nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
"Take time by the forelock": the letters of Anthony Fothergill to James Woodforde 1789-1813.

In the Library of the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia there is a letterbook. It is titled, in the same hand as the letters, 'A collection of Letters from Dr A. Fothergill to J. Woodforde M.D.'.' The letters ofAnthony Fothergill (1737-1813) to James Woodforde (1771-1837) cover the period 1789-1813. At the time the correspondence commenced Fothergill was a distinguished physician practising in Bath and Woodforde was apprentice to two surgeon-apothecaries in the West Country. Fothergill became Woodforde's patron and the letters record Fothergill's ongoing advice, material assistance and attempts to use his influence on Woodforde's behalf until Fothergill's death shortly after the last letter. Woodforde served his apprenticeship between 1786-1791 and then went to study at the Edinburgh medical school. Three years later, in 1794, he qualified as an MD. He then returned to the West Country and endeavoured to establish himself in practice as a physician. The letters are a rich source of information for the student of Georgian social life, for they are not confined to technical medical issues. They discuss, for example, the Bath season, the Napoleonic Wars, American affairs, the cost of living and the vagaries of travel and those of the post. For the medical historian in particular, however, the letters are a gold mine. Fothergill's advice to Woodforde as a student included a comprehensive account of the books he considered the aspiring physician should read. It covered the order in which he thought medical lectures should be attended and an evaluation of the various Edinburgh professors. Fothergill also guided Woodforde on how to conduct himself so as to make the best impression on his teachers. Fothergill's reflections on Woodforde's Edinburgh experiences shed much light on student life in Edinburgh. After Woodforde's qualification, the letters are full of remarks on how to construct a successful medical career. The politics of hospital appointments, the challenge of the surgeon-apothecary to the physician and the importance of midwifery, all make their appearance. The letters are crammed with details of the books exchanged between the correspondents and their discussion of new medical theories, such as those of John Brown and Benjamin Rush. Their increasing exchange of journals would seem to be a measure of the rising importance of periodical literature in science and medicine in this period.2 Actual medical practice figures large too. There are detailed accounts of patients, their illnesses and prescriptions. Significantly, on occasion, physical examination of patients makes an appearance (letters 54 and 71). The historian of science will find pertinent material here too. Natural philosophical texts, itinerant lecturing, the chemical revolution and electricity are all discussed.
Austrian economics and value judgments: a critical comparison with Neoclassical Economics

This article points out the limits of Austrian economics as far as the passage from positive to normative economics is concerned. We propose a comparison with neoclassical economics and discuss the different theoretical solutions adopted by these two schools of thought in their legitimization of the normative discourse. The bridge from positive to normative economics is analyzed as resting upon two interdependent pillars, one of a technical nature, the other of an ethical one. In neoclassical theory, these two pillars are, respectively, the Pareto principle and the so-called minimal benevolence principle. In the case of Austrian economics, they are the coordination principle and a set of value judgments considered to be 'quasi-universal'. One problem for Austrian economics is that the coordination principle turns out to be incompatible with process analysis, the latter being a central tenet of the Austrian theory. A second problem, which creates serious difficulties for both schools, has to do with distribution. Our thesis is that whereas the neoclassical solution of the distributive problem is formally consistent (although deeply unrealistic), the Austrian solution is theoretically untenable and based on strong, although implicit, value judgments.
Strings: a high-performance distributed shared memory for symmetrical multiprocessor clusters

Introduces Strings, a high-performance distributed shared memory system designed for clusters of symmetrical multiprocessors (SMPs). The distinguishing feature of this system is the use of a fully multithreaded runtime system, written using POSIX threads. Strings also allows multiple application threads to be run on each node in a cluster. Since most modern UNIX systems can multiplex these threads on kernel-level lightweight processes, applications written using Strings can use all the processors in a SMP machine. This paper describes some of the architectural details of the system and analyzes the performance improvements with two example programs and a few benchmark programs from the SPLASH-2 suite.
Compliance Effect of Bank Secrecy Act Provisions of Title 31 on Nevada Casinos’ Financial Performance

On June 30, 2007, Nevada casinos switched to Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) provisions of Title 31 after the state completely repealed the Nevada Gaming Commission (NGC) Regulation 6A dealing with currency and foreign transactions. This study aims to examine the economic effect of Nevada Casinos’ compliance with the BSA provisions of Title 31 on casinos’ financial performance. In order to achieve the most contrasting results, the author matches publicly-traded casinos in Nevada and those in the other states. Parametric t-test and non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test are used in the descriptive section. Regression analyses on matched sample are used for the main test. The results show that, in general, Nevada casinos’ revenues are much lower than those of the casinos in other states, and BSA has a significant positive net effect on the Nevada casinos’ financial performance. The results suggest that BSA provisions of Title 31 are beneficial to Nevada casinos possibly due to reputation recovery.
Evil and the Experience of Freedom: Nancy on Schelling and Heidegger

This essay examines Jean-Luc Nancy's re-posing of the question of freedom in The Experience of Freedom in relation to three issues—what he calls the “thought of freedom,” the reality of evil, and the closure of metaphysics. All three elements that he discusses point directly to Heidegger's engagement with Friedrich Schelling's attempt to establish a system of freedom. My intervention into the discussion between these three thinkers will address several issues. The first part draws out the implications of Nancy's argument that the thought of freedom, not the question of being as Heidegger would have it, is the ultimate matter for thinking that arises at the end of metaphysics. This in turn has important implications for Nancy's understanding of evil. The next part confronts and criticizes Nancy's contention that there is an “ontodicy” in Heidegger's thought that lends a certain justification to evil. The final part aims to show how Heidegger's engagement with Schelling and the reality of evil has to be understood within the context of the question concerning technology. This leads to a second confrontation with Nancy, who proposes a quite different interpretation of technology according to his own ontology, which he calls “being singular plural,” which amounts in effect to a liberation of technology from the being-question.
Husserl in England: Facts and Lessons

The following essay, which accompanied the publication of the syllabus for the four lectures on “Phenomenological Method and Phenomenological Philosophy” which Edmund Husserl delivered at the University of London in June 1922,2 is chiefly an attempt to salvage an episode in the history of phenomenology which is rapidly becoming inaccessible. Some of its most important parts are in all probability past recovery. The special reason for this attempt is the present revival of interest in phenomenology in England. This remarkable, if not amazing, comeback makes it doubly important to learn some of the facts about its largely-forgotten past record.
Zaintzen garrantzia Haur Hezkuntzako lehenengo zikloan

Due to the changes in our society, early school attendance has increased significantly in recent years. During the first months of their lives, children have to get away from their parents and go to a nursery. However, the necessities on the first childhood or children between 0 and 3 years old are not the same as the ones of children in the second stage of pre-school kindergarten. Therefore, there is a necessity to continue adapting our scholar system to this new situation. In this project a different way to observe and treat children will be explained, a way which was offered by the paediatrician Emmi Pikler and is applied in Lóczy. For that purpose, a part of the PiklerLóczy pedagogy will be deeply analysed, the daily cares. Although this model differs from the one we currently have in our nurseries, it gives us the opportunity to reconsider our work.
A scalable and accurate feature representation method for identifying malicious mobile applications

With the dramatic growth in smartphone usage, the number of new malicious mobile applications has increased rapidly. Identifying malicious applications in large-scale datasets is intensive and time consuming. Multiple previous studies have focused on automating the process of malicious application detection using machine (or deep) learning technology. However, a scalable and accurate solution is still lacking for large-scale applications. Therefore, in this study, we propose a novel approach to improve the accuracy of discovering malicious applications and decrease the computation time for processing the analysis. We implemented our proposed approach combining data collection, static feature extraction, and machine learning algorithms. Using a large dataset collected from a mobile application store that included 49,045 benign samples and 12,685 malicious samples, we demonstrate that the F-measure of the malicious application detection of our approach ranges from 0.968 to 0.995, with a false positive rate of 0.48% ~3.3%. We find that a multi-layer perceptron classifier performs best in these algorithms. Moreover, the analysis processing running time can be compressed to less than 18 min. Finally, we compare our method to those of two types of previous studies and report a better performance in terms of scalability and accuracy.
Analysis of Surface Molecular Motion of Amorphous Polymeric Solids on the Basis of Scanning Force Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Surface molecular motions of amorphous polymeric solids have been directly measured on the basis of lateral force microscopic (LFM), scanning viscoelasticity microscopic (SVM) and differential X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (D-XPS) studies. SVM and LFM measurements of monodisperse polystyrene (PS) films revealed that, in the case of the number-average molecular weight, Mn less than ca. 30k, the surface was in a glass-rubber transition state at room temperature even though the bulk glass transition temperature, Tg was far above room temperature. The active molecular motion at the polymeric solid surface can be interpreted mainly in terms of excess free volume near the surface region induced by the surface segregation of chain end groups, which was confirmed by dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy (DSIMS). D-XPS measurement revealed that the surface Tg for the poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer films increased gradually with an increase in depth from the air/polymer interface.
The Power of the Last Word in Legislative Policy Making

We examine legislative policy making in institutions with two empirically relevant features: agenda setting occurs in real time and the default policy evolves. We demonstrate that these institutions select Condorcet winners when they exist, provided a sufficient number of individuals have opportunities to make proposals. In policy spaces with either pork barrel or pure redistributional politics (where a Condorcet winner does not exist), the last proposer is effectively a dictator or near-dictator under relatively weak conditions.
Quantum tunneling of superconducting string currents

We investigate the decay of current on a superconducting cosmic string through quantum tunneling. We construct the instanton describing tunneling in a simple bosonic string model, and estimate the decay rate. The tunneling rate vanishes in the limit of a chiral current. This conclusion, which is supported by a symmetry argument, is expected to apply in general. It has important implications for the stability of chiral vortons.
Counting the Cost of FIRE - Overcoming Barriers to Sustainable Experimentation Facilities

Sustaining European experimental facilities for Future Internet research is a significant challenge for testbed providers, funding bodies, and customers who depend on their long-term availability. To date, sustainability plans for experimental facilities have been dominated by abstract notions of business value and unclear business models. We argue that this fails to recognise that cost accountability is the critical element necessary to drive efficiency, irrespective of whether revenue is provided from public or commercial sources. Only through cost accountability can facilities make operational management decisions that are aligned with performance metrics and assess the financial viability of business plans. In this paper we demonstrate how cost modelling and usage accounting can be used to support operational and sustainability decisions for a federated cloud experimentation facility.
EDUCATION FOR ENGINEERING AND DESIGNING

Education in engineering can usefully be structured according to the theory of technical systems. Considerations of the didactics and pedagogics of educating (teaching and learning) are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the limitations of science, on the values and needs of society, and on the distinctive tasks of engineering B designing new and modified technical systems for human use. Such technical systems should be optimal for their intended conditions of use. This involves many humanistic, cultural and societal properties of the technical systems which can hardly be described by the existing conventional sciences. The theory of technical systems, and Design Science, provide guidance for these aspects.
South Sakhalin Tectonics and geodynamics: a model for the Cretaceous-Paleogene accretion of the East Asian continental margin

This paper presents new data for the geological structure of South Sakhalin which is a connecting link between the structural features of the Sakhalin and Hokkaido islands which form the Late Mesozoic‐Early Cenozoic Hokkaido-Sakhalin fold system. These data were used as a basis for deriving a new model of the tectonic evolution of the region, derived on the basis of terrain analysis. They illustrate the evolution of the East Asia continental margin during the larger part of the Cretaceous and during the Paleogene. The tectonic data available for this region recorded five epochs of structural readjustments, which separated the periods of the accretional growth of the continental margin. It is shown that the geodynamic evolution of the East Asian continental margin was controlled by the combination of convergence and transformation environments at the continent-ocean boundary and was complicated by the accretion of large intraoceanic volcanic rises and by the collision of ensimatic island arcs.  Geodesy and Gravity: Tectonic deformation; 1744 History of Geophysics: Tectonophysics; 3040 Marine Geology and Geophysics: Plate tectonics;
Synthesis of nanocrystalline GaN from Ga2O3 nanoparticles derived from salt-assisted spray pyrolysis

Gallium nitride (GaN) nanoparticles were successfully produced from nano-sized gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 ) particles under a flow of ammonia gas. The gallium oxide nanoparticles were prepared by salt-assisted spray pyrolysis (SASP). Highly crystalline Ga 2 O 3 nanoparticles with an average diameter of approximately 10 nm were obtained at various temperatures when a flux salt (LiCl, 5 mol/l) was added to the precursor solution. The effects of the crystallinity of the Ga 2 O 3 particles and nitridation time on transformation to GaN were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning/transmission electron microscopy. Highly crystalline GaN nanoparticles with a mean size of 23.4 nm and a geometric standard deviation of 1.68 nm were obtained when Ga 2 O 3 nanoparticles with relatively low crystallinity were used as the starting material. The resulting GaN nanoparticles showed a photoluminescence peak at 364 nm under UV excitation at 254 nm.
Identifying Test Requirements by Analyzing SLA Guarantee Terms

Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are used to specify the negotiated conditions between the provider and the consumer of services. In this paper we present a stepwise method to identify and categorize a set of test requirements that represent the potential situations that can be exercised regarding the specification of each isolated guarantee term of an SLA. This identification is addressed by means of devising a set of coverage levels that allow grading the thoroughness of the tests. The utilization of these test requirements would focus on twofold objectives: (1) the generation of a test suite that allows exercising the situations described in the test requirements and (2) the support for the derivation of a monitoring plan that checks the compliance of these requirements at runtime. The approach is illustrated over an eHealth case study.
The philosophy of the active and moral powers of man, 3rd ed.

Dugald Stewart (1753-1810) was professor of mathematics (1775-1785), then of moral philosophy (1785-1810) at the University of Edinburgh. Stewart was one of the great cultural intermediaries. The son of the Scottish Enlightenment, he taught many of the leading intellects of the early 19th century - Sir Walter Scott, James Mill, Sir James MacKintosh, the Edinburgh Reviewers and many foreign luminaries, such as Benjamin Constant. Reared on the mental philosophy of Thomas Reid, his eclectic mind accepted important elements of Adam Smith's historical outlook, and the combination allowed Stewart to have an important influence on methodology, ranging from the science of the mind to the study of language and political economy. Stewart's theory of the mind was part of perhaps the subtlest philosophical answer to both the French Revolution and its British critics. Stewart was among the first British philosophers to react to the new critical philosophy in Germany and much of his own thought was conducted in dialogue with the latest French ideas. The works of Stewart came to be seen as a "Scottish School" and it was enormously influential both in France and in America for much of the 19th century. Sir William Hamilton's edition of Stewart's collected works is still the standard one and useful for studying both Stewart and the epoch of late Enlightenment, revolution and romanticism.
The Origins of Invention: A Study of Industry Among Primitive Peoples

Bargaining with reading habit is no need. Reading is not kind of something sold that you can take or not. It is a thing that will change your life to life better. It is the thing that will give you many things around the world and this universe, in the real world and here after. As what will be given by this the origins of invention a study of industry among primitive peoples, how can you bargain with the thing that has many benefits for you?
Extensible Validation Framework for DSLs using MontiCore on the Example of Coding Guidelines

Rheinisch Westfalische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) AachenDepartment of Computer Science 3Ahornstraˇe 55, 52074 Aachen, www.se-rwth.deAbstract. Unit test environments are today’s state of the art for manyprogramming languages to keep the software’s quality above a certainlevel. However, the software’s syntactic quality necessary for the devel-opers themselves is not covered by the aforementioned frameworks. Thispaper presents a tool realized using the DSL framework MontiCore forautomatically validating easily extensible coding guidelines for any do-main speci c language or even general purpose languages like C++ andits application in an automotive R&D project where a German OEMand several suppliers were involved. Moreover, it was exemplary appliedon UML/P-based sequence charts as well.
Presenting a New Method, Using Topology Virtualization for Stabilizing Flow Tables in SDWN

Software Defined Networks split the data plane from the control plane. They can be used in wireless networks and will bring flexibility, less interference, simple management, less energy consumption and load balancing. They can also improve service quality, handover and mobility between different service providers. In previous methods, when link states were changed the controller deleted the stored topology and the tables in switches and updated them. Therefore, the controller should not only build the topology, but also execute the routing algorithms and install the routes in switch tables again. This may not cause any problems in wired networks, since link failure may not happen too often, but in wireless networks this happens frequently. In this paper the problems of (1) dynamic topology, (2) removing the whole flow table due to topology changes, and (3) time consuming routing algorithms are addressed. In the proposed method, after building a virtual topology with virtual node coordinates, the controller executes a heuristic routing algorithm on this topology. When the topology changes, the action of omitting rules from tables is applied only on routes including omitted or modified links and the rules related to missing routes should be deleted. Finally, the proposed method is compared with the L2_multi method (method used in POX controller). Results show that the proposed method decreases the average delay.
공공성 확보를 위한 도시재생사업에서 공공의 역할

The study aims to advise role-sharing between the public and the private and a role of the public to secure the publicity for successful urban regeneration projects through investigation about the problem and limitation of domestic urban regeneration projects. As a result, in foreign urban regeneration projects, the public is taking a role for a process simplification by an arrangement of the law and the system, infrastructure and service facility expansion, and an encouragement of private capital investment by financial support. In addition, the public is engaged in an environmental improvement of the citizen’s residence, a guideline for customized urban planning for each region, the publicity in the private projects through an incentive program, and a diversification of main body of the project through the private-public partnership, and the adjustment of interests between the bodies. Therefore, the public should share a role with the private properly to have the best effect of private capital and creativity and build diverse policy to make reasonable division of the profit for the successful urban regeneration projects with the publicity.