nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Benchmarking Study to Evaluate Apache Spark on Large-Scale Supercomputers

As dataset sizes increase, data analysis tasks in high performance computing (HPC) are increasingly dependent on sophisticated dataflows and out-of-core methods for efficient system utilization. In addition, as HPC systems grow, memory access and data sharing are becoming performance bottlenecks. Cloud computing employs a data processing paradigm typically built on a loosely connected group of low-cost computing nodes without relying upon shared storage and/or memory. Apache Spark is a popular engine for large-scale data analysis in the cloud, which we have successfully deployed via job submission scripts on production clusters. 
In this paper, we describe common parallel analysis dataflows for both Message Passing Interface (MPI) and cloud based applications. We developed an effective benchmark to measure the performance characteristics of these tasks using both types of systems, specifically comparing MPI/C-based analyses with Spark. The benchmark is a data processing pipeline representative of a typical analytics framework implemented using map-reduce. In the case of Spark, we also consider whether language plays a role by writing tests using both Python and Scala, a language built on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). We include performance results from two large systems at Argonne National Laboratory including Theta, a Cray XC40 supercomputer on which our experiments run with 65,536 cores (1024 nodes with 64 cores each). The results of our experiments are discussed in the context of their applicability to future HPC architectures. Beyond understanding performance, our work demonstrates that technologies such as Spark, while typically aimed at multi-tenant cloud-based environments, show promise for data analysis needs in a traditional clustering/supercomputing environment.
Civic Attitudes and the Design of Labor Market Institutions: Which Countries Can Implement the Danish Flexicurity Model?

We argue that the efficiency of the Danish flexicurity Model, which combines high unemployment benefits with low job protection and high participation rate, relies on strong public-spiritedness. We also argue that Continental and Mediterranean European countries are unlikely to be able to implement the Danish Model because the lack of public-spiritedness of their citizens raises moral hazard issues which hinder the implementation of efficient public unemployment insurance.
Some aspects of gravitational quantum mechanics

String theory, quantum geometry, loop quantum gravity and black hole physics all indicate the existence of a minimal observable length on the order of Planck length. This feature leads to a modification of Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Such a modified Heisenberg uncertainty principle is referred as gravitational uncertainty principle(GUP) in literatures. This proposal has some novel implications on various domains of theoretical physics. Here, we study some consequences of GUP in the spirit of Quantum mechanics. We consider two problem: a particle in an one-dimensional box and free particle wave function. In each case we will solve corresponding perturbational equations and compare the results with ordinary solutions.
Memory, History and Modernity

This article examines how official and unofficial early film footage intersects in the representation of France's mission civilisatrice in films taken in West Congo in the early twentieth century. We study uncut, and largely unseen footage of the French soldier General Henri Gouraud in Syria and Lebanon, filmed during the French acquisition of these territories following the First World War. This footage taken by Albert Kahn's photographer Lucien Le Saint, and now in the Archives de la Planete in Paris, reveals twin images of the General: one a powerful military commander of France's ‘civilizing mission’ and the other a relaxed, modern man of the kind not usually seen in public film footage. This article then, examines various contradictions at the heart of imperialistic discourse that characterised French cultural self-confidence in the last decades of the Third Republic.
Irish Migration and Settlement in Early Nineteenth Century Manchester, with Special Reference to the Angel Meadow District in 1851

By 1851 there was a centuries-old tradition of linkages between north-west England and Ireland. There was also a long-established resident Irish population in Manchester, attracted by economic opportunities in the world's first industrial city. The city attracted detailed analysis by observers from Britain and overseas. The Irish in particular received a great deal of attention, and one of their districts. “Little Ireland” became fixed in the public mind as the stereotypical Irish ‘ghetto’, characterised by segregation, squalid housing and low-skilled occupations. In view of its relative neglect compared with some other towns and cities of nineteenth-century Britain, a modern examination of Manchester's importance to an understanding of Irish settlement is long overdue. Detailed study of one working-class district using contemporary documents and the census enumerators' returns for 1851 reveals that, while there was quite marked segregation, it was not total, the Irish did not invariably live in the worst...
Explaining the fiscal theory of the price level

Many traditional macroeconomic models do not have determinate predictions for the path of inflation: even for a given specification of money supplies, many paths of inflation are consistent with equilibrium. According to the fiscal theory of the price level, fiscal policy can be used to select which of these many paths actually occur. This article explains the fiscal theory of the price level and discusses its empirical and policy implications. The article argues that the theory is equivalent to giving the government an ability to choose among equilibria.
Effects of solid lubricant and laser surface texturing on frictional performance of pulse electric current sintered Al2O3–ZrO2 composites

Low-friction Al 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 composites were fabricated using a pulse electric current sintering (PECS) technique. Solid lubricants and/or laser surface texturing (LST) were applied to improve the low friction of the PECSed Al 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 composites under the lubricated condition (5W30). The hydrophobic surfaces of the as-polished PECSed composites were observed (except for the composites containing WS 2 ). After LST processing, all PECSed composites exhibited a hydrophobic surface ( θ =~93.9–101.1°), and the coefficient of friction of the PECSed Al 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 composites under a lubricated condition (5W30, commercial engine oil) was in the range from 0.050 to 0.060 before LST and from 0.045 to 0.065 after LST. This variation in the coefficient of friction of the PECSed composites is dependent on the flow of the lubricating oil, as confirmed by the surface morphology during the sliding tests.
Challenges after curative treatment for childhood cancer and long-term follow up of survivors.

Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk of serious morbidity, premature mortality, and diminished health status. Proactive and anticipatory risk-based health care of survivors and healthy lifestyles can reduce these risks. In this article, the authors first briefly discuss four common problems of survivors: neurocognitive dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, infertility and gonadal dysfunction, and psychosocial problems. Second, the authors discuss the concept of risk-based care, promote the use of recently developed evidence-based guidelines, describe current care in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands, and articulate a model for shared survivor care that aims to optimize life long health of survivors and improve two-way communication between the cancer center and the primary care physician.
Du Fu in the Poetry Standards (Shige) and the Origins of the Earliest Du Fu Commentary

AbstractThis article explores the relation between the late Tang genre of poetry criticism known as shige — poetry standards or poetry models — and the earliest interlinear commentary on the Tang poet Du Fu. Representative passages from surviving shige that explicate Du Fu couplets are examined. Eleventh-century commentators of Du Fu applied metaphorical correspondences between natural objects and human moral and political qualities, a major feature of shige exegesis, to formulate political interpretations of selected, enigmatic Du Fu poems. These interpretations accorded with Song literati, especially Qingli and Yuanyou period, notions of political culture. The article concludes that this process aided in the creation of an image of Du Fu that projects him forward toward the Song half of the Tang-Song transition, from an aristocratic to a literati society. However, much of his greatest poetry looks back in lament toward the vanished glories of the Tang aristocratic world.
Identifying patients, on the first day of life, at high-risk of developing parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease

Prolonged use of parenteral nutrition (PN) in neonates can lead to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD), manifested by elevated direct bilirubin concentrations, and in some cases progressing to hepatic failure. When new potential means of preventing PNALD in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), such as Omegaven usage, are tested in clinical trials, the studies should enroll neonates at a very high risk of developing PNALD. However, it is not always clear, in the first days of life, which neonates are most likely to develop PNALD. Therefore, preparatory to devising studies of prophylaxis against PNALD, we conducted an evaluation of all NICU patients who received PN for ⩾14 day, assessing their likelihood of developing PNALD.Methods:We performed an historic cohort analysis of all neonates in the Intermountain Healthcare system, receiving PN for 14 days or more during their stay, with dates of birth between 1 January, 2002 and 30 June, 2006.Results:During the 4½-year period, 9861 neonates were cared for in the Intermountain Healthcare NICUs. Of these, 9547 (96.8%) survived for at least 28 days, and of these 6543 (68.5%) received PN. Twenty-one percent (1366 patients) of those receiving PN, received it for ⩾14 days. PNALD was ascertained in this group by a direct bilirubin ⩾2.0 mg/dl. Neonates receiving PN for 14–28 days had a 14% incidence of PNALD, those receiving PN for 29–56 days had a 43% incidence, those receiving PN for 57–100 days had a 72% incidence and those receiving PN for >100 days had a 85% incidence. Groups of patients identifiable on the first day of life as having the highest risk of developing PNALD were birth weight <500 g (odds ratio (OR), 30.7), birth weight 500–749 g (OR, 13.1), gastrochisis (OR, 20.3) and jejunal atresia (OR, 24.0). Among 357 patients who developed PNALD, the highest direct bilirubin concentrations correlated with the highest serum alkaline phosphatase and transaminase concentrations. Deaths after 28 days were much more common in those with the highest direct bilirubin and transaminase concentrations (P<0.0001).Conclusions:In the first days of life, certain NICU patients can be identified as being at very high risk for developing PNALD. These are patients <750 g birth weight, those with gastrochisis and those with jejunal atresia. We speculate that these groups would be reasonable subjects for including in a PNALD prophylaxis trial, testing new preventative strategies such as Omegaven usage.
Partial logics reconsidered: A conservative approach

Partial functions play an important role in computer science. In order to reason about partial functions one may extend classical logic to a logic supporting partial functions, a so-called partial logic. Usually such an extension necessitates side-conditions on classical proof rules in order to ensure consistency, and introduces non-classical proof rules in order to maintain completeness. These complications depend on the choice of consequence relation and non-monotonic operators. In computer science applications such complications are undesirable, because they affect (semi-) mechanical reasoning methods, and make manual reasoning difficult for computer scientists who are not logicians.By carefully choosing the consequence relation and non-monotonic operators, a simple calculus for partial functions arises. The resulting logic is “healthy” in the sense that “meaningless” formulas (such as top(emptystack) > 1) cannot be concluded, except from contradictory or false assumptions, and a meaningless assumption provides no information. This requires all axioms to be healthy; and as a consequence the “excluded middle” (a V ¬a) must be weakened (to meaningfula's). All the well-known classical rules preserve healthiness and are therefore sound in the logic, provided substitutions are restricted to meaningful terms. This means that program reasoning methods based on classical logic usually can be adapted to the presented partial logic.
The Privacy Landscape: Product Differentiation on Data Collection

Whilst the majority of online consumers do not seem to take the privacy characteristics of goods and services into account with their consumption choices, a sizeable proportion consider differences in data collection and processing amongst alternative suppliers when deciding where to buy. Meeting their heterogeneous privacy preferences would require varied privacy regimes between different suppliers. Based on an empirical evaluation of 140 web sites across five industries, we consider two questions: (1) can privacy-conscious consumers find a privacy-friendly seller/provider? (2) is this alternative associated with higher prices? We interpret the empirical evidence using the economic model of horizontal differentiation. As an overarching conclusion, differentiation on privacy is more prevalent in markets where consumption is priced—an observation that confirms the prediction from theory. Surprisingly, sellers that collect less data charge lower prices, with high significance. Implications for regulation and for further study are discussed.
Information and Communication Technologies contribution to Microfinance Institutions performance: An empirical investigation of developing and emerging financial markets

The purpose of this research is to analyse how Information and Communication Technologies influence Microfinance Institutions performance on three regards: work efficiency, risk management and customer relationship management. Results of the empirical study show that the implementation of ICT enables MFIs in developing and emerging countries to significantly improve their microfinance services while enhancing work efficiency and customer relationship management. However, no empirical support was found for ICT contribution to risk management or reduction.
The Crisis in World Order and the Challenge to International Organization

This article discusses the role and possibilities of multilateralism in the emerging `new world order'. The analysis of the challenges for multilateral organizations should be made at two levels, namely through problem-solving theory and through critical theory, including investigations of the changes in the global political economy conditioning the workings of multilateralism. The global political economy of today is characterized by a `new capitalism' which opposes any form of state or interstate control or intervention. However, the processes of market globalization, most prominent in the 1980s, have shown signs of crisis: social polarization both between different parts of the world and within societies of the North, a more autonomous role of finance in relation to production and ecological deterioration. The solution to these developments is the reregulation and repoliticization of the political economy at the global level through multilateralism. In order to seize the opportunities, multilateralism ...
Armaments and Escalation: Two Competing Hypotheses

Since earliest times national leaders have believed that "if you seek peace, prepare for war." In the twentieth century, this belief has been challenged by those who see military "overpreparedness" not as a deterrent, but as a trigger for war-provoking arms races. This article attempts a comparative empirical test of these "preparedness" and "arms race" hypotheses with reference to serious great power disputes since 1816. It was found that, contrary to the prediction of the preparedness hypothesis, a crisis was no more likely to escalate to an all-out war when the "revisionist" great power possessed a significant military advantage vis-a-vis its "status quo" rival. Escalation was no more likely when the revisionist power was improving its relative position, nor when the revisionist power was both relatively stronger and increasing its lead. On the other hand, the existence of an arms race between the two powers prior to the dispute was very strongly associated with its subsequent escalation to full-scale hostilities. The implications of these findings for current policy debates are noted.
Locating Sylvia Pankhurst: Unfreezing time in the paintings and texts of Sylvia Pankhurst using documentary animation

This website documents research undertaken by Ashworth to explore ways in which documentary film could be employed to reassess Sylvia Pankhurst’s work and methods of campaigning, drawing on the possibilities of animation to unfreeze her drawings of working women in Britain. Encompassing experimental animation techniques, film production processes, conference papers and public exhibition lectures, the research focuses on Pankhurst’s role in influencing political structures in the UK during a time of extraordinary change and revolution across Europe. Through the research, Ashworth examines Pankhurst’s actions and life choices as a way of understanding the evolution of the modern self, British society, the artist’s role and world politics. 
 
Pankhurst is best remembered as a key figure of the Suffragette movement, but her first ambition was to become an artist and she graduated from the Royal College of Art in 1906. Informed by primary research at the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (which holds Pankhurst’s notebooks and manuscripts), British Film Institute, Museum of London, British Library and National Sound Archive, National Portrait Gallery, Pankhurst Centre Manchester and Women’s Library London, the website presents a shift in Ashworth’s practice towards working with the real, exploring what animation tools can bring to documentary film. 
 
The examination of Pankhurst’s life and work is timely, with a number of important anniversaries occurring or imminent, including the 1913 event at which suffragette Emily Wilding Davison threw herself under the King’s Horse, the passing of the Representation of the People Act, 1918 and Eligibility of Women Act, 1918. The research was presented in the 2013 ‘iDocumentary Now!’ conference, London, and at the BP Spotlight ‘Sylvia Pankhurst’ exhibition, Tate Britain, London (2013). An animated film to be completed in 2014 is planned as a future outcome of the research.
Multiple foci visualisation of large hierarchies with FlexTree

One of the main tasks in information visualisation research is creating visual tools to facilitate human understanding of large and complex information spaces. Hierarchies, being a good mechanism for organising such information, are ubiquitous. Although much research effort has been spent on finding useful representations for hierarchies, visualising large hierarchies is still a difficult topic. One of the difficulties is how to handle the ever increasing scale of hierarchies. Another is how to enable the user to focus on multiple selections of interest while maintaining context. This paper describes a hierarchy visualisation technique called FlexTree to address these problems. It contains some important features that have not been exploited so far. A profile or contour unique to the hierarchy being visualised can be viewed in a bar chart layout. A normalised view of a common attribute of all nodes can be selected by the user. Multiple foci are consistently accessible within a global context through interaction. Furthermore it can handle a large hierarchy that contains 10,000 nodes in a PC environment. This technique has been applied to visualise computer file system structures and decision trees from data mining results. The results from informal user evaluations against these two applications are also presented. User feedback suggests that FlexTree is suitable for visualising large decision trees.
Sally Ledger: an appreciation

This appreciation of Sally Ledger, formerly Hildred Carlile Professor of English at Royal Holloway, University of London, who died in January 2009, is written by a colleague and fellow board member of Women’s History Review. It focuses upon her professional career as a Victorianist and literary gender specialist who made a major contribution to international scholarship on Victorian to fin‐de‐siecle culture, women’s writing, literary gender studies, and Dickens studies.
Adversarial Neural Machine Translation

In this paper, we study a new learning paradigm for Neural Machine Translation (NMT). Instead of maximizing the likelihood of the human translation as in previous works, we minimize the distinction between human translation and the translation given by an NMT model. To achieve this goal, inspired by the recent success of generative adversarial networks (GANs), we employ an adversarial training architecture and name it as Adversarial-NMT. In Adversarial-NMT, the training of the NMT model is assisted by an adversary, which is an elaborately designed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The goal of the adversary is to differentiate the translation result generated by the NMT model from that by human. The goal of the NMT model is to produce high quality translations so as to cheat the adversary. A policy gradient method is leveraged to co-train the NMT model and the adversary. Experimental results on English$\rightarrow$French and German$\rightarrow$English translation tasks show that Adversarial-NMT can achieve significantly better translation quality than several strong baselines.
The Intraday Price Behavior of Australian Exchange Traded Options and Warrants

This study focuses on the price discovery process in Australian option and warrant markets. Characterizing these two markets in terms of their cost structures and institutional features, we formally test competing price discovery hypotheses. The general findings indicate that the warrants market is the dominant market suggesting that their lower trading cost outweigh their less attractive institutional features. Additionally, we find that idiosyncratic differences among firms may result in a clientele effect thus providing justification for the coexistence of these seemingly redundant markets.