nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Tribology of tungsten disulfide films in humid environments

As a result of tribo-induced oxidation, tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) loses its lubricating behavior in humid environments. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of a tailored metal-matrix composite (MMC) substrate in imparting oxidation resistance to WS 2 films in sliding contact. The substrate is an aluminum MMC disk reinforced with 20 vol.% silicon carbide (SiC) particles. The MMC disk was metallographically polished and etched to create SiC particle protrusions. The films were grown on the MMC substrates using a pulsed laser. Friction and wear tests were performed in dry nitrogen and in humid air with 90% relative humidity. The counterface was a 440C steel ball. The wear scars and third-body transfer films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In dry nitrogen, the friction coefficient of WS 2 films on MMC substrates was low (0.035–0.050), indicating that the carbide protrusions did not adversely affect the lubricating behavior. In humid air, the friction coefficient of WS 2 films on polished steel substrates increased to 0.4 during the first 1000 cycles of sliding, whereas the ones on MMC substrates lasted for the entire duration of 50,000-cycle tests, with friction coefficients ranging from 0.15 to 0.22. The counterface wear, or scratching of the steel ball by SiC, was practically absent. The role of carbide protrusions in controlling chemically assisted crack propagation is discussed. The implications of this work as a model study for the design of thin film composite coatings is highlighted.
Makescape: my diary of landscape

Late October 2004 Mid  As an architect engaged in postgraduate research in a department of geography where I am surrounded by physical geographers, historical geographers and cultural geographers, I have spent a large portion of the past few months submerged in various writings on the term 'landscape'. Covering as broad a scope as possible, my reading has led me into many fields of exploration. From art critics to academic geographers, from historians to landscape architects, it appears that each group has a different take on the meaning, position, and approach to landscape. The deeper and deeper I have gone into these areas, the more muddied my understandings have become. It feels as though my own once-clear understandings of what landscape is, or could be, are becoming lost in a mire amongst these competing meanings.  A cultural construction? A social process? A physical thing?
Relativistic model of the Lidov-Kozai resonance in binaries

We consider the hierarchical three-body problem, with a binary and a planet-mass
 object. We investigate the effect of general relativity (GR)
 corrections to the Newtonian interactions. We focus on the Lidov-Kozai
 resonance, and the secular dynamics are analyzed over wide ranges of the
 semi-major axes and masses. We found regions in the parameter space where
 the GR corrections may be important for the long-term dynamics. We try to
 constrain the inclinations of putative Jovian planets in the recently announced binary systems of HD 4113 and HD 156846.
Balanced generalized handcuffed designs

The definition of balanced generalized handcuffed designs (BHD) is of course more specific than that of the generalized handcuffed designs that we introduced in 1987. In the first part of this paper, we present a particular property of a BHD, which is not necessarily that of a generalized handcuffed design. Then, we provide the reader with a general procedure that enables one to obtain such designs, and is called a ‘difference method’. We also show how this difference method can be made more useful in the case where the set V on which a BHD is constructed is the residue classes of integers mod V . The third part of this paper deals with the problem of the existence of a BHD; and a solution is given for a particular case. We assume that the method applied for solving this problem will allow for the constructing of many more theorems analogous to Theorem 3.
Study on the microstructure and properties of different intermediate coatings to RuO 2 -TiO 2 -SnO 2 /Ti Anodes

A normal RuO 2 -TiO 2 -SnO 2 /Ti coatings have been synthesized by a thermal decomposition method. The influence of the anodes with Ir, Ir-Co and Ir-Ta intermediate coatings is studied. The crystal phase structure and microstructure of the coatings are analyzed by XRD and SEM. The cyclic voltammetry curve and electrolytic life of anodes with different intermediate coatings are used to evaluate the electrochemical performance. The results show that cyclic voltammograms curve, chlorine evolution potential, the oxygen evolution potential and the electrolytic life change with different intermediate coatings. And the anode coating with Ir-Ta intermediate shows the best comprehensive performance.
Influence of Firing Time on Micro-Mechanical Properties of Glass Based Coating on Ti6Al4V for Biomedical Applications

In this work, the microstructure and micro-mechanical behaviour for a system composed by a glass coating of the SiO 2-CaO-MgO-Na 2O-K2O-P2O5 system on a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) have been studied in terms of firing time. The coating was produced using a simple enamelling technique with three different firing times (15, 20 and 30 seconds). The chemical analysis by Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy shows the formation of a titanium rich reaction layer, most probably composed of nanocrystals of Ti 5Si 3. Hertz indentation on the coating surface, Vickers microindentation at the interface and scratch test indentation show that the best mechanical response is obtained with a firing time of 30 seconds, which corresponds to the conditions for which the titanium-rich layer is thicker.
Practice and study on the remediation pollution and ecological protection of city river

This paper points out the idea that to use scientific methods to solve city river pollution as well as to come up with the comprehensive treatment and ecological protection river concept.Additionally,a series of targeted,valuable practice and research have been carried on.Nowadays it is more and more complicated for the treatment of the Fuzhou city river,but the scientific research of the environmental problems are still needed further study.Inproving the construction of urban sewage treatment systems and river water flush out pollutants scheduling real-time control system to realize the reconstruction of the ecological environment in the river,to achieve good water quality,ecological functional,beautiful landscape and rich cultural atmosphere of the city river.
THE MEANING OF NOTION 'NATURE' IN THE POLITICAL DOCTRINE OF THOMAS HOBBES AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF 'ZOON POLITIKON' CONCEPTION (Znaczenie pojecia 'natura' w doktrynie politycznej Thomasa Hobbesa na tle koncepcji zoon politikon)

Piotr Świercz, The meaning of notion „nature” in the political doctrine of Thomas Hobbes against a background of „zoon politikon” conception. The main aim of this article is to examine meaning of “nature”, “state of nature” and “natural condition of mankind” in the political doctrine of Thomas Hobbes. It should be emphasised that is a matter of notion “nature”, not a Hobbes’ description of natural state. Some posibilities are taken into consideration: “nature” as an essence, “nature” (“state of nature”) as a wildness, “nature” as opposed to “artificial”, “nature” as an abstract conception of human individual. To emphasize the importance of title problem, it’s showed against a background of classical (greek and christian) idea of zoon politikon. It seemed justified because Hobbes’ political doctrine is considered (even by Hobbes) as opposed to classical understanding of human nature. In the recapitulation of this thesis author tries to indicate the reasons of Hobbes’ doctrine obscurity and consequences of this obscurity for modern political ideas.
A Generalisation of Productive Set

enumeration of the set in increasing order. Alternatively, we may give some effective test for membership in the set. Again, the cardinal number of the set and/or of its complement may be given in addition. Each of these methods of specification can be made precise by using the theory of partial recursive functions. However, we shall here give only two explicit examples and shall point out later why we consider them to be sufficient for our purposes. DEFINITIONS.
Science Policies and the New International Order

The new international political order has eroded the former bipolarity that was the mark of the postwar international system. Several cleavages within the Western and Eastern blocs, together with changes in the economic and political status of developing countries, have provided a much more complex system. The new context led to the disappearance of the former division of scientific and technological labor based on the dominance of the United States and the Soviet Union. Attempts to build some kind of "scientific internationalism" as an extension of the new international economic and political orders aspired to does not seem to have much future, as witnessed by the recent Vienna UN Conference on Science and Technology for Development. Several different national science policies seem, however, possible, and are briefly discussed, including policies of technological feats, alternative technologies, and comparative advantages.
From Model Thinking to Process Design

The introduction of computational design processes and particularly of computer-aided fabrication methods recast roles across the design team. As Jan Knippers, founding partner of Knippers Helbig Advanced Engineering and Head of the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) at the University of Stuttgart explains, it offers structural engineers a unique opportunity: the potential to break through the barriers of conventional model thinking (thinking in discrete typologies) and to embrace process design and new forms of interaction.
Out west, down South: gazing at America in reverse shot through Damiano Damiani's "Quien sabe?"

A close analysis of Damiano Damiani's political Spaghetti Western "Quien sabe" (1966), examining how the film seeks to interrogate the Hollywood Western's affirmative ideologies and inscribe the format with countercultural radicalism. The article also identifies the inadvertent subtexts within the film that bespeak the cultural confusions in 1960s Italian politics.
Upper mantle heterogeneities beneath Eastern Europe

P-wave travel-time residuals for seismograph stations in eastern Europe as reported by ISC for the years 1964–1977 were used for constructing a seismic image of upper mantle heterogeneities in the network region. For the depth range 0–100 km, dominant tectonic features like the Pannonian Basin and the Aegean Sea and western Turkey correlate well with pronounced velocity lows which a ppear to extenddown to a 300 km depth. The velocity anomaly patterns in the depth intervals 300–500 km and 500–600 km are broadly similar but quite different from those of shallower depths. The observed seismic heterogeneities are briefly discussed in terms of large-scale tectonic and geophysical (heat-flow) characteristics of eastern Europe.
Zircons U-Pb ages of the Guanzizhen intermediate-basic igneous complex in Tianshui area, West Qinling, and their geological significance.

The Liushuigou meta-intermediate-basic igneous complex defined recently in the Guanzizhen area, Tianshui City, West Qinling, is mainly composed of metagabbro-metagabbro diorite-metadiorite. Its geochemical characteristics indicate that the complex formed in an island-arc environment. The TIMS single-zircon U-Pb age for the meta-intermediate-basic igneous complex is 507.5±3.0 Ma, which indicates that the formation age of island-arc-type magmatic rocks in the north zone of the West Qinling are Late Cambrian, and that the timing of subduction of the paleo-ocean basin represented by the Guanzizhen ophiolite and formation of the volcanic-magmatic island arc is Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician.
Study of metal complexation of cardenolides with divalent metal ions by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Cardenolides are natural products with positive inotropic and cytotoxic activity that are able to interact with metals, although the possible role that these interactions may play in their biological activity is not known. Mixtures of the following cardenolides: digoxigenin (DgG), gitoxigenin (GxG), digitoxigenin (DxG), uzarigenin (UzG) and a butenolide, 2(5H)-furanone (Fur), with different metal cations, namely Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cu 2+ , Co 2+ and Zn 2+ ,were studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry in a Quadrupole-Time of Flight. The relative stability of the most important adducts was studied by threshold collision induced dissociation, E 1/2 . Computational modeling of the observed complexes with calcium was performed using DFT B3LYP/6-31G+(d,p) level of theory. Complexes of stoichiometry [nM+Me] 2+ , with n = 4 to 6 ligands and Me a metal cation, were observed for all studied compounds. The adducts [4M+Me] 2+ corresponded to the most intense peaks in most of the mass spectra and showed the highest E 1/2 . GxG showed a higher tendency to form complexes with low coordination numbers. Calculations showed that the carbonyl oxygen of the butenolide moiety is the most important site of coordination and allowed the proposal of different binding modes to explain the differences observed in the GxG MS spectra. A direct relationship was observed between experimental and computational data, which allowed to predict the MS behavior of these or similar compounds. The analysis can be extrapolated to other compounds with a furanone ring, and used as an analytical tool to characterize furanone compounds, or for the differentiation of DgG and GxG.
Federation, Democracy and the Struggle against a Single Australia

One of the essential characteristics of modern nationhood is singularity. There is one Australia, with one story, one foundation, one destiny and one face to the world at large. However, singularity limits good history. It makes a particularly strong impact on our understanding of those episodes which seem to be crucial turning points in the history of the nation, including in Australia's case the period of federation and World War One. Good accounts of that period, and thus of the whole Australian experience, depend on avoiding the seductions of singularity, and the impact on scholarship of ‘the lethal chimera of the modern nation-state’.
Proteolipids. V. The activity of lipid cytochrome C.

Lipid-cytochrome c prepared according to the procedure of Das and Crane 1 was found to be highly active in the transfer of electrons from ascorbate via tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine and the cytochrome oxidase system to O 2 . The proteolipid can be assayed in aqueous medium after microdispersion by sonication. An assay method is described in detail. Lipid-cytochrome c micelles aggregate at or below pH 5.5, and the aggregate has no detectable activity. The pH optimum of lipid-cytochrome c oxidation was found at pH 6.0. High ionic strength which decomposes the lipid complex also impairs the activity. These observations are discussed in terms of the phospholipid requirements of the cytochrome-oxidase reaction.
Modal Extensions of {\L}ukasiewicz Logic for Modeling Coalitional Power

Modal logics for reasoning about the power of coalitions capture the notion of effectivity functions associated with game forms. The main goal of coalition logics is to provide formal tools for modeling the dynamics of a game frame whose states may correspond to different game forms. The two classes of effectivity functions studied are the families of playable and truly playable effectivity functions, respectively. In this paper we generalize the concept of effectivity function beyond the yes/no truth scale. This enables us to describe the situations in which the coalitions assess their effectivity in degrees, based on functions over the outcomes taking values in a finite {\L}ukasiewicz chain. Then we introduce two modal extensions of {\L}ukasiewicz finite-valued logic together with many-valued neighborhood semantics in order to encode the properties of many-valued effectivity functions associated with game forms. As our main results we prove completeness theorems for the two newly introduced modal logics.
The interaction of chaotropic anions with acid ferricytochrome c.

The influence of the sodium salts of various anions on the spectral properties of acid ferricytochrome c was investigated. It was found that chaotropic anions convert the high spin form of the enzyme into a mixed spin spectral type. The following order of efficiency was established: TBA- g TCA- g ClO4- g SCN- g NO3- g Br- g Cl- (where TBA- and TCA- represent tribromoacetate and trichloroacetate ions, respectively). A correlation was shown between the action of the anions and their partial molar entropies.
경계선 성격장애 성향자의 부적응적 정서조절

본 연구는 경계선 성격장애 성향자를 대상으로 부적응적 정서조절에 관여하는 4가지 심리적 요인, 즉 강한 정서 경험과 반응, 정서조절기술의 결여, 자기 파괴적인 행동, 정서적 회피를 살펴보고 각 요인간의 관계를 통해 부적응적 정서조절 과정에 대해서 탐색적으로 살펴보았다. 우선 대학생 610명을 대상으로 경계선 성격장애 척도, 회피성 성격장애 척도, 수용행동질문지, 사고억제 질문지, 정서강도 척도, 자기능력변화 척도를 실시하고, 경계선-회피성 집단, 경계선 집단, 회피성 집단, 통제 집단을 선발하여 집단간 비교를 실시하였다. 그 결과 경계선-회피성 집단과 경계선 집단이 회피성 집단이나 통제집단보다 더 강한 정서경험을 하고 정서조절기술이 더 결여되어 있고 자기파괴적 행동을 더 많이 보였다. 정서적 회피 경향은 경계선-회피성 집단이 가장 높은 수준을 보였으며, 경계선 집단과 회피성 집단은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 다음으로 경계선 성격장애 성향자의 부적응적 정서조절의 결과인 자기 파괴적 행동과 정서조절취약성인 강한 정서 경험 및 정서조절기술의 결여 간의 관계에 대한 정서적 회피의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 구조 방정식 모형을 통해 분석한 결과 강한 정서경험 및 정서조절기술의 결여와 자기 파괴적 행동 간의 관계에서 정서적 회피의 완전매개 모형이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 정서조절 취약성이 정서적 회피를 통해서만 자기 파괴적 행동으로 이어짐을 시사한다. 끝으로 본 연구의 임상적 의의와 제한점을 논의하였다.
National environmental policy: coordination or confusion?

North Texas State University Denton, Texas 76203 In recent months there has been considerable controversy involving the role and effectiveness of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). This controversy emanates from the divergent opinions of the role that CEQ has assumed to ensure adequate protection of the environment and the concomitant costs to operate CEQ programs,’ and the role its critics see mandated for the CEQ under PL 91-190. To gain a proper perspective of the functioning of the CEQ, it is useful to compare and contrast the intended coordinative role of the CEQ as a governing board with its actual activities since its formation.
Synthesis and transport properties of AgBi3S5 ternary sulfide compound

Ternary sulfide AgBi 3 S 5 compound is expected to be a promising thermoelectric material because of its merits such as low electrical resistivity and environmentally compatible composition. In this study, a combined process of mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering was applied to the fabrication of AgBi 3 S 5 bulk materials, and nearly single phase was obtained by optimizing the sintering conditions, although the mill-derived powders consisted of AgBiS 2 and Bi 2 S 3 phases. The electrical conductivity of the AgBi 3 S 5 bulk material decreases from 178 to 79 Scm −1 with raising temperature from 323 to 573 K, while the Seebeck coefficient ranges from −83 to −167 μV K −1 , thereby a maximum power factor 221 μW m −1  K −2 achieved at 573 K. It is notable that AgBi 3 S 5 has a low thermal conductivity, ranging from 0.70 to 0.64 W m −1  K −1 from room temperature to 573 K, which is the lowest value reported so far for this material. A peak thermoelectric figure of merit value of 0.20 was obtained at 573 K in the present pristine AgBi 3 S 5 sample.
Soundness and Completeness of the Birkhoff Equational Calculus for Many-Sorted Algebras with Possibly Empty Carrier Sets

Since the many-sorted extension of the Birkhoff equational calculus is unsound when algebras with empty carrier sets are admitted, Goguen and Meseguer proposed a new sound and complete many-sorted equational calculus. This paper presents another approach, alternative to that proposed by Goguen and Meseguer that makes sound and complete the many-sorted extension of the Birkhoff equational calculus. The possibility of maintaining the classical rules is obtained b y introducing a new notion of satisfiability, called strong satisfiability. An easier notion of satisfiability called weak satisfiability is also studied, and sufficient and necessary conditions are developed in order to reduce the strong satisfiability to the weak one. In fact, strongly sensible signatures, which generalize sensible signatures introduced by Huet and Oppen, guarantee the equivalence between strong, weak and other usual satisfiabilities. Finally, general conditions for the equivalence of the Birkhoff calculus to the Goguen-Meseguer calculus are established.
Plastid endosymbiosis, genome evolution and the origin of green plants.

Evolutionary relationships among complex, multicellular eukaryotes are generally interpreted within the framework of molecular sequence-based phylogenies that suggest green plants and animals are only distantly related on the eukaryotic tree. However, important anomalies have been reported in phylogenomic analyses, including several that relate specifically to green plant evolution. In addition, plants and animals share molecular, biochemical and genome-level features that suggest a relatively close relationship between the two groups. This article explores the impacts of plastid endosymbioses on nuclear genomes, how they can explain incongruent phylogenetic signals in molecular data sets and reconcile conflicts among different sources of comparative data. Specifically, I argue that the large influx of plastid DNA into plant and algal nuclear genomes has resulted in tree-building artifacts that obscure a relatively close evolutionary relationship between green plants and animals.
The mouse Set conjecture for Sets of Reals

We show that the Mouse Set Conjecture for sets of reals is true in the minimal model of ADR + “Θ is regular”. As a consequence, we get that below ADR + “Θ is regular”, models of AD + +¬ADR are hybrid mice over R. Such a representation of models of AD+ is important in core model induction applications. One of the central open problems in descriptive inner model theory is the conjecture known as the Mouse Set Conjecture (MSC). It conjectures that under AD ∗2000
Potassium Ions are More Effective than Sodium Ions in Salt Induced Peptide Formation

Prebiotic peptide formation under aqueous conditions in the presence of metal ions is one of the plausible triggers of the emergence of life. The salt-induced peptide formation reaction has been suggested as being prebiotically relevant and was examined for the formation of peptides in NaCl solutions. In previous work we have argued that the first protocell could have emerged in KCl solution. Using HPLC-MS/MS analysis, we found that K+ is more than an order of magnitude more effective in the L-glutamic acid oligomerization with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole in aqueous solutions than the same concentration of Na+, which is consistent with the diffusion theory calculations. We anticipate that prebiotic peptides could have formed with K+ as the driving force, not Na+, as commonly believed.
Physics That May Be Realistic

The deadlock in physics is explained due to moral-epistemological aspects of basic principles and adopted methodology. A way out of crisis is suggested. It has shown that the long-term infertility of physical science is not due to technical difficulties (limited opportunities of mathematics, insufficient experimental means, etc.) as it is usually represented. However, the crisis in physics has arisen due to arbitrary, non-critical interpretation of key facts and with imposed speculative-artificial instructions. Building a harmonious and self-consistent physics becomes an implementable task with returning to cause-effect, conceptual representation of phenomena and to naturally analytical methodology