nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Membership and Equivalence Problems for Picture Languages

The paper describes two principal results: (1) there is a nondeterministic polynomial-time algorithm to determine whether an arbitrary picture is a member of a context-free picture language and (2) the equivalence problem for regular picture languages is not decidable (not even partially decidable). This solves open questions described in earlier publications. Furthermore, these results are best possible. That is, the membership problem for context-free picture languages was earlier shown to be NP-hard and the complement of the equivalence problem for regular picture languages is easily seen to be partially decidable.
Tuning the Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Manganite Thin Films by Epitaxial Strain

Electrical and magnetic properties of manganites are governed by a delicate balance between several mechanisms such as charge, orbital, and spin ordering superimposed to lattice effect that can cause mesoscopic phase separation. Manganites have generally a rich phase diagram, and their properties are very sensitive to external perturbations (e.g., electrical and magnetic fields, X-ray illumination, hydrostatic pressure, and epitaxial strain), which can cause phase separation at a given temperature. The growing interest in the manganites, in both, bulk and thin film form, is due to their possible device applications and, particularly, the new physics, based on strong electron–electron interaction. The observed peculiarities like colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) and metal to insulator (MI) transitions may serve as examples. In this work, first an overview about the general properties of manganites, important mechanisms controlling phase separation, and some of the key observations about the modification of electrical and magnetic properties by external effects is given. Subsequently, the consequence of epitaxial strain is elaborated in more detail and results regarding the epitaxial La0.5Ca0.5MnO3(LCMO) thin films, grown on planar (100), (111) SrTiO3(STO), (001) SrLaGaO4(SLGO) substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD), are presented.
A note on negative tagging for least fixed-point formulae

We consider proof systems with sequents of the formU |- F for proving validity of a propositional 
modal mu-calculus formula F over a set U of 
states in a given model. Such proof systems usually handle 
fixed-point formulae through unfolding, thus allowing such formulae 
to reappear in a proof. Tagging is a technique originated by Winskel 
for annotating fixed-point formulae with information 
about the proof states at which these are unfolded. This information 
is used later in the proof to avoid unnecessary unfolding, without 
having to investigate the history of the proof. Depending on whether 
tags are used for acceptance or for rejection of a branch in the proof 
tree, we refer to ``positive'' or ``negative'' tagging, respectively. 
In their simplest form, tags consist of the sets U at which 
fixed-point formulae are unfolded. In this paper, we generalise results 
of earlier work by Andersen, Stirling and Winskel which, in the case 
of least fixed-point formulae, are applicable to singleton U sets only.
The micro-politics of identity formation in the workplace: The case of a knowledge intensive firm

SummaryThis essay has been by necessity a gloss of a complex look at the relations of power, control, and personal identity construction in a workplace. Features of the nature of the work process combine with social strategies to construct a reproductive self-referential system. Corporate organizations are central institutions in contemporary life; they make developmental decisions for individuals and for society as a whole. While they are in this sense political to the core, we have not done enough to understand how this politics works or to explore its relation to people in a democratic society. Using a phenomenologically-based communication analysis enables a sensitive analysis of the multiple forms of power and domination as they exist in corporate sites. Although I have given only an outline of one case study here, this example suggests that phenomenologically-based projects can show harmful and unwarranted control, and can be a first step to fostering corporate practices that lead to decisions which are less wasteful of resources and more fully accomplish the goals of democratic society.
Reordered gossip schemes

This paper presents a new theorem called the reordering theorem for the problem of gossiping by telephone. The theorem says the calls of any complete gossiping can be rearranged into a sequence such that at most two calls cause each participant to become fully informed, and such that the reverse of this sequence has the same property. This theorem has broad consequences. Several results from the literature are easy corollaries, including the four-cycle theorem and structure theorem of Burosch et al. (1988) for label-connected graphs. The reordering theorem also provides a solution to the problem of gossiping with minimum cost, which has been unsolved in the literature for more than fifteen years.
Beethoven after Napoleon: Political Romanticism in the Late Works

Contents Acknowledgments Introduction 1. A Kingdom Not of This World 2. The Heroic Sublime 3. Promethean History 4. 1809 5. Contrapunctus I: Prelude and Fugue 6. Contrapunctus II: Double Fugue 7. Androgynous Utopias 8. Vox Populi, Vox Dei 9. A Modernist Epilogue Notes Works Cited Index
A report on industrial transfer of software engineering to the classroom environment

This paper reports on experiences and observations by a practicing software engineer in teaching a graduate level software engineering course as a computer science professor after having nearly 30 years experience in government and industry. The experiences reported upon are compiled from the perspective of the faculty member and students. The course was a success-with students reporting that they learned far more than software engineering and felt better prepared for entry into the job market after having successfully completed all course requirements.
Formulation of Al–Bi–Sn immiscible alloys versus the solidification behaviors and structures

In this work, the Al100−x(Bi45Sn55)x (x = 5, 15, 25 and 35) alloys with varied elemental compositions were prepared to understand the correlations of the elemental composition with the solidification behaviors and structures of the alloys. The results showed that the Sfh, Smc, Sc-s2(Sn–Bi-rich, Al-rich) and Sc-s3(Sn–Bi-rich, Al-rich, Sn–Bi-rich) structures were formed successively with the decreasing aluminum content, due to the increased aggregation degree of droplets. The increased aggregation resulted from (1) the increased width of the miscibility gap (from 0 to 146 K); (2) the increased volumetric fraction of the minority phase particles (from 8.91 to 49.98%); (3) the increased time of the L–LPS (from 0 to 0.46 s); (4) the decreased solidification rate (from 10.2 to 4.6 mm s−1). The exchange of core and shell occurred in as-cast Al–Bi–Sn immiscible alloys. The quantitative relationship between the composition and the collision probability of droplets was established to reveal the inner reasons for structural evolution. In addition, the hot-spot effect of the lower melting point droplets was responsible for the coarser monotectic structure around the lower melting point particles. The results from this work are a useful reference for regulating structural configuration of immiscible alloys via manipulating the composition.
A theoretical and experimental chemist's joint view on hydrogen bonding in ionic liquids and their binary mixtures.

A combined experimental and theoretical approach including quantum chemistry tools and computational simulation techniques can provide a holistic description of the nature of the interactions present in ionic liquid media. The nature of hydrogen bonding in ionic liquids is an especially intriguing aspect, and it is affected by all types of interactions occurring in this media. Overall, these interactions represent a delicate balance of forces that influence the structure and dynamics, and hence the properties of ionic liquids. An understanding of the fundamental principles can be achieved only by a combination of computations and experimental work. In this contribution we show recent results shedding light on the nature of hydrogen bonding, for certain cases the formation of a three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonding, and its dynamics by comparing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based acetate, chloride and thiocyanate ionic liquids.A particularly interesting case to study hydrogen bonding and other interactions is the investigation of binary mixtures of ionic liquids of the type [cation1][anion1]/[cation1][anion2]. In these mixtures, competing interactions are to be expected. We present both a thorough property meta-analysis of the literature and new data covering a wide range of anions, i.e., mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate with either trifluoroacetate, tetrafluoroborate, methanesulfonate, or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. In most cases, ideal mixing behavior is found, a surprising result considering the multitude of interactions present. However, ideal mixing behavior allows for the prediction of properties such as density, refractive index, surface tension, and, in most cases, viscosity as function of molar composition. Furthermore, we show that the prediction of properties such as the density of binary ionic liquid mixtures is possible by making use of group contribution methods which were originally developed for less complex non-ionic molecules. Notwithstanding this ideal mixing behavior, several exciting applications are discussed where preferential solvation via hydrogen bonding gives rise to non-additive effects leading to performance improvements. The assessment of the excess properties and (1)H NMR spectroscopic studies provide information on these structural changes and preferential interactions occurring in binary mixtures of ionic liquid, that clearly support the conclusions drawn from the computational studies.
A Survey on Recent Theories and Empirical Analyses Regarding Currency Crises -- The Role of Liquidity Provision as a Policy Measure in Currency Crisis Management --

CCL, established by IMF in 1999, and intra-regional swap agreements among the ASEAN+3 countries are considered to be frameworks for foreign liquidity provision when a country experiences a liquidity crisis. It is probable that such movements would see further progress in the future, involving more member economies (the members of already existing international organizations, regional members, members at different stages of economic development) and applying different schemes (fund lending, currency swaps, currency swaps by currency). The role of central banks in such an environment is likely to be an issue as well. Thus, having considered the situation, I believe it indispensable to thoroughly evaluate the importance of liquidity provision as well as the role that should be played by central banks. In this paper, as background material for such discussion, I have surveyed the theories and empirical analyses put forward to explain the outbreak of past currency crises, the aggravation of crises, and the mechanism that leads to a drop in total output of a crisis-hit country. As for the scope of the survey, I have mainly focused on the Asian currency crisis (1997), which shares the closest relation with our economy.
Evolving E-Health Systems: Symbiotic Constructs Between Corporate and E-Healthcare Worlds in International Space

The 21st century continues to witness the transformation of organizational systems globally through the deployment of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The emerging future is witnessing the convergence of artificial intelligence, biotechnology, nomadic information systems, and nanotechnology. This promises to further transform the nature of inter-organizational systems between the corporate and public sectors. The evolution of e-health systems is a case in point. In the light of the Wuli-Shili-Renli (WSR) approach, this key informant study explores the strategic perceptions of corporate ICT and health care executives in Canada and Sweden. Public governance values play critical roles in evolving and sustaining symbiotic e-health networks in Canada and Sweden. The chapter exposes the unique transgenic dimensions of evolving e-health systems. The findings and implications of the study underscore the need for further international e-business research on the socio-cultural domains in which inter-organizational systems evolve.
Magnetic and dielectric properties on sol–gel combustion synthesis of Pb(Zr0.52,Ti0.43X0.05)O3 (X = Fe, Ni, and Co) nanoparticles

Pure and X-doped (X = Fe, Ni, and Co) PZT nanoparticles (PZT-NPs) were synthesized by a sol–gel combustion method. The structural characterization of the obtained pure and doped PZT-NPs was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallite size of the prepared samples was then evaluated by the size strain plot (SSP) method using the XRD results. The average particle sizes of 30–40 nm were measured for pure and doped PZT-NPs by a particle size analyzer. For dielectric measurements, the synthesized powders were pressed into pellets and then sintered at 1250 °C for 2 h. The magnetic properties of the synthesized doped PZT-NPs were studied by a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) and ferromagnetic behavior was observed.
Against the New Economic Imperialism Some Reflections

Classical political economy recognised that what needed analysing, explaining, and acting on was an economic system inextricably linked to the wider political and social systems. Smith and Ricardo, as well as Marx, saw class and the distribution of income as key. Neoclassical economics replaced these social and collective categories with the individual consumer and the marginal product of labour as the fundamental analytical categories-the "political" having been discarded. Yet even one of the founders of neoclassical economics, Alfred Marshall, would barely recognise nor accept what is today presented as economic analysis, ignoring as it does the key industrial and organisational detail underlying production. The "new political economy" claims to incorporate insights from other disciplines. But far from enriching economic analysis, these new strands of theory simply impose the assumptions and methods of neoclassical economics. We argue that this new economic imperialism needs to be replaced with a genuinely multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach to analysing economic issues.
Sexualidad, moral y cuentas falsas. Usos políticos de la edad de la primera relación sexual en Chile

This article makes a methodological and political discussion on the measurement of the age of first intercourse in national surveys, analyzes the use of the statistical instruments, discusses certain theses and interpretations, and uses of the research performed by researchers in the field of gender studies and by catholic academic institutions. It shows that part of the background research presents statistical errors in the measurement, which leads to erroneous conclusions. Nevertheless, it is used. It claims that this is a technical, academic and political issue in a context where surveys have become in contemporary societies in basis of policy making, in instruments of public debate, or as reference in institutional reflexivity.
‘Institutional Thickness’: Local Governance and Economic Development in Birmingham, England

This article uses the concept of institutional thickness to describe key features of the local governance of economic development. For this purpose, a methodology for the empirical assessment of institutional thickness is developed and applied to the case of Birmingham, England. The results from this empirical analysis are threefold. First, they make it possible to draw some conclusions on the role that local governments can play to promote local economic development. Second, they suggest that institutional thickness is a useful organizing concept for analyses of the local governance of economic development. Finally, they demonstrate the value of a verifiable and replicable methodology for the detection and measurement of local institutional conditions and of governance arrangements.
SEES Summary: Software Engineering Educators Symposium 2014

This report summarizes our experience organizing and holding the Software Engineering Educators' Symposium (SEES) in Hong Kong, China in 2014. We describe the event, feedback received from SEES attendees, and lessons learned holding SEES outside the United States of America (USA) for the first time in its history. We hope that future organizers will find this report useful to improving future offerings of SEES.
Deformation induced crystallization in an amorphous Cu60Zr20Ti20 alloy by high pressure torsion

Crystallization of Cu 60 Zr 20 Ti 20 amorphous ribbon induced by severe plastic deformation and by linear heating thermal treatment has been compared using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and in situ synchrotron radiation. Thermal treatment of the as-quenched ribbon results in the joint formation of hexagonal Cu 2 ZrTi and hexagonal Cu 51 Zr 14 crystalline phases, on contrary, intensive plastic deformation at room temperature induces the precipitation of only one hexagonal phase.
Universal Correlation of Nitrogen 1s and Oxygen 1s Photoelectron Binding Energies with Chemical Composition in Nitrogen-Containing Plasma Polymers

The incorporation of oxygen into nitrogen-containing plasma deposited polymers was studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). As the oxygen content of the plasma polymer increased, the binding energy of the N 1s photoelectrons increased. Conversely, the binding energy of the O 1s photoelectrons was inversely proportional to the nitrogen content of the plasma polymer. The data from a large number of samples all obeyed the same “universal” correlations of photoelectron binding energy versus chemical composition. The data were described by the same curve regardless of whether the oxygen was incorporated rapidly into the thin film during plasma deposition or whether the oxygen was added slowly during spontaneous oxidation of the film in air. This implies that the same thermodynamic principles of radical reactions governed the addition of oxygen to the plasma polymer. The shift in the O 1s and N 1s photoelectron binding energies as a function of chemical composition was used to monitor the proximity of nitrogen and oxygen. By contrasting the experimental data with a simple binomial model which described the random addition of oxygen to a lattice containing carbon and nitrogen, we were able to show that oxygen was preferentially added near nitrogen-containing groups in plasma polymers.
Hydrogen−deuterium fractionation factors for hydrogen-sp2 carbon bonds in olefins and allyl radicals

Thermally induced 3,3-shift of trans-1,2-divinylcyclopropane, 1, and trans- 1,2-bis(2',2'-dideuteriovinyl)-cyclopropane, 1-d 4 , to cycloheptadiene has a kinetic isotope effect of 1.08±0.02/D when extrapolated to 25 o C. To the extent that the transition state resembles two allyl radicals, the kinetic effect is the fractionation factor for deuterium between sp 2 allyl radical carbon and sp 2 olefinic carbon. AM1 calculations on allyl radicals reveal a similar fractionation factor. The new value for the FF of allyl radical requires a correction to previously developed linear free energy relationships for kinetic and equilibrium isotope effect in 3,3-shifts and Diels-Alder reactions
Big health insurer gives physicians final say in treatment.

The United Health Group, the second biggest managed care company in the United States, has told physicians that they will no longer require prior approval before carrying out most medical and surgical procedures. It is closing its utilization review division, which runs its prior authorization procedures. 
 
The group—which insures 14.5 million people, including 8.7 million in managed care units—found that requests for approval of care were almost always granted; it had been denying coverage in fewer than 1% of all precertification decisions. 
 
The company said that it was taking the final say out of the hands of the managed care bureaucracy and returning it to the treating physician, because requiring doctors to get prior authorization was costing more money than it saved. The division cost $128m to run last year. 
 
The group's decision was possible, in part, because the company is one of the few large health care plans that has succeeded in using computers to track the behavior of its 42,000 doctors in 17 states and compare costs and patient outcomes. These include such indicators as whether doctors prescribed beta blockers after heart attacks and ordered mammograms to women aged over 50. “That quality measurement program is the reason we felt comfortable doing this,” said Lee Newcomer, the group's medical director. 
 
Thomas Reardon, president of the American Medical Association, said: “This action is historic and represents a long overdue victory for America's patients and the care they receive.” 
 
Susan Pisano, spokeswoman for the American Association of Health Care Plans, said the utilization review still had a role in holding down unnecessary procedures. “It has the effect of saving money, but the primary consideration is to reduce the dangerous level of variation we see in a lot of procedures.” 
 
She cited evidence that operations such as hysterectomies were much more likely to occur in some geographic regions than others. Some health care analysts said that, overwhelmed by consumer and regulatory backlash (and faced with a presidential campaign in which managed care is a leading issue), the industry was beginning to change.
P-1159 - Self-injurious or suicidal behavior? utilizing dialectical behavior therapy in community based crisis response with borderline personality disorder clients within the act team model

Self-injurious behavior is often understood by clinicians to be synonymous with suicidal behavior. This presentation will focus on addressing contemporary conceptual and treatment issues that play role in understanding self-injurious and suicidal behavior of BPD clients within the context of clinical treatment and a community response.
UV irradiated wet chemical deposition and characterization of nanostructured tin sulfide thin films

Tin sulfide (Sn2S3) films were synthesized both by chemical bath deposition method without (CBD) and with simultaneous irradiation of UV light (UV–CBD). The influence of UV illumination on the synthesis of Sn2S3 thin films were investigated through the structural, compositional, morphological, optical and electrical studies. CBD films were Sn2S3 having orthorhombic structure with some impurities while that of UV–CBD films exhibit excellent crystallinity of pure single phase Sn2S3 having the same structure. Morphology of CBD films was spherical grains of different sizes while that of UV–CBD films was uniformly distributed thin long nanoworms. Optical properties of the films were different and the optical band gap for CBD and UV–CBD films was 1.20 and 1.57 eV respectively. Refractive index of the films lies in 1.84–2.02 in the 700–1,500 nm wavelength range. Electrical resistivity of the CBD and UV–CBD films was 104 and 103 Ωcm for respectively. UV irradiation during the synthesis of tin sulfide films had highly enhanced the properties demanded by various optoelectronic applications. UV–CBD is a novel, simple and cost effective approach, having the potential to stimulate new research in the study of tin sulfide thin films and other metal chalcogenides.