nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of corporate antitakeover provisions on long-term investment: empirical evidence

This paper's empirical results indicate that the average effect of antitakeover provisions on subsequent long-term investment is negative. The interpretation of these results depends on whether one thinks that there was too much, too little, or just the right amount of long-term investment prior to the antitakeover provision adoption. We use agency theory to devise more refined empirical test of the effects of antitakeover provision adoptions by managers in firms with different incentive and monitoring structures. Governance variables (e.g., percentage of outsiders on corporate boards, and separate CEO/Chairperson positions) have an insignificant impact on subsequent long-term investment behavior. However, consistent with agency theory predictions, managers in firms with better economic incentives (higher insider ownership) tend to cut subsequent long-term investment less than managers in firms with less incentive alignment. Furthermore, managers in firms with greater external monitoring (due to higher institutional ownership) also tend to cut subsequent long-term investment less than managers in firms with less external monitoring. Thus, the decrease in subsequent long-term investment is significantly less for firms where the managers have greater incentives to act in shareholders' interests. Finally, there are interesting effects of the control variables. First, high book equity/market equity firms cut total long-term investment more. Second, firms that were takeover targets or rumored to be takeover targets cut long-term investment more. These results suggest that inefficient firms cut long-term investment more when an antitakeover provision is adopted.
THE C OVENANT IN U LRICH H UBER 'S E NLIGHTENED T HEOLOGY , J URISPRUDENCE AND POLITICAL T HEORY

In this article the 17 th -century Dutch theorist, Ulrich Huber’s contribution to the concept of the covenant is unveiled. This takes place against the background of the more prominent insights regarding the covenant in 16 th and 17 th -century Western political thought, namely the idea of the Biblical covenant (with the emphasis on the conditional nature of God’s law), and the secular social contract theories stemming from the early Enlightenment. This investigation gains value in its emphasis on the prominence of the covenant regarding the inextricably linked disciplines of theology, jurisprudence and political theory; as well as its revitalisation of the complicated nature of the covenant. What also comes to the fore is the role of pre-liberalism in the evolution of the classic law of nature and social contractarianism in the early classical development of political theory.
Writing manhood in black and yellow : Ralph Ellison, Frank Chin, and the literary politics of identity

Table of Contents @toc4:Preface iii @toc2:Introduction 1 Chapter One Invisible Desires: Homoerotic Racism and its Homophobic Critique in Invisible Man xxx Chapter Two Blueprints for Negro Manhood: Ellison and the Vernacular xxx Chapter Three The Legacy of Fu Manchu: Orientalist Desire and the Figure of the Asian "Homosexual xxx Chapter Four "Shells of the Dead": The Melancholy of Masculine Desire xxx Chapter Five The Fantasy of A Yellow Vernacular: Mimetic Hunger and The "Chameleon Chinaman" xxx Coda xxx @toc4:Notes Index
New Regularities Discovered in Properties of Boranes with Different Number of Electrons and Degree of Their Localization. Dicarboranes

New regularities were established for the properties of dicarboranes and their anions depending on the number of electrons and electronegativities of substituents. The property changes are quantitatively related to the degree of localization of the electron density on chemical bonds, such localization being determined by the energetics of the molecule. The conclusions made are based on the results of quantum-chemical calculations using the structural thermodynamic model.
Gearing Up for the Next Industrial Revolution: 3D Printing, Home-Based Factories, and Modes of Social Control

While former industrial factories are being converted into modern living spaces in cities across the country, residential homes are being converted into modern factories thanks to advances in three-dimensional (“3D”) printing technology, an emerging “Maker Movement,” and the rise of online marketplaces like Etsy. Despite growing environmental, child-labor, and safety concerns, these “homebased factories” are largely unregulated. In the absence of traditional workplace protections, how can we gear up for the “next industrial revolution” while guarding against the sweatshop conditions of the last? How can we harness the Maker Movement’s commitment to do-it-yourself democracy in order to combat abuses by potential “corporate makers”? This Article analyzes the effectiveness of individual and collective “modes of social control” (e.g., law, ethical precepts, self regulation, affinity groups, vigilant and effective media, and direct action) in creating and sustaining just workplaces in an age of 3D printing and home-based factories.
Tunneling—Percolation behavior of graphene-encapsulated whiskers as electroconductive fillers for ceramics

A direct single-step catalyst-free CVD technique has been used for producing alumina nano-whiskers covered by a few layers of defective graphene. The hybrid whiskers have been then exploited as electroconductive fillers to oxide ceramics. The electrically conductive additives do not substantially change the mechanical properties. However, the resistivity of the composites undergoes a considerable drop turning the dielectric oxides into conductive composites by addition of 2 vol% of fillers. Three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation of systems of polydisperse prolate ellipsoids, using the critical path based tunneling-percolation model, has been exploiting for estimation of a tunnelling length-scale. The value of percolation threshold is found to be 2.23 nm for the materials under consideration, with is in a good agreement with experimental data.
Sociological Research on the Economic Myths of Housing

Economic perspectives dominate the formulation of housing policies and programs. Although sociologists have little to offer with regard to some economic justifications for government housing policy, there are many questionable assumptions about means-end relationships involving behavioral patterns that sociologists are especially equipped to study. Part I explores questionable economic assumptions pertaining to the institutional structure of credit and fiscal arrangements, the effects of housing on urban growth and the efficiency of cities, the sociopolitical consequences of housing, and the effects housing has on its residents. Research on these issues gives little support for placing a high priority on government investments in this sector of the economy. Two related features of American housing programs are examined in Part II: shelter-to-income ratios and the effects that tax deductions have on the tenure decisions of residents. Research needs and policy implications are outlined.
An effective Procedure for Speeding up Algorithms

The provably asymptotically fastest algorithm within a factor of 5 for formally described problems will be constructed. The main idea is to enumerate all programs provably equivalent to the original problem by enumerating all proofs. The algorithm could be interpreted as a generalization and improvement of Levin search, which is, within a multiplicative constant, the fastest algorithm for inverting functions. Blum's speed-up theorem is avoided by taking into account only programs for which a correctness proof exists. Furthermore, it is shown that the fastest program that computes a certain function is also one of the shortest programs provably computing this function. To quantify this statement, the definition of Kolmogorov complexity is extended, and two new natural measures for the complexity of a function are defined.
Comment on "Model of saturated lithium ammonia as a single-component liquid metal" [J. Chem. Phys. 124, 074702 (2006)].

We demonstrate in this Comment that the theory of simple metals applied to the saturated Li-NH3 solution in the titled paper [U. Pinsook and S. Hannongbua,  (2006)] should account for the peculiarities of the solution, namely, the high solvent polarizability and different energy scales for ion-ion and electron-electron interactions. Calculations not taking into account these peculiarities contradict the experimental phase diagram of the Li-NH3 solution.
Teaching Approach for Autism Students: A Case in Malaysia

Children with Autism are isolated in their own nature, not because they are visually or hearing impaired but because of the difficulty of understanding what is happening around them. Pupils’ background of Autism disorders as expressed in terms of delayed language development, communication, social interaction and behavior have created problems for teachers when implementing the teaching and learning process in the classroom. This paper presents the findings of a case study conducted in Malaysia to identify teaching approaches applied by the teachers during the process of teaching pupils with Autism. This study was carried out by interviews with two teachers who teach Autism students in Special Education classes and a teacher who teaches Autism students in an Inclusive classroom. All respondents were selected based on criteria of already having more than five years teaching experience and a history of outstanding teacher awards over their service. Verbatim interview data are further supported by the observation data and document analysis. This study has demonstrated impressive results in which teachers are always trying to reach out and attract the attention of students with autism to focus on the classroom teaching by using the elements of love and profound concern. The study also found that patience was apparent in the teachers and exhibited at a high level on a continuous basis during teaching sessions; this was seen to alter some Autism students’ negative behavior to a more positive behavior.
The Demand for Social Insurance: Does Culture Matter?

Can different social groups develop different demands for social insurance of risks to health and work? We study this issue across language groups in Switzerland. Language defines social groups and Swiss language groups are separated by a clear geographic border. Actual levels of social insurance are identical on either side of the within state segments of the language border. We can therefore study the role of culture in shaping the demand for social insurance. Specifically, we contrast at the language border actual voting decisions on country-wide changes to social insurance programs. Key results indicate substantially higher support for expansions of social insurance among residents of Latin-speaking (i.e. French, Italian, or Romansh) border municipalities compared to their German-speaking neighbors in adjacent municipalities. We consider three possible explanations for this finding: informal insurance, ideology, and the media. We find that informal insurance does not vary enough to explain stark differences in social insurance. However, differences in ideology and segmented media markets are potentially important explanatory factors.
System and method for interpreting and analyzing dynamic characteristics of the current state of tasks performed

FIELD: information technology.  invention relates to means for analyzing dynamic characteristics of parallel programs and supercomputers. System contains a set of computational nodes of a supercomputer, each of which is equipped with a monitoring system (CM), a task flow control system (SOUP), information processing server, including a module for data aggregation from monitoring systems of each computing node, a data analysis module from the task flow control system of each computing node, as well as a data storage unit, a tool for visualizing the results of processing. At the same time, SM means include sensors of system monitoring that provide information on the status and degree of use of available resources from each of the available monitoring systems, MEMS facilities are designed to obtain information about the status of tasks, their distribution by nodes and the nature of resource use at compute nodes. Method describes system operation.  technical result consists in increasing efficiency of supercomputer by analyzing current state of problem being solved. 11 cl, 7 dwg, 1 tbl, 1 ex
Bundling in Telecommunications

The paper offers an overview of the literature on bundling in the telecommunications sector and its application in the Spanish market. We argue that the use of bundling in the provision of services is associated to technological reasons. Therefore, there appears no need to regulate bundling activities. However, this is not to say that other related telecom markets should not be scrutinized and regulated, or that the regulator should not pay attention to other bundling-related anticompetitive practices.
The role of sex-specific results reporting in cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of death among women worldwide. In the United States, more women than men die of CVD every year. Research has shown that there are important sex differences in terms of prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in patients with CVD. Although women are being included in clinical trials in increasing numbers, lack of knowledge about sex differences persists because sex-specific analysis and reporting of sex-specific results remains limited. This knowledge gap limits the ability of health care professionals to provide optimal care for both women and men. Ongoing support and encouragement is needed for both the inclusion of sufficient numbers of women in clinical trials and for the reporting of sex-specific results of CVD trials. This increased knowledge and awareness can then be used to optimize high quality care for men and women.
The Question of Habit in Theology and Philosophy: From Hexis to Plasticity

This article examines medieval and early modern theologies of habit (those of Augustine, Aquinas and Luther), and traces a theme of appropriation through the discourse on habit and grace. It is argued that the question of habit is central to theological debates about human freedom, and about the nature of the God-relationship. Continuities are then highlighted with modern philosophical accounts of habit, in particular those of Ravaisson and Hegel. The article ends by considering some of the philosophical and political implications of the preceding analysis of habit.
Magma in forearcs: implication for ophiolite generation

Forearc areas (“non-volcanic” arcs) of contemporary island arcs at convergent plate boundaries contain magmatic rocks. Geological evidence, seismic profiles, heat flow data, density considerations and petrological and geochemical arguments suggest that a forearc tholeiitic association (FAT) (containing high-Mg calc-alkaline andesites) is present in “non-volcanic” arcs at some stage of island-arc development. The fractionated, as well as primitive magma, is unable to penetrate low-density sediments and underplates thick piles of unconsolidated accreting rocks. The underplating causes upwelling. The occurrence of magma in forearcs provides an alternative interpretation for the tectonic setting of some ophiolitic masses. Rather than “ocean-ridge formation” and later “obduction” it offers an autochthonous (island-arc bound and geologically-substantiated) interpretation for the ophiolite suite.
Tectonically versus climatically driven Cenozoic exhumation of the Eurasian plate margin, Svalbard: Fission track analyses

Apatite and zircon fission track (FT) thermochronology, as well as regional geologic data, are used to assess the tectonic and climatic mechanisms responsible for exhumation of Svalbard during the last 70 million years. Four stratigraphic profiles in the Paleogene Central basin spanning ∼0.6–1.1 km vertical relief yield apatite FT ages ranging from 28.3 ± 2.3 Ma to 41.8 ± 3.7 Ma, with a mean age of ∼36 Ma and no apparent vertical trend. Apatite ages from the Paleogene Forlandsundet and Kongsfjorden basins and the Late Cretaceous-Tertiary Svalbard Orogen range from 26.8 ± 3.7 to 55.7 ± 4.7 Ma, with Kongsfjorden data suggesting cooling earlier than the Central basin. Although 10 detrital zircon samples were analyzed from both the Forlandsundet and Central basins, only one sample (from the basal Paleogene deposits in the northwesternmost Forlandsundet basin) had a reset age of 42.4 ± 1.8 Ma. Nonreset detrital zircons elsewhere retain Caledonian and Proterozoic detrital ages. Thermal-history models derived from apatite track-length distributions of six Central and Kongsfjorden basin samples indicate a strikingly consistent five-phase thermal history. Initial uplift of sediment sources to the north and west is recorded as a 70–50 Ma cooling signature. Following deposition from 63 to 49 Ma, the samples were heated until ∼35 Ma, probably as the result of continued sediment burial. This basin filling coincided with a dextral continental transform connecting spreading ridges in the Arctic and Norwegian-Greenland oceanic basins. The thermal models are consistent with ∼40°–50°C of cooling from ∼35 to 25 Ma. This cooling, which is consistent with deposition patterns both onshore and offshore, appears to be the result of rift-related uplift and erosion as the Atlantic spreading ridge propagated northward to separate Greenland from Svalbard. Track-length models are consistent with thermal stasis from ∼25 Ma to 5 Ma, despite sedimentation in offshore Miocene basins suggesting that continued erosion was occurring. We suggest that an increase in the geothermal gradient (by the “Yermak Hot Spot” and associated onshore volcanism) offset cooling expected at this time as the result of continued erosion. A final rapid post-5 Ma cooling phase of ∼70°C is attributed to ∼2.1 km of erosion in response to intensified glacial denudation. Pliocene-Holocene cooling, which occurred despite a persistently elevated geothermal gradient, is consistent with offshore evidence for first ice cover in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea at 5.5 Ma and a substantially increased sediment flux to continental-slope basins from 5.0 to 0.44 Ma.
THE DEMOGRAPHY OF THE LOW COUNTRIES 1500-1990: FACTS AND FIGURES

THE PRESENT SPECIAL ISSUE OF TIIE CJNS contains essays on economy, history, philosophy, music, painting and sculpture covering almost four cen~es. In examining, as editor, these varied contents, the following questions began to sU8gest themselves: What is actually known of the size and population taking part in the economic and cultural activities described? How was this population divided over the different provinces and regions of the country? And what was the proportion between rural and urban areas? The sources for the following data are derived not only from historical surveys and atlases, but also from travel guides, calendars, journals and newspapers. They are of varied quality, but together they do give a fairly coherent picture. For the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries not many population sources were available. The Southern Netherlands, moreover, could unfortunately not be considered at all. In the past, Randers and Brabant always were more densely populated than Holland. With regard to the East Indies (present­ day Indonesia), most of the available sources cover the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Because of the importance of the East, their inclusion seemed essential. At present, the Netherlands covers an area of 41,864 square kilometers, with a i population of 15.1 million. Before ca. 800 A.D., the Dutch delta was actually larger than it is now. As the result of a series of floods during the Middle Ages, the landmass diminished considerably. The most noteworthy of these inundations was the St. Elisabeth Rood of November 18-19, 1421. In Holland and Zeeland many villages disappeared and the Biesbosch came into existence. As to the Dutch population, until the latter half of the last century it was only a fraction of its present size. Much emphasis has been placed on the study of the Golden Age, ca. 1600-1675. This era covers less than one fifth of the entire period considered in this issue. The economic and artistic flowering as~ociated with the Golden Age took place in a limited geographical area and benefitted a relatively small population (cf. the article by Peter Ford). Around 1500, twenty-nine percent of the Dutch lived in the county (Graajschap) of Holland. By 1650 this percentage had risen to forty-eight. Here less than half of the inhabitants lived in the countryside - even for European standards an unusual degree of urbanization. Holland was very much a region of small and medium-sized towns and villages, with the exception of Amsterdam. The urban centers were surrounded by intensively cultivated agricultural lands, providing food and other crops used in a variety of industries. The indispensable supplies of wheat and wood depended largely on the Baltic and Russian trade. Wood was essential for construction and for the huge shipbuilding industries. It has been generally accepted that during the Golden Age most of the activities in manufacturing, shipbuilding, trade and commerce to the Baltic, the Mediterranean, South
Montmorillonite catalyzed peptide bond formation: The effect of exchangeable cations

The effect of exchangeable cations, namely, alkali and alkaline metal, ammonium and aluminum ions, on montmorillonite (M) catalyzed peptide formation was investigated. Amino acid (AA) dimerization and peptide chain elongation proceed with relatively low yields on macroscopically swelling montmorillonites (Li-, Na-M) due to redistribution and insufficient concentration of reactant molecules on the clay surface. Cyclic anhydride (CA) formation, proceeding by monomolecular mechanism, is primarily affected by the accessibility of catalytic sites for dimer activation. Weaker sorbed exchangeable cations do not block catalytic sites, and thus favor CA formation.
Optical and RF transparent protective alumina thin films

Protective alumina thin films of different thicknesses (35–95 nm) were grown by pulsed RF magnetron sputtering technique at room temperature on germanium (Ge) coated black polyimide or Kapton® substrate which is often employed as sunshield membrane on communications satellite antennas. The thin alumina top layer provides shielding of Ge coating from degradation during storage. The alumina thin film was characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques to investigate microstructural and electronic characteristics. Thermo-optical properties such as IR emittance, solar absorptance, reflectance and transmittance and electrical property e.g. sheet resistance of the deposited alumina films were measured. The RF losses e.g. insertion loss and return loss were measured in both Ku band (10.5–14.5 GHz) and Ka band (27–40 GHz). Finally, to prove anti-degradation behavior of alumina thin film, water droplet spreading experiments were carried out and evaluated its chemical degradation by XPS.