nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reasoning about evolving nonmonotonic knowledge bases

Recently, several approaches to updating knowledge bases modeled as extended logic programs have been introduced, ranging from basic methods to incorporate (sequences of) sets of rules into a logic program, to more elaborate methods which use an update policy for specifying how updates must be incorporated. In this article, we introduce a framework for reasoning about evolving knowledge bases, which are represented as extended logic programs and maintained by an update policy. We first describe a formal model which captures various update approaches, and we define a logical language for expressing properties of evolving knowledge bases. We then investigate semantical and computational properties of our framework, where we focus on properties of knowledge states with respect to the canonical reasoning task of whether a given formula holds in a given evolving knowledge base. In particular, we present finitary characterizations of the evolution for certain classes of framework instances, which can be exploited for obtaining decidability results. In more detail, we characterize the complexity of reasoning for some meaningful classes of evolving knowledge bases, ranging from polynomial to double exponential space complexity.
Bank Lending Incentives and Firm Investment Decisions in China

This study investigates whether and how banks’ lending incentives influence firms’ investment behaviors in China. First, empirical results show that loans granted to politically connected firms are less influenced by those firms’ profitability and tangibility. Second, political connection is a violation factor in debt markets, and our study finds that firms with political ties invest less efficiently than firms without political ties when they can access abnormal debt. Finally, we find that regional development with regard to market development and government quality improvement reduces the negative impact of politically connected lending on firms’ investment efficiency.
Impact of lattice distortions on elastic and thermal behavior of La doped YVO3

The thermodynamic study of vanadates is particularly interesting, as these compounds undergo multiple orbital and magnetic ordering transitions resulting in structural phase transitions as a function of temperature. The elastic and thermal properties have been computed by considering the intriguing temperature dependent structural phase transitions. A detailed investigation of lattice distortions, bulk modulus, cohesive energy and Debye temperature of the doped vanadium compounds Y 1− x La x VO 3 (0 ≤  x  ≤ 1) has been accomplished. The temperature dependence of specific heat (1 K ≤  T  ≤ 300 K) and low temperature thermal expansion is probed over the whole doping range. The results obtained are compared with the earlier experimental data to validate the application of modified rigid ion model to describe elastic and thermal behavior of the La doped YVO 3 .
Stories of Freedom in Black New York

"Stories of Freedom in Black New York" recreates the experience of black New Yorkers as they moved from slavery to freedom. In the early decades of the 19th century, New York City's black community strove to realize what freedom meant, to find a new sense of itself, and, in the process, created a vibrant urban culture. Through exhaustive research, Shane White imaginatively recovers the raucous world of the street, the elegance of the city's African American balls, and the grubbiness of the Police Office. It allows us to obd<"@serve the style of black men and women, to watch their public behaviour, and to hear the cries of black hawkers, the strident music of black parades, and the sly stories of black conmen. Taking centre stage in this story is the African Company, a black theatre troupe that exemplified the new spirit of experimentation that accompanied slavery's demise. For a few short years in the 1820s, a group of black New Yorkers, many of them ex-slaves, challenged pervasive prejudice and performed plays, including Shakespearean productions, before mixed race audiences. Their audacity provoked feelings of excitement and hope among blacks, but often disgust by many whites for whom the theatre's existence epitomized the horrors of emancipation. "Stories of Freedom in Black New York" intertwines black theatre and urban life into a powerful interpretation of what the end of slavery meant for blacks, whites and New York City itself. White's story of the emergence of free black culture offers a unique understanding of emancipation's impact on everyday life, and on the many forms freedom can take.
Factors affecting in-hospital mortality in patients with lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a retrospective study using a national database in Japan

BackgroundBleeding of the lower gastrointestinal tract requires hospitalization and can cause in-hospital death in the most serious cases; however, only a few studies have evaluated in-hospital death from bleeding of the lower gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the in-hospital mortality of patients with bleeding of the lower gastrointestinal tract and elucidate the factors associated with it using a large-scale database.MethodsWe analyzed a nationwide database in Japan retrospectively. From the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we extracted data on patients who were admitted with visible blood in stool between July 1, 2010 and March 31, 2012. We assessed age, sex, comorbidity, cause of bleeding, type of hospital, medications, body mass index (BMI), and need for blood transfusion and treatments. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine factors associated with blood transfusion and in-hospital death. total of 30,846 patients were identified. The median age was 74 years, and 52.0 % of patients were male. A total of 782 patients died in hospital (2.5 %), and 8,060 patients (26.1 %) needed blood transfusion. In a multivariate analysis, in-hospital death was significantly associated with being older or male; comorbidities, including congestive heart failure, renal disease, and mild to severe liver disease; the cause of bleeding; a nonacademic hospital; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use; lower BMI; and requirements for blood transfusion, interventional radiology, and surgery. Most factors were similarly associated with blood transfusion.ConclusionsIn-hospital mortality was 2.5 % and was associated with age, sex, comorbidities, cause of bleeding, type of hospital, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, BMI, blood transfusion, and requirements for treatments.
What Determines Individual Trade Policy Preferences

This paper provides new evidence on the determinants of individual trade policy preferences using an individual-level data set identifying both stated trade policy preferences and potential trade exposure through several channels for the United States in 1992. There are two main empirical results. First, we find that factor type dominates industry of employment in explaining support for trade barriers. This result is consistent with a Heckscher-Ohlin model of the United States in which the country is well endowed with skilled labor relative to the rest of the world. The result suggests that there is high intersectoral labor mobility in the United States over the time horizons relevant to individuals when evaluating trade policy. Second, we find that home ownership also matters for individuals' trade policy preferences. Independent of factor type, home ownership in counties with a manufacturing mix concentrated in comparative disadvantage industries is strongly correlated with support for trade barriers. This finding suggests that in addition to current factor incomes driving preferences as in standard trade models, in reality preferences also depend on asset values. To the extent that trade policy is like other government policies which affect citizens by changing relative product prices, our findings have implications for how individuals form preferences over a wide range of economic policies.
An investigation into the adoption and implementation of electronic commerce in Saudi Arabian small and medium enterprises

Saudi Arabian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) will face fierce competition from new entrants to local markets as a result of their accession to the Word Trade Organisation (WTO), and electronic commerce (e-commerce) technologies can reinforce SME’s competitive edge. This study investigates the state of e-commerce adoption and analyses the factors that determine the extent to which SMEs in Saudi Arabia are inclined towards deploying e-commerce technologies. This could assist future firms in designing effective implementation projects. Seven SMEs’ e-commerce adoption levels are studied as a case. The Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework was used as the major source of inspiration in our analysis of e-commerce adoption amongst Saudi SMEs. In addition to advancing research on e-commerce in Saudi Arabia, this chapter also highlights several directions for future inquiry and implications for managers and policymakers.
Academic Life And Teaching In Post-Reformation Lutheranism

This chapter presents a history of post-Reformation Lutheran university life and teaching, focusing on the period from Melanchthon's death (1560) to the end of the 17th century. Since many of the patterns that shaped this period originated in a late-medieval shift in university culture, the chapter begins with a look back at these macro-historical trends. While previous efforts to portray early-modern Lutheran university culture have focused either on its material history or its intellectual history, the present approach regards the two as inextricably related and strives toward a more integrative view. The chapter provides both a useful introduction and a fresh perspective on this exciting period of early Lutheran history. As early-modern German societies developed into absolutist states, the politics of confessionalization provided an encompassing cultural context for much of private and public life. academic life; confessionalization; early-modern German societies; post-reformation Lutheranism
Galdós and the art of the European novel, 1867-1887

Benito Perez Galdos (1843-1920) was one of Spain's outstanding novelists and the author of two vast cycles of novels and a number of plays. In this critical study of Galdos in English, Stephen Gilman relates the writer and his work to the nineteenth century novel as a genre and traces his artistic growth during a twenty-year period, from his initial historical fable, La Fontana de Oro, to his masterpiece, Fortunata y Jacinta.Originally published in 1981.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Mistressing Fear: Gothic, Gender and Feminism in Angela Carter’s 'The Magic Toyshop' and Margaret Mahy’s 'The Changeover'

In modern cultural history, the gothic novel has been established as a means of expressing contemporary fears. This is made particularly clear by its depiction of gender conflicts. My thesis explores the dilemma of feminine power in two English-language gothic novels of the late twentieth century. In doing so, a feminist perspective is combined with a postmodern point of view. In postmodernity, one’s biological sex can no longer determine one’s social role. Accordingly, the traditional formula of the ‘villain-hero’ and the ‘persecuted heroine’ is applied ever more self-consciously in postmodern gothic fiction. Hence, these novels anticipate a critique of second-wave feminism which would eventually develop into feminism’s third wave. Despite its subversion, the structure of the classic gothic novel is held up in more recent works of fiction. A future analysis of the implications which these works bring on gender politics would be fruitful.
Galois groups of Schubert problems via homotopy computation

Numerical homotopy continuation of solutions to polynomial equations is the foundation for numerical algebraic geometry, whose development has been driven by applications of mathematics. We use numerical homotopy continuation to investigate the problem in pure mathematics of determining Galois groups in the Schubert calculus. For example, we show by direct computation that the Galois group of the Schubert problem of 3-planes in C^8 meeting 15 fixed 5-planes non-trivially is the full symmetric group S_6006.
Dear Harry/Dear Paul – Selling the Concept of European Art Cinema in the 1960s

Dear Harry/Dear Paul – Selling the Concept of European Art Cinema in the 1960s In a letter written in August 1966 to Harry Schein (1924-2006), head of the Swedish Film Institute, the prominent Hollywood agent Paul Kohner (1902 -1988) asks for advices. He wants to take over the foreign distribution of the leading Swedish film producer Svensk filmindustri (SF), and wants Schein to help him. This letter is picked out from a long-standing correspondence between Schein and Kohner (lasting from 1960 to 1984) on economical matters concerning Swedish cinema in general, especially in relation to the careers of Ingmar Bergman and Ingrid Thulin. The 627 letters exchanged between Schein and Kohner (deposed in the personal archive of Harry Schein) are a source not only to the life and work of ceratin filmmakers and actors. The correspondence can also shed some light on strategies for the promotion of European art cinema in the US in the 1960s. Furthermore, the dialogue between Schein and Kohner represents discourses and attitudes regarding film as an art and as a medium in a time when the different institutions of cinema (criticism, production and governmental subsidies etc.) were changing rapidly.  Film distribution, marketing strategies, national film politics, art cinema, References: Citizen Schein (ed: Lars Ilshammar, Pelle Snickars & Per Vesterlund) (Stockholm: Kungliga biblioteket, 2010) Elsaesser, Thomas, European Cinema: Face to Face With Hollywood (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005) Gomery, Douglas,  A History of Movie Presentation in the United States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992) Kohner, Fredrick, The Magician of Sunset Boulevard: The improbable life of Paul Kohner, Hollywood Agent (Palos Verdes: Morgan Press, 1977) Staiger, Janet, Interpreting Films: Studies in the Reception of American Cinema (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992) Transnational Cinema in a Global North: Nordic Cinema in Transition, ed. Andrew Nestingen & Trevor G. Elkington (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2005)
Milton and the Revolutionary Reader

The English Revolution was a revolution in reading, with over 22,000 pamphlets exploding from the presses between 1640 and 1661. What this phenomenon meant to the political life of the nation is the subject of Sharon Achinstein's book. Considering a wide range of writers, from John Milton, Thomas Hobbes, John Lilburne, John Cleveland, and William Prynne to a host of anonymous scribblers of every political stripe, Achinstein shows how the unprecedented outpouring of opinion in mid-seventeenth-century England created a new class of activist readers and thus helped to bring about a revolution in the form and content of political debate. By giving particular attention to Milton's participation in this burst of publishing, she challenges critics to look at his literary practices as constitutive of the political culture of his age. Traditional accounts of the rise of the political subject have emphasized high political theory. Achinstein seeks instead to picture the political subject from the perspective of the street, where the noisy, scrappy, and always entertaining output of pamphleteers may have had a greater impact on political practice than any work of political theory. As she underscores the rhetorical, literary, and even utopian dimension of these writers' efforts to politicize their readers, Achinstein offers us evidence of the kind of ideological conflict that historians of the period often overlook. A portrait of early modern propaganda, her work recreates the awakening of politicians to the use of the press to influence public opinion.
On the One-Way Function Candidate Proposed by Goldreich

Goldreich [2000] proposed a candidate one-way function based on a bipartite graph of small right-degree d, where the vertices on the left (resp. right) represent input (resp. output) bits of the function. Each output bit is computed by evaluating a fixed d-ary binary predicate on the input bits adjacent to that output bit. We study this function when the predicate is random or depends linearly on many of its input bits. We assume that the graph is a random balanced bipartite graph with right-degree d.
 Inverting this function as a one-way function by definition means finding an element in the preimage of output of this function for a random input. We bound the expected size of this preimage.
 Next, using the preceding bound, we prove that two restricted types of backtracking algorithms called myopic and drunk backtracking algorithms with high probability take exponential time to invert the function, even if we allow the algorithms to use DPLL elimination rules. (For drunk algorithms, a similar result was proved by Itsykson [2010].)
 We also ran a SAT solver on the satisfiability problem equivalent to the problem of inverting the function, and experimentally observed an exponential increase in running time as a function of the input length.
Parent-Child Relationships and Effective Academic Motivation.

Among 233 boys and 300 girls, all teenagers, it was found that traits related to achievement from the Test of Effective Academic Motivation were related to parent-child relationship factors from the Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory. For both sexes, parents who were perceived as being more Acceptant and as using less Hostile Psychological Control tended to have children with higher achievement traits. This was especially true for the traits of Obedient and Law Abiding, Works Hard and Effectively, and Ambitious. For boys, but not for girls, parental Firm Discipline was also associated with these achievement traits. There were no statistically significant differences in the correlations observed between same-sex and opposite-sex parent-child relationships and the achievement related traits.
Модернизация индийской традиции и становление нового религиозно-исторического сознания

The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of modernization of national and historical religious consciousness in India. The analysis of social, political and ideological preconditions to the formation of a new religious concepts of history in India is carried out. There is a comprehensive characteristic of religious and historical conceptions of one the most outstanding representatives of modern Hinduism Sh.A. Ghosh. The author makes a conclusion about a creation of a new national myth during the process of modernization in India.
Antihypertensive prescriptions for newly treated patients before and after the main antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial results and seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure guidel

Main results of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial were published in December 2002. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, published in May 2003, recommended thiazide-type diuretics as initial pharmacological treatment alone or in combination with another drug in most patients with hypertension. To assess changes from before to after these publications, we compared antihypertensive medication prescriptions filled by patients who initiated pharmacological antihypertensive treatment in a large managed care organization during 3 time periods: (1) July 1, 2001, to June 30, 2002 (before these publications; n=1354); (2) July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2004 (to assess short-term changes; n=1542); and (3) July 1, 2004, to June 30, 2005 (to assess extended changes; n=1865). The percentage of patients initiating antihypertensive treatment with a thiazide-type diuretic increased from 30.6% to 39.4% (P<0.001) between 2001-2002 and 2003-2004, and the increase was maintained at 36.5% in 2004-2005 (P<0.001 compared with 2001-2002 and P=0.33 compared with 2003-2004). Among patients without diabetes mellitus, renal disease, a history of myocardial infarction, or heart failure, the percentage initiating pharmacological antihypertensive treatment with a thiazide-type diuretic increased from 33.1% in 2001-2002 to 43.4% in 2003-2004 (P<0.001) and remained increased (41.0%) in 2004-2005 (P<0.001 and P=0.23 compared with 2001-2002 and 2003-2004, respectively). Despite a sustained increase in the use of thiazide-type diuretics, this study indicates that an opportunity exists to increase adherence to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure guidelines.
String breaking in QCD: dual superconductor vs. stochastic vacuum model

Effects of dispersion of the chromoelectric field of the flux tube on the string-breaking distance are studied. The leading-order correction is shown to slightly diminish the result following from the Schwinger formula. Instead, accounting for corrections of all orders might result, at certain values of the Landau-Ginzburg parameter, in an increase of the string-breaking distance up to one order of magnitude. An alternative formula for this distance is obtained when produced pairs are treated as holes in a confining pellicle, which spans over the contour of an external quark-antiquark pair. Generalizations of the obtained results to the cases of small temperatures, as well as temperatures close to the critical one are also discussed.
A Theory of Stability in Many-to-many Matching Markets

We develop a theory of stability in many-to-many matching markets. We give conditions under which the setwise-stable set, a core-like concept, is nonempty and can be approached through an algorithm. The usual core may be empty. The setwise-stable set coincides with the pairwise-stable set, and with the predictions of a non-cooperative bargaining model. The set-wise stable set possesses the canonical conflict/coincidence of interest properties from many-to-one, and one-to-one models. The theory parallels the standard theory of stability for many-to-one, and one-to- one, models. We provide results for a number of core-like solutions, besides the setwise-stable set.
On Blaug Ten Years Later

Ten years on, Professor Blaug has returned to a subject on which his 1999 article, “Misunderstanding Classical Economics: The Sraffian Interpretation of the Surplus Approach,” stirred up lively debate. The subject is, as he puts it, “Sraffian economics,” and his 2009 paper is a “new version of an earlier effort [that] extends and hopefully deepens the argument.” The themes of his criticism of what we may call the “classical revival” opened up by Sraffa remain, however, basically the same: that the revival is defective because of some alleged overall misinterpretation of the classical economists, and of formalism in the presentation and development of the theoretical approach of those economists. If the main themes of criticism remain broadly the same, there is, however, a very important difference in that the reasonably compact analytical argument that supported the 1999 criticism disappears in the 2009 article, with little remaining to support his contention.