nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ta2O5 in (Ca, Si, Ta)-doped TiO2 ceramic varistors

TiO 2 varistors doped with 0.2 mol% Ca, 0.4 mol% Si and different concentrations of Ta were obtained by ceramic sintering processing at 1350 °C. The effect of Ta on the microstructures, nonlinear electrical behavior and dielectric properties of the (Ca, Si, Ta)-doped TiO 2 ceramics were investigated. The ceramics have nonlinear coefficients of α  = 3.0–5.0 and ultrahigh relative dielectric constants which is up to 10 4 . Experimental evidence shows that small quantities of Ta 2 O 5 improve the nonlinear properties of the samples significantly. It was found that an optimal doping composition of 0.8 mol% Ta 2 O 5 leads to a low breakdown voltage of 14.7 V/mm, a high nonlinear constant of 4.8 and an ultrahigh electrical permittivity of 5.0 × 10 4 and tg δ  = 0.66 (measured at 1 kHz), which is consistent with the highest and narrowest grain boundary barriers of the ceramics. In view of these electrical characteristics, the TiO 2 –0.8 mol% Ta 2 O 5 ceramic is a viable candidate for capacitor–varistor functional devices. The characteristics of the ceramics can be explained by the effect and the maximum of the substitution of Ta 5+ for Ti 4+ .
Holdups and Overinvestment in Physical Capital Markets

Firms in many situations must make investment decisions long before they meet with new capital suppliers. In addition, most physical capital is specific to a task or location, thus implying potentially important switching costs in case negotiations between a firm and a supplier break down. The present paper analyzes the implications of these frictions. The sequentiality of investment makes it impossible to write binding ex-ante contracts. Together with the rents arising from switching costs, this implies a holdup problem. In partial equilibrium, firms react strategically by overinvesting so as to reduce their marginal productivity and thus the price of capital they negotiate with their suppliers upon matching. In general equilibrium, the holdup problem interacts with externalities from switching costs, resulting in inefficient allocations. In a more general macroeconomic context, the holdup problem in physical capital markets interacts with holdup problems in labor markets that typically lead to underinvestment. As long as capital and labor are complements, this presents the firm with a trade-off between overinvestment and overemployment that neutralizes, at least partially, the distortionary effects of each of the two holdup problems.
Interaction Systems and Linear Logic, a different games semantics

We define a model for linear logic based on two well-known ingredients: games and simulations. This model is interesting in the following respect: while it is obvious that the objects interpreting formulas are games and that everything is developed with the intuition of interaction in mind, the notion of morphism is very different from traditional morphisms in games semantics. In particular, we make no use of the notion of strategy! The resulting structure is very different from what is usually found in categories of games. We start by defining several constructions on those games and show, using elementary considerations, that they enjoy the appropriate algebraic properties making this category a denotational model for intuitionistic linear logic. An interesting point is that the tensor product corresponds to a strongly synchronous operation on games. This category can also, using traditional translations, serve as a model for the simply typed -calculus. We use some of the additional structure of the category to extend this to a model of the simply typed differential -calculus. Once this is done, we go a little further by constructing a reflexive object in this category, thus getting a concrete non-trivial model for the untyped differential -calculus. We then show, using a highly non-constructive principle, that this category is in fact a model for full classical linear logic ; and we finally have a brief look at the related notions of predicate transformers and containers.
French-Brazilian Geography: The Influence of French Geography in Brazil

The introduction emphasizes the analysis of French geography, starting from the discussion of its theoretical presuppositions as a science, and the strong activity of French geographers in a constant search for legitimacy in relation to other fields of knowledge. It accepts the existence of a French school of geography and evidences the importance that French geography has acquired in the world, especially in Brazil. It singles out the events which strongly marked the influence of French geography in Brazil and recognizes different phases in its trajectory in Brazil, among them those of closer proximity and those of ruptures.
Paradox of Thrift Recessions

We build a variation of the neoclassical growth model in which both wealth shocks (in the sense of wealth destruction) and financial shocks to households generate recessions. The model features three mild departures from the standard model: (1) adjustment costs make it difficult to expand the tradable goods sector by reallocating factors of production from nontradables to tradables; (2) there is a mild form of labor market frictions (Nash bargaining wage setting with Mortensen-Pissarides labor markets); (3) goods markets for nontradables require active search from households wherein increases in consumption expenditures increase measured productivity. These departures provide a novel quantitative theory to explain recessions like those in southern Europe without relying on technology shocks.
Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid Released

An Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (EMAG2) compiled from satellite, ship, and airborne magnetic measurements during a 2-year international collaborative effort was released in February 2009. Magnetic anomaly maps provide insights into the subsurface structure and composition of the Earths crust. They are widely used in the geological sciences and in resource exploration. Furthermore, the global magnetic map is useful in science education to illustrate plate tectonics, crustal interaction with the deep mantle, and other aspects of Earth evolution. Distinct patterns and magnetic signatures on magnetic anomaly maps can be attributed to the formation (seafloor spreading) and destruction (subduction zones) of oceanic crust, the formation of continental crust by accretion of terranes to cratonic areas, and large-scale volcanism.
All-Materials-Inclusive Flash Spark Plasma Sintering

A new flash (ultra-rapid) spark plasma sintering method applicable to various materials systems, regardless of their electrical resistivity, is developed. A number of powders ranging from metals to electrically insulative ceramics have been successfully densified resulting in homogeneous microstructures within sintering times of 8–35 s. A finite element simulation reveals that the developed method, providing an extraordinary fast and homogeneous heating concentrated in the sample’s volume and punches, is applicable to all the different samples tested. The utilized uniquely controllable flash phenomenon is enabled by the combination of the electric current concentration around the sample and the confinement of the heat generated in this area by the lateral thermal contact resistance. The presented new method allows: extending flash sintering to nearly all materials, controlling sample shape by an added graphite die, and an energy efficient mass production of small and intermediate size objects. This approach represents also a potential venue for future investigations of flash sintering of complex shapes.
Characterization of the ATP-G-actin aggregates formed at low potassium chloride concentration.

The ATP-G-actin aggregates formed by incubation of ATP-G-actin in 7.5 mM-KCl were characterized by electron-microscopical observation, by high-pressure liquid chromatography and by the study of the 1,N6-etheno-ATP-ATP exchange reaction between the free and the actin-bound nucleotide. In 30 mM-KCl the initial rate of the reduced-viscosity increase is found to be directly related to the amount of the aggregates formed in the course of the preincubation in 7.5 mM-KCl.
Microstructural and Corrosion Evaluation of Laser Surface Nitrided Ti-13Nb-13Zr Alloy

present paper reports on the microstructure, hardness, surface roughness, phases formed and corrosion behaviour of laser nitrided Ti-13Nb-13Zr biomedical alloy. Surface melting and nitriding of the alloy were carried out using a Nd:YAG laser in pulsed mode under dilute and pure nitrogen environments. Laser nitriding of the alloy resulted in a hardness of 1600 HV and 650 HV, respectively, for pure N2 and dilute N2+ Ar environments. Cracks were not observed either on the surface or in the vertical cross-section of the samples nitrided in both environments. X-ray diffraction analysis of the sample nitrided in a pure nitrogen environment confirmed the formation of TiN, TiN0.3, alpha and beta phases along with ZrN. Quantitative analysis using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) showed the enrichment of Zr and Ti in the dendrites. Corrosion resistance of the laser nitrided samples in a simulated body environment (Ringer's solution) was evaluated using the potentiodynamic polarisation method, and was...
Synthesis and characterization of novel CoFe2O4–BaTiO3 multiferroic core–shell-type nanostructures

Novel multiferroic nanostructures of cobalt ferrite–barium titanate were synthesized by a two-step wet chemical procedure, combining co-precipitation and sol–gel techniques. The fraction of cobalt ferrite in the nanostructures was varied from 20 to 60 wt.%. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of both the spinel and the perovskite phases, with average crystallite sizes in the range of 15–28 nm. Both the degree of tetragonality of barium titanate and the lattice parameter of cobalt ferrite significantly increased with the content of ferrite in the nanostructures, revealing a crystallographic distortion related to the shell thickness. Transmission electron microscopy data showed two-phase composite nanostructures consisting of a cobalt ferrite core surrounded by a barium titanate shell-like coating. Magnetization data showed expected ferromagnetic behavior. The multiferroic nanostructures are proposed as building blocks for higher-order multiferroic inorganic and hybrid inorganic–organic nanocomposites.
High adhesion of diamond-like films achieved by the pulsed arc-discharge method

The existence of an extremely good adhesion between a silicon substrate and hard diamond-like films (sp 3 bonding 78%) prepared by the pulsed filtered arc-discharge method has been pointed out. The deposition of the films was performed at room temperature with the rate 1 μm/h. The high adhesion was achieved by pretreating the silicon surface with “high energy” (140 eV) carbon plasma ions. The compressive stress of the films arisen during the preparation process caused the silicon surface layer to peel off even to the depth of 25 μm in bulk silicon. This effect indicates difficulties in the use of thick (> 1.5 μm) diamond-like films in the applications.
Time-Reversal Symmetric U ( 1 ) Quantum Spin Liquids

We study possible quantum $U(1)$ spin liquids in three dimensions with time-reversal symmetry. We find a total of 7 families of such $U(1)$ spin liquids, distinguished by the properties of their emergent electric/magnetic charges. We show how these spin liquids are related to each other. Two of these classes admit nontrivial protected surface states which we describe. We show how to access all of the 7 spin liquids through slave particle (parton) constructions. We also provide intuitive loop gas descriptions of their ground state wave functions. One of these phases is the `topological Mott insulator' conventionally described as a topological insulator of an emergent fermionic `spinon'. We show that this phase admits a remarkable dual description as a topological insulator of emergent fermionic magnetic monopoles. This results in a new (possibly natural) surface phase for the topological Mott insulator and a new slave particle construction. We describe some of the continuous quantum phase transitions between the different $U(1)$ spin liquids. Each of these seven families of states admits a finer distinction in terms of their surface properties which we determine by combining these spin liquids with symmetry protected topological phases. We discuss lessons for materials such as pyrochlore quantum spin ices which may harbor a $U(1)$ spin liquid. We suggest the topological Mott insulator as a possible ground state in some range of parameters for the quantum spin ice Hamiltonian.
Assessment of knowledge about cancer pain management by physicians in training.

This survey assessed the knowledge of physicians in training about the pharmacology of opioid analgesics and the benefits of palliative radiation therapy in the management of cancer pain. Eighty-one trainees at the Washington University Medical Center completed a questionnaire that addressed the palliative care of a hypothetical patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. The questions addressed were 1) opioid selection, 2) conversion of parenteral to oral morphine, 3) management of opioid toxicities, 4) opioid addiction, and 5) efficacy of radiation therapy. The results demonstrated that few physicians in training were familiar with the stepwise progression of analgesic selection outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. When asked to convert a parenteral dose of morphine to an equivalent dose of a controlled-release preparation, 75% calculated a dose that was less than one-third the correct dose; only four (5%) calculated the dose correctly. Trainees were familiar with the management of opioid toxicities. They were unfamiliar with the palliative benefits of radiation therapy. Although 41% recognized that complete relief of pain could be achieved in 50%-60% of patients, most (70%) predicted that maximum pain relief would be seen within the first month, and 98% predicted maximum benefit by 12 weeks. Although cancer pain management has been highlighted in the lay and medical literature, physicians in training still demonstrate deficiencies in their knowledge about the pharmacology and bioequivalency of the opioid and the benefits of radiation therapy. Published guidelines for the management of cancer pain need to be disseminated to all medical personnel caring for patients with cancer.
Unravelling uniaxial strain effects on electronic correlations, hybridization and bonding in transition metal oxides

The interplay among spin, lattice, charge and orbit is of central importance for several rich and fascinating properties of oxides, and is the subject of intense research at present. Here, we present an approach to manipulate this interplay by Sn doping to effectively apply uniaxial strain on the TiO 2 lattice. The evolution of this interplay in pseudo-homoepitaxial Ti 1- x Sn x O 2 films is measured using a combination of X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy at the O K and Ti L 3,2 -edges. Supported by various theoretical calculations, we find that the multiplet-type electronic correlations, long-range bonding and hybridization in the system can be controlled by independently modifying uniaxial strain, thereby allowing us to establish the correlations among these effects, doping concentration, and strain. This significantly widens the phase space for experimental exploration of predictive models and leads to new possibilities for manipulation over materials’ functional properties. The methodology presented here can be applied in general to study the nature of the multiplet-type electronic correlations and bonding properties in octahedral-coordinated 3 d N transition metal oxides.
Dining with Anna Karenina: Opening the Invitation to Burke’s Parlor

Kenneth Burke uses the metaphor of a parlor conversation to explain the dynamics of an academic discourse community. This metaphor demonstrates how one, after learning the conventions and the tenor of the parlor, can enter into a scholarly conversation. However, Burke’s parlor metaphor fails to recognize that the conventions of the parlor may prevent certain people from speaking or being heard. Within the discourse community of composition studies, undergraduates are often excluded from academic conversations despite their relative familiarity with discourse conventions. This essay examines a dinner party scene from Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina as an example of Burke’s parlor and proposes a shift in convention to make the discourse community more welcoming to undergraduates.
Working conference on requirements engineering: foundation for software quality (REFSQ'07)

REFSQ'07 took place over the 11th and 12th June 2007 in the beautiful Norwegian city of Trondheim. It was attended by 47 people from 14 countries, who came to present and/or discuss 27 papers, the insights they offered and the issues they raised. During the course of the two days, a number of recurrent and important themes emerged. These were co-design of requirements and architecture, analyst-stakeholder-developer communication, requirements dependencies, the role of value in requirements engineering (RE) and the role and the progress made by research in RE.
Theology in the Seventies

“… predictions represent not so much a description of the future as an expression of the priorities in the predictor's mind. Thus saying what theology will be like is really saying what I think it should be like; we extrapolate the trends that we think are creative, as if history were going to go in that wise direction. A strange view of history for a biblical realist to adopt! So let us agree to transpose all our verbs. When we guess what theology will be like, we are really saying what we think it ought to be like.”
Structural and geochronological constraints on the role of partial melting during the formation of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex at the latitude of the Thor-Odin dome, British Columbia

At the latitude of the Thor-Odin dome, the Shuswap metamorphic core complex exposes a ~15 km thick structural section composed of an upper unit that preserved Mesozoic metamorphism, structures, and cooling ages, separated from the underlying high-grade rocks by low-angle detachment zones. Below the detachments, the core of the complex consists of an amphibolite-facies middle unit overlying a migmatitic lower unit exposed in the core of the Thor-Odin dome. Combined structural and super high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb geochronology studies indicate that the pervasive shallowly dipping foliation and east-west lineation developed in the presence of melt during Paleocene time. SHRIMP analyses of complexly zoned zircon grains suggest that the migmatites of the lower unit crystallized at ~56 Ma, and a syntectonic leucogranite at ~60 Ma. We suggest that leucogranite migrated upward from the migmatites through an array of dikes and sills that permeated the middle unit and ponded to form laccoliths spa...
Extensive air showers with TeV scale quantum gravity

One of the possible consequences of the existence of extra degrees of freedom beyond the electroweak scale is the increase of neutrino-nucleon cross sections () beyond standard model predictions. At ultrahigh energies this may allow the existence of neutrino-initiated extensive air showers. In this paper, we examine the most relevant observables of such showers. Our analysis indicates that the future Pierre Auger Observatory could be potentially powerful in probing models with large compact dimensions.
Resurrecting the Narrative Paradigm: Identification and the Case of Young Earth Creationism

This article extends the work of conceptual revision of the narrative paradigm in order to more directly and completely account for the inventional possibilities of new narratives, the rhetorical revision of old narratives, and the appeal and acceptance of improbable narrative accounts. It does so by reconceptualizing Burke's concept of identification in the narrative paradigm by expanding identification's critical range. Reconceptualizing identification in the narrative paradigm further expands narrative rationality beyond “the logic of good reasons,” provides a theoretical mechanism that accounts for and complements prior theoretical extensions advanced in revision of the narrative paradigm, and provides greater conceptual flexibility for the critical use of narrative in light of poststructuralism. Reconceptualizing the role of identification in the narrative paradigm enriches our understanding of how narratives foster beliefs, attitudes, and actions by accounting more fully for the range of the symboli...
In Situ Surface Monitoring of Charge Transfer during Oxidation of Zirconia at Elevated Temperatures

This work considers the reactivity at the gas/solid interface for energy conversion systems based on ZrO2, such as solid oxide fuel cells, SOFCs, and the related charge transfer. We consider the effect of a quasi-isolated surface structure, QISS, on the reactivity of yttria-stabilized zirconia, YSZ, with oxygen at elevated temperatures. The charge transfer associated with oxidation of both YSZ and Nb-doped YSZ in the range 973–1173 K was determined by in situ surface monitoring using work function, WF, measurements. We show that the reactivity at the O2/YSZ interface can be enhanced by incorporation of pentavalent cations, such as Nb5+ ions, into the QISS that exhibits the functions of both fast ionic oxygen conductor and metallic electrode. It has been documented that surface doping of YSZ with niobium results in removal of oxygen chemisorption-related surface potential barrier that prevents oxygen incorporation into the lattice of YSZ. This finding paves the way for the development of novel materials fo...
Diamond-like amorphous carbon films prepared by r.f. sputtering in argon : electron-assisted investigations

We reliably verified by various electron-assisted methods (electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), high resolution XTEM, TEM, radial distribution function, electron energy loss spectroscopy) the impurities, morphology and atomic structure which are important for the macroscopic film behaviour of diamond-like carbon films r.f. sputtered in argon at different target voltages, cooled and uncooled. The relatively smooth surface morphology of our low nitrogen-1 and argon-contaminated films depends on target voltage and substrate temperature. Until now, the influence of up to 4.2 at.% oxygen impurities on our resulting solid state has not been clear. We find in comparison with earlier investigations of the physical film properties for our low hydrogen, hard, IR-transparent amorphous carbon films a dominating film structure of irregular cross-linked regions of sp 2 -hybridized carbon predominantly arranged in six-membered rings.
ON ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PRIVATE PUBLIC SECTOR TRANSPORT PROJECTS. 13TH AUSTRALASIAN TRANSPORT RESEARCH FORUM, CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND, 18-21 JULY 1988; FORUM PAPERS. VOLUME 1 AND 2

Although private and public involvement in transport projects has a long history, the economic and political climate has placed new emphasis on private public sector partnerships as public funding diminishes. After reviewing briefly the history of private sector involvement in roads in New South Wales and the system of highway financing through tolls, two major private sector initiatives are described. They are the Sydney Newcastle toll road proposal of the early 1960s and the Sydney harbour tunnel (1986 onwards). Both projects are discussed not only in terms of their economic evaluation but in their conceptual validity and functional utility. The paper concludes by making several points on the economic evaluation of private public sector transport projects.