nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic pain after childbirth.

Although childbirth is considered a natural event, some deliveries may necessitate instrumentation or surgical intervention. In contrast with trauma or surgery, persistent pain after delivery has received little attention until recently, despite the large number of individuals potentially at risk.



Excluding pre-existing pain or pain that developed during pregnancy, prospective studies show a surprisingly low prevalence of persistent pain after childbirth, much lower than the prevalence reported in retrospective studies and that of persistent postsurgical pain in a general population for similar procedures. The nature of persistent pain itself remains poorly characterized; the chronic pain following caesarean delivery appears to be predominantly neuropathic, but the intensity is generally lower than usually reported for other types of chronic neuropathic pain. Finally, the type of delivery and the degree of tissue trauma do not seem to impact the risk of developing persistent pain. It is unclear whether individual factors place specific women at a risk for persistent pain. Experimental study suggests that protective mechanisms against the development of neuropathic pain may be active during the puerperium, but whether these mechanisms exist following human childbirth remains unknown.



Some recent findings on the development of persistent pain after childbirth are intriguing and might open the way to interesting perspectives for the treatment of persistent pain caused by trauma or surgery.
Dworkin's Theory of Law

Ronald Dworkin is one of the most important, and one of the most controversial, contemporary legal philosophers. This article elucidates the main aspects of Dworkin's theory of law, discussing both his key criticisms of legal positivism and his own positive views about law. The article also briefly examines some of the major controversies surrounding Dworkin's theory of law, such as the debates arising out of his right answer thesis and semantic sting argument.
Chapter Fifteen. Homer’S Phoenicians: History, Ethnography, Or Literary Trope? [A Perspective On Early Orientalism]

This chapter explores the texts of Iliad and the Odyssey and examines how to account for anomalies between the historical evidence and the way Phoenicians are represented. It considers two aspects of how to account for the picture(s) drawn: first, a double-pronged inquiry into the role the Phoenicians can be seen to play within the texts, along with an analysis of the narrative goals of those portions of the text in which Phoenicians appear, that would account for the way they were represented; and second, a consideration of the role the Homeric texts themselves may be said to have played within the larger context of eighth/seventh-century Greece, the presumed time of their writing. ?Homer's Phoenicians," present a masterful literary construct, at once produced by and working to produce the broader social, political, economic, and symbolic fabric of the early state in Archaic Greece. Archaic Greece; early orientalism; Homer's Phoenicians; Iliad;
Influence of mechanical activation on microstructure and crystal structure of sintered MgO-TiO2 system

Mixtures of MgO-TiO2 were mechanically activated using high-energy planetary ball mill during 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 120 minutes. Sintering process was preformed in air at 1100 o -1400 o C for 2h. The decrease in powder’s particle size was noticed as the time of mechanical activation increased and confirmed by particle size analyzer. XRD analyses were performed in order to acquire the information about phase composition. Different ratio mixtures of MgTiO3 and Mg2TiO4 are present within all sintered samples. The effect of tribophysical activation on microstructure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The differential thermal gravimetric analysis has been performed in order to investigate thermal behaviour of the mixtures.
Some New Results on Post Correspondence Problem and Its Modifications

In this work we shall consider some new result on the famous word problem called the Post Correspondence Problem (PCP), initially defined by E. Post. Halava, Hirvensalo and de Wolf  proved that the PCP is decidable if we assume that the morphisms are marked. Moreover, Halava, Harju and Hirvensalo  proved that even the generalized PCP is decidable in the case of marked morphisms. As a corollary a new shorter proof was achieved for the PCP in the binary case. Here we shall consider the ideas behind these proofs. We also present a proof for the undecidability of the PCP in the case where the morphisms are permutations of each others.
Risk of Acute Complications of Diabetes Among People With Schizophrenia in Ontario, Canada

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex, chronic disease requiring active self-management and coordinated care. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between schizophrenia and risk of preventable, acute DM complications.



With the use of administrative data, a retrospective study assessed acute DM complications (emergency department [ED] visits or hospitalization for hypo- or hyperglycemia and hospital admissions for infections) among Ontario residents ages 18-50 with schizophrenia and newly diagnosed DM between 1995 and 2005, comparing people with and without pre-existing schizophrenia. Primary outcome was ED visit or hospitalization for hypo- or hyperglycemia. Secondary outcome was the first of either the primary outcome or hospitalization for infection.



People with schizophrenia had a 74% greater risk of requiring a hospital visit for hypo- or hyperglycemia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.74, 95% confidence interval 1.42-2.12) compared with those without schizophrenia. The risk was similar when the outcome included infection (HR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.39-1.89). Outcomes remained significant after adjustment for baseline characteristics.



People with schizophrenia are at greater risk for developing an acute complication of DM. Understanding this relationship will direct future studies assessing barriers to care and implementation of individualized approaches to care for this population.
Supply‐side politics: Circumventing the claims of justice

As Hume says, questions of distributive justice only arise under conditions of moderate scarcity. That in turn suggests that increasing (or proposing or promising or pretending to increase) the supply of goods may be an effective way of circumventing claims of justice. Politicians have not been blind to these possibilities. Attempts at supply‐side solutions to distributional problems are very common indeed across a wide range of policy areas. Having demonstrated that I shall then critique such solutions, showing all the fallacies that may embody. My conclusion is that, while increasing supply might sometimes be an acceptable method of resolving distributional problems, there is a variety of arguably common circumstances in which such strategies are wildly inappropriate.
Software reuse across robotic platforms: limiting the effects of diversity

Robots have diverse capabilities and complex interactions with their environment. Software development for robotic platforms is time consuming due to the complex nature of the tasks to be performed. Such an environment demands sound software engineering practices to produce high quality software. However software engineering in the robotics domain fails to facilitate any significant level of software reuse or portability. This paper identifies the major issues limiting software reuse in the robotics domain. Lack of standardisation, diversity of robotic platforms, and the subtle effects of environmental interaction all contribute to this problem. It is then shown that software components, fuzzy logic, and related techniques can be used together to provide suitable abstractions to address this problem. While complete software reuse is not possible, it is demonstrated that significant levels of software reuse can be obtained. Without an acceptable level of reuse or portability, software engineering in the robotics domain will not be able to meet the demands of a rapidly developing field. The work presented in this paper demonstrates a method for supporting software reuse across robotic platforms and hence facilitating improved software engineering practices.
Women Sexuality and Social Change in the Middle East and the Maghreb

In the present era of globalization, women’s bodies and sexuality are increasingly becoming arenas of intense conflict around the world. Conservative and religious right wing political forces are fiercely trying to maintain or reinforce traditional mechanisms of control over women’s sexuality and even to create new ones. Four UN conferences held in the 1990s – the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, the 1995 Beijing Conference, the 1999 five-year review of ICPD (ICPD+5), and the 2000 five-year review of the Beijing Conference (Beijing+5) – witnessed an unprecedented cooperation between the Catholic and Muslim religious groups to oppose and restrict women’s right to control their bodies and sexuality.
Laser Photoreactions of Volatile Surface-Adsorbed Molecules

Adsorbed layers, which form on solid surfaces exposed to molecular vapors, represent complex inhomogeneous phases. Modern studies of the diverse molecule-surface and intermolecular chemical interactions in these systems have been weighted heavily toward single monolayers, and specifically toward tightly chemisorbed monolayer systems or systems at cryogenic temperatures, in order to make use of surface diagnostics such as Auger spectroscopy and electron diffraction [1f. Chemically passive and immobile systems have been chosen because of the relatively long measurement times and the ultrahigh-vacuum requirements of these surface diagnostics.
Ruthless democracy : a multicultural interpretation of the American renaissance

In "Ruthless Democracy," Timothy Powell reimagines the canonical origins of "American" identity by juxtaposing authors such as Hawthorne, Melville, and Thoreau with Native American, African American, and women authors. Taking his title from Melville, Powell identifies an unresolvable conflict between America's multicultural history and its violent will to monoculturalism. Powell challenges existing perceptions of the American Renaissance--the period at the heart of the American canon and its evolutions--by expanding the parameters of American identity.Drawing on the critical traditions of cultural studies and new historicism, Powell invents a new critical paradigm called "historical multiculturalism." Moving beyond the polarizing rhetoric of the culture wars, Powell grounds his multicultural conception of American identity in careful historical analysis. "Ruthless Democracy" extends the cultural and geographical boundaries of the American Renaissance beyond the northeast to Indian Territory, Alta California, and the transnational sphere that Powell calls the American Diaspora. Arguing for the inclusion of new works, Powell envisions the canon of the American Renaissance as a fluid dialogue of disparate cultural voices.
The Human Element Bureaucracy, Gender, and Race

Research on the people who deliver public services offers a useful alternative perspective in an applied field with an orientation toward organizational systems, performance, and accountability. It begins inside public organizations, treating public professionals as the subjects of research rather than objects to be controlled and manipulated. This essay reviews three new books that explore aspects of this alternative perspective, which we may call “the human element.” These books focus on the characteristics of bureaucrats, women in the public sector, and race and social equity in government. They offer insights on difficult and controversial topics and serve as important resources for scholars and practitioners in public administration.
World Trade since 1431: Geography, Technology and Capitalism

Equipped with reliable maps and instruments for open-ocean navigation and highly seaworthy, three-masted, cannon-armed ships, Portugal dominated the Atlantic trade routes-until the diffusion of Portuguese technologies to wealthier polities made Holland the eventual successor, owing to its geographic position and its immense commercial fleet. It is precisely this interplay of technology and geography, argues Peter J. Hugill, that has guided the evolution of the modern global capitalistic system. Tracing the relationship between technology and economy over the past 550 years, Hugill finds that the nations that developed and marketed new technologies best were the nations that rose to world power, while those that held onto outdated technologies fell behind. Moreover, he argues, major changes in transportation and communication technologies actually constituted the moments of transformation from one world economy to another.
Penguin history of Latin America

Part 1 The age of empire: discovery and conquest Indians and Iberians Spain in America the Spanish Indies colonial Brazil. Part 2 The challenge of the modern world: reform, crisis and independence the quest of order - conservatives and liberals in the 19th century civilization and cultural barbarism - literary and cultural development 1. Part 3 The 20th century: nationalism and development - an overview Mexico - revoluion and stability Brazil - order and progress Cuba - dependency, nationalism and revolution Argentina - the long decline Chile - democaracy, revolution and dictatorship identity and modernity - literary and cultural development 2.
The Arbitral Award on Turkish-Armenian Boundary by Woodrow Wilson (Historical Background, Legal Aspects, and International Dimensions)

The paper is a complex study of the history of the involvement of Woodrow Wilson (the 28th President of the USA, 1913-1921), in the fate of Armenian people after WWI and the Republic Armenia (1918-1920), especially in determining the boundary between Armenia and Turkey. It presents an analysis of Wilson's Arbitral Award according to the international law and the United Nation's official methodology. The article focuses on the historical background, legal aspects and political implications of Wilson's Arbitral Award (November 22, 1920), officially titled: Decision of the President of the United States of America respecting the Frontier between Turkey and Armenia, Access for Armenia to the Sea, and the Demilitarization of Turkish Territory adjacent to the Armenian Frontier. The Arbitration's significance goes beyond Armenian-Turkish and Armenian-US relations. Border conflicts are still relevant issues on the regional and international agenda. American involvement in the Middle East is one of the key components of the United States' present foreign policy. An accurate and a broad understanding of the nuances of the extremely complex legal situation in the region and the bases for the behaviour of the players can be vital for the security, political and economic interests of the region. Moreover, due to the active participation of the United States in the Armenian-Turkish relations through Wilson's Arbitration, the Arbitral Award becomes a logical starting point for a stronger historical, political, and legal understanding of the conflict-prone region. The article also contributes to the better understanding of President Wilson's policy towards the Middle East during the dramatic period of 1917-1921 and its possible consequences for critical relationships in the region today.
Problem Solving Using Process Algebra Considered Insightful

Process algebras with data, such as LOTOS, PSF, FDR, and mCRL2, are very suitable to model and analyse combinatorial problems. Contrary to more traditional mathematics, many of these problems can very directly be formulated in process algebra. Using a wide range of techniques, such as behavioural reductions, model checking, and visualisation, the problems can subsequently be easily solved. With the advent of probabilistic process algebras this also extends to problems where probabilities play a role. In this paper we model and analyse a number of very well-known – yet tricky – problems and show the elegance of behavioural analysis.
Interfacial microstructures of intrabundle inas-received carbon/carbon composites prepared by CVI

A detailed study of the interfacial microstructures of the intrabundles in as-receivedcarbon/carbon composites prepared by CVI was performed by high-resolution electron microscopy. Two kinds of carbon fibers, high strength carbon fiber T300 and high modulus carbon fiber T-50, were chosen for comparison. It was found that the interface between the carbon fiber and carbon matrix is not simply a mechanical pinning structure formed by pyrolytic carbons directly contacting the rough carbon fiber surface. A transitional interfacial layer between the carbon fibers and the pyrolytic carbon matrix was observed which is referred to as induced microstructure. The graphitic degree and the crystallite size of the carbon fiber surface markedly affect the induced interfacial microstructures. The more regular and graphitic the carbon fiber surface, the more ordered and thicker the interface layer induced.
An annotated list of English and American Victorian garden autobiographies

The range of books about gardening extends from the detailed and scientific garden encyclopedia to the tiny gilt-edged sentimental flower book of the Victorian period. And of all garden books, perhaps the most misunderstood type is what I call the garden autobiography. Simply, the garden autobiography is a book in which the author writes the life-story of his or her garden. Some of these garden autobiographies tell a great deal about how to garden, while others tell more of the author's personal life and thoughts. The garden autobiography first appeared in the mid-nineteenth century, and some Victorian garden autobiographies were among the most popular of garden titles in the late Victorian period. Alphonse Karr's Voyage Autour de Mon Jardin (1845) is an early and much admired example, which does not appear in this bibliography because it is French, though it was translated into English and was very popular in England. For a general introduction to these books, the reader is referred to my article, "The Garden Autobiography", in Garden History, 7 (Spring 1979), pp. 101-120.
Family medicine residents' and community physicians' concerns about patient truthfulness.

To assess how often family physicians question patient truthfulness, what factors influence them to do so, and how often resident physicians experience such doubts as compared with senior physicians.



In 1994-95, after half-day patient care sessions, 44 residents from the University of Kansas School of Medicine's three Wichita family practice residency programs and nine community family physicians associated with the programs recorded their impressions of each patient's truthfulness, what issues prompted concern about patient truthfulness, and their feelings about each encounter.



The residents doubted patients in 54 of 277 encounters (19.5%); the senior physicians doubted patients in 16 of 183 encounters (8.7%) (p = .003). Both groups had more negative than positive emotions toward such encounters, with no significant difference in feelings. The demographics of the resident and senior physician populations differed greatly.



Although preliminary, the present study suggests that family physicians question patient truthfulness fairly often, resident physicians more than senior physicians, and that these physicians have some negative feelings toward such situations. Because such feelings may contribute to inadequate patient care, the authors recommend that further research is warranted to understand contributing factors and to guide the development of resident and student education programs in this neglected area of the doctor-patient relationship.
Kinetics of formation and dissociation of aquocobalt(III) complexes with some carboxylic acids in acid perchlorate solution.

The rates of formation and dissociation of monocarboxylic complexes of aquocobalt(III) cations with propionic, malonic, and 2-ethylmalonic acids have been measured with the stopped-flow method over a range of concentrations and temperatures in acid perchlorate media at an ionic strength 3.0 M. Although the rate constants for reactions of CoOHaq2+ with neutral ligands cover only a small range, indicating a dissociative mechanism, the associated activation parameters change cooperatively. These variations are discussed in terms of differences in the structure, proton distribution, and rates of water loss in the ion-pair precursors for the different ligands. Similar activation enthalpies of dissociation indicate a common mode of coordination, and the positive activation entropies for dissociation are consistent with a neutral leaving group.
Interactions of Inosine 5′-Monophosphate with Ca2+ and Mg2+: A Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Study in Aqueous Solution

A thermodynamic and spectroscopic study is reported on the interactions between inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP), a ribonucleotide of hypoxanthine, and Ca2+ and Mg2+, metal cations naturally occurring in biological fluids. Thermodynamic parameters concerning protonation and complex formation equilibria were determined. For both systems, the speciation model involved the formation of the MLH+ and ML0 species (M = Ca2+ or Mg2+), whose stability constants were determined in NaCl at different ionic strengths (I = 0.1–1 mol·kg–1) and temperatures (T = 288.15–318.15 K). In order to gain more information about the reliability of the speciation model obtained from potentiometric investigations and to get deeper insight on the interactions between ligand and metals, 1H NMR spectroscopy was employed. Finally, the binding ability of IMP toward Ca2+ and Mg2+ was evaluated in terms of pL0.5 (the ligand total concentration required to “sequester” the 50% of the metal cation). Examples of calculation in the conditions of ...
What are brands for

Examines why children choose certain brands over others. Relates this to the fact that desirable brands appeal to our needs, so that successful brands address children’s needs. Shows how children seek a balance between learning new things (exploration) and relying on a socially and emotionally stable home life (home), and also a balance between independence (intrinsic) and integration into family and peer group (extrinsic). Constructs a fourfold classification of children’s need states, based on these two oppositions, which will help in effective marketing of children’s products. Discusses these four states: Emotional Home, Social Home, Self‐improvement, and Re‐definition. Applies the four states to popular characters in children’s television, respectively Winnie the Pooh, Lizzie McGuire, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and Harry Potter, while Tom & Jerry changes its appeal over time. Illustrates how a product like the mobile phone can be marketed to appeal to each of the four states, and gives general rules f...