nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Noncovalent Modification of Nanodiamonds with Tritium-Labeled Pantothenic Acid Derivatives

The efficiency of tritium labeling of salts of pantothenic (HO–R–COOH), hopantenic (HO–R–CH2–COOH), and 4-D-phosphopantothenic [(HO)2P(=O)–O–R–COOH] acids [R = CH2C(CH3)2CHOH–CONH(CH2)2] with thermal activation of tritium at target temperatures of 77 and 295 K was studied. The phosphate group inhibits the isotope exchange. The tritium-labeled compounds were used for studying the adsorption of pantothenic acid derivatives from aqueous solutions and in the presence of 0.9% NaCl at 297 ± 3 K onto nanodiamonds prepared by detonation synthesis (NDs). Preparation of stable ND suspensions in advance enhances the ability of NDs to adsorb the compounds studied. The parameters of the equation describing the sorption isotherms at different ionic strengths of the solution were calculated. The strength of the adsorbate retention in contact with water, 0.9% NaCl solution, 0.01 M HCl solution, and 40 g L−1 bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution was determined. The data obtained allow two mechanisms of the adsorbate retention on the ND surface to be considered: reversible adsorption due to ionic interactions and irreversible binding due to hydrophobic interactions. The strongly bound molecules undergo slow desorption in the presence of BSA. The revealed trends confirm high potential of NDs as a drug delivery platform.
The Kinetics of the Acid and Alkaline Hydrolysis of Methyl Fluoride in Water

The kinetics of the reaction of methyl fluoride with water and the hydroxyl ion have been determined experimentally at various concentrations and temperatures. The results are compared with the data available on the other methyl halides. The mechanism of the anionic reaction is discussed in terms of a hypothesis according to which the rate-determining step is the partial desolvation of the ion. This mechanism is extended to account also for the kinetic features of the hydrolysis.
The DYCE Concept - Architecture & Implementation Strategies

This paper presents an approach to design a powerful and flexible controller architecture in order to support new applications across various heterogeneous networks. The approach allows a run-time configuration of the protocol modules. In contrast to existing systems, the developer has the choice to apply different implementation strategies to a module, changing in this way its encapsulation and execution behaviour. Thus, one and the same module can meet different configuration requirements depending on its implementation form as: a typed dynamic library procedure, a typed unmovable thread, a typed movable thread, or a composed protocol graph. The proposed environment is a light-weight framework, called DYCE-2, which represents an implementation of the Dynamic Configuration Entity (DYCE) [Hein93]. DYCE is the central part of our flexible protocol architecture. To build such a flexible and also high-performance system we have to find out and uncover protocol functionalities which can operate concurrently. To achieve results on protocol inherent functional parallelism we have done extensive simulation studies using a petri net based specification technique.
Praxis and the reflexive creative practitioner

AbstractFocussing on visual arts, the article proposes the adoption of hybridized research methods into the creative process, drawing on the development of praxis based research into validity claims in the nursing profession. Building on Habermas's ideas of a performative attitude in inter-subjective communication and Giddens' distinction between self-actualization and narcissism, it is suggested that research into creative self expression can avoid claims of narcissism if it is located in the social realm through the adoption of reflexive and performative research methods.
Study on the tectonic-thermal evolution since Carboniferous in the north foothills of Dabie orogenic Belt

The north foothills of Dabie orogenic belt is located in the outside margin of Dabie orogenic belt.Its structural evolution is extremely controlled by the orogenic process of Dabie orogenic belt.The reconstruction of the tectonic-thermal history in the north margin area is significant to the study of the entire orogenic process of Dabie orogenic belt.On the basis of the systematic study of the strata above Carboniferous,the mineral crystallization pressure in the intrusive igneous rock,and the structural evolutional phase in the north margin area,this paper reconstructs the evolutional history and suggests the evolutional model.It is considered that the north margin area of Dabie orogenic belt has undergone three subsidences and three denudations since Carboniferous.
Can Illegal Corporate Behavior be Predicted? An Event History Analysis

A model of illegal corporate behavior was developed and tested for a 19-year period using event history analysis and data on clearly illegal acts. Results indicated that large firms operating in dynamic, munificent environments were the most likely of the firms studied to behave illegally, and firms with poor performance were not prone to commit wrongdoing. Membership in certain industries and a history of prior violations also increased the likelihood that a firm would behave illegally.
Technological Nihilism vs. Natural Law: Science, Morality, and the Law Today.

T he conflict between the followers of Jacques Maritain and the followers of John Dewey seems to amount to this: each group accuses the other of promoting education for tyranny. Pragmatism, for the Deweyans, frees human beings from the idea of a fixed human nature to pursue freely our ever-evolving ideas of happiness or fulfillment. So it frees us from fixed moral standards and accepts standards that emerge through the results of scientific habituation and moral experimentation. According to the followers of Maritain, pragma-tists are really nihilists: they deny the reality of the natural purposes that shape and limit all human endeavors. So they, in effect, enslave us to the results of technological success, and they deprive us of the educational resources required to resist the high-tech forms of tyranny soon to come. For the followers of Maritain—or the proponents of Thomistic natural law—pragmatism prevents us from educating citizens who can use morality and law to subordinate our technological progress to human good. In the spirit—if not quite according to the letter—of Maritain, I'm going to show that the future of our freedom depends on American education turning to natural law. If neither morality nor the law can control technology, then what can? One answer (and one I will get around to rejecting) is " nothing " — we are destined to be controlled by technology, and not technology by us. According to the philosopher Martin Heidegger, we live in a time with a technological understanding of reality. What is real for us is what can be measured and controlled rationally. What is not rational in that technological sense is not real. So love, virtue, beauty, contemplative thought, and God aren't real. Our opinions about such matters have been reduced to mere preferences or whims. They correspond to nothing real; they are merely arbitrary products of our obsessive imagina-tions. Heidegger's big point is that we can't control technology with weightless whims or preferences—even if we call them virtues or prin
The Patent Quality Control Process: Can We Afford An (Rationally) Ignorant Patent Office?

This paper considers patent granting as a two-tiered process, which consists of patent office examination (public enforcement) and court challenges (private enforcement). It argues that, when the patent-holder has private information about the patent validity, (i) a weak patent is more likely to be settled and thus escape court challenges than a strong patent; and (ii) when the economy is suffered from low patent quality problem, a tighter examination by the patent office may strengthen private scrutiny over a weak patent. Both work against Lemley (2001)'s hypothesis of a "rationally ignorant'' patent office. The paper then introduces other policy instruments. It shows that (i) application fees, used as a tool to deter opportunistic patenting, may crowd out private enforcement but cannot replace public enforcement; and (ii) the usefulness of a pre-grant challenge procedure is subject to several restrictions, including the private challenger's timing choice.
Expansion of the Universe - Standard Big Bang Model

After a brief introduction to the sixteenth and seventeenth century views of the Universe and the nineteenth century paradox of Olbers, we start the history of the cosmic expansion with Hubble's epochal discovery of the recession velocities of spiral galaxies. By then Einstein's theories of relativity were well known, but no suitable metric was known. Prior to introducing General Relativity we embark on a non-chronological derivation of the Robertson-Walker metric directly from Special Relativity and the Minkowski metric endowed with a Gaussian curvature. This permits the definition of all relativistic distance measures needed in observational astronomy. Only thereafter do we come to General Relativity, and describe some of its consequences: gravitational lensing, black holes, various tests, and the cornerstone of the standard Big Bang model, the Friedmann-Lemaitre equations. Going backwards in time towards Big Bang we first have to trace the thermal history, and then understand the needs for a cosmic inflation and its predictions. The knowledge of the Big Bang model is based notably on observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, large scale structures, and the redshifts of distant supernovae. They tell us that gravitating matter is dominated by a dark and dissipationless component of unknown composition, and that the observable part of the Universe exhibits an accelerated expansion representing a fraction of the energy even larger than gravitating matter.
Dancing the Social Contract: The White Divertissement and the French Revolution

Gradual changes in the relationship between ballet and narrative took place in the years following the French Revolution of 1789. Through an intertextual analysis of livrets for eighteenth-century ballets, Revolutionary festivals, and early to mid-nineteenth-century ballets, as well as Revolutionary rhetoric, I explore the echoes of political concerns in the new ways narrative came to be expressed onstage. I focus especially on how these changes in ballet's narrative might have been perceived by nineteenth-century theatergoers.
The meaning of style? Style reflexivity among Danish high school youths

In much of the cultural theory literature on youth, style has been said to have started as an expression of subcultural class and transformed into individualized identity projects in neo-tribal sociality. This article discusses young, Danish consumers' discourses on style and style practice. The key characteristic of their style practice is the reflexivity they bring to bear on their negotiation of global style expression in local identity projects. This style reflexivity manifests itself in two themes: style switching and style code reflexivity. The article shows that consumers' reflexivity of style consumption constitutes not only a ‘folk theory’ of consumption that reflects the academic and popular vernacular of style, but also postmodern consumer research scholarship's mode of expression about style. How individual consumers handle style in a reflexive manner through folk theories of the market is unexplored in previous research on the consumption of style.
What is integrability of discrete variational systems?

We propose a notion of a pluri-Lagrangian problem, which should be understood as an analogue of multi-dimensional consistency for variational systems. This is a development along the line of research of discrete integrable Lagrangian systems initiated in 2009 by Lobb and Nijhoff, however, having its more remote roots in the theory of pluriharmonic functions, in the Z-invariant models of statistical mechanics and their quasiclassical limit, as well as in the theory of variational symmetries going back to Noether. A d-dimensional pluri-Lagrangian problem can be described as follows: given a d-form  see text] on an m-dimensional space (called multi-time, m>d), whose coefficients depend on a sought-after function x of m independent variables (called field), find those fields x which deliver critical points to the action functionals  see text] for anyd-dimensional manifold Σ in the multi-time. We derive the main building blocks of the multi-time Euler-Lagrange equations for a discrete pluri-Lagrangian problem with d=2, the so-called corner equations, and discuss the notion of consistency of the system of corner equations. We analyse the system of corner equations for a special class of three-point two-forms, corresponding to integrable quad-equations of the ABS list. This allows us to close a conceptual gap of the work by Lobb and Nijhoff by showing that the corresponding two-forms are closed not only on solutions of (non-variational) quad-equations, but also on general solutions of the corresponding corner equations. We also find an example of a pluri-Lagrangian system not coming from a multi-dimensionally consistent system of quad-equations.
The running of the Universe and the quantum structure of time

Some principles underpinning the running of the Universe are discussed. The most important, the machine principle, states that the Universe is a fully autonomous, self-organizing and self-testing quantum automaton. Continuous space and time, consciousness and the semi-classical observers of quantum mechanics are all emergent phenomena not operating at the fundamental level of the machine Universe. Quantum processes define the present, the interface between the future and the past, giving a time ordering to the running of the Universe which is non-integrable except on emergent scales. A diagrammatic approach is used to discuss the quantum topology of the EPR paradox, particle decays and scattering processes. A toy model of a self-referential universe is given.
Lithostratigraphy, petrography and facies analysis of the Late Cenozoic sediments in the foreland basin of the West Kunlun

The Yecheng profile, lying in the southwest Tarim Basin at the northern foot of the West Kunlun Mountains, comprises 4.5 km of conformable Miocene to Pliocene strata. The lower part of the section, the Wuqia Group, is composed of interbedded red mudstone and pale-coloured fine sandstone with a thickness of 1700 m. The Artux Formation is 800 m thick and composed of mudstone, sandstone with thin gravel and conglomerate beds. The upper part of the section, known as the Xiyu Formation, consists of 2000 m of cobble and boulder conglomerate intercalated with massive siltstone lenses. Compositional study of the sandstones in the Wuqia Group and Artux Formation indicates that they were sourced from low relief areas of the Kunlun region and probably further south from Tibet. The provenance of the conglomerate in the Xiyu Formation is the West Kunlun Mountains. Compositional trends within the conglomerate indicate that Upper Palaeozoic marine, and Mesozoic to Tertiary terrestrial silicic rocks were eroded first, along with the Proterozoic to Lower Palaeozoic Proto-Tethys metasedimentary rocks. Erosion into deeper levels of the Kunlun Mountains provided igneous and high-grade metamorphic sediment, which first appears 640 m above the base of the Xiyu Formation. Lithofacies change from fine-grained mudstone and sandstone to coarse clasts coincides with the onset of aeolian sedimentation, indicating major shift of regional palaeoclimatic regime. Although climatic changes may have played an important role in controlling the sedimentary regime worldwide, our study of the lithostratigraphy and petrography of the Yecheng section suggests that the lithofacies change recorded the progressive unroofing history of the source rocks in the West Kunlun Mountains.
Thermal decomposition of poly(2‐vinylpyridine): Effect of complexation with copper chloride

The thermal decomposition of complexes between poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VPy) and copper chloride was investigated by several techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectrometry. P2VPy was selected as the host polymer for two reasons: its ability to form complexes with copper compounds which are soluble in high concentrations, and because it forms essentially no char upon pyrolysis. 
 
The decomposition mechanism of P2VPy changes significantly upon complexation with copper compounds. P2VPy was initially thought to be an ideal ligand for the pyrolytic formation of pure copper owing to its low carbon yield upon thermal decomposition. The presence of copper chloride during polymer decomposition alters the decomposition mechanism of the polymer and accounts for significant yields of carbonaceous char. The magnitude of this effect is dependent upon the quantity of copper present. Polymer char yields as high as 41 wt% have been obtained when each pyridine moiety is complexed by CuCl2. Studies based on the model compound Cu(2-picoline)2Cl2 indicate that the diffusion length of released volatiles plays a significant role in the observed decomposition mechanisms.
Löb's Theorem as a Limitation on Mechanism

We argue that Löb's Theorem implies a limitation on mechanism. Specifically, we argue, via an application of a generalized version of Löb's Theorem, that any particular device known by an observer to be mechanical cannot be used as an epistemic authority (of a particular type) by that observer: either the belief-set of such an authority is not mechanizable or, if it is, there is no identifiable formal system of which the observer can know (or truly believe) it to be the theorem-set. This gives, we believe, an important and hitherto unnoticed connection between mechanism and the use of authorities by human-like epistemic agents.
The Medieval World View: An Introduction

The Medieval World View, Third Edition, presents the presuppositions of medieval society in a systematic fashion by integrating brief, self-contained selections from primary texts and carefully captioned photographs into a narrative of the medieval world and its foundations. The text is divided into three parts. Treating both the classical and biblical antecedents of the Middle Ages and ending in Late Antiquity, Part One includes a thorough discussion of the monumental figure of St. Augustine. Part Two deals with the early Middle Ages, beginning with the disintegration of the Roman Empire and continuing through the German invasions and the renaissance associated with the reign of Charlemagne. Part Three examines the High Middle Ages and beyond, following developments in the Church, in politics, and in arts and culture from the twelfth century through the end of the fifteenth century. The third edition features two entirely new chapters, Chapter 5 on Byzantium and Chapter 6 on Islam. Handling sophisticated issues with great clarity and ease, The Medieval World View is ideal for courses in Medieval history, literature, or art history.
The Axiom Scheme of Acyclic Comprehension

A “new” criterion for set existence is presented, namely, that a set {x | φ} should exist if the multigraph whose nodes are variables in φ and whose edges are occurrences of atomic formulas in φ is acyclic. Formulas with acyclic graphs are stratified in the sense of New Foundations, so consistency of the set theory with weak extensionality and acyclic comprehension follows from the consistency of Jensen’s system NFU . It is much less obvious, but turns out to be the case, that this theory is equivalent to NFU : it appears at first blush that it ought to be weaker. This paper verifies that acyclic comprehension and stratified comprehension are equivalent, by verifying that each axiom in a finite axiomatization of stratified comprehension follows from acyclic comprehension.  New Foundations, NFU, stratification, acyclic AMS Subject Classification Code: 03E70 The first author, who is a neurologist with an amateur interest in mathematical logic, proposed the criterion of acyclic comprehension for existence of sets (originally under another name) as an approach to the historical paradoxes of set theory, and communicated this to the second author. The second author noted that stratified comprehension implies acyclic comprehension, so the scheme of acyclic comprehension is certainly consistent relative to quite weak accepted theories (as the scheme of stratified comprehension is a subtheory of NFU , which was shown to be consistent by R. B. Jensen in ). The second author also conjectured that the scheme was very weak (meaning not equivalent to full stratified comprehension). The first author realized that one could attack this problem by attempting to prove all propositions in a finite axiomatization of stratified comprehension (that stratified comprehension is finitely axiomatizable was originally shown in , though the axiomatization given there is very unpleasant to work with). Undaunted by the skepticism of the second author, he proceeded to prove that each of the axioms of the finite axiomatization used in the second author’s  (adapted to the Wiener ordered pair of ) follows from Date: May19th, 2011
Geologic and isotopic constraints on the crustal structure of the northern Great Basin

Geophysical data do not define the western limit of North American continental crust in the northern Great Basin because Phanerozoic deformation, particularly Cenozoic extension, has overprinted original gravity, magnetic, and seismic signatures. Stratigraphic and structural analyses of north-central Nevada, however, allow location of the continental-oceanic crustal boundary on the basis of recognition of continental-slope deposits. The stratigraphically defined location of the continental edge corresponds to the position of an isotopically defined boundary between granitic plutons with initial Sr isotopic ratios less than 0.706 to the west and greater than 0.706 to the east. Three generally north-south-trending subprovinces with different Sr and Nd isotopic character can be defined in the northern Great Basin. The boundary between the western and central subprovinces is defined by the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr initial = 0.706 isopleth and corresponds to the stratigraphically defined western edge of transitional North American continental crust. The boundary between the central and eastern subprovinces is defined by the ϵ Nd = -7 line (Farmer and DePaolo, 1983) in north-eastern Nevada and may be entirely within North American crust. A third isotopically defined boundary, imprecisely located in western Utah, marks the western boundary of the largely undeformed North American craton.
A theoretical view of practical problems in interferometry

Interferometry is discussed in terms of the representation of the source. In particular, scale-invariant 1-d hydrodynamics is revisited, and extended to the case of unequal transverse masses. It is argued that that kaon emission occurs over a short time interval. Exact results for models of two- and three-dimensional flow are presented, which exhibit altered scaling laws. Such qualitative trends, together with other observables, are vital if one is to draw conclusions about the source.