nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
THE CHARITY: PIVOTAL SOCIAL POLICY ROLE

Sometimes an issue can remain dormant for a long period of time before receiving governmental and legislative attention. Debate on corporate governance has coincided with a number of measures impacting on the charitable sector which, taken together, have the effect of bringing about improvements in the overall corporate governance climate for the charity, and re‐inforcing the centrality of the charity as an important instrument of social policy. The aim of this article is to explore this battery of measures, their historical context, and the varying fortunes of the charitable sector in its social policy role.
Hayden White in Philosophical Perspective: Review Essay of Herman Paul’s Hayden White: The Historical Imagination

For almost half a century, the person most responsible for fomenting brouhahas regarding degrees of plasticity in the writing of histories has been Hayden White. Yet, despite the voluminous responses provoked by White’s work, almost no effort has been made to treat White’s writings in a systematic yet sympathetic way as a philosophy of history. Herman Paul’s book begins to remedy that lack and does so in a carefully considered and extremely scholarly fashion. In his relatively brief six chapters (plus an introduction), Paul packs a wealth of information. He convincingly demonstrates that a guiding theme of White’s work from earliest times has been that historians have no choice but to impose a structure on historical data and thus bear responsibility for structures so imposed. As such, a key philosophical question concerns on what bases White contends that a freedom of choice exists regarding forms given to recorded histories. This essay focuses on how Paul argues for a unified vision that answers this qu...
A response to Clark Pinnock’s ‘Church in the Power of the Holy Spirit’

Clark Pinnock provides a rich resource to consider various constructive aspects of ecclesiology for Pentecostals. In response to his address, this article attempts to construct a rough sketch of one possible ecclesiology, focusing on the nature of the church from a Trinitarian Pentecostal perspective as a people of God’s presence and power. It investigates the idea of ‘power ecclesiology’ that was raised by Pinnock. It concludes by examining the challenges of appropriate structures in the church and the predominant problem of individualism in North American culture.
I/O-efficient statistical computing with RIOT

Statistical analysis of massive data is becoming indispensable to science, commerce, and society today. Such analysis requires efficient, flexible storage support and special optimization techniques. In this demo, we present RIOT (R with I/O Transparency), a system that extends R, a popular computing environment for statistical data analysis. RIOT makes R programs I/O-efficient in a way transparent to users. It features a flexible array storage manager and an optimization engine suitable for statistical and numerical operations. RIOT also seamlessly integrates with external database systems, offering additional opportunities for processing data that reside in databases by blurring the boundary between database and host-language processing. This demo will show how statistical computation can be effectively and efficiently handled by RIOT.
Scaling up a "What you see is what you test" methodology to spreadsheet grids

Although there has been considerable research into ways to design visual programming environments to improve the processes of creating new programs and of understanding existing ones, little attention has been given to helping users of these environments test their programs. This feature would be particularly important for systems aimed at end users, since testing is the primary device they use to determine whether their programs are correct. To help address this need, we introduce two visual approaches to testing large grids in spreadsheet systems. This work scales up a visual testing methodology we previously developed for individual cells. The approaches are tightly integrated into Forms/3, a visual spreadsheet language, and communication with the user happens solely through the use of checkbox devices and coloring mechanisms. The intent of this work is to bring to end users at least some of the benefits of formalized notions of testing, without requiring knowledge of testing beyond a naive level.
[Evaluation of effect of therapy of somatic diseases and cognitive impairment in geriatric patients].

Human aging is characterized by progressive decrease of the homeostatic reserves of every organ system with a possible impairment of cognitive functions. The study was aimed at examining and proving the correlations between cognitive failure and somatic diseases in patients belonging to geriatric population as well as at following the efficiency of treatment of somatic diseases by Mini mental examination test score.



A group of 100 geriatric patients did Mini mental examination test at the beginning of hospitalisation and after three weeks of treatment of different.somatic diseases. The patients underwent many examination tests-biochemical analyses of blood and urin, ultrasound examination, X-ray examination of lungs and heart, hormones of thyroid gland, concentrations of B12 vitamin, folan acid.



The statistical study showed that there was a significant correlation between the recovery of somatic diseases and the score of cognitive functions of patients. MMSE score was significantly increased after three weeks of successful treatment of somatic diseases in hospital.



The highest statistical significance in the difference of M'ISE score at the beginning and after three weeks of hospital treatment was found in the group of patients with successful results of the treatment of their somatic diseases such as cardiomyopathies and disorders of respiratory system, such as pneumonia. MMSE score did not increase in patients chronic disease with malignant diseases of lungs or liver and chronic disease with frequent exacerbations. It was a group of patients without significant change in their somatic state.
Diamond particle reinforced alloy melt thermal interface material and its preparation method

The invention discloses a diamond particle reinforced molten alloy thermal interface material and a preparation method thereof. The diamond reinforced molten alloy high-thermal conductivity material comprises the following raw materials in parts by mass: 40 to 100 parts of a molten alloy, 30 to 80 parts of diamond particles, 10 to 20 parts of tungsten metal and 10 to 20 parts of a diluent. The preparation method comprises the steps that diamond particles are subjected to surface treatment sequentially, the surfaces are coated with tungsten layers, the diamond particles are added into a liquidmetal, and the diamond particle reinforced molten alloy thermal interface material is obtained. Through adoption of the technical scheme, on one hand, interface bonding strength of the diamond particle reinforced molten alloy thermal interface material is improved, and on the other hand, the diamond particles are better dispersed in the liquid metal, the heat-conducting property is improved, operation is simple, the thermal conductivity is high, thermal stability is high, and the material can be utilized in the fields of heat dissipation of electric appliances and electronic packaging materials, and the like.
G.D.H. Cole's International Thought: the Dilemmas of Justifying Socialism in the Twentieth Century

This article examines G.D.H. Cole's international thought. It focuses on Cole's treatment of the state as well as his contributions to the tradition of international functionalism. It argues that Cole's thought is unique in its unorthodox use of various intellectual traditions as well as its commitment to civic activism. His social theory, which rejected the state as a desirable form of political organisation, was inspired by Rousseau's republicanism and French syndicalism, and led Cole first to a variation of anarchist internationalism, and then, in light of the economic depression and Fascism, to a version of international functionalism. In the 1930s and 1940s, he accepted the state as an agent of constitutional reform and international planning as a means to bring about change in international relations within a broader supranational economic framework, even if he remained unwilling to attach any intrinsic value to the state. This article argues that Cole's thought still provides a vital resource for t...
Countering Adversarial Images using Input Transformations

This paper investigates strategies that defend against adversarial-example attacks on image-classification systems by transforming the inputs before feeding them to the system. Specifically, we study applying image transformations such as bit-depth reduction, JPEG compression, total variance minimization, and image quilting before feeding the image to a convolutional network classifier. Our experiments on ImageNet show that total variance minimization and image quilting are very effective defenses in practice, in particular, when the network is trained on transformed images. The strength of those defenses lies in their non-differentiable nature and their inherent randomness, which makes it difficult for an adversary to circumvent the defenses. Our best defense eliminates 60% of strong gray-box and 90% of strong black-box attacks by a variety of major attack methods.
Synthesis of stabilized polymeric sulfur by rapid cooling of sulfur melts in the presence of α,α,α,α′,α′,α′-hexachloro-p-xylene

The possibility of raising the yield of stabilized polymeric sulfur by rapid cooling of melts in the presence of previously unstudied complex systems including α,α,α,α′,α′,α′-hexachloro-p-xylene was examined.
Les leviers de contrôle des actionnaires majoritaires@@@Majority shareholder control leverage

La litterature academique en gouvernance d’entreprise etudie en particulier la separation entre propriete et controle au sein de l’actionnariat des entreprises privees. Cet article propose une synthese critique et des illustrations internationales des resultats les plus recents en la matiere. En particulier, il detaille les mecanismes permettant aux actionnaires dominants d’accroitre leur controle d’une societe, parmi lesquels : les structures pyramidales, les participations croisees et les actions a droits de vote multiples, qui offrent la possibilite de decoupler le controle de la part effectivement detenue dans le capital de l’entreprise. Ces phenomenes, plus ou moins presents dans les differentes regions du monde, jouent un role fondamental puisqu’ils contribuent a l’accroissement des asymetries entre actionnaires d’une meme entreprise et engendrent des opportunites de benefices prives en faveur de certains d’entre eux. Leur impact s’etend bien au-dela de la sphere de l’entreprise concernee et peut affecter le fonctionnement meme des marches financiers. La quantification du niveau de controle au sein d’un empire industriel peut etre obtenue a l’aide de diverses methodes. Les developpements recents en la matiere sont resumes et l’application a des cas internationaux reels est discutee.
A survey on safety-critical vehicular mechatronics

This paper is a recapitalized version of a state of the art/practice report on vehicular mechatronics conducted by the authors. The report itself summarizes a large quantity of scientiflc papers, theses, white papers, and field trips to manufacturers. Since vehicular mechatronics is a wide field of research, this paper focuses mainly on braking and steering systems as specific product examples but also covers general system architecture, design methodologies as well as current legislation and standards. In the last section of the paper some condusions regarding current research are drawn.
Thermal history of Triassic sandstones from the Vosges Mountains-Rhine Graben rifting area, NE France, based on K-Ar illite dating

The thermal history of the Buntsandstein (Lower Triassic) sedimentary rocks that crop out in the Vosges Mountains, or are deeply buried in the Rhine Graben, was evaluated on the basis of a combined mineralogical, morphological, oxygen isotope and K-Ar-dating study of illite separates from five locations over a limited 120 km 2 area. The results indicate a complex pre-rift evolution characterized by the following features: (1) in the northern Vosges, no record of diagenetic illite formation could be detected; (2) in the nearby Saverne rifting fracture-field, tectonic activity favoured the formation of faults in the crystalline basement ~210 Ma ago. This induced fluid migrations into the porous sandstone cover with illite precipitation occurring either repetitively over a period of ~25 Ma or as two separate events, the latter at ~185 Ma, affecting rocks to the east in the deeper part of the post-Eocene Upper Rhine Graben system; this latter stage of tectonic activity and fluid migration continued until 160 Ma, unless overprinted by another tectonic pulse at that time; (3) afterwards, the main tectonic activity moved to the Soultz-sous-Forets area where two episodes could be identified at ~95 and 70 Ma by dating mineral crystallization; the latter illite age was also detected in more deeply buried Buntsandstein lithologies of the rift basin, west of Strasbourg, reflecting diverse crystallization under different physical and/or chemical conditions; (4) further illitization which at present is poorly constrained may have restarted ~55 My ago in the same deep part of the rift graben. The youngest detected illitization age is clearly older than the main Miocene rifting episode of the Rhine Graben, suggesting that no illite crystallization occurred in the Buntsandstein sandstones during this tectonic event. This is explained by the fact that these rocks, as well as most of the underlying crystalline basement, were already sealed by fluid migration and mineralization during late Mesozoic rifting, and were therefore almost impermeable to the circulation of Tertiary fluids. The overall evolution of the region between the Vosges Mountains and the central Rhine Graben appears to be more complex than that of equivalent rock lithologies elsewhere in Western Europe. Several episodes identified here have been detected in other regions, but no single location exists which was affected by all events.
A study of the kinetics of iron and copper binding to hen ovotransferrin.

The kinetics of iron and copper binding to hen's-egg apo-ovotransferrin were studied by using citrate chelates of these metals at pH9.3 in borate buffer in the presence of bicarbonate. The kinetics of the absorbance change associated with the formation of the final product show a fast process, which is pseudo-first-order, where the reagents are in excess with respect to the protein, and the citrate concentration is higher than 25mM. At lower citrate concentration, the progress curves are clearly biphasic. There is marked dependence of the rate of the reaction on bicarbonate concentration, which may be interpreted as a displacement reaction of the ligand-metal-protein ternary complex. The kinetics have been interpreted in the framework of a reaction scheme which involves bimolecular reaction of a metal chelate to the protein and subsequent colour development by displacement of the chelator by bicarbonate. The pH-dependence of this reaction supports the belief that tyrosine residues are involved in the process of iron-binding. The overall similarity of kinetics for iron and copper binding, notwithstanding their different co-ordination preferences, suggests that the process of metal-binding or chromophore development for the two metal complexes must be similar.
Propositional computability logic I

In the same sense as classical logic is a formal theory of truth, the recently initiated approach called computability logic is a formal theory of computability. It understands (interactive) computational problems as games played by a machine against the environment, their computability as existence of a machine that always wins the game, logical operators as operations on computational problems, and validity of a logical formula as being a scheme of “always computabl ” problems. Computability logic has been introduced semantically, and now among its main technical goals is to axiomatize the set of valid formulas or various natural fragments of that set. The present contribution signifies a first step towards this goal. It gives a detailed exposition of a soundness and completeness proof for the rather new type of a deductive propositional system CL1, the logical vocabulary of which contains operators for the so called parallel and choice operations, and the atoms of which represent elementary problems, that is, predicates in the standard sense.This article is self-contained as it explains all relevant concepts. While not technically necessary, familiarity with the foundational paper “Introduction to Computability Logi ” [Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 123 (2003), pp.1-99] would greatly help the reader in understanding the philosophy, underlying motivations, potential and utility of computability logic---the context that determines the value of the present results.
Species and Evolution in Clonal Organisms - Summary and Discussion

This paper briefly summarizes the major points made in nine talks at the symposium on "Species and evolution in clonal organisms" sponsored by the American Society of Zoologists, the Society of Systematic Zoology, and the California Academy of Sciences on 28 December 1988, in San Francisco, California (table 1). The summary is followed by an account of a roundtable discussion at the end of the symposium, during which questions from the audience were addressed to symposium participants. We believe that the discussion, in particular, offers valuable insight into many complex problems encountered in research on species and their evolutionary significance, and hope that it will be especially useful in the design and organization of future research in this area.
FooPar: A Functional Object Oriented Parallel Framework in Scala

We present FooPar, an extension for highly efficient Parallel Computing in the multi-paradigm programming language Scala. Scala offers concise and clean syntax and integrates functional programming features. Our framework FooPar combines these features with parallel computing techniques. FooPar is designed modular and supports easy access to different communication backends for distributed memory architectures as well as high performance math libraries. In this article we use it to parallelize matrix matrix multiplication and show its scalability by a isoefficiency analysis. In addition, results based on a empirical analysis on two supercomputers are given. We achieve close-to-optimal performance wrt. theoretical peak performance. Based on this result we conclude that FooPar allows to fully access Scala's design features without suffering from performance drops when compared to implementations purely based on C and MPI.
The role of major genes in the evolution of economic characters

The early ~lendelians devoted m~uok attention ~o the more ob,ious plant and animM characters, ,~nch as pigmenta/en, dwarfing and the like, and a wealth of information confirnfi~g Nendel's work was soon btdR up. The next stage--the ~pplieation of genetics to economic ends--disclosed di~ctdties, and experience has shown that many economic characters do not give simple i~leladelian ratios in hybriclization. As a resuR of this, modern thought tends more and more to stress the importance of .minor genes. This school of thought has been developed by Fisher (1%0) ~nd ~Stadent' (1933, 193~), and extended by Marker (19~.3c% b) with his polygene concept. The polygene school holds tit~t q~antitadve characters are normally b~ilt up by the Combined effect of a number of minor genes brought fiogether in response to s~lection pressure. A second school, led by the gu~siala academician Lysenko, maintains that the whole Nende!ian outlook is fallacious. Lysenko's (19~6) theobies, however, take so litde acconnt of established fact and scientific proof that for the pt~rposes of this paper they may safely be disregarded. Studies of the response of commercial cottons to blackarm* attack (Kmght & C]ous~on, 1939; ~:night, 19~r 1%6) have indicated that major genes are more important in the synthesis of resistant types than might have been supposed. From ttJs a theory has been developed, and is sat forth in this paper, of the significance of major genes in adaptive response.
Antiquarianism as Genealogy: Arnaldo Momigliano's Method

This essay uses Arnaldo Momigliano’s genealogy of antiquarianism and historiography to propose a new method for engaging the past. Momigliano traced antiquarianism from its advent in ancient Greece and later growth in Rome to its early modern efflorescence, its usurpation by history, and its transformation into anthropology and sociology in late modernity. Antiquarianism performed for Momigliano the work of excavating past archives while infusing historiographical inquiry with a much-needed dose of contingency. This essay aims to advance our understanding of the mutual imbrications of antiquarian methods with modern conceptions of history, while also suggesting how antiquarianism can generate alternatives to historical inquiry.
Inhomogeneous and anisotropic cosmologies

Although the purpose of this workshop is to discuss the structures in the universe, which are inhomogeneous, homogeneous models have been used in considering many of the cosmological issues raised in that discussion, so I have also included in this survey the anisotropic homogeneous models and their implications. Only exact solutions will be covered: other speakers at Pont d’Oye (e.g. Bardeen, Brandenberger, Dunsby and Ellis) gave very full discussions of perturbation theory. Here I continue my previous practice (MacCallum 1979, 1984), by using the mathematical classification of the solutions as an overall scheme of organization; the earlier reviews give additional details and references. (A survey organized by the nature of the applications is to appear in the proceedings of Dennis Sciama’s 65th birthday meeting.) Other useful reviews are: Ryan and Shepley (1975) on homogeneous anisotropic models; Krasinski (1990) on inhomogeneous models; and Verdaguer (1985, 1992) on models of solitonic character.
Using Collective Intelligence to Route Internet Traffic

A COllective INtelligence (COIN) is a set of interacting reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms designed in an automated fashion so that their collective behavior optimizes a global utility function. We summarize the theory of COINs, then present experiments using that theory to design COINs to control internet traffic routing. These experiments indicate that COINs outperform all previously investigated RL-based, shortest path routing algorithms.
NON-BOLTZMANN STATISTICS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO HOLOGRAPHY

An intriguing question related to black hole thermodynamics is that the entropy of a region shall scale as the area rather than the volume. In this essay we propose that the microscopical degrees of freedom contained in a given region of space, are statistically related in such a way that obey a nonstandard statistics, in which case an holographic hypothesis would not be needed. This could provide us with some insight about the nature of degrees of freedom of the geometry and/or the way in which gravitation plays a role in the statistic correlation between the degrees of freedom of a system.