nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidation-reduction reactions of metal ions.

Several metal or metalloid ions exist in multiple oxidation states and can undergo electron transfer reactions that are important in biological and environmental systems. There are endogenous metal ions such as iron, copper, and cobalt that participate in oxidation-reduction reactions with species of oxygen like molecular dioxygen, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. These reactions may be modulated by endogenous reducing agents such as glutathione, ascorbate, and tocopherol. The reactions can be described in terms of thermodynamics through the use of standard electrode potentials. A favorable reaction will depend on the concentrations of the reactants and may depend on the pH and/or on the presence of organic ligands that form complexes with the metal or metalloid. Arsenate (As(V)) can react with glutathione in buffered aqueous solutions to produce arsenite (As(III)) and oxidized glutathione. This reaction may be important in the methylation reactions of arsenic. Arsenic species can decrease the red blood cell levels of reduced glutathione, but the products of oxidation and the mechanism of oxidation are more complex than those found in water alone. Chromium (VI) is thought to interact with DNA after first reacting with a reducing agent such as glutathione to form lower oxidation states of chromium. These examples illustrate the importance of oxidation-reduction reactions for toxic metals and metalloids.
Seismodeformations in Late Holocene estuary deposits in the central part of St. Petersburg

Deformations in a section of layered Late Holocene estuary-flood-plain deposits, found for the first time in the central part of St. Petersburg, are discussed. The discussed reason why this section could have been deformed inside the undeformed stratum is a horizontally directed dynamical shock. The probable causes of deformation are considered, with the most real one being a relatively distant earthquake. An attempt is made to estimate the intensity of this quake for the territory of the city.
TEMPO-mediated oxidation of maltodextrins and D-glucose: effect of pH on the selectivity and sequestering ability of the resulting polycarboxylates.

Maltodextrins were oxidized to polyglucuronic acids with the ternary oxidation system: NaOCl-NaBr-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl (TEMPO). The chemoselective oxidation at the primary alcohol groups was shown to be strongly pH dependent. Oxidation of polysaccharides was best achieved at pH 9.5 in order to minimize depolymerization, whereas oxidation of oligosaccharides required stronger alkaline conditions (pH 11-11.5). The resulting sodium polyglucuronates present interesting sequestering properties, the best of which being obtained from maltodextrins with the highest degrees of polymerization. The same oxidation process allowed the convenient conversion of D-glucose to D-glucaric acid in high yield (> 90%), under strongly basic conditions (pH > 11.5).
The association reaction between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide as studied by the isolation of the intermediates. Implications on the mechanism of cooperativity.

The concentrations of the intermediates in the association reaction between human hemoglobin and CO at 20 degrees C, pH 7, under conditions of negligible dissociation of the ligand, were measured by cryogenic techniques. The monoligated species were predominant at all values of overall ligand bound studied. The analysis of the experimental data assuming a scheme of four consecutive reactions indicated that the binding rates increased in a continuous fashion. A significant acceleration after the binding of the second molecule of ligand occurred in the presence of 0.1 M KCl, but not with the addition of an excess of inositol hexaphosphate, indicating that major functional, and possibly structural, transitions occur at the diligated state. Differences in the concentrations of the intermediates in the same state of ligation were observed under all conditions. The analyses of the data on the basis of schemes of multiple pathways of reaction indicated that the beta subunits reacted about 1.5 times faster than the alpha subunits in the first ligation reaction. After the addition of inositol hexaphosphate, the alpha subunits reacted about 1.5 times faster than the beta subunits in the first ligation step, but the overall rate of the first CO binding step was unchanged.
The Demand for Military Spending in Developing Countries

Numerous studies have estimated demand for military expenditure in terms of economic, political and strategic variables. Ten years after the end of the Cold War, this paper attempts to ascertain if the new strategic environment has changed the pattern of determinants, by estimating cross-country demand functions for developing countries for periods during and just after the Cold War. The results suggest that, for both periods, military burden depended on neighbours' military spending and internal and external conflict. Democracy and population both relate negatively to military burden. There is little evidence of a change in the underlying relationship between the periods.
Engineering JIAC Multi-Agent Systems (Demonstration)

The development of high quality software is considered to be extremely di cult. In fact, it has been argued that such endeavours are one of the most di cult construction tasks that humans undertake . Contemporary IT-infrastructures facilitate the need for distributed applications—a system design which can be implemented with Agent Oriented Software Engineering . Yet, despite the requirement for distributed systems and despite the availability of frameworks, methodologies and tool suites that support the development of distributed applications, there are only few attempts to use agent technology for commercial or industrial applications. The reasons for this are not entirely clear, though, analyses [6, 7, 9] show that there are several factors that may foster industrial adoption of agent technology. These factors include: awareness for the need for agent technology, compliance with standards, reasonable costs, scalability and performance, stability and robustness, extensibility, mature methodologies and tool support, and a comprehensive user documentation. To facilitate the industrial adoption of agent technology, we developed the Java Intelligent Agent Componentware, or JIAC [4]. JIAC supports a comprehensive set of standards, ensures reliable applications, supports custom extensions, and provides a whole set of user friendly and well documented tools for the design, implementation, deployment, and monitoring of multi-agent systems. Agent frameworks with a focus on industrial requirements, however, find it difficult to gain foothold in the realm of research where other factors determine their level of acceptance. The aim of JIAC is to show that industrial requirements and research needs can be combined in one solution.
Growth through Product-Sharing Services

The authors argue that product-sharing services, where companies offer customers the use ofa physicalproduct on a limited basis at a lower cost, offer an overlooked opportunity for growth. The primary advantage of productsharing services is that they leverage afirm 's core product development and production capabilities to expand their portfolio of offerings and market segments. A framework is developedfor distinguishing likely candidates for product sharing from unlikely candidates based on product, customer; and company-strategy considerations. An empirical study of a new car-sharing service at Daimler-Benz is then used to illustrate the development of such a service, its strategic advantages, and the challenges involved.
The US Trade and Budget Deficits in Global Perspective: An Essay in Geopolitical-Economy

The disturbances in the global economy induced by the US trade and budget deficits are widely recognised by economists, even if the precise causes and effects of these deficits remain a topic of debate, What is less widely understood is that the deficits are pregnant with geographical implications for the world economy and that the production of the deficits can be explained in part by the changing and asymmetrical location of the USA in international economic and geopolitical relations. In this paper, both of these points are expanded. In section 2, competing accounts of the production of the US trade and budget deficits are considered. Particular attention is paid to ‘Reaganomics’ as an economic and geopolitical discourse. In section 3, the implications of the twin deficits for the US space-economy are considered. The regional impacts of increased military (and other) spending under Reagan are noted, as are the likely effects of the alienation of US real assets and of the buildup of debt-servicing oblig...
A Trader for Services in a Scientific Literature Market

The success of the Internet has made some dramatic changes in the way scientists and students are supplied with scien tific literature. They can now operate in an information market, where the value o f a piece of information is determined by the law of supply and demand. Traders assist the customer in this market. This paper describes a basic approach to tr ading in the open, distributed, and heterogeneous environment of a market of scientific information.
Failure of the Hasse principle for Châtelet surfaces in characteristic 2

Given any global field k of characteristic 2, we construct a Chatelet surface over k which fails to satisfy the Hasse principle. This failure is due to a Brauer-Manin obstruction. This construction extends a result of Poonen to characteristic 2, thereby showing that the etale-Brauer obstruction is insufficient to explain all failures of the Hasse principle over a global field of any characteristic.
Almost 2-SAT is fixed-parameter tractable

We consider the following problem. Given a 2-CNF formula, is it possible to remove at most $k$ clauses so that the resulting 2-CNF formula is satisfiable? This problem is known to different research communities in Theoretical Computer Science under the names 'Almost 2-SAT', 'All-but-$k$ 2-SAT', '2-CNF deletion', '2-SAT deletion'. The status of fixed-parameter tractability of this problem is a long-standing open question in the area of Parameterized Complexity. We resolve this open question by proposing an algorithm which solves this problem in $O(15^k*k*m^3)$ and thus we show that this problem is fixed-parameter tractable.
Initiation of crustal shortening in the Himalaya

New monazite U/Th-Pb petrochronological data from the Annapurna region of central Nepal outline a protracted thermal history spanning ~ 30 Ma from the early Eocene (c. 48 Ma) to the early Miocene (c. 18 Ma). Rare earth element data collected concomitant with the isotopic analyses are consistent with prograde metamorphism and crustal thickening between ~ 48 and 30 Ma and anatexis between ~ 28 and 18 Ma. The timing of metamorphism recorded in these rocks is consistent with records of crustal shortening derived from ultrahigh-pressure rocks in the western Himalaya and exhumed metamorphic rocks in southern Tibet. Although previous records of early shortening/metamorphism related to the initial collision of India with Asia are spatially associated with the northern margin of the Indian plate, the ages presented in this study extend that early record south into the main Himalayan range. These new data provide important geological constraints on this early, poorly documented history.
Charismatic Leadership; A State of the Art:

In the last decade there has been a substantial increase in the attention given to charismatic leadership both in science and practice. This trend is often called 'the New Leadership'. Central to the New Leadership is the notion that leaders need vision. The New leaders, charismatic leaders, are also referred to as transformational, inspirational or visionary leaders. In this paper several views of charismatic leadership in business organizations rather than charismatic leadership in political arenas or religious movements are the focus. Charismatic leadership is a controversial topic. Many questions are encountered when discussing charisma.  Is charisma an exceptional phenomenon or is there such a thing as 'everyday charisma'? Is charisma only to be found in the eye of the beholder, in other words merely an idea in the heads of followers? How does the process of motivating followers work? What is the role of the leader's vision? Can charisma be learned? Are there situations that help or hind...
Introduction: Paul, Founder of Churches. Cult Foundations and the Comparative Study of Cult Origins

AbstractIn this introduction to the discussion on James C. Hanges, Paul, Founder of Churches, the significance of the comparative work on the cult founder-figure and typology of cult foundations is discussed. The essay argues that this serves to ground any interpretation of the cult founding work of the apostle Paul in an understanding of the materiality of religion. This gives impetus to a more concrete conceptualisation of Christian origins. Further reflection on this comparative enterprise is offered by means of three discussion foci, namely Discourse, imperial context, spatiality; Diaspora religion; and New Religious Movements. It is argued that the pervasiveness of imperial discourse and its spatial encoding allows us to see Paul’s cult foundations as sites of imperial resistance. Diasporas and diasporic religions provide key illuminations for understanding the broader context of the foundations of cult groups by Paul. Study of new religious movements will also aid in concrete descriptions and analysis of the making of early Christian groups and their organisation.
Enterprise Engineering meets Software Engineering (E2mSE)

Enterprise Engineering (EE) kann als die ganzheitliche Entwicklung und Implementierung eines Unternehmens unter Einsatz von IT verstanden werden. Damit verbunden ergeben sich Fragen zu Design, Modellierung, Flexibilität und internen sowie externen Interaktionen einer Organisation. Alle Anforderungen sind im Rahmen dessen auch auf die Abhängigkeiten der Unternehmensumwelt auszurichten. Innerhalb einer Institution (Architektur) kann als nächsthöhere Granularitätsstufe das Service Engineering gesetzt werden. Intern und extern zu verwendende Services sind gemäß vorliegenden Anforderungen und Vorgaben zu gestalten. Speziell im Bereich der Entwicklung und Anpassung von IT-Services oder anderen Softwarefragmenten ist die Disziplin des Software Engineerings (SE) gefragt. Ausgehend von diesem Aufbau stellt die Informationstechnologie eine wesentliche Basiskomponente der heutigen Unternehmenswertschöpfung dar. Mit all diesen und weiteren komplexen Herausforderungen hat sich das heutige und zukünftige Software Engineering auseinanderzusetzen. Neue Konzepte, Methoden und Werkzeuge sind zu diskutieren, zu analysieren und zu erforschen.
Care of Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Down Syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder involving excess genetic material from chromosome 21. The incidence of DS is increasing, and the life expectancy for individuals with DS has increased to a median age of 55 years. Adults with DS are at increased risk of several conditions, including significant neurologic, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, endocrine, psychiatric, hematologic, and social comorbidities, and additional screening or monitoring may be needed. Additional preventive measures for patients with DS include regular screening for thyroid dysfunction, hearing loss, eye disorders, heart disease, osteoporosis, and dementia, and one-time vaccination with the polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). Quality of life should be the main focus of treatment, with patients being involved in medical decisions as much as possible.
Special issue WGP: “Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics”

This special issue contains a number of publications in the area of production research. The intention is to give innovative examples of the work of research institutes and to show some of recent developments from the interdisciplinary field of automation and robotics. Nowadays automation is no longer only technology for producing big numbers of identical products. The challenges of the market have changed more and more: requests for more customer specific products are going along with a reduction of the time-to-market as well as a high production quality and a zero fault tolerance. And robots are no longer only applied for their former typical production purposes: robots—or other applicable kinematical structures—are also serving in repair and machining domains more and more. These demands are the basis and the challenge for the research area, in universities and institutes as well as in R&D departments of companies. And the diversity of demands results in research in multiple areas, ranging from gipping technologies up to new structures for activating robot links, with software based methods for planning, simulating and setting up the systems. But it is not only basic research that has to be done— applying the results to implementations in industrial systems is the next step. Therefore this issue presents achievements that are ready for the market, with developments being motivated, driven, evaluated and confirmed by industrial partners— results representing the practical impact that will bridge the gap between research and successful industrial applications. The aim of this issue is to present innovative approaches and realizations on the overall way from the product idea via construction and engineering processes to an appropriate production system. This issue was initiated by the ‘‘Academic Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotic’’ (Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft fur Montage, Handhabung und Industrierobotik (MHI)). The ‘‘Academic Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotic’’ is an organization of university professors being heads of institutes or chair holders. The members do basic research and application engineering in assembly, handling and robotics industry. MHI has currently 18 members representing approximately 1.000 scientists in their institutes and chairs. The society works in close cooperation with the German Engineering Federation (VDMA). In addition, MHI is supported by an industrial advisory board, consisting of about 12 members from industrial companies, representing technology supplier as well as users in the areas of assembly, handling and industrial robotics. This is also the place to thank all the people that were involved in initiating this issue, contributing by papers as well as serving as reviewers and editorial committee or were part of the overall process to bring this special issue into a printed booklet.
Formation of metastable solid solutions by mechanical alloying of immiscible Ag and Bi

This work investigates the effects of the Vickers micro-hardness of Ag powders on the alloying process undergone by Ag 90 Bi 10 powder mixtures submitted to ball milling. The transformation kinetics has been studied by quantitative X-ray diffraction. The experimental findings indicate that Bi gradually dissolves into Ag, finally forming a crystalline solid solution in which thermodynamic solubility limits are largely exceeded. It is shown that the rate of Bi dissolution, and the solubility degree, decrease as the Vickers micro-hardness of Ag powders increases.
Market‐oriented value creation in service firms

A fundamental proposition in marketing strategy is that a market orientation is positively related to firm performance. However, the mechanisms of this relationship have yet to be explored in detail, especially in service industries where intangible assets are relatively more important. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a model that identifies important intermediate variables between a market orientation and increased firm value. The model posits that a market orientation guides investment in market‐based assets and other asset types, that these assets may be levered to create a competitive advantage and value for customers, and that this results in loyalty and easier customer attraction. Quicker and more extensive market penetration, shorter sales cycles, and decreased marketing and sales costs enhance the cash flow of a market‐oriented firm. This may be recognised in higher valuations, which ultimately translate into higher share prices and wealth creation for the owners of the firm.
Path Summaries and Path Partitioning in Modern XML Databases

XML path summaries are compact structures representing all the simple parent-child paths of an XML document. Such paths have also been used in many works as a basis for partitioning the document’s content in a persistent store, under the form of path indices or path tables. We revisit the notions of path summaries and path-driven storage model in the context of current-day XML databases. This context is characterized by complex queries, typically expressed in an XQuery subset, and by the presence of efficient encoding techniques such as structural node identifiers. We review a path summary’s many uses for query optimization, and given them a common basis, namely relevant paths. We discuss summary-based tree pattern minimization and present some efficient summary-based minimization heuristics. We consider relevant path computation and provide a time- and memory-efficient computation algorithm. We combine the principle of path partitioning with the presence of structural identifiers in a simple path-partitioned storage model, which allows for selective data access and efficient query plans. This model improves the efficiency of twig query processing up to two orders of magnitude over the similar tag-partitioned indexing model. We have implemented the path-partitioned storage model and path summaries in the XQueC compressed database prototype [8]. We present an experimental evaluation of a path summary’s practical feasibility and of tree pattern matching in a path-partitioned store.
Is Strategic Entrepreneurship a Pleonasm

A plethora of terms have been used to describe the notion of entrepreneurial and innovative orientation and action within organizations. While ‘corporate’ and ‘entrepreneurship’ coupled together in one term can be viewed as antithetical by some, is the arrival of its newer cousin ‘strategic entrepreneurship’ essentially the same notion? Irrespective of how opinions and logic may pivot on this debate, strategic entrepreneurship nevertheless seems to have some of the markings of an admittance-seeking social movement. Although ecumenicism is not the goal here, the purpose of this paper is to untangle possible confusion caused by the recent introduction of the term ‘strategic entrepreneurship’.
On the muonnucleus integrals entering the neutrinoless - ? e- conversion rates

The muon–nucleus integrals which determine the nuclear-structure dependence of the branching ratio Rμe, i.e. the rate of the flavour-changing muon–electron conversion divided by the total rate of the ordinary muon capture, are extensively studied. Precise muon wavefunctions are employed which are obtained by solving the Schrodinger and Dirac equations. To this aim a method based on modern neural network techniques is developed which gives the radial muon wavefunctions as a linear combination of sigmoid functions.
Light-Front Field Theory of Hot and Dense Quark Matter

Extending the concepts of light-front field theory to quantum statistics provides a novel approach towards nuclear matter under extreme conditions. Such conditions exist, e.g., in neutron stars or in the early stage of our universe. They are experimentally expected to occur in heavy ion collisions, e.g., at RHIC and accelerators to be built at GSI and CERN. Light-front field theory is particularly suited, since it is based on a relativistic Hamiltonian approach. It allows us to treat the perturbative as well as the nonperturbative regime of QCD and also correlations that emerge as a field of few-body physics and is important for hadronization. Last but not least the Hamiltonian approach is useful for nonequilibrium processes by utilizing, e.g., the formalism of nonequilibrium statistical operators.