nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Appraising Educational Reforms

Transaction-cost economics provides a framework for appraising educational reforms, i.e., deciding whether these reforms are likely to succeed in the “real life” of schools. This framework conceives of reform as a contract between reformers and stake-holders (teachers, students, parents), and these transactions are marked by bounded rationality, opportunism, and the protection of specific assets (e.g., accumulated knowledge and skills) on the part of participants. Not acknowledging these attributes turns reforms into unproductive planning exercises—mere promises without results—or stakeholders struggling to protect their assets, resulting in the failure of the reform. Several current educational reforms are judged on the basis of their transaction costs and consequent prospects for success.
Is medicines parallel trade ‘regulatory arbitrage’?

Parallel trade (PT) is a phenomenon that takes place at the distribution level, when a patented product is diverted from the official distribution chain to another one where it competes as a parallel distributor. Although some research regards PT in Europe as a ‘common’ form of arbitrage, there are reasons to believe that it is a type of ‘regulatory arbitrage’ that does not necessarily produce equivalent welfare effects. We draw upon a unique dataset that contains source country records of parallel imported medicine sales to the Netherlands for one therapeutic group (statins), that accounts for 5 % of the market at the time of study and it faced no generic competition. We estimate precise differences in prices and statutory distribution margins for each source country/product and, examine whether they drive parallel import flows using a gravity specification and an instrumental variable strategy. Our findings reveal that parallel imports are driven by cross-country differences in statutory distribution margins in addition to price differences, consistently with the hypothesis of PT being a type of ‘regulatory arbitrage’.
Kautilya: The Indian Strategic Thinker and Indian Strategic Culture

Indian strategic culture has manifold influences and one such is the thinker Kautilya. This article discusses the teachings of Kautilya as compiled in his book The Arthashastra and argues that his ideas are important for the understanding of Indian strategic culture. While history shows his teachings were popular amongst statesmen, it is in independent India's policies that one sees a manifestation of Kautilyan thinking and the article calls for a thorough reading of The Arthashastra as India becomes a key player in international politics.
Radical Anatomy. (Book Reviews: The Politics of Evolution. Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London.)

Looking for the first time at the cut-price anatomy schools rather than genteel Oxbridge, Desmond winkles out pre- Darwinian evolutionary ideas in reform-minded and politically charged early nineteenth-century London. In the process, he reveals the underside of London intellectual and social life in the generation before Darwin as it has never been seen before." "The Politics of Evolution" is intellectual dynamite, and certainly one of the most important books in the history of science published during the past decade."--Jim Secord, "Times Literary Supplement" "One of those rare books that not only stakes out new territory but demands a radical overhaul of conventional wisdom."--John Hedley Brooke, "Times Higher Education Supplement"
Nietzsche's Relation to Historical Methods and Nineteenth-Century German Historiography

Nietzsche is generally regarded as a severe critic of historical method and scholarship; this view has influenced much of contemporary discussions about the role and nature of historical scholarship. In this article I argue that this view is seriously mistaken (to a large degree because of the somewhat misleading nature of Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie fur das Leben). I do so by examining what he actually says about understanding history and historical method, as well as his relation to the founders of modern German historiography (Wolf, Niebuhr, Ranke, and Mommsen). I show, contrary to most expectations, that Nietzsche knew these historians well and that he fundamentally affirmed their view of historical method. What he primarily objected to among his contemporaries was that historical scholarship was often regarded as a goal in itself, rather than as a means, and consequently that history was placed above philosophy. In fact, a historical approach was essential for Nietzsche's whole understanding of philosophy, and his own philosophical project.
Decentralizing the Semantic Web: Who Will Pay to Realize It?

Fueled by enthusiasm of volunteers, government subsidies, and open data legislation, the Web of Data (WoD) has enjoyed a phenomenal growth. Commercial data, however, has been stuck in proprietary silos, as the monetization strategy for sharing data in the WoD is unclear. This is in contrast to the traditional web where advertisement fueled a lot of the growth. This raises the question how the WoD can (i) maintain its success when government subsidies disappear and (ii) convince commercial entities to share their wealth of data. 
In this talk based on a paper, we propose a marketplace for decentralized data follow- ing basic WoD principles. Our approach allows a customer to buy data from different, decentralized providers in a transparent way. As such, our marketplace presents a first step towards an economically viable WoD beyond subsidies.
DeepPR: Incremental Recovery for Interdependent VNFs with Deep Reinforcement Learning

The increasing reliance upon cloud services entails more flexible networks that are realized by virtualized network equipment and functions. When such advanced network systems face a massive failure by natural disasters or attacks, the recovery of the entire systems may be conducted in a progressive way due to limited repair resources. The prioritization of network equipment in the recovery phase influences the interim computation and communication capability of systems, since the systems are operated under partial functionality. Hence, finding the best recovery order is a critical problem, which is further complicated by virtualization due to dependency among network nodes and layers. This paper deals with a progressive recovery problem under limited resources in networks with VNFs, where some dependent network layers exist. We prove the NP-hardness of the progressive recovery problem and approach the optimum solution by introducing DeepPR, a progressive recovery technique based on deep reinforcement learning. Our simulation results indicate that DeepPR can obtain 98.4% of the theoretical optimum in certain networks. The results suggest the applicability of Deep RL to more general progressive recovery problems and similar intractable resource allocation problems.
On Becoming an Exchange: Translating Michel Callon into a Political Economy of Communication

Financial technology and information are more than economic stimuli and commodities, and hence political economists ought to look beyond their discipline to understand the multi-faceted nature of information and technology. Using a case study of trading technologies of Nasdaq stocks prior to the dot-com boom, this paper argues that Michel Callon's writings lend insight to political economists. Three key terms of Callon (Actor-Network Theory; framing: metrology and calculation; and performative economics) are applied to analyse Nasdaq. We suggest how Callon's key terms help understand the dialectics of critical theories. However, Callon's dismissal of capitalism as a macro structure requires political economists' critical appraisal.
A history of software engineering at the National Science Foundation (a personal view)

The academic software engineering community can be justly proud of its accomplishment in the last twenty-five years. When I joint the National Science Foundation in 1974, Software Engineering as an academic discipline hardly existed. Structured programming and top-down design had permeated the curriculum, but that was the extent of software engineering in the curriculum. "Curriculum 1978" did not use the term Software Engineering, but emphasized good software development practices. In the objectives for the curriculum it stated that "Computer science majors should be able to write programs in a reasonable amoui~t of time that work correctly, axe well documented and arereadable." The report also notes that "The topics [in structured design] are of such importance that they should be considered a common thread throughout the entire curriculum." By 1986 most Computer Science programs had introduced senior project courses involving a significant portion of quality software engineering practices. The 1989 ACM report on "Computing as a Discipline" included Software Methodology and Engineering as one of its elements. The "Curriculum 1991" report of the ACM and the IEEE-Computer Society recommends a significant amount of software engineering for every computer science graduate and includes a sample curriculum with a Software Engineering emphasis. Currently there are Software Engineering programs, especially in Europe. There are even discussions concernLug the accreditation of undergraduate programs in Software Engineering. Over the last 25 years the Computer Science curriculum has evolved from one based on the paradigms and philosophy of Mathematics and the Sciences, to one with more of an engineering emphasis. I believe that NSF's early recognition of the role of Software Engineering in the academic environment contributed to the evolution.
Infinitary Classical Logic: Recursive Equations and Interactive Semantics

In this paper, we present an interactive semantics for derivations in an infinitary extension of classical logic. The formulas of our language are possibly infinitary trees labeled by propositional variables and logical connectives. We show that in our setting every recursive formula equation has a unique solution. As for derivations, we use an infinitary variant of Tait-calculus to derive sequents. The interactive semantics for derivations that we introduce in this article is presented as a debate (interaction tree) between a test > (derivation candidate, Proponent) and an environment > (negation of a sequent, Opponent). We show a completeness theorem for derivations that we call interactive completeness theorem: the interaction between > (test) and > (environment) does not produce errors (i.e., Proponent wins) just in case > comes from a syntactical derivation of >.
Unspeakable Discovery: Romanticism and the “Rime of the Ancient Mariner”

Coleridge's investment in aesthetics and criticism has broadly been understood as an attempt to overcome the Kantian bargain by which knowledge of the world is gained by relinquishing the thing in itself. This paper seeks to supplement that understanding by recasting the stakes of Kant's critical philosophy in terms of a conflict over the limits and possibility of “discovery.” Drawing on contemporary accounts of discovery by Captain Cook and George Shelvocke, the essay explores the critical role discovery plays in the “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” as an historical practice of maritime expansion and mapping, as a textual event, and as an integral moment in the practice of literary criticism, which is to say, of “reading.” Maritime discovery in the Rime, the essay argues, allegorizes literary criticism, revealing both the promise and the limits of the romantic conception of literature as containing its own criticism.
LA M?SICA EN EL PENSAMIENTO HUMANISTA ESPA?OL1

This essay analyses the different ways in which non-musicians reflec ted on music in Spain during the Humanist period: 1) In the broader sense music is taken as a link between number and word and between quadrivium and trivium. Music is considered, in this regard, first, as the guarantor of the harmonious rela tionship between the universe and the soul and, second, as an integral part of rhe torics and poetry, having here a political dimension derived from its persuasive ca pacities and its civilizing power. The practice of instrumental music is taken as a metaphor of both aspects. 2) Commentaries on Classical texts 3) Treatises on Mat hematics 4) Natural Philosophy texts.
The book of days : a miscellany of popular antiquities

s will be included. Each issue will be divided into the 19 subject sections, within which will be listed the bibliographic citations and abstracts. A subject and author index covering the issues will be included.  The volume index issued annually, hardbound, and totaling about 2000 pages, will include all of the year's bibliographic citations, listed alphabetically by author, followed by a subject index referencing authors and abstracts for all 12 issues. The index in this panded publication will have greater depth than one in the former annual.
Kurt Lewin Memorial Address, 1986: War, Peace, and Psychology

I am immensely pleased to join so many of my teachers, mentors, and admired colleagues in psychology as a recipient of the Lewin Award-the one of all possible honors that means the most to me. Often recipients of the award have honored the memory of Kurt Lewin by drawing on their own contributions of socially relevant research in their talks, research that was a primary reason for their having been chosen. I did not receive the award because of my research, so I will devote this address to the topic on SPSSI’s long-term agenda that now most urgently needs our attention-war and peace.
Long-Term Orientation In Family And Non-Family Firms

A stronger long-term orientation is considered a competitive advantage of family firms relative to non-family firms. In this study, we use panel data of U.S. firms and analyze this proposition. Our findings are surprising. Only in when the family is involved in the management of the firm is the firm found to invest more in long-term projects relative to a non-family firm. We also find that investment in long-term projects in family firms is determined less by cash flow variations than for non-family firms. Managerial implications of our findings are discussed. Our hypotheses are tested using Bayesian methods.
Striking structural transformation from cyclic oligosaccharide to aromatic series by means of the effect of lithium carbonate based on gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

An interesting paradigm in which the conformation of glucopyranose of beta-CD in the presence of Li(2)CO(3) is transformed into both an aromatic structure, such as the heterocyclic compound C(6)H(6)O(+) with a prominent relative abundance (RA) and the tropylium ions C(3)H(3)(+), C(5)H(5)(+), and C(7)H(7)(+) at comparatively low temperatures, and a linear structure such as C(18)H(30)O(+) and C(4)H(10)O(3)(+) is reported in the present work. The efficient transformation (higher RA, lower temperature) from a sugar structure to an aromatic structure is ascribed to the contribution of the molecule-ion interaction between beta-CD and Li(2)CO(3). Such a transformation is significant because it provides new insight into the link between supramolecular chemistry and other fields such as organic synthesis, biomineralization, environmental protection, and energy utilization.
Can Bohmian mechanics be made background independent

The paper presents an inquiry into the question regarding the compatibility of Bohmian mechanics, intended as a non-local theory of moving point-like particles, with background independence. This issue is worth being investigated because, if the Bohmian framework has to be of some help in developing new physics, it has to be compatible with the most well-established traits of modern physics, background independence being one of such traits. The paper highlights the fact that the notion of background independence in the context of spacetime physics is slippery and interpretation-laden. It is then suggested that the best-matching framework developed by Julian Barbour might provide a robust enough meaning of background independence. The structure of Bohmian dynamics is evaluated against this framework, reaching some intermediate results that speak in favor of the fact that Bohmian mechanics can be made background independent.
Why Horn Formulas Matter in Computer Science: Initial Structures and Generic Examples (Extended Abstract)

We introduce the notion of generic examples as a unifying principle for various phenomena in computer science such as initial structures in the area of abstract data types and Armstrong relations in the area of data bases. Generic examples are also useful in defining the semantics of logig programming, in the formal theory of program testing and in complexity theory. We characterize initial structures in terms of their generic properties and give a syntactic characterization of first order theories admitting initial structures. The latter can be used to explain why Horn formulas have gained a predominant role in various areas of computer science.
The structure and functional properties of Ni± Ti± Cu alloy rapidly quenched ribbons with different parts of crystalline phase *

The structure and thermomechanical properties of Ni-Ti-Cu alloy partially crystallized rapidly quenched ribbons were studied. The technique of controlled isothermal annealing of the initially amorphous ribbons in the differential scanning calorimeter was used for preparation of the samples with determined relations of extracted thermal energies to the full crystallization energy. The thermomechanical properties of the ribbons were studied in temperature interval -100..100 C. It was found that temperature dependence of bending deformation demonstrates hysteresis for the samples with more then 29% of crystalline phase. The shape memory effect manifests itself in these samples. The value of the reversible strain rises with the crystalline phase increase. The HRTEM studies show that rare crystallites have spherical shape in samples with 15% crystalline phase. Their sizes vary from 100 to 1000 nm. The DSC studies show peaks corresponding to the direct and reverse martensitic transformation at temperatures Tam = 15 C and Tma = 29 C. The concretion of crystallites with plane boundaries formation was observed in samples with 29% of crystalline phase. The martensitic transformation is suppressed in crystallites less than 300 nm at room temperature. Unlike this in bLJ��a���oP��FU\VWDOOLWHVWKHVWUXFWXUHRIPDUWHQVLWLFWZLQVZHU HREVHUYHG��7KHWUDQVLWLRQ� )RQHEHWZHHQFU\VWDODQGDPRUSKRXVSKDVHVRIWKHDOOR\�RQFU\VW DOOLWHV∂�ERXQGDULHVZDVVWXGLHGE\�+57(0� technique. The model for the explanation of the observed phenomena is discussed.
Some remarks on theories with large compact dimensions and TeV scale quantum gravity

We comment on some implications of theories with large compactification radii and TeV-scale quantum gravity. These include the behavior of high-energy gravitational scattering cross sections and consequences for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays and neutrino scattering, the question of how to generate naturally light neutrino masses, the issue of quark-lepton unification, the equivalence principle, and the cosmological constant.
Facile synthesis of cadmium sulphide-polyaniline (CdS-PANI) nanocomposite and its field emission investigations

A simple two step chemical route has been employed to synthesize cadmium sulphide - polyaniline (CdS-PANI) nanocomposite. In the first step PANI nanotubes are synthesized by oxidative polymerization followed by deposition of CdS nanoparticles on them. In order to investigate the structural, chemical and optical properties of the CdS-PANI nanocomposite, various characterization techniques have been used. The microscopic analysis reveals that the PANI nanotubes having length in several microns with cavity diameter of ~ 10 to 20 nm are decorated with CdS nanoparticles of 5 to 10 nm. The XRD spectrum indicates formation of crystalline hexagonal phase of CdS, supported by the SAED pattern obtained during TEM analysis. The FTIR and UV-visible spectra confirm formation of the conducting phase of PANI. The field emission studies of the CdS-PANI nanocomposite indicate low turn on field of 1.4 V/μm, corresponding to emission current density ~ 1 μA/cm2, and emission current density of ~ 5.5 mA/cm2 has been drawn at an applied field of 3.8 V/μm. Furthermore the emission current is observed to be fairly stable at the preset values over long term duration. The enhanced field emission properties, exhibited in terms of low turn on field, and delivery of very high emission current density at relatively lower applied field, are attributed to the nanometric dimensions of the PANI nanotubes and CdS nanoparticles, and modulation of electronic properties due to formation of heterojunction. The overall field emission results propose the CdS-PANI nanocomposite as a promising material for field emission based devices.
The great expectations of smartphone traffic scheduling

Utilizing network traffic scheduling to improve the energy efficiency of smartphones has been studied extensively in the past few years. These studies usually take certain approaches and make some assumptions concerning traffic predictability, regardless of whether these assumptions hold or whether the approaches have been studied before. In this paper, we conduct an analysis of existing work to find common approaches and assumptions among the proposed solutions. We find out the following: 1. A large part of the solutions target a specific (single) application or category of applications, and do not schedule the whole traffic transmitted on the smartphone. 2. A common assumption is that network traffic for smart phones is predictable. The focus of our work is to test these assumptions against real-world data and analyze whether the approaches presented in the literature are feasible. By leveraging two data sets from NetSense, we make several major contributions: 1. We demonstrate clearly, based on a large dataset, that background apps are the largest energy consumers for smart phones. 2. although some traffic traces exhibit long-term trends, in general traffic from a single app or a user is not predictable in the short-term. 3. achieving energy savings is difficult by scheduling traffic only from a specific app, since multi-app scenarios are so prevalent on today's smartphones. We also pinpoint future directions for traffic scheduling schemes.
Winning the Dust Bowl

Bootleggers and bankrobbers in the Oklahoma Dust Bowl. Proctors and punters at Oxford. Activists and agitators of the American Indian Movement. Carter Revard has known them all, and in this book a memoir in prose and poetry he interweaves the many threads of his life as only a gifted writer can. Winning the Dust Bowl traces Revard's development from a poor Oklahoma farm boy during the depths of the Depression to a respected medieval scholar and outstanding Native American poet. It recounts his search for a personal and poetic voice, his struggle to keep and expand it, and his attempt to find ways of reconciling the disparate influences of his life. In these pages, readers will find poems both new and familiar: poems of family and home, of loss and survival. In linking what he calls "cocooning" essays, Revard shares what he has noticed about how poems come into being, how changes in style arise from changes in life, and how language can be used to deal with one's relationship to the world. He also includes stories of Poncas and Osages, powwow stories and Oxford fables, and a gallery of photographs that capture images of his past. Revard has crafted a book about poetry and authorship, about American history and culture. Lyrical in one breath and stingingly political in the next, he calls on his mastery of language to show us the undying connection between literature and life.