nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploration potential of Paleozoic rocks of Morocco

Paleozoic rocks of Morocco have some similarities with the producing Paleozoic sequences in Algeria. In Morocco, there is a basic division between the cratonal sequences of the Tidouf basin and contiguous areas and the Paleozoic megabasin to the north and possibly to the west under the present continental shelf areas. The Paleozoic of the northern megabasin has the following positive exploration elements. (1) Both wrench and normal extensional tectonics have produced significant structures that may have been reactivated during 2 later orogenic events. (2) Reservoir quality, although poor in outcrop, can be significantly improved in the subsurface. Wells from the Bojad region of the Tadla basin encountered porosities up to 30% in Devonian clastic sequences. (3) No area can be condemned on the basis of present published geochemical evidence. Burial depths are sufficient for mature hydrocarbons, and rocks with organic material are present in sediment ranging in age from Cambrian to Carboniferous. Paleozoic oil shows have been encountered and may actually serve as the source of hydrocarbon in the Essouira basin in a downfaulted Triassic red-bed sequence. (4) Quality of seismic data is good, even where Paleozoic rocks are onlapped by Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments. Drilling for Paleozoic targets hasmore » been sparse, hence, few data are available to test both source and reservoir potential. Paleozoic rocks still need to be tested by industry and must be considered a frontier area.« less
The Teaching of History in Contemporary Russia: Trends and Perspectives

The Teaching of History in  Trends and Perspectives. Edited by Vera Kaplan, Pinchas Agmon, and Liubov Ermolaeva.  Notes on contributors. This collection, comprising fourteen articles, is the result of an international conference that was held in St. Petersburg, in October 1997, and organized by the Cummings Center for Russian and East European Studies at Tel-Aviv University in cooperation with the Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia. Twelve of the contributions are written in Russian. One of them begins with the words "crisis of historical education in Russia." The theme of crisis and of a painful transitional period is sure to accompany the reader throughout this collection. Leaving behind outworn slogans, illusions, and doubts, Russian scholars are eager to write and teach history in a new way. The contributors to the collection are passionate about their subject; they share the conviction that, by teaching history, they mould the future of Russia In the Introduction Very Kaplan elegantly reviews the collection's articles. She stresses that the common "point of departure" for the authors was the role of ideology in the teaching of history (p. 1). The first article, "The Study of History Teaching in  Trends, and Challenges" by Pinchas Agmon, acquaints the reader with recent changes in the Russian educational system. He discusses the reform of education in conjunction with the "new popular interest in the past," which had been unleashed by perestroika. His article helps one understand how and why the teaching of history has become the core of Russia's educational reform. Shocking revelations and shattered myths have made the old history textbooks superfluous-so much so, in fact, that in 1988 history exams were disqualified (p. 15). New historical narratives were urgently needed. A.P. Shevyrev begins his article "Tendencies and Perspectives of the Advancement of Historical Educational Literature in Russia" with reminiscences of 1988 when he was part of a group seeking to elaborate a new concept of history teaching. When the project was finished in 1989, the group's recommendations --such as "the humanization of history," by which was meant the emancipation of history from the dictatorship of ideology-could not be openly stated. At that stage, the concept of competing alternative textbooks seemed so radical that even the authors themselves did not believe that their ideas could be implemented. But, in approximately three years, what the authors had dreamt about, and more, came true. Looking back on the sweeping changes, which did not always exactly follow the projects, Shevyrev casts some doubt on their depth and radicalism. Yes, alternative textbooks exist, but not many schools can buy them because of financial difficulties. Yes, Marxist methodology was rejected but many conceptual problems remain. …
Working Paper 146 - Bank Financing to Small and Medium Enterprises in East Africa: Findings of a Survey in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia

This paper describes the main findings of a survey of SME financing in four East African countries, namely Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. We find that the SME segment is a strategic priority for the banks in the region. SMEs are considered a profitable business prospect and provide an important opportunity for cross-selling. Banks consider that the SME lending market is large, not saturated and with a very positive outlook. A number of obstacles are, however, constraining banks’ further engagement with the SME segment, including SME-related factors, macroeconomic factors, business regulation, the legal and contractual environment, the lack of a more proactive government attitude towards the segment, some areas of prudential regulation and some bank-specific factors. Nonetheless, banks have adapted to their environment and developed mechanisms to cope with it through innovation and differentiation. We conclude that this trend should be supported and encouraged through reforms to soften the negative impact of those obstacles which are hindering the further involvement of banks with SMEs.
British social attitudes : the 22nd report : two terms of new labour: the public's reaction

Give and Take - Tom Sefton Attitudes to Redistribution Work-Life Balance - Alice Bell and Caroline Bryson Still a 'Women's Issue'? Home Sweet Home - Alun Humphrey and Catherine Bromley Higher Education - Ted Wragg and Mark Johnson A Class Act Public Responses to NHS Reform - John Appleby and Arturo Alvarez-Rosete Transport - Peter Jones, Georgina Christodoulou and David Whibley Are Policymakers and the Public on the Same Track? Planning for Retirement - Miranda Phillips and Ruth Hancock Realism or Denial? Leaders or Followers? - Geoffrey Evans and Sarah Butt Parties and Public Opinion on the European Union Are Trade Unionists Left-Wing Any More? - John Curtice and Ann Mair
The Role of Accounting in the German Financial System

This chapter analyzes the role of financial accounting in the German financial system. It starts from the common perception that German accounting is rather 'uninformative'. This characterization is appropriate from the perspective of an arm's length or outside investor and when confined to the financial statements per se. But it is no longer accurate when a broader perspective is adopted. The German accounting system exhibits several arrangements that privately communicate information to insiders, notably the supervisory board. Due to these features, the key financing and contracting parties seem reasonably well informed. The same cannot be said about outside investors relying primarily on public disclosure. A descriptive analysis of the main elements of the Germany system and a survey of extant empirical accounting research generally support these arguments.
Are Privacy Issues Important in Mexican Online Markets? An Empirical Investigation into Published Online Privacy Statements of Mexican Web Sites

Electronic commerce has had a considerable development in the world; it always implies information exchange, -being it frequently personal information-, between Internet users and site owners. Providing such data to a website, when usually users don’t even know where the company is located, has brought concerns about the use of private information by online business. Some countries have started to pass laws and guidelines regarding the use of private information gathered online, and also non government associations have started to certificate websites in the use and management of personal data. This study explores and analyzes the content of 120 privacy statements from online companies established in Mexico to address all privacy dimensions that seems to be important in online environment and to evaluate characteristics and differences in the use of the personal identifiable information among them. When possible, a comparison is made between some of the results of this research for companies operating in Mexico, and the findings made by Pollach (2006) for companies operating in U.S.A. Finally some possible future work is described and some conclusions are made.
Maternal Attributions Related to Compliance with Cystic Fibrosis Treatment

This study examined mothers' attributions related to their children's compliance with various components of medical treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF). Mothers of children with CF were queried regarding adherence rates and reasons for child compliance with chest physiotherapy, inhalation therapy, exercise, medication, and dietary treatments. Maternal attributions for compliance were assessed on the dimensions of parental locus, stability, and controllability. Mothers reported significantly less compliance with diet than with other CF treatments; they also perceived the reasons for compliance with diet and exercise as more external and less under their control. These findings are discussed in relation to parent–child interactions that may be critical to improving treatment adherence, particularly in the context of nutritional interventions.
Computation as a Mesoscopic Phenomenon

This paper treats computation as a game process. We place an algorithm within a single computational domain. The domain structure is a graphical structure with the moves of the game representing vertices. The algorithmic process evolves through these moves. The noise of the physical computing device manifests a mesoscopic system. The algorithmic process is imbedded as part of this system. The edges of the graph have a time-based directionality. We treat the noise as time evolution of a quantum-like system along the edges. We identify both a quantum-like process and a thermal-like process for this evolution. We use a simple Ising model to provide the underlying structure. This allows the noise to be seen as an organized pattern evolution. Furthermore, there is a scale structure that one can relate to the renormalization group theory. This is relevant to modern computation, as it encroaches on the mesoscopic domain.
The Economics of Payments

In this paper we provide a survey of the payment literature in a unified framework. The environment is a variant of the Lagos and Wright (2005) model of monetary exchange, where some trades occur in bilateral meetings while others occur in more or less decentralized markets. We use this basic environment to introduce alternative sets of trading frictions that give rise to different payments instruments and/or payments institutions. We investigate credit economies, monetary economies, and economies in which money and credit coexist. We also study alternative assets, such as foreign exchange, capital (equity), and government liabilities, which can be used as payment instruments in conjunction with money. We introduce banks as deposit-taking institutions whose liabilities circulate in the economy. We also provide an extension in which the process of the settlement of debt for money is modeled and the potential social costs of settlement are characterized. Finally, we investigate government policy responses to the social costs introduced by various trading frictions.
Evolving Use of Distributed Semantics to Achieve Net-centricity

For the US Department of Defense (DoD)’s efforts to achieve net-centricity, more intelligent ways of handling information must be pursued, in particular using machineinterpretable semantic models, i.e., ontologies. One approach, which we’ve adopted in current and emerging research projects, is to combine Semantic Web technologies with logic programming, thereby utilizing standards-based ontologies and rules and yet ensuring that the runtime automated reasoning over these is efficient. In this paper, we discuss our current Semantic Environment for Enterprise Reasoning (SEER) architecture, which combines an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) with our Semantic Web Ontologies and Rules for Interoperability with Efficient Reasoning (SWORIER) system. SWORIER converts OWL ontologies and SWRL rules into logic programming, thereby enabling efficient runtime reasoning using Prolog. We also briefly discuss potential enhancements to such an environment, including the use of constraint logic, metareasoning, and hybrid logic.
The effects of strengthening patent rights on firms engaged in cumulative innovation: Insights from the semiconductor industry

During the 1980s, changes in the U.S. legal environment ushered in an era characterized by strong patent rights. This paper examines the effects of this “pro-patent” shift on firms in the semiconductor industry. By conducting interviews with industry representatives and analyzing the patenting behavior of 95 U.S. semiconductor firms during 1979–1995, we find that the strengthening of U.S. patent rights spawned “patent portfolio races” among capital-intensive firms, but also may have facilitated entry by specialized design firms during this period. The results highlight the multifaceted effects of strengthening patent rights on firms within one important cumulative technological setting.
Hospital readmissions for COPD: a retrospective longitudinal study

Prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital readmissions is an international priority aimed to slow disease progression and limit costs. Evidence of the risk of readmission and of interventions that might prevent it is lacking. We aimed to determine readmission risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, factors influencing that risk, and variation in readmission risk between hospitals across 7.5 million people in London. This retrospective longitudinal observational study included all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions to any hospital in the United Kingdom among patients registered at London general practices who had emergency National Health Service chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions between April 2006 and March 2010. Influence of patient characteristics, geographical deprivation score, length of stay, day of week of admission or of discharge, and admitting hospital, were assessed using multiple logistic regression. 38,894 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions of 20,932 patients aged ≥ 45 years registered with London general practices were recorded. 6295 patients (32.2%) had at least one chronic obstructive pulmonary disease readmission within 1 year. 1993 patients (10.2%) were readmitted within 30 days and 3471 patients (17.8%) were readmitted within 90 days. Age and patient geographical deprivation score were very weak predictors of readmission. Rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease readmissions within 30 days and within 90 days did not vary among the majority of hospitals. The finding of lower chronic obstructive pulmonary disease readmission rates than was previously estimated and the limited variation in these rates between hospitals suggests that the opportunity to reduce chronic obstructive pulmonary disease readmission risk is small.Chronic lung disease: Lower risk of readmission for London-based patientsA managed reduction of hospital readmissions for London-based chronic lung disease patients may not be needed. Preventing hospital readmissions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a key priority to improve patient care and limit costs. However, few data are available to determine and ultimately reduce the risk of readmission. Timothy Harries at King’s College, London, and co-workers conducted a longitudinal study incorporating all COPD admissions into UK hospitals for 20,932 patients registered at London general practitioners between 2006 and 2010. They found that 32% of patients were readmitted within a year, 17.8% within 90 days and 10% within 30 days. Neither age nor geographical deprivation were useful predictors of readmission. These represent lower than estimated levels of readmission, suggesting there may be fewer opportunities to reduce the risk of readmission further.
Copper-Carbon and Aluminum-Carbon Composites Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy Processes

The increase in both power and packing densities in power electronic devices has led to an increase in the market demand for effective heat-dissipating materials, with high thermal conductivity and thermal- expansion coefficient compatible with chip materials still ensuring the reliability of the power modules. In this context, metal matrix composites: carbon fibers and diamond-reinforced copper and aluminum matrix composites among them are considered very promising as a next generation of thermal-management materials in power electronic packages. These composites exhibit enhanced thermal properties compared to pure copper combined with lower density. This article presents the fabrication techniques of copper/carbon fibers and copper/diamond and aluminum/carbon fibers composite films by powder metallurgy and hot pressing. The thermal analyses clearly indicate that interfacial treatments are required in these composites to achieve high thermomechanical properties. Interfaces (through novel chemical and processing methods), when selected carefully and processed properly will form the right chemical/mechanical link between metal and carbon, enhancing all the desired thermal properties while minimizing the deleterious effect.
HOUSING SYSTEMS EAST AND WEST — THE USES AND LIMITATIONS OF COMPARATIVE STUDIES

Comparative studies of social policy in general, and housing is no exception, are always fraught with difficulties. There are very few attempts which entirely manage to escape both of the major traps. On the one hand is the danger of drifting into an abstract empiricism which can end up concentrating on such factors as the details of subsidy systems or the precise percentages of income which people pay for housing in various countries. At best this becomes numbingly boring and at worst (for example where payment or subsidy figures are described in local currency terms without indicating exchange rates) incomprehensible.
A note on the law of identity and the converse Parry property

1.1. Every mef will be of the form p—> p in virtue of variablesharing. Eefs of the form p —> C and C -+ p, where C is an ef, are ruled out, the first because of the Ackermann property, the second because by modus ponens p would be a theorem. So every eef is a mef, and Lemma 1.1. follows. 1.2. Let A contain two or more propositional variables. In virtue of variable-sharing every ef of A containing two or more propositional variables will have on at least one side of its arrow a subformula containing at least two propositional variables (so this subformula will be an ef). (E.g., imagine an ef B containing two propositional variables, p and q; then it will contain p either on both sides of the arrow, in which case q is on at least one side, or on only one side, in which case q must be on both.
Sedimentology and geomorphology of drumlins in western Allgäu, South Germany

Form, lithological composition, geomorphological situation and internal structure of three different drumlins belonging to the Pleistocene Rhine and Iller glacial systems in South Germany are described: one consisting almost completely of subglacial till, another consisting of ice-marginal deposits with an incomplete mantle of till, the third consisting of delta deposits. It is concluded that no precise limits should be drawn between accumulation and erosion drumlins.
The Modern Dede: Changing Parameters for Religious Authority in Contemporary Turkish Alevism

While Turkey is beginning its membership negotiations with the European Union, Turkish Alevis try to capitalize on the European pressure for reform. Most Alevis welcome the understanding of the European Commission that Alevis form a religious community deserving recognition. This chapter describes the present Alevi debate on the modern dede and analyzes it in the context of the contemporary reformulation of Alevism in terms of culture and religion. It argues that dedelik , the institution of the dede , is being secularized, i.e., the role of the dede is constrained to ritual contexts increasingly defined as religious in opposition to non-religious functions such as representation of the community. The chapter gives a brief account of the traditional dedelik and the changes it underwent in the course of Alevisms transformations in the 20th century .  European Union; modern dede; turkish alevism
The special track ‘games engineering’ at EDUCON 2017

Digitalization∗ proves to be more and more a worldwide trend transforming the way societies and economies function. Digitalization has changed the demands on the qualifications of the employees, and thus poses new challenges to our education system. Solving complex problems, software engineering, programming, and being able to familiarize oneself with other fields of science have become key skills in order to succeed in the job market. Being able to solve problems in a structured way and the art of computer programming are valued skills for various jobs, such as IT workers, data analysts, designers, engineers, and scientists — or games engineers.
The C hallenge of Developing across Borders: Singapore's Gambit in Bangalore, India

The hallmark of the Singapore `success story’, state-led, market-driven interventions and their efficacy have often been a matter of academic contention. This paper, as part of our series on this topic, revisits Singapore’s state-enterprise strategy in the context of the city-state’s determined efforts at internationalization. Singapore’s regionalization stratagem led to the establishment of industrial parks in China, India and several South-East Asian countries. The strategic intent behind these overseas projects was two-fold: exporting Singapore’s competencies such as management know-how, technological capabilities and corrupt-free administration to regions where such positive factors were lacking and secondly, exploiting comparative advantages that each region had to offer. Controversy, however, arises from both of the above; whether the city-state’s vaunted competencies were truly exportable, and whether said comparative advantages were truly present and applicable in the first place; such controversies are additionally present in India, where the high-tech focus of the park places the above into further doubt. To shed some light on this controversy, we present the latest evidence culled from surveys and interviews conducted in the Singapore-styled industrial-township in India; our results showing that, while the township is an undeniable economic success, the other motives behind its establishment have been somewhat less satisfied, and that concerns for the future yet remain on the horizon.