nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Getting to the origins of photosynthesis.

One of the most important areas in all of biology is the evolution of photosynthesis. Some species of single-celled cyanobacteria, through photosynthesis, forever changed the atmosphere of the early Earth by filling it with oxygen, allowing a huge expansion in terms of what life was possible on the planet. Cardona et al. (2015), in the advanced online edition of Molecular Biology and Evolution, examined the evolution origins of the D1 protein in cyanobacteria, which forms the heart of Photosystem II, the oxygen-evolving machine of photosynthesis. Photosystem II’s role is to procure electrons for photosynthesis and it does this by ripping them out of water releasing oxygen as a byproduct. The research team selected all known D1 sequences from cyanobacteria and also representatives from algae and plants to compare the protein sequence variation. They showed that D1 exists in at least five major forms, some of which could have originated before the evolution of water oxidation. This allowed the team to make a detailed evolutionary tree and to propose a sequence of events for the origin of water splitting in Photosystem II at an unprecedented level of detail. The earliest diverging form of D1 has maintained ancestral characteristics and was found in the recently sequenced genome of Gloeobacter kilaueensis JS-1 (found in a lava cave in Hawaii), probably one of the most primitive types of cyanobacteria known A remarkable evolutionary innovation occurred around 3.2–2.7 Ga in a bacterial ancestor of cyanobacteria, made possible by key transitionary forms of D1. Their evidence suggests that water splitting could have evolved relatively fast after just a few changes to the ancestral D1 protein of Photosystem II. This ancestor contained several forms of D1 and may have been a lot more complex than previously thought, already highly specialized for the solar-powered oxidation of water. “I think the most significant implication of the paper is that now the evolution of biological water oxidation can be addressed experimentally,” said Cardona.
Arm exercise capacity and dyspnea ratings in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

This study aimed to compare the metabolic, ventilatory, and dyspnea responses to unsupported arm exercise, supported arm exercise and leg exercise between subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy age-matched controls.



For this study, 21 subjects with COPD (mean age, 62 +/- 2 years; predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV(1)], 37 +/- 3%) and 7 healthy age-matched control subjects (% pred FEV(1) = 109 +/- 5%) were included in the analyses of three incremental exercise tests to peak work capacity: unsupported arm exercise, supported arm exercise (arm ergometry), and leg exercise (cycle ergometry). Work level, oxygen consumption (VO(2)), minute ventilation (V(E)), dyspnea, and rate of perceived exertion were measured each minute.



Peak work level and peak VO(2) were significantly reduced in the subjects with COPD for all exercise tests (P <.01 for all), as compared with the control subjects. Within the COPD group, the VO(2) and V(E) at peak exercise were significantly lower for unsupported arm exercise than for both the leg and supported arm exercises (both P <.001). The ratio of V(E) to maximal voluntary ventilation was high for leg exercise (96%), supported arm exercise (91%), and unsupported arm exercise (77%) among the subjects with COPD. At a given percentage of VO(2) peak, dyspnea scores were similar for all the exercise tests.



Ventilatory constraints limit exercise performance in COPD. The lowest amount of work, in terms of VO(2,), was during unsupported arm exercise. Because the subjects with COPD had scores showing similar levels of dyspnea at the same percentage of VO(2) peak, it is suggested that patients be encouraged to reach equivalent dyspnea levels when performing unsupported and supported arm exercise training and leg training.
Metastable structures of splat-cooled and vapour- depodited lead and antimony films

An apparatus for splat quenching in a vacuum and in controlling ambients by the “gun” technique was set up and a cooling rate of approximately 10 8 K s −1 was achieved. Splat-quenched lead foils exhibit an h.c.p. structure which transforms to the equilibrium f.c.c. structure at temperatures above 270°C and corresponds to the high pressure phase of lead. Antimony foils prepared by splat quenching show the existence of simple cubic, f.c.c. tetragonal and distorted rhombohedral metastable structures. The metastable rhombohedral phase tranforms to the equilibrium rhombohedral phase on heating while the simple cubic, f.c.c. and tetragonal phases transform to an h.c.p. structure. The simple cubic and h.c.p. phases correspond to the known high pressure phases of antimony. Films prepared by vapour deposition at room temperature show the same metastable f.c.c. and rhombohedral phases as those observed in splat-quenched foils. Antimony films deposited at liquid air temperatures are amorphous. No metastable structure was observed in lead films quenched from the vapour under similar conditions.
Reply to shriver and allen

Shriver and Allen (this volume, this journal; hereafter S&A) make three unconnected criticisms of my views concerning phenomenal consciousness and the question of animal consciousness. First, they claim that my dispositional higher-order thought theory of consciousness has much greater significance for ethics than I recognize. Second, they claim that, in the course of attempting to motivate that theory, I have presented inadequate criticisms of first-order theories (according to which phenomenal consciousness may well be rampant in the animal world). And third, they claim that my argument that the question of animal consciousness might not matter a great deal for comparative psychology may prove too much, showing that such consciousness is genuinely epiphenomenal in ourselves, and undermining some of my own evolutionary arguments in support of higher-order theories. I shall focus mostly on the second and third criticisms. But I begin with a few remarks about the first.
Towards β-phase formation probability in spin coated PVDF thin films

This work aimed towards the study on variations in the percentage of β-phase in Poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin films deposited by spin coating technique. PVDF is a semi-crystalline polymer which exhibits α, β, γ and δ polymorphs. Among these polymorphs, generally it crystallizes in a non-polar α-phase, which is of little importance as far as its applications are concerned. However, the β-phase, which exhibits spontaneous polarity created tremendous interest and showed a path towards the devices based on its pyro- and piezoelectric properties. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and XRD techniques were used to study the percentage of formation of β-phase in spin coated PVDF thin films at different processing conditions viz. spin rotation speed (rpm), solution concentration and annealing temperature. We identified the β-phase percentage in PVDF thin films, which are (i) Deposited with different rotation speeds ranging from 1000 to 9000 rpm, (ii) Annealed at different temperatures viz.; room temperature to 100C, and (iii) Deposited at various solution concentrations. It is identified that percentage of formation of β-phase is high in the films deposited with 15(w/v)% solution concentration which is annealed at 100C. The films deposited at higher rpm is showing low enhancement in the β-phase with annealing temperature.
ИДЕАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЕ И МАТЕРИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОНИМАНИЕ ИСТОРИИ: ПРОБЛЕМА ДЕМАРКАЦИИ

The author analyzes the problem of the demarcation of history idealistic and materialistic understanding, shows that the structuralistic and postmodern Marxism interpretations are very close to each other as they misinterpret the essence of history materialistic understanding, makes postmodern conclusion that this theory is idealistic according to the structuralistic interpretation of Marx's historical theory and refers to the famous debate between D. I. Dubrovskii, E. V. Il'enkov and M. A. Lifshits to clarify the question of the nature of ideal.
A pattern of tectonic zones in the western part of the East European Platform

The present north-eastern and south-western limits of the East European Platform are formed by long and deep faulted troughs with some elements of strike-slip movements. Between these westerly converging, craton margins, four other subparallel tectonic zones are proposed, with a mutual spacing of a few hundred kilometres. The western part of the platform is thus divided into five major blocks, which are further transected by some series of faults with mainly north-westerly and north-easterly, northerly and easterly trends. Geological and geophysical records indicate the pervasive character of these major tectonic zones, in which intermittent magmatic activity and mineralization of heavy metals is found. The lineaments are considered to have persisted from Archaean time and been re-activated during successively younger orogenies in the platform. This pattern of tectonic zones is assumed to represent a structural anisotropy, imprinted in the crust and the upper mantle at a relatively early period i...
The Politics of Paradox: Metaphysics Beyond “Political Ontology”

Since the onset of the Enlightenment much of modern thought has celebrated the end of metaphysics and the death of God. The project of ‘political ontology’, which combines post-metaphysical with post-theistic thinking, underpins the scientific rationalism that pervades contemporary philosophy and politics. Faced with the secular slide into skepticism, relativism and nihilism, this essay argues that the only genuine alternative to ‘political ontology’ is a metaphysical politics of paradox. 
 
Philosophically, modernity and post-modernity invented and intensified the onto-theological science of transcendental ontology that can be traced to Scotus, Ockham, Machiavelli and Suarez. They bequeathed three currents – possibilism, transcendentalism and absolutism – that flow through figures such as Descartes, Wolff and Clauberg to Kant, Hegel and Comte. 
 
Politically, all the modern binary opposites such as state versus market or left versus right are grounded in a logic of dualism – the aporia between unalterable nature (the originally violent ‘state of nature’) and human artifice (the social contract). This logic reduces real relations among people or between humanity and the natural world to nominal connections that take the form of constitutional-legal rights or economic-contractual ties. Such nominal connections undermine the social bonds of reciprocity and mutuality and the intermediary institutions of civil society upon which vibrant democracies and market economies depend. 
 
By contrast, the alternative logic of paradox eschews the dualistic categories in favor of a ‘radical center’ – the metaphysical-political realm of real relations and the common good in which all can share through diverse forms of association that hold society together.
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in the hospitalized medical patient.

Hospitalized acutely ill medical patients are at high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), and clinical trials clearly demonstrate that pharmacologic prophylaxis of VTE for up to 14 days significantly reduces the incidence of VTE in this population. Guidelines recommend use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (5,000 U three times daily) for VTE prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients with risk factors for VTE; in patients with contraindications to anticoagulants, mechanical prophylaxis is recommended. All hospitalized medical patients should be assessed for their risk of VTE at admission and daily thereafter, and those with reduced mobility and one or more other VTE risk factors are candidates for aggressive VTE prophylaxis. Based on results from the recently reported EXCLAIM trial, extended postdischarge prophylaxis with LMWH for 28 days should be considered for hospitalized medical patients with reduced mobility who are older than age 75 or have a cancer diagnosis or a history of VTE.
Event Deposits near F-F Boundary in Nandan-Hechi Basin and Their Origin

A suite of event deposits,isochronous and interrelated in origin,are widely found near the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in Nandan-Hechi Basin of Guangxi,South China.From the platform margin to the inter-platform rift trough,the event deposits are divided into debris,grained flow and turbidity deposits.They are mainly composed of rudstone,calcirudite,massive homogenites and turbidites.They occur between linguiformis and triangularis Zone and can be correlated in the stratohorizon to Liujing section of Hengxian,Yangdi of Guilin,Du'an of Debao,Nandong of Wuxuan,Xiangtian of Xiangzhou,Nayi of Chongzuo,Yunpan of Shanglin and to the turbidite in the bottom of the Lower in Hony railroad cut of Belgium,Devils Gate of Nevada,USA,Atrous of Morocco,South Urals and Fore-Kolyma of northeastern Siberia of Russia,and to erosional discontinuities and brecciation in the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in South Polish-Moravian shelf.It is assumed that the event deposits could be caused by a violent tsunami related to bolide impacts into ocean.
In retrospect: A personal view on Mosh e Flato's scientific legacy

When a talented sculptor is confronted with a block of marble , he is using tools that come from centuries of tradition and the training which he received from his masters. But from the first stroke he already has, in the back o f his mind, the design of the sculpture which he wants to extract from that block. Cr eating a masterpiece is a long and painful process, interspersed with surprises d u to the irregularities of the physical properties of the noble material he is using, an d the design continues to evolve with the artist’s maturing and subject to external in fluences. Only gradually does the shape emerge, at first visible to experts, then to the gen ral public. Beyond the technicalities, however important they may be, M oshé’s scientific life was a perfect illustration of this idea. His masterpiec e is not finished. Much polishing remains to be done, new elements still need to be ad d d to the main themes which he conceived, and entirely new themes are now be ginning to emerge from them. But a very partial view of what he had in mind can alr e dy be described. This is what I shall attempt here, based on my experience of ha ving, for about 35 years, participated with others in the elaboration of his id eas. All those who have been close to him know that he used to call me affectionately a n “idiot” more often than he used that expression for anybody else; this usu ally happened when my formulation of one of his ideas was not to his taste and need ed to be corrected, either because he did not like some of the ingredients I was ad ding or when, while striving for too precise a formulation, I obscured an essent ial point which he had purposedly stated ambiguously. François Mitterrand used to say, paraphrasing the Cardinal de Retz, “On ne sort de l’ambiguı̈té qu’à son dét riment”. In his case, this was smart politics, in Moshé’s, using seemingly ambiguous statements was the only way by which he could transmit the deep feeling which he h ad without the distortion of too precise, confining words. I hope that now, w ith him not around, my formulation will be faithful enough to the main ideas whic h he developed and often initiated. My purpose here is to show how, in retrospec t, one can look at the genesis and evolution of ideas and concepts in some of the fiel ds where Moshé made an impact that has only begun to be fully recognized. I sh all refrain from entering into technicalities, because they are covered in p art in the present volume and in recent review papers, and in order to make the ideas und erstandable to a general, scientifically educated audience. Towards the end of the 19 th century, physics seemed to have achieved a complete understanding of the world, with classical mechanics describing the motion of rigid bodies, electromagnetism waves and charged partic les, and the Lorentz force their interactions. It was only a plateau because then‘deformation dae-
Relaxation processes in polymer surface layers

A recently built and patented device Nanoluminograph is used for the investigation of the relaxation processes in the surface layers of HDPE films, produced at various conditions. The work of the device is based on the phenomenon of radiothermoluminescence. The use of high-frequency low-power, low-temperature plasma as an ionizing source, and a reduction of the consumed energy down to several orders of magnitude (as compared to that used in similar devices) provides excitation of a surface layer as thin as 100-200 nm. The high sensitivity of the device enables one to reduce the excitation time to 1-2 seconds for obtaining a sufficient intensity of glow curves even from ultrathin layers 20-30 nm thick. All of that minimizes the modifying plasma action on the samples under investigation and provides well reproducible and reliable data. It is found that the intensity, number and positions of peaks on the glow curves are strongly influenced by the preparation conditions of polymer films. The complicated profile of glow curve peaks allows one to assume the overlapping of multiple relaxation processes. Decomposing and fitting peak profiles with the help of a PEAKFIT computer program result in revealing at least 4 relaxation transitions in the temperature region from 109 to 213 K. The temperatures and activation energies of relaxation transitions in surface layers appeared to be lower than those inferred from the DSC data for the bulk polymer. The activation energies of trap depletion upon heating are calculated. The nature of traps is discussed in terms of molecular conformations, morphology and structural defects, as well as the attribution of the observed relaxation transitions to defreezing mobility of different kinetic units.
A new QoS Management Approach in real-time GIS with heterogeneous real-time geospatial data using a feedback control scheduling

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial data. Spatial data, whether captured through remote sensors or large scale simulations becomes more and big and heterogenous. As a result, structured data and unstructured content are simultaneously accessed via an integrated user interface. The issue of real-time and heterogeneity is extremely important for taking effective decision. Thus, heterogeneous real-time spatial data management is a very active research domain nowadays. Existing research are interested in querying of real-time spatial data and their updates without taking into account the heterogeneity of real-time geospatial data. In this paper, we propose the use of the real-time Spatial Big Data and we define a new architecture called FCSA-RTSBD (Feedback Control Scheduling Architecture for Real-Time Spatial Big Data). The main objectives of this architecture are the following: take in account the heterogeneity of data, guarantee the data freshness, enhance the deadline miss ratio even in the presence of conflicts and finally satisfy the requirements of users by the improving of the quality of service (QoS).
Behavioral Functioning and Treatment Adherence in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Review and Recommendations for Practice.

The purpose of this article is to review the existing research pertaining to behavioral functioning and treatment adherence in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), discuss potential effects of behavioral dysfunction on adherence, and provide clinical recommendations for assessment and treatment options. An updated literature review in pediatric IBD is presented, and research across chronic conditions supports the plausibility of negative consequences of patient and family behavioral problems on disease management. Clinical recommendations include use of multimethod assessment of treatment adherence, routine screening for behavioral difficulties, patient-provider discussion of behavioral issues and disease management during clinic visits, and increased attention to the process of gradually transitioning responsibility of disease management from parents to adolescents as patients approach adulthood.
Depression and anxiety in patients with cancer.

Psychiatric illnesses such as depression and anxiety are common, but often neglected, complications of cancer, influencing quality of life, adherence to treatment, cancer survival, and treatment costs.23 Depression and anxiety affect up to 20% and 10% of patients with cancer respectively, regardless of the point in the cancer trajectory, and whether in curative or palliative treatment.4 Geographical variations in the diagnosis and treatment of depression or anxiety in cancer settings implies under-recognition of these problems.5 Depression is associated with poor adherence to cancer treatment and poor cancer survival,6 and the increased risk of suicide in all patients with cancer7 is a concern.

This clinical update outlines the prevalence, aetiology, and management of depression and anxiety in patients with cancer to raise awareness among doctors of the need to address the psychiatric consequences of cancer.

We conducted tumour-specific and treatment-specific PubMed searches, and used NICE …
Self-association of the N-methyl benzotellurodiazolylium cation: implications for the generation of super-heavy atom radicals.

The N-methyl benzotellurodiazolylium cation self-associates in the solid state via short (2.471(3) A) 4-center TeN' intermolecular contacts; electrochemical data and the results of DFT calculations suggest that the dimers persist in solution.
The "Dutreil" Agreement as a Managerial, Tax and Legal Instrument for Transfers of Small and Medium-Sized Family Firms [Le Pacte Dutreil ou la Clé Managériale, Fiscale et Juridique des Transmissions de PME Familiales]

Small and Medium-Sized family firms, essential to the French economy, endure a crucial and risky period at the time of their transfer. Frequently passed on, free of charge, to the next generation, they can benefit from the so-called "Pacte Dutreil" tax exemption which supports a global and early administration of the legal and management issues related to the transfer of the organization.