nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum criticality and black holes.

Many condensed matter experiments explore the finite temperature dynamics of systems near quantum critical points. Often, there are no well-defined quasiparticle excitations, and so quantum kinetic equations do not describe the transport properties completely. The theory shows that the transport coefficients are not proportional to a mean free scattering time (as is the case in the Boltzmann theory of quasiparticles), but are completely determined by the absolute temperature and by equilibrium thermodynamic observables. Recently, explicit solutions of this quantum critical dynamics have become possible via the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory duality discovered in string theory. This shows that the quantum critical theory provides a holographic description of the quantum theory of black holes in a negatively curved anti-de Sitter space, and relates its transport coefficients to properties of the Hawking radiation from the black hole. We review how insights from this connection have led to new results for experimental systems: (i) the vicinity of the superfluid-insulator transition in the presence of an applied magnetic field, and its possible application to measurements of the Nernst effect in the cuprates, (ii) the magnetohydrodynamics of the plasma of Dirac electrons in graphene and the prediction of a hydrodynamic cyclotron resonance.
Bringing personalized ties back in: Their added value for Biotech entrepreneurs and venture capitalists in inter-organizational networks

Using a unique data set collected in France among biotech entrepreneurs and their venture capital investors (VCs), we measure the added value of personal relationships at the interorganizational level. Our analyses show that when two entrepreneurs share a personal collaboration tie or a personal friendship tie with a VC investor, the probability of having an advice tie and thus exchange tacit knowledge increases significantly. We confirm the importance of this kind of social embeddedness in the biotech industry where personalized ties––as opposed to institutional and contractual relationships––at the interorganizational level had not yet been examined systematically. Our results suggest that strategies of personalization of exchanges are vital for interorganizational learning. These strategies help entrepreneurs to access resources, participate in knowledge building, and co-orientate activities in this sector.
Origin of the three-body parameter universality in Efimov physics.

In recent years extensive theoretical and experimental studies of universal few-body physics have advanced our understanding of universal Efimov physics. Whereas theory had been the driving force behind our understanding of Efimov physics for decades, recent experiments have contributed an unexpected discovery. Specifically, measurements have found that the so-called three-body parameter determining several properties of the system is universal, even though fundamental assumptions in the theory of the Efimov effect suggest that it should be a variable property that depends on the precise details of the short-range two- and three-body interactions. The present Letter resolves this apparent contradiction by elucidating previously unanticipated implications of the two-body interactions. Our study shows that the three-body parameter universality emerges because a universal effective barrier in the three-body potentials prevents the three particles from simultaneously getting close together. Our results also show limitations on this universality, as it is more likely to occur for neutral atoms but less likely to extend to light nuclei.
How Important is Human Capital for Development? Evidence From Immigrant Earnings

This paper offers new evidence on the sources of cross-country income differences. It exploits the idea that observing immigrant workers from different countries in the same labor market provides an opportunity to estimate their human capital endowments. These estimates suggest that human and physical capital account for only a fraction of cross-country income differences. For countries below 40 percent of U.S. output per worker, less than half of the output gap relative to the U.S. is attributed to human and physical capital.
Differential recursion

We present a redevelopment of the theory of real-valued recursive functions that was introduced by C. Moore in 1996 by analogy with the standard formulation of the integer-valued recursive functions. While his work opened a new line of research on analog computation, the original paper contained some technical inaccuracies. We discuss possible attempts to remove the ambiguity in the behavior of the operators on partial functions, with a focus on his “primitive recursive” functions generated by the differential recursion operator that solves initial value problems. Under a reasonable reformulation, the functions in this class are shown to be analytic and computable in a strong sense in computable analysis. Despite this well-behavedness, the class turns out to be too big to have the originally purported relation to differentially algebraic functions, and hence to C. E. Shannon's model of analog computation.
Advanced electric powertrain technology: ADEPT platform overview

Design of high performance, low cost and clean propulsion systems requires multiple disciplines such as physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and specialisms like control engineering and safety. This paper details the program of EU FP7 Multi-ITN project ADvanced Electric Powertrain Technology (ADEPT) and presents a review of current research achievements of the recruited fellows. The ADEPT programme will provide a virtual research lab community from labs of European universities and industries. After finishing the ADEPT project, the know-how and expertise will also be opened to other research organizations or industry beyond those involved in the project. Special attention in this paper is given to ADEPT Virtual Library - collection of component level, sub-system level and system level components produced and maintained by the ADEPT Consortium. Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) standard for model exchange and simulation is described and its connection with the ADEPT project is established.
Resale and Collusion in A Dynamic Market for Semidurable Goods

The paper studies the incentives to form collusive agreements when goods can be traded in second-hand markets. It will be shown that such incentives crucially depend on the rate of depreciation of the durable good and on consumer heterogeneity. The main contribution of the paper shows that an active second-hand market may strengthen the incentives to collude, as do policies that affect the functioning of the second-hand market (e.g., leasing policy and buy-back). It will also be argued that the oligopoly incentives to adopt strategies that strengthen collusion often differ from the monopoly incentives to increase profits.
Markets, business models and growth of the firm.

The business press is full of examples of how firms use business models to identify and frame or resha pe new markets. Yet to-date our understanding of how busi ness models affect market-making has not received much consideration by the marketing literature. This pa pers sets out to explore the use of business models in market-making through an assimilation of the business model and market-making literatures and the examination of an illustrative case heralded in the media as the ‘way forward for market making’ ‐ Nintendo. The paper concludes by considering the implications of business models as a tool for market-making and its implications for the way we think about the growth of the firm.
On the Origin of Phyla

Owing its inspiration and title to "On the Origin of Species", James W. Valentine's ambitious book synthesizes and applies the vast treasury of phyla theory and research collected in the century and a half since Darwin's time. By investigating the origins of life's diversity, Valentine unlocks the mystery of the origin of phyla. One of the twentieth century's most distinguished paleobiologists, Valentine here integrates data from molecular genetics, evolutionary developmental biology, embryology, comparative morphology, and paleontology into an analysis of interest to scholars from any of these fields. He begins by examining the sorts of evidence that can be gleaned from fossils, molecules, and morphology, then reviews and compares the basic morphology and development of animal phyla, emphasizing the important design elements found in the body plans of both living and extinct phyla. Finally, Valentine undertakes the monumental task of developing models to explain the origin and early diversification of animal phyla, as well as their later evolutionary patterns.
Circulation du capital et explication du changement économique chez Marschak, Frisch et Leontief [Capital Circulation and the Explanation of Economic Change by Marschak, Frisch and Leontief]

We analyze a series of macroeconometric models developed in the years of high theory by Marschak, Frisch and Leontief. These models share an explanation of growth, cycles and fluctuations (“economic change”) based on the analysis of the circulation of capital goods among producers. They disaggregate the macroeconomic production function so as to introduce multiple producers and capital goods. We show that these models offer two main explanations of economic change: one is based on the spread of technological change through the producers’ exchanges network; the other is based on the coordination problems between producers in the capital circulation process.
Reaction synthesis of Ni-Al-based particle composite coatings

Electrodeposited metal matrix/metal particle composite (EMMC) coatings were produced with a nickel matrix and aluminum particles. By optimizing the process parameters, coatings were deposited with 20 vol pct aluminum particles. Coating morphology and composition were characterized using light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was employed to study reactive phase formation. The effect of heat treatment on coating phase formation was studied in the temperature range 415 °C to 1000 °C. Long-time exposure at low temperature results in the formation of several intermetallic phases at the Ni matrix/Al particle interfaces and concentrically around the original Al particles. Upon heating to the 500 °C to 600 °C range, the aluminum particles react with the nickel matrix to form NiAl islands within the Ni matrix. When exposed to higher temperatures (600 °C to 1000 °C), diffusional reaction between NiAl and nickel produces (γ′)Ni3Al. The final equilibrium microstructure consists of blocks of (γ′)Ni3Al in a γ(Ni) solid solution matrix, with small pores also present. Pore formation is explained based on local density changes during intermetallic phase formation, and microstructural development is discussed with reference to reaction synthesis of bulk nickel aluminides.
The mental health clinician in the affluent public school setting

This article explores problems and pitfalls confronting the mental health clinician working within a highly affluent public school setting. The special resources which affluent families bring to the assessment and treatment process are noted. Coping styles specific to very affluent and educated families are discussed which are brought into play in response to school dysfunction in a member and which can prove problematic for alliance building and effective intervention. Countertransference responses are discussed that relate to the particular status of the mental health clinician working as a member of the school staff with a wealthy client population. Bases for enhancing effectiveness are discussed, including recognition and management of countertransferance issues.
Self-Assembly of Semiconducting Polymers and Fullerenes for Photovoltaic Applications

In this thesis we present methodologies for control and characterization of nanoscale film morphology and self-assembly in systems containing semiconducting polymers and fullerenes for use in photovoltaic devices. These materials are of interest to the photovoltaic community due to their facile processing and relative low cost. Organic photovoltaics consist of a photo- absorbing electron-donating polymer and an electron-accepting fullerene, upon exposure to light an electron-hole pair (excition) is formed. This exciton can travel 10-20 nm before if finds a polymer-fullerene interface or it will recombine. Due to this small exciton diffusion length, the study of the nanoscale morphology is pivotal in understanding and improving device properties.Here we first explore how the crystallinity of different molecular components of a blended film affects device performance. Using grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), we find that different device fabrication techniques are optimized by polymers with different crystallinities. Additionally we studied all-polymer solar films through GIWAXS, which shows that these blends are approximately an addition of the two polymers; however, shifts of the polymer peaks elucidated how the polymers are mixing. To further these X-ray studies we used time-resolved microwave conductivity to study the local mobilities of fullerenes.In the second half of this thesis, we examine a hydrogel network formed from a charged amphiphilic polymer, poly(fluorene-alt-thiophene) (PFT). This polymer self-assembles into rod- like structures in water and also shows improved conductivity in dried films due to its assembled structure. Here we use small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and TEM to confirm the nanoscale rod-like assembly, and employ rheology to study how the three dimensional network is held together. Finally, we examine photophysical changes upon the addition of a water-soluble fullerene, C60-N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium iodide, to PFT, as a step towards water-processable organic solar cells. Photoexcitation of aqueous assemblies of cationic polymers and fullerenes result in the formation of free charge carriers (polarons). These separated charge carriers are stable for days to weeks, which is unprecedented in polymer/fullerene assemblies. We have shown that through these fundamental studies of device architectures and intelligent molecular design, self-assembly has the power to provide a pathway towards improved photovoltaic device properties.
Active Technology as an Efficient Approach to Control DiffServ Networks: The DACA Architecture

The objective of this work is to propose an architectural solution to achieve an efficient, distributed control and management of DiffServ enabled networks. DiffServ offers a scalable QoS provisioning solution but it introduces a certain amount of complexity in terms of management and control. The proposed solution is an alternative to the client/server policy-based approach put forward by the IETF, which assumes that complete predefined instrumentation is already implemented in DiffServ nodes. In this work, we suppose that DiffServ nodes offer an API with a minimum number of control functions. Based on this assumption, the proposed solution introduces a new control architecture to configure and control these nodes in a customized and flexible manner.
A localic theory of lower and upper integrals

An account of lower and upper integration is given. It is constructive in the sense of geometric logic. If the integrand takes its values in the nonnegative lower reals, then its lower integral with respect to a valuation is a lower real. If the integrand takes its values in the non-negative upper reals, then its upper integral with respect to a covaluation and with domain of integration bounded by a compact subspace is an upper real. Spaces of valuations and of covaluations are deflned. Riemann and Choquet integrals can be calculated in terms of these lower and upper integrals.
Extracting and Using Electromagnetic Energy from the Active Vacuum

"The first principles of things will never be adequately known. Science is an openended endeavor, it can never be closed. We do science without knowing the first principles. It does in fact not start from first principles, nor from the end principles, but from the middle. We not only change theories, but also the concepts and entities themselves, and what questions to ask. The foundations of science must be continuously examined and modified; it will always be full of mysteries and surprises."
Adsorption of aromatic carboxylate ions to black carbon (biochar) is accompanied by proton exchange with water.

We examined the adsorption of the allelopathic aromatic acids (AA), cinnamic and coumaric, to different charcoals (biochars) as part of a study on bioavailability of natural signaling chemicals in soil. Sorption isotherms in pH 7 buffer, where the AAs are >99% dissociated, are highly nonlinear, give distribution ratios as high as 10(4.8) L/kg, and are insensitive to Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). In unbuffered media, sorption becomes progressively suppressed with loading and is accompanied by release of OH(-) with a stoichiometry approaching 1 at low concentrations, declining to about 0.4-0.5 as the pH rises. Sorption of cinnamate on graphite as a model for charcoal was roughly comparable on a surface area basis, but released negligible OH(-). A novel scheme is proposed that explains the pH dependence of adsorption and OH(-) stoichiometry and the graphite results. In a key step, AA(-) undergoes proton exchange with water. To overcome the unfavorable proton exchange free energy, we suggest AA engages in a type of hydrogen bond recognized to be of unusual strength with a surface carboxylate or phenolate group having a comparable pK(a). This bond is depicted as [RCO(2)···H···O-surf](-). The same is possible for AA(-), but results in increased surface charge. The proton exchange pathway appears open to other weak acid adsorbates, including humic substances, on carbonaceous materials.
Towards a More Flexible Timing Definition Language

Time-triggered languages permit to model real-time system temporal behavior by assigning system activities to the particular time instants. At these precise instants system observes the controlled object and, depending on the analysis of its state, invokes the appropriate actions. This fine-grained control of system temporal evolution enables value and time deterministic programming. Up-to-date time-triggered frameworks allow to model multi-modal and multi-modular real-time systems. However, their timing verification imposes some constraints on the computational task model and system reactivity. By adapting scheduling analysis techniques based on the processor demand instead of processor utilization factor, these limitations can be overcome and a more flexible framework may be proposed.
Theoretical studies on the electronic structure and optical absorption property of (Ni, C) co-doped anatase TiO2

Reducing the band gap of TiO 2 has a great potential in solar energy application. Among them, doping is a very effective method. We systematically study C/Ni mono-doped and (Ni, C) co-doped anatase TiO 2 , using density functional calculations. We first optimize the geometric structures with pseudopotential plane wave approach. Then on the optimized structure, we perform band-structure calculations with HSE06 hybrid functional calculation on the frame of Gaussian type of orbital. Therefore, we can obtain accurate band gaps close to experimental values if they exist at lower computation cost. Among three doped models, the Ni single doped model has the lowest impurity formation energy under reduction condition. Compared with the single doped models, (Ni, C) co-doped titanium dioxide has the smallest direct band gap, and the absorption band edge shows an apparent bigger red-shift. Through calculating the optical absorption spectra of several doped models in the visible light region (400–760 nm), (Ni, C) co-doped model can absorb much more visible light. Thus it has a much higher photocatalytic activity.
Current Perspectives on Transport Medicine in Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowships.

Transport medicine (TM) is a Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM) Core Competency and part of the proposed PHM fellowship curricular framework. No published TM curricula are available. This cross-sectional study was designed to determine attitudes toward TM training among PHM fellowship stakeholders and conduct a TM curriculum needs assessment. Unique, web-based, anonymous surveys for PHM fellows, graduates, and program directors (PDs) were administered, with response rates of 57%, 37%, and 44%, respectively. Fellows' interest in completing a TM rotation is greater than their perceived interest by PDs (P = .06). Graduates who completed a TM rotation were more likely to recommend a TM rotation than those who did not (P = .001). Perceived barriers included lack of a formal TM curriculum and time constraints. Stabilizing patients and triage of referrals were deemed important learning objectives, and active learning strategies were prioritized. Curriculum design should focus on topics specific to the transport process and environment.
Formal Specification and Design of Mobile Systems

Termination detection, a classical problem in distributed computing, is revisited in the new setting provided by the emerging mobile computing technology. A simple solution tailored for use in ad hoc networks is employed as a vehicle for demonstrating the applicability of formal requirements and design strategies to the new field of mobile computing. The approach is based on well understood techniques in specification refinement, but the methodology is tailored to mobile applications and helps designers address novel concerns such as the mobility of hosts, transient interactions, and specific coordination constructs. The proof logic and programming notation of Mobile UNITY provide the intellectual tools required to carry out this task.
Comment on the article "Distilling free-form natural laws from experimental data"

In the article "Distilling free-form natural laws from experimental data", Schmidt and Lipson introduced the idea that free-form natural laws can be learned from experimental measurements in a physical system using symbolic (genetic) regression algorithms. An important claim in this work is that the algorithm finds laws in data without having incorporated any prior knowledge of physics. Upon close inspection, however, we show that their method implicitly incorporates Hamilton's equations of motions and Newton's second law, demystifying how they are able to find Hamiltonians and special classes of Lagrangians from data.