nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Shakespeare, Computers, and the Mystery of Authorship

1.  Hugh Craig and Arthur F. Kinney 2.  Hugh Craig and Arthur F. Kinney 3. The three parts of Henry VI Hugh Craig 4. Authoring Arden of Faversham Arthur F. Kinney 5. Edmond Ironside and the question of Shakespearean authorship Philip Palmer 6. The authorship of The Raigne of Edward the Third Timothy Irish Watt 7. The authorship of the Hand-D addition to The Book of Sir Thomas More Timothy Irish Watt 8. The 1602 additions to The Spanish Tragedy Hugh Craig 9. Transforming King Lear Arthur F. Kinney Conclusion Arthur F. Kinney Appendix A. Plays in the corpus Appendix B. A list of 200 function words Glossary.
Business Improvement Districts: Should Lexington Establish One?

Downtown districts are falling victim to surges of new development increasingly taking place outside the city as people seek to escape fast‐paced city life for a more peaceful life in the suburbs. As people move to the suburbs, they either take the businesses with them or the businesses fail to maintain profitability in empty downtowns. Downtown Lexington has been no exception. The recent developments of Hamburg Place and, more recent the developments around Fayette Mall have attracted even more business owners away from downtown. A new implementation approach for revitalization is gaining momentum, as downtowns are introducing policies that enable Business Improvement Districts (BID). In this approach to revitalization, property owners in a district file a petition to impose an additional assessment on themselves. This assessment is used to provide services supplemental to services being provided by the city government. Most BIDs seek to promote the economic development of downtowns, while providing services such as maintenance, street cleaning, security, marketing, and special events. This report seeks to determine if the establishment of a BID has an effect on businesses in downtown districts, while also examining the issue of whether or not Lexington should establish a BID. To determine this, I have analyzed data from the Economic Census Zip Code Business Patterns. I conducted both a two‐sample t‐test with equal variances and a difference in difference regression to estimate if there was a statistically significant difference in the means of BID and Non‐BID cities pre and post‐ BID establishment for the average annual growth rates for number of establishments, number of employees, and average payroll. The studies both failed to estimate that there is a statistically significant difference in the means of BID and Non‐BID cities pre and post‐BID establishment for the average annual growth rates of number of establishments, number of employees, and average payroll. However, there was a low variance in the difference of the BID cities and the Non‐BID comparison cities, meaning that the cities were well matched. Based on my analysis, I would recommend further study of BIDs before establishing a BID in Lexington, perhaps using these same cities, but examining the sales tax receipts or the type of business establishments might provide a better analysis of the impact that BIDs have on businesses.
On the Triassic of Massachusetts

Difficulties in the Way of Correlation .—The sudden and irregular transitions from the coarsest to the finest sediments, the derivation of many of the coarse beds from rocks not known in place among the crystallines of the surrounding region, and the prevailing easterly dips have made the correlation and explanation of the Triassic deposits of Massachusetts somewhat uncertain. They have been explained as in whole or in part of glacial origin; and, by assuming the prevalent easterly dips to represent the true status, a vertical column has been constructed having the following members, beginning with the lowest: (1) Coarse sandstones below the trap; (2) Trap; (3) Sandstones above the trap; (4) The coarse conglomerates of Mount Toby. Thus very improbable thicknesses have been assigned to the series. The Problem attacked in a new Way .—As my knowledge of the crystalline rocks of the adjoining country became so intimate that . . .
Thorstein Veblen and the rhetoric of authority

"'WHATEVER IS, IS WRONG.'" THAT SENTIMENT, THE FULCRUM OF Veblen's most famous book, mocks the "enlightened" faith in progress and order that he never tired of challenging. Serving his two main and, as many see them, competing roles as social scientist and social critic, "whatever is, is wrong" might well be Veblen's motto. To the Darwinian social scientist whose only certainty is that things will change, "whatever is, is wrong" is an analytic concept describing the inevitability of cultural lag. As he says several pages before dropping his bomb, "institutions are products of the past process, are adapted to past circumstances, and are therefore never in full accord with the requirements of the present."' But to the social critic and master satirist, "whatever is, is wrong" is a weapon for attack and a shield under which to duck for cover. Veblen's motto suggests the passionate engagement of his Olympian detachment. A reassessment of Thorstein Veblen as both social scientist and social critic is under way. His methodological essays collected as The Place of Science in Modern Civilization were reissued in paperback in 1990 with Warren Samuels's introduction, which positioned Veblen in the vanguard of writers who have "concern[ed themselves] with the
Judges, lawyers and escribanos: a recipe for a arequipas identity reconstruction

present investigation proposes an Arequipas legal history reconstruction through unofficial discourse of powers daily negotiations. In this context the escribanos were important figures of the justice administration that participate as intermediaries in the social conflicts, their leading role since the colony implied to be agents of the transformation in the learned modern societies. That is the reason why the escribanos through the writing power were well known out of legal circles, a demonstration of this is the existence of a dish denominated Escribano that tradicionally people eat in the picanterias of Arequipa (Peru) and that has a special anthropological meaning.
The life of forms in art

In this beautiful meditation on the history of art and the problem of style, Henri Focillon (1881-1943) describes how art forms change over time. Although he argues that the development of art is reducible to external political, social, or economic determinants, one of his great achievements was to lodge a concept of autonomous and organic artistic creation within the shifting domain of materials and techniques. Focillon emphasizes the universal presence of contradictory tendencies that give all styles manifold, stratified character.The Life of Forms remains one of the most brilliant and important applications of biological metaphors to the study of art. It has been superbly translated by Yale art historian George Kubler, whose book The Shape of Time was strongly influenced by Focillon.
Recent Monetary Policy in the U.S.: Risk Management of Asset Bubbles

Recently Chairman Greenspan (2003 and 2004) has discussed a risk management approach to the implementation of monetary policy. This paper explores the economic environment of the 1990s and the policy dilemmas the Fed faced given the stock boom from the mid to late 1990s to after the bust in 2000-2001. Drawing on Greenspan's comments about conducting monetary policy in the real world of risk and uncertainty, the paper assesses why US monetary policy was neutral with respect to the stock market boom.
Some Recent Academic Criticisms of Land Value Taxation: Are They Intellectually Respectable?

A YOUNG ECONOMIST FRIEND who had become interested in Henry George and the proposal to appropriate the rent of land by taxation, once told me that when, as a graduate student, he had commented on the matter to one of his teachers, he received a friendly warning. He was informed that the land-value tax idea was not generally favored by economists and the suggestion was made to him that, as a young economist, he would do better not to give it too hasty support. Another professional economist, of somewhat greater years and experience, and joint author of a book in which a high land-value tax was favored, confided to me that, on that account, he had taken considerable "razzing" from colleagues. But the question can certainly be raised-and I think it is high time for it to be raised among professional economistswhether it is really the advocates of a land-rent-taxation system who are properly to be considered beyond the pale of intellectual respectability. An unbiased scrutiny of the evidence may indicate that this distinction should be reserved rather for various professors of economics who argue sophistically against such a system. Some of the evidence on this matter I have presented in my book on "The Economic Basis of Tax Reform,"' where what may fittingly be called the malapropisms of these professors are analyzed. Conservative economists who respect unduly the views and arguments of these professors are invited to examine this evidence.
[Old problems of new bacterial systematics].

This review analyzes the situation that arose after the existence of adaptive mutations had been proven. Manifold acceleration of the mutation process and intragenome rearrangements in nondividing cells demonstrates the inapplicability of the theory of neutral evolution to bacteria, the lack of isochronism between the evolution of individual macromolecules and the organism as a whole, and thus, the invalidity of using rRNA homologies as markers of the position of the organism in the phylogenetic tree and in the taxonomic system.
Gravel as a Resistant Rock

In a recent2 number of the Journal of Geology, Mr. John L. Rich presents the thesis that "gravel, in its relation to the agencies of denudation, is under certain geological conditions a highly resistant rock. To these agencies it will, in general, offer greater resistance than ordinary igneous or sedimentary rocks, with a few possible exceptions."3 The writer is in accord with this general thesis; but the specific evidence presented in arriving at this conclusion is not wholly accurate, and certain deductions affecting the physiographic history of the region should in the writer's opinion be interpreted differently. Mr. Rich divides his paper into three parts: (i) to point out the theoretical reasons for the resistant nature of gravel deposits; (2) to show, from an actual occurrence in nature, that the gravels do behave as the theoretical considerations would lead us to expect; and (3) to sketch by way of suggestion the normal course of development of topography in a region where alluvial fans of coarse material are accumulating at the base of mountains. It is especially with No. 2 that the following has to deal. It is shown that a plain-like lowland lies between the northern edge of the gravel deposits and the high mountains to the north. This lowland is in places ioo feet below the base of the gravel south of it, and is crossed by the mountain streams flowing southward out upon the desert deposits. To explain this feature Mr. Rich presents three alternative hypotheses: (i) The gravels may have been removed by erosion
Preferential {100} grain orientation in 10 micrometer-thick laser crystallized multicrystalline silicon on glass

Liquid phase crystallization of 10 μm thin silicon layers on glass substrates was performed with a line-shaped continuous wave laser beam. The process window was investigated in terms of the scanning velocity of the laser, the pre-heating of the specimens and the applied laser intensity. We have identified the entire process window, in which large-scale crystallization without deformation or destruction of the substrate and cracking of the silicon layer can be obtained. The grain orientations of the resulting Si layers were analyzed using both electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influence of the critical crystallization parameters on the grain orientation of the silicon film was examined. EBSD and XRD measurements show that a preferential {100} surface texture and {100} and {101} orientations in scanning direction of the laser can be achieved if appropriate crystallization parameters are used. This texture formation is accompanied with a substantial decrease of high angle grain boundaries.
Connecting Language and Knowledge Bases with Embedding Models for Relation Extraction

This paper proposes a novel approach for relation extraction from free text which is trained to jointly use information from the text and from existing knowledge. Our model is based on two scoring functions that operate by learning low-dimensional embeddings of words and of entities and relationships from a knowledge base. We empirically show on New York Times articles aligned with Freebase relations that our approach is able to efficiently use the extra information provided by a large subset of Freebase data (4M entities, 23k relationships) to improve over existing methods that rely on text features alone.
Mining Sequential Patterns: Generalizations and Performance Improvements

The problem of mining sequential patterns was recently introduced in . We are given a database of sequences, where each sequence is a list of transactions ordered by transaction-time, and each transaction is a set of items. The problem is to discover all sequential patterns with a user-specified minimum support, where the support of a pattern is the number of data-sequences that contain the pattern. An example of a sequential pattern is“5% of customers bought ‘Foundation’ and ‘Ringworld’ in one transaction, followed by ‘Second Foundation’ in a later transaction”. We generalize the problem as follows. First, we add time constraints that specify a minimum and/or maximum time period between adjacent elements in a pattern. Second, we relax the restriction that the items in an element of a sequential pattern must come from the same transaction, instead allowing the items to be present in a set of transactions whose transaction-times are within a user-specified time window. Third, given a user-defined taxonomy (is-a hierarchy) on items, we allow sequential patterns to include items across all levels of the taxonomy.
Tax Compliance Costs: Research Methodology and Empirical Evidence from Australia

The issue of tax compliance costs continues to attract public attention throughout the OECD. This is particularly true in Australia, where major tax reforms are taking place. This paper reports on an ongoing research project on federal tax compliance costs conducted by a research team from the Australian Taxation Studies Program (ATAX) of the University of New South Wales. The focus of this paper is on the methodology of estimating taxation compliance costs. Some aggregate empirical findings, based on several large-scale mail surveys of over 10,000 personal and business taxpayers, will be reported. Major differences between the Australian and U.S. tax systems, as well as comparison with results obtained in previous UK and U.S. studies, will also be highlighted.
Globalization and Integrated Area Development in European Cities

In this book the author seeks to rebut the somewhat fatalistic argument that socio-economic prosperity in the cities can only be achieved by the application of global market-led policies. He argues that urban society and policy makers do have sufficient freedom of action to make local decisions on the economic and social development of deprived neighbourhoods. Drawing on evidence from six major European cities, he demonstrates that their 'Integrated Area Development' strategies, which rely on grassroots democracy and the empowerment of local communities, can deliver a social, economic, and cultural renaissance which meets the needs of the local population more effectively than the market-forces creed.
Series which are both max-plus and min-plus rational are unambiguous

Consider partial maps from the free monoid into the field of real numbers with a rational domain. We show that two families of such series are actually the same: the unambiguous rational series on the one hand, and the max-plus and min-plus rational series on the other hand. The decidability of equality was known to hold in both families with different proofs, so the above unifies the picture. We give an effective procedure to build an unambiguous automaton from a max-plus automaton and a min-plus one that recognize the same series.
Cosmology in the Solar System: Pioneer effect is not cosmological

Does the Solar System and, more generally, a gravitationally bound system follow the cosmic expansion law ? Is there a cosmological influence on the dynamics or optics in such systems ? The general relativity theory provides an unique and unambiguous answer, as a solution of Einstein equations with a local source in addition to the cosmic fluid, and obeying the correct (cosmological) limiting conditions. This solution has no analytic expression. A Taylor development of its metric allows a complete treatment of dynamics and optics in gravitationally bound systems, up to the size of galaxy clusters, taking into account both local and cosmological effects. In the solar System, this provides an estimation of the (non zero) cosmological influence on the Pioneer probe: it fails to account for the " Pioneer effect " by about 10 orders of magnitude. We criticize contradictory claims on this topic.
Economic growth : Lessons from two centuries of American agriculture

This paper reviews the growth experience of U.S. agriculture over the past two centuries in consonance with the view that growth is determined by the economic environment, which consists of the available technology, incentives, constraints, and institutions. Within this framework, the implemented technology is determined jointly with the resource allocation. The review covers the role played by resource endowment, resource flow, technical change and its factor bias, and product demand. It highlights the importance of the income elasticity of demand and the labor augmentation of the technical change. The total factor productivity (TFP) was almost nil at the beginning of the nineteenth century, increasing gradually to the point where it exhausted output growth in the latter part of the twentieth century. This pattern is consistent with the postulate emerging from this framework, where the TFP is endogenous and determined jointly with growth rather than determining it. The more recent performance of U.S. agriculture is placed within a global perspective in order to generalize the discussion.
Cities, Borders, and Spaces in Intercultural American Literature and Film.Ana Ma Manzanas and Jesús Benito, Occupying Space in American Literature and Culture: Static Heroes, Social Movements and Empowerment (Reseña)

Times Square and the Squaring of Time 1. Chiastic Spaces: Ports of Entry, Ports of Exit 2. The Migrational City in Chuck Plahniuk's Slumming: A Story by Lady Baglady and Helena Viramontes's The Cariboo Cafe 3. Unbounded Cities, Concentric Circles: Karen Tey Yamashita's Tropic of Orange 4. Borderlands: Middle Spaces, Hybrid Bodies 5. The Rhetoric of Cutting: Borders, Scars, Open Wounds 6. Terminal Thinking: Border Narratives, Airport Narratives and the Logic of Detention 7.  From the Great Wall to Babel
The interaction interface for the distributed computing system's nodes

This article considers up-to-date problems of parallel computing systems development in Russia. The study describes an engineering of an interface for organization of high-performance system with programmable structure and for its partition to specific subsystems focused on applied tasks. The solution is based on the concept of homogeneous computing systems (HCS) relying on the model of collective of calculators. HCS concept was formulated in the Institute of Mathematics of the USSR under the leadership of E.V. Evreinov in 1962 . The approach is particularly relevant in terms of growing popularity of information networks which combining numerous personal computers (PCs). It's obviously necessary to develop software tools to integrate disparate calculators into the system and identify the required number of sub-systems for specific problem solving. An interference into the hardware and software parts of the calculators must be avoided during the software development process. Programmable structure of the computer system is provided at the stage of unification of calculators into software subsystem interface called an agent of DCS PS. The experience of the development of the Interface organization of distributed computing systems with programmable structure and allocation of subsystems for specific applications. The software described in the present document has been tested while an experimental organization of the DCS PS at the department of the computer engineering of NSTU.
How to create black holes on Earth

We present a short overview on the ideas of large extra dimensions and their implications for the possible production of micro black holes in the next generation particle accelerator at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) from this year on. In fact, the possibility of black hole production on Earth is currently one of the most exciting predictions for the LHC accelerator and would change our current understanding of physics radically. While it is impossible to discuss the models and implications in full detail here, this paper is thought to serve as a starting point for the interested physics students with some basic knowledge about general relativity and particle physics.
Formation of nanostructured YSZ/Ni anode with pore channels by plasma spraying

Ni is the conventionally most used material for making the anode of a solid oxide fuel cell. Agglomerated nanostructured YSZ/NiO powders and plasma spray are applied to produce nanostructured YSZ/NiO coatings on porous support substrates. After reduction in an ambient atmosphere of 7% hydrogen and 93% argon at about 800 °C for 4 hours, a novel SOFC anode with nanostructured characteristics such as nano YSZ particles, nano Ni particles, nano pores and nano pore channels is produced. This new YSZ/Ni anode provides larger triple phase boundaries for hydrogen oxidation reactions. X-ray diffraction patterns of these YSZ/NiO coatings after 1 h of heat treatment at temperatures from 700 to 1100 °C are obtained and Scherrer analysis is conducted to study the effect of temperature on grain size. The results obtained from SEM, TEM, XRD and EDX measurements and analyses are presented in this investigation.
Effect of annealing time, weight pressure and cobalt doping on the electrical and magnetic behavior of barium titanate

BaTi0.5CO0.5O3 (BTCO) nanoparticles were prepared by the solid state reaction technique using different starting materials and the microstructure examined by XRD, FESEM, BDS and VSM. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction patterns showed that the nanoparticles were the tetragonal BTCO phase. The BTCO nanoparticles prepared from the starting materials of as prepared titanium-oxide, Cobalt -oxide and barium carbonate have spherical grain morphology, an average size of 65 nm and a fairly narrow size distribution. The nano-scale presence and the formation of the tetragonal perovskite phase as well as the crystallinity were detected using the mentioned techniques. Dielectric properties of the samples were measured at different frequencies. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy is applied to investigate the electrical properties of disordered perovskite-like ceramics in a wide temperature range. The doped BTCO samples exhibited low loss factor at 1 kHz and 1 MHz frequencies respectively.