nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Using Active Constraints to Parse GPSGs

Active constraints of tile CO,lslratnl higic program-in,rig paradigm allow (l) the reduction of the search space of progr~tms and (2) a very concise representation of the problcnls. These two l)rop erties are particuhtrly interesting for I)arsing prob-[elns : they can hel I) us to reduce non-determinisln and to use large coverage gramlnars. In this paper, we describe how to use Slleh constraints tot parsing ID/LP grammars and propose an inlplenlelmtl, iou in Prolog Ill. 1 Introduction Logic programming is one of the nlost useful tools in computational linguistics. These two domains are progressing very rapidly. The former with the emergence of the constraint paradignl and the latter with the systematic use of well-formalized linguistic theories. In the l~st few years, natural lal> guage processing (hereafter NLP) and more pre cisely syntax have created tools allowing expression of general knowledge. Constraints simplify parsing problems to a con siderable extent, both in a formal and computational way. From a formal point of view, we will see that they allow a very good adequacy between linguistic aim computational theories. We know that this prol)erty is essential to solve generality, reusability and coverage prolflems. On the otimr hal,d, from a computatiolml point of view, con straints set up a control of the I)rocesses which reduces non-determmisnl m parsing. The question is to know whether it, is possible to illlph!tlleIlt a I)arsiag Illethod I)ased oil actllal eoil-straints. The answer depends on the choice of the grmmnatical formalism. We think thai the II)/LP formalism used lit (IPS(-I theory can bring a sohl tion to this I)roblem. In this paper, we will describe a parsing method based on [D/LP formalism using boolean constraints. We will show that this nlethod agrees with th(goals of generality and corm'el. 2 Parsing and deduction IIoth for historical itllll [orlilal reasolls, parsing turn ck)se relalions with logic The birth of Prolog, for example, w~s conditioimd by Ihat aud NLP was one of the early applications of this language. One of the re~molls, a.s shown in , like a classical inDrenee rule. '['hus, a PS-rule of the form : Because of the ui,iquei~ess of the positive literal, we can interpret a PS-.rule as a Ilorn clause, with a direct translation into I'rolog. Thus, a context-free gr~unlnar, represenled by …
Application of the steep ramp test for aerobic fitness testing in children with cancer.

Children with and after cancer are found to have a decreased physical fitness, frequently resulting in decreased physical functioning. The gold standard test for assessing aerobic fitness, a component of physical fitness, is the respiratory gas analyses-based cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). However, equipment for gas analysis is often unavailable in local physical therapy centres and non-university hospitals. The steep ramp test (SRT), is a cycle ergometer test with a fast increase in workload, a short duration, and does not require respiratory gas analysis equipment.



The aim of this study was to compare the results of the CPET and the SRT, in children with cancer, and to assess whether the SRT can be used for aerobic fitness assessment in clinical practice in this population.



This study is a cross-sectional assessment using baseline data of a randomized controlled trial.



The study was performed in a hospital setting.



Sixty-one children (mean age 12.9 years; 33 boys) with cancer were included in the analysis; 16 children were on non-intensive chemotherapy treatment, 45 were in the first year thereafter.



Participants performed both the SRT and the CPET on a cycle ergometer with respiratory gas analysis. Data of the two tests were compared and regression analyses were performed.



CPET test results revealed a higher impact on the cardiovascular system, as shown by higher peak ventilation (47.8 versus 52.0 Litres per min) and peak heart rates (173 versus 191 beats per min), compared to the SRT. In addition, the test time was significantly longer (90 s versus 390 s). Yet, the primary outcome of the SRT (peak work rate) was able to reliably estimate the peak oxygen uptake of the CPET.



The peak oxygen uptake was comparable between the SRT and the CPET, although the peak work rate was significantly higher during the SRT. This study showed that the SRT is a valid instrument to assess aerobic fitness in children with cancer.



The SRT is less time consuming and can be performed without gas analysis in a non-clinical setting, making it less demanding for children.
Outcome of idiopathic membranous nephropathy using targeted stepwise immunosuppressive treatment strategy.

The natural course of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is variable and the role of immunosuppressive therapy is controversial. In our centre, the strategy has been conservative: the immunomodulating treatment (glucocorticoids and/or cyclosporine A) has been targeted to patients at high risk of developing progressive renal disease and the cytotoxic drugs have been used cautiously. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to evaluate the efficacy of this strategy.



We evaluated the clinical course and outcome of IMN patients diagnosed between 1993 and 2003. Risk assessment was done during an observation period of ≥6 months after the initial renal biopsy. Patients were followed up until death, the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or the last clinical visit (before December 2006). Treatments and their side effects were recorded.



One hundred and forty-two patients with membranous nephropathy were diagnosed of which 81 were idiopathic. The clinical course of 76 IMN patients (38 high risk and 38 low risk) were followed up [mean duration 66 ± 40 (median 59) months]. Thirty-five patients were treated with immunosuppressive drugs, and at last follow-up, 71% of them were in complete or partial remission. The overall response rate of this therapy was 83%. 11% of the high-risk patients had reached ESRD. For the high-risk patients, 10-year survival (alive with glomerular filtration rate >10 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) was 79%. No major side effects were observed.



This study suggests that targeted, stepwise, cytotoxic drug-sparing immunosuppressive treatment in IMN was associated with favourable renal, as well as overall survival among patient at risk of developing ESRD.
Factor Analysis of the 12-Item Zarit Burden Interview in Caregivers of Persons Diagnosed With Dementia.

The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) is commonly used to measure dementia caregiver burden, but its factor structure is unclear. A two-factor structure for the 12-item ZBI, "personal strain" and "role strain," has been shown, but recent data suggest that an additional factor of "guilt" is embedded in the "role strain" items. The 12-item ZBI administered to 194 informal rural and urban caregivers of persons diagnosed with dementia was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. A two-factor structure, with item loadings consistent with previously conceptualized constructs of "personal strain" and "role strain," was found. Moreover, this factor structure was invariant to caregiver subgroups. When the predictive value of these factors was explored, only "personal strain" was important in predicting caregiver psychological distress, measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory. However, "role strain," which included the hypothesized "guilt" items, did not appear to be an important predictor of caregiver distress.
Bedtime cimetidine maintenance treatment: optimum dose and effect on subsequent natural history of duodenal ulcer.

Sixty patients, whose duodenal ulcers had healed endoscopically after six weeks of treatment with cimetidine 1 g/day in divided doses, were treated with maintenance cimetidine 800 mg at bedtime for six months. Eighteen relapsed endoscopically (30%). Of the 42 still in remission, 36 then completed a six month double-blind comparison of bedtime cimetidine 400 mg and placebo. Twelve of the 19 (63%) cimetidine-treated patients and 10 of 17 (59%) placebo-treated patients relapsed within six weeks (NS). This high relapse rate on cimetidine contrasts with our earlier trial, in which the six week relapse rate was only two out of 21 (10%) on bedtime cimetidine 800 mg and 16 out of 24 (66%) on placebo (P less than 0.0005). Apart from the difference in the dose of cimetidine, both our trials used the same experimental protocol during the double-blind part of the trial. In the earlier trial, however, there was no period of pretreatment with maintenance cimetidine as in the present trial. The pattern of placebo relapse was similar in both trials. We conclude that bedtime cimetidine maintenance treatment does not alter the long-term natural history of duodenal ulcer once it has been withdrawn; and that either tolerance to cimetidine develops during long-term maintenance treatment, or that bedtime cimetidine maintenance treatment in the conventional dose of 400 mg is not as effective as 800 mg in prevention of endoscopic relapse, although it does reduce symptoms.
Predicting the probability of successful efficacy of a dissociated agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor from dose–response analysis

PF-04171327 is a dissociated agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor (DAGR) being developed to retain anti-inflammatory efficacy while reducing unwanted effects. Our aim was to conduct a longitudinal dose–response analysis to identify the DAGR doses with efficacy similar to or greater than prednisone 10 mg once daily (QD). The data included were from a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in 323 subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis on a background of methotrexate. Subjects received DAGR 1, 5, 10 or 15 mg, prednisone 5 or 10 mg, or placebo QD for 8 weeks. The Disease Activity Score 28-4 calculated using C-Reactive Protein (DAS28-4 CRP) was the efficacy endpoint utilized in this dose–response model. For DAGR, the maximum effect (Emax) on DAS28-4 CRP was estimated to be −1.2 points (95 % CI −1.7, −0.84), and the evaluated dose range provided 31–87 % of the Emax; for prednisone 5 and 10 mg, the estimated effects were −0.27 (95 % CI −0.55, 0.006) and −0.94 point (95 % CI −1.3, −0.59), respectively. Stochastic simulations indicated that the DAGR 1, 5, 10 and 15 mg have probabilities of 0.9, 29, 54 and 62 %, respectively, to achieve efficacy greater than prednisone 10 mg at week 8. DAGR 9 mg estimated probability was 50 % suggesting that DAGR ≥9 mg QD has an effect on DAS28-4 CRP comparable to or greater than prednisone 10 mg QD. This work informs dose selection for late-stage confirmatory trials.
Association between blood cadmium levels and malnutrition in peritoneal dialysis

Malnutrition is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death and may cause protein-energy wasting in individuals with chronic kidney disease. A previous study demonstrated that blood cadmium levels (BCLs) were associated with malnutrition in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, the correlation between cadmium exposure and malnutrition remains unclear in chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients. This study examined the possible adverse effects of environmental cadmium exposure in CPD patients.



A total of 301 CPD patients were enrolled and divided into 3 study groups based on the following BCL tertiles: low (<0.19 μg/L), middle (0.19-0.39 μg/L), and high (>0.39 μg/L). Demographic, hematological, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained for analysis. The analysis also included values of nutritional and inflammatory markers.



The BCLs of CPD patients were lower than those of MHD patients. At baseline, patients in the high BCL group were older and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus but lower serum albumin, creatinine, and phosphate levels than the patients in the other 2 groups. After adjusting for potential variables, stepwise backward multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age and alanine aminotransferase levels were positively associated with logarithmic transformation of BCLs (log BCLs), while serum albumin levels were negatively associated with log BCLs in CPD patients. The log BCLs were a significant determinant (beta coefficient ± standard error = -0.185 ± 0.074; P = 0.013) of nutritional status and significantly associated with the presence of malnutrition (odds ratio = 2.64; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-6.48; P = 0.035) in CPD patients after adjustment for related variables.



BCL is significantly associated with nutritional status and malnutrition in CPD patients. Therefore, it is important for CPD patients to avoid environmental exposure to cadmium such as through smoking and consumption of cadmium-rich foods.
Monitoring of therapy in androgen-dependent prostate tumor model by measuring tumor proliferation.

3'-Deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) has been recently described as a radiopharmaceutical for measuring cellular proliferation using PET imaging. Evaluation of tumor proliferative activity by PET using (18)F-FLT could be a procedure to assess the viability of tumor, such as histologic grade, clinical stage, and prognosis as well as the early effects of cancer therapy. This study was undertaken to determine whether (18)F-FLT is useful in the detection of prostate cancer as well as monitoring therapeutic effects in a human tumor model.



The androgen-dependent human prostate tumor, CWR22, was implanted into athymic mice. This well-established model of prostate cancer was used in all studies. To determine the optimal imaging times for (18)F-FLT, a biodistribution was performed in CWR22 mice. (18)F-FLT (740 kBq [20 micro Ci]) was administered via the tail vein and uptake was determined in selected tissues at 5 min, 20 min, and 1, 2, and 4 h after injection (n = 5, each time point). Androgen ablation studies were conducted in the CWR22 model with either diethylstilbestrol (DES) or surgical castration. Animals received DES every 2 d for 3 wk. The effectiveness of therapy was monitored using (18)F-FLT microPET as baseline, during treatment, and after treatment. Tracer accumulation in the tumor was then analyzed by comparing tumor-to-muscle ratios derived from reconstructed microPET data.



At 2 h after injection, the (18)F-FLT uptake in tumor was 0.69 +/- 0.14 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue, showing the highest activity of all organs measured. The microPET study with dynamic imaging showed that (18)F-FLT uptake in blood reached its plateau within 1 min and was rapidly cleared, whereas (18)F-FLT uptake in tumor reached its plateau in 30 min and remained up to 60 min. microPET using (18)F-FLT successfully imaged the implanted CWR22 tumor in the mice at both 1 and 2 h after injection. There was a marked reduction of (18)F-FLT uptake in tumor after castration or DES treatment; however, there were no differences in (18)F-FLT uptake in the tumor in the control group. These changes of (18)F-FLT uptake in tumor parallel the changes of actual tumor measurement.



These results indicate that (18)F-FLT is a useful tracer for detection of prostate cancer in an animal model. (18)F-FLT has the potential for monitoring the therapeutic effect of androgen ablation therapy in prostate cancer.
Ranibizumab 0.5 mg for Diabetic Macular Edema with Bimonthly Monitoring after a Phase of Initial Treatment: 18-Month, Multicenter, Phase IIIB RELIGHT Study.

To evaluate ranibizumab 0.5 mg using bimonthly monitoring and individualized re-treatment after monthly follow-up for 6 months in patients with visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema (DME).



A phase IIIb, 18-month, prospective, open-label, multicenter, single-arm study in the United Kingdom.



Participants (N = 109) with visual impairment due to DME.



Participants received 3 initial monthly ranibizumab 0.5 mg injections (day 0 to month 2), followed by individualized best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography-guided re-treatment with monthly (months 3-5) and subsequent bimonthly follow-up (months 6-18). Laser was allowed after month 6.



Mean change in BCVA from baseline to month 12 (primary end point), mean change in BCVA and central retinal thickness (CRT) from baseline to month 18, gain of ≥10 and ≥15 letters, treatment exposure, and incidence of adverse events over 18 months.



Of 109 participants, 100 (91.7%) and 99 (90.8%) completed the 12 and 18 months of the study, respectively. The mean age was 63.7 years, the mean duration of DME was 40 months, and 77.1% of the participants had received prior laser treatment (study eye). At baseline, mean BCVA was 62.9 letters, 20% of patients had a baseline BCVA of >73 letters, and mean baseline CRT was 418.1 μm, with 32% of patients having a baseline CRT <300 μm. The mean change in BCVA from baseline to month 6 was +6.6 letters (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.9-8.3), and after institution of bimonthly treatment the mean change in BCVA at month 12 was +4.8 letters (95% CI, 2.9-6.7; P < 0.001) and +6.5 letters (95% CI, 4.2-8.8) at month 18. The proportion of participants gaining ≥10 and ≥15 letters was 24.8% and 13.8% at month 12 and 34.9% and 19.3% at month 18, respectively. Participants received a mean of 6.8 and 8.5 injections over 12 and 18 months, respectively. No new ocular or nonocular safety findings were observed during the study.



The BCVA gain achieved in the initial 6-month treatment period was maintained with an additional 12 months of bimonthly ranibizumab PRN treatment.
Subthreshold micropulse diode laser and double frequency neodymium: YAG laser in treatment of diabetic macular edema: a prospective, randomized study using multifocal electroretinography.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of subthreshold micropulse diode (SDM) laser with double-frequency neodymium YAG (Nd:YAG) laser in treatment of clinically significant diabetic macular edema.



Forty-six eyes of 33 patients with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) caused by diabetic retinopathy were randomized to either SDM (810?nm) laser or the conventional double-frequency Nd:YAG (532?nm) laser. Primary outcome measures were: change in the central macular thickness as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and change in macular retinal sensitivity measured using multifocal electroretinography (MfERG). Secondary outcomes were: change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and contrast sensitivity.



The group was divided in half, with 23 eyes assigned to SDM laser and 23 eyes assigned to double-frequency Nd:YAG laser. Mean follow-up period was 6 months. No statistically significant difference was noted in either the primary or the secondary outcome measures between the two groups. Macular thickness decreased from the baseline measures of 298.5?49.3 and 312.9?45.8??m to 274.9?62.9 and 286.7?32.8??m in the SDM laser and Nd:YAG laser groups, respectively. On MfERG, P1 implicit wave time delay at baseline changed from 46.27?4.9 to 45.27?3.4?ms in the SDM group and from 46.55?4.9 to 45.27?4.1?ms in the Nd:YAG group. MfERG recordings of 18 of the 23 eyes treated with double-frequency Nd:YAG laser showed areas of signal void as compared to 4 eyes treated with the SDM laser.



SDM laser photocoagulation showed an equally good effect on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and reduction of diabetic macular edema (DME) as compared to conventional Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation. MfERG recordings, however, suggest that SDM laser results in better preservation of electrophysiological indices.
Effect of antioxidant supplementation on insulin sensitivity in response to endurance exercise training.

While production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is associated with some of the beneficial adaptations to regular physical exercise, it is not established whether RONS play a role in the improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle obtained by endurance training. To assess the effect of antioxidant supplementation during endurance training on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, 21 young healthy (age 29 ± 1 y, BMI 25 ± 3 kg/m(2)) men were randomly assigned to either an antioxidant [AO; 500 mg vitamin C and 400 IU vitamin E (α-tocopherol) daily] or a placebo (PL) group that both underwent a supervised intense endurance-training program 5 times/wk for 12 wk. A 3-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, a maximal oxygen consumption (Vo(2max)) and maximal power output (P(max)) test, and body composition measurements (fat mass, fat-free mass) were performed before and after the training. Muscle biopsies were obtained for determination of the concentration and activity of proteins regulating glucose metabolism. Although plasma levels of vitamin C (P < 0.05) and α-tocopherol (P < 0.05) increased markedly in the AO group, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake increased similarly in both the AO (17.2%, P < 0.05) and the PL (18.9%, P < 0.05) group in response to training. Vo(2max) and P(max) also increased similarly in both groups (time effect, P < 0.0001 for both) as well as protein content of GLUT4, hexokinase II, and total Akt (time effect, P ≤ 0.05 for all). Our results indicate that administration of antioxidants during strenuous endurance training has no effect on the training-induced increase in insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals.
Pilot Study to Evaluate Feasibility of Image-Guided Breast-Conserving Therapy in the Advanced Multimodal Image-Guided Operating (AMIGO) Suite

The rate of reexcision in breast-conserving surgery remains high, leading to delay in initiation of adjuvant therapy, increased cost, increased complications, and negative psychological impact to the patient.1 – 3 We initiated a phase 1 clinical trial to determine the feasibility of the use of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess margins in the advanced multimodal image-guided operating (AMIGO) suite. All patients received contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MRI while under general anesthesia in the supine position, followed by standard BCT with or without wire guidance and sentinel node biopsy. Additional margin reexcision was performed of suspicious margins and correlated to final pathology . Feasibility was assessed via two components: demonstration of safety and sterility and acceptable duration of the operation and imaging; and adequacy of intraoperative MRI imaging for interpretation and its comparison to final pathology.  The mean operative time was 113 min (range 93–146 min). Our experience with AMIGO suggests that it is feasible to use intraoperative MRI imaging to evaluate margin assessment in real time. Further research is required to identify modalities that will lead to a reduction in reexcision in breast cancer therapy.