nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Guide to Microsoft Excel for Scientists and Engineers

non-members This volume in the series on electronic packaging materials science is based on papers presented at the December 1996 MRS meeting, with a special focus on technology for flip-chip packaging, materials metrology and characterization, and packaging reliability and testing. Many of the papers are of interest to readers of IEEE Electrical Itzsulatiolz, as follows. There are several papers on conducting adhesives, including silver-filled, nickel-filled, and conducting polymer-filled systems discussing the role of particle shape and formation of conducting pathways by curing in an electric field. Thermal and mechanical properties of polymer dielectric films used in various devices and as encapsulants are also discussed in this book. These papers describe new characterization techniques uniquely suited for working with thin films as opposed to bulk samples. Several papers describe failure mechanisms in polymer-based electronic packages and strategies for improving adhesion at metal-polymer interfaces in these systems. There are a few papers related to metal deposition on printed wiring boards, but that is not the main focus for this volume. Thus, the book would be most useful to those involved in conductive adhesive, encapsulants, polymer thin films, or polymer-based electronic packages. -K. E Schoch A Guide to Microsoft Excel for Scientists and Engineers by Bernard V Liengme John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 605 Third Ave. New York, NY 10158-0012
Action theory : a primer for applied research in the social sciences

Research Reports Empowerment, Praxis, and Action Theory in Health Promotion Research by Judith M. Lynam and Richard A. Young The Reasoning of Parents and Children in Conversation about Marital Transitions by Deanna Bader and Richard A. Young Attempted Suicide Stories: Suicide Career, Suicide Project, and Suicide Action by Ladislav Valach, et al. Action Theoretical Perspective in Rehabilitation by Ladislav Valach and Jaye Wald  The Family Health Promotion Project Research Manual
The role of prior knowledge in international franchise partner recruitment

To investigate the role of prior knowledge in the international franchise partner recruitment process and to evaluate how cultural distance influences the role of prior knowledge in this process. A single embedded case study of an international hotel firm was the focus of the enquiry. Interviews, observations and document analysis were used as the data collection techniques. Findings reveal that prior knowledge of the franchisor enables the franchisor to coordinate more efficiently with prospective partners. However, the case study firm experienced a great deal of cultural distance in different country markets. The greater the cultural distance, the more challenges the firm has to face in terms of upgrading and adapting its prior knowledge to local needs. The findings are based on a hotel franchise chain, and may not be generalisable to other firms or industry sectors, although the literature on international management do...
Electrocardiographic findings at presentation, in relation to in-hospital mortality and 30-day outcome of patients with acute coronary syndromes; the GREECS study.

We sought to evaluate the impact of initial electrocardiographic findings at presentation on in-hospital mortality and 30-day outcome of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).



From October 2003 to September 2004, a sample of 6 hospitals located in several urban and rural Greek regions was selected, and almost all survivors 24 h after an admission for ACS were enrolled into the study (2172 patients were included in the study; 76% were men and 24% women). ECG and biochemical indices of myocardial damage were considered in all patients. Electrocardiographic findings at presentation were categorized as ST-elevation (STE), non-STE and non-diagnostic ECG abnormalities.



Of the 2172 patients, 34% had STE, 24% had non-STE and the 32% of them had non-diagnostic ECG abnormalities. After adjusting for age, sex and various other risk factors we observed that patients with STE had 3.3 (95% CI 1.4 to 7.7) higher risk of dying during hospitalization compared to those who had non-diagnostic ECG abnormalities. Furthermore, patients with non-STE had 1.5 (95% CI 0.9 to 2.5) higher risk of having an event (death or re-hospitalization due to CVD) during the first 30-days following discharge as compared to those who had non-diagnostic ECG abnormalities. All patients presented with non-STE ACS had higher 30-day event rates.



Patients with STE had higher in-hospital mortality, but lower longer term event rate after ACS in our population, irrespective of age, gender and other characteristics.
Product identification and kinetic data for the reaction of S(IV) with N(III) oxoacids in aqueous solution in the absence and presence of metal ions

The reaction of S(IV) with N(III) oxoacids was studied in the pH range 3.5–5.2, and in the absence and presence of metal ions, using ion-pair chromatography (IPC), and stopped-flow and conventional spectroscopy. Product identification and distribution of the sulphur-nitrogen oxides formed during this reaction was determined by IPC. The empirical rate law suggests that HONO and HSO − 3 are the main reactive species in the investigated pH range, and the data are compared to that available from the literature. Hydroxylaminedisulphonate was found to be the only identifiable sulphur-nitrogen oxoanion produced during the reaction. The effect of Mn(II/III) and Fe(II/III) on the reaction was studied and a meaningful catalytic effect was found for Fe(II). This is ascribed to the interaction of Fe(II) with HONO to produce a nitrosyl complex that can react with HSO − 3 according to the Boedeker reaction.
A Theory of Government Regulation and Self-Regulation with the Specter of Nonmarket Threats

We develop a game-theoretic model wherein a government establishes a mandate for product quality without possessing effective enforcement abilities, and a firm chooses whether to ignore, comply with, or exceed the government quality standard. After bringing a product to market, the firm faces the possibility of nonmarket reactions by interests such as trial attorneys and consumer activists, who might sue in the case of product-induced damages or reveal the firm’s quality choice to consumers through investigatory and publicity activities. Equilibrium results identify conditions under which firms will engage in meaningful selfregulation, either by voluntarily selecting a high-quality standard for their product absent a government mandate, or by complying with a government mandate for high quality even though government lacks enforcement power. Our results have direct implications for how political actors choose to regulate certain industries based on the market value of different products, on the danger associated with various products, and on the nature of the nonmarket environment.
Skirting the Issue: Manet's Portrait of Baudelaire's Mistress, Reclining

This article considers Manet's 1862 portrait of Jeanne Duval in light of Baudelaire's poetry and aesthetic writings on fashion and caricature. The painting is situated within the political debate concerning the regency of Empress Eugenie and the ensuing discourse concerning women and power in Second Empire France. Eugenie's political influence threatened to blur gender boundaries considered appropriate to the age. By allowing Duval's skirt to dominate the painting, Manet invoked a sign of feminine influence and opened a space to explore the dissent that was suppressed in political discourse.
An evaluation of the analytic continuation by duality technique

In  (1993) 127, the value of the oblique correction parameter S for walking technicolor theories was estimated using a technique called Analytic Continuation by Duality (ACD). We apply the ACD technique to the perturbative vacuum polarization function and find that it fails to reproduce the well known result S=1/6\pi. This brings into question the reliability of the ACD technique and the ACD estimate of S.
Container-Based Cloud Virtual Machine Benchmarking

With the availability of a wide range of cloud Virtual Machines (VMs) it is difficult to determine which VMs can maximise the performance of an application. Benchmarking is commonly used to this end for capturing the performance of VMs. Most cloud benchmarking techniques are typically heavyweight - time consuming processes which have to benchmark the entire VM in order to obtain accurate benchmark data. Such benchmarks cannot be used in real-time on the cloud and incur extra costs even before an application is deployed. In this paper, we present lightweight cloud benchmarking techniques that execute quickly and can be used in near real-time on the cloud. The exploration of lightweight benchmarking techniques are facilitated by the development of DocLite - Docker Container-based Lightweight Benchmarking. DocLite is built on the Docker container technology which allows a user-defined portion (such as memory size and the number of CPU cores) of the VM to be benchmarked. DocLite operates in two modes, in the first mode, containers are used to benchmark a small portion of the VM to generate performance ranks. In the second mode, historic benchmark data is used along with the first mode as a hybrid to generate VM ranks. The generated ranks are evaluated against three scientific high-performance computing applications. The proposed techniques are up to 91 times faster than a heavyweight technique which benchmarks the entire VM. It is observed that the first mode can generate ranks with over 90% and 86% accuracy for sequential and parallel execution of an application. The hybrid mode improves the correlation slightly but the first mode is sufficient for benchmarking cloud VMs.
An Intercountry Comparison of Textbooks Used for Introductory Psychology Courses

The preliminary results seem to indicate that the content areas emphasized by different countries in their textbooks or lectures reflect their interests and development in the field of psychology. It seems that Japan, South Africa, Germany, and to some extent the United States, place high emphasis on areas of experimental such as learning, perception, motivation, emotion, and thinking. Probably the United States is the leader in teaching abnormal, guidance and therapy, and personality areas in the introductory course. France stands unique with her philosophical orientation while Russia stands out with her emphasis on conditioning. Germany, of course, places high emphasis on theoretical, however, this emphasis is not as high at it was at one time.
Strong Normalisation of Cut-Elimination in Classical Logic

In this paper we present a strongly normalising cut-elimination procedure for classical logic. This procedure adapts Gentzen's standard cut-reductions, but is less restrictive than previous strongly normalising cut-elimination procedures. In comparison, for example, with works by Dragalin and Danos et al., our procedure requires no special annotations on formulae and allows cut-rules to pass over other cut-rules. In order to adapt the notion of symmetric reducibility candidates for proving the strong normalisation property, we introduce a novel term assignment for sequent proofs of classical logic and formalise cut-reductions as term rewriting rules.
Dexamethasone as treatment in cerebrovascular disease. 2. A controlled study in acute cerebral infarction.

Dexamethasone in Cerebrovascular Disease. 2. A Controlled in Acute Infarction • Fifty-four patients with acute cerebral infarction were included in a double-blind study to evaluate Decadron® as therapy. When comparison of patients with similar levels of consciousness was made, there was no significant difference between those patients receiving Decadron® and those receiving placebo therapy. Three patients developed gastrointestinal tract bleeding in the placebo group, but there were none in the Decadron®-treated group. There was no good correlation between the clinical state of the patient and the CSF pressure, either on admission or during the 14-day course of the study.
Formation Relations of Minerals in Guizhou Province and E'mei Mantle Plume Evolution

The minerals in Guizhou that has relation with the E' mei mantle plume in different evolution stages were divided into three kinds:one is crust and mantle interaction stage,the Carboniferous sedimentary bauxite formed in the Zunyi broken arch because the crustal uplift;second is the eruption and degrade stage, geothermal sedimentary manganese,ferro-manganese,manganese bearing siderite,basalt cooper,volcanosedimentary pyrites that has direct relation with basalt formed;third maybe is eruption and degrade stage of E' mei mantle plume,as the interaction of crust and mantle,the raise of mantle heat flow induced the anatexis of the crust,the middle-low temperature geothermal deposit formed by different geologic responses,and some is the correlative middle-low temperature geothermal deposit which activated by the remaining solidified mantle in the late eruption and degrade stage.
Electrochemistry of mammalian cytochrome P450 2B4 indicates tunable thermodynamic parameters in surfactant films.

Electrochemical methods continue to present an attractive means for achieving in vitro biocatalysis with cytochromes P450; however understanding fully the nature of electrode-bound P450 remains elusive. Herein we report thermodynamic parameters using electrochemical analysis of full-length mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP 2B4) in didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) surfactant films. Electronic absorption spectra of CYP 2B4-DDAB films on silica slides reveal an absorption maximum at 418nm, characteristic of low-spin, six-coordinate, water-ligated Fe(III) heme in P450. The Fe(III/II) and Fe(II/I) redox couples (E1/2) of substrate-free CYP 2B4 measured by cyclic voltammetry are -0.23V and -1.02V (vs. SCE, or 14mV and -776mV vs. NHE) at 21°C. The standard heterogeneous rate constant for electron transfer from the electrode to the heme for the Fe(III/II) couple was estimated at 170s(-1). Experiments indicate that the system is capable of catalytic reduction of dioxygen, however substrate oxidation was not observed. From the variation of E1/2 with temperature (18-40°C), we have measured entropy and enthalpy changes that accompany heme reduction, -151Jmol(-1)K(-1) and -46kJmol(-1), respectfully. The corresponding entropy and enthalpy values are less for the six-coordinate low-spin, imidazole-ligated enzyme (-59Jmol(-1)K(-1) and -18kJmol(-1)), consistent with limited conformational changes upon reduction. These thermodynamic parameters are comparable to those measured for bacterial P450 from Bacillus megaterium (CYP BM3), confirming our prior reports that the surfactant environment exerts a strong influence on the redox properties of the heme.
Using XForms to simplify Web programming

The difficulty of developing and deploying commercial web applications increases as the number of technologies they use increases and as the interactions between these technologies become more complex. This paper describes a way to avoid this increasing complexity by re-examining the basic requirements of web applications. Our approach is to first separate client concerns from server concerns, and then to reduce the interaction between client and server to its most elemental: parameter passing. We define a simplified programming model for form-based web applications and we use XForms and a subset of J2EE as enabling technologies. We describe our implementation of an MVC-based application builder for this model, which automatically generates the code needed to marshal input and output data between clients and servers. This marshalling uses type checking and other forms of validation on both clients and servers. We also show how our programming model and application builder support the customization of web applications for different execution targets, including, for example, different client devices.
Optimizing latency and reliability of pipeline workflow applications

Mapping applications onto heterogeneous platforms is a difficult challenge, even for simple application patterns such as pipeline graphs. The problem is even more complex when processors are subject to failure during the execution of the application. In this paper, we study the complexity of a bi-criteria mapping which aims at optimizing the latency (i.e., the response time) and the reliability (i.e., the probability that the computation will be successful) of the application. Latency is minimized by using faster processors, while reliability is increased by replicating computations on a set of processors. However, replication increases latency (additional communications, slower processors). The application fails to be executed only if all the processors fail during execution. While simple polynomial algorithms can be found for fully homogeneous platforms, the problem becomes NP- hard when tackling heterogeneous platforms. This is yet another illustration of the additional complexity added by heterogeneity.
The soul and the brain: the origins of the discussions on scientific Psychology in Brazil

In this paper, my aim is to point to the significance of the earlier discussions about the nature of Scientific Psychology in Brazil. Therefore, I will work in particular with texts of two authors, Goncalves de Magalhaes and Tobias Barreto. My interest it to demonstrate in what sense these philosophers were able to offer opposition to a current positive trend in Psychology and the same time, overcome the contemplative character of self-consciousness inherent in Psychology under the aegis of the Jesuits, in view of need for philosophical modernization in Brazil. At the same time, I intend to show that, despite the criticism of Tobias to Magalhaes, both know recognize the significance of the naturalism in Psychology, especially with regard to the task of entering the Brazilian thought in the course of Western Philosophy.
The Infinity puzzle; quantum field theory an the hunt for an orderly universe

The first quantum field theory (QFT), quantum electrodynamics (QED), originated in Paul Dirac’s 1927 paper concerning the emission and absorption of radiation. AlthoughDirac’sworkdescribing the electromagnetic force was the logical sequel to a brief but intense development of the new quantum theory, it promptly gave rise to seemingly insurmountable difficulties. In a letter written in February 1928, Wolfgang Pauli suggested to Dirac that a fundamental change in perspective would likely be needed. Working with Werner Heisenberg, Pauli had calculated the self-energy of a single electron interacting with its own electromagnetic field. The value, they were chagrined to learn, turned out to be infinite. “What do you think about this?” Pauli challenged. During the 1930s, QFT was the instrument for important developments such as Enrico Fermi’s theory of beta decay (1934) and, at the end of the decade, Pauli’s derivation of the connection between spin, Bose-Einstein statistics, and FermiDirac statistics. Despite such successes, physicists remained disturbed by the divergent integrals that arose when many basic physical quantities were calculated. Rather than being explained, the infinitiesproliferatedas theparticlezooexpanded. “New divergence sorrows” were the words with
Thermodynamics of Ti in Ag-Cu alloys

The thermodynamic activities of Ti at dilution in a series of Ag-Cu alloys and eutectic Ag-Cu alloys containing In or Sn were measured using a galvanic cell technique employing a ThO2-8 pct Y2O3 electrolyte. The equilibrium oxide phase formed by the reaction of Ti (XTi > 0.004) in the Ag-Cu alloy melts with an A12O3 or ZrO2 crucible was Ti2O (s). The free energy of formation of Ti2O (s) was estimated from available thermodynamic data. Titanium activities were calculated from measured oxygen potentials and the free energy of formation of Ti2O (s). Titanium in the eutectic Ag-Cu melt showed a positive deviation from ideal solution behavior at 1000°C, and its activity coefficient at infinite dilution was about 6.5 relative to pure solid Ti. Indium and Sn did not increase the activity coefficient of Ti in eutectic Ag-Cu melts. Silver increased the Ti activity coefficient in the Ag-Cu-Ti melts significantly. The Ti activity coefficient value in liquid Ag was about 20 times higher than in eutectic Ag-Cu melt at 1000 °C.
Production and properties of soft-magnetic dielectric materials based on nanocrystalline Fe73Si15B7.2Cu1Nb3 alloy powder

Powder metallurgy methods are used to produce soft magnetic compact materials from amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys. Toroid-shaped samples are warm-pressed from nanocrystalline Fe73Si15B7.2Cu1Nb3 alloy powders and SFP-012A resin binder. The method does not require additional thermal treatment and the samples are ready to use. The key influence on the properties of soft magnetic powder materials is produced by ferromagnetic filling factor (FFF). The optimal experimental conditions to make samples with the minimum porosity and maximum FFF are determined. The density of the samples depending on compaction parameters and resin content is established.
Depositional systems and seismic stratigraphy of a Quaternary basin: north Okanagan Valley, British Columbia

Seismic and core data from north Okanagan Valley, a deep (~700 m of fill), elongate (~3 km wide by 45 km long) basin located in the Cordillera of south-central British Columbia, reveal a thick sequence of fine and coarse elastics. The architecture of the basin fill was delineated using 16 km of high-resolution, reflection seismic profiles, and 30 lithologic logs. Using a depositional systems approach, four systems were identified: subglacial fluvial, glaciolacustrine, alluvial fan, and channel. The subglacial fluvial system consists of a basal suite of compact, stratified to poorly stratified coarse clastics deposited beneath glacial ice under high hydrostatic pressure. Older sediments were almost completely excavated from the basin fill during periods of maximum subglacial flow during Late Wisconsinan glaciation. One of the outcomes of this study is that it lends support to the notion that Late Wisconsinan glaciers were capable of almost totally eroding older Pleistocene basin deposits while depositing t...
An Empirical Investigation of Online Gray Markets

A gray market is an unauthorized distribution channel of genuine branded products. Worldwide gray markets compete with authorized distribution channels of branded products and pose significant challenges to brand owners on the management of global supply chains. Therefore, it is important for brand owners to understand sellers’ and buyers’ behavior in gray markets in order to better address this threat. In recent years, online gray markets, a rapidly growing form of gray marketing, have seen significant growth and provide us an unprecedented opportunity to empirically investigate this phenomenon. In this study, we tracked the number of online gray market sellers and transactions on the largest Internet retail website in China for a 34-week period. We focus on two channel control strategies that brand owners can proactively adopt to manage online gray market incidents: controlling product availability and pricing. The results show that less expensive styles are offered by a larger number of gray market sellers and have more transactions. While product availability is positively associated with the number of online gray market sellers, its impact on online gray market transaction quantities is insignificant. This study provides important implications on managing global supply chains that are relevant for researchers and practitioners alike.