nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Transfer of Technology from Iranian Universities to Industry: University Perspective

This is a study about transferring technology from Iranian universities to Iranian industry. The relationship between universities and industry is much weaker in Iran than it is in developed countries. Most of the Iranian universities have used the model of western universities, but this model does not seem to be able to solve the problems of Iranian industry. The connection between universities and industry in Iran is, therefore, not strong because industry cannot satisfy all of its needs through collaboration with universities. The study examines the existing technology transfer process from university to industry, the organizations involved, and the major decisions taken during technology transfer. In addition, the study uncovers the barriers for transferring the technology, examines different ways of establishing contacts, and considers the benefits gained from university-industry collaboration. To achieve these objectives, we conducted 31 interviews. The interviews revealed that companies were more proactive in establishing contacts with universities; in most situations they initiated contacts with the professors. However, the professor " s expertise, reputation, and ability to establish friendly relations with people from industry helped make these contacts successful. Professors measured the success of these transactions by the level of satisfaction the firm expressed with the technology. University liaison officers, most of whom initially had a reactive posture toward 2 establishing these contacts, measured the success of these transactions by the amount of financial returns for the university. The most important barrier in universities to a successful technology transfer was lack of knowledge about the needs of industry. Within industry, the most important barrier was a poor knowledge about university research capabilities. In the process of the study, we also defined the important benefits gained from transferring knowledge. Most of the technologies that were transferred from university to industry were based on four processes. The first process is " professor centered " where professors and industry made direct contact with each other. In Iran about 52% of the technology transfers took place by this method. In the second process, which is " university-centered, " university liaison offices are responsible for linking university and industry together and helping them understand the potential and needs of the other one. Unfortunately, in Iran the tasks of these offices are not clearly defined and the process of technology transfer is bureaucratic and lengthy. Further, these offices are not active, as is evident from the fact that only 13% of the transfers …
On “Darwinian Mysteries” or Molluscs as Models in Evolutionary Biology: From Local Speciation to Global Radiation*

Evolutionary biology is not only a biological subdiscipline but also a synthetic theory based on comprehensive scientific achievements. However, to date biodiversity, which is far from being fully documented, and the evolutionary processes leading to it are two of the least understood phenomena in evolutionary biology. Surprisingly, decades after the Modern Synthesis and centuries after the commencement of research in biological systematics, we are still unable to satisfyingly answer apparently simple yet fundamental questions. Here termed “Darwinian mysteries”, these are for example, how many species inhabit Earth today, what are species, where are they distributed, and how did biodiversity originate. While many contributions in malacology center around morphology, anatomy, and phylogenetic relationships within and among constituent taxa, molluscs only rarely have been utilized explicitly as models for the study of general aspects in evolutionary biology. However, this particular group, with it...
Science, Information, Technology, and the Changing Character of Public Policy in Non‐Point Source Pollution

Information technologies are already delivering important new capabilities for scientists working on non-point source (NPS) pollution in the vadose zone, and more are'expected. This paper focuses on the special contributions of modeling and network communications for enhancing the effectiveness of scientists in the realm of policy debates regarding NPS pollution mitigation and abatement. The discussion examines a fundamental shift from a strict regulatory strategy of pollution control characterized by a bureaucratic/technical alliance during the period through the 1970's and early 1980's, to a more recently evolving paradigm of pluralistic environmental management. The role of science and scientists in this shift is explored, with special attention to the challenges facing scientists working in NPS pollution in the vadose zone. These scientists labor under a special handicap in the evolving model because their scientific tools are often times incapable of linking NPS pollution with individuals responsible for causing it. Information can facilitate the effectiveness of these scientists in policy debates, but not under the usual assumptions in which scientific truth prevails. Instead, information technology's key role is in helping scientists shape the evolving discussion of trade-offs and in bringing citizens and policymakers closer to the routine work of scientists.
The effects of the macrotetralide actin antibiotics on the equilibrium extraction of alkali metal salts into organic solvents

SummaryIn order to clarify the mechanism by which neutral molecules such as the macrotetralide actin antibiotics make phospholipid bilayer membranes selectively permeable to cations, we have studied, both theoretically and experimentally, the extraction by these antibiotics of cations from aqueous solutions into organic solvents. The experiments involve merely shaking an organic solvent phase containing the antibiotic with aqueous solutions containing various cationic salts of a lipid-soluble colored anion. The intensity of color of the organic phase is then measured spectrophotometrically to indicate how much salt has been extracted. From such measurements of the equilibrium extraction of picrate and dinitrophenolate salts of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and NH4 into n-hexane, dichloromethane, and hexane-dichloromethane mixtures, we have verified that the chemical reactions are as simple as previously postulated, at least for nonactin, monactin, dinactin, and trinactin. The equilibrium constant for the extraction of each cation by a given macrotetralide actin antibiotic was also found to be measurable with sufficient precision for meaningful differences among the members of this series of antibiotics to be detected. It is noteworthy that the ratios of selectivities among the various cations were discovered to be characteristic of a given antibiotic and to be completely independent of the solvent used. This finding and others reported here indicate that the size and shape of the complex formed between the macrotetralide and a given cation is the same, regardless of the species of cation bound. For such “isosteric” complexes, notable simplifications of the theory become possible which enable us to predict not only the electrical properties of a membrane made of the same solvent and having the thinness of the phospholipid bilayer but also, and more importantly, the electrical properties of the phospholipid bilayer membrane itself. These predictions will be compared with experimental data for phospholipid bilayer membranes in the accompanying paper.
School Attachment: perspectives of low‐attached high school students

Attachment to school plays a vital role in the success or failure of today's middle and high school students. Many researchers identified attachment to school as contributing to student self‐esteem, motivation, effort, behaviour and academic achievement. However, definitions of school attachment have been varied and based largely upon observation of student behaviour. In an attempt to elucidate this definition, the construct of school attachment was examined from the perspective of students who were classified as low‐attached to school. Specifically, in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews of 10 students were conducted and analysed qualitatively. Results indicated that students who were low‐attached described their lives at school as lonely and isolated, and saw themselves as alienated from the school community. They perceived a low level of support and encouragement from the school personnel and from their peers. A broad understanding of school attachment as well as factors which contribute to stud...
Extending a multi-set relational algebra to a parallel environment

Parallel database systems will very probably be the future for high-performance data-intensive applications. In the past decade, many parallel database systems have been developed, together with many languages and approaches to specify operations in these systems. A common background is still missing, however. This paper proposes an extended relational algebra for this purpose, based on the well-known standard relational algebra. The extended algebra provides both complete database manipulation language features, and data distribution and process allocation primitives to describe parallelism. It is defined in terms of multi-sets of tuples to allow handling of duplicates and to obtain a close connection to the world of high-performance data processing. Due to its algebraic nature, the language is well suited for optimization and parallelization through expression rewriting. The proposed language can be used as a database manipulation language on its own, as has been done in the PRISMA parallel database project, or as a formal basis for other languages, like SQL.
A Perspective on the Meaning of Comparative Philosophy and Comparative Religion Studies: The Case of the Introduction of Indian Buddhism into China"

In this essay I do not intend to analyze or study the entire history of the introduction of Indian Buddhism into China; rather, I wish simply to investigate a bit the relationships which existed between Buddhism, after it was introduced into China in the period of the Wei, the Jin, and the North and South dynasties, and the prior-existing ideologies and cultures in China at the time, and use that to illustrate the meaning of studying comparative philosophy and comparative religions.
Relative Wealth Concerns and Entrepreneurship

We develop a model of entrepreneurship in which market frictions limit the possibilities for diversifying entrepreneurial risk. A concern for relative standing arises even though individuals consume only standard commodities. In contrast to complete markets, an increase in sector-specific aggregate risk increases entrepreneurship due to relative wealth concerns. A change in the profile of the economy to include more risk-averse people results in an even greater increase in entrepreneurship. Thus relative wealth concerns mitigate the reduction in entrepreneurship arising from the non-diversifiability of entrepreneurial risk. We examine the effects of uncertainty about economic policies such as market-based reforms on entrepreneurship.
The Invention of the modern republic

List of contributors Acknowledgements  the invention of the modern republic Biancamaria Fontana 1. Ancient and modern republicanism: 'mixed constitution' and 'ephors' Wilfried Nippel 2. Checks, balances and boundaries: the separation of powers in the constitutional debate of 1787 Bernard Manin 3. From Utopia to repulicanism: the case of Diderot Gerolamo Imbruglia 4. Cordeliers and Girondins: the prehistory of the republic? Patrice Gueniffey 5. The constitutional republicanism of Emmanuel Sieyes Pasquale Pasquino 6. The Thermidorian republic and its principles Biancamaria Fontana 7. Francesco Mario Pagano's 'Republic of Virtue': Naples 1799 Anthony Pagden 8. Kant, the French revolution and the definition of the republic Gareth Stedman Jones 9. French historians and the reconstruction of the republican tradition, 1800-1848 Francois Furet 10. The republic of universal suffrage Pierre Rosanvallon 11. The identity of the bourgeois liberal republic John Dunn Bibliography Index.
Preface of the special issue on Model Checking of Software

Software Model Checking consists of a broad collection of techniques to tackle the complexity and the diversity in the use of software in safety-critical systems. The contributions in this special issue address some of the core problems in software model checking. The articles are based on papers selected from the 2013 SPIN Symposium on Model Checking of Software, an annual forum for practitioners and researchers interested in symbolic and state space-based techniques for the validation and analysis of software systems.
An agenda for the study of institutions

This article was originally presented as the President's address at the meeting of the Society for the Study of Public Choice at the Hilton Hotel, Phoenix, pcs. Arizona, March 30, 1984. I thank the National Science Foundation for support (Grant ¹ SES 83-09829), and William Erickson-Blomqvist, Roy Gardner, Robert Herzberg, Larry Kiser, Vincent Ostrom, Roger Parks, Paul Sabatier, Reinhard Celty, Kenneth Shepsli and York for Wilburn comments on the article at the stage of its preparation.
Introduction: Immigrant Businesses and their Economic, Politico-Institutional and Social Environment

‘The West is best again’, featured in The Economist (9 August 1997), describes the remarkable recovery of California’s economy in the mid 1990s. ‘After its worst recession in half a century, California’s economy is once again outshining the rest of the country.’ Contrary to the previous boom in the 1980s, which was led by the Los Angeles aerospace industry and nurtured by federal dollars for the build-up of the defence industry, today’s economy is much more diversified. A ‘surprisingly wide range of industries’ are doing well, from computers and software, to films, furniture and tourism, as well as clothing and toys (see also The Economist, 31 May 1997). The clothing industry of Los Angeles is now the largest in the country, easily surpassing New York, and it is still growing. The city’s producers of clothing — often Korean immigrants who hire Latino workers — are part of a system of flexible production in which firms respond quickly to subtle changes in fashion. The close connections between these producers and trend-setting Californian designers constitute another asset of the industry as a whole.
Europa, España: Crisis, industria, educación y solidaridad

This paper deals with subjects that are of essential concern to European and Spanish industries, and in doing so, it does not overlook social solidarity. In these stormy, crisis ridden times, recipes that applied to our more peaceful times are no longer of any practical use. This all calls for a change in the relationship between the individual and the organization. A new moral contract emerges, where the employee will not necessarily find that his loyal dedication is always rewarded by his being given a full time job for life. It will rather lead to conditions that allow continuous employability on an individual basis. The new concept of the social Europe takes solidarity as a down-to-earth condition for overcoming the crisis, instead of regarding it as support for conditions which may not be sympathethic towards today?s new realities. There is a need for competitiveness to be restored in European industry, but that competitiveness must be made to be compatible with the social and economic cohesion that characterises the European growth model.
Enlightenment in Global History: A Historiographical Critique

THE ENLIGHTENMENT HAS LONG HELD a pivotal place in narratives of world history. It has served as a sign of the modern, and continues to play that role yet today. The standard interpretations, however, have tended to assume, and to perpetuate, a Eurocentric mythology. They have helped entrench a view of global interactions as having essentially been energized by Europe alone. Historians have now begun to challenge this view. A global history perspective is emerging in the literature that moves beyond the obsession with the Enlightenment’s European origins. The dominant readings are based on narratives of uniqueness and diffusion. The assumption that the Enlightenment was a specifically European phenomenon remains one of the foundational premises of Western modernity, and of the modern West. The Enlightenment appears as an original and autonomous product of Europe, deeply embedded in the cultural traditions of the Occident. According to this master narrative, the Renaissance, humanism, and the Reformation “gave a new impetus to intellectual and scientific development that, a little more than three and a half centuries later, flowered in the scientific revolution and then in the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century.”1 The results included the world of the individual, human rights, rationalization, and what Max Weber famously called the “disenchantment of the world.”2 Over the course of the nineteenth century, or so the received wisdom has it, these ingredients of the modern were then exported to the rest of the world. As William McNeill exulted in his Rise of the West, “We, and all the world of the twentieth century, are peculiarly the creatures and heirs of a handful of geniuses of early modern Europe.”3 This interpretation is no longer tenable. Scholars are now challenging the Eurocentric account of the “birth of the modern world.” Such a rereading implies three
Antireflux surgery for non-erosive and erosive reflux disease in community practice.

Antireflux surgery has been mainly evaluated in tertiary referral centres. Data regarding post-operative outcome in non-erosive reflux disease are lacking.



To assess long-term outcome after antireflux surgery performed in a community practice setting.



We selected consecutively 60 non-erosive reflux disease patients and 61 erosive oesophagitis patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. After surgery, each subject answered a validated disease-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire and another questionnaire focusing on symptoms, late morbidity and drug use.



After a 43-month median follow-up, an excellent outcome was reported by less than two-thirds of patients. Quality of life scores were lower in the non-erosive reflux disease group, especially in female patients. Non-erosive reflux disease patients reported more daily symptoms and more reflux-related symptoms (P = 0.04). Proton-pump inhibitor use was higher in non-erosive reflux disease patients (P < 0.005). Multivariate analysis identified four independent predictive factors associated with better outcome, namely male gender, abnormal preoperative acid exposure, a long duration of symptoms and surgical expertise.



In community practice, the results of antireflux surgery are inferior to those reported by tertiary centres. Outcome seems poorer in non-erosive reflux disease especially in female patients. Nearly one-third of the non-erosive reflux disease patients continue to take proton-pump inhibitors. These results highlight the need for careful selection of patients before antireflux surgery.
School Related Daydreams and Test Anxiety

Current models of test anxiety emphasize the mediating role of negative and disruptive internal cognitive activity. Highly test anxious students have been reported to engage in more negative thoughts and fewer positive thoughts during an actual exam. The present study examined the relationship between school related daydreams and level of test anxiety. It was hypothesized that daydream outcome and mood would be correlated with self reported test anxiety, grade point average and self reported arousal and self talk during an exam. Overall the grade point average was the measure most relevant to daydreams. Students with high grade point averages tended to have more happy and successful daydreams and fewer failure daydreams. Self talk during the exam was unrelated to daydream measures. Suggestions for further research were presented.
High performance metal hydride based thermal energy storage systems for concentrating solar power applications

Thermal energy storage systems based on metal hydride pairs using high efficiency materials are evaluated. The low temperature metal hydrides NaAlH 4 and Na 3 AlH 6 were cycled to determine stability of hydrogen capacity over extended cycling. Addition of aluminum and expanded natural graphite were found to enhance the cycling stability of NaAlH 4 . Potential high temperature metal hydrides were investigated based on NaMg materials. A techno-economic analysis was performed to evaluate the performance a thermal energy storage system based on two metal hydride pairs: NaMgH 3 :NaAlH 4 and NaMgH 2 F:Na 3 AlH 6 . The resulting analysis suggests that the two systems have the potential to reach low cost and high efficiency performance targets.
Disappearing private reputations in long-run relationships

For games of public reputation with uncertainty over types and imperfect public monitoring, Cripps, Mailath, and Samuelson (2004) showed that an informed player facing short-lived uninformed opponents cannot maintain a permanent reputation for playing a strategy that is not part of an equilibrium of the game without uncertainty over types. This paper extends that result to games in which the uninformed player is long-lived and has private beliefs, so that the informed player’s reputation is private.
Habeas Corpus: British Imaginations of Power in Walter Scott's Old Mortality

after Scott visited the battleground at Waterloo. 1 Noting that “all the more ghastly tokens of the carnage are now removed,” Scott lingers over the torn landscape and the debris of war: “cartridges, old hats, and shoes, and various relics of the fray” along with the fragments of memorandum books “in which every French soldier was obliged to enter his receipts and expenditure, his services, and even his punishments.” Waterloo fascinates Scott, as it still fascinates us, because of its association with the terrible power that Napoleon briefly embodied. Like Scott, we still imagine political power as both a “who” and a “where,” to give it both embodiment (whether in an individual body or a collective body) and location. But the resonance that we sense between power in our time and in Scott’s belies the fact that the Waterloo letter reflects a political framework very different from our own. The dramatic conceptual shifts that culminated in Napoleon’s Wars changed the way modernity conceives of sovereignty. Twenty-first-century constructions of the democratic state locate sovereignty within each and every subject body, an incomplete convergence of self-regulation and ultimate power inscribed in the fragile physical mass of a citizen. Through the work of philosophers like Michel Foucault and more recently Giorgio Agamben, we understand the tensions and the dangers buried within this conception of political power. With its endgame in the horrors of genocide, Agamben’s history of Western politics in Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life suggests the importance of returning to an author who was also fascinated by the shifts that created the modern subject and who was equally concerned with the ramifications of those changes. In this essay I place Scott’s fictional histories alongside Agamben’s philosophical history to argue that even as Agamben’s work helps us to clarify the political implications of Scott’s novels, those novels reveal alternatives to modern subjectivity through an older, law-based conception of land. Scott’s fictional landscapes demand a reading that is far