nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and dielectric characterization of praseodymium-modified lead titanate ceramics synthesized by the OPM route

Quasi-spherical nanoparticles of praseodymium-modified lead titanate powder (Pb 0.80 Pr 0.20 TiO 3 ) with an average size of 54.8 nm were synthesized successfully by the oxidant-peroxo method (OPM) and were used to prepare highly dense ceramic bodies which were sintered at 1100 and 1150 °C for 2 h. A tetragonal phase was identified in the powder and ceramic samples by X-ray powder diffraction and FT-Raman spectroscopy at room temperature. The fractured surface of the ceramic sample showed a high degree of densification with fairly uniform grain sizes. Dielectric constants measured in the range of 30–300 °C at different frequencies (120 Hz and at 1, 10 and 100 kHz) indicated that samples with 20 mol% praseodymium showed normal ferroelectric behavior regardless of the sintering temperature.
Transport properties of liquid metals and semiconductors from molecular dynamics simulation with the Kubo-Greenwood formula

Short but intense laser pulses may produce the high surface temperatures of metal or semiconductor targets exceeding the corresponding melting points. Hydrodynamic modeling of nano-scale fragmentation of a thin surface layer is feasible if the reflectivity and heat conductivity coefficients, usually obtained from experiments, are available. However, for such materials as silicon and titanium the experimental electric resistivity and heat conductivity are available only in narrow temperature ranges above the melting points. On the other hand, the heated surface layer keeps its initial density during a short two-temperature stage because the timescales of both femtosecond laser heating and electron-ion energy exchange are too short for material expansion. The short-lived high-temperature states of materials in this layer are also challenging for experimental study with techniques such as electrical explosion of wires or films. We perform accurate simulations of several materials in such states, including aluminum, copper, gold, silicon, and titanium, at the corresponding equilibrium volumes at room temperature and along their liquid-vapor coexistence curves using both classical and quantum molecular dynamics. The corresponding electron transport properties calculated by the Kubo-Greenwood theory are presented.
Introduction to Lean Canvas Transformation Models and Metrics in Software Testing

Software plays a key role nowadays in all fields, from simple up to cutting-edge technologies and most of technology devices now work on software. Software development verification and validation have become very important to produce the high quality software according to business stakeholder requirements. Different software development methodologies have given a new dimension for software testing. In traditional waterfall software development software testing has approached the end point and begins with resource planning, a test plan is designed and test criteria are defined for acceptance testing. In this process most of test plan is well documented and it leads towards the time-consuming processes. For the modern software development methodology such as agile where long test processes and documentations are not followed strictly due to small iteration of software development and testing, lean canvas transformation models can be a solution. This paper provides a new dimension to find out the possibilities of adopting the lean transformation models and metrics in the software test plan to simplify the test process for further use of these test metrics on canvas.
A Structural Approach to Prophecy Variables

Verifying the implementation of concurrent objects essentially proves the fine-grained implementation of object methods refines the corresponding abstract atomic operations. To simplify the specifications and proofs, we usually need auxiliary history and prophecy variables to record historical events and to predict future events, respectively. Although the meaning of history variables is obvious, the semantics of prophecy variables and the corresponding auxiliary code is tricky and has never been clearly spelled out operationally. 
 
In this paper, we propose a new language construct, future blocks, that allows structural use of prophecy variables to refer to events in the future. The semantics of the construct is simple and easy to understand, without using any form of oracle or backward reasoning. Our language also separates auxiliary states from physical program states. With careful syntactic constraints, it ensures the use of history and prophecy variables would not affect the behaviors of the original program, which justifies the verification method based on the use of auxiliary variables.
Lipase in aqueous-polar organic solvents: activity, structure, and stability.

Studying alterations in biophysical and biochemical behavior of enzymes in the presence of organic solvents and the underlying cause(s) has important implications in biotechnology. We investigated the effects of aqueous solutions of polar organic solvents on ester hydrolytic activity, structure and stability of a lipase. Relative activity of the lipase monotonically decreased with increasing concentration of acetone, acetonitrile, and DMF but increased at lower concentrations (upto ~20% v/v) of dimethylsulfoxide, isopropanol, and methanol. None of the organic solvents caused any appreciable structural change as evident from circular dichorism and NMR studies, thus do not support any significant role of enzyme denaturation in activity change. Change in 2D [15N, 1H]-HSQC chemical shifts suggested that all the organic solvents preferentially localize to a hydrophobic patch in the active-site vicinity and no chemical shift perturbation was observed for residues present in protein's core. This suggests that activity alteration might be directly linked to change in active site environment only. All organic solvents decreased the apparent binding of substrate to the enzyme (increased Km ); however significantly enhanced the kcat . Melting temperature (Tm ) of lipase, measured by circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry, altered in all solvents, albeit to a variable extent. Interestingly, although the effect of all organic solvents on various properties on lipase is qualitatively similar, our study suggest that magnitudes of effects do not appear to follow bulk solvent properties like polarity and the solvent effects are apparently dictated by specific and local interactions of solvent molecule(s) with the protein.
Envisioning the American West: Maps, the Representational Barrage of 19th Century Expedition Reports, and the Production of Scientific Knowledge

A striking shaded relief map, created by Baron F. W. von Egloffstein to accompany the report on the first official exploration of the Grand Canyon in 1857-58, represents an important new way of envisioning America's western landscapes. Ideas from the history and sociology of science, art history, and cultural geography are woven together as a means of understanding Egloffstein's map, its cultural and scientific context, and its explicit interrelations with text, illustrations, and panoramic landscape views. The actual production of the illustrations, panoramic views, and maps is examined together with the manner in which these representations served as a vital means in the production of scientific knowledge. As such, this study is a contribution to an understanding of the “visual ways of knowing” in geography and in science. I argue that historical cartographic exemplars can serve as an important means of understanding and informing current theoretical debates in geography, cartography, and geographic vis...
Solid-State Encapsulation and Color Tuning in Films of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for White Light Generation

Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are highly demanding nanomaterials for solid-state lighting applications. A challenge for their exploitation in practical applications is the insufficient ambient and water stability associated with their ionic nature. Here we report a novel route for solid-state encapsulation of films of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) through vapor-phase deposition of a thin and hydrophobic layer of fluoroalkyltrichlorosilanes (FAS). High quality nanoscale crystals of CsPbBr3 were synthesized with well-established colloidal methods and coated on solid substrates. The films of PNCs were then subjected to vapor of FAS for short durations of time (<60 s) in ambient atmosphere, resulting in deposition of a thin (<20 nm) hydrophobic layer. Besides providing a barrier for water and humidity, the vapor-phase deposition of FAS was accompanied by the blue shift of the emission wavelength of the PNCs. The color shift results from the partial exchange of Br with Cl anions, which emerge during the self...
Topology, geometry, and equations of normal surface singularities

This expository talk is an expanded version of a lecture at G.-M. Greuel's 60th Birthday Conference in Kaiserslautern in October, 2004. We survey recent work of Neumann-Wahl and others on the relation between topology and geometry of normal surface singularities, especially how to write explicit equations of a singularity with given topology, in case the link is a rational homology sphere (i.e., the resolution graph is a tree of rational curves). Specifically, under some reasonable conditions on the link, there is an explicit "complete intersection of splice type" whose link is the universal abelian cover of the original one, and for which the action of the covering group can be explicitly described. Recent work of T. Okuma shows every rational surface singularity can be described in this way. Full details are found in papers in Geometry and Topology, math.AG/0301165 and math.AG/0407287.
Thrust Faulting along Wichita Mountain Front: ABSTRACT

The orogeny that produced the Wichita Mountains in southwestern Oklahoma began in early Pennsylvanian, culminated in early Permian, and resulted in a multiple overthrust structural complex along the mobile southern rim of the Anadarko basin. Structure within the numerous fault blocks is complicated by steep dips, overturned folds, etc. Periods of mountain building are reflected by transgressive granite wash facies which confuse the post-Morrow stratigraphy. Representative cross sections from the mountains into the basin, through wells that have encountered thrust faulting, are presented. End_of_Article - Last_Page 213------------
Psychology and personalism by William Stern

In 1916, shortly after his move from Breslau to Hamburg, William Stern wrote in a letter dated October 10 and addressed to his colleague and friend, the Freiburg philosopher Jonas Cohn, that the second volume of a planned three-volume series setting forth that comprehensive system of thought called ‘critical personalism’ was “essentially finished.” He wrote further that that work, in combination with a “little booklet” ( Broschure ) titled Psychology and Personalism ( Die Psychologie und der Personalismus ) should “fashion a bridge” between his philosophical and psychological teachings. Due to a paper shortage in Germany during World War I, the larger of the two works mentioned by Stern in this letter would not actually appear until 2 years later. The “little booklet,” however, could be published sooner, and in fact appeared in 1917. What follows is a translation of that work. It sets forth the principle tenets of critical personalism in a relatively concise and accessible way, and is thus not only worthy of attention in its own right but also offers readers of this Special Issue helpful background for the papers that follow. I am very grateful to Lothar Laux and Karl-Heinz Renner for their careful reading of an earlier draft of my translation against the original publication. As native speakers of German, Laux and Renner made numerous suggestions that I gladly implemented in the interest of improving the quality of the translation. For such infelicities as remain I take full responsibility.
Production of photoluminescent Si-based nanostructures by laser ablation: effects of ablation and postdeposition conditions

A method of Pulsed Laser Ablation (PLA) from a Si target in an inert He ambient has been applied in combination with different post-deposition oxidation procedures for the fabrication of Si/SiO x nanocrystalline structures on Si substrates. After the growth of a thin natural oxide layer on the film surface, the structures exhibited a strong visible photoluminescence (PL), which remained stable even under a prolonged continuous irradiation of the sample by an excitation laser light. The peak energy of the PL spectra could be finely varied between 1.58 and 2.15 eV by a change in the residual gas pressure during the deposition process. An effect of thermal annealing on the PL properties of the Si/SiO x films has been examined and compared with the results for Si-based films produced by thermal evaporation from a Si target in vacuum. For both deposition techniques, the thermal annealing led to a dramatic change of PL properties giving rise to a fixed PL peak around 2.2 eV. Photoluminescent properties of particles formed by PLA with natural oxidation were different than those of thermally oxidized amorphous Si films. A recombination through oxygen- related compounds in the upper film layer is considered as the most probable mechanism of PL.
Crustal thinning, mantle exhumation and serpentinization in the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland: evidence from wide-angle seismic data

New wide-angle seismic data were gathered along a 230 km long profile that runs east–west across a deep structural feature in the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland, known as the Porcupine Arch. Ocean bottom seismometers were deployed at 3–4 km intervals and seismic sources fired every 120 m along it. Prominent primary and secondary arrivals indicate that the continental crust is extremely thin (locally less than 2 km) across the basin centre. The sedimentary succession is up to 12 km thick and comprises three distinctive seismic layers. The two uppermost layers are interpreted as mostly a post-rift succession of Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata. The lowest layer thins rapidly towards the basin centre and is interpreted as a succession of predominantly Jurassic synrift sediments. A strong asymmetry in both the geometry of the crust and the sedimentary layers is probably related to a simple shear mode of extension and the subsidence that it induced. Crustal thinning is far greater than in the adjacent Rockall Basin and local exhumation of continental mantle lithosphere may have occurred in parts of the Porcupine Basin. Low P n velocities beneath the Porcupine Arch are compatible with larger amounts of mantle serpentinization than in the Rockall Basin.
The surface affinity of cations depends on both the cations and the nature of the surface.

Specific ion effects at interfaces are important for a variety of thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions, like surface tension and the phase behavior of surfactants. We report the relative surface affinity of Na+ and D3O+ at both the D2O-air and the sodium dodecyl sulfate (surfactant)-covered D2O surface by studying the alignment of interfacial D2O, using vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. The surface propensity of ions is found to be a function of both the nature of the ion and the nature of the surface. Specifically, for the charged, surfactant-covered interface, Na+ has a higher affinity than D3O+. In contrast, D3O+ has a higher affinity than Na+ at the air-D2O interface. The relative surface affinity of cations thus depends on both details of the cation and the type of interface.
Accounting in Russia: Challenges for Hospitality Stakeholders

This paper explores the differences between the Russian and Western accounting systems. As Western hospitality companies enter the markets of the former Soviet Union, this understanding will be imperative. Under the Soviet government, the hospitality industry in Russia was very poorly developed. After the collapse of the U.S.S.R in 1991, many businesses in Russia, including hotels and restaurants, flourished but the accounting systems to support them remained antiquated or nonexistent. Unfortunately, the current Russian accounting system still closely reflects the Soviet accounting system. Russian accounting standards are very confusing for foreign investors, creditors, and managers who want to do business in Russia.
Database client construction method and database client system

The invention relates to a database client construction method and a database client system. The database client construction method consists of the following steps of (1) using a static configuration documentation to configurate a parameter set; (2) loading the parameter set in step one to a main memory database; (3) executing SQL (Structured Query Language) against the parameter set in the main memory database to obtain query results and saving the query results into variables to complete the construction of the database client. The database client construction method and system has the advantages that the efficiency of developers can be improved, developers do not need to revise the codes to additional query parameters, and the configuration can be performed in the configuration files and maintenance, thereby being easy to maintain. Further, when the parameters need modifying or regulating, developers can directly modify the parameter configuration template without reversing codes.
The Definers Defined: Traditions in the Definition of Religion

This article surveys three traditions in defining religion. It proposes an operational definition in the Tylorian tradition expanded with the definer proposed by the anthropologist Jan van Baal, to wit, the non-verifiability/non-falsifiability of the addressable "meta-empirical reality." Dealing with religion as a social institution, I offer tools for the analysis of religion as postulated communicative events within believed networks of relationships between believers and their non-verifiable/non falsifiable beings or (addressable) reality.
Peptide Formation in the Presence of Linear or Cyclic Polyphosphates

SEVERAL authors have reported the condensation of amino-acids in aqueous solutions using various “prebiotic” condensing agents, such as cyanamide1–3, cyanoguanidine4 and dicyanamide5. The yields are generally very low (up to 1 or 2 per cent), or are only higher in a pH range which is not believed to be that of primitive oceans (neutral to slightly alkaline)6.
Models as Economies

The distinction between actual economies and stylized general equilibrium models is no t sharp. General equilibrium models with such key elements as uncerta inty, spatial separation, private information, limited communication, and limited commitment provide a catalogue that one can use to inter pret actual economies. Further, a general equilibrium model can provi de a framework one can use to trace out the logic of some premise for joint, economy-wide phenomena, a web to tie together seemingly unrel ated observations. Also, in tolerating wide variations in environment s, general equilibrium models provide laboratories one can use to con duct relatively inexpensive policy experiments.
Dielectric properties of CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 thick films

CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 is believed to have a variety of potential applications due to its unusual high dielectric constant and very high thermal stability. Ceramic films of CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 differ from bulk specimens in dielectric and other physical properties. In this paper, the dielectric properties of CCTO thick films are investigated by SEM and dielectric spectra analysis. The difference thicknesses (0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm) of thick films formed by the rolling-film method, and the permittivity of the thick film is almost the same value as the same-based CCTO bulk. It is found that the orientation of grain grown, the average particle size and thickness can significantly influence the dielectric properties of CCTO thick films.
Some remarks in response to Professor Wang Shouchang's An 'Outline of the Study of 'Chinese Modernity''

I want to thank Professor Wang for a very interesting and informative paper. It is especially informative to one who is relatively ignorant of the complex history of China's involvement with notions of modernity, and the variety of its contacts with Western influences. On the whole, the paper offers much valuable information about significant historical landmarks, and the diversity of ways that Chinese intellectuals and leaders have responded to them. Overall, four phases or periods are differentiated for comment and elucidation.
The Netherlands: Temporary agency work and collective bargaining

The Netherlands is a forerunner in the regulation of temp agency work. A main focus in the regulation is the Collective Labour Agreement (CLA). Since the first CLA in 1971 negotiations have led to a better accommodation of the allocation, renumeration and protection of temp agency workers and the Human Resource Management function of temp work agencies. Since the Flex and Security Law, by CLA (and hybrids) regulations exist whereby (a proportion of the) temp workers gain (stepwise) regular employment contracts, with the protection similar to a regular employment contract. With the influx of migrant workers, CLA partners have started (hybrid) initiatives together with the government to come to public-private compliance systems directed at enforcing better working conditions and more effective actions against malafide agencies.
부모의 이혼을 경험한 30~40대 기혼여성의 생애사 연구

This study focuses on the life experience of married women in their 30s to 40s who have experienced parental divorce. For a comprehensive understanding towards the women, this study takes a life history research approach. The participants of this research are 8 women who have experienced parental divorce and are now married with children. The data were gathered through in-depth interviews and were analyzed through the spiral of analysis, following the process of Wolcott’s“description, analysis, and interpretation.” The results of this study are as follows. First, participants experienced emotions such as fear, anger, and lack of affection. Second, parenting attitude and parental divorce had negative effects on the participants’formation and development of self concept and in turn, participants experienced anxiety and withdrawal from interpersonal relationships. Some had difficulties in concentrating on their schoolwork, which was caused by psychological effects from their instable home environments and some were negligent at school due to their parents’ indifference or as an act of rebellion towards them. Third, although participants displayed interest towards the opposite sex, fear towards the opposite sex or unrealistic expectations led to difficulties in forming relationships. Participants also confessed that although they married so that they could escape their original family and form a new happy one, they experienced a rocky start at the beginning of their marriage. Fourth, parental divorce had a lifelong impact on children. Even after the children became adults, parental divorce affected each key stage of transition in life such as dating, choosing one’s spouse, marriage, and child rearing. Fifth, participants displayed a strong attachment to life under the assumption that only they themselves can be depended on. This led to their strong commitments to a successful marriage without the possibility of divorce. In conclusion, parental divorce is not a transitory or incidental event. Rather, it becomes a part of the children’s lives with lifelong implications.