nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Economic theories of organization

Until the last ten years or so the relationship between economics and organizational analysis has been a quite distant one. Most economic theorists treated the organization as an entrepreneur in a field of entrepreneurs, and saw little need to inquire into the nature of the organization itself. On the other hand, organizational analysts paid relatively little attention to the interaction of organizations, even less to industry characteristics, and virtually none to the role of organizations in the economy as a whole. The organization responded to an environment, and its response was the focus of interest, not the environment. This has changed. Two closely related bodies of theory in economics agency theory and transaction-cost analysis have taken the internal operation of the firm as problematical and have investigated it. Agency theory has focused upon the problem the "principal" has in controlling the employee ("agent"), and transaction-cost analysis has focused upon the advantages of eliminating market contracts by incorporating suppliers and distributers into one's own firm the replacement of the market by a hierarchy. Organizational analysts, on the other hand, have begun to develop the notion of the environment in a variety of ways, some of which involve networks of organizations, others take account of industry characteristics (but as yet none has studied the dynamics of the economy as a whole). These ventures by the two disciplines, if I may speak of organizational analysis as a discipline, are, of course, to be welcomed for a variety of obvious reasons. The two disciplines have much to learn from each other. A less obvious reason for welcoming the developments will concern me in this article, and it is a somewhat perverse one. I find the formulations regarding human behavior and organizations by the economists to be not only wrong but dangerous. However, I find my own field of organizational analysis, and sociology in general, to be insufficiently developed to convincingly demonstrate the full measure of error. Therein resides the danger. But it is also an opportunity.
The Autonomy of Art in Heidegger and Schopenhauer

Many recent discussions of aesthetics have suggested that a genuine dialogue between philosophy and art is impossible. This essay aims to counter such claims by arguing that philosophical thinking about art need not be either dismissive or domineering. The authors argue that a model for a productive dialogue between philosophy and art can be found by means of a comparative reading of two seemingly very different philosophies of art: those of Schopenhauer and Heidegger. The overall philosophical positions of these two thinkers are often at odds with each other. However, a careful examination of their views of art reveals a fundamental connection between art and truth, a connection that makes artworks indispensable counterparts for philosophical thinking, without at the same time undermining their autonomy.
Longitudinal IQ Outcomes of the Mother-Child Home Program, 1967-1973.

MADDEN, JOHN; LEVENSTEIN, PHYLLIS; and LEVENSTEIN, SIDNEY. Longitudinal IQ Outcomes of the Mother-Child Home Program. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47, 1015-1025. Low-income families participated in several variations of a home-based intervention program which focused on modeling verbal interaction between mother and child around selected toys and books. Long-term results from a quasiexperimental design suggested that the amount of IQ difference between groups was dependent on the amount of program intervention within the range of conditions examined. Initial short-term experimental results have not confirmed this conclusion and indicate the need for increased attention to the conduct of the program and for more informative experimental research.
On the WZNW model and its statistical mechanics applications

Motivated by a careful analysis of the Laplacian on the supergroup SU(2|1)SU(2|1) we formulate a proposal for the state space of the SU(2|1)SU(2|1) WZNW model. We then use properties of slˆ(2|1) characters to compute the partition function of the theory. In the special case of level k=1k=1 the latter is found to agree with the properly regularized partition function for the continuum limit of the integrable sl(2|1)sl(2|1)3–3¯ super-spin chain. Some general conclusions applicable to other WZNW models (in particular the case k=−1/2k=−1/2) are also drawn.
Uniform Versus Discriminatory Tariffs

We analyze the non-cooperative interaction between two exporting countries producing differentiated products and one importing country when governments use optimal policies to maximize welfare. The analysis includes product differentiation, asymmetric costs, and Bertrand competition. For identical exporting countries we demonstrate that the importing country always prefers a uniform tariff regime while both exporting countries prefer a discriminatory tariff regime for any degree of product differentiation. If countries are asymmetric in terms of production cost then the higher-cost exporter always prefers the discriminatory regime but the lower-cost exporter prefers the uniform regime if there is a significant cost differential. With cost asymmetry the announcement of a uniform tariff regime by the importer is not a credible strategy since there is an incentive to deviate to discrimination. This implies an international body can play a role in ensuring that tariff agreements are respected.
The Strategic Role of the Food Research Institute in Productivity Enhancement and the Private Sector Development in Ghana

The Private Sector Development Project (PSDP) was a culmination of the renewed commitment of the Government of Ghana to accelerate the pace of development of Ghana’s private sector. The project was also a direct result of the Business Community’s own assessment of Lingering issues which impeded growth of the private sector. The key policy objective of the project was to adequately develop the private sector to become the effective engine of growth for the country. The Food Research Institute’s component of the PSDP was initiated with a clear objective of re-orienting the Food Research Institute (FRI) from a subvention-oriented institute to a partly self-financing organisation able to operate and survive in a commercial setting and to support the growth of the private sector. After a decade of implementation, what are the experiences? This paper looks at the management of the commercialisation process. The implementation process, the attitude of research scientists towards the change and the impact of the commercialisation process on the socio-economic development of Ghana are discussed. The constraint of commercialisation including inadequate uptake of research, which is a reflection of inappropriate monitoring and evaluation, is discussed. The paper seeks to review among others the background of the PSDP, the original tasks targeted at project initiation, and the successes and failures of the project. An attempt has been made to review a number of relevant conceptual and practical issues of private sector development in Ghana in an evolutionary perspective. Against this backdrop, the paper seeks to define, in a focused manner, the management framework of the Food Research Institute: From “Strategic Planning” to “Strategic Learning”.
10.1.2 Integrating Systems and Business Engineering in an International Context: The SpaceTech Postgraduate Program

Successful education of engineers needs continuous adaptation to track the changing needs of industry. The adaptation is not limited to technological advance or to the changing mentality of new students but also to end-to-end engineering approaches using Systems Engineering. However, industries today require more and more engineers with profound knowledge of business engineering to arrive at successful products – a fact which universities typically have not sufficiently taken into account yet. 
 
 
 
The SpaceTech program of the Delft University of Technology is an international postgraduate program for experienced high potentials seeking expertise in space systems and business engineering. The program centres around a Central Case Project where a group of international participants exercise space systems engineering fundamentals together with marketing and business engineering tools to create a financially viable virtual business. 
 
 
 
Based on more than 10 years of experience from the SpaceTech program, the learning objectives of Systems Engineering and business engineering and their interrelations are analyzed. Topics of past Central Case Projects are summarized and trends are extracted. The potentials of integrating Systems and Business Engineering are identified and their limitations in an educational environment are addressed.
Effect of Tin on Microstructure and Electrochemistrical Properties of Mg-Al-Sn-Zn Magnesium Alloys Anodic Materials

Morphologies, microstructure and composition distribution of the magnesium anodic materials were studied by metallographic microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The corrosion behavior and electrochemical properties of Mg alloy were also investigated by constant current method, potential polarization, collecting gas through drainage. The results show that tin restrained β-Mg17Al12 phase precipitation along the grain boundary. With the content of tin increasing, granular Mg2Sn phase was improved. After uniform heat treatment, most of β-Mg17Al12 phase was dissolved, but most of Mg2Sn was not dissolved. Tin could improve self-corrosion potential and release hydrogen rate. Magnesium alloy anode with 1% tin content had high discharge potential and current efficiency. With the current density increasing, the release hydrogen rate augmented. The current efficiency reached 82 % at 20mA/cm2. The main composition of the corrosion products were MgO and Al2O3 which were easily peeled off. As a result, more negative and stable work potential was produced and the reaction was accelerated continuously.
Coping with school failure: Characteristics of students employing successful and unsuccessful coping strategies

This study examined the characteristics of four groups of children employing positive, defensive, self-blame, or mixed strategies to cope with a failure experience in school. The findings indicated that children who employ positive/action-oriented strategies are more likely to have higher academic achievement and a higher sense of self-worth. In addition, they tend to view themselves as more competent in the area of scholastic achievement and express that they feel successful in their peer relations. Although preliminary, these results suggest that children would profit from a school environment that fosters the development of positive/problem-focused skills.
Non-tenured post-doctoral researchers' job mobility and research output: An analysis of the role of research discipline, department size, and coauthors

To succeed in academia, non-tenured researchers aim to maximize their quality-adjusted research output. This paper analyzes if and how changing institutional affiliations as a non-tenured post-doctoral researcher influences publications, and how potential effects depend on the context of the researcher. Theoretically, moving to another university at another place can have positive and negative effects on career success. On the one hand when moving to another institution one stands to gain knowledge (human capital), colleagues and coauthors (social capital). On the other hand part of one's knowledge might no longer be relevant and contacts to colleagues and even coauthors might be lost. In line with the latter arguments, matching analysis of an extensive dataset of German-speaking economists and management researchers reveals a short-term negative effect on publications across contexts. Examining the researchers’ contexts reveals that this negative effect of mobility seems to be driven by researchers with social capital (i.e. coauthors or colleagues) tied to the doctorate granting institution.
Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of methylamine by permanganate ion

The oxidation of methylamine by permanganate ion in aqueous phosphate buffers is autocatalyzed by a soluble form of colloidal manganese dioxide temporarily stabilized in solution by adsorption of phosphate ions on its surface. The dependence of the rate constants of both the noncatalytic and catalytic mechanisms on the concentrations of both methylammonium and hydroxyl ions and on temperature has been determined. The activation parameters have been obtained. Mechanisms in agreement with the experimental data are proposed.
The clinical findings in young adults with acute scrotal pain.

Acute scrotal pain (ASP) is a common symptom of young adults. Testicular torsion is the most important diagnosis in these cases. It is a medical emergency in which the diagnosis must be made rapidly to prevent testicular loss. This requires a high index of clinical suspicion and prompt surgical intervention. This study was conducted to examine the spectrum of diagnoses in young man with ASP in a prehospital setting, the frequency of significant diagnoses, and their outcomes.



The medical records of young adults in their obligatory military service presenting with ASP to primary care clinics from 2004 to 2014 were reviewed using the keywords: pain, testis, torsion, and orchialgia. Anamnestic data, physical findings, primary care physician decisions, and final outcomes were analyzed.



A total of 9922 medical visits were recorded. Idiopathic scrotal pain, varicocele, scrotal trauma, and genital tract infections were the most common diagnoses. In 3 visits (0.03%), testicular cancer was diagnosed. Testicular torsion was the etiology of ASP in only 12 (0.12%) visits, and 60% the testes were salvaged. The mean duration of symptoms in the salvaged group was 6.33 hours; and in the nonsalvaged group, 44 hours.



Testicular torsion is the etiology of ASP in only 0.12% of the visits to the primary care clinic. Patient delay before attending the primary care is responsible for most of the testes lost. Patient education in addition to high index of suspicion of primary care physicians is needed for salvage of more testicles.
Do GPOs Promote or Stifle Competition in Healthcare-Product Supply Chains?

This paper uses economic modeling to examine the controversial role that Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs) play in the supply chains for healthcare products. Among the controversies, perhaps the most fundamental one is whether or not GPO-contracted prices are the lowest available. However, the fiercest controversy is around the " Contract Administration Fees (CAFs) " that GPOs charge to manufacturers. We examine these and other controversies using a Hotelling duopoly model. Among our conclusions: GPOs increase competition between manufacturers and lower prices for healthcare providers. However, GPOs reduce manufacturers' incentives to innovate. We also demonstrate that the existence of lower off-contract prices is not, per se, evidence of anticompetitive behavior on the part of GPOs. Indeed, we demonstrate that, under certain circumstances, the presence of a GPO lowers off-contract prices. We also examine the consequences of eliminating the " safe harbor " provisions, and conclude that it would not affect any party's profits or costs.
Geohistorical Archaeology: A Perspective for Considering the Historic Past

The term geohistorical archaeology was adopted to describe the combination of the techniques and concepts of historical geography, historical archaeology, and history. It is suggested that the field offers the potential of enhanced research and instruction as it pertains to the early historical settlement of an area. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of site material culture as a key to site locations and the period and nature of their use. The basic techniques involved are reviewed, as is the possibility of incorporating classroom units and field projects on local historical settlement at the secondary level.
Rewriting the history of Chinese families in nineteenth-century Australia.

The nineteenth-century Chinese population in Australia was made up mostly of men, drawing many commentators to the conclusion these men faced an absence of family life, resulting in prostitution, gambling, opium use and other so-called vices. Recent research has, however, expanded and complicated our knowledge of Chinese families in New South Wales and Victoria, particularly concerning the extent to which Chinese men and white Australian women formed intimate relationships. This article traces the origins of the misconceptions about Chinese families in nineteenth-century Australia, and considers how new directions in scholarship over the past decade are providing methods for enlarging our knowledge. It argues that instead of being oddities or exceptions, Chinese-European families were integral to the story of Australia's early Chinese communities.
Challenges for political science in South Africa

The political scientist in South Africa is faced with the challenge to give meaning and relevance to the discipline in the South African context. Therefore it is the task of the political scientist to conceptualize the discipline of political science in a universal context and to evaluate the unique South African political experience against the universal pattern. On the South African level a meaningful and fruitful dialogue with foreign political science scholars must be maintained, our own political history, experience and culture must be assessed and general concepts must be applied to our own political situation. Regarding the basis of conceptualization to which the political scientists should address themselves, the question of priorities arise. In this attempt at theorizing, relevant concepts developed elsewhere may be of some use to the South African political scientist, but essentially a high degree of intellectual innovation on. the part of local scholars is called for.
Applications of Mobile Information System in Rural Area of China

More and more information system applications have been adopted in China. Telecom operators in China are applying information services and solutions to more and more sectors and areas, of which the rural area is a typical example. Firstly, the paper describes the architecture of the mobile information system, which is based on telecommunication terminals and is realized through text messaging, voice, WAP and other means to satisfy the rural demanding, such as agricultural production, administrative management and other information applications. Secondly, the paper presents the business application model. It is not just the simple use of communication tools and instead, it includes using networks and information resources to the processes of information production, operation, promotion and so on. Thirdly, the paper investigates the value chain and business models. Finally, the benefits for both farmers and telecom operators would be discussed. It can increase the farmers’ income, improve the rural market share of Chinese telecom operators and narrow the “information gap” between the cities and rural areas.
Beyond university rankings? Generating new indicators on universities by linking data in open platforms

The need for new indicators on universities is growing enormously. Governments and decision makers at all levels are faced with the huge opportunities generated by the availability of new knowledge and information and, simultaneously, are pressed by tight budget constraints. University rankings, in particular, are attracting policy and media attention, but at the same time receive harsh methodological criticism. After summarizing the main criticisms of rankings, we describe 2 trends in the user requirements for indicators; namely, granularity and cross-referencing. We then suggest that a change in the paradigm of the design and production of indicators is needed. The traditional approach is one that not only leverages on the existing data but also suggests heavy investment to integrate existing databases and to build up tailored indicators. We show, based on the European universities case, how the intelligent integration of existing data may lead to an open-linked data platform which permits the construction of new indicators. The power of the approach derives from the ability to combine heterogeneous sources of data to generate indicators that address a variety of user requirements without the need to design indicators on a custom basis.
Women, business and the law: measuring legal gender parity for entrepreneurs and workers

Given the importance of legal parity between women and men in today's world and lack of research in this domain, the purpose of this paper is to identify gender‐based distinctions in formal laws and institutions that may directly or indirectly affect women's prospects as entrepreneurs and employees. Covering 128 economies, it establishes six indicators of gender differences in formal laws and institutions: accessing institutions; using property; getting a job; dealing with taxes; building credit; and going to court. The first three indicators capture laws that have direct gender dimensions and are based on a reading of such laws from the perspective of individual women. The fourth indicator examines the direct and indirect gender implications of tax policy from the perspective of four standardised families with varying tax liabilities. The last two indicators examine the ease of access to credit bureaus and courts to examine the indirect effects that microfinance ins...
American Political Science before the Mirror: What Our Journals Reveal about the Profession

T HE NATURE AND DIRECTION of American political science has been much discussed in recent years, and there can be little doubt that a great deal of the dialogue is carried on in the shadow of Thomas S. Kuhn and his many critics and allies.' Although Kuhn applied his analysis of scientific activity to the physical sciences, terms such as "paradigm," "preparadigm," "normal science," and "revolution" have rapidly swept through the social sciences and are conspicuously evident in the literature of political science during the past decade. Possibly the best known and most discussed point of Kuhn's 1962 work is that of paradigms which he relates to normal science which "include
Crustal structure east of the Faroe Islands; mapping sub-basalt sediments using wide-angle seismic data

We use normal-incidence and wide-angle seismic data recorded on the Faroe Islands to study the crustal structure along two profiles extending east from the islands, across the Faroe shelf and into the Faroe-Shetland Basin. We show that massive basaltic lava flows extend eastward away from the Faroe Islands, having flowed across an older Mesozoic and early Paleocene sedimentary basin, and feathering out near the centre of the Faroe-Shetland Basin. Sediments beneath the basalts reach a thickness of several kilometres in the basin, but do not extend with a resolvable thickness beneath the Faroe Islands. The crustal thickness decreases toward the centre of the Faroe-Shetland Basin, showing that the basement beneath the centre of the basin has been stretched and thinned by a factor of at least two. The Faroe Islands themselves lie on a continental fragment, which had a total thickness of about 10-15 km of igneous rock added as extrusive lavas at the top, and as high-velocity intrusives near the base of the crust at the time of continental break-up in the Paleocene.