nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Устойчивое развитие: как его понимают энергетические компании в России

The topic of the article is understanding of sustainable development by large enterprises of the Russia’s power engineering complex. Sustainable development used to be considered in the frameworks of countries or regions, but in this article the authors consider it in the framework of companies. The goal of the article is to find out whether Russian power generating companies understand the concept of sustainable development in a way of its original meaning or have their own point of view. On the basis of reports on sustainable development (or corporate social responsibility reports), a comparative analysis of reporting was carried out; the companies’ understanding of sustainable development concept and their activities related to sustainability assurance are studied. The object of study is four Russian power generating companies: Gazprom, Rosneft, SUEK and RusHydro. Each of them specializes on particular branches of power industry and is considered to be a leader in its sphere. These are large Russian companies, which allows to be sure of their institutional influence and importance of their ideology on Russian business society, which is more important within the study topic. They are most likely to become role models of sustainable development in each branch of the industry. Based on the reports the authors concluded that the companies have quite clear understanding of sustainable development concept, and implemented projects and measures prove this statement. But for reporting they use international unified GRI model. Due to this fact, the opportunity to assess staff and executives’ individual understanding of the concept is lost, because the GRI form determines common rules about published information. Nevertheless, the executives are quite aware of valuableness and significance of the concept as a whole and its elements in particular.
Fighting to win: Wartime morale in the American public

The ingredients of wartime morale are the subject of lively debate, with casualties, prospect of victory, and elite cues representing the major points of view. This research covers the wars in Korea and Vietnam with expanded time series of public support and rare surveys that probed perceptions of victory during those military interventions. The prospect of victory affected wartime morale during both of those conflicts. It did so quite uniformly in the American public, cutting across elite cues such as partisanship. Casualties left only a weak, if any, imprint on popular support for the wars in Korea and Vietnam. Wartime morale suffered during those interventions not so much because of battlefield casualties or the breakdown of elite consensus, but because the prospect of victory collapsed.
Optical properties analysis of Ta-doped TiO2 thin films on LaAlO3 substrates

We study optical properties of Ta-doped TiO2 thin film on LaAlO3 substrate using spectroscopy ellipsometry (SE) analysis at energy range of 0.5 – 6.5 eV. Room temperature SE data for Ψ (amplitude ratio) and Δ (phase difference) between p- and s- polarized light waves are taken with multiple incident angles at several spots on the samples. Here, absorption coefficient has been extracted from SE measurements at photon incident angle of 70° for different Ta concentration (0.01, 0.4, and 5 at. %). Multilayer modelling is performed which takes into account reflections at each interface through Fresnel coefficients to obtain reasonably well the fitting of Ψ and Δ data simultaneously. As the results, we estimate that film thickness increases by increasing Ta concentration accompanied by the formation of a new electronic structure. By increasing Ta impurities, the blueshift of absorption coefficient (α) peaks is observable. This result indicates that TiO2 thin film becomes optically resistive by introducing Ta do...
Household Work Strategies and Forms of Labour: Conceptual and Empirical Issues

This paper explores some theoretical and empirical issues concerning the different forms of work that people engage in in contemporary capitalist societies. The theoretical issues derive from four sources: Harding & Jenkins' argument that distinctions between the formal and the informal economy are unsustainable; Hilary Silver's critique of Gershuny's self-service economy thesis; debates about an adequate definition of `work'; and the debate about the usefulness of the concept of household work strategy. The empirical aspect of the paper emanates from a replication of aspects of Pahl and Wallace's study of the Isle of Sheppey among households in the North West of England.The concept of household work strategy is defended as a way of understanding the ways in which forms of work are combined, endorsing a modified version of the methodological approaches of Gershuny and Pahl. However, exception is taken to certain of the interpretative themes and empirical trends identified by both authors. Evidence against Gershuny's self-service society thesis is provided, pointing to the merits of an Engel's Law interpretation based on the tendency for affluent, dual-earner households to purchase services on the market. The study of North West households, while confirming substantial parts of Pahl's empirical analysis, authorises different lines of interpretation.The argument overall is directed towards an understanding of the social relations governing different forms of work and the value of a theoretical approach to work based on several alternative ways of providing use-values.
Expected utility theory under non-classical uncertainty

In this article, Savage’s theory of decision-making under uncertainty is extended from a classical environment into a non-classical one. The Boolean lattice of events is replaced by an arbitrary ortho-complemented poset. We formulate the corresponding axioms and provide representation theorems for qualitative measures and expected utility. Then, we discuss the issue of beliefs updating and investigate a transition probability model. An application to a simple game context is proposed.
[Analysis of the French urban structure: its development up to the beginning of the twentieth century and growth throughout the nineteenth century].

The author analyzes the evolution of the urban structure in France since the tenth century. The rural and urban populations in France are compared with those in the neighboring countries of England and Germany. Urbanization from the fourteenth to the nineteenth century is characterized as a hierarchization of the recently created urban structures into a network that controlled provincial life and formed the basis for a new administrative system.
Organisation of the care of patients with heart failure

Heart failure is a major cardiovascular problem with a steadily increasing incidence and prevalence. 1-5 These increases are due to a higher proportion of elderly individuals in the population and also because effective treatment of acute myocardial infarction and hypertension exposes more patients to the risk of heart failure than in the past. Recent epidemiological studies that included patients without symptoms of heart failure suggest that the prevalence may greatly exceed that of earlier estimates. 6 Based on data from the Framingham Study 2 the median survival is only 1.7 years in men and 3.2 years in women. Despite advances in the treatment of heart failure the prognosis remains poor. 7'~ Heart failure is associated witl~ frequent admissions to hospital which are a substantial:" burden on health-care providers? Furthermore, there are shortcomings in the diagnosis of heart failure and, even when correctly diagnosed, optimum treatment is not always given in accordance with current guidelines. 1°'1~ There is a need to improve the care of patients with heart failure. The entire spectrum of heart-failure management should be taken into account, and this includes the provision of adequate resources for diagnosis, the creation of an infrastructure that can meet the needs associated with treatment based on evidence from clinical trials, and the development of innovative strategies for optimum care of heart-failure patients in different settings (ie, urban vs rural or primary care vs specialist care).
The making of the modern world : visions from the West and East

Acknowledgements Note of References, Conventions and Measures Abbreviated Titles PART ONE: F.W.  THE NATURE AND ORIGINS OF THE MODERN WORLD Preface to a Study of F.W.Maitland F.W.Maitland and the Marking of the Modern World The Legacy of Sir Henry Maine Life, Work and Methods Power and Property Social Relations The Divergence of Legal Systems Fellowship and Trust Maitland and Durkheim Maitland Assessed PART TWO: YUKICHI FUKUZAWA: THE NATURE AND EFFECTS OF THE MODERN WORLD Preface to a Study of Yukichi Fukuzawa Yukichi Fukuzawa and the Making of the Modern World Early Experience and Character Travels and Comparisons The Making of a New Japan The Essence of the Modern World Liberty, Equality and Human Relations How the Modern World Was Made Bibliography Index
Where is the evidence in our sport psychology practice? A United Kingdom perspective on the underpinnings of action.

Practitioners place the importance of engaging in evidence-based practice at the forefront of issues regarding the provision of applied sport psychology. Accordingly, the present study sought to contextualize the process of theory–research–practice. Specifically, 4 attentional-based techniques established within the sport psychology literature were depicted as applied scenarios and presented as a survey task. Experienced United Kingdom–based practitioners (n = 14) and individuals currently undergoing training (n = 14) were recruited to ascertain their theoretical and mechanistic knowledge and whether the techniques were being used in the applied environment. Results suggested that application of the techniques, in addition to theoretical and mechanistic knowledge, may decrease from trainee to experienced practitioner. The study highlights the need for an increase in research designed to be effective in the applied setting and that addresses the needs of sport psychology practitioners if our discipline is to advance and remain evidence based.
Staffing Level and Cost Analyses for Software Debugging Activities Through Rate-Based Simulation Approaches

Research in the field of software reliability, dedicated to the analysis of software failure processes, is quite diverse. In recent years, several attractive rate-based simulation approaches have been proposed. Thus far, it appears that most existing simulation approaches do not take into account the number of available debuggers (or developers). In practice, the number of debuggers will be carefully controlled. If all debuggers are busy, they may not address newly detected faults for some time. Furthermore, practical experience shows that fault-removal time is not negligible, and the number of removed faults generally lags behind the total number of detected faults, because fault detection activities continue as faults are being removed. Given these facts, we apply the queueing theory to describe and explain possible debugging behavior during software development. Two simulation procedures are developed based on G/G/infin, and G/G/m queueing models, respectively. The proposed methods will be illustrated using real software failure data. The analysis conducted through the proposed framework can help project managers assess the appropriate staffing level for the debugging team from the standpoint of performance, and cost-effectiveness.
Model-driven engineering of information systems: 10 years and 1000 versions

This paper reports upon ten years of experience in the development and application of model-driven technology. The technology in question was inspired by work on formal methods: in particular, by the B toolkit. It was used in the development of a number of information systems, all of which were successfully deployed in real world situations. The paper reports upon three systems: one that informed the design of the technology, one that was used by an internal customer, and one that is currently in use outside the development organisation. It records a number of lessons regarding the application of model-driven techniques. ? We report upon ten years of experience in model-driven engineering. ? We discuss three different, successful applications. ? We make comparisons with a conventional approach. ? We draw conclusions as 'lessons' in the application of MDE. ? We present the Booster technology.
A note on ‘Labour value and socialist economic calculation’

Cockshott and Cottrell have reopened a debate which has been engaged with vigour in the past, but, as they rightly point out, needs to be reassessed in the light of current technology. They describe their ideas as being ‘work in progress’, and this note attempts to retain this spirit. While differing on technical matters, it emphasises the need for such a reassessment and discusses some further possibilities. A number of different issues are addressed in their paper: these include the use of labour values as a tool in economic planning and the computational feasibility of such a process. Formal definitions are given using a computer orientated notation.1 This note separates the issue of the impact of increasing computing power on the feasibility and desirability of computing a central plan from the issue of using Marxian labour values as a method of calculation. Much of what Cockshott and Cottrell say is related to a wide body of literature in mainstream economics, but whose mathematical nature has given ...
The reality: Academic research to commercial product, part 2 - [tried and true]

The NRE for even a conceptually simple system (the car parking system) can easily be US $1 million or more. Development can take a year or more to complete the design and prepare for manufacturing, distribution, and installation. The NRE for a medical device or safety-critical system can easily cost more than US $12 million and take five or more years to complete. That cost represents only development up to the point at which one would be ready to manufacture, distribute, and install (or implant) products. Obviously, these numbers vary according to the project, but they do indicate that a lot of engineering and effort go into taking a proof-of-concept and realizing a commercial product that is ready for sale. If your proof-of-concept cost is US $50,000 to develop, then you have only realized 5% or less of the cost and effort required to render it a commercial product.
Local and global analysis: complementary activities for increasing the effectiveness of requirements verification and validation

This paper presents a unique approach to connecting requirements engineering activities into a process framework that can be employed to obtain quality requirements with reduced expenditures of effort and cost. It is well understood that early detection and correction of errors offers the greatest potential for improving requirements quality and avoiding cost overruns in the development of software systems. To realize the maximum benefits of this ideology, we propose a two-phase model that is novel in that it introduces the concept of verification and validation (V&V) early in the requirements life cycle. In the first phase, we perform V&V immediately following the elicitation of requirements for each individually distinct function of the system. Because the first phase focuses on capturing smaller sets of related requirements iteratively, each corresponding V&V activity is better focused for detecting and correcting errors in each requirement set. In the second phase, a complementary verification activity is initiated; the corresponding focus is on the quality of linkages between requirements sets rather than on the requirements within the sets. Consequently, this approach reduces the effort in verification and enhances the focus on the verification task. The second phase also addresses the business concerns collectively, and thereby produces requirements that are not only quality adherent, but are also business compliant. Our approach, unlike other models, has a minimal time delay between the elicitation of requirements and the execution of the V&V activities. Because of this short time gap, the stakeholders have a clearer recollection of the requirements, their context and rationale; this enhances the feedback during the V&V activities. Furthermore, our model includes activities that closely align with the effective requirements engineering processes employed in the software industry. Thus, our approach facilitates a better understanding of the flow of requirements, and provides guidance for the implementation of the requirements engineering process.This paper describes a well-defined, two-phase requirements engineering approach that incorporates the principles of early V&V to provide the benefits of reduced costs and enhanced quality requirements.
Two party aspect agreement using a COTS solver

A number of researchers have proposed an aspect-oriented approach for integrating concerns with component based applications. With this approach, components only implement a functional interface; aspects such as security are left unresolved until deployment time. In this paper we present the latest version of our declarative language, GlueQoS, used to specify aspect deployment policies. Our work is focused on automating the process of configuring cooperating remote aspects using a client-server handshake. During the handshake the two parties agree on aspect configuration by using mixed integer programming. A security example is presented as well as initial performance observations.
南北朝時代 東北亞 歷史地圖를 어떻게 읽어낼 것인가

This study examined the Southern and Northern Dynasties(南北朝時代) related history maps(歷史地圖) including Chinese history atlas(中國歷史地圖集) published after the 20th century. The study provided an opportunity to look into Chinese people’s academic interest in the history and geography of China and its border regions and ancient Chinese people’s view of the world and concept of space. That is because the analysis of history map does not simple work to observe a map but extremely difficult work to read the map producer’s intention reflected in surfaces, lines and dots on the map. The Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, the subject of analysis of this study, lasted from the establishment of Liu song(劉宋)(420) until the period marked by the struggle of three rival nations: Beiji(北齊), Beizhou(北周) and Chen(陳). The territory covered in this study with regard to the Southern and Northern Dynasties included main China and its neighboring countries in Northeast Asia. The researcher accessed a total of 15 Chinese history atlases to analyze historical geographic situations of the Southern and Northern Dynasties First of all, the Southern and Northern Dynasties related maps in history atlases described how each Chinese dynasty expanded or lost its land though war over time. That is, the maps showed the changes in each nation’s borders. This explained why an absolute majority of maps in history atlas constituted border maps and situation maps(疆域ㆍ形勢圖). Most maps showed little difference in the description of borders between Southern and Northern Dynasties, but displayed significant difference over situations and borders between China and its neighboring countries. While Bei chao(北朝)’s northern border was set along the Rou ran(柔然)’s or 突厥(T? jue)’s borders, borders of several ethnic groups in northern China were clearly specified or very simply marked compared with Song(宋) and Ji(齊) dynasties. The borders of Koguryo(高句麗) and other northeast region were overall left out or recognized differently depending on history map. China’s western border which was shared by He x?(河西) was described similarly on several history maps, but the borders and conditions of nations located in Tuyuhun(吐谷渾) and western He x? were different depending on history map. The map producer’s intention was reflected in Chinese history atlases produced in China, Taiwan, and Japan. Thus, subtle differences of perception were found among history maps. Surfaces, lines and dots on the maps were not simple map signs, but comprehensive outcomes that reflect political, economic and social cultural ideology.
The roots of dependency : subsistence, environment, and social change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos

"Richard White's study of the collapse into 'dependency' of three Native American subsistence economies represents the best kind of interdisciplinary effort. Here ideas and approaches from several fields--mainly anthropology, history, and ecology--are fruitfully combined in one inquiring mind closely focused on a related set of large, salient problems...A very sophisticated study, a 'best read' in Indian history."--American Historical Review "The book is original, enlightening, and rewarding. It points the way to a holistic manner in which tribal histories and studies of Indian-white relations should be written in the future. It can be recommended to anyone interested in Indian affairs, particularly in the question of the present-day dependency plight of the tribes."--Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., Western Historical Quarterly "The Roots of Dependency is a model study. With a provocative thesis tightly argued, it is extensively researched and well written. The nonreductionist, interdisciplinary approach provides insight heretofore beyond the range of traditional methodologies...To the historiography of the American Indian this book is an important addition."--W. David Baird, American Indian Quarterly Richard White is a professor of history at the University of Washington. He is the winner of the Albert J. Beveridge Award of the American Historical Asso-ciation, the James A. Rawley Prize presented by the Organization of Ameri-can Historians and the Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians. His books include The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A History of the American West and The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River
A World History of Art

Preface Introduction Part I: Foundations of Art 1. Before History 2. The Early Civilizations 3. Developments Across the Continents 4. The Greeks and Their Neighbours 5. Hellenistic and Roman Art Part II: Art and the World Religions 6. Buddhism, Hinduism and the Arts of South and East Asia 7. Early Christian and Byzantine Art 8. Early Islamic Art Part III: Sacred and Secular Art 9. Medieval Christendom 10. The Fifteenth Century in Europe 11. The Sixteenth Century in Europe 12. The Americas, Africa and Asia 13. The Seventeenth Century in Europe 14. Enlightenment and Liberty Part IV: The Making of the Modern World 15. Romanticism to Realism 16. Eastern Traditions 17. Impressionism to Post-Impressionism 18. Indigenous Arts of Africa, the Americas, Australia and Oceania Part V: Twentieth-Century and Beyond 19. Art from 1900 to 1919 20. Between the Two World Wars 21. Post-War to Post-Modern 22. Into the Third Millennium Glossary For Further Reading Index A timechart, maps and special boxed features - Concepts, In Context, Sources and Documents, and Urban Developments - accompany each chapter.