nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Political Art of Jacques‐Louis David and his Modern‐Day American Successors

Until relatively recently, Jacques-Louis David was a famous, relatively well-understood painter. Thanks to Thomas Crow, and a number of recent historians, his art now has come to seem much more complex. According to these writers, David's pre-Revolutionary paintings make subtle comments on French politics of the Revolutionary period. I demonstrate that this way of thinking cannot be understood without acknowledging the intense desire of recent American critics that there be art which is aesthetically significant and politically critical. Crow's account of David, so I argue, projects back into the 1780s important concerns of American art writers in the 1980s.
Interfaces in oxide–fibre-based composites

The behaviour of the fibre/matrix interface makes a composite being a material different from just a mixture of two constituents. Some important features of the interface have been known from the very beginning of research in the composite field whereas some new features are becoming known when deeper insight into the behaviour of composites occurred to be vital. Oxide–fibre-based composites provide clear illustrations of the primary importance of the interface in composite microstructures. Dealing with single crystalline oxide fibres in various matrices opens a number of new possibilities as well as yields new findings about a role of the interfaces in composites. A review of both the possibilities and findings is a subject of the present paper.
Kinetics and mechanism of decomposition of N-chloro-α-amino acids

The kinetics of decomposition of N-chloro derivatives of the following amino acids have been studied in phosphate buffer solution in the pH range 6–13: glycine, alanine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, N-methylglycine, N-methylalanine, 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid, proline, N-methylvaline, valine, isoleucine, and L-tert-leucine. The rates of decomposition of N-chloro-α-amino acids were found to be independent of the initial concentrations, ionic strengths, buffer concentrations and pH in the studied range. The first-order rate constants were found to increase as the relative permittivity decreased. The decomposition of N-chloroamino acids was followed by either a spectrophotometric method or an iodometric method, and in some cases the reaction was monitored by determining the rate of CO2 evolution. The three methods gave results that were in good agreement. The effects of both α-carbon substitution and N-substitution on the rate of decomposition were investigated. All the kinetic data obtained appear to be consistent with a concerted mechanism in which dechlorination and decarboxylation take place concomitantly, resulting in the formation of an imine intermediate via an imine-like transition state. The imine may then be hydrolysed to the corresponding aldehyde or ketone, and amine. The kinetic data suggest that factors which influence the stability of the imine-like transition state affect the rate of decomposition of the N-chloro amino acid. The data from the decomposition of N-chloro amino acids may be useful in designing chemically stable, biodegradable germicidal agents.
Forecasting Accidental Marine Pollution Drift:The French Operational Plan

In case of accidental marine pollution, Cedre and Meteo-France, within the framework of their own public service missions, provide assistance to the French authorities in charge of pollution response. Meteo-France has developed a numerical marine oil pollution transport model, named MOTHY, designed to simulate the transport of oil in three dimensions. A hydrodynamic ocean model is linked to an oil spill model including current shear, vertical movements and fate of the oil. The use of a global atmospheric model for atmospheric forcing enables world-wide application of the model. This oil spill response system has been operational since February 1994. In case of marine pollution, MeteoFrance send meteorological forecasts and oil spill drift forecasts to Cedre. In return, by its experimentations and interventions on actual pollution, Cedre is contributing to the improvement and validation of the model. New developments, exercises and training are conducted jointly. This paper summarizes the key features of MOTHY and presents some examples of model applications. Transactions on Ecology and the Environment vol 20,  ISSN 1743-3541
For lust of knowing : the orientalists and their enemies

Robert Irwin's history of Orientalism leads from Ancient Greece to the present. He shows that, whether making philological comparisons between Arabic and Hebrew, cataloguing the coins of Fatimid Egypt or establishing the basic chronology of Harun al-Rashid's military campaigns against Byzantium, scholars have been unified not by politics or ideology but by their shared obsession. "For Lust of Knowing" is an extraordinary, passionate book, both a sustained argument and a brilliant work of original scholarship.
Voiding and sexual dysfunction after cerebrovascular accidents.

We provide an up-to-date review of the urological manifestations of cerebrovascular accidents and their management, including sexual manifestations.



We performed a comprehensive MEDLINE search for peer reviewed articles using key words and incorporated these data with our experience with the treatment of patients in an acute stroke unit, rehabilitation unit and ambulatory care center.



The knowledge of urological dysfunction after stroke is based largely on the evaluation of symptomatic patients. The predominant symptoms are urinary frequency, urgency and urge incontinence. Time after stroke has a significant influence on urological findings. Detrusor hyperreflexia is the most common urodynamic finding. Whereas the site and size of the stroke clearly have an influence on urological findings, to our knowledge the effect of the involved hemisphere is unclear. Urinary incontinence as an initial presentation in acute stroke is associated with a high mortality rate. Sexual dysfunction is common in men and women. Co-morbid conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, benign prostatic hyperplasia and urethral incontinence, may complicate evaluation and management.



A stroke has a profound effect on lower urinary tract function, sometimes resulting in significant morbidity. In well rehabilitated patients sexual dysfunction should be assessed and treatment may be considered to improve quality of life with safety. An overall conservative approach to management is recommended in the initial 3 to 6 months since improvement is common with time.
Massive gravitational waves from f(R) theories of gravity: Potential detection with LISA

This Letter is a generalization of previous results on gravitational waves (GWs) from f(R) theories of gravity. In some previous papers, particular f(R) theories have been linearized for the first time in the literature. Now, the process is further generalized, showing that every f(R) theory can be linearized producting a third massive mode of gravitational radiation. In this framework, previous results are particular cases of the more general problem that is discussed in this Letter. The potential detectability of such massive GWs with LISA is also discussed with the auxilium of longitudinal response functions.
Discussion of External Funding and Long-term Investment

He starts with a review of literature which is, in large part, a review of Philip’s own work. This is appropriate given that the body of work he has put together, particularly with Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti, is the standard-setter when looking at the issue of cross-border financial stocks and flows. The difference between Lane’s paper and the previous paper in this session by Marcel Fratzscher is primarily one of frequency. Fratzscher’s paper examines weekly data while Lane’s paper utilises decadal data.
Race: The History of an Idea in America.

When Tom Gossett's Race: The History of an Idea in America appeared more than a generation ago, it explored the impact of race theory on literature in a way that anticipated the entire current scholarly discourse on the subject. Though it has gone out of print, it has never been rendered obsolete. Its reprinting is a boon to younger scholars in particular who are unfamiliar with its rich presentation of fact and its clear, efficient analysis, from which so much later theorizing has developed. With a new afterword by and about the author, and an introduction by series editors Arnold Rampersad and Shelley Fisher Fishkin, this edition should find a wide readership among young scholars and students working in African-American, literary, and cultural studies.
Lattice Structures for Attractors II

The algebraic structure of the attractors in a dynamical system determines much of its global dynamics. The collection of all attractors has a natural lattice structure, and this structure can be detected through attracting neighborhoods, which can in principle be computed. Indeed, there has been much recent work on developing and implementing general computational algorithms for global dynamics, which are capable of computing attracting neighborhoods efficiently. Here we address the question of whether all of the algebraic structure of attractors can be captured by these methods.
How God Disappeared from Europe: Visions of a United Europe from Erasmus to Kant

This article traces the development of European ideas of peace and unity from the time of Desiderius Erasmus to Immanuel Kant. The argument will be made that these ideas, which were initially strongly determined by Christian religious thinking, gradually changed, and from the seventeenth century onwards were put forward in more political and legal terms. Erasmus's way of reasoning about peace and war was still strongly influenced by his firm orientation on the New Testament and the teachings of Jesus Christ. Emeric Cruce, a French writer, was of the opinion that all human beings in the end had God in common, and so had to live peacefully together. Duc de Sully was one of the first not to argue as a religious man but as a politician: a system of balance of power could bring international stability. According to the English Quaker William Penn and the French Abbe de Saint-Pierre only the acceptance of international rules of justice could produce everlasting peace. Immanuel Kant finally directed attention to...
Inventing the Louvre : art, politics, and the origins of the modern museum in eighteenth-century Paris

Founded in the final years of the Enlightenment, the Louvre--with the greatest collection of Old Master paintings and antique sculpture assembled under one roof--became the model for all state art museums subsequently established. Andrew McClellan chronicles the formation of this great museum from its origins in the French royal picture collections to its apotheosis during the Revolution and Napoleonic Empire. More than a narrative history, McClellan's account explores the ideological underpinnings, pedagogic aims, and aesthetic criteria of the Louvre. Drawing on new archival materials, McClellan also illuminates the art world of eighteenth-century Paris.
Survey of American Literature - The American Short Story

The American short story has been described as a ‘genre’ that thrusts itself into attention. It is regarded as a milestone in the American literary tradition. One cannot study American literature while disregarding its short story. According to Frank O’Connor, who is himself a writer of many collections of short stories, the 'Americans have handled the short story so wonderfully that one can say that it is a national art form.' Such a quote by such a prominent writer like Frank O’Connor can only stress the peculiarity of the American short story. It is even claimed that the short story, as it is known in the present days, has literally been invented by the Americans. Although the last claim might receive some criticism, it is almost agreed that the American short story has found in Edgar Allan Poe its first major theorist. Being a writer of many famously acclaimed short stories, Poe is considered to be at the top of a list of other American writers who have done some, if not all, their best works in that medium. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway, to cite only a few, are believed to have produced their most complete works of literature in the short story form.. The American short story is indeed a very prominent genre that can only be a centre of attention to anyone interested in the American letters. Yet, there are still some hazy aspects to it, in regard to its origins, its theoretical definition, its focus on certain aspects rather than others but also the role of the social and political context of the previous centuries in its rise.
Teaching the Holocaust in a changing world

In the years following the demise of the Third Reich, the task of Holocaust education fell predominantly to survivors. Now, as the generation of survivors passes along this responsibility, growing numbers of individuals and institutions are committed to Holocaust education. "Lessons and Legacies II "focuses on matters unique to Holocaust education. Consisting of selected papers delivered at the second Lessons and Legacies conference in 1992, the volume is organized in three sections: Issues, Resources, and Applications. Taken individually, the essays speak directly to specific concerns surrounding Holocaust education: the growing maturity of the Holocaust as a field of study; the difficult issue of explaining the perpetrators' behavior; the process of decision-making within Jewish communities during the Holocaust; issues of gender and family; the scope and content of survivor literature; and the structure of courses and the implications of being an educator in the field. Taken as a whole, the volume speaks to the reciprocal and mutually reinforcing relationship between teaching and scholarship in this important field.
A Grammatical Approach to the Modeling of an Autonomous Robot

Virtual Worlds Generator is a grammatical model that is proposed to define virtual worlds. It integrates the diversity of sensors and interaction devices, multimodality and a virtual simulation system. Its grammar allows the definition and abstraction in symbols strings of the scenes of the virtual world, independently of the hardware that is used to represent the world or to interact with it. A case study is presented to explain how to use the proposed model to formalize a robot navigation system with multimodal perception and a hybrid control scheme of the robot. The result is an instance of the model grammar that implements the robotic system and is independent of the sensing devices used for perception and interaction. As a conclusion the Virtual Worlds Generator adds value in the simulation of virtual worlds since the definition can be done formally and independently of the peculiarities of the supporting devices.
A Discussion on the Urban Geological Environment of Qinhuangdao City

In this paper, according to the modern environmentalism, the urban environment,of Qinhuangdao city is described in detail on the three aspects such as geological environment, geochemical environment, and hydrologic environment. The geologic hazard, distrbution of chemical elements in the soil, and background of water pollution are analysed comprehensively. The evaluation of crustal stability is presented in the sity' Finally, the hidden peril in some zones and the disadvantageous factors affecting the pubic life and the urban development are point out, and it is emphasized that the environmental protection ought to be reinforced so that the economic development and natural environment are coordinated to each other.
Thermoelectric properties of molybdenum oxides LnMo8O14 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm)

The series LnMo 8 O 14 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm) containing bicapped Mo 8 clusters was synthesized via solid state reaction at 1673 K. Oxides of this type were reported to be narrow gap semiconductors. Our Seebeck coefficient measurements show that some of these reduced molybdenum oxides exhibit a thermopower of above −100 μV/K at room temperature, which is promising for the thermoelectric application. The highest power factor of 71 μW/mK 2 was obtained for SmMo 8 O 14 at 1152 K.
Bully/victim problems among Greek pupils with special educational needs: associations with loneliness and self‐efficacy for peer interactions

This study explores the prevalence of different types of bullying and victimisation among Greek pupils receiving special education support provision. Associations of these types with feelings of loneliness and perceived social efficacy for peer interactions are also examined. The sample consisted of 178 students of fifth and sixth primary school grades who participated in pull-out special education delivery programmes. Participants were found to be actively involved in both bullying and victimisation, with higher rates in victimisation. Statistically significant gender and disability differences in bullying and loneliness were identified. Both bullying and victimisation were associated with loneliness/social dissatisfaction, and self-efficacy for peer interactions. Moreover, our data provided evidence that bully/victims may be a distinct group in terms of their increased levels of loneliness. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for promoting children with special educational needs and disabilities social inclusion.
Seven Theories of Human Nature

RIVAL THEORIES AND CRITICAL ASSESSMENTS 1. Confucianism: the Way of the Sages by David Haberman 2. Upanishadic Hinduism: Quest for Ultimate Knowledge by David Haberman 3.  In the Footsteps of the Buddha by David Haberman 4. Plato: the Rule of Reason 5. Aristotle: the Ideal of Human Fulfilment 6. The Bible: Humanity in relation to God HISTORICAL INTERLUDE 7.  The Economic Basis of Human  Atheistic Existentialism 10. Darwinian Theories of Human  TOWARDS A SYNTHESIS OF THE THEORIES?
COPING WITH THE AFRICAN REFUGEE PROBLEM: REFLECTIONS ON THE ROLE OF PRIVATE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION ASSISTANCE

There can be little doubt that the African refugee problem is a severe one that should command a good deal more attention than it has received over the past few years in the public's eye. But if the African refugee crisis has received less than its deserved attention, the role of private voluntary organizations (PVOs) in responding to that crisis has received less. It is the purpose of this brief inquiry to assess the role of PVCs in the African refugee situation. Before doing so it is essential that the dimensions of Africa's refugee problem be briefly outlined. COPING WITH THE AFRICA REFUGEE CRISIS: DIMENSIONS OF THE PROBLEM
Chemical Engineering Principles in a Freshman Engineering Course using a Cogeneration Facility

The primary goal of Rowan University's freshmen engineering course is to immerse students in multidisciplinary projects that teach engineering principles using the theme of engineering measurements in both laboratory and real-world settings. Currently, many freshman programs focus either on a design project or discipline specific experiments that may not be cohesively integrated. At Rowan, freshman engineers are introduced to industrial problems through a series of 4 modules and a interrelated-interactive lectures on problem solving, safety and ethics. In this paper a the process engineering module using the vehicle of a cogeneration plant is presented.
Small Semigroups Generating Varieties with Continuum Many Subvarieties

The smallest finitely based semigroup currently known to generate a variety with continuum many subvarieties is of order seven. The present article introduces a new example of order six and comments on the possibility of the existence of a smaller example. It is shown that if such an example exists, then up to isomorphism and anti-isomorphism, it must be a unique monoid of order five.
Evolutionary patterns of salt tolerance in angiosperms

........................................................................................................................ iv Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Salt tolerance is evolutionarily labile in a diverse set of angiosperm families ............ 25 Chapter 3: The association between salt tolerance and heavy metal hyperaccumulation in angiosperms .................................................................................................................. 65 Chapter 4: Evidence of increased rates of molecular evolution in mitochondrial genes of salt tolerant plants ............................................................................................................. 113 Chapter 5: Domestication and the mitochondrial genome: comparing patterns and rates of molecular evolution in domesticated mammals and birds and their wild relatives ... 141 Chapter 6: Conclusions ................................................................................................................  Predicting species' tolerance to salinity and alkalinity using distribution data and geochemical modelling: a case study using Australian grasses .................................
Visualizing the Revolution : politics and the pictorial arts in late eighteenth-century France

This title is translated by Corinne Attwood. The French Revolution was marked by a wealth of imagery and visual symbolism that inspired the masses to fight for freedom. "Visualizing the Revolution" surveys the rich and multifaceted visual culture of this time, exploring its creation and how it conveyed the new revolutionary sensibilities of the era. Unlike most studies of art of the French Revolution, "Visualizing the Revolution" embraces a wide range of artistic genres including prints, architecture, painting and sculpture and also draws on archival documents and other historical literature to investigate the period's aesthetic concerns. Reichardt and Kohle break new ground in methodology and interpretative practice as they trace the intricate web of connections between these various historical artifacts and argue for the central place of the arts in the transmission of ideas and the political manipulation of the populace both educated and illiterate. "Visualizing the Revolution" translates the provocatively new visual language revealed in these artworks and writings and reveals how its emphasis on metaphor, allegory and symbolism transformed French mass visual culture. An innovative and well-illustrated study, "Visualizing the Revolution" is a valuable new contribution to scholarship on the French Revolution and the history of French art.
Need, demand, and supply of medical care in a population sample of rheumatoid arthritis.

Estimates of medical need in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are rarely based on data from population surveys. In a population survey of RA in Stockholm City, 293 RA sufferers were identified in four random samples of four age-groups in the adult population, age-range 31-74 years. The influence of age, sex, and severity of disease on the number of pervious hospital admissions was slight, indicating that diagnosis, rather than rehabilitation, is the impetus to hospital admission. Hospital patient inventories might give quite misleading information as to need. Need for hospital admission, out-atient care, reconstructive surgery, ADL-devices, physical therapy, and rehousing were all considered. 17% of the RA group accounted for 48% of the need. Steinbrocker functional classes I and II contributed to 61% of individuals in need of hospital care greatly exceeded those previously having enjoyed such care and possible availabel resources. Estimates of need for outpatient care for joint disease exceeded provided treatment by only 1.7 times. It is concluded that the psychological distance between doctor's decision to choose inpatient or outpatient treatment in the case of RA is generally fairly short. Figures are given for estimates of need based on a population of 100 000 with known age and sex distribution and prevalence of disease.