nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Managing local brands in facing challenges of globalization: Be a local or global leader?

This article is resulting from literature review with in mind after taking into consideration all previous studies in regard to branding issue. All views and advice from academicians and practitioners are modified to fit with local issue. Domestic entrepreneurs are expected to be confronted by fierce competitions in the local markets after the arrival of regional free trade agreement in SEA countries also known as AFTA (Asean Free Trade Area). This situation further worsens by impact of globalization which indirectly influences their business performance. As entrepreneurs from developing country it is challenging to compete with global players that are well-established. Therefore, the discussion of this working paper concentrates on the issue of branding which guides local entrepreneurs to manage brand more effectively. Finally, the framework on strategic branding for local players will be discussed more detailed.
Committee Decision Making in Monetary Policy

Committee Decision Making in Monetary Policy by Hyungju Cha Advisor: Professor Merih Uctum One reason of the criticism about Taylor rule would be that the rule could not provide a micro foundation about the decision-making mechanism. because it is simply describing the policy process in terms of the short-term nominal interest rate. In order to reconcile the tension between critics and supporters of Taylor rule, chapter I employs the theory of team, which investigates how members in a team interact to determine optimal decisions. Using team theory, it is shown how optimal monetary policy is results from committee members' interactions. In chapter II, if the government cannot recognizes that the monetary policy can affect the economy with a lag or if observed data for decision-making is real-time data, following Orphanides (2001, 2003), this policy is not effective as much as their expectation. From Friedman's metaphor of "Fool in the shower", it is reasonable to include time lags in committee decision-making. In chapter II, including lags in the information structure, recognition and administrative lags, optimal inertial monetary policy is derived. In chapter III, FIML and SUR are employed to check if the actual data support the optimal monetary policy obtained under committee decision-making. The empirical evidence supports the inclusion of the lagged interest rate and the persistent shock in errors.
Preparation and Structure Regulation of Silicon Carbide-Derived Carbon/ Spherical Natural Graphite Composites

To meet the requirements of the energy storage materials for high energy density and high power density, porous silicon carbide/derived carbon-spherical natural graphite (SiC-CDCs@NG) composites were prepared. The composites were composed of tailored porous carbide-derived carbon and graphitized carbon with excellent conductivity and a high energy storage capacity. The composition, structure, morphology, pore structure, and specific surface area of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption/ desorption analysis. The composites exhibited a high and adjustable specific surface area and micro-pore volume, with a micro-pore size of between 0.5 and 0.7 nm. Varying the molar ratio of NG and Si allowed optimization of the micro-pore volume, pore size distribution, specific surface area, and composition and content of the CDCs shell and NG core.
TPL: Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials

Materials at nano-scale are reported with distinguish mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, and other properties. Those properties have been envisioned to lead to “next industrial revolution”, and enable a vast range of applications, such as sensors, electronics, energy storage/generation, and composite materials. It is essential to establish a comprehensive understanding of the properties to facilitate such wide utilizations. For instance, how much bending deformation can the bendable electronics bear? How the thermal conductivity can be effectively tailored to meet different requirements? In the author’s research group, a series of research have been undertaken based on the experimental, numerical and theoretical studies. This talk aims to discuss the key findings of the mechanical behaviours/properties of different low-dimensional nanomaterials including the bending and vibrational properties of nanowires considering the impacts from surface effects and axial extension. Emphasis will also be put on the thermal conductivity of graphene-based materials. The understanding of those properties is expected to not only benefit the applications of nanomaterials but also shed lights on their design and manufacturing.
A theoretic discussion of tourism e-commerce

This paper presents the model of e-market structure and process analysis of tourism e-commerce. First the tourism e-commerce status quo is given clearly; secondly e-commerce and its classification, especially B2B2C show themselves; thirdly, based on the above, the paper focuses on the analysis of tourism e-commerce model, e-market structure and process. Using the four-quadrant method, the model reveals why tourism e-commerce is reaching its prime compared with other business, and that tourism e-commerce informationizes its value chain, resulting in numerous value-generating strategies such as value extraction, value capture, value addition and value creation; The tourism e-market structure, just a B2B2C application, is actually a tourist information network linking all market participants and reflecting the economic relationships between them; tourism e-commerce process is only the process of suppliers plus tourist life cycle, deeply leading to distributed B2B2C application.
Designing Privacy-aware Internet of Things Applications

Internet of Things (IoT) applications typically collect and analyse personal data that can be used to derive sensitive information about individuals. However, thus far, privacy concerns have not been explicitly considered in software engineering processes when designing IoT applications. The advent of behaviour driven security mechanisms, failing to address privacy concerns in the design of IoT applications can have security implications. In this paper, we explore how a Privacy-by-Design (PbD) framework, formulated as a set of guidelines, can help software engineers integrate data privacy considerations into the design of IoT applications. We studied the utility of this PbD framework by studying how software engineers use it to design IoT applications. We also explore the challenges in using the set of guidelines to influence the IoT applications design process. In addition to highlighting the benefits of having a PbD framework to make privacy features explicit during the design of IoT applications, our studies also surfaced a number of challenges associated with the approach. A key finding of our research is that the PbD framework significantly increases both novice and expert software engineers’ ability to design privacy into IoT applications.
Gender equality and women empowerment.

This article lists 11 suggestions for empowering women that the government of India should take, if it has a sincere commitment to gender equality and women's empowerment grounded in social change and not just rhetoric: 1) education should be made compulsory for all female children and places held on a 50/50 basis in all technical institutions; 2) a uniform civil code should be adopted for all citizens regardless of cast, creed, and religion; 3) women should have an equal right to own property and receive inheritance; 4) the National Women's Commission should be enlarged, representative of diversity, and effective in making policy decisions related to welfare, education, recruitment, and promotion; 5) a State Women's Commission should be established with affiliates at the block, district, and division levels; 6) the National and State Women's Commission should be established as a Statutory Body with binding decisions mandating government action; 7) the National and State Women's Commissions should have transparent functions, be regulatory, and offer workshops and seminars for women; 8) state governments should not interfere in the functions of National and State Women's Commissions; 9) women should fill 50% of all Center and State government service posts and concessions should be made on minimum academic qualifications and completed years of service, until all positions are filled; 10) 50% of the seats of Parliament should be reserved for women in both the State Legislature, Council of Ministry Boards, Corporations, Committees, and Commissions; and 11) the Constitution should provide for women judges in courts of law.
Mobile Truth: The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 1965/2010

The Israel Museum was inaugurated in 1965. It was promoted as symbol of the nation-building effort in the ‘re-born’ land – now state – of Israel. This found expression in the themed opening exhibitions; the crowning achievement was ‘Old Masters and the Bible’, featuring Rembrandt's Moses with the Tables of the Law and other works loaned by overseas museums. It was a promising start for the fledgling encyclopedic museum in Jerusalem, aspiring to be a beacon of ‘artistic truth’ which (in a paraphrase of Ezekiel) would ‘go forth from Zion’ to the (Western) world. Forty-five years later the Museum was re-inaugurated following major refurbishment and extension. For one of the opening shows, three artists, Yinka Shonibare MBE, Susan Hiller and Zvi Goldstein, were invited to curate individual displays of objects culled from its now overabundant collections. They all addressed topical issues, notably Shonibare's proposition of cultural hybridity as ‘the very opposite of nationalism’. But, granted that the Israel ...
GLOBALIZED SECURITIES MARKETS AND ACCOUNTING: HOW MANY STANDARDS? *

This paper examines the relationship between globalized securities markets and accounting systems. After describing that globalization, I discuss the reasons for the increase in globalization over the past few decades: changes in government policies and rapid improvements in the technologies-telecommunications and data processing-that underlie finance. I then develop the idea of a financial reporting system as a "network", with the accounting system providing the standards that determine the compatibility between the components of the network. Using this framework, I show the pluses and minuses of a single accounting system versus multiple accounting systems and illustrate the current "systems competition" among national securities markets and their accounting systems. Though a single accounting system decreases comparability costs and thereby encourages globalization, while multiple accounting systems increase comparability costs and thereby impede globalization, those multiple accounting systems also permit national adaptation to national circumstances and permit greater opportunities for experimentation and innovation. On balance, a competitive framework is preferable. The current limited and muted competition between accounting systems could be enhanced by the introduction of the IASB's International Accounting Standards as a second allowable system in the U.S. alongside U.S. GAAP.
Automated theorem finding by forward deduction based on strong relevant logic: A case study in NBG set theory

The problem of automated theorem finding is one of 33 basic research problems in automated reasoning which was originally proposed by Wos in 1988, and it is still an open problem. To solve the problem, a forward deduction approach based on the strong relevant logics was proposed. To verify the effectiveness of the approach, this paper presents a case study of automated theorem finding in NBG set theory by forward deduction based on the strong relevant logics. The ultimate goal of automated theorem finding in NBG set theory is to find new and interesting theorems. As the first step, this case study tries to do “rediscovery” in NBG set theory, i.e., to deduce already proved theorems from axioms, definitions and /or other theorems of NBG set theory. However, from the viewpoint of the mechanism of deducing theorems, “re-discovery” is as same as “discovery”. The paper shows several known theorems rediscovered successfully by the approach. The paper also shows issues of the approach for real “discovery”.
Teaching open-system economics

This book contends that post Keynesian economics has its own methodological and didactic basis, and its realistic analysis is much-needed in the current economic and financial crisis. At a time when the original message of Keynes’ General Theory is no longer present in most university syllabuses, this book celebrates the uniqueness of teaching post Keynesian economics, providing comparisons with traditional economic rationale and illustrating the advantages of post Keynesian pedagogy.
Solving Symbolic Equations with PRESS

We describe a program, PRESS, (PRolog Equation Solving System) for solving symbolic, transcendental, non-differential equations in one or more variables. PRESS solves autonomously, i.e. without guidance from the user. The methods used for solving equations are described, together with the service facilities. The principal technique, metal-level inference, appears to be relevant to the broader field of symbolic and algebraic manipulation.
Cognitive Self-efficacy in Relation to Personal Mastery and Goal Setting across the Life Span

This article is an integrative review of empirical studies of cognitive self-efficacy from childhood through old age. Issues of definition and measurement are addressed and the relation of self-efficacy to personal mastery is evaluated. Research on academic achievement in children and adolescents, complex decision-making in young adults, and memory and intellectual functioning in older adults supports a variety of theoretically driven hypotheses regarding the sources and effects of self-efficacy. Percepts of self-efficacy are based on a variety of sources of information, including personal mastery and perceived control beliefs. Self-efficacy has predictable effects on a variety of task engagement variables (e.g. persistence, effort, goal setting, strategy usage, chioce) that mediate the relationship between self-efficacy and performance. Generalisations regarding the applicability of self-efficacy to understanding cognitive development across the life span are discussed in terms of age-relevant domains an...
The effect of boron content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe50-XMn30Co10Cr10BX (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.7 wt%) multi-component alloys prepared by arc-melting

High and Medium- Entropy Alloys (HEAs and MEAs) are a novel type of materials, which due to the reduction in configurational entropy, can offer an excellent combination of properties, such as, high strength, high ductility and moderate hardness. During the study, four alloys based on Fe 50-X Mn 30 Co 10 Cr 10 B X system (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.7 wt%) were manufactured by arc melting. The microstructure of the materials was analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The Vickers microhardness of these alloys were also measured. Detailed characterization revealed the formation of a dual-phase matrix (fcc + hcp) due to the reduction in the stability of the fcc phase that led to a thermal induced partial martensitic transformation into a e-hcp phase. The addition of boron promoted the formation of M 2 B-type borides (M = Cr, Fe), whose content increased with the addition of B. Changes in the phase composition, specifically the decrease of the hcp phase, were mainly due to the loss of manganese content. The microstrain analysis showed the absence of residual stresses in the crystal lattice due to a decrease in the dislocation’s density after the martensitic transformation. When boron content was brought from 0 wt% to 1.7 wt%, the microhardness of the material increased from 296HV to 452 HV, which is comparable to the microhardness of high-manganese steel. Finally, the thermodynamic parameter Φ was calculated using a phase prediction package AlloyASAP, allowing to establish that boron addition to Fe 50 Mn 30 Co 10 Cr 10 originated medium-entropy alloys (Φ   1).
Role of bonding temperature and voltage in silicon-to-glass anodic bonding

In this paper, anodic bonding between 4" Si wafer and glass wafer (Pyrex 7740) has been successfully achieved at low temperature. Two wafers are stacked together after alignment and are put into the bonding chamber. The effects of bonding temperature and voltage are investigated. The bonding temperature ranges from 200/spl deg/C to 300 /spl deg/C and the voltage ranges from 200 V to 1000 V. The bonding interfaces are examined with scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical bonds formed in the interface are analysed by Raman spectroscopy. High temperature and voltage cause more Na/sup +/ ions neutralized at the negative electrode, which leads to higher charge density inside the glass wafer. The transition period to the equilibrium state becomes shorter too. At a bonding temperature of 200/spl deg/C, the unbonded area is 1.5%. At a bonding temperature higher than 250/spl deg/C, the unbonded area is less than 0.5%. The bubble size decreases with increasing the bonding temperature as well. High voltage has similar effects. The bonding strength is higher than 10 MPa in all conditions. When the bonding temperature is higher than 250/spl deg/C and the voltage is higher than 400 V, the fracture happens inside the glass instead of at the interface. The bonding strength increases with increasing the bonding temperature and voltage. The anodic bonding mechanisms consist of the oxidation of silicon and the hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups. Higher temperature can promote such reactions.
Studies on densification, mechanical, micro-structural and structure-properties relationship of magnesium aluminate spinel refractory aggregates prepared from Indian magnesite

The present work intends to study the development of magnesium aluminate spinel aggregates from Indian magnesite in a single firing stage. The raw magnesite has been evaluated in terms of chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The experimental batch containing Indian magnesite and calcined alumina has been sintered in the temperature range of 1550 °C–1700 °C. The sintered material has been characterized in terms of physico-chemical properties like bulk density, apparent porosity, true density, relative density and thermo-mechanical/mechanical properties like hot modulus of rupture, thermal shock resistance, cold modulus of rupture and structural properties by X-ray diffraction in terms of phase identification and evaluation of crystal structure parameters of corresponding phases by Rietveld analysis. The microstructures developed at different temperatures have been analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope study and compositional analysis of the developed phase has been carried out by energy dispersive X-ray study.
Darwin, Schleiden, Whewell, and the “London Doctors”: Evolutionism and Microscopical Research in the Nineteenth Century

This paper discusses some philosophical and historical connections between, and within, nineteenth century evolutionism and microscopical research. The principal actors are mainly Darwin, Schleiden, Whewell and the “London Doctors,” Arthur Henfrey and Edwin Lankester. I demonstrate that the apparent alliances—particularly Darwin/Schleiden (through evolutionism) and Schleiden/Whewell (through Kantian philosophy of science)—obscure the deep methodological differences between evolutionist and microscopical biology that lingered on until the mid-twentieth century. Through an understanding of the little known significance of Schleiden’s programme of microscopical research and by comparing certain features of his methodology to the activities of the “London Doctors,” we can identify the origin of this state of affairs. In addition, the outcome provides an insight into a critique of Buchdahl’s view on Schleiden’s philosophical conception.
Pagans of Darkness, Cruel Lutherans: images of religious ‘others’ in the historical accounts concerning the Russion Orthodox Valaam monastery 1

Textual descriptions of ‘others’ tend to reflect perceptions, values and social identities of the group within which they are produced. Popular historical accounts concerning the past of the Russian Orthodox monastery of Valaam, located in the borderland area nowadays known as Russian Karelia, reveal two main lines in producing images of religious otherness from the 16th to the 19th century. The first one is based on the stereotypic medieval idea of the monastery as a missionary centre and a ‘torch of light’ in a wilderness inhabited by pagans. The other one emerges in the 19th century, bringing Western neighbours – first Catholics, then Lutheran Swedes – in the spotlight. The descriptions, getting more detailed and violent during the last decades of the century, were a historiographical reflection of the contemporary issues in the air, such as the contradictions between the Russian and Finnish nationalistic ideas and goals.
Asthma severity is a risk factor for acute hypersensitivity reactions to contrast agents: a large-scale cohort study.

www.chestpubs.org The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) has taken concrete steps to provide training in thoracic ultrasonography in the United States. Training in thoracic ultrasonography is a key component in the numerous courses that the college has given to . 2,000 clinicians over the past 7 years. The ACCP has developed a comprehensive critical care ultrasonography training program that includes lung and pleural ultrasonography. This Certifi cate of Completion program requires 7 days of course work, a 20-h Internet training component, and a mandatory 250 image portfolio collection, followed by a hands-on and imagebased examination that includes thoracic ultrasonography. The image portfolio, which is reviewed by the faculty, allows an experienced ultrasonographer to provide meaningful feedback to the learner, thereby increasing skill level. In addition to the national ACCP program, we have developed a local ultrasound training course for fellows. Each summer, 80 fi rst-year pulmonary/critical care fellows from New York City receive an intensive 3-day course in general critical care ultrasonography, including thoracic ultrasonography. Standardized training early in fellowship training ensures that, moving forward, these fellows will disseminate this valuable skill. Finally, we could not agree more that point-of-care bedside thoracic ultrasonography performed by the treating pulmonologist must be integrated with the clinical history and physical examination. In this regard, thoracic ultrasonography is a powerful extension of the physical examination, providing immediate diagnostic and therapeutic benefi t.
Pattern occurrence statistics and applications to the Ramsey theory of unavoidable patterns

As suggested by Currie, we apply the probabilistic method to problems regarding pattern avoidance. Using techniques from analytic combinatorics, we calculate asymptotic pattern occurrence statistics and use them in conjunction with the probabilistic method to establish new results about the Ramsey theory of unavoidable patterns in the full word case (both nonabelian sense and abelian sense) and in the partial word case. 
 Combinatorics on words; Partial words; Unavoidable patterns; Abelian patterns; Probabilistic method; Analytic combinatorics; Ramsey theory.