nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical and magnetic properties of nano-sized magnesium ferrite

Nano-sized magnesium ferrite was synthesized using sol-gel techniques. Structural characterization was done using X-ray diffractometer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer.  Sample Magnetometer was used to record the magnetic measurements. XRD analysis reveals the prepared sample is single phasic without any impurity. Particle size calculation shows the average crystallite size of the sample is 19nm. FTIR analysis confirmed spinel structure of the prepared samples. Magnetic measurement study shows that the sample is ferromagnetic with high degree of isotropy. Hysterisis loop was traced at temperatures 100K and 300K. DC electrical resistivity measurements show semiconducting nature of the sample.
Universally Rational Belief Hierarchies

In a recent paper, Tsakas [2013 Rational belief hierarchies,  University] introduced the notion of rational beliefs. These are Borel probability measures that assign a rational probability to every Borel event. Then, he constructed the corresponding Harsanyi type space model that represents the rational belief hierarchies. As he showed, there are rational types that are associated with a non-rational probability measure over the product of the underlying space of uncertainty and the opponent's types. In this paper, we define the universally rational belief hierarchies, as those that do not exhibit this property. Then, we characterize them in terms of a natural restriction imposed directly on the belief hierarchies.
New material design for liquid crystals and composites by magneto-processing

We have tried to form a variety of oriented structures in liquid crystalline materials and composites by magneto-processing. Using photo-curable liquid crystal (LC), homogeneous, homeotropic, and bend oriented structures were fixed in the films. Moreover, UV light was irradiated to the LC monomers through a photomask under the magnetic field. The pattern was successfully recorded in the film by molecular orientation. Low viscous branched LC molecules, LCs based on calix [4] resorcinarene and dendrimer, synthesized in this study could be highly aligned under the magnetic fields. The smectic structures of these LC materials were demonstrated from X-ray diffraction results of the magneto-oriented samples. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were aligned parallel to the field direction in polycarbonate (PC). Moreover, magneto-oriented CNTs remarkably enhanced the recrystallization of the PC during annealing.
An Essay on Academic Disciplines, Faithfulness, and the Christian Scholar

Christian scholars inhabit at least two communities: the community of Christians and the community of scholars. Each community has its own distinctive set of beliefs, practices, and criteria for membership. To avoid incoherence, the Christian scholar seeks to understand the relationship between the two communities. The Christian, we are told, must integrate all of her life as a scholar—her teaching and research—with her Christianity. Descriptions of how this integration is supposed to look are often opaque or unhelpful. Further, the fact that the scholarly enterprise looks quite different for the historian, the mathematician, and the physicist adds to the difficulty of prescribing an approach to the integration of faith and scholarship that is helpful across all of the academic disciplines. In this article, I highlight the topic of integration by exploring the anatomy of an “academic discipline.” In doing so, connections between faith and the scholarly enterprise emerge in ways that seem less opaque and m...
Association of ocular disease and mortality in a diabetic population.

To investigate the association of ocular disease with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a diabetic population.



Geographically defined population-based cohort study.



An 11-county area in Wisconsin.



Participants were all younger-onset diabetic persons (diagnosed as having diabetes at <30 years of age and taking insulin) and a random sample of older-onset diabetic persons (diagnosed as having diabetes at > or =30 years of age). Diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, visual acuity, and cataract were measured using standardized protocols at baseline examinations from 1980 to 1982, in which 996 younger-onset and 1370 older-onset persons participated. Participants were followed up for 16 years.



All-cause and cause-specific mortality as determined from death certificates.



In the younger-onset group, after controlling for age and sex, retinopathy severity, macular edema, cataract, history of cataract surgery, and history of glaucoma at baseline were associated with all-cause and ischemic heart disease mortality. In the older-onset group, after controlling for age and sex, retinopathy and visual impairment were related to all-cause, ischemic heart disease, and stroke mortality. No ocular variable under study was related to cancer mortality in the older-onset group. After controlling for systemic risk factors, visual impairment was associated with all-cause and ischemic heart disease mortality in the younger-onset group. In the older-onset group, retinopathy severity was related to all-cause and stroke mortality, and visual impairment was related to all-cause, ischemic heart disease, and stroke mortality.



Presence of more severe retinopathy or visual impairment in diabetic patients is a risk indicator for increased risk of ischemic heart disease death. Presence of these ocular conditions may identify individuals who should be under care for cardiovascular disease.
Chemical oxidative polymerization of safranines.

Phenosafranine and safranine have been oxidized with ammonium peroxydisulfate in acidic aqueous solution. The oxidative coupling of both safranines was proved by gel permeation chromatography demonstrating the presence of oligomeric chains of mass-average molar masses 6500 and 4500 g mol-1 for polyphenosafranine and polysafranine, respectively. A theoretical study of the mechanism of safranine and phenosafranine polymerization was based on the MNDO-PM3 semiempirical quantum chemical computations of the heat of formation of dimeric reaction intermediates, taking into account solvation effects. The study of the redox properties of the hydrated safranines and their reactive species shows that nitrenium cations are the main reactive species generated by the oxidation of the parent safranines with a two-electron oxidant, peroxydisulfate, in the initiation phase. The dominant dimers of safranines are formed by N-C coupling reactions between nitrenium cations and the parent safranines. The main coupling reactions of phenosafranine are N-C2 (C8) and N-C4 (C6); N-C4 (C6) is the dominant coupling mode for safranine. The molecular structure of oligosafranines has been studied by FTIR, Raman, and UV-vis spectroscopies. Besides prevalent unoxidized monomeric units, polymerization products of safranines contain also the iminoquinonoid and newly formed fused phenazine units.
Open economy politics and international security dynamics: Explaining international cooperation in financial crises:

Why do states cooperate during international financial crises? A prominent account of such phenomena is provided by the Open Economy Politics approach, which advocates a methodological reductionism that focuses on domestic interests and institutions as explanatory drivers of foreign economic policy. I argue that the appropriateness and utility of this approach diminishes in two important contexts: when levels of economic interdependence and international institutionalization are both high; and when international insecurity is rising. Since the second condition has greater generality in international relations, I test it by focusing on a period when international economic institutionalization was much lower than today: the pre-1914 gold standard system. I show that as levels of interstate rivalry and insecurity rose in the years before 1914, so too did the role of strategic considerations in the international financial policies of the major European powers. The utility of the Open Economy Politics approach for explaining foreign financial policy is therefore contingent on an evolving international context. The argument is of considerable relevance to the contemporary era, when a rapidly evolving international political environment is again reshaping international financial policies.
The Enigma of India

India's high growth over the last fifteen years has inspired several recent books and papers to examine the growth's source and sustainability--the two-volume study by Arvind Virmani being a case in point. This paper evaluates these recent works. It is argued that the cause of the take-off does not fit into any easy ideological category as suggested by Virmani. The current high growth has been achieved in several steps, with distinct factors of propulsion behind each step. There is reason to expect the growth to be sustainable, although destabilizing political tensions will arise from the increasing inequality. The paper also evaluates how India's growth relates to the global economy.
Effect of electrode material on AC electrical conductivity of organic zinc phthalocyanine semiconducting thin films

The AC electrical conductivity of thermally evaporated zinc phthalocyanine, ZnPc, semiconducting thin films was measured in the temperature range of 180–430 K and frequency between 0.1 and 20 kHz. Gold and aluminum contact electrodes were employed and both showed ohmic contacts. In both cases, the conductivity showed strong dependence on both temperature and frequency. Such dependence is related to the relevant temperature and frequency range under consideration. However, for both electrode materials, the AC conductivity σ ( ω ) is found to vary with angular frequency, ω , as ω s , with the index s  ≤ 1 suggesting a dominant hopping conduction process at low temperatures ( σ decreased with temperature above 330 K, while for samples with Au-electrodes it decreased with temperature above 430 K. The former decrease in σ was attributed to oxygen exhaustion, while the latter was ascribed to α–β-phase transition.
Approximating the Colorful Caratheodory Theorem (システム数理と応用)

Let P1, . . . , Pd+1 ⊂ R be d-dimensional point sets such that the convex hull of each Pi contains the origin. We call the sets Pi color classes, and we think of the points in Pi as having color i. A colorful choice is a set with at most one point from each color class. The colorful Carathéodory theorem guarantees the existence of a colorful choice whose convex hull contains the origin. So far, the computational complexity of finding such a colorful choice is unknown. An m-colorful choice is a set that contains at most m points from each color class. We present an approximation algorithm that computes for any constant ε > 0, an dε(d + 1)e-colorful choice containing the origin in its convex hull in polynomial time. This notion of approximation has not been studied before, and it is motivated through the applications of the colorful Carathéodory theorem in the literature. Second, we show that the exact problem can be solved in d d) time if Θ(d log d) color classes are available, improving over the trivial d time algorithm.
Changing the Software Engineering Education: A Report from Current Situation in Mexico

Nowadays, in Mexico software engineering education has two problems when satisfying software industry necessities: the quantity of young and skilled students and the quality of their formation. In this sense, it is necessary to improve education at the undergraduate level. We have identified five malfunctions in the current situation of software engineering education. The correction of these problems requires the design of a module-oriented curriculum, creation of networks with local industry, federal and state funding, and alternative educational paradigms for software engineering. This paper shows the strategy and federal programs established to modernize the software engineering curriculum.
The Hydrolysis of Hydroxamic Acid Complexants in the Presence of Non-oxidizing Metal Ions 1: Ferric Ions

Hydroxamic acids (XHAs) are organic compounds with affinities for cations such as Fe3+, Np4+ and Pu4+ and have been identified as useful reagents in nuclear fuel reprocessing. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of free XHAs is well known and may impact negatively on reprocessing applications. The hydrolysis of metal-bound XHAs within metal ion-XHA complexes is less understood. With the aid of speciation diagrams, we have modelled UV-visible spectrophotometric kinetic studies of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) bound to the model ion Fe(III). These studies have yielded the following information for the hydrolysis of AHA in the Fe(AHA)2+ complex at 293 K: (i) the order with respect to [H+] during the rate determining step, m=0.97, is the same as for the free ligand, indicating a similarity of mechanisms; and (ii) the kinetic rate parameter, k1=1.02×10−4 dm3⋅mol−1⋅s−1, is greater than that for the free ligand, k0=1.84×10−5 dm3⋅mol−1⋅s−1 for pH>−0.5, a result that is consistent with a Hammett analysis of the system.
How the microbial world saved evolution from the scylla of molecular biology and the charybdis of the modern synthesis.

In this commentary, we provide a personal overview of the conceptual history of microbiology and molecular biology over the course of the last hundred years, emphasizing the relationship of these fields to the problem of evolution. We argue that despite their apparent success, all three reached an impasse that arose from the influence of dogmatic or overly narrow perspectives. Finally, we describe how recent developments in microbiology are realizing Beijerinck's vision of a field that is fully integrated with molecular biology, microbial ecology, thereby challenging and extending current thinking in evolution.
Psychosocial therapy and causes of death after deliberate self-harm: a register-based, nationwide multicentre study using propensity score matching.

Psychosocial therapy after deliberate self-harm might be associated with reduced risk of specific causes of death.



In this matched cohort study, we included patients, who after an episode of deliberate self-harm received psychosocial therapy at a Suicide Prevention Clinic in Denmark between 1992 and 2010. We used propensity score matching in a 1:3 ratio to select a comparison group from 59 046 individuals who received standard care. National Danish registers supplied data on specific causes of death over a 20-year follow-up period.



At the end of follow-up, 391 (6.9%) of 5678 patients in the psychosocial therapy group had died, compared with 1736 (10.2%) of 17 034 patients in the matched comparison group. Lower odds ratios of dying by mental or behavioural disorders [0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-0.79], alcohol-related causes (0.63, 95% CI 0.50-0.80) and other diseases and medical conditions (0.61, 95% CI 0.49-0.77) were noted in the psychosocial therapy group. Also, we found a reduced risk of dying by suicide as well as other external causes, however, not by neoplasms and circulatory system diseases. Numbers needed to treat were 212.9 (95% CI 139.5-448.4) for mental or behavioural disorders as a cause of death, 111.1 (95% CI 79.2-210.5) for alcohol-related causes and 96.8 (95% CI 69.1-161.8) for other diseases and medical conditions.



Our findings indicate that psychosocial therapy after deliberate self-harm might reduce long-term risk of death from select medical conditions and external causes. These promising results should be tested in a randomized design.
Noncovalent complexes between DNA and basic polypeptides or polyamines by MALDI-TOF

MALDI-MS was evaluated as a method for the study of noncovalent complexes involving DNA oligonucleotides and various polybasic compounds (basic polypeptides and polyamines). Complexes involving single-stranded DNA were successfully detected using DHAP matrix in the presence of an ammonium salt. Control experiments confirmed that the interactions involved basic sites of the polybasic compounds and that the complexes were not formed in the gas phase but were pre-existing in the matrix crystals. Moreover, the pre-existence in solution was probed by isothermal titration calorimetry at concentration and ionic strength similar to those used for mass spectrometry. Spectra showed no important difference between negative and positive ion modes. The influence of nature and size of DNA and polybasic compound on the relative intensities and stoichiometries of the complexes was investigated. Despite the fact that relative intensities can be affected by ionization yields and the gas-phase stabilities of the different species, numerous trends observed in the MALDI study were consistent with the expected in-solution behaviors. Experimental conditions related to sample preparation were investigated also. Complex abundance generally decreased when increasing the ammonium acetate concentration. It was dramatically decreased when using ATT instead of DHAP. Penta-L-arginine is an exception to these observations. Lastly, in the case of complexes involving DNA duplex, the ATT matrix was shown to favor the observation of specific DNA duplex but not that of its complex with polybasic compounds. Inversely, DHAP was appropriate for the conservation of DNA-polybasic compound interaction but not for the transfer of intact duplex.
Non-destructive optical characterisation of chromium conversion layers on aluminium

Chromium phosphate conversion coatings were characterised by spectroscopic ellipsometry. A two-layer optical model was used for the simulation and regression analysis procedures. The optical constants of the upper layer of the model are described by a dispersion relation. The second layer of the optical model is an interface layer, located between the aluminium substrate and the top layer. The optical model used both the Forouhi–Bloomer and the Sellmeier dispersion relations. In both cases, the optical constants of the top layer seem to correspond to those of chromium phosphate, provided the coatings are sufficiently thick. When thinner coatings are considered, the presence of other compounds or voids modify the optical constants. Nevertheless, an accurate coating thickness was determined for all conversion times.
Healthcare Resource Use and Costs in Long-Term Survivors of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A 5-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study.

To evaluate the time-varying relationship of annual physical, psychiatric, and quality of life status with subsequent inpatient healthcare resource use and estimated costs.



Five-year longitudinal cohort study.



Thirteen ICUs at four teaching hospitals.



One hundred thirty-eight patients surviving greater than or equal to 2 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome.



None.



Postdischarge inpatient resource use data (e.g., hospitalizations, skilled nursing, and rehabilitation facility stays) were collected via a retrospective structured interview at 2 years, with prospective collection every 4 months thereafter, until 5 years postacute respiratory distress syndrome. Adjusted odds ratios for hospitalization and relative medians for estimated episode of care costs were calculated using marginal longitudinal two-part regression. The median (interquartile range) number of inpatient admission hospitalizations was 4 (2-8), with 114 patients (83%) reporting greater than or equal to one hospital readmission. The median (interquartile range) estimated total inpatient postdischarge costs over 5 years were $58,500 ($19,700-157,800; 90th percentile, $328,083). Better annual physical and quality of life status, but not psychiatric status, were associated with fewer subsequent hospitalizations and lower follow-up costs. For example, greater grip strength (per 6 kg) had an odds ratio (95% CI) of 0.85 (0.73-1.00) for inpatient admission, with 23% lower relative median costs, 0.77 (0.69-0.87).



In a multisite cohort of long-term acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors, better annual physical and quality of life status, but not psychiatric status, were associated with fewer hospitalizations and lower healthcare costs.
Annarosa Berman (text) and Bridget Elliot (photographs)The company we keep: An intimate celebration of opera Australia

Books on and about opera are legion. This most extravagant of art forms has over the last twenty to thirty years become a useful sounding board by means of which many disparate disciplines explore their own concepts and methodologies. One need only think of recent scholarly work in opera arising out of disciplines as diverse as literary theory, psychoanalysis, history, politics, performance studies, gender and queer studies, and many more. Opera as a genre seems to offer scholars from many disciplines freedom and creativity when engaging with it as an art form in its own right as well as providing insights and new approaches in their particular area.
Fermi theory of nuclear beta decay and heavy neutrino searches.

We examine the data analysis of nuclear β decay of 3 H, 14 C, 35 S, and 63 Ni, using a relativistic Fermi function for a Hulthen screened field. This Fermi function does not differ much from that used by Hime, Jelley, and Simpson in the cases of light nuclei, but in the cases of sulfur and nickel reduces significantly the claimed spectral excess and, hence, the mixing of the heavy neutrino. We also discuss radiative corrections to 35 S data
Periglacial Frost-Thaw Basins in New Jersey

Basins with interior drainage are of widespread occurrence on the New Jersey Coastal Plain. They are oval, irregular, shallow depressions, without rims or orientation, and occur on all lithologic formations. The presence of extensive frost-wedge fillings, involutions, festoons, and other frost structures indicate that the area was exposed to a colder climate than that of today. The origin of the basins is attributed to frost-thaw action and subsidence in the periglacial zone when the Continental Ice Sheet stood just north of the Coastal Plain in Pleistocene time and is likened to the subsidence thaw basins being formed in arctic regions today.
Predictions ofmb/mτandmtin an asymptotically nonfree theory

We discuss an extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model with five generations of matter superfields. The extra generations are assumed to form a generation{endash}mirror-generation pair (the fourth and antifourth generations) enabling the extra fermions to have SU(2){sub L}{times}U(1){sub Y}-invariant masses. Because of the contribution of the extra generations, all three running gauge couplings of SU(3){sub C}{times}SU(2){sub L}{times}U(1){sub Y} become asymptotically nonfree while preserving gauge coupling unification at the grand unified theory (GUT) scale. We show that, due to the asymptotically nonfree character of the gauge couplings, (1) the top and bottom Yukawa couplings are strongly focused onto infrared fixed points as they are evolved down in scale making their values at {mu}=M{sub Z} insensitive to their initial values at {mu}=M{sub GUT}, (2) the model predicts R{sub b{tau}}(M{sub Z}){equivalent_to}Y{sub b}/Y{sub {tau}}{vert_bar}{sub {mu}=M{sub Z}}{approx}1.8, which is consistent with the experimental value provided we take the ratio of Yukawa couplings at the GUT scale to be R{sub b{tau}}(M{sub GUT})=Y{sub b}/Y{sub {tau}}{vert_bar}{sub {mu}=M{sub GUT}}=1/3, and (3) the t mass prediction comes out to be m{sub t}{approx}180 GeV which is also consistent with experiment.