nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the decomposition of refractory contaminants on SO42--functionalized iron oxide to accommodate surface SO4- generated via radical transfer from OH

The productions of OH and SO 4 − via activation of their precursors (H 2 O 2 and Na 2 S 2 O 8 ), however, can be sustainable only after continuously feeding such precursors into the activators. Motivated by the advantages of SO 4 − over OH as an environmental cracker, this study highlighted a simple and proficient way to persist solid-supported SO 4 − species used to accelerate the decomposition of recalcitrants in the presence of an electric potential. While using ubiquiotous iron oxide as a platform to accomodate SO 4 − , we functionalized iron oxide surface with SO 4 2- species, which could be transformed into surface SO 4 − species via radical transfer from aqueous OH species. Specifically, a series of SO 4 2- -modified iron oxide catalysts were synthesized using SO 2 and O 2 at 300–600 °C in order to vary their surface properties such as the contents of surface Fe δ + species acting as H 2 O 2 activators to form OH, the contents of surface SO 4 2- species functioning as surface SO 4 − precursor, and the character of S O bonds innate to SO 4 2- functionalities linked to their long-term stability. In addition to the comparison of energetics between SO 4 2- functionalities and their SO 4 - analogues via computation, a kinetic assessment of reaction runs were conducted under controlled environments to gather convincing evidence that the formation of surface SO 4 − via its radical interconversion with aqueous OH was highly plausible and that surface SO 4 − would be the major decomposer of phenol (model compound of recalcitrants). In addition, 500 °C was found to be the optimized temperature to greatly populate Fe δ + and SO 4 2- species rigidly immobilized on iron oxide surface among all temperatures studied, thereby providing the greatest activity and recyclability to degrade phenol.
Critical factors in the solution process : A descriptive study

Saturated markets and a competitive business climate create pressure on organisation to find new ways to remain competitive and differentiated towards competitors. One new strategy is to adapt a more service oriented business, and more specifically a concept call solutions. Solutions is about moving from only selling e.g. products or single services, to offer a whole solution to cover more needs, an offer usually created together with the customers. This demand on the market together with limited research on the concept of solution, makes it an interesting area to study. The purpose with the study was to describe the whole solution process between the supplying firm and the customer. In order to do so, a longitudinal, dynamic model based on extant literature was developed, which consisted of three stages and 11 important factors throughout these three stages. The primary data collection came from interviews with managers from five companies, all experienced within the area of solution strategy. Out of the eleven theoretical factors, four factors were explicitly highlighted as most important.
Constraints on protein evolution and the age of the eubacteria/eukaryote split.

This article discusses research done by Doolittle et al. to determine the evolutionary distance between eubacteria and eukaryotes. Several equations for estimating evolutionary distances and divergence times are considered. Molecular clock calculations and their effects on these estimates are discussed. The authors conclude that their research supports the range of dates for the cenancestor of modern eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes estimated by Doolittle et al.
Assessment of physicians awareness of patient's rights in Georgia.

Georgian Parliament adopted the law on Patients' Rights in 2000. The Georgian legislation on Patients' rights covers most of the universal European principles of patients' rights. The overall purpose was to determine the level of physicians' knowledge and understanding of patient's rights from the point of physicians' view. 200 physicians from 12 medical institutions were surveyed by method of interview. During the process of surveying the respondents mostly indicate to necessity of expanded information of patients in terms of payment for medical services, information dealing with test results, diagnosis and treatment, prognosis of disease. According to physician's view, the patients are less informed that reflects in delayed visit to physician. Data from the surveyed physicians shows that one of the most significant problems is related to informed consent on medical manipulations. As it was revealed most of them did not require informed consent during their practice. The authors of study come to a decision, that the need to adopt new instruments for protection of patients' rights during and after medical care and elimination of any violence of rights is of the highest importance and one of the main priorities for national health care.
The Making of the Humanities

When we think of the humanities in early modern times we are usually 
thinking about school and academy syllabi that were built up on the specific 
tradition of European Latinitas. This was the central concern of the widely. 
discussed 1986 book by Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to 
the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in 15^(th) and 16^(th) Century Europe. 
Their central argument, that the humanities started with scholars like Peter Ramus, 
who unhinged humanist teaching from its moral foundations, is subsumed beneath 
an altogether different view of the beginning of the humanities in this collective 
volume, The Making of the Humanities. Writing about early modern humanities 
in this book is synonymous with writing about a bunch of disciplines that came 
into being much later. The authors treat the humanities as traditions of specific 
knowledge that are connected to politics and scholarly practices, of which teaching is 
not the pivotal one. Eighteen case studies describe correcting, streaming, gathering, 
transferring knowledge in fields preceding those that came to be called the 
humanities in the nineteenth century. Contributors take a comparative view 
in order to build contexts with other fields and discuss different methods and formats. Protagonists include the polymath Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), the 
Jesuit Athanasius Kircher (ca. 1601-80), and the Dutch philosopher Baruch 
Spinoza (1632-77). The strength of this book lies in the way it connects these 
well-known profiles to lesser-known figures, and in its discussion of those fields, 
including the visual arts, linguistics, and history, that had scarcely been defined 
among the artes liberales in the humanism of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 
As this book shows, the significance of these disciplines for the academy grew 
immensely in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Granitic Rocks and their Formation Depth in the Crust

Granitic rocks as the major component in the continental crust are particularly helpful to decipher the evolution of continental tectonics,which is quite similar in the way that basaltic rocks,being the major component of the oceanic crust,can be used to trace the tectonic settings in plate tectonics. Diversity of source rock composition and formation depth are two crucial factors controlling the compositions of resultant granitic rocks. It is proposed in this study that the variation of Sr and Yb contents of the granitic rocks is related to their formation depth,which can be further used as a new classification criteria for granitic rocks. Provided most of granitic rocks are derived from the lowest part of the lower crust,the depth from which the granitic rocks formed may indicate the thickness of the crust,therefore,the variation of the formation depth can be used to trace the evolution of vertical movement of the continental crust,i.e.,to indentify ancient plateaus and mountain ranges which ever existed in the history of the earth. Major concerns about the relationship of the composition of granitic rocks and formation depth are also discussed in the paper.
Book Review: The Hebrew God: Portrait of An Ancient Deity:

It sounds good when knowing the the hebrew god portrait of an ancient deity in this website. This is one of the books that many people looking for. In the past, many people ask about this book as their favourite book to read and collect. And now, we present hat you need quickly. It seems to be so happy to offer you this famous book. It will not become a unity of the way for you to get amazing benefits at all. But, it will serve something that will let you get the best time and moment to spend for reading the book.
The origin of new genes: glimpses from the young and old

variation in the numbers of genes in different organisms indicates a general process of the origin and evolution of new genes.Examining young genes is a direct approach to study this process, whereas ancient genes reveal the antiquity of some origination mechanisms.Several molecular mechanisms are involved in the creation of new gene structure, among which exon shuffling, retroposition and gene duplication have been found to be particularly important.A new gene in its early stage usually undergoes rapid changes in sequence, structure and expression, which indicates a continuous evolution of function.A significant role of positive Darwinian selection has been detected underlying these changes and adaptive evolution might have directed the entire origination process of new genes.Direct and indirect observations of new genes in eukaryotic genomes show that genes with new functions are not as rare as was previously thought.Analysis of the repeated new gene origination by retroposition in the Drosophila genome has uncovered a pattern in which new genes tend to avoid the X-chromosome linkage and most of the X-chromosome-derived autosomal new genes have evolved male-specific functions. This points to the importance of genome position in new gene origination.AbstractGenome data have revealed great variation in the numbers of genes in different organisms, which indicates that there is a fundamental process of genome evolution: the origin of new genes. However, there has been little opportunity to explore how genes with new functions originate and evolve. The study of ancient genes has highlighted the antiquity and general importance of some mechanisms of gene origination, and recent observations of young genes at early stages in their evolution have unveiled unexpected molecular and evolutionary processes.
Building Character: Strengthening the Heart of Good Leadership

Building Character: Strengthening the Heart of Good Leadership Gene Klann Jossey-Bass (2007) 244 pages, Hardcover, $34.95 A person's character is not something that is given by parents, teachers, and community leaders, but rather it is something that is chiseled through certain consistent behaviors and positions that one takes in life to positively influence others toward becoming contributing members of the society. In other words, nobody is bom with a specific and predestined character. Character is built through one's day-to-day actions, reflections and personal beliefs.  Strengthening the Heart of Good Leadership, by Gene Klann, provides managers and leaders the means and methods of developing their characters through example, education, experience, evaluation, and environment. It benefits the organizations to develop their current and prospective managers and leaders using the realistic practices and guidelines mentioned in the book. The author's rich background and experiences have made the contents of the book to be of lasting value to the personnel who plan to be leaders of their organizations or for those who are leaders and want to develop behaviors that further make them shine. Reading this book can be an asset to the practicing managers and leaders of industry and governmental agencies. The following are some of the review statements and testimonials available on amazon.com by various leaders and experts who have read the book: * "Leadership successes, or failures, are the result of moral and ethical choices...the choices of character. All who lead-or want to lead-should open this book and dig in." General Hal M. Homburg, U.S. Air Force (Retired); partner, Strategic Message Solutions.  "There is no shortcut to building leadership character! However, Gene Klann's book Building Character is excellent at organizing one's behaviors and creating awareness of the best practices to achieve your desired character outcome." -Keith A. Holliday, vice president, First Citizens Bank.  "One only has to know Gene Klann for a short time to understand how deeply he cares about the positive effects of leadership qualities like character and integrity. When Gene speaks on these topics, I make the time to listen." -Michael Kleist, vice president of information engineering, WSI. * "Klann courageously confronts key challenges to personal integrity in this politically correct world of the new century with a book that should be read by any individual who wishes to be considered a leader."-Lt Army (Retired). * "Klann correctly identifies the learning process for leaders and the necessary tools of leaders in all walks of life. If you want a practical model for leaders and leadership training, read this book!" -Major General William F. Bums, U.S. Army (Retired); Distinguished Fellow, U.S. Army War College. Gene Klann has provided examples of strong and deficit leadership characters and has generally supported his means and methods of the character development by providing the results of surveys and interviews, which make the book very interesting to read. …
The Logic of Partitions: Introduction to the Dual of the Logic of Subsets

Modern categorical logic as well as the Kripke and topological models of intuitionistic logic suggest that the interpretation of ordinary "propositional" logic should in general be the logic of subsets of a given universe set. Partitions on a set are dual to subsets of a set in the sense of the category-theoretic duality of epimorphisms and monomorphisms--which is reflected in the duality between quotient objects and subobjects throughout algebra. If "propositional" logic is thus seen as the logic of subsets of a universe set, then the question naturally arises of a dual logic of partitions on a universe set.  The paper goes from basic concepts up through the correctness and completeness theorems for a tableau system of partition logic.
Veil : veiling, representation and contemporary art

No single item of clothing has had greater influence on Western images of Middle Eastern and North African women than the veil. The fascination of Western writers, artists, and photographers with the veil reflects the voyeuristic nature of our interest in what is strange and "other."Veil, which accompanies an exhibition organized by the Institute of International Visual Arts in London, explores the representation of the veil in contemporary visual arts. Providing a context for the commissioned essays are a number of classical historical texts crossing religions, cultures, genders, and ages -- from Greek myths to articles published in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Some of the contemporary artists and scholars write autobiographically about the meaning of the veil in their lives. Others take a more political approach, discussing, for example, how the events of September 11 changed the use and reception of veil imagery throughout the world. Still others take a historical approach, examining how nineteenth-century technological developments in travel and photography led to photographic depictions of both the veiled and unveiled body in relation to landscape. A number of essays look at the art historical precedents for the current interest in artwork addressing the veil, while others examine how codes of modesty and gender segregation have affected the making and viewing of films in postrevolutionary Iran.The essays are by Jananne Al-Ani, David A. Bailey, Alison Donnell, Ghazel, Salah Hassan, Reina Lewis, Hamid Naficy, Zineb Sedira, and Gilane Tawadros. The artists represented include Faisal Abdu'Allah, Kourosh Adim, Ghada Amer, Jananne Al-Ani, Farah Bajull, Samta Benyahia, Gae'!n de Cle !mbault, Marc Garanger, Shadafarin Ghadirian, Group AES, Emily Jacir, Ramesh Kalkur, Shirin Neshat, Harold Offeh, Gillo Pontecorvo, Zineb Sedira, Mitra Tabrizian, and Elin Strand.
Enterprise Intellectual Capital Management by Social Learning Environment Implementation

The developed method for the corporate intellectual capital management through the introduction of distributed learning environment differs from existing methods because it implements the integration processes of corporate intellectual capital accumulation and professional staff adaptation. For effective functioning of the company a huge amount of knowledge is needed, which is often in itself - in databases, corporate portals, e-mail correspondence and in the memory of employees. Uncontrolled processes leads to growth in the accumulation of information and also growth in the problems associated with its use. The aim of this research is to improve management of the company' intellectual capital by organizing a distant learning environment. Based on the proposed method and mathematical models the intellectual capital management software was developed and distributed learning environment was implemented.
Rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy in Nigerian women.

The early onset of rheumatic fever and rapid progression to severe and incapacitating chronic valve disease, as in other developing tropical countries, has been repeatedly highlighted in Nigeria. Of interest is the fact that the peak frequency of age distribution is in the early child-bearing age. This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical course of 44 pregnancies in 32 Nigerian women between 16 and 38 years of age (mean 27), with rheumatic heart disease. The patients received careful clinical assessment on follow-up at 1 to 4 week intervals depending on grade of symptoms and stage of gestation. All deliveries were conducted in the hospital and patients were clinically reassessed 6 months after delivery. The key to grading of symptoms was the New York Heart Association functional classification, coordinated with findings on detailed clinical examination. The majority of the cases were gravida 3 but closely followed by primigravidae. Mitral valve disease with dominant incompetence was the commonest valve lesion. Nevertheless, acute pulmonary edema (11 cases), the cause in 2 of the 3 maternal deaths, was the most frequent complication. Congestive heart failure occurred in 7 cases, and infective endocarditis in 4 cases. The only patient with mitral valve prosthesis was on warfarin prophylaxis and had 2 of the 3 stillbirths in the series. On clinical reassessment 6 months later, there was evidence of progression of functional state in 8, and interestingly, more maternal deaths occurred in less than a year. These findings are no doubt related to the presently limited medical facilities, inadequate socioeconomic and public health standards, and the need for health education in the country, and not excluding the seemingly rapid progression of rheumatic heart disease itself. In light of such circumstances, the relevant aspects of the accepted program of management in the more developed temperate countries would need to be meaningfully adjusted and suggestions have been made to this effect.
A Formal Analysis of (2+1)-dimensional Gravity

Several investigations in the study of cosmological structure formation use numerical simulations in both two and three dimensions. In this paper we address the subtle question of ambiguities in the nature of two-dimensional gravity in an expanding background. We take a detailed and formal approach by deriving the equations describing gravity in (D+1) dimensions using the action principle of Einstein. We then consider the Newtonian limit of these equations and finally obtain the necessary fluid equations required to describe structure formation. These equations are solved for the density perturbation in both the linearized form and in the spherical top-hat model of nonlinear growth. We find that, when the special case of D=2 is considered, no structures can grow. We therefore conclude that, within the frame work of Einstein's theory of gravity in (2+1) dimensions, formation of structures cannot take place. Finally, we indicate the different possible ways of getting around this difficulty, so that growing structures can be obtained in two-dimensional cosmological gravitational simulations, and discuss their implications.
In Memoriam Richard A. (Dick) Volz

A brief curriculum vitae for Richard A. (Dick) Volz is provided highlighting his professional achievements. As IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Vice-President of Publications Dick Volz played a fundamental role in the conception of the IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering. Mr. Volz convened and worked closely with an international Steering Committee that stepped back to consider the past and future trajectory of research in Robotics and Automation, concluding that a new publication devoted to Automation was essential to expand our community and scope. He will be remembered as a co-founder of this publication.
Crossing the Divide: Representations of Deafness in Biography

This remarkable volume examines the process by which three deaf, French biographers from the 19th and 20th centuries attempted to cross the cultural divide between deaf and hearing worlds through their work. The very different approach taken by each writer sheds light on determining at what point an individual s assimilation into society endanger his or her sense of personal identity. Author Hartig begins by assessing the publications of Jean-Ferdinand Berthier (1803-1886). Berthier wrote about Auguste Bebian, Abbe de l Epee, and Abbe Sicard, all of whom taught at the National Institute for the Deaf in Paris. Although Berthier presented compelling portraits of their entire lives, he paid special attention to their political and social activism, his main interest. Yvonne Pitrois (1880-1937) pursued her particular interest in the lives of deaf-blind people. Her biography of Helen Keller focused on her subject s destiny in conjunction with her unique relationship with Anne Sullivan. Corinne Rocheleau-Rouleau (1881-1963) recounted the historical circumstances that led French-Canadian pioneer women to leave France. The true value of her work resides in her portraits of these pioneer women: maternal women, warriors, religious women, with an emphasis on their lives and the choices they made. "Crossing the Divide" reveals clearly the passion these biographers shared for narrating the lives of those they viewed as heroes of an emerging French deaf community. All three used the genre of biography not only as a means of external exploration but also as a way to plumb their innermost selves and to resolve ambivalence about their own deafness."