nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Advertisement Strategies for Small and Big Companies

Many small and big companies in developing countries struggle to make their products or services known to the public. This is especially the case when there are new or have a new product. Most of them use publicity through radio, tv, social networks, billboard, SMS... Moreover, they also need to decide at what time to display their publicity for maximal effects. The companies which have more money typically used a simple strategy which consists in doing the publicity at many sources at different time or at a time such as to maximize the number of viewers. The smaller ones typically target the best popular programs.
Financing Durable Assets

This paper studies the effect of durability on the financing of durable assets. We show that more durable assets require larger down payments of internal funds per unit of capital making them harder to finance, because durability affects the price of an asset and hence the overall financing need more than its collateral value. This insight has implications for the choice between new and used capital, technology adoption, and the rent versus buy decision. Constrained borrowers purchase used assets which are less durable than new assets and adopt less durable, low quality assets, that are otherwise dominated technologies. More durable assets are more likely to be rented given their larger financing need. Legal enforcement affects trade and technology adoption; weak legal enforcement economies are net importers of used assets and invest a larger fraction in less durable, low quality assets. There is a critical distinction between the pledgeability and durability of assets: pledgeability facilitates financing whereas the net effect of durability is to impede financing.
Psychology and education : parallel and interactive approaches

What Is Educational Psychology? The Quality of United States Schools.  Viewpoints and Related Paradigms of Learning: Functionalism. Associationism. Russian DialecticalMaterialist Psychology. Behaviorism. Gestalt Psychology. Criticisms of Psychoanalysis by Jung, Adler, and Sullivan. Cognitive Psychology. Professional Aspects of Teaching: Instructional Methods and Nomenclature. Dos and Don'ts of Effective Teaching. Fundamentals of Testing. Fundamentals of Readings. Epilogue and Prologue. Index.
Expert Systems Lab Course

Based on a number of sample systems of varying complexity, this book illustrates the practical aspects of developing expert systems and knowledge-based applications software. The programming language used is Prolog (Clocksin-Mellish standard). The examples deal with such topics as techniques for heuristic optimization, the implementation of "frames," the construction of explanatory components, etc. The complete, functional code for the sample systems is provided in the appendix and can be used as a basis for further development. This book is not only suitable for self-study, seminars or lectures, but also as a valuable reference and guide for software developers in both commercial and academic environments.
[How representative is the healthcare assessment website Zorgkaart Nederland? The evaluation of medical specialists by patients in the Netherlands].

To describe the number of ratings and the corresponding scores given to medical specialists on the Dutch healthcare assessment website 'Zorgkaart Nederland.nl', and evaluation of this website as tool for evaluation of quality.



Explorative descriptive study.



In July 2015, data were gathered from the public section of the healthcare assessment website 'ZorgkaartNederland.nl'. The number of specialists, the mean ratings per department (group mark), the number of evaluations, the number of medical specialists without a rating and the number of specialists with at least 9 ratings were registered per speciality, per hospital. Outcomes measures were the median number of ratings per speciality and the group score. Data were analysed using descriptive and non-parametric statistics.



Each month, 763,000 unique visitors access ZorgkaartNederland.nl; on average, 0.08% of these registers a vote. There were 15,337 medical specialists, spread across 97 hospitals and 2,060 specialities on ZorgkaartNederland.nl, with a total of 45,548 evaluations. Of these, 6,682 (43.4%) specialists were not rated, and 1.165 (7.6%) had ≥ 9 ratings. Additionally, 327 (15.9%) departments were unrated. Surgical departments were evaluated more often, and their grades were significantly higher, than those of non-surgical departments.



The website ZorgkaartNederland.nl shows ratings for 56.6% of all medical specialists. When the lower limit of at least 9 evaluations per specialist introduced by ZorgkaartNederland.nl was applied, only the grades for 7.6% of all specialists are valid. On average, 0.08% of unique visitors cast a vote. Surgical specialities have a higher number of evaluations and a higher score than non-surgical ones. ZorgkaartNederland.nl in its current form does not constitute a valid tool for evaluation of the quality of medical specialist care in the Netherlands. This article provides recommendations for improvement.
Introduction to Synthesis of Current Science Regarding Cumulative Watershed Effects of Fuel Reduction Treatments

This report was produced by a group of scientists who were invited by the U.S. Forest Service to synthesize the current scientific literature to answer an important question facing the managers of federal and private lands in many parts of the country. The question was: What potential cumulative environmental effects at the watershed scale might be caused by implementing land management activities that reduce forest fuels on large scales? The main body of this report is a compilation of what they found, including both what can and cannot be concluded from the current science.
Viruses and Life

MR. GEOFFREY SAMUEL states in NATURE of Jan. 11, p. 51, that he has difficulty in distinguishing the suppositions vitamol and virus. Virus connotes a something of unknown constitution that can pass through filters and that causes specific disease. Vitamol is supposed to be of molecular structure with attributes of life, and might be parasitic or symbiotic or lead an independent existence. In the study of the viruses the methods of the biologist seem to have reached their limit, and the concept and the word were offered in the hope of attracting the attention of physicists who might be able to cast a ray of light on the matter.
Cationic carbon to nitrogen rearrangements in the reactions of N-(sulfonyloxy)amines with aldehydes

A series of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes was reacted with N-((p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)oxy)methylamine in chloroform. Products resulting from both carbon migration and hydride migration to nitrogen were isolated. The ratios of carbon to hydride migration products were used to clarify the reaction mechanism. The results support a two-step process in which cationic carbon to nitrogen rearrangement is rate determining
International Legal Positivism in a Post-Modern World: A Proposal for Greater Focus in Scholarship

What is the point of talking about positivism in these post-modern times, full as they are of holistic approaches celebrating inter-disciplinarity of the greatest possible largesse? Who still cares? This is a short mid-term report for the newsletter of the Association of Young German International Lawyers on the international research project "International Legal Positivism in a Post-Modern World", directed by myself and Jean d'Aspremont, showing the aspirations we had in launching it and the lessons we have learnt so far.
SYMPOSIUM: WHAT WAS THE HISTORY OF THE BOOK? INTRODUCTION

“‘Histoire du livre’”, remarked Robert Darnton in a much celebrated essay from 1982, “‘Geschichte des Buchwesens’…‘history of books’ or ‘of the book’ in English-speaking countries—its name varies from place to place, but everywhere it is being recognized as an important new discipline”. In the twenty-five years since Darnton's original observation book history has if anything continued to flourish. With a number of multi-volume national histories of the book now at various stages of completion, an international infrastructure of research centres, teaching programmes and publishers’ lists, quite clearly something has been happening.
Ontology Matching with Knowledge Rules

Ontology matching is the process of automatically determining the semantic equivalences between the concepts of two ontologies. Most ontology matching algorithms are based on two types of strategies: terminology-based strategies, which align concepts based on their names or descriptions, and structure-based strategies, which exploit concept hierarchies to find the alignment. In many domains, there is additional information about the relationships of concepts represented in various ways, such as Bayesian networks, decision trees, and association rules. We propose to use the similarities between these relationships to find more accurate alignments. We accomplish this by defining soft constraints that prefer alignments where corresponding concepts have the same local relationships encoded as knowledge rules. We use a probabilistic framework to integrate this new knowledge-based strategy with standard terminology-based and structure-based strategies. Furthermore, our method is particularly effective in identifying correspondences between complex concepts. Our method achieves substantially better F-score than the previous state-of-the-art on three ontology matching domains.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Address Clustering

Address clustering tries to construct the one-to-many mapping from entities to addresses in the Bitcoin system. Simple heuristics based on the micro-structure of transactions have proved very effective in practice. In this paper we describe the primary reasons behind this effectiveness: address reuse, avoidable merging, super-clusters with high centrality,, the incremental growth of address clusters. We quantify their impact during Bitcoin's first seven years of existence.
Web-based Decision Support System using C4.5 decision tree algorithm

This paper explains C4.5 decision tree-based DSS. To help the process of C4.5, entropy-based multi interval discretization model is used for finding cut-off points on a numerical predictor variable. The design includes all the components of DSS, i.e. database, models, knowledge, and dialogue. The DSS consists of three modules namely learning modules, exploration, and applications. Next, the design was implemented in a web-based computer application with training data in csv format as an input. This DSS model is a generic model that can be used on any decision analysis requiring C4.5.
An Expectancy-Value Approach to Determinants of Trust

An Expectancy-Value model was used to test various attributes of trustworthiness, as determinants of people’s trust in 5 Swedish organizations (public and commercial). Trust was conceptualized as an attitude, dependent on respondents’ beliefs about and evaluations of the organization with respect to these attributes. A survey was sent out to a sample representative of the Swedish population (response rate: 55.5%; N = 347). It was found that the Expectancy-Value Model was powerful in explaining trust in 3 organizations. However, it was also found that a model including only values as predictors of trust was more powerful in explaining trust in 2 organizations: the Swedish Government and advertising firms. The phenomenon of double denial (Sjoberg & Montgomery, 1999) was very strong, which could be an important explanation of these findings. It is discussed whether double denial could be caused by trust ratings based on ideologies (e.g., political or general anti-business) subscribed to and emotional reactions, rather than analytical evaluations of an organization.
Editor's Postview…

To no one's great surprise, comments, pro and con, have been arriving on the contents o] the first issue o] C o m p u t i n g S u r v e y s. Most are o] a quite general nature and are, there]ore, relegated to the editor's files. One, in particular, raised a specific point with regard to Pro]essor Saul Rosen's paper, "Elec-tronic Computers: A Historical Survey," and is reproduced below along with Pro]es-sor Rosen' s response. All communications regarding C o m p u t i n g S u r v e y s and its contents are welcome. Only those communications distinctly labeled "Letter to the Editor" will be considered ]or publication. The editor reserves the right to delete any part o] any communication in the interest o] avoiding repetition and conserving space. In cases where letters are concerned with specific papers, the author o] the paper will be permitted an opportunity to respond, as in the present case. It is difficult to quarrel with a paper that starts off with a disclaimer such as "This paper makes no attempt at completeness..." as Saul Rosen's his-toncal presentation does m your m~tlal issue. For the record, however, and to add to the completeness somewhat, I would like to comment on the role played by the Atomic Energy Commission in the early development of the electronic computer. The Commission supported the design, development and constructmn of the IAS computer In its 1947-1948 report entitled "Atomic Energy Development ." the Commission reported that "Mathe-matmians at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, have reported, progress in design of specml t'~-pes of high-speed computmg machines for the Commlssmn." ~ It is interesting to note that in that same report use of the E N I A C by Los Alamos for Monte Carlo solution of neutron-diffusion problems is mentmned. In addition, computers based on the IAS design were constructed at Argonne National Laboratory for use at Ar-gonne (the AVIDAC) and for use at Oak Ridge ~Edltor's Note This quotation appears on p 65 of the refer-enced document I t ~s (or at least was) available through the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C National Laboratory (the ORACLE) in parallel with the M A N I A C development at Los Alamos. In June of 1953 the Commission put into operation a U N I V …
Optimistic Parallel State-Machine Replication

State-machine replication, a fundamental approach to fault tolerance, requires replicas to execute commands deterministically, which usually results in sequential execution of commands. Sequential execution limits performance and under-uses servers, which are increasingly parallel (i.e., multicore). To narrow the gap between state-machine replication requirements and the characteristics of modern servers, researchers have recently come up with alternative execution models. This paper surveys existing approaches to parallel state-machine replication and proposes a novel optimistic protocol that inherits the scalable features of previous techniques. Using a replicated B+-tree service, we demonstrate in the paper that our protocol outperforms the most efficient techniques by a factor of 2.4 times.
Foundations of Health Information Engineering and Systems

This paper presents an overview of smart medication dispensing and administration devices and software tools designed to minimize dispensing and administration errors. Some of them are for users who take medications on a long term basis without close professional supervision; others are for pharmacy and nursing staffs in hospitals, long term care, and assisted living facilities. These tools should be configurable, customizable, easy to use and effective for diverse users and care-providing institutions. The paper describes approaches taken to meet these objectives.
Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science

Let X, Y, Z be any three nonempty sets and let g : Y → Z be any function. Define the function, Lg : Y X → Z , (Lg, as a reminder that we compose with g on the left), by Lg(f) = g ◦ f, for every function, f : X → Y . (a) Prove that if Y = Z and g = idY , then LidY (f) = f, for all f : X → Y . Let T be another nonempty set and let h : Z → T be any function. Prove that Lh◦g = Lh ◦ Lg. (b) Use (a) to prove that if g is injective, then Lg : Y X → Z is also injective and if g is surjective, then Lg : Y X → Z is also surjective.
Scalability of genetic programming and probabilistic incremental program evolution

This paper discusses scalability of standard genetic programming (GP) and the probabilistic incremental program evolution (PIPE). To investigate the need for both effective mixing and linkage learning, two test problems are considered: ORDER problem, which is rather easy for any recombination-based GP, and TRAP or the deceptive trap problem, which requires the algorithm to learn interactions among subsets of terminals. The scalability results show that both GP and PIPE scale up polynomially with problem size on the simple ORDER problem, but they both scale up exponentially on the deceptive problem. This indicates that while standard recombination is sufficient when no interactions need to be considered, for some problems linkage learning is necessary. These results are in agreement with the lessons learned in the domain of binary-string genetic algorithms (GAs). Furthermore, the paper investigates the effects of introducing utnnecessary and irrelevant primitives on the performance of GP and PIPE.
Capitalist Entrepreneurship: Making Profit Through the Unmaking of Economic Orders

This is a theoretical paper in which we attempt to present an economic and sociological theory of entrepreneurship. We start from Schumpeter's idea in Theory of Economic Development that the economy can be conceptualized as a combination and innovations as new combinations. Schumpeter also spoke of resistance to entrepreneurship. By linking the ideas of combination and resistance, we are in a position to suggest a theory of capitalist entrepreneurship. An existing combination, we propose, can be understood as a social formation with its own cohesion and resistance what may be called an economic order. Actors know how to act; and profit is low and even in these orders. Entrepreneurship, in contrast, breaks them up by creating new ways of doing things and, in doing so, produces entrepreneurial profit. This profit inspires imitators until a new order for how to do things has been established; and profit has become low and even once more. Entrepreneurship is defined as the act of creating a new combination that ends one economic order and clears the way for a new one. The implications of this approach for a number of topics related to entrepreneurship are also discussed.
Thesis: Strategies and analysis techniques in functional program optimization

This paper abstracts the contents of the PhD dissertation which has been recently defended by the author. Functional programs are commonly modelled by term rewriting systems. The execution of such programs often gives rise to useless, dangerous, and inefficient evaluation sequences which must be avoided in order to improve their computational behaviour. The thesis presents novel methods and techniques to optimize term rewriting systems either by defining new strategies to execute programs or by analyzing and transforming programs in order to improve their computational behaviour.
Mass hierarchy from many domain walls

We construct a new model with exponential mass hierarchy by starting with the Einstein–Hilbert action with the cosmological constant in five dimensions plus an action describing many domain walls in four dimensions. The model includes many hidden sectors and one visible sector, and each four-dimensional domain wall, that is, 3-brane, interacts with one another through only a gravitational interaction and realizes many universe cosmology inspired by D-brane perspective. It is shown that in the present model only even numbers of domain walls are allowed to locate in five dimensional space-time and the validity of Randall–Sundrum scenario, which explains mass hierarchy between the Planck mass and the electro-weak scale in our world, depends on a relative relation between our world and hidden worlds.
Nuclear physics input for solar models

We discuss microscopic cluster model descriptions of two solar nuclear reactions, Be7(p,gamma)B8 and He3(He3,2p)He4. The low-energy reaction cross section of Be7(p,, which determines the high-energy solar neutrino flux, is constrained by Be7 and B8 observables. Our results show that a small value of the zero-energy cross section is rather unlikely. In He3(He3,2p)He4 we study the effects of a possible virtual state on the cross section. Although, we have found no indication for such a state so far, its existence cannot be ruled out yet. We calculate the He3(He3,2p)He4 and H3(H3,2n)He4 cross sections in a continuum-discretized coupled channel approximation, and find a good general agreement with the data.
On the core of an economy with multilateral and multidimensional environmental externalities

For simple economic models of transfrontier pollution, Chander and Tulkens (1995) and (1997) have offered a formula for transfers to sustain international cooperation on a voluntary basis and which deter coalitionnal free-riding under some reasonable behaviours of countries not in the coalition. Their scheme rests on the assumption that pollution is a scalar. Relaxing this assumption, interesting interactions among pollutants arise that call for a new formula. In this paper we extend Chander and Tulkens formula for this more realistic multidimensional context, and thereby enhance the pratical and theoretical relevance of their seminal analysis.
A provenance-based access control model

Existence of data provenance information in a system raises at least two security-related issues. One is how provenance data can be used to enhance security in the system and the other is how to protect provenance data which might be more sensitive than the data itself. Recent data provenance-related access control literature mainly focuses on the latter issue of protecting provenance data. In this paper, we propose a novel provenance-based access control model that addresses the former objective. Using provenance data for access control to the underlying data facilitates additional capabilities beyond those available in traditional access control models. We utilize a notion of dependency as the key foundation for access control policy specification. Dependency-based policy provides simplicity and effectiveness in policy specification and access control administration. We show our model can support dynamic separation of duty, workflow control, origin-based control, and object versioning. The proposed model identifies essential components and concepts and provides a foundational base model for provenance-based access control. We further discuss possible extensions of the proposed base model for enhanced access controls.
Historical and philosophical issues in the conservation of cultural heritage

This first volume of the Getty Conservation Institute's "Readings in Conservation" series presents a comprehensive collection of texts on the conservation of art and architecture. Designed for students of art history as well as conservation, the book consists of 46 texts, many originally published in obscure or foreign journals. The 30 art historians and scholars represented raise questions such as when to restore, what to preserve and how to maintain aesthetic character. Excerpts have been selected from the following books and essays: John Ruskin "The Seven Lamps of Architecture"; Bernard Berenson "Aesthetics and History in the Visual Arts"; Clive Bell "The Aesthetic Hypothesis"; Cesare Brandi "Theory of Restoration"; Kenneth Clark "Looking at Pictures"; Erwin Panofsky "The History of Art as a Humanistic Discipline"; E.H. Gombrich "Art and Illusion"; Marie Cl. Berducou "The Conservation of Archaeology: and Paul Philipott "Restoration from the Perspective of the Social Sciences".