchange and the role of international agencies in the development process of LDCs. The third general topic is that of domestic policies of the LDCs, such as policies of import substitution and export promotion, as well as other social programs aiming for development. The survey, finally, extends to the efforts of some less-advanced countries to achieve socialist societies-that is, to issues of the transition process from precapitalist or immature capitalist economies to socialist ones. Wherever possible, we appraise or raise questions about the radical literature, for the purposes of guiding readers who are unfamiliar with the terrain and of stimulating radicals to improve their efforts in these areas. By radical literature we mean that which is highly critical of capitalism, favors socialism, and often employs Marxian analysis. Marxian analysis contains an economic interpretation of historical changes, which employs the categories of the productive forces, the relations of production, and the superstructure; the view of the primacy of the production process in establishing class structures, other social relations, and noneconomic institutions and