nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Mapping of the Silk Road by European-Chinese Expeditions (1912-1949)

I have been especially interested in scientific reports and travel accounts on "Western China" (Gansu, Xinjiang, both Mongolias, and Tibet) because they provide fascinating examples of practices which must be investigated within an interdisciplinary and transnational perspective. I will emphasize in this paper the pivotal role played by maps, photographs, paintings and sketches during the expeditions conducted in 1912 and 1949, and more especially by the Sino-Swedish expedition of 1927-1935. My goal is to understand how the iconography of the Silk Road has articulated the discourse held in the earth sciences between the two world wars. The interaction between early 20th century technology and methodology and the Silk Road yielded in the USA well-known theories about race, the environment, and the "pulse of Asia"? But what do we know today on the European and Chinese geographers, geologists, meteorologists, archaeologists and paleontologists who worked together? What did they think about the political dimensions of their work? How were they able to bring together schorlarship and visual representation? Did they believe in global warming or in the decline of the West? An examination of the maps and images they produced would help with the reconstruction of the intellectual history of the hard sciences in Silk Road studies.
Organo-phosphorus compounds—LXVI : The influence of some solvents on the racemization of (+)-methyl-n-propylphenylphosphine

The recemization kinetics of (+)-methyl-n-propylphenylphosphine were studied in several solvents of widely varying polarity. The recemization followed first order kinetics in every solvent with approximately equal activation energies of 30 ±3 kcal/mole. The rate of racemization showed no dependence on solvent polarity and could not be correlated with any known solvent parameters. The unusually slow racemization in caproic acid and in tributyl borate were attributed to partial salt and adduct formation respectively.
Fraud by Computer

C omputer re la ted financial f raud continues to be a problem. Here are a few cases from the Risks archives.  Frauds • Volkswagen lost almost $260 million as the result of an insider scam that created phony currencyexchange transactions and then covered them with real transactions a few days later, pocketing the float as the exchange rate was changing. This is an example of a salami att ack-a lbe i t with a lot of big slices (SEN 12, 2, Apr. 1987, 4). Four insiders and one outs ider were subsequently convicted, with the maximum jail sentence being six years, so their efforts were not entirely successful! • Losses from automatic teller machines (ATMs) are numerous. The archives include a $350,000 theft that bypassed both user authentication and withdrawal limits, $140,000 lost over a weekend due to a software bug, $86,000 stolen via fabricated cards and espied authenticat ion numbers (PINs), $63,900 obtained via the combination of a stolen card and an ATM program error , and o ther scams. • Other f rauds include a collaborative scam that acquired 50 million frequent-f l ier miles, an individual effort that gained 1.7 million miles, a collaborative effort involving millions of dollars worth of bogus airline tickets, and a bank computer system employee who snuck in an o rde r to Brinks to deliver 44 kilograms of gold to a remote site, collected it, and then disappeared.
Parqua: Online Reconfigurations in Virtual Ring-Based NoSQL Systems

The performance of key-value/NoSQL storage systems is highly tied to the choice of (primary) key for the database table. As application requirements change over time, system administrators need to change the primary key of the table to improve performance. The primary key change is a specific example of a broader class of reconfiguration operations that affect a lot of data all at once. In this paper we propose a system called Parqua, which imbues ring-based key-value/NoSQL stores with the ability to perform reconfiguration operations in an online and efficient manner. We present the design and implementation of Parqua. Experiments based on our cluster deployments show that during reconfiguration Parqua maintains high availability, and with a small impact on read and write latencies.
Labour and emancipation

Two contrasting traditions of thinking about labour are presented, the Aristotelian one which sees labour as toil and trouble and the Enlightenment one which connects labour to the possibility of social emancipation. Difficulties in determining the distinction between labour and other activities are discussed in the light of recent socio-economic changes which include the increasing reflexivity of labour. if in the modern monetary economy, as is suggested, any activity which is voluntarily paid for by others should be considered as labour, how can labour still be the main vehicle of social emancipation? An answer may be that this role of labour was always the result of false generalization: the rewards inherent in artistic and intellectual labour were mistaken for the rewards of labour as such. A more modest role for labour is suggested following Voltaire: it keeps us from doing other foolish things.
The rediscovery of the Villa Gamberaia in images and projects of the early 1900s

The garden of Villa Gamberaia occupies a prominent place in the early twentieth-century historiography of Italian gardens, such that it even challenges the primacy of what Sir George Sitwell called the sacred triad of Villa d'Este, Villa Lante and the Giardino Giusti at Verona.1 As Charles Latham wrote: From the moment that you pass the gate, with its sentinel cypresses, the impression is one of such perfect loveliness that at last, by force of contrast, the mind goes back to strong Caprarola or tragic Este, only to turn once more to bathe in the perfection of the Tuscan villa.2 In this paper, I shall try to capture the secrets of this fatal attraction by drawing upon the reflections of some of the most important writers and scholars in the field in the first part of the century.
The Law Courts: The Architecture of George Edmund Street

George Edmund Street (1824-1881) was a leader of the High Victorian generation of British architects. A prolific and innovative artist, he also played an important role in the reshaping of architectural taste that occurred in England at mid century. This is the first book devoted exclusively to Street and his greatest work, the Royal Law Courts in the Strand.In The Law Courts, David Brownlee makes extensive use of the vast archives of the Public Record Office to document a monument that embodies both the professional controversies surrounding architectural theory and the personal conflicts of an architect caught between two generations of style. More than an examination of a single building, the book is also a history of political and legal reform in the middle of Queen Victoria's reign. In the course of describing the Law Courts in their urban and architectural context, Brownlee also discusses the nature of the bureaucracy that oversaw official patronage of the arts and the demands of clients whose interests often conflicted. He describes the competition in which Street attempted to unite the irregular vigor of Gothic with the quasi-classical symmetry and monumentality appropriate for a public building, the long series of revised designs which increasingly displayed the picturesque qualities of the new Queen Anne taste, and the actual construction of the Courts.David Brownlee is Assistant Professor of Art History at the University of Pennsylvania. This book is volume 8 in the Architectural History Foundation Series.
Financing challenges for generation investments in new supply adequacy mechanisms in Latin America

The mid 90's wave of generation investment flows in newly created electricity markets for power generation lost momentum in the early years of this century. Factors affecting investment vary from these times reduce in capital flows following the Asian crisis, to poor incentives for generation investment in market design. The difficulty, at least in Latin America, to operate energy-only markets without disruptive prince interventions or market power abuse, has made generation investment a challenge. Markets equipped with variations of capacity payments have performed better with concerns of inefficient investment and high final prices for consumers. The recognition that long-term contracting mechanisms and demand participation in handling supply risk are key to supply adequacy has lead to a new generation of market designs. The paper presents some of the challenges for financing generation in this new type of market designs from development banks perspective, and shows empirical evidence on what has been the investment practices in some selected countries in Latin America, spot market risk and also outside-of the energy market risk factors have play an important role, in order to diminish these risk investors often look for more comfortable traditional long-term contracts in opposition to newly market design paradigms which brings concerns on their effectiveness in developing countries if other institutional and regulatory factors are not in place
Taking a Perspective: Hawthorne's Concept of Language and Nineteenth-Century Language Theory

This essay examines Hathorne9s concept of language and the characteristic indeterminacy of his writing in the context of nieteenth-century language study. Recently, two opposing theoretical postionss have emerged to account for this indeterminacy-the deconstructionist view as exemplified by J. Hillis Miller9s analysis of "The Minister9s Black Veil" and the more historical and political view that Jonathan Arac Takes in "The Politics of The Scarlet Letter." I argue that although Hawthorne9s indeterminacy may invite a deconstructionist analysis, it is a product of his historical context, not ours, and although, as Arac argues. Hawthornes9s indeterminacy may be connected to a politics of avoidance, it more directly arises out of the linguistic and philosophical issues being debated by his contemporaries. In his Notebooks and his fiction Hawthorne responds to these issues by experimenting with possible relations between literal and figurative meanings and with the role played by perspective in determining these meanings. In order to show the interaction bertweenn Hawthorne9s writing and the context of mindineteenth-century language study, I first briefly outline this context; then, using examples from his Notebooks. I describe Hawthorne9s concept of language; and finally, with "Rappaccini9s Daughter" as an example. I show how in his fiction Hawthorne experiments with the language theories of his contemporaries.
On the equivalence of game and denotational semantics for the probabilistic mu-calculus

The probabilistic (or quantitative) modal mu-calculus is a fixed-point logic de- signed for expressing properties of probabilistic labeled transition systems (PLTS). Two semantics have been studied for this logic, both assigning to every process state a value in the interval [0,1] representing the probability that the property expressed by the formula holds at the state. One semantics is denotational and the other is a game semantics, specified in terms of two-player stochastic games. The two semantics have been proved to coincide on all finite PLTS's, but the equivalence of the two semantics on arbitrary models has been open in literature. In this paper we prove that the equivalence indeed holds for arbitrary infinite models, and thus our result strengthens the fruitful connection between denotational and game semantics. Our proof adapts the unraveling or unfolding method, a general proof technique for proving result of parity games by induction on their complexity.
Growth and some properties of Cr11Ge19

Cr 11 Ge 19 belongs to a large family of materials known as the Nowotny chimney-ladder compounds, some of which were recently proposed as advanced thermoelectric materials, particularly because of their low thermal conductivity related to their relatively complex crystal structure. In order to assess the potential of the compound Cr 11 Ge 19 for thermoelectric applications, we grew large single crystals of this peritectic compound by a vertical gradient freeze technique and measured the thermoelectric properties of the crystals. Cr 11 Ge 19 forms peritectically at 1201 K and crystals were grown from Ge-rich solutions. The conditions and the results of the crystal growth experiments are presented. The crystals were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Laue technique, and electron probe microanalysis. The results of the thermoelectric property measurements suggest that Cr 11 Ge 19 has a metallic behavior and therefore presents little interest for thermoelectric applications.
Recent developments on matter dynamics within the Kaluza-Klein picture

In this paper we propose a new approach to matter dynamics in compactified Kaluza-Klein theories. We discard the idea that the motion is geodesic and perform a simultaneous reduction of matter geometry defining the test particle via a multipole approach. In the resulting dynamics the tower of huge massive modes is removed, without giving up the compactification scenario. Such an approach yields a consistent modified gravity theory with source. Some scenarios and applications to dark energy problem are sketched.
GFlink: An In-Memory Computing Architecture on Heterogeneous CPU-GPU Clusters for Big Data

The increasing main memory capacity and the explosion of big data have fueled the development of in-memory big data management and processing. By offering an efficient in-memory parallel execution model which can eliminate disk I/O bottleneck, existing in-memory cluster computing platforms (e.g., Flink and Spark) have already been proven to be outstanding platforms for big data processing. However, these platforms are merely CPU-based systems. This paper proposes GFlink, an in-memory computing architecture on heterogeneous CPU-GPU clusters for big data. Our proposed architecture extends the original Flink from CPU clusters to heterogeneous CPU-GPU clusters, greatly improving the computational power of Flink. Furthermore, we have proposed a programming framework based on Flink's abstract model, i.e., DataSet (DST), hiding the programming complexity of GPUs behind the simple and familiar high-level interfaces. To achieve high performance and good load-balance, an efficient JVM-GPU communication strategy, a GPU cache scheme, and an adaptive locality-aware scheduling scheme for three-stage pipelining execution are proposed. Extensive experiment results indicate that the high computational power of GPUs can be efficiently utilized, and the implementation on GFlink outperforms that on the original CPU-based Flink.
The Monster Within: Understanding the Narratives of Depression

The study examines how lay people understand and recover from depression. Narrative interviews exploring the same were conducted with twenty five participants. Each narrative offered an idiosyncratic understanding of the unique journey of depression. Several patterns from the narrative emerged which were collected as themes—depression was seen as a normal, explainable and sometimes even expected phenomenon in case of extreme negative events, psychiatrists were considered opaque in understanding the experience of depression, and lay understanding of depression of the participant and their social group deeply affected self-recovery. The study offers insight into how a vast majority of the population goes through depressive experience in face of personal tragedies and recovers without much professional help. It thus has implications for augmenting the recovery of lay people from depressive symptoms.
An Electronic Payment Model for Small and Medium Enterprises in Zimbabwe

Electronic payment systems are proliferating in banking, retail in government and everywhere money needs to be exchanged. Electronic payment systems are the everyday technology under use, they are the relevant systems which go hand in hand with technology and they are also high in demand. All these issues enlighten a need to design and implement an electronic payment system that addresses the specific requirements for the Zimbabwean market. An effective and universal electronic payment system in Zimbabwe can solve some problems which are currently encountered in e- commerce, thus we designed a light weight electronic payment model, universal and offering better integration to banks, all merchants and Small and Medium Enterprises. It is comprised of attributes which any electronic payment system is expected to have. It has its own security features especially the offline authentication method and other security aspects which are currently in use by banks. The integrated architectural view of the model makes it a possible solution to some current problems. This model creates a pathway for an ideal full implementation of an electronic payment system. We com- pared our model with the existing electronic payment systems in Zimbabwe. We realized that our model compares fairly with the existing models.
Studies in prebiotic synthesis. II. Synthesis of purine precursors and amino acids from aqueous hydrogen cyanide.

There is much evidence suggesting that hydrogen cyanide was important in prebiotic synthesis. Here we discuss the relevant aqueous solution chemistry, since we believe it to be pertinent to prebiotic synthesis. In mildly alkaline solutions (pH 7 to 10) two modes of destruction compete. Hydrolysis to formamide and formic acid is first-order in HCN, while polymerization involving the formation of C C bonds is quadratic in HCN. Within the pH range 8 to 9 and the temperature range 0 to 60°C, the two reactions become equally important for concentrations between 0·01 M and 0·1 M ; hydrolysis dominates in more dilute and polymerization in more concentrated solutions. Concentration of HCN in the liquid phase by freezing out ice permits efficient polymerization from initially very dilute solutions. Intermediates in the polymerization proceBS include a very reactive trimer, aminomalononitrile, and a relatively stable tetramer, diaminomaleonitrile. The latter is converted to 4-aminoimidazole-5-carbonitrile and related compounds either by photochemical rearrangement or by reaction with formamidine. The imidazole derivatives are then readily converted to purines including adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine. We have also made some observations on the formation of ex-amino acids from HCN oligomers and polymers. Various theories of prebiotic purine formation are considered in the light of the quantitative kinetic data. We conclude that the arguments for a photochemical step are persuasive and that polymerization subsequent to concentration in a eutectic phase is an attractive posiibility.
Innovating the Teaching of Engineering Survey Course and Cultivating Professional Talents of Civil Engineering

In order to let graduates fully sever engineering construction by making use of engineering survey theory and skill, high priority must be given to the teaching of engineering survey course. This paper analyzes the importance of civil engineering, proposes the ideas of centering on the cultivation of students' ability in the teaching of engineering survey course, mainly discusses the content and system reform of engineering survey course, optimization of teaching contents, reform of practical teaching methods and means etc. as well as puts forward some corresponding measures. Through the innovative reform of engineering survey course, students' comprehensive ability such as learning ability, thinking ability, innovation ability can be fully improved to meet the need of comprehensive talents in the development engineering construction techniques.
Achievement conflicts in young adult women

The purpose of this paper is to enhance the therapist's ability to diagnose and treat work conflicts in young women. We have noted a marked increase in young women seeking psychotherapy because of conflicts which have arisen as they attempt to become self-actualized through their work. In spite of the great influx of women into the work force over the past two decades, little has been written about the psychodynamics which limit their capacity to function optimally. We have described and clarified these psychodynamics by separating them into three categories based on narcissistic, separation-individuation and oedipal issues.
Interaction of 2-Amino-, 3-Amino-, and 4-Aminopyridines with Chromium and Manganese Ferrocyanides.

The present investigation deals with the interaction of 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine with chromium and manganese ferrocyanides. Chromium ferrocyanide possesses better adsorbing properties than manganese ferrocyanide. Maximum uptake was observed at neutral pH (pH 7.0). The adsorption data obtained at neutral pH are fitted in a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption behavior of the aminopyridines studied follows the order 3-aminopyridine >4-aminopyridine >2-aminopyridine. The infrared spectral studies of adsorption adducts indicate that adsorption takes place through interactions between the adsorbate molecule and the outer divalent metal ion of metal ferrocyanides. From these studies, it is clear that metal ferrocyanides and metal ions play a major role in the stabilization of organic molecules through their surface activity in the prebiotic environment.
Identity flows, the Arabian peninsula, emerging metropolises

THIS ATLAS, devoted to the most recent architecture of Africa and the Middle East, is the third volume in a series of four which develop and update the work published in 2007 by the BBVA Foundation, Atlas. Global Architecture circa 2000. With the same intellectual coordinates as the previous books, which attempted to simultaneously reflect the ‘state of the world’ and the ‘state of the art’, this publication gathers a selection of recent works and projects along with ten texts by prominent experts on the different countries or regions of the area, from Southern Africa to Turkey, passing through the heart of the continent, the Maghreb, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and the territories that once were Persia, Mesopotamia and the Levant. Initiated with a volume on Asia and the Pacific, the series continued with one devoted to America, and will complete the itinerary with a fourth volume on the architectures of Europe, ending at the finis terrae of the Iberian Peninsula
Application of Wet Chemical Synthesis Method in Preparation and Morphology Control of Thermoelectric Nanomaterials

Thermoelectric material is a kind of functional material with peculiar significance,which is used to achieve the direct transfer between thermal energy and electric energy.Therefore,it brings a new way to solve the energy crisis.The application of wet chemical methods in the preparation of thermoelectric nanomaterials is introduced.The development of these methods in morphology control is discussed,and the effect of different solvents and surfactants on their morphologies is reviewed in this paper.Several research directions of synthesis of thermoelectric nanomaterials are discussed and proposed.
Function Interface Models for Hardware Compilation: Types, Signatures, Protocols

The problem of synthesis of gate-level descriptions of digital circuits from behavioural specifications written in higher-level programming languages (hardware compilation) has been studied for a long time yet a definitive solution has not been forthcoming. The argument of this essay is mainly methodological, bringing a perspective that is informed by recent developments in programming-language theory. We argue that one of the major obstacles in the way of hardware compilation becoming a useful and mature technology is the lack of a well defined function interface model, i.e. a canonical way in which functions communicate with arguments. We discuss the consequences of this problem and propose a solution based on new developments in programming language theory. We conclude by presenting a prototype implementation and some examples illustrating our principles.