nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Landmarks in the History of Science [Hardback]

Landmarks in the History of Science is a concise history of science from a global and macro-historical standpoint. It is an account of grand theoretical revolutions, such as heliocentrism, atomism, and relativity. But, more importantly, it is also a story of the methodological transitions to the experimental, mathematical, constructivist and instrumental practices of science. 
It begins with Ancient Greek science, as one of the first self-conscious, comprehensive and well-documented scientific endeavors at the global level. The numerous contributions of the Greeks, in philosophy, mathematics, geometry, geography and astronomy, momentous as they were, were fruits of leisure rather than industry. It then examines the history of science in China and China’s exchanges with India and Islam. A systematic and collaborative scientific effort is the hallmark of Chinese science. The contributions of the Chinese in medicine, printing, manufacturing and navigation invariably predate and outshine those of western contemporaries. 
Attention then shifts to the age of oceanic discoveries, which created the inexorable presuppositions for the genesis of global trade and a world system. From the inner organs of the organisms to the outer regions of Earth, Renaissance science was ubiquitous. The importance of inter-cultural scientific syncretism is highlighted, with the Iberian Peninsula as meeting point and crossroad of mutual affection between Arab, Jewish and European culture. Discoveries and inventions in metallurgy, electromagnetism and the science of petroleum set the scientific basis for the industrial revolution. The logic of the industrial revolution dictates developments in information technologies that culminate with the invention of modern computers. A dedicated chapter on the history of modern scientific conceptions of the universe showcases the subtle links in the fabric of seminal ideas in physics and astronomy. The book concludes with some reflections on the relationship between philosophy and the history of science. Following Kuhn and Latour, this discussion centers on the characteristics of continuities, ruptures and paradigmatic transitions in science.
Pediatric Intestinal Failure: The Key Outcomes for the First 100 Patients Treated in a National Tertiary Referral Center During 1984-2017.

Pediatric-onset intestinal failure (IF) remains a severe illness with life-threatening consequences. In this study, we analyzed a single center's outcomes of IF over 3 decades.



All children with IF who required parenteral nutrition (PN) >2 months or small-intestinal resection ≥50% managed since 1984 were included for retrospective outcome analyses.



In total, 100 patients with median PN duration of 1.2 (interquartile range, 0.4-3.5) years were identified. Causes of IF were short bowel syndrome (SBS; n = 78), primary intestinal motility disorders (n = 14), and congenital intestinopathies (n = 8). Patients with SBS had median 40 (25-60) cm of small bowel remaining. Overall, Kaplan-Meier 5- and 10-year weaning-off estimates were 67% (95% CI, 57-77) and 73% (95% CI, 63-84), respectively. Weaning off PN was predicted by remaining bowel anatomy, multidisciplinary treatment era, and absence of immune deficiency. Catheter-related bloodstream infections decreased from 1.4 to 0.6/1000 PN days (P = .0003) with systematic use of taurolidine locks. None had progressive liver disease. Thirty-one percent of patients with SBS underwent autologous intestinal reconstructive surgery. Five patients received and 2 were listed for isolated intestinal transplantation. Eight patients died, and overall 15-year survival rate estimate was 91% (95% CI, 85-98).



Despite reassuring rates of survival and weaning off PN, long-term PN failed in 14% of patients solely because of catheter complications in the recent era. Achievement of enteral autonomy in those with the shortest remaining small bowel and functional cause of IF remains challenging.
Composition spread analysis of phase change dynamics in Ge/sub x/Sb/sub y/Te/sub 1-x-y/ films embedded in an optical multilayer stack

Composition spread analysis of ternary GexSbyTe1� xy films embedded in an optical multilayer stack close to optical storage application is presented. GexSbyTe1� xy films with two- dimensional graded composition were deposited in a combinatorial sputter process and analysed with electron-probe microanalysis. Detailed static tester analysis of the crystallisation dynamics are performed in a wide composition range around the pseudobinary line (GeTe - Sb2Te3). Both the as-deposited and the written amorphous phase show a fast crystallisation behaviour within 70-150 and 30-100 ns in a compositional range near the pseudobinary line, respectively. Interrelationship of composition and crystallisation time can directly be imaged from the presented analysis. Composition spread analysis of functional materials has gained substantial interest in the past to shorten the laborious search for optimum material compositions. In the present paper we report on the composition spread deposition of ternary phase-change materials in combina- tion with a careful study of the dynamics of phase changes relevant for optical data storage. This approach applied for a wide material composition range on a single sample significantly reduces the effort in finding optimum data storage material composition, compared with previous experiments where a vast amount of individual single- compound samples had to be manufactured and analysed (1, 2). In addition, as phase-change dynamics critically depend on the precise layer deposition conditions, having a wide composition range in one common sample drastically improves the intercomparability of the results. Until now, however, composition spread techniques have only been applied for the deposition of open phase-change material layers deposited on substrates (3-5). It is however, well known that the phase-change dynamics of optical storage materials depend critically on the layer environment (6). Here we present for the first time the fabrication and analysis of composition spread phase-change films em- bedded within an actual optical disc multilayer stack.
System for the conversion of subroutine calls in a simulated environment for program development

A cross-domain call jacketing system is provided in a computer system that embodies a first hardware (X) architecture to executing X-code in an X-domain and which simulates at least a second computer hardware (Y) architecture executing Y-code in a Y-domain. Cross-domain routine calls are Jacketed for services in the cross-domain and for returns after the requested services have been performed. After Jacketing, X routine calls are transmitted for implementation by the simulating subsystem and Y calls are transmitted for implementation in the X domain. Call parameters are transformed from a representation that uses the call conventions of the calling domain to another representation that uses the call conventions of the called domain. Data in the memory is generally globally accessible and the Y calls include data references that require memory access handling in the X domain. A first Jacketing table is provided for each executable routine in the X domain. A second Jacketing table is provided for each executable routine in the Y domain. A run-time Jacketing routine is driven by the jacketing tables to drive the call parameter transformations needed to complete cross-domain calls.
Entrepreneurial effort and economic growth

Entrepreneurs allocate resources among different activities that generates a profit; in particular, in this paper entrepreneurs consider at each instant of time both innovation and rent-seeking as alternative sources of profit. The consequences in terms of economic growth are obviously quite different: the higher the amount of innovations in the economy the higher the rate of economic growth and vice versa. What are the determinants of these different entrepreneurial behavior? Is there anything in the nature of entrepreneurs that essentially distinguishes between innovators and rent seekers? A main claim of this paper is that differences among entrepreneurs are not essential but of degree: all of them are in fact profit-seekers and the only difference is to be found in their attitude towards innovation as a source of profit. In this sense entrepreneurial effort is defined and modelled for each entrepreneur according to its propensity to innovate and the corresponding Entrepreneurial Problem (EP) is posed and solved both analytically and via simulation in terms of profit maximization. The individual decisions measured in units of innovation are then aggregated to calculate the innovation quantity for a given population based on the distribution of heterogeneous entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurship rate and the implications for economic growth are also modelled. Consequently, policy makers should focus on reducing the entry barriers and the costs of production in order to stimulate the entrepreneurial activity and maximize the innovation quantity.
“[The] Things What Happened with Our Family”: Property and Inheritance in August Wilson's The Piano Lesson1

This article examines how property operates in August Wilson's The Piano Lesson. It locates particular questions about property within the historical context of the play's setting and delineates notions of black property and inheritance both in relation to and in contradistinction to the tradition of white property rights and privilege. The author also explains how the piano (as property) functions as both a divisive and a unifying family member among the Charleses.
Client narratives, language and motivation

Client motivation matters. If practitioners work with clients who are willing to engage with the guidance process, and who are able to express their hopes for the future clearly, then it is more likely that the interview will be collaborative. As a consequence it is also more likely to feel constructive to both adviser and client. Many interviews, however, do not begin like that. Some individuals may be referred to see an adviser without understanding the reason for their referral. Some clients, for a variety of reasons, may feel that career guidance is somehow irrelevant to their needs. There may seem to be more pressing concerns; health issues, financial worries or at the other extreme, just plain disinterest. An important question for advisers working with reluctant participants must be how to create a collaborative exchange and how the building of motivation might be supported within and beyond the interview.
Yablifying the Rosser Sentence

In a recent paper (Cieśliński and Urbaniak 2012), Urbaniak and Cieśliński describe an analogue of the Yablo Paradox, in the domain of formal provability. Just as the infinite sequence of Yablo sentences inherit the paradoxical behavior of the liar sentence, an infinite sequence of sentences can be constructed that inherit the distinctive behavior of the Gödel sentence. This phenomenon—the transfer of the properties of self-referential sentences of formal mathematics to their “unwindings” into infinite sequences of sentences—suggests a number of interesting logical questions. The purpose of this paper is to give a precise statement of a conjecture from Cieśliński and Urbaniak (2012) regarding the unwinding of the Rosser sentence, and to demonstrate that this precise statement is false. We begin with some preliminary motivation, introduce the conjecture against the background of some related results, and finally, in the last section, move on to the proof, which adapts a method used by Solovay and Guaspari.
A Working Hypothesis on the Semantics/Accuracy Synergy

The main objective of this work is to assess the impact of the initial conditions regarding interpretability and accuracy on the optimizer’s performance and present some guidelines in order to assist the designer. Automatic infusion of anesthesia is a task where both interpretability and accuracy of the controller are highly desirable features. Under this pretext, a description on how these goals can be measured is made and a set of evolutionary optimization schemes is set up. The results show that independently of the optimization process used, the introduction of a semantically valid individual in the initial population is a factor of success in the evolutionary optimization
Close-Up Gallery: Teza

Regard Haile Gerima’s earliest cinema, from beginning to end, and watch his tendency to do remarkable things with the mundane. Behold what he often does with closing credits from Child of Resistance (1972) to Teza (2008). The first set of films does not identify him as producer, director and scriptwriter, or editor. The auteur signed Bush Mama (1976), simply, “ ANSWERABLE.” The message was that he strove to be answerable himself; artistically, he was and is answerable to forces that leave auteur individualism in the dust: Ancestors, community, elders, youth, humanity, “All Over the World Afrikans” as one firebrand poet put it ages ago. This was an important point to establish in places and spaces where other filmmakers might not think to make meaning or leave messages at all. The ensuing gallery of words and images illustrates both how poetic his Pan-African cinema is and how answerable it is to poets of the page. Here, it is the call to their response; and they respond quite visually to this series or flow of juxtaposed film stills that reconnects images, geographies, time spaces, and populations too often disconnected, even systematically segregated, by academic criticism and assorted politics of the status quo.
Locus of Control and Stages of Moral Reasoning

This study investigated the relationship between belief in personal control and Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning. Responses of 57 male and 56 female pupils of two residential secondary schools in Kano City indicated that subjects at Stage 3 of moral reasoning tended to exhibit significantly more internality than those at Stages 1, 2, and 4. Significant sex differences were found neither in belief in personal control nor in moral reasoning.
A Generative Hyper-Heuristic for Deriving Heuristics for Classical Artificial Intelligence Problems

A recent direction of hyper-heuristics is the automated design of intelligent systems with the aim of reducing the man hours needed to implement such systems. One of the design decisions that often has to be made when developing intelligent systems is the low-level construction heuristic to use. These are usually rules of thumb derived based on human intuition. Generally a heuristic is derived for a particular domain. However, according to the no free lunch theorem different low-level heuristics will be effective for different problem instances. Deriving low-level heuristics for problem instances will be time consuming and hence we examine the automatic induction of low-level heuristics using hyper-heuristics. We investigate this for classical artificial intelligence. At the inception of the field of artificial intelligence search methods to solve problems were generally uninformed, such as the depth first and breadth first searches, and did not take any domain specific knowledge into consideration. As the field matured domain specific knowledge in the form of heuristics were used to guide the search, thereby reducing the search space. Search methods using heuristics to guide the search became known as informed searches, such as the best-first search, hill-climbing and the A* algorithm. Heuristics used by these searches are problem specific rules of thumb created by humans. This study investigates the use of a generative hyper-heuristic to derive these heuristics. The hyper-heuristic employs genetic programming to evolve the heuristics. The approach was tested on two classical artificial intelligence problems, namely, the 8-puzzle problem and Towers of Hanoi. The genetic programming system was able to evolve heuristics that produced solutions for 20 8-puzzle problems and 5 instances of Towers of Hanoi. Furthermore, the heuristics induced were able to produce solutions to the instances of the 8-puzzle problem which could not be solved using the A* algorithm with the number of tiles out of place heuristic and at least one admissible heuristic was evolved for all 25 problems.
Selective laser melting additive manufacturing of TiC/Inconel 718 bulk-form nanocomposites: Densification, microstructure, and performance

Selective laser melting (SLM) process was used to prepare the nanocrystalline titanium carbide (TiC)-reinforced Inconel 718 matrix bulk-form nanocomposites in the present study. An in-depth relationship between SLM process, microstructures, properties, and metallurgical mechanisms was established. The insufficient laser energy density (η) input limited the densification response of shaped parts due to the formation of either larger-sized pore chains or interlayer micropores. The densification of SLM-processed part increased to a near-full level as the applied η was properly settled. The TiC reinforcements generally experienced successive changes from severely agglomerated in a polygon shape to the uniformly distributed with smoothened and refined structures on increasing the applied η, while the columnar dendrite matrix exhibited strong epitaxial growth characteristic concurrently. The optimally prepared fully dense part achieved a high microhardness with a mean value of 419 HV 0.2 , a considerably low friction coefficient of 0.29, and attendant reduced wear rate of 2.69 × 10 −4 mm 3 /N m in dry sliding wear tests. The improved densification response, SLM-inherent nonequilibrium metallurgical mechanisms with resultant uniformly dispersed reinforcement microstructures, and elevated microhardness were believed to be responsible for the enhancement of wear performance.
Persistent psychological distress in long-term survivors of pediatric sarcoma: the experience at a single institution.

The long-term psychological impact of pediatric sarcoma is largely unknown. As part of a cross-sectional study examining the late effects of pediatric sarcoma therapy, we examined whether psychological distress or posttraumatic stress symptoms are present in an adult cohort of pediatric sarcoma survivors.



Thirty-four patients participated in the study, an average of 17 years after their treatment ended, each completing the SCID module for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Impact of Events Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic variables and psychosocial issues.



Significant persistent psychological distress characterized this cohort of patients. Seventy-seven percent scored in the clinical range on the BSI. Twelve percent met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Current psychological distress was associated with intrusive thoughts and avoidant behaviors, male gender, employment, difficulty readjusting to work/school after treatment, and enduring worries about health. No differences were found based on age, presence of metastatic disease or time since diagnosis.



This is the first report of a clinical evaluation of psychological distress in a cohort of pediatric sarcoma survivors treated with intensive multimodal cancer therapy. The results suggest that survivors of pediatric sarcoma might be at high risk for adverse psychological outcomes. Appropriate interventions are proposed.
In Search of Affinities: Knowledge and Action in Indian Thought

In Indian Philosophy and the Consequences of Knowledge: Themes in Ethics, Metaphysics and Soteriology his newly-released contribution to the fields of Indian and cross-cultural philosophy, Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad offers a collection of essays published over the past eight years exploring important ethical, epistemological, and soteriological issues in Jainism, the Brahminical darsanas, and Indian Buddhist thought. The very broadly construed theme that unifies the essays in this collection is an explication of the various uses of knowledge articulated in the Indian tradition. This explication, Ram-Prasad tells us, is "about both conducting a purely intellectual study of reality and seeking some higher end that this study is held to secure" (p. xi). That the pursuit of knowledge is conceived as meaningful in classical India in order to attain some "higher end" is a perfectly valid focus for any study of this philosophical tradition.  Ram-Prasad's collection especially valuable is the clarity with which this focus is trained on fundamental and defining problems that the tradition struggles with, and how the analysis of these problems by classical Indian philosophers still holds great value for contemporary reflection and discussion. As RamPrasad himself points out, the value of studying Indian philosophy lies not merely in giving a precise linguistic and conceptual interpretation of ancient Sanskrta texts nor in constructing some abstract apologia for the genuinely philosophical character of Indian thought (p. xii). The value of Indian philosophy for us lies in understanding its continued relevance to persistent human problems and aims. Ram-Prasad's essays succeed in revealing this relevance with the characteristic felicity and svayamprakasattva, "luminosity all his own," that we have come to expect from his works. The book's first essay, "Multiplist Metaphysics and Ethics," recasts the fundamental Jaina philosophical notions of syadvada ("conditionally"), anekantavada ("multiplicity"), and nayavada ("circumscribed schemas") in order to build a reflective and attitudinal nonviolent "multiplist" engagement toward the "Other" (p. 13). Though he follows the classical Jain authors MahavTra, Kundakunda, and Siddhasena in giving precise formulations of these concepts, Ram-Prasad repeatedly emphasizes that the goal he is after in this reconstruction is "affinity" with the Other, a goal not found in the Jaina literature but one not incompatible with Jain principles (p. 43). The modern discursive context within which this search for affinity takes place
Efficient evaluation of mappings of dataflow applications onto distributed memory architectures. (Evaluation de l'affectation des tâches sur une architecture à mémoire distribuée pour des modèles flot de données)

With the increasing use of smart-phones, connected objects or automated vehicles, embedded systems have become ubiquitous in our living environment. These systems are often highly constrained in terms of power consumption and size. They are more and more implemented with many-core processor array that allow, rapid design to meet stringent real-time constraints while operating at relatively low frequency, with reduced power consumption.Running an application on a processor array requires dispatching its tasks on the processors in order to meet capacity and performance constraints. This mapping problem is known to be NP-complete.The contributions of this thesis are threefold:First we extend important notions from the Cyclo-Static Dataflow Graph to the Phased Computation Graph model and two equivalent sufficient conditions of liveness.Second, we present a random dataflow graph generator able to generate Synchonous Dataflow Graphs, Cyclo-Static Dataflow Graphs and Phased Computation Graphs. The Generator, is able to generate live dataflow of up to 10,000 tasks in less than 30 seconds. It is compared with SDF3 and PREESM.Third and most important, we propose a new method of evaluation of a mapping using the Synchonous Dataflow Graph and the Cyclo-Static Dataflow Graph models. The method evaluates efficiently the memory footprint of the communications of a dataflow graph mapped on a distributed architecture. The evaluation is declined in two versions, the first guarantees a live mapping while the second accounts for a constraint on throughput.The evaluation method is experimented on dataflow graphs from Turbine and on real-life applications.