nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
David Hume and Contemporary Realism in Political Theory

Proponents of the recent movement of realism in political theory have expressed dissatisfaction with the typically Kantian and ideal theoretical assumptions that guide much political and normative theorizing. In this paper it is proposed that these realist theorists could find support for their critique of the Kantian legacy, as well as building blocks for a realist alternative, by drawing on the moral and political thought of David Hume. The paper constitutes a reading of Hume’s writings with the contemporary realist critique in mind. The result highlights four themes in Hume’s thought: (1) The empirically informed approach to normative reasoning. (2) An emphasis on that political theorizing must be conducted on the basis of a realistic political psychology. (3) The critique of social contract doctrines, a critique that is directed at idealistic and rationalistic versions of liberalism. (4) Hume’s account of human sociality and the origins of political authority. Lastly, it is suggested that the fact that Hume combines realism with liberalism makes him of additional interest to the many realists who are seeking to correct rather than reject liberal political theory and who are thus wary of finding themselves too close to Machiavelli and Hobbes, the usual realist predecessors.
The Rate of Profit and the Future of Capitalism

This paper argues that the future of capitalism depends mainly on the rate of profit. Updates of previous estimates of the rate of profit are presented which show that the rate of profit has recovered only about 40 percent of the prior decline in the rate of profit during the 1960s and 1970s, thus suggesting that the current stagnation in the U.S. economy is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. It is argued that the main reason for the lack of a more significant increase in the rate of profit is a continued increase in the relative proportion of unproductive labor.
N-alkylation of N-trimethylsilylimidazole

The reaction of N-trimethylsilylimidazole with alkyl chloroacetates is studied. This process yields a mixture of N-alkylation and quarternization products in the ratio dependent on the reaction conditions. The reaction mechanism is discussed. 1H NMR data show that high melting point and low solubility of 1-imidazolylacetic acid in organic solvents are evidently caused by the formation of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds, whereas in water zwitterionic structures with the protonation of both nitrogen atoms are formed.
Structural properties of pulsed laser deposited zinc oxide thin films annealed at various temperatures

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique using XeCl excimer laser with a wavelength of 308 nm at room temperature on quartz and single crystal silicon (100) substrates. The oxygen gas pressure was set at 6 torr during the deposition. The deposited films were post-heat treated (HT) in air at different annealing temperatures (ATs) for 30 min. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical and electrical properties were measured to study the properties of the films as a function of AT. XRD analysis showed that the strength of (002) peak increases and full width at the half maximum (FWHM) value decreases as the AT increases from 200 to 600°C. The films HT at higher AT of ~600°C showed dominant c axis oriented hexagonal wurtize crystal structure. The films HT at 600°C exhibit high average transmittance of ~85% in the visible region and very sharp absorption edge at 376 nm with energy band gap of ~3•46 eV. Electrical measurement indicates that the resistivity of films decreases with the AT up to 600°C, after which there is an increase at higher AT. The complex of hydrogen defect and oxygen vacancy in the ZnO films may be the reason for low conductivity in undoped ZnO films.
High-efficiency enhancement on thermal and electrical properties of epoxy nanocomposites with core-shell carbon foam template-coated graphene

Recently, three-dimensional graphene foam has received considerable attention and displayed excellent properties as reinforcement for polymer composites. However, the brittleness and poor controllability limited its application in resin to form conducting pathways for phonons and electrons. This study developed a facile method with compressible and constitutionally stable commercial melamine foam (MF) as template to prepare a core-shell composite with carbon skeleton structure. The core carbon structure was fabricated by carbonization of MF, while the shell carbon structure was the in-situ self-assembled coating of graphene. Vacuum-impregnated method was employed to fabricate epoxy resin composites. The thermal and electrical conductivities of epoxy composites were significantly increased to 0.92 W/(m·K) and 0.70 S/cm, which was 318% and 13 orders of magnitude higher than that of pure epoxy. Herein, we provide a highly efficient, green, high-quality method for building a double-layer heat conduction path, which facilitates the utilization of graphene. The proposed method proves to be efficient in enhancing the multifunctionality of epoxy resin composites. Furthermore, we explored the thermal and electrical conductive mechanisms of the three-dimensional core-shell structure in resin matrix.
Can't we all just get along: Cultural variables in codes of ethics

Ethical issues in the practice of public relations become increasingly complex when international borders are crossed. Differences in what “counts” as public relations as well as what “counts” as ethical practice abound. Rather than taking the position that a specific, “objective” code of ethics can be developed or arguing that cultural diversity makes ethical standards impossible, this paper argues that an international set of principles for practice is feasible. Such a set of principles can only be agreed upon if representatives of diverse organizations and cultural values will work together to understand each others' perspectives. This approach is consistent with the goal of “mutual understanding” that increasingly characterizes public relations practice. It is also consistent with recent theoretical work in ethics and postcolonialism. Nancy L. Roth is Assistant Professor of Communication, Todd Hunt is Professor of Communication, Maria Stavropoulus is a Ph.D. student, and Karen Babik is completing her Masters Degree in the School of Communication, Information, and Library Studies at Rutgers University.
Appraisal of Agroforestry Land use Systems for their Carbon Sequestrarion Potential

Global climate change, considered to be one of the most serious threats to the environment, has been at the center of scientific and political debate in recent years. Climate change, more precisely global warming, is a reality (IPCC, 2001 & GISS, 2004) but there are considerable uncertainties existing about the event of warming (Malhman, 1997). Atmospheric concentration of green house gases (GHGs) is very important for survival on this planet.
Jurassic strata,palaeoenvironment and oil-gas resources in Tianshan tectonic belt,Xinjiang,China—taking the Kümüx basin as an example

Since Triassic,Tianshan tectonic belt was compressed by stresses with strike of north-south to produce a series of intermountain basins,for example,Turpan-Hami basin,Kumux basin,etc.In these basins the Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial clastic deposits are well-developed and widely distributed,specially the Jurassic deposits.The Jurassic strata,except the Upper Jurassic series being red rocks,are mainly composed by dark rocks.These dark rocks,including gray,black mudstones,shales,carbonaceous mudstones and coal beds are of stronger hydrocarbon-generating capability.To general analysis of various materials including deposits,plant and pollen fossils,etc.,shows that during the Early-Middle Jurassic the Tianshan region was a feature of lower mountains-hills on geography and was a humid climatic environment.The palaeoenvironment is an advantage to coal accumulation and deposits of dark mudstone.
Enhanced lithium ion transport in garnet-type solid state electrolytes

Al-substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 samples processed under argon show enhanced Li-ion transport and interfacial properties in symmetrical cells with lithium electrodes, compared to those prepared in air. In particular, the samples prepared under argon have higher ionic conductivities and lower interfacial impedances in symmetrical lithium cells, and show better DC cycling characteristics. The electronic conductivities are also somewhat higher. Pellets subjected to thermal treatment under the two types of atmospheres have different colors but exhibit similar microstructures. X-ray diffraction experiments suggest that there are slight structural differences between the two types of samples, but few dissimilarities were observed in elemental composition, distribution of ions, oxidation states, or bond lengths using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) to analyze the materials. Additionally, there was no evidence that La or Zr were reduced during the processing under Ar. Possible explanations for the improved electrochemical properties of the sample prepared under Ar compared to the one prepared in air include differences in grain boundary chemistries and conductivities and/or a small concentration of oxygen vacancies in the former.
How to Facilitate the Proof of Theorems by Using the Induction-matching, and by Generalization

In this paper, we show how we conceive the proof of theorems by sructural induction. Our aim is to facilitate the proof of the theorems which can lead, in a context of automatic theorem proving, to very lengthy (or even impossible) proofs. 
 
We use a very simple tool, the i-matching or induction-matching, which allows us, on the one hand to define an original procedure of generalization, and on the other hand to define an original way of generating lemmas.
Clinical characteristics of patients seeking medical advice for nasal symptoms in Bulgaria with special focus on children

BackgroundIn an attempt to circumvent low response rates and high cost of classical epidemiological trials, we carried out a real-life survey among practicing physicians consulting patients for nasal symptoms. In this fragment of our work we analyze similarities and differences between children and adults and within the different strata of pediatric age.MethodsA survey was carried out by 69 physicians across Bulgaria (general practitioners, allergists and otorhinolaryngologists) and made possible calculation of the proportion of subjects with nasal symptoms from all other patients seen. Its structure allowed classification of rhinitis according the ARIA guidelines.ResultsOut of the 1685 completed survey forms, 506 pertained to the age group below 18 years. The gender predominance differed in children and adults: 57.3 % vs. 42.8 % of males respectively, P < 0.001. The prevalence of persistent rhinitis in children was 55.7 %, lower than in adults, 63.3 %, P = 0.004. In both pediatric and adult patients moderately severe and severe forms of rhinitis prevailed, 93.7 % vs. 94.6 %, with nasal obstruction as leading symptom: 59.9 % vs. 58.8 %. Cough was significantly more prevalent among children, 72.5 %, gradually decreasing until reaching adulthood, 58.7 %, P < 0.001. Prevalence of doctor diagnosed asthma was also higher among children, 25.1 %, than in adults, 19.5 %, P = 0.011. A gradient for characteristics, which were different in children, emerged across the pediatric age strata.DiscussionOur study uses an unorthodox design targeting the patient population visiting physicians’ offices because of nasal symptoms, achieving a much higher level of credibility of the results at minimal expense. As we base our survey on international guidelines, we believe this approach demonstrates the applicability of such consensus documents for practical purposes when in the hands of qualified physicians.ConclusionsModerate and severe rhinitis symptoms motivate patients and their guardians to seek medical advice. While nasal congestion is a leading bothersome symptom in both adults and children, specific other features characterize the pediatric age and differ across its strata.
A Note On Braudel's Structure As Duration

In his first major work, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, published in the same year as Levi-Strauss's Elementary Structures of Kinship (1949), Fernand Braudel took as his object a vast geographical area and treated it in terms of three time scales: the long term, the conjunctural, and that of events. The fact that Braudel has, over the years, indicated his particular interest in one of these time scales, the long term or longue duree, has affected the appreciation of his work by critics and admirers alike, as well as the future of Annales, the journal founded in 1929 by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre, in whose footsteps as editor he followed. If Levi-Strauss seeks and finds an epistemological guarantee for the concept of structure in the human brain, Braudel's adherence to historical time denies the possibility of ultimate guarantees and of overcoming the epistemological problem of dualism. Although for both Braudel and Levi-Strauss the term structure refers to a key concept, the epistemological and ontological referents of structures are distinct for these authors.2 For Braudel, unlike Levi-Strauss, structures are very much a part of reality; a structure is
Fabrication and Characterization of thin Ceramic Films by Spray Pyrolysis

Results are presented of the application and process parameter optimization of the technique of solution spray pyrolysis for the fabrication of functional films of the type Cu-CeO 2 και La 0.75 Sr 0.25 MnO 3 (LSM) on dense pellets of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The first type of deposited film constitutes a cermet (ceramic-metal composite) that combines the properties of an inert electronic conductor (Cu) and a catalyst while the second is a typical perovskite that exhibits mixed (i.e. ionic and electronic) conductivity. Both types of electrodes find wide use in ceramic fuel cells, gas sensors and catalytic processes.
Characterization and optimization of mid-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposited carbon films using response surface methodology

Thin carbon films have been deposited by decomposition of methane in a methane-argon plasma created by a pulsed mid-frequency (450 kHz) symmetrical discharge at relatively high pressures of 0.5–1 Torr. Different combinations of pressure, deposition temperature, gas composition and plasma power were used as process parameters. The films have subsequently been characterized with respect to properties that are of interest in the deposition of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, such as wear resistance, optical band gap and film thickness. Response surface methodology has been employed to obtain a model for the dependence of these film properties on the deposition parameters and to find an optimum parameter region for depositing films with required properties.
Once a Queen in Narnia: Susan and the Divine in C.S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia

v CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 C.S. Lewis and the ‘Problem of Susan’ 1 The Critical Conversation 5 CHAPTER TWO: READING THE MEDIEVAL SUSAN 9 The Significance of Susan 9 CHAPTER THREE: “IN HIS WILL IS OUR PEACE;” DANTE AND LOVING THE DIVINE 18 Introduction 18 Susan and the Divine Love Relationship 20 Purgatorial Episodes 24 CHAPTER FOUR: A MIDDEL WEI: COURTLY LOVE AS A COMPLEMENT TO THE “REAL RELIGION” 29  Allegory and Courtly Love 29 Courtly Love and Divine Love 32 Susan Rejects Her Lover 43 CHAPTER FIVE: DEEPER MAGIC FROM BEFORE THE DAWN OF TIME: NARNIA, MALORY, AND ENCHANTRESSES 5
Erratum: Colloquium : Quantum fluctuation relations: Foundations and applications [Rev. Mod. Phys. 83 , 771 (2011)]

Two fundamental ingredients play a decisive role in the foundation of fluctuation relations: the principle of microreversibility and the fact that thermal equilibrium is described by the Gibbs canonical ensemble. Building on these two pillars the reader is guided through a self-contained exposition of the theory and applications of quantum fluctuation relations. These are exact results that constitute the fulcrum of the recent development of nonequilibrium thermodynamics beyond the linear response regime. The material is organized in a way that emphasizes the historical connection between quantum fluctuation relations and (non)linear response theory. A number of fundamental issues are clarified which were not completely settled in the prior literature. The main focus is on (i) work fluctuation relations for transiently driven closed or open quantum systems, and (ii) on fluctuation relations for heat and matter exchange in quantum transport settings. Recently performed and proposed experimental applications are presented and discussed.
In what sense, if any, is “economics” distinct from “religion”; And why does it matter?

It matters whether “Economics” is distinct from “Religion” first, because the putative truths of Religion must be more secure than the provisional and fallible truths of Science; secondly, because the scientific claims of Economics would be undermined were they not independent of the religious beliefs of economists; and thirdly, because the contribution of each to public policy formation requires them to be distinct.They are indeed distinct, because Economics is knowledge about the economy whereas Religion is knowledge of God. Knowledge about is intellectual: knowledge of is experiential. The knowledge we may have of God comes by faith, hope and charity: the practice of these can give us no knowledge about interest rates in a capitalist economy.
Feminism and science—Reason and passion

Starting with the common roots of feminism and science in the Enlightenment and its distinction of reason and passion, this article briefly summarises the ways this distinction has been used both to defend and oppose women's rights. Current philosophies of science that variously reiterate or question this distinction are then surveyed, it being argued that science involves both reason and passion, particularly the passions and interests of men in male-dominated society such that nothing short of the overthrow of male dominance and the achievement of full equality between the sexes in society generally will suffice to bring about a science that meets the passions and interests of women alike with those of men.
Interest rates parity and no arbitrage as equivalent equilibrium conditions in the international financial assets and goods markets

In this paper, we consider a two-period consumption model with many financial assets. In the spirit of Hart, consumers purchase financial assets in period 0 and consume in period 1. We differ from Hart by considering that each agent is a country. We provide conditions for the existence of an equilibrium in both international financial assets and goods markets. First, we introduce a weaker notion of Uncovered Interest (rate) Parity (UIP) called Weak Uncovered Interest (rate) Parity (WUIP), and we show its equivalence to the no-arbitrage condition in the international financial markets. Second, we introduce the concept of common no arbitrage and we show its equivalence to UIP. These results bridge concepts of no arbitrage in general equilibrium theory and financial microeconomics and of interest parity in international financial macroeconomics. In a multi-country model with many currencies and only one good, we introduce a country-specific conversion rate which transforms the returns on assets valued in local currency into units of physical good. We the define also the exchange rates between currencies of different countries. The UIP condition is required for the existence of an equilibrium in both international financial assets and goods markets and for the existence of the Law of One Price.
Semantic grammar: an engineering technique for constructing natural language understanding systems

One of the major stumbling blocks to more effective used computers by naive users is the lack of natural means of communication between the user and the computer system. This report discusses a paradigm for constructing efficient and friendly man-machine interface systems involving subsets of natural language for limited domains of discourse. As such this work falls somewhere between highly constrained formal language query systems and unrestricted natural language under-standing systems. The primary purpose of this research is not to advance our theoretical under-standing of natural language but rather to put forth a set of techniques for embedding both semantic/conceptual and pragmatic information into a useful natural language interface module. Our intent has been to produce a front end system which enables the user to concentrate on his problem or task rather than making him worry about how to communicate his ideas or questions to the machine.
[Advances in insect obligate endosymbionts and their genomes--a review].

In nature, many insects, especially sap-feeding insects, harbor nutritional bacterial symbionts, which are called obligate endosymbionts. These bacteria co-evolved with their hosts for millions of years. Obligate endosymbionts are commonly found in specialized organs, named bacteriomes or mycetomes that consist of a number of insect's cells (bacteriocytes or mycetocytes). Obligate endosymbionts strictly maternally inherited, providing essential amino acids to the hosts, and relating to survival, reproduction and evolution of the insects. Because of enriched nutritional environment, compared to those free-living bacteria, the genomes of obligate endosymbionts have different characteristics, such as genome size, GC content, and gene deletion. Although the genomes of many insect endosymbionts have been carefully analysis, the gene functions of endosymbionts and the interactions between endosymbionts/hosts and endosymbionts remain unknown. Thus, to provide an insight into the co-evolution of endosymbionts and their hosts, further studies of endosymbionts at genetic level are required.
Urban Land, Household Debt and Overseas Borrowing

A Great Financial Crisis can only occur as a surprise. If it is anticipated by the financial players, there may be a series of little financial crises as the players adjust their expectations but the imbalances which cause great crises will not build up. Great crises are therefore consequences of selective blindness. They result from disregard of the first and perhaps only worthwhile lesson in economics, which is that everything depends on everything else. Despite the plague of dishonest accounting (itself a sign of trouble), in the boom which begat the current GFC the selective blindness was not due to lack of data - throughout the boom the national accounts of the Anglophone countries documented an unsustainable reliance on growing consumer debt as a source of demand. The blinkers were imposed by neo-liberal economics, that legacy of European intellectual turmoil and American Cold War evangelism which became the hegemonic economic theory following the end of full employment. This was ultimately an economics of process: provided all economic decisions were subject to demand and supply in competitive markets, the invisible hand would guarantee economic efficiency and the optimum use of resources. This being the case, there was no perceived need to check the macroeconomic balance sheets for signs of impending trouble. With honourable exceptions, faith in competition brought blindness, and this ingrained faith still hinders an appreciation of what went wrong. For a full appreciation of present problems, it is necessary to examine the macroeconomic balance sheets (ABS 2008).