nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Alleged Pragmatism of T. S. Eliot

Before gaining recognition as a poet, T.S. Eliot pursued a doctoral degree in philosophy. His dissertation on the philosophy of F.H. Bradley has been a source of longstanding critical dispute. Some read the dissertation as a defense of Bradley’s views, while others read it as a repudiation of Bradley in favor of a kind of American philosophical pragmatism. This essay considers whether the dissertation can be properly characterized as pragmatist, despite Eliot’s enthusiastic and repeated dismissals of William James’ philosophy of truth. Eliot comes closest to a Jamesian view of belief when he writes of the endless ways we can carve up a goose without bones, a metaphor for our ability to take any side in an argument when there are no criteria for determining the single correct position. But he refuses to adopt a pragmatic account of truth that would conclude from the practical equivalence of various epistemological theories that none gets “closer to the truth” than any other. Instead, he suggests that a correct answer to our epistemological questions exists in the “nature of reality,” and that this nature can be discovered through logical inference. In maintaining this assumption, Eliot parts ways with James’ pragmatism. He would later part ways with academic philosophy as a whole, less for its impracticality than for its pervasive lack of skepticism toward itself: “almost every philosophy seems to begin as a revolt of common sense against some other theory, and ends – as it becomes itself more developed and approaches completeness – by itself becoming equally preposterous – to everyone but its author.”
The American domination among eminent economists

American economists take a dominant position among eminent economists. According toBlaug's Who's Who in Economics, among, living economists the share amounts to more than two thirds, and over one half of all eminent economists since 1700. Part of this dominance may be attributed to factors such as the definition of ‘eminence’, the underlying sample of scholars, and the language and style representing barriers to entry for non-American economists. However, the major reason consists in the favourable conditions for good research which in turn are based on the beneficial economic, political and social framework existing in North America.
About structure of fields and stability of electrostatic formations in vacuum

Let's consider vacuum as two-component gas of rather small density with the distributed charge of two signs pe., pe+ and the distributed gravitational mass pp. However, the gas medium, apparently, should contain small areas with uncompensated charges pe and p.+ to support some average level of density of energy in vacuum [I]. The inspissation of charges as particles in such places is possible, both their normalized electncal and gravitational potentials are described by relations of a kind (I):
Towards a unified model of search in theorem-proving: subgoal-reduction strategies

This paper advances the design of a unified model for the representation of search in first-order clausal theorem-proving, by extending to tableau-based subgoal-reduction strategies (e.g., model-elimination tableaux), the marked search-graph model, already introduced for ordering-based strategies, those that use (ordered) resolution, paramodulation/superposition, simplification, and subsumption. The resulting analytic marked search-graphs subsume AND-OR graphs, and allow us to represent those dynamic components, such as backtracking and instantiation of rigid variables, that have long been an obstacle to modelling subgoal-reduction strategies properly. The second part of the paper develops for analytic marked search-graphs the bounded search spaces approach to the analysis of infinite search spaces. We analyze how tableau inferences and backtracking affect the bounded search spaces during a derivation. Then, we apply this analysis to measure the effects of regularity and lemmatization by folding-up on search complexity, by comparing the bounded search spaces of strategies with and without these features. We conclude with a discussion comparing the marked search-graphs for tableaux, linear resolution, and ordering-based strategies, showing how this search model applies across these classes of strategies.
Algebraic proofs for geometric statements.

It is well-known that in the first half of the 17th century Ren ́e Descartes proposed a program of problem solving based on the assumption that solving a problem in mathematics means essentially solving a problem in algebra, more precisely, solving a system of algebraic equations. It is less known that precisely the same method was in current use in China long before Descartes, as witnessed by the book Jade Mirror of Four Elements by Shi-jie Zhu, dated 1303 (cf. ). However, as a consequence of Godel’s work, in the first part of the 20th century it became clear that not all geometric statements can be derived in this way from a small set of axioms. The advent of fast computers has revived the interest in algebraization of geometric reasoning. The most successful methods currently available are based on either Grobner-bases theory or on Ritt-Wu characteristic sets method. Other approaches are described in various chapters of . An impressive bibliography can be found on Dongming Wang’s web site . The automatic methods for proving theorems can be classified according to several criteria. Thus one has to distinguish those who use coordinates from the coordinate-free approaches. The method of the former kind have a common structure:
Learning and computers

A theoretical examination of the epistemological presuppositions of current educational practice is presented and contrasted with the Genetic Epistemology of Jean Piaget. Piaget's theory holds that the neophyte builds knowledge by subjecting previously established knowledge to an interaction with the environment. New objects are assimilated to current knowledge structures and the knowledge structures are accommodated to the objects. This proposition of Genetic Epistemology constitutes a particular formulation of a more general method of knowledge construction through an active process of hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing. A survey of the history of technological development from primitive society to the beginnings of modern chemistry and physics demonstrates that, in the absence of definite information, humans have a propensity for generating hypothesis when faced with novel occurrences. These hypotheses may be more or less fantastic in form. Modem day children exhibit a tendency to generate explanations of natural events which reveal a tendency for animism. These explanations are initial working hypotheses. The implications for education are two-fold. The neophyte approaches a novel problem with a history of hypotheses generated in the absence of scientific explanation. These constitute the subject's beliefs and prejudices. If these beliefs contradict the new information and they are not addressed at their own level, they may hinder the learning process. The second implication is that learning through hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing may be more effective than the more traditional method of instruction which consists of a top down presentation of material. This theme is further considered in the light of the scientific methodology. Karl Popper's suggestion that science progresses through a process of conjecture and refutation provides addition evidence for the central thesis. Another implication of this is that if scientists are trained through hypothesis generation and testing, they receive implicit training on method. Computers can be used to facilitate such a training method. Virtual laboratories, that are more or less constrained, could be constructed to allow students to conduct experiments quickly, easily, and safely. Simulation would facilitate the testing and elimination of hypotheses as necessary, and knowledge structures could be built through a process of conjecture and refutation.  Professor John R. Williams Title: Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Factors affecting nurses' decisions to administer pediatric pain medication postoperatively.

Factors associated with pediatric nurses’ decisions to medicate for postoperative pain as well as knowledge and attitudes concerning analgesia were investigated in 38 nurses using the Nurses’ Pediatric Pain Relief Questionnaire. The charts of 38 children who were hospitalized for major surgery were reviewed for analgesia orders. Baccalaureate preparation in nursing was associated with the selection of more medium and high doses of analgesics on the questionnaire. School-aged children received the most pain medication. Medication orders were below therapeutic levels in about half the charts reviewed. 0 7988 by Grune & Stratton, Inc.
Buddhist belief and living ethics: challenging business ethics

[Extract] 'Business ethics' can be problematized in a number of ways. The challenge to business ethics postulated in this chapter entails a questioning of received opinion regarding the temporal, geographical and intellectual predicates on which it is founded as an academic discpline and offered as a putative mode of engagement with the world. An examinatian of mainstream texts on business ethics suggest that, taken as a discipline, it emerged around the middle of the last century in the United 
States of America (Aasland, 2009) and draws on a variety of moral and ethical philosophical positions all of which can trace their origins to Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment interpretations of classical schools (Parker, 1998; Parker et al., 2005). Academic business ethics thus draws, predominantly, from one or more forms of deontological, utilitarian/consequentialist or virtue ethics (taken singularly or in combination). These ethical positions all assume the self as the location for an ethical standpoint, or moral considerations. In contrast, we want to outline an alternative position, based on Buddhist ethics, developing the question, 'What would an ethical position entail that paradoxically 
cannot be located with the self?'
Fresh Leaves: Practicing Environmental Criticism

door maternal grandfather, who taught me to distinguish a beech tree from a birch, to plant potatoes, and to welcome the tree frogs' spring chorus with awe and delight. More likely, the recognition ar rived not from childhood pleasures or reading Henry David Tho reau but from something as quotidian and cumulative as exhaustion from years of commuting from New Hampshire to Boston for work as an adjunct, sucking exhaust fumes on Route 128. Over the last fifteen years, I have become increasingly commit ted to what many believe must be our central concern: the abatement of climate change and the preservation of the planet. The challenge for literary studies is to make an environmental perspective fun damental far beyond the discipline, to avoid making ecocriticism merely another interpretive system.1 I repeatedly ask, How can I most effectively move from recognition to responsibility and enable my students to do the same? How meaningful is traditional literary analysis in a world at risk? How can (and should) scholars in litera ture and language use their often privileged positions to contribute to the urgent project of global sustainability? How can I most effec tively define activism? How can I practice what I teach? The account below identifies some challenges to practicing environ mental criticism and my solutions (not all successful). Beginning with conceptual frameworks, I turn to specific accounts of pedagogy and stu dent responses, moving finally to broader professional considerations. KAREN L KILCUP is president of the So ciety for the Study of American Women Writers and professor of American litera ture at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro. Her recent publications include Teaching Nineteenth-Century American Poetry (MLA 2007; with Paula Bennett and Philipp Schweighauser) and "'I Like These Plants That You Call
The Limbourg Brothers: Reflections on the Origins and the Legacy of Three Illuminators from Nijmegen

Rob Duckers & Pieter Roelofs -  The Homecoming of the Limbourg Brothers Victor M. Schmidt, Some Portraits by Johan Maelwael, Painter of the Dukesof Burgundy Margaret Lawson, The Belles Heures of Jean de France, Duke of Berry Manuscript and the Question of the Artists' 'Hands' Stephen Perkinson, Likeness, Loyalty, and the Life of the Court Artist: Portraiture in the Calendar Scenes of the Tres Riches Heures Hanneke van Asperen, A Pilgrim's Additions. Traces of Pilgrimage in the Belles Heures of Jean de Berry Eberhard Konig, Was kann man aus den Belles Heures uber die Limburgs lernen? Eine nun gut bekannte Handschrift Herman Th. Colenbrander, Guelders-France. Another Connection around 1400 Rob Duckers, A Close Encounter? The Limbourg Brothers and Illumination in the Northern Netherlands in the First Half of the Fifteenth Century Gregory T. Clark, The Master of Guillebert de Mets, Philip the Good, and the Breviary of John the Fearless Notes on Contributors
Virtual Power Electronics: Novel Software Tools for Design, Modeling and Education

The current paper is dedicated to present browser-based multimedia-rich software tools and e-learning curriculum to support the design and modeling process of power electronics circuits and to explain sometimes rather sophisticated phenomena. Two projects will be discussed. The so-called Inetele project is financed by the Leonardo da Vinci program of the European Union(EU). It is a collaborative project between numerous EU universities and institutes to develop state-of-the art curriculum in electrical engineering. Another cooperative project with participation of Japanese, European and Australian institutes focuses especially on developing e-learning curriculum, interactive design and modeling tools, furthermore on development of a virtual laboratory. Snapshots from these two projects will be presented.
Javra: A Simple, Extensible Java Package for VRML

Javra is a Java package for handling VRML scene graphs; it operates either stand-alone or in combination with a VRML browser. The combination of Javra and a VRML browser forms an effective start for generating 3D interactive applications. With Javra a VRML scene graph can be handled: both classes for VRML nodes and methods for setting and getting the fields of these nodes are supplied. Furthermore, VRML events generated, for instance, after a user action, can be caught and handled in Javra. The Javra node classes have an inheritance structure which allows strict compile time type checking of the construction of the scene graph. The programmer interface is intended to be simple enough to be used by students of an introductory programming course. The node classes are generated completely automatically, resulting in a robust package. The automatic code generation can also be used to create custom Java packages for programmer-defined VRML prototypes, effectively resulting in the extension of the set of Javra nodes.
The long shadow of public policy; Barriers to a value-based approach in healthcare procurement

Procurement in the UKs National Health Service (NHS) is facing its most significant financial challenge. Despite the sheer scale and complexities of the public healthcare sector, the Government's solutions are all too often packaged as "collaborate more", "standardise products" and "leverage spend". Unfortunately, these over simplistic solutions take a myopic view of market drivers, conflate spend with potential savings and fail to deliver value. Many contracts have already been commercially optimised yet the funding crisis continues to deepen. New value-based procurement approaches are needed to drive longer-term innovation and cost reduction and to move debates from efficiencies to embrace effectiveness in integrated supply chains. In this research, we adopt the resource-based view (RBV) as a lens to explore the extent to which NHS resources support the strategic adoption of value-based approaches. An empirical case study on a regional cluster of six NHS Trusts in England, confirms the dominance of narrow price-based approaches that create barriers to moving towards longer-term, valuebased procurement. The antecedent roots of price-based approaches are unpicked through a hermeneutic analysis of recent Government commissioned reports to show how these have set the tone, culture and priorities for healthcare procurement in the UK. The analysis provides explanatory power to the case study by illustrating how Government reports have led to, and legitimised the dominance of price-based approaches and caused relational and resource-based barriers to adopting value-based procurement, despite stakeholder enthusiasm. The findings provide unique insights into why public procurement has struggled to reach beyond its traditional cost orientated scope. We contribute to an extended consideration of the RBV in public organisations through identifying the role of the policy environment in determining and legitimatising an organisation's strategic direction.
The Price of Equality: Suboptimal Resource Allocations across Social Categories

This paper explores the influence of social categories on the perceived trade-off between relatively bad but equal distribution of resources between two parties and profit maximizing, yet asymmetric payoffs. Study 1 and 2 showed that people prefer to maximize profits when interacting within their social category, but chose suboptimal individual and joint profits when interacting across social categories. Study 3 demonstrated that outside observers, who were not members of the focal social categories, also were less likely to maximize profits when resources were distributed across social category lines. Study 4 showed that the transaction utility of maximizing profits required greater compensation when resources were distributed across, in contrast to within social categories. We discuss the ethical implications of these decision making biases in the context of organizations.
Gender and Justice in Plato

Plato's proposal for the equality of the sexes remains one of the most controversial aspects of his argument in the Republic. I explore this argument with special emphasis on locating it within larger themes of the work, themes whose relevance to the argument on gender equality have often been ignored. On this basis, I find that Plato's defense of gender equality is serious, but that the foundation and the consequences of that argument have not usually been well understood. Plato's argument for gender equality rests on a distinctive view of human nature, and his elaboration of the consequences of pursuing gender equality reveal that a price would have to be paid for it that few are willing to accept. His argument should be considered by contemporary advocates of gender equality.
Efficacy, Beliefs, and Investment in Step-Level Public Goods

A central concept for understanding social dilemma behavior is the efficacy of an actor's cooperative behavior in terms of increasing group well-being. We report a decision and game theoretical analysis of efficacy in step-level public goods (SPGs). Previous research shows a positive relation between efficacy and contributions to SPGs and explains this relation by a purely motivational account. We show, however, that from a decision and game theory perspective an increasing relationship is not general, but only follows from very specific assumptions about players’ information and beliefs. We offer 3 examples of how the predicted efficacy–contribution relation depends on players’ information and beliefs. We discuss the implications of our results for the social psychology of efficacy in social dilemmas.
MOSCOW UNDER GLOBALIZATION AND TRANSITION: PATHS OF ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING

This paper examines modern structural shifts in Moscow in the context of national and international tendencies. It is based upon the hypothesis that one of the important characteristics of the present transitional stage of the Russian economy is the growth of the structural and qualitative gap between Moscow as a strongly dominating focus of post-industrial transformations and the rest of the country. The paper begins with a general analysis of macrostructural transformations in Russia's capital city, focusing on de-industrialization and the increasing role of producer services. This is followed by a comparison of modern trends in Moscow with those taking place in the most important world cities. In this context it is possible to evaluate the applicability of the world-city concept to transitional economies and to explore the changing role of Moscow in the international urban system.
Report on the 2nd International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Sustainable Systems

Research has started investigating the support of sustainability within systems and software engineering.Yet there are few workshops that explore the topic, and there is only one so far in requirements engineering: RE4SuSy. The 2nd International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Sustainable Systems (RE4SuSy) was held at RE in 2013. This report summarizes the workshop results and maps out future research directions.
Separating Professionalism from Pragmatism: A Research Note on the Study of Political Parties

Professionalism is not the same as pragmatism and, though they should be kept separate to avoid making the behavior of party leaders appear similar when not, too many studies fail to recognize the difference in the multi-item measures employed. The case is presented for this view in a number of ways. First, it is argued that the distinction can be discerned in the study of parties, and that even some degree of consensus exists on the terms denoting the distinction. Then, after isolating operational definitions for both dimensions, evidence is drawn from precinct committeemen and convention delegates to demonstrate that at the local and national levels of analysis the dimensions yield results that contrast. Finally, in comparing the overall performance of these two concepts in relation to a variety of behavioral characteristics, pragmatism is shown to lack the explanatory power of professionalism.
Genetics of polyploidy

ConclusionIn general, then, genetic evidence from polyploids harmonizes surprisingly well with concepts based on the modern gene-chromosome law of heredity. This is true for both the individual hereditary characters and the organism as a whole. With the former, it is evident that character inheritance follows the particular gene distribution even when the cytological mechanism is disturbed by the addition of chromosomes.The organism as a whole is also influenced by polyploidy but the relations of the parts are, nevertheless, maintained. The addition of one chromosome in a trisomic, for example, alters many individual characters and upsets the favorable balance of plus and minus factors established in the diploid by long continued selection. Nevertheless, the plant continues to function as a whole. This can mean only that there is a high degree of elasticity in an organism, affording a margin of safety for variable conditions. This may well explain the success of the mutation theory of evolution in giving new mutations time to become established and to become fitted into the germinal complex in which they arose. True polyploidy affords, in addition, extra gene loci as sources for new mutations. Such extra loci, as they mutate, must preserve a correlated function with their original sister loci and the polyploid condition would seem to afford time and protection for this process.