nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Operator for describing polarization states of a photon in terms of Riemann-Silberstein quantized electromagnetic vector

Based on the quantized electromagnetic described by the Riemann-Silberstein complex vector F, we construct the eigenvector set of F, which makes up an orthonormal and complete representation. In terms of F we then introduce a new operator which can describe the relative ratio of the left-handed and right-handed polarization states of a polarized photon. In F’s eigenvector basis the operator manifestly exhibits a behaviour which is similar to a phase difference between two orientations of polarization of a light beam in classical optics.
A syntactic type system for recursive modules

A practical type system for ML-style recursive modules should address at least two technical challenges. First, it needs to solve the double vision problem, which refers to an inconsistency between external and internal views of recursive modules. Second, it needs to overcome the tension between practical decidability and expressivity which arises from the potential presence of cyclic type definitions caused by recursion between modules. Although type systems in previous proposals solve the double vision problem and are also decidable, they fail to typecheck common patterns of recursive modules, such as functor fixpoints, that are essential to the expressivity of the module system and the modular development of recursive modules. This paper proposes a novel type system for recursive modules that solves the double vision problem and typechecks common patterns of recursive modules including functor fixpoints. First, we design a type system with a type equivalence based on weak bisimilarity, which does not lend itself to practical implementation in general, but accommodates a broad range of cyclic type definitions. Then, we identify a practically implementable fragment using a type equivalence based on type normalization, which is expressive enough to typecheck typical uses of recursive modules. Our approach is purely syntactic and the definition of the type system is ready for use in an actual implementation.
URBANISATION IN NORTH-WEST ULSTER, 1609–1670

A central problem confronting most Irish urban historians is the extent to which the evolution of the urban network has been influenced by Tudor and Stuart plantations. The official plantation of Ulster by James I from 1609 to 1625 was not responsible for the first introduction of towns, even to west Ulster, but because of the survival of adequate source data it is not possible to observe some of the most important processes of urbanisation in operation until this period. In north-west Ulster these processes include the emergence of an urban hierarchy where town size was related to function and to the density of the adjacent rural population, and the development of an urban network whose spatial relationships were closely governed by the pattern of dispersed rural settlement. Although these developments were associated with plantation settlement, this does not necessarily imply that they were brought about intentionally by the official plantation scheme.
In situ zircon U-Pb dating and whole-rock geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks from South Liaohe Group, Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic belt: Constraints on the depositional and metamorphic ages, and implications for tectonic setting

The Liaohe Group is an important Paleoproterozoic lithostratigraphic unit of the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic belt and traditionally subdivided into the North and South Liaohe Groups. However, their tectonic setting and evolution are still a matter of debate. The precise depositional and metamorphic data of the studied metasedimentary rocks from the South Liaohe Group provide important information on the controversial discussion of the tectonic setting and evolution. Based on cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and connecting LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology, zircon grains separated from metasedimentary rocks of different formations of the South Liaohe Group were subdivided into detrital and metamorphic zircons or zircon domains. Igneous zircon cores of detrital zircons of the Li’eryu, Gaojiayu, Dashiqiao and Gaixian Formations yield U-Pb age peaks at ∼2130 Ma, ∼2520 Ma, ∼2160 Ma/∼2500 Ma, and ∼2040 Ma, indicating that their sediments were transported from the Liaoji Granitoids, the Archean basement rocks of the adjacent Complex. In addition, deposition age of the sedimentary precursors was investigated which must have taken place at some time after ∼2.05 Ga, ∼2.07 Ga, ∼2.04 Ga and ∼1.92 Ga, respectively. These new geochronological data can be well explained by (1) a continent-arc collision model which suggests that the South Liaohe Group formed an intervening island arc and foreland basin sandwiched between the Longgang and Nangrim Complexes, and (2) a northward subduction of the Nangrim Complex source rocks of the South Liaohe Group; these source rocks were successively deposited along the margin of the two Complexes.
Practical consensus recommendations regarding the management of hormone receptor positive early breast cancer in elderly women

Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women, and its incidence increases with age. Currently the treatment of breast cancer in older patients is almost identical to their younger counterparts. This expert group used data from published literature, practical experience and opinion of a large group of academic oncologists to arrive at these practical consensus recommendations for the benefit of community oncologists regarding the management of early breast cancer specifically in elderly women.
Innovating firms and aggregate innovation

We develop a parsimonious model of innovating firms rich enough to confront firm-level evidence. It captures the dynamic behavior of individual heterogeneous firms, describes the evolution of an industry with simultaneous entry and exit, and delivers a general equilibrium model of technological change. While unifying the theoretical analysis of firms, industries, and the aggregate economy, the model yields insights into empirical work on innovating firms. It accounts for the persistence over time of firms’ R&D investment, the concentration of R&D among incumbent firms, and the link between R&D and patenting. Furthermore, it explains why R&D as a fraction of revenues is strongly related to firm productivity yet largely unrelated to firm size or growth.
New Concepts of Kingdoms of Organisms

are those who consider questions in science which have no unequivocal , experimentally determined answer scarcely worth discussing. Such feeling, along with conservatism, may have been responsible for the long and almost unchallenged dominance of the system of two kingdoms-plants and animals-in the broad classification of organisms. The unchallenged position of these kingdoms has ended, however; alternative systems are being widely considered (1-18) and are appearing in many introductory biology texts (19-24). My purpose in this article is to discuss the merits of two classifications which depart from the traditional two kingdoms, the systems of Copeland (1-3) and Whittaker (4, 5). Two-Kingdom System Man is terrestrial, and he sees around him two major groups of organisms of very different adaptation to nutrition on land-the photosynthetic, rooted, higher plants, and the food-ingesting, motile, higher animals. So distinct in way of life, direction of evolution, and kind of body organization are these groups that a concept of dichotomy-plants versus animals-is almost inescapable if they are considered by themselves. The two groups became the nuclei around which concepts of the plant and animal kingdoms were developed by early naturalists. The kingdoms have been part of the formal classification of living things since Linnaeus (25). Mosses, liverworts, and macroscopic algae are clearly plants in their photo-synthetic and nonmotile way of life, and (though the photosynthetic process itself was not understood by early naturalists) these forms were grouped 150 with the higher land plants. The higher fungi on land are nonmotile, and their apparently "rooted" manner of growth suggested the plants. It thus seemed reasonable to assign fungi to the plant kingdom, and some students believed that they had evolved from algae. The wealth of unicellular life discovered by microscopists offered greater difficulty. Some forms were motile and ingested food, however, and were naturally regarded as one-celled animals or proto-zoans. Others were nonmotile and photosynthetic, hence one-celled plants. There remained a wide range of uni-cellular forms in which nonmotility and flagellate or pseudopodial motility, and ingestive, photosynthetic, and absorp-tive nutrition, were combined in various ways which were neither clearly plant-like nor animal-like. In a number of cases plant-like and animal-like unicells were connected by a series of closely related intergrading forms within the same major taxon. There remained also the bacteria which, though few are pho-tosynthetic and many are motile, seemed better treated as plants because of their walled cells. The plant and animal kingdoms …
Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan

Using ceremonials such as imperial weddings and funerals as models, T. Fujitani illustrates what visual symbols and rituals reveal about monarchy, nationalism, city planning, discipline, gender, memory, and modernity. Focusing on the Meiji Period (1868-1912), Fujitani brings recent methods of cultural history to a study of modern Japanese nationalism for the first time.
Regendering modernism: the woman artist in Irish women’s fiction

The period between 1922 and 1960 is often characterized as one of social and cultural stagnation in Ireland. Irish fiction was dominated by an avant-garde writing in exile and the local dominance of the short story. Attention to the non-canonical fiction of women during the period, however, reveals a literature that exceeds this paradigm. Meaney focuses on two novels, The Troubled House by Rosamond Jacob and As Music and Splendour by Kate O’Brien, which both feature women as artists. This figure provides in both cases a mode of combining a commitment to narrative realism with a self-reflexive exploration of the role of art, thus evading the fictional polarities of the period. The woman artist as fictional character also offers an opportunity to explore the relationship between gender, sexuality, politics and art. The linkage between sexual dissidence and aesthetic freedom is a persistent trope of modernism in the Irish context, even if it is often critically submerged under the figure of exile. Both The T...
The Role of Private Equity during Global Crises

The term private equity usually refers to any type of equity investment in an asset in which the equity is not freely tradable on a public stock market. Some researchers believe that private equity contributed to the extent of the crisis and increased the pace of its spread over the world. We do not agree with this. On the other hand, we argue that during the economic recession private equity might become an important source of funds for firms with special needs (e.g. for firms seeking buyout financing, venture capital, expansion capital or distress debt financing). However, over-regulation of private equity in both the European Union and the US can slow down this specific funding channel to the economy and deepen credit crunch during global crises. Keyword—scredit lunch, distress debt, global crisis, private equity, regulation
The emergence and development of the professional consciousness of the future teacher

In the psychology of professional education there has been a noticeable shift of research interest away from the formulation of descriptive-normative models of the personality and activity of the specialist on the basis of which the requirements on the content of his professional training used to be formulated (the professiographic approach) and toward the study of the professional consciousness and self-awareness of the agent of the activity, his values, semantic formations, and reflection. It is becoming necessary to go beyond the limits of the narrowly technological interpretation of professional activity into the sphere of the psychology of consciousness , the development of which is viewed as the basic content of the process of professionalization . A number of studies have pointed to the necessity of carrying out the kind of research on professional consciousness that will discover and substantiate ways by which it can be shaped in a goal-directed manner, because "professional consciousness n...
Thermodynamics of alpha-chymotrypsin-inhibitor complex formation.

The temperature dependence of the association constant (Ki) of the α-chymotrypsin active centre interaction with some aromatic and aliphatic compounds has been studied (at pH 8.0). The following results are discussed: 
 
 
 
1 
It was found that log Ki is linearly dependent on 1/T over the 0–30° range. 
 
2 
The enthalpy of binding of the benzene derivatives studied was observed to be approximately equal to –4.5 kcal/mole. 
 
3 
The enthalpy increment of the enzyme-inhibitor complex formation for any aliphatic hydrocarbon fragment of inhibitor molecule is near to zero.
Science and technology of fast ion conductors

Computer Modeling of Superionics.- Materials Systems.- Crystalline Anionic Fast Ion Conduction.- Amorphous Fast Ion Conductors.- Multiphase and Polycrystalline Fast Ion Conductors.- Characterization Techniques.- Spectroscopic Investigations of Glasses.- X-ray and Neutron Scattering Studies of Superionics.- Electrochemical Measurement Techniques.- Chemical and Electronic Stability.- Phase Stability of Crystalline Fast Ion Conductors.- Degradation of Ceramics in Alkali-Metal Environments.- Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction in Fast Ion Conductors and Certain Semiconductors.-  Novel Solid State Galvanic Cell Gas Sensors.- Remarks on Application of Fast Ion Conductors.- Some Future Trends in Solid State Ionics.- Contributed Papers.- Fast Ion Conduction in the Gd2 (ZrxTi1-x)2 O7 Pyrochlore System.- Plasma Sprayed Zirconia Electrolytes.- Free Lithium Ion Conduction in Lithium Borate Glasses Doped with Li2SO4.- Effects of Halide Substitutions in Potassium Haloborates.- Evidence of Boron-Oxygen Network Modifications in Alkali Borate Glasses.- Characterization of Alkali-Oxide Electrolyte Glass in Thin Films.- Glass Solid Electrolyte Thin Films.- Electronic Structure, Bonding, and Lithium Migration Effects Involving the Surface of the Mixed Conductor ss-LiAl.- Defects with Variable Charges: Influence on Chemical Diffusion and on the Evaluation of Electrochemical Experiments.- Attendees and Lecturers.
Geologic Evolution of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming. Part 5. Mafic Dike Swarms of the Southern Beartooth Mountains

Rocks representing at least four periods of basaltic intrusion are present in the Beartooth Mountains: (1) pregranitization and early granitization Archean ortho-amphibolites (and meta-serpentinites), derived from pre-existing mafic intrusive masses, (2) late granitization Archean metadolerites, (3) late Precambrian quartz dolerites, and (4) Tertiary(?) olivine dolerites. The Archean metadolerites show a differentiation sequence similar to that of layered mafic plutons. Ultramafic dikes, which include metaharzburgites and metabronzitites, resemble crystal cumulates and are considered crystal-mush intrusions with 60 per cent or more solid phases. Leopard-rock dikes are also crystal-mush intrusions with 50–60 per cent plagioclase phenocrysts. They are similar in composition to anorthositic gabbro or norite. Nonporphyritic borders of such dikes probably resulted from flowage differentiation rather than composite intrusion. Metanorite dikes are most common, but metadolerites, iron-rich metadolerites, and metamorphosed mafic pegmatite are also present. The Desolation Lake dike contains mafic and ultramafic rock types in complex relationships; the dike was largely crystalline when intruded. Intrusion-breccia dikes were emplaced in zones of shattered country rocks; noritic magma intruded these zones and engulfed and assimilated the fragmented country rocks. The metadolerites were metamorphosed under water-deficient conditions, probably at temperatures of 500°–600°C in the highest subfacies of the amphibolite facies. Late Precambrian dolerites are undifferentiated and commonly contain three coexisting pyroxenes: augite, magnesian pigeonite, and bronzite. This indicates incomplete equilibrium. Tertiary(?) dolerites are alkali basaltic.
Water Pollution and Ecosystem Conservancy

EWRA organizes an international conference every two years. Up to now, the organization was in various European countries. For the first time, a city at the boundary of Europe was selected for the EWRA Congress. Istanbul is the bridge between Europe and Asia, thus the city selection reflected the willingness for expansion of EWRA towards Asia and other continents, since this organization has become a truly international association with members from all countries of the world. Furthermore, the Congress offered the opportunity to European scientists to spread to other countries of the world the European approaches in Water Resources Management, including the innovative paradigm of the Water Framework Directive. The 9th Congress of EWRA comprised the following six specialized conferences:
Tuning the microstructure of BaTiO3@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles for high energy storage composite ceramics

Core-shell nanoparticles used as blocks to construct composite ceramics can exhibit high energy storage density, but the effects of original tunable shell thickness on the microstructures and energy storage property of finally sintered bulk ceramics has not been clarified, thus how to achieve the full potential of this technology to improve the energy storage density of ferroelectric-based ceramics remains to be solved. In this study, as precursors to fabricate bulk ceramics, BaTiO 3 @SiO 2 core-shell nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a wet-chemical method and they were used as models to investigate the effect of the core-shell nanostructured precursors on the energy storage property of the bulk composite ceramics. The original BaTiO 3 nanoparticles coated with various homogenous SiO 2 shells were acquired by controlling the concentration of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The surface microstructure of the bulk composite ceramics observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the SiO 2 outer shell of BaTiO 3 @SiO 2 nanoparticles plays an important role in constructing the microstructure of the ceramics. The remodeled microstructure has a great impact on leakage current density and dielectric property, and it makes a leading contribution to the energy storage performance of ceramics. As a result, the optimum SiO 2 loading range was confirmed and the maximum energy storage density obtained from BaTiO 3 @20 wt%SiO 2 was ∼4.799 J/cm 3 at 370 kV/cm, demonstrating that nanoscale core-shell architecture is an effective strategy to improve the energy storage performance of ferroelectric-based composite ceramics.
Fight or buy? A comparison of internationalization strategies

The paper evaluates three internationalization strategies of a company that considers invading a foreign market: • It can buy a firm that resides in the target market (acquisition strategy), • it can produce at home and export into the target market (export strategy), • or the two firms can agree upon produce in the invader's home country and sell the products in the target market (OEM strategy). For simplicity, we assume that the incumbent firm in the target country has a monopoly position. Under these circumstances, following the acquisition strategy would allow the newcomer to obtain this monopoly position, whereas the export strategy might result in a duopoly. We compare the outcomes of these two strategies for the two firms involved, allowing for different cost situations, and derive necessary conditions for a mutually beneficial acquisition. This analysis will allow us to derive sufficient conditions under which export would be the better strategy. The case of Lenovo is helpful to illustrate the point made by this paper: Lenovo had the options to set up own production sites in China to conquer the North American and European markets competing against IBM thinkpads, or to buy out IBM and use their production sites (which is what Lenovo actually did).
Centones: Recycled Art or the Embodiment of AbsoluteIntertextuality?

The paper discusses the controversy over literary legitimacy of
the late antique centos, i.e. patchwork poems composed of
quotations from Homer or Virgil. A succinct historical overview
of the cento poetry is followed by a commentary on the cento
poetics articulated by Ausonius in his prefatory letter to the
Cento Nuptialis. Further, the author presents some of the
characteristic examples of cento criticism. The modes of
production of the cento texts are consequently examined from
the perspective of modern reception theories, the
poststructuralist concept of intertextuality, and, last but not
least, the Saussurean differential theory of language. The
author comes to the conclusion that the cento is actually a
highly innovative and perfectly legitimate literary form.
SCATTERING OF REAL PHOTONS AND THE STRUCTURE OF BARYONS.

The leading corrections to point scattering from the proton are characterized by two charge and four spin-polarizability parameters that are sensitive to the proton's internal structure. We review the status of these, focusing on a recent extraction of the backward spin-polarizability, γ π = [−27.1 ± 2.2( stat + sys ) −2.4 +2.8 ( model )] × 10 −4 fm 4 , which differs significantly from theoretical expectations.
Routine Depression Screening in an MS Clinic and Its Association with Provider Treatment Recommendations and Related Treatment Outcome

Depression, a frequent concomitant disorder in multiple sclerosis (MS), can impact MS treatment adherence and quality of life. Depression screening in MS care settings may facilitate needed intervention when providers are responsive to screening findings. This study sought to examine the relationship between depression screening results and provider depression treatment recommendations documented in the medical records of 283 patients receiving care in an integrated MS clinic. Forty-six percent of patients screening positive for depression received a treatment recommendation; females, those with past mental health diagnoses, on psychotropic medications, and those with higher symptom severity were more likely to receive a treatment recommendation. On subsequent screenings, patients reported fewer depressive symptoms regardless of whether a formal treatment recommendation was documented. These findings suggest that while depression screening does lead to depression related intervention in many cases, more research is necessary to determine who is most likely to benefit and under what conditions.