nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Legal System as an Object of Sociology and Law Analysis

Salygin Eugin - Associate Professor, Department of Theory and Law and Comparative Law, Dean of Law Faculty, Na­tional Research University Higher School of Economics, Honoured Lawyer of Russian Federation, Candidate of Juridical Sciences. Address: 20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation. E-mail: esalygin@hse.ru.Legal system is a concept embodying the multifacetedness of law, i.e. its internal architecture (elements of law which are complex systems per se), correlations within the system, interaction of law with other parts of socium. Legal system has been the subject matter both of law and sociology of law. Each of the sciences has developed its own approaches to this phenomenon, which do not tend to cross. Each sci­ence makes its own path not addressing the achievements of the interdisciplinary discipline. Sociology of law doctrines are considered by the author as the instruments to widen the cognitive borders of the traditional for lawyers positivist approach to law, to discover topical research perspectives. On the basis of the views of T Parsons, D. Black, N. Luhmann, P. Bourdieu, the article develops the methodology of the social approach to legal system, reveals its advantages and disadvantages. Sociologists are used to shifting a significant role in functioning legal system to legal professionals. They focus on the contradic­tions in the relations between legal framework (legal system, normative system etc.) and politics. The views of sociologists are extrapolated to the current reality of Russian legal system. Its majour issue is seen in the imbalance between law and politics as the ruling elite imposes a beneficial for it structure of legal system on society, intervenes in legal communication including judicial enforcement of courts and law enforcement agencies. The majour attention of lawyers should be drawn to ensuring their rela­tive independence, widening the autonomy of legal framework and legal communications, and building up their authority when adopting paramount legal acts. This is the only way to create a prerequisite to tackle the problems which the legal system of Russian society is facing. The article covers the current empirical legal approaches suggested by sociologists as well as the causes for such research, results, perspectives and possibilities to engage jurists in such studies.
The scandinavin model of inflation: A generalization and empirical evidence

In this paper we consider an inflation model for a small open economy. "Smallness" is defined by the assumption that the economy meets an infinitely elastic demand and supply function for its tradable commodities, i.e., the country is assumed to be a price-taker in the world market. This implies that the rate of inflation of a small open economy depends upon the world rate of inflation. On the other hand, we observe a remarkable difference in the rates of inflation among various countries. Some Scandinavian authors like Odd Aukrust [1] and the group of authors Gtista Edgren, Kafl-Olof Faxen and ClasErik Odhner [7] have proposed a simple model which links the rate of inflation of a small open economy with international price developments and which also allows for differences in the rates of inflation among countries. The Scandinavian model of inflation received recently an increasing attention by European economists analysing its theoretical underpinnings and its empirical content [4, 5, I0, 12, 14, 15, 17]. Crucial for the model is the division of the economy into two sectors. The exposed sector (E-sector) produces "tradables," i.e., commodities that compete on the world market, the sheltered sector (S-sector) produces "non-tradables," i.e., commodities which are not traded internationally. The model assumes further fLxed exchange rates and explains the domestic rate of inflation through the world rate of inflation and a structural component which depends on domestic parameters.
Japan and China in the World Political Economy

Japan and China in the World Political Economy, edited by Saadia M. Pekkanen and Kellee S. Tsai. Foreword by Ezra F. Vogel.  Routledge, 2005. xxii + 245 pp. £65.00 (hardcover). The premise of this collection, which draws together a percipient group of Japan and China scholars, is that there is analytic leverage to be gained from comparing "late liberalization" processes in Japan and China. As Ezra Vogel's foreword points out, this premise is by no means self-evident. Both the starting points and the political and economic forces at work in the two countries are quite different. Saadia Pekkanen and Kellee S. Tsai justify the exercise by noting the common external pressures pushing toward liberalization and at least some similarities in the growth models pursued across the two countries. In admittedly different ways, both countries have histories of highly interventionist states that are unlikely simply to wither away. The editors do not offer a single theory for observed parallels and differences; they attempt to situate the book between the older theoretical traditions of dependency thinking and the developmental state. They organize the empirical analysis around five discrete areas-development strategies more generally, trade, investment, finance and technology-that permit somewhat focused comparisons and conclusions.  Most notably, he underlines declining US tolerance of Japanese insularity. Tsai and Cook try to situate China among the region's developmental states, and raise the question of whether China could be considered a developmental state or is converging towards such a model in the post-reform period. They close with the observation that the developmentalist features of the other high-growth East Asian countries did not prove to be in equilibrium, and that even if China increasingly looks like a reincarnation of its neighbors such a model may well prove transitional. The paired comparisons of particular policies raise a number of interesting puzzles that would not have arisen in a single-country collection. Pekkanen's tightly crafted overview of Japanese trade policy draws on four mini-cases of WTO disputes. She underlines the difficulties which external actors have faced in forcing liberalization where domestic forces, and particularly bureaucratic ones, are aligned against it. Margaret Pearson's review of Chinese trade policy also notes the increasing pluralization of trade policy in the run-up toward WTO accession, and lingering problems of implementation since 1999. But she further underlines the surprising scope of the country's opening, a fact often forgotten amidst current controversies over the exchange rate and current account imbalances. She also shows how authoritarian leadership and the capacity to link issues played a role in overcoming resistance. Somewhat different institutional differences surface in the discussions of foreign investment and finance. Miraya Solis' review of the highly restrictive nature of Japanese policy toward FDI and the prolonged process of liberalization in Japan also stresses MITI and MOF efforts to exercise control. …
Creating a teacher and software-developer partnership

As teachers are the educational experts, if we want to produce software that is both directly relevant to their needs and can be successfully integrated into the classroom, we need to facilitate a strong co-operative working partnership between the teacher and the software developer. This paper looks at a case study where we create such a partnership and study the consequences. The overall aim was to enable the cooperative teacher to play a central role in the co-designing of a mathematical educational computer program. The study focused on exploring the issues surroundings the role of the teacher and the software developer in the co-designing process, with special emphasis on the expectations of both parties. Some of these issues include: • techniques for facilitating the sharing of ideas between the teacher and software developer; • identifying techniques and problems when trying to express the task/aims of the software; • identifying miss-understanding of vocabulary between the teacher and software developer; • contrasting formal with informal lists of criteria about expected outcomes of the software; • exploring the use of interface screen shots in ideas development; • understanding the consequences of assumptions about equipment; • evaluation techniques. After preliminary discussions the cooperative teacher selected the general area of how to convert between metric units of measurement as the teaching focus of the proposed software. The responses of the co-operating teacher, other teachers, parents and students was recorded and analysed, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of both the resulting software and the development process.
Growth of transient phases during Bi(2212) to Bi(2223) transformation

Hot stage X-ray measurements and hot stage environmental electron scanning microscopy (ESEM) measurements have been used to study the intermediate phases that grow as the Bi(2212) grains begin to transforms into Bi(2223). The primary purpose is to investigate transient phases that may appear at the interface between the Bi(2212) grains and a Ag overlay while the temperature is being ramped to the reaction temperature at a rate comparable to that used in the commercial processing of tape conductors. Pb-doped Bi(2212) is metastable and is found to decompose and recrystallize during the ramp up to the reaction temperature. In addition, above about 973 K (700 °C), hillocks are found to grow between the flat surfaces of the Bi(2212) grains and the Ag overlay. Scanning Auger measurements show that these hillocks are composed of crystals of (Sr,Ca)O about 100 nm in diameter and have a Sr/Ca ratio of about 1.5. This growth of hillocks occurs on the time scale of tens of minutes and it may temporarily deplete the Bi(2212) grains of Sr leaving them Ca rich.
Geochemical investigations in view of the implementation of a monitoring system at a former base metal mining and ore processing site (Kirki, Thrace, Greece)

Mining sites are usually sources of metal pollution many years after closure. Specific geo-chemical phenomena such as acid drainage contribute to an increase of environmental impacts, especially if remediation measures were not taken at the time of mine closure (Bird et al., 2005). When a site is left exposed to the elements , pollution may arise from unmanaged waste piles, mine runoff water and tailings. The implementation of a reliable monitoring system is required to assess risks for the exposed resources (groundwater, cultivated areas, urban settlements or littoral), until the site is remediated. Monitoring data are essential to design remediation works. The monitoring network is designed using water, sediment or soil quality data along time at the critical points of the pollution transfer model. Traditionally, such points are selected from a large number of sampling points and laboratory analyses (baseline data). This is both expensive and lengthy. IGME followed an alternative route at Kirki, where mining and ore beneficiation for copper, zinc and lead ceased in 1995, and no remedia-tion was undertaken. A baseline monitoring program was implemented in 2005 with the support of the Euro-pean Union, incorporating field analysis campaigns to improve its efficiency (heavy metals in water by polarography, in solids by portable XRF and multiparametric probes). This allowed to identify quickly pollutant variation ranges, emission or attenuation points, and to design conceptual transfer models. Field techniques were particularly efficient to design an optimised monitoring network, by allowing an immediate feedback between results, investigations and sampling. They do not substitute to laboratory techniques, but optimise their use for a better representativity of phenomena. Examples of critical points include:-neutralisation fronts for acid mine drainage, and metal precipitation sites,-separation between rainfall recharge and contaminated aquifer in shallow wells,-migration distance of each contaminant in sediments within the catchment. The monitoring plan provides key data for remediation options, and for the design of a community alert system.
Systems engineering transitions into the 21st century

Systems engineering examines the key elements that drive the overall system design and optimizes those elements for overall system performance, generally based on customer priorities. Systems engineering was developed and has been refined in the area of aircraft design. It has been applied to optimize the design of command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. It has recently been employed to optimize the design for an entire military force. Systems engineering approaches are transitioning to meet the needs of customers in the 21st century.
Prediction of fault-proneness at early phase in object-oriented development

To analyse the complexity of object-oriented software, several metrics have been proposed. Among them, Chidamber and Kemerer's (1994) metrics are well-known object-oriented metrics. Also, their effectiveness has been empirically evaluated from the viewpoint of estimating the fault-proneness of object-oriented software. In the evaluations, these metrics were applied, not to the design specification but to the source code, because some of them measure the inner complexity of a class, and such information cannot be obtained until the algorithm and the class structure are determined at the end of the design phase. However, the estimation of the fault-proneness should be done in the early phase so as to effectively allocate effort for fixing the faults. This paper proposes a new method to estimate the fault-proneness of an object class in the early phase, using several complexity metrics for object-oriented software. In the proposed method, we introduce four checkpoints into the analysis/design/implementation phase, and we estimate the fault-prone classes using applicable metrics at each checkpoint.
An Abstract Machine to Implement OR-AND Parallel Prolog Efficiently

PEPSys (Parallel ECRC PROLOG System) is a research project started in 1984 in the Computer Architecture Group of the European Computer-Industry Research Centre (ECRC). Its general goals are to study and evaluate new and practicable solutions to the problems of parallel logic programming. The PEPSys  Machine described in this paper was designed to allow an efficient implementation of the PEPSys computational model. Based on the WAM, it incorporates a number of novel features to support the management of the logical variable and the control of the search space of the PEPSys computational model. Both a parallel implementation on a multiprocessor and a simulation system of scalable multiprocessor architectures implement the PEPSys Abstract Machine and yield effective speedups in parallel computations.
Formation of reactive halide species by myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase.

The formation of chloro- and bromohydrins from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine following incubation with myeloperoxidase or eosinophil peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, chloride and/or bromide was analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These products were only formed below a certain pH threshold value, that increased with increasing halide concentration. Thermodynamic considerations on halide and pH dependencies of reduction potentials of all redox couples showed that the formation of a given reactive halide species in halide oxidation coupled with the reduction of compound I of heme peroxidases is only possible below a certain pH threshold that depends on halide concentration. The comparison of experimentally derived and calculated data revealed that Cl(2), Br(2), or BrCl will primarily be formed by the myeloperoxidase-H(2)O(2)-halide system. However, the eosinophil peroxidase-H(2)O(2)-halide system forms directly HOCl and HOBr.
Agriculture and society in Central Mexico : the Valley of Tulancingo in the late colonial period (1700-1825)

This study provides a first approach to the economic and social history of the 
Valley of Tulancingo in the late colonial period. In examining the development of 
this agricultural area of central Mexico, the author discusses the broader 
transformations that affected the country as a whole during the eighteenth and 
early nineteenth centuries: population growth, migration, urbanization, and the 
commercialization of agriculture. On this score, the study participates in the 
current debate on the best way to characterize the Mexican agricultural sector at 
the end of the colonial rule. Most modern historiography tends to emphasize that 
demographic growth transformed the traditional balance between population 
and resources and was a major cause of economic and social disruption in the 
countryside. The author combines new evidence with recent findings from the 
specialist literature, to argue that Tulancingo fully participated in the roster of 
economic and social changes of the period. The work begins with a description of 
Tulancingo's population trends and an analysis of the spatial distribution of the 
population. It goes on with an analysis of the Valley's agricultural economy, 
describing the complementary rural elements of Indian communities and 
haciendas, and examining a series of related transformations in landholding, 
marketing, and social relations. This study will be of interest to anyone 
concerned with Mexican economic and social history, or the history of 
agriculture.
Studies of African States and the State of African Studies

Sandra T. Barnes, Patrons and Power: Creating a Political Community in Metropolitan Lagos, Manchester University Press for the International African Institute, 1986, pp.261. $128.00 (cloth). Patrick Chabal (ed.), Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power, , pp.211. $33.50 (paper). Preston King, An African Winter, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1986, pp.249. $9.95 (paper). John Sender and Sheila Smith, The Development of Capitalism in Africa, London, Methuen, 1986, pp.177. $27.95 (paper). Robert Williams, Political Corruption in Africa, Aldershot, Gower, 1987, pp.145. £18.50 (cloth).
Choosing Futures: Influence of Ethnic Origin in University Choice.

This paper aims to determine the role of ethnic origin on university application among Leicester college students. The approach takes the form of a quantitative survey of 427 students in sixth form colleges in Leicester. Five distinct motivational factors were derived from a survey of 427 sixth form college students in Leicester (UK). For all ethnic groups, the student's career is the most important motivating factor; the other motivators are, however, more varied. The influence of the family was most important among Pakistani and African students. Indian and “other” Asian students were most strongly associated with academic and social motivators. White applicants, on the other hand, had no relative strengths with regard to common motivators. What was perhaps more apparent was how unimportant family was on influencing choice. There were also differences between the ethnic groups and the university type applied for. While Afro‐Caribbeans had 100 per cent acc...
Determination of Variables Which Affect National Competition in Textile Clothing Industry in Turkey Regarding Supply, Production and Logistic Activities

The effective implementation of supply chain and logistics management brings in significant advantages in terms of competition for the enterprises in recent years. With the effective management of the logistics processes, the value created in supply chain is being increased. The meaning of this value, while making profit for the service offering party, is to receive the lowest price and get the expected service in the customer side. Also, textile-garment sector is the leading sector in our country and, it has the highest employment rate among industries. This situation has increased the importance of competition and production techniques in the industry. Especially textile-garment industry presents itself as an area worth observing in this regard. The purpose of this study is to identify the variables that affect the national competition in the textile-garment industry regarding the supply, production and logistics activities. The study was conducted on the textile-garment enterprises connected to the Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey (TOBB), which is active in the last quarter of 2012. In the study, competitiveness evaluated in the textile-garment industry by determining activities like supply, production and logistics. In the light of the statistical analysis some variables which determine the competition at the national level in the textile-garment industry are reached.
Energy storage BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3 bilayer relaxor ferroelectric ceramic thick films with high discharging efficiency and fatigue resistance

Excellent electric energy discharging efficiency and fatigue resistance are two critical factors in high energy storage capacitor for electronic device and high-power system with fast charging-discharging speed. Here, we report on designing and preparing the thick films of BaZr 0.2 Ti 0.8 O 3 (BZT20) bilayer ceramics (BLCs) (∼40 μm in thickness) using a tape casting method. In this ABO 3 -structured perovskite ceramics, the B position of Ti was occupied by 20 mol% Zr atoms, which leads to order-disordering and random fields in the single phase with both the tetragonal (space group P 4 mm ) and rhombohedral (space group m-3m). And therefore, the relaxors possess a heterogeneous polar state at the nanoscale and their long-range domains are disrupted. Consequently, a non-hysteretic arc-shaped unipolar polarization-electric frield loop (P-E loop) in which the curve obtained under a considerable high electric field of 80 MV m −1 and the curve under depolarization are overlaped. As such, a large energy storage density (U e ) of ∼6.2 J cm −3 with the discharging efficiency of ∼98% and a considerable fatigue resistance over 22 k cycles at a wide temperature range from 253 to 393 K (−20 °C–120 °C) are obtained. The attractive electric performance of this BLCs films demonstrates that this sort of relaxor ceramics is one of promising materials for capacitors with little calorigenic electronic power areas.
Aristotle and the Value of Political Participation

What value should we place on political activity? Is it intrinsically valuable, engaged in for its own sake as part of the good life, as essential to complete development as a human being? Is it, on the other hand, an evil to be avoided at all costs or at best engaged in as a necessary means toward other, nonpolitical goals? Where did Aristotle stand on this issue? He is often seen as supporting the view that politics and political activity belong to the good life itself. This appears implicit, for example, is his doctrine that man is a political animal, in his concept of political rule as the alternation of ruling and being ruled among equals, and in his definition of citizenship as having a share in deliberative and judicial office.' On the other hand, there are parts of Aristotle that appear to support withdrawal from politics or at least reluctant participation. In both Ethics, he argues for the supremacy of philosophical contemplation and clearly prefers the life of the philosopher over the life of the statesman, arguments that are repeated in the Politics. Leisure, not political activity, is the ethical goal to be pursued by his ideal state. If someone of outstanding ability appears, the virtuous citizen will willingly surrender power to him, without, it appears, any loss of virtue or  As we shall see, neither of these interpretations is wholly sustainable, and each, as Aristotle himself might have said, has something to contribute to the truth. Aristotle does not reject the whole of ethical and political life in favor of philosophy; but neither is he a wholehearted advocate of political participation as essential for happiness.