nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Notice of RetractionThe study on Haier's marketing strategy of household appliance going to the countryside

With the context of the global financial turmoil, the implementation of the policy of household appliance going to the countryside not only expands domestic demand but also offers new market opportunities to appliance manufacturers. By analyzing Haier's targeted market of refrigerators to countryside and the argumentation on its capacity in market promoting strategy in rural areas, this paper elaborates how Haier occupied the rural market by its customized refrigerator products. Haier has taken a marketing strategy in rural market different from that in urban market. It developed various new products suitable for rural consumption on the base of market segments, formulated a reasonable price strategy, selected an appropriate distribution channel, took promoting method easily accepted by rural residents, and formed a special marketing mix for the rural market. In the context of the implementation of household appliance to the countryside, though continuous product innovation and promotion, Haier draw away from competitors, improved the image of Haier, formed consumer loyalty and achieved a leading position in the appliance industry.
Keynes's special theory

THE THEORY OF FREE BANKING: MONEY SUPPLY UNDER COMPETITIVE NOTE ISSUE by George Selgin Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, and Washington,  Selgin helps demonstrate that by contrast, competition in money production can link saving and investment, thus avoiding Keynes's critique. In addition, Selgin's argument provides a framework to understand central banking's inability to achieve its intended results. Many of the macroeconomic problems in historical capitalism can thus be traced to interference with financial markets, rather than to market failures.
Solving the Multi-objective flexible job shop scheduling problem by the population-based algorithms

In this paper, the flexible job shop scheduling problem with the objective of optimization three objective functions simultaneously has studied. Due to the complexity of this problem exact methods cannot be used to find the optimum solution and therefore, heuristic and meta-heuristic approaches are suitable. In this research, Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) and Genetic Algorithms have been chosen among the population-based optimization algorithms. These algorithms were provided in the MATLAB programming language. Finally, the computational results obtained from the algorithms of this research were analyzed and several research fields have been suggested for the future studies.
Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of anxiety disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterised by inflammation of the airways and destruction of pulmonary tissue with post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC of <0.70 (forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity). Evidence indicates an increased prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as compared with the general population and persons suffering from many other chronic illnesses. Anxiety in people with COPD has been shown to increase disability and impair functional status, resulting in an overall reduction in quality of life. As such, pharmacological interventions are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders in patients with COPD.



To assess the effect of pharmacological interventions on anxiety disorders in people with COPD, in terms of improvement of anxiety symptoms, quality of life, exercise tolerance, reduction in length of hospital stay and FEV1. We also evaluated adverse drug reactions.



Two Cochrane Review Group Specialised Registers were searched (up to the 1st of June 2011) to identify trials for this review. Complementary searches of PsycINFO and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were also carried out. We did not apply any language restrictions.



We considered all randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster randomised trials and cross-over trials of pharmacological interventions for patients (age > 40 years) with COPD and co-existing anxiety disorders (as confirmed by recognised diagnostic criteria or a validated measurement scale) for the review.



Two of the three review authors individually evaluated each article and extracted data. Any conflicts that arose were resolved through discussion with a third party, if necessary. Trial investigators were contacted to obtain missing/raw data. Meta-analyses of continuous outcomes were performed using the random-effect model.



Four studies met all of the inclusion criteria (with a total of 40 participants). Three subclasses of anxiety medications were used including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and azapirones. Although two studies used SSRIs as the intervention (total of 21 participants), we were unable to meta-analyse the anxiety outcomes as one study had a standard deviation of zero for the control group. Included studies had relatively poor quality including small sample sizes and short follow-up periods. Due to the small number of included studies, we were unable to meta-analyse all the subclasses of medications.



Due to the sub-optimal quality of the trials and statistically non-significant results, it is not possible to draw any conclusions for treatment. This review highlights the paucity of data in this area. As such, there is a need for scientifically rigorous research trials to evaluate the role of pharmacological interventions for anxiety disorders in patients with COPD, using a sample size large enough to demonstrate meaningful clinical significance.
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Revisited

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the optical properties of aluminum oxide (AI2O3). The anisotropic optical constants of aluminum oxide from 0 to 116 eV are described. The hexagonal form of aluminum oxide is variously called “alumina,” “corundum,” “ruby,” or “sapphire.” It is a hard, stable material melting at 2319 K. AI2O3 is a negative, uniaxial crystal transparent from 0.145 to 5.0 μm and 0.147 to 5.2 μm. It is noted that optical anisotropy is small from the extreme ultraviolet through the infrared, becoming larger in the microwave region. Optical-quality crystalline aluminum oxide is made by several techniques including: Czochralski growth, flame fusion, the heat-exchanger method (HEM), and the edge-defined, film-fed growth techniques. The high mechanical and dielectric strength of AI2O3 makes it a desirable laser host material. Chromium and titanium-doped aluminum oxide are common solid state laser-gain media. Gervais used a compilation of optical constants for amorphous AI2O3 that do not contain information on the anisotropy of the crystalline state. The information was supplemented with single-crystal and polarization measurements.
Beta-blockers and health-related quality of life in patients with peripheral arterial disease and COPD

Beta-blockers are frequently withheld in patients with cardiovascular disease who also have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because of concerns that they might provoke bronchospasm and cause deterioration in health status. Although beta1-selective beta-blockers are associated with reduced mortality in COPD patients, their effects on health status are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between beta-blockers and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with peripheral arterial disease and COPD.



Of the original cohort of 3371 vascular surgery patients, 1310 had COPD of whom 469 survived during long-term follow-up. These COPD patients were sent the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health-related quality of life questionnaire, which was completed and returned by 326 (70%) patients.



No significant differences in any of the SF-36 domains were observed between COPD patients who did and did not use beta-blockers (p > 0.05 for all). Furthermore, beta-blockers were not associated with any impairment in HRQOL among patients with COPD.



Beta-blockers had no material impact on the HRQOL of patients with peripheral arterial disease who also had COPD. This suggests that beta-blockers can, in most circumstances, be administered to patients with COPD without impairment in HRQOL.
Microstructure development and nonlinear electrical characteristics of the SnO2·CuO·Ta2O5 based varistors

The microstructure development of SnO2·CuO based ceramic material was analyzed by XRD and SEM and the electrical properties were investigated by J-E relation. The secondary phases of copper oxide were found by the XRD. Copper oxide could make tin oxide densify and advance the grain growth, while tantalum oxide would retard the grain growth. Excess copper would centralize at the grain boundaries and prevent the mass transport. The high nonlinear coefficient (α = 27.3) and low leakage current density (JL = 16 μA cm−2) for the 0.05 mol% Ta2O5-doped SnO2·CuO based varistor sample were obtained. The modified defect barrier model for CuO and Ta2O5-doped SnO2 based varistors was introduced.
Gastrointestinal and pancreatic complications after kidney transplantation

In a retrospective study of 165 renal allograft recipients, the influence of the route of prednisolone administration on the frequency of early and late gastrointestinal complications was analysed. Late complications were more frequent in patients treated orally than in those treated intravenously (a statistically significant difference). Patients on intravenous therapy had more early complications, but this difference did not reach a statistically significant level.
Two-photon cross-sections from the saturation model

A saturation model for the total \gamma \gamma and \gamma* \gamma* cross-sections and for the real photon structure function F2\gamma (x,Q2) is described. The model is based on a QCD dipole picture of high energy scattering. The two-dipole cross-section is assumed to satisfy the saturation property with the saturation radius taken from the GBW analysis of the \gamma*p interaction at HERA. The model is combined with the QPM and non-pomeron reggeon contributions and it gives a very good description of the data on the \gamma \gamma total cross-section, on the photon structure function F2\gamma (x,Q2) at low x and on the \gamma* \gamma* cross-section. Production of heavy quarks in \gamma \gamma collisions is also studied.
Optical properties of nickel-incorporated amorphous carbon film deposited by femtosecond pulsed laser ablation

The present study investigates the optical properties of Ni-incorporated amorphous carbon (a-C:Ni) films covering a wide range of Ni concentration from doping to alloys. The films are deposited by sequential femtosecond pulsed laser ablation of graphite and Ni targets. The optical properties are analyzed by means of the Maxwell-Garnett theory with separated metal and carbon phases. This analysis permits to investigate the change of the carbon phase with Ni concentration. It is shown that the microstructure of the carbon phase is affected by the Ni incorporation even at low Ni concentrations (1 at.%) where a local reorganization of the carbon matrix occurs affecting the aromatic clusters. At higher Ni concentrations the films become more disordered.
The Importance of Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control when Assessing Mechanisms of Carboxylate-Assisted C-H Activation.

The reactions of substituted 1-phenylpyrazoles (phpyz-H) at [MCl2Cp*]2 dimers (M = Rh, Ir; Cp* = C5Me5) in the presence of NaOAc to form cyclometalated Cp*M(phpyz)Cl were studied experimentally and with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. At room temperature, time-course and H/D exchange experiments indicate that product formation can be reversible or irreversible depending on the metal, the substituents, and the reaction conditions. Competition experiments with both para- and meta-substituted ligands show that the kinetic selectivity favors electron-donating substituents and correlates well with the Hammett parameter giving a negative slope consistent with a cationic transition state. However, surprisingly, the thermodynamic selectivity is completely opposite, with substrates with electron-withdrawing groups being favored. These trends are reproduced with DFT calculations that show C-H activation proceeds by an AMLA/CMD mechanism. H/D exchange experiments with the meta-substituted ligands show ortho-C-H activation to be surprising facile, although (with the exception of F substituents) this does not generally lead to ortho-cyclometalated products. Calculations suggest that this can be attributed to the difficulty of HOAc loss after the C-H activation step due to steric effects in the 16e intermediate that would be formed. Our study highlights that the use of substituent effects to assign the mechanism of C-H activation in either stoichiometric or catalytic reactions may be misleading, unless the energetics of the C-H cleavage step and any subsequent reactions are properly taken into account. The broader implications of our study for the assignment of C-H activation mechanisms are discussed.
Education, philosophy and politics : the selected works of Michael A. Peters

Educational Philosophy and Politics 1.  Wittgenstein's Styles of Thinking 2. Writing the Self: Wittgenstein, Confession and Pedagogy 3. Nietzsche, Nihilism and the Critique of Modernity: Post-Nietzschean Philosophy of Education 4. Heidegger, Education and Modernity 5. Telling as an Educational Practice of the Self: Foucault, Parrhesia and the Ethics of Subjectivity 6.  Foucault on the Birth of Biopolitics 7. Lyotard, Nihilism and Education 8. Gilles Deleuze's 'Societies of Control': From Disciplinary Pedagogy to Perpetual Training 9. Geophilosophy, Education and the Pedagogy of the Concept 10. Humanism, Derrida, and the New Humanities 11. Politics and Deconstruction: Derrida, Neoliberalism, and Democracy to Come 12. Ethnocentrism and the Politics of the Ethnos: Rorty's 'Postmodernist Bourgeois Liberalism' 13. Achieving America: Postmodernism and Rorty's Critique of the Cultural Left 14. Deranging the Investigations: Cavell on the Philosophy of the Child 15. White Philosophy in/of America
The emergence of computing science research and teaching at Cambridge, 1936-49

The motivation behind the creation of the Cambridge University Mathematical Laboratory and its original terms of reference are described. The changes to the laboratory caused by World War II are discussed. The Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory was reestablished in 1945 under the directorship of M.V. Wilkes. The ways in which Wilkes developed the work of the laboratory and built up a research team to work on the EDSAC project, which established Cambridge as a major center of computer research, are considered.<<ETX>>
Evaluation of Multi-Sums for Large Scale Problems

A big class of Feynman integrals, in particular, the coefficients of their Laurent series expansion w.r.t. the dimension parameter e can be transformed to multi-sums over hypergeometric terms and harmonic sums. In this article, we present a general summation method based on difference fields that simplifies these multi–sums by transforming them from inside to outside to representations in terms of indefinite nested sums and products. In particular, we present techniques that assist in the task to simplify huge expressions of such multi-sums in a completely automatic fashion. The ideas are illustrated on new calculations coming from 3-loop topologies of gluonic massive operator matrix elements containing two fermion lines, which contribute to the transition matrix elements in the variable flavor scheme.
Effective $\boldsymbol{\bar{K}\!N}$ interaction with strong πΣ dynamics constrained by chiral SU(3) symmetry

We derive a single-channel effective $\bar{K}\!N$ interaction from chiral SU(3) coupled-channel dynamics, emphasizing the important role of the πΣ channel and the structure of the Λ(1405) resonance. The chiral low energy theorem requires strongly attractive interaction not only in the $\bar{K}\!N$ channel but also in the πΣ channel. As a consequence of the strong πΣ dynamics, the equivalent potential in single $\bar{K}\!N$ channel turns out to be less attractive than the one used in a purely phenomenological approach.
‘Shaped like a question mark’: found poetry from Herbert Blau's The Audience

Performance theorist Herbert Blau's The Audience (Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins Press, 1990) is an important yet neglected theoretical text on theatre audience. Deconstructive, dense and allusive in nature, Blau's text creates a real challenge for his reader. This paper presents a study of The Audience employing what I am calling literature-voiced research poetry. This consists of found poems created from certain kinds of theoretical texts, particularly those that are, like Blau's, rich, thick and metaphorical in nature. In creating these found poems, I am moving into using an arts-based research methodology as a way of knowing within an inquiry process, as well as a way of analysing and representing data (Oberg, A., Arts-based educational research, Notes from presentation at Association for Graduate Education Students (AGES) meeting, University of Victoria, 18 March 2003). My dissertation, Marked by performance: a curriculum theory and poetics for audience in the performing arts (in progress), will...
Non-Contractual Relations in Business Re-examined: A Critical Assessment if Macaulay's Legal Realism

The last two decades have seen a spawning literature on social norms in the anthropology and sociology of law as well as in the economic analysis of law and in institutional economics s la Williamson. Much of this literature refers back to a seminal paper by Stewart Macaulay in which it is claimed that there is ample evidence that business transactions are primarily non-contractual. This essay reviews this claim.
Trust: An Element of Information Security

Information security is no longer restricted to technical issues but incorporates all facets of securing systems that produce the company’s information. Some of the most important information systems are those that produce the financial data and information. Besides securing the technical aspects of these systems, one needs to consider the human aspects of those that may ‘corrupt’ this information for personal gain. Opportunistic behaviour has added to the recent corporate scandals such as Enron, WorldCom, and Parmalat. However, trust and controls help curtail opportunistic behaviour, therefore, confidence in information security management can be achieved. Trust and security-based mechanisms are classified as safeguard protective measures and together allow the stakeholders to have confidence in the company’s published financial statements. This paper discusses the concept of trust and predictability as an element of information security and of restoring stakeholder confidence. It also argues that assurances build trust and that controls safeguard trust.
“I Know What Love Means”: Qualitative descriptions from Mexican-American and White Adolescents

A qualitative approach was used to explore the meaning of being in love for Mexican American and White adolescents. Adolescents' written descriptions were coded using inductive content analysis. Five broader love themes encompassing five additional subthemes emerged: commitment (sacrifice and time); intimacy (friendship, trust, and caring); reciprocity; unconditional acceptance; and unsure/unknown. Mexican American adolescents mentioned intimacy components, White adolescent boys mentioned commitment components, and White adolescents and girls mentioned unconditional acceptance components in their self-definitions of love more than their counterparts. Understanding the meaning of love has implications for prevention efforts targeted at reducing the health risks associated with romantic relationships in adolescence.
O-raffinose crosslinked hemoglobin lacks site-specific chemistry in the central cavity: structural and functional consequences of beta93Cys modification.

Reacting human deoxyHbA0 with oxidized raffinose (O-raffinose), a trisaccharide, results in a low oxygen affinity "blood substitute," stabilized in a noncooperative T-conformation and possesses readily oxidizable rhombic heme. In this study, we fractionated the O-raffinose-modified HbA0 heterogeneous polymer (O-R-PolyHbA0) into six distinct fractions with a molecular weight distribution ranging from 64 to approximately 600 kDa using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Oxygen equilibrium and kinetics binding parameters of all fractions were nearly identical, reflecting a lack of heterogeneity in ligand binding properties among O-R-PolyHbA0 species (Hill coefficient n equal to 1.0). Several mass spectrometry techniques were used to evaluate undigested and digested HbA0, O-R-PolyHbA0, and O-R-PolyHbA0 fractions. Proposed sites of intramolecular crosslinking (i.e., beta1Lys82, beta2Lys82, and beta1Val1) were not found to be the predominant site of crosslinking within the central cavity. Intermolecular crosslinking with O-raffinose results in no discernible site of amino acids modifications with the exception of beta93Cys and alpha104Cys. Based on accessible surface area (ASA) calculations in intact deoxyHbA0, slight conformational changes are required to allow for the S on alpha104Cys to be modified during the reaction with O-raffinose or its partially oxidized product(s). The stabilization of HbA0 in the T-conformation may not be a direct correlate of O-raffinose induced changes, but an indirect consequence of changing hydration in the water-filled central cavity and/or the distal heme pocket leading in the latter case to accelerated iron oxidation. Structural data presented here when taken together with the oxidative instability of O-R-PolyHbA0 may provide some basis for the reported toxicity of this oxygen carrier.
Pulmonary Embolism in Children

Pulmonary embolism (PE) in the pediatric population is relatively rare when compared to adults; however, the incidence is increasing and accurate and timely diagnosis is critical. A high clinical index of suspicion is warranted as PE often goes unrecognized among children leading to misdiagnosis and potentially increased morbidity and mortality. Evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of children with PE are lacking and current practices are extrapolated from adult data. Treatment options include thrombolysis and anticoagulation with heparins and oral vitamin K antagonists, with newer direct oral anticoagulants currently in clinical trials. Long-term sequelae of PE, although studied in adults, are vastly unknown among children and adolescents. Additional research is needed in order to provide pediatric focused care for patients with acute PE.
‘‘A Populous Solitude’: the life and art of S.R. Praeger, 1867-1954’

Although the Titanic is regularly discussed as a pinnacle of Northern Irish workmanship, much of the skilled craft that surrounded the Belfast shipyards, in which the Titanic was made in 1912, is by and large forgotten. Perhaps the most important artist whose work captures this era is Sophia ‘Rosamond’ Praeger. Although at the time of her death in 1954 Rosamond Praeger was considered one of the most important Irish artists of her time, she is today a forgotten and marginalised figure. Like so many women artists of her generation she has been allowed to fall very quickly from visibility in history books, museum collections and the public imagination. Trained in London and Paris in the age of the ‘New Woman’, she returned to live in the north of Ireland in the 1890s and completed numerous (often monumental) sculptures for every conceivable public and private space. Committed to female emancipation from an early age, she was a constant advocate of women in the arts, championing modern women artists, and she ...