nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
EPR evidence for Co(IV) species produced during water oxidation at neutral pH.

Thin-film water oxidation catalysts (Co-Pi) prepared by electrodeposition from phosphate electrolyte and Co(NO(3))(2) have been characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Co-Pi catalyst films exhibit EPR signals corresponding to populations of both Co(II) and Co(IV). As the deposition voltage is increased into the region where water oxidation prevails, the population of Co(IV) rises and the population of Co(II) decreases. The changes in the redox speciation of the film can also be induced, in part, by prolonged water oxidation catalysis in the absence of additional catalyst deposition. These results provide spectroscopic evidence for the formation of Co(IV) species during water oxidation catalysis at neutral pH.
Revisit frequency and its association with quality of care among diabetic patients: Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD).

To describe patient and provider characteristics associated with outpatient revisit frequency and to examine the associations between the revisit frequency and the processes and intermediate outcomes of diabetes care.



We analyzed data from Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD), a prospective, multicenter, observational study of diabetes care in managed care.



Our analysis included 6040 eligible adult participants with type 2 diabetes (42.6% ≥65 years of age, 54.1% female) whose primary care providers were the main provider of the participants' diabetes care. The median (interquartile range) revisit frequency was 4.0 (3.7, 6.0) visits per year. Being female, having lower education, lower income, more complex diabetes treatment, cardiovascular disease, higher Charlson comorbidity index, and impaired mobility were associated with higher revisit frequency. The proportion of participants who had annual assessments of HbA1c and LDL-cholesterol, foot examinations, advised or documented aspirin use, and influenza immunizations were higher for those with higher revisit frequency. The proportion of participants who met HbA1c (<9.5%) and LDL-cholesterol (<130 mg/dL) treatment goals were higher for those with a higher revisit frequency. The predicted probabilities of achieving more aggressive goals, HbA1c <8.5%, LDL-cholesterol <100mg/dL, and blood pressure <130/85 or even <140/90 mmHg were not associated with higher revisit frequency.



Revisit frequency was highly variable and was associated with both sociodemographic characteristics and disease severity. A higher revisit frequency was associated with better processes of diabetes care, but the association with intermediate outcomes was less clear.
Frankie and Johnny in Chicago and Some Problems of Attribution

Chicago has long had strong theatre and music traditions, and at times has been an important dance city, even if for somewhat mysterious reasons it has never had a resident ballet company to equal the Chicago Symphony, the opera, or the newer Steppenwolf theatre company. Certainly there have been many distinguished teachers there, from Adolph Bolm, Laurent Novikoff, Andreas Pavley, and Serge Oukrainsky through Edna McRae, Berenice Holmes, Bentley Stone, and Walter Camryn to Maria Tallchief. The one important ballet to be created in Chicago, however, came out of a heady mix of the Depression, the WPA Federal Theatre Project, local artistic politics, and two of Chicago's most durable dance figures, Ruth Page and Bentley Stone. The subject was as American as Carl Sandburg, although rather less respectable, being based on the song about which Sandburg remarked, "If America has a classical gutter song, it is the one that tells of Frankie and her man."' The story of the creation of this ballet also raises a number of interesting points in attribution as part of the complex workings of collaboration in dance, especially apportioning the credits for choreography and design. Frankie and Johnny was first shown on a program presented by the Federal Theatre Project of the Works Progress Administration
Equipartitions of Measures by 2-Fans

AbstractWe study the problem of computing an equitable 2-fan for three masses distributed on the 2-sphere. The existence of an equitable 2-fan was shown by Barany and Matousek. The contribution of this paper is twofold. (i) We prove the existence of
an infinite set of equitable 2-fans. (ii) We present an efficient algorithm for finding an equitable 2-fan when the mass distributions are discrete, i.e. finite sets of points. Both (i) and (ii) can be easily extended to mass distributions in the
plane instead of the sphere.
Fyr: a memory-safe and thread-safe systems programming language

programming language that combines the versatility of C with the ease and safety of modern application programming languages such as Java and Go. Fyr uses manual memory management to support systems where memory is a scarce resource, especially networked IoT devices. Fyr guarantees memory safety and thread safety. These safety guarantees are built on a combination of compile-time type checking, control-flow checking and runtime reference counting where necessary. We show that Fyr allows for more flexibility and simpler code than Rust, especially when working with heap data structures.
Influence of nanoporous aluminum oxide interlayer on the optical absorptance of black electroless nickel–phosphorus coating

This paper introduces a technique to make an ultra-black surface by employing nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide as a template and deposition of nickel–phosphorus nanowires by the electroless process. The optical properties were compared with two other processes; a conventional black Ni–P deposition and a nickel electro-coloring process, on aluminum substrate. Surface morphologies of the samples were examined by field emission scanning electron microscope and elemental analysis of the coatings was performed by the energy dispersive spectroscopy method. Optical properties of surfaces were determined by spectrophotometry and infrared spectroscopy techniques. In addition, optical characteristics of the coated surfaces were evaluated by calculation of absorption and emission coefficients of the surfaces. The results showed that ultra-black duplex coating possessed an absorption coefficient higher than 99%, while emission coefficient decreased about 6% compared with simple black electroless Ni–P. Calculation of ξ factor indicated that a value of 5.1 proved that optical properties in the duplex coated sample had a significant improvement.
Computing applied to societal problems

The panel will present problems from three societal fields where computing has made significant contributions. The first field is cultural evolution, which is concerned with how both biological characteristics and new ideas spread throughout a society. Next, from that aspect of the environmental field which is concerned with waste, computer applications to ocean disposal will be discussed. The final presentation will concern programs for allocation of fire companies; this will be followed immediately by a computer demonstration at which time those attending may themselves operate the computer program. Throughout the session the panel will stress the usefulness and applicability of their investigations to the needs of society.
Computing Equilibria of Semi-algebraic Economies Using Triangular Decomposition and Real Solution Classification

In this paper, we are concerned with the problem of determining the existence of multiple equilibria in economic models. We propose a general and complete approach for identifying multiplicities of equilibria in semi-algebraic economies, which may be expressed as semi-algebraic systems. The approach is based on triangular decomposition and real solution classification, two powerful tools of algebraic computation. Its effectiveness is illustrated by two examples of application.
Isotopic evidence for the origin of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Pinacate volcanic field, northwestern Mexico

Six volcanic rocks, reconnaissance samples representing most of the temporal and compositional variation in the Pinacate volcanic field of Sonora and Arizona, are characterized for major element and NdSr isotopic compositions. The samples consist of basanite through trachyte of an early shield volcano, and alkali basalts and a tholeiite from later craters and cinder cones. With the exception of the trachyte sample, which has increased 87Sr/86Sr due to crustal effects, all 87Sr/86Sr values fall between 0.70312 and 0.70342, while ϵNd values are all between + 5.0 and + 5.7. Clinopyroxene in a rare spinel-lherzolite nodule derived from the uppermost mantle beneath the field has 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70320 but ϵNd of + 8.8, three ϵNd units higher than the volcanic rocks. Both the volcanic rocks and the nodule record the presence of asthenospheric, rather than enriched lithospheric mantle beneath Pinacate. This is consistent with one or both of (a) proximity of Pinacate to the Gulf of California spreading center and (b) presence of similar asthenospheric mantle signatures in volcanic rocks over a wide contiguous area of the southwestern USA. We consider the comparison to other southwestern USA magma sources as the more relevant alternative, although a definite conclusion is not possible at this stage.
Locke and Leibniz on Religious Faith

In the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke maintains that ‘Reason must be our last Judge and Guide in every Thing,’ including matters of religious faith, and this commitment to the primacy of reason is not abandoned in his later religious writings. This essay argues that with regard to the relation between reason and religious faith, Locke is primarily concerned not with evidence, but with consistency, meaning, and how human beings ought to respond to their inclinations, including their inclinations to believe. Leibniz, on the other hand, stakes out an alternative conception of the relationship between faith and reason that assigns to faith the role of a primary truth. For Leibniz, some religious propositions can be believed immediately and without an additional examination and evaluation by reason. The essay maintains that the differences between the two regarding faith and reason are tied to a broader disagreement about how much of the human understanding is due, in Locke's words, to ‘Labour, At...
Towards Practical, Precise and Parametric Energy Analysis of IT Controlled Systems

Energy consumption analysis of IT-controlled systems can play a major role in minimising the overall energy consumption of such IT systems, during the development phase, or for optimisation in the field. Recently, a precise energy analysis was developed, with the property of being parametric in the hardware. In principle, this creates the opportunity to analyse which is the best software implementation for given hardware, or the other way around: choose the best hardware for a given algorithm. 
The precise analysis was introduced for a very limited language: ECA. In this paper, several important steps are taken towards practical energy analysis. The ECA language is extended with common programming language features. The application domain is further explored, and threats to the validity are identified and discussed. Altogether, this constitutes an important step towards analysing energy consumption of IT-controlled systems in practice.
Probing Phosphorus Nitride (P≡N) and Other Elusive Species Formed upon Pyrolysis of Dimethyl Phosphoramidate.

The thermal behavior of organophosphorus compounds is intricate and poorly understood but crucial for understanding gas-phase flame inhibition, syntheses of thermally active phosphorus-based reactive precursors, catalytic combustion, incineration of toxic nerve gases, and astrochemistry. In this work, the pyrolysis of dimethyl phosphoramidate was investigated using photoion photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy in combination with vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. This technique enables isomer-selective detection of reactive intermediates, which are crucial in the understanding of the decomposition process. Combined with quantum chemical calculations, the experimental results permit the formulation of a comprehensive pyrolysis reaction pathway for dimethyl phosphoramidate, consisting of several reactive phosphorus species on four possible decomposition pathways. Compared to the decomposition of dimethyl methyl phosphonate, which leads exclusively to the formation of PO radicals, substitution of the methyl with an amino group most notably yields phosphorus nitride (P≡N). This mostly favored reaction pathway involves the subsequent loss of methanol and formaldehyde to yield three PONH2 tautomers, which eliminate water to generate P≡N. The thermally induced production of PN species and its possible role in flame inhibition has not previously been reported. In addition, the adiabatic ionization energy of O=P(OCH3 )2 NH2 was determined to be 9.79±0.02 eV.
Strong fields and recycled accelerator parts as a laboratory for fundamental physics

Over the last few years it has become increasingly clear that low energy, but high precision experiments provide a powerful and complementary window to physics beyond the Standard Model. In this note we illuminate this by using minicharged particles as an example. We argue that minicharged particles arise naturally in extensions of the Standard Model. Compatibility with charge quantization arguments suggests that minicharged particles typically arise together with a massless hidden sector U(1) gauge field. We present several low energy experiments employing strong lasers, electric and magnetic fields that can be used to search for (light) minicharged particles and their accompanying U(1) gauge boson.
A history of British industrial relations, 1914-1939

The First World War and state intervention in industrial relations, 1914-1918 the trade unions between the wars rank-and-file movements and the workplace organization, 1914-1939 employers and managers - organization and strategy, 1914-1939 social welfare and industrial relations, 1914-1939 case studies - employers and the rise of supervisory unionism, 1914-1939 the development of bargaining structure - the case of electrical contracting, 1914-1939 the failure of mass-production unionism in the motor industry, 1914-1939.
The Responsible Child and Parental Well-Being

What is there in the relationship between elderly parents and their adult children that may enhance parental well-being? Elderly parents 70 years of age and over were interviewed, as well as the children designated as the persons who would be responsible for the parents in the event of a crisis (N = 50 dyads). Both parents' and children's perceptions of the relationship were assessed. Although the amount of association was not impressive, well-being (LSR) was associated with parents' perceptions of the children as aware of their wishes if something serious were to occur and aware that plans were made for the future; and with the children's knowledge of community resources. These findings suggest how security of the elderly can be enhanced through intergenerational relationships.
Growth process conditions of tungsten oxide thin films using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition

We report the growth conditions of nanostructured tungsten oxide (WO 3− x ) thin films using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD). Two tungsten filaments were resistively heated to various temperatures and exposed to an air flow at various subatmospheric pressures. The oxygen partial pressure was varied from 6.0 × 10 −6 to 1.0 mbar and the current through the filaments was varied from 4.0 to 9.0 A, which constitutes a filament temperature of 1390–2340 °C in vacuum. It is observed that the deposition rate of the films is predominantly determined by the oxygen partial pressure; it changes from about 1 to about 36,000 nm min −1 in the investigated range. Regardless of the oxygen partial pressure and filament temperature used, thin films with a nanogranular morphology are obtained, provided that the depositions last for 30 min or shorter. The films consist either of amorphous or partially crystallized WO 3− x with high averaged transparencies of over 70% and an indirect optical band gap of 3.3 ± 0.1 eV. A prolonged deposition time entails an extended exposure of the films to thermal radiation from the filaments, which causes crystallization to monoclinic WO 3 with diffraction maxima due to the (0 0 2), (2 0 0) and (0 2 0) crystallographic planes, furthermore the nanograins sinter and the films exhibit a cone-shaped growth. By simultaneously influencing the surface mobility, by heating the substrates to T surface  = 700 ± 100 °C, and the deposition rate, a very good control of the morphology of the deposited films is obtained. Nanowire films, nanocrystallite films and closed crystallite films were thus deposited. These differently nanostructured c-WO 3 films all possess an indirect optical band gap of 2.5 ± 0.1 eV.
The viscious circle of competitive unemployment

Investigates the possible social causes of unemployment; focuses on how competition among employers can increase and perpetuate already high levels of unemployment. Starts from the premise that, despite divergent attitudes, most industrialized nations make some collective provision for the unemployed, with firms ultimately bearing the costs. Describes how, although a firm may reduce its labour force to save money, it is ultimately, albeit collectively, paying the costs of unemployment via taxes to the State ‐ the main effect is to redistribute the costs to other organizations; depicts a resulting downward spiral in the economy. Looks at the relationships between increased productivity and the costs to society. Concludes that competitive unemployment is a reality and suggests possible solutions.
Practising the Space Between: Embodying Belief as an Evangelical Anglican Student

This article explores the formation of British evangelical university students as believers. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted with a conservative evangelical Anglican congregation in London, I describe how students in this church come to embody a highly cognitive, word-based mode of belief through particular material practices. As they learn to identify themselves as believers, practices of reflexivity and accountability enable them to develop a sense of narrative coherence in their lives that allows them to negotiate tensions that arise from their participation in church and from broader social structures. I demonstrate that propositional belief—in contexts where it becomes an identity marker—is bound up with relational practices of belief, so that distinctions between ‘belief in’ and ‘belief that’ are necessarily blurred in the lives of young evangelicals.
Adrastos of Aphrodisias

Peripatetic philosopher active ca. 100 ce (Martin 1849: 74–9), author of commentaries on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, Categories, and Physics, as well as of a study On the Order of Aristotle's Works cited several times by Simplicius. 
 
 
 
 
history of science; 
medicine and technology; 
intellectual history; 
science
주제 : 정서 및 학습장애아동을 위한 치료방략 ; 자폐증아동의 언어특징과 언어 , 의사소통 훈련 모델에 관한 고찰

This paper tries to investigate a desirable cooperative model between Korean and Chinese enterprises in culture industry, by analyzing an example that the Korean on-line game enterprise had been sold to the Chinese enterprise in 2004. At the beginning of the 2000’s, many Korean on-line game enterprises entered the Chinese market vigorously and cooperated with the Chinese enterprises, reclaiming and developing the huge Chinese network game market. Up to now, the Korean enterprises mainly adopted the method that provides the advanced game products and charges royalty. But, the Chinese market is fast-growing, and the technical catch-up ability of Chinese enterprises is also fast-growing; therefore, the limit of that method is very clear. The most important problem is that Korean enterprises can not attain any gains by Chinese enterprise's growth. This paper insists that not only the cooperation between Korean and Chinese enterprises is important, but also the selection of desirable cooperative model is needed. Korean and Chinese enterprises both need to share profit and risk from market expansion. Also they must pay more attention to expanding the Chinese and world markets than distributing profits.
Archean volcanoes in southwestern Abitibi Belt, Ontario and Quebec: form, composition, and development

Southwestern Abitibi Volcanic Belt is composed of numerous deformed volcanoes that were originally circular to subcircular in outline, 100–200 km in diameter, and 10–16 km in stratigraphic thickness. Tholeiitic (TH) lava flows with local komatiitic (KM) flows and intrusions predominate in the lower parts of each volcano and calc-alkalic (CA) lava flows or pyroclastic rocks in the upper parts. Subsidence of the volcanoes more or less kept pace with magma extrusion such that volcano slopes remained mainly horizontal to subhorizontal. The lower TH parts accumulated rapidly at substantial water depths. The upper CA parts also accumulated rapidly but at decreasing water depths with possible local, brief, island emergence.The lower TH division is dominated by thick, uniform TH basalt lava flows. This changes abruptly at about volcano mid-thickness to the conformably overlying CA andesite-rich division characterized by irregularly recurring basalt–andesite– dacite–rhyolite flow or pyroclastic alternations that b...
Psychiatric diagnosis and the surgical outcome of pancreas transplantation in patients with type I diabetes mellitus.

To examine the role of psychiatric diagnosis in the surgical outcome of pancreas transplantation, we studied candidates with type I diabetes mellitus. Eighty of 140 candidates underwent transplantation. Survival analysis found the extent of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) matching, two diagnoses, and patients' perceived support from first-degree relatives to be related to duration of full-graft function. Lifetime diagnoses of tobacco use disorder (P = 0.029) and alcohol abuse/dependence (P = 0.006) were associated with less favorable outcomes; perceived support was associated with positive outcomes (P = 0.048). Subsequent analysis suggested that the four variables independently and directly affect outcome.
Partial Deduction for Structured Logic Programming

In this paper, we discuss an extension of Partial Deduction in the framework of structured logic programs. The class of programs we consider includes statically configured systems such as block- and inheritance-based systems, as well as more dynamic configurations which support hypothetical reasoning and viewpoints. We show that the basic Partial Deduction definition can be extended to deal with a richer class of programs, while maintaining, under appropriate closedness conditions, the properties of soundness and completeness of the transformation which hold in the case of logic programming.