nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A successful transport scenario for the health sector in developing countries.

The role and operation of transport in the health sector in developing countries is important, costly but often taken for granted. This article suggests the need for a fresh look at the policy, planning and management of transport through the analysis of the essential components of a successful transport scenario for health services in developing countries i.e. transport and health planning; transport and organisational responsibility; the role of health sector donors; decision-making and procurement of transport and spares; transport and human resources; monitoring and control of transport and information; maintenance and repair; the budget. The article concludes with a checklist of key questions that may be used in assessing the contribution of transport to the health services.
Teaching And Assessing Engineering Design: A Review Of The Research

According to the National Academy of Sciences (1995), undergraduate engineering education in the United States currently focuses on the study of engineering science at the expense of design. In a brief history of engineering design education, Eder (1991) explains that in the 1950s the engineering curricula shifted from a focus on teaching students about technology used in industry to an emphasis on engineering science including math, physics, and chemistry. He contends that faculty began to become more research-oriented and institutions of higher education placed less value on industry experience among faculty at roughly the same time. Eder argues that these factors contributed to the recent lack of emphasis on design skills and abilities in engineering curricula. He attributes renewed attention to design in curricula to a 1985 National Science Foundation initiative that resulted in funding to improve undergraduate engineering design education.
Thin-skinned tectonics in the crystalline southern Appalachians; COCORP seismic-reflection profiling of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont

COCORP seismic-reflection profiling in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee and related geological data indicate that the crystalline Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks of the Blue Ridge, Inner Piedmont, Charlotte belt, and Carolina slate belt constitute an allochthonous sheet, generally 6 to 15 km thick, which overlies relatively flat-lying autochthonous lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, 1 to 5 km thick, of the proto-Atlantic continental margin. Thus, the crystalline rocks of the southern Appalachians appear to have been thrust at least 260 km to the west, and they overlie sedimentary rocks that cover an extensive area of the central and southern Appalachians. The hydrocarbon potential of these sedimentary rocks is unknown and untested. The data show that the Brevard fault is the surface expression of an eastward-dipping splay off the main sole thrust, and they show, or imply, that other major faults of this region have similar origins. The data support the view that large-scale, thin crystalline thrust sheets may be significant features of orogenic zones.
The new aestheticism

List of Contributors The new aestheticism: An introduction - John J. Joughin and Simon Malpas PART ONE: Positions 1. Aesthetic education and the demise of experience - Thomas Docherty 2. Towards a contemporary aesthetic - Jonathan Dollimore 3. Mimesis in black and white: Feminist aesthetics, negativity and semblance - Ewa Plonowska Ziarek 4. What comes after art - Andrew Bowie 5. Touching art: Aesthetics, fragmentation and community - Simon Malpas PART TWO: READINGS 6. The Alexandrian aesthetic - Howard Caygill 7. Defending poetry, or is there an early modern aesthetic? - Mark Robson 8. Shakespeare's genius: 'Hamlet', adaptation and the work of following - John J. Joughin 9. Critical knowledge, scientific knowledge and the truth of literature - Robert Eaglestone 10. Melancholy as form: Towards an archaeology of modernism - Jay Bernstein 11. Kant and the ends of criticism - Gary Banham 12.  Notes on the art of the contemporary - Andrew Benjamin 13.  Between Adorno and Heidegger - Joanna Hodge
The Bradley Effect: Mediated Reality of Race and Politics in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election

This article discusses the origins of the so-called theory known as the “Bradley effect” within the historical context of the 1982 California gubernatorial election and its emergence as a popular, albeit questionable, explanation for Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley’s unexpected loss in which racism is singled out as a major reason. The essay explores the validity of the Bradley effect in politics as well as how campaign operatives, journalists, pollsters, bloggers, and pundits focus on race, sometimes in a synergistic manner, to both validate and dismiss the effect of race on the election.
Method of growing nonpolar epitaxial heterostructures based on group iii element nitrides

FIELD: crystal growing and semiconductor materials.  invention relates to technology of manufacturing semiconductor materials and devices via gas epitaxy technique from organometallic compounds, in particular to manufacturing heterostructures based on group III element nitrides and devices utilizing the same, such as white light diodes, lasers, etc. Method of growing nonpolar epitaxial heterostructures for white light-emitting diodes based on compounds and solid solutions of group III element nitrides comprises gas-phase precipitation of one or more layers of heterostructures represented by formula Al x Ca 1-x N, where 0<x≤1, on substrate, which is a-langacite a-La 3 Ga 5 SiO 14 , with disagreement of c-parameters of lattice "substrate-epitaxial layer Al x Ca 1-x N" not exceeding the value within a range from -2.3% at x=1 to +1.7% at x=0 and disagreement of thermal expansion coefficient in direction of c-axis not exceeding the value within a range from +49% at x=1 to -11% at x=0.  enabled preparation of heterostructures with low density of defects and mechanical tensions. 6 cl, 4 dwg, 1 tbl
Low sintering temperature, high dielectric constant and small temperature coefficient dielectric compositions

Crystal structures and dielectric properties of lead zinc titanium niobate pyrochlores and bismuth zinc nickel niobate compositions were investigated as a function of composition and sintering temperature. These dielectrics have dielectric constants between 70 and 165 and their temperature coefficients are within ±500 × 10 −6 °C −1 . Some compositions have been identified to have a dielectric constant of 90 and a temperature coefficient of 0 ppm °C −1 . These compositions have a low sintering temperature (900–1000 °C) suitable for co-firing with high Ag internal electrodes. Multilayer capacitors have been fabricated from some of these compositions, and their device properties match those measured in disk samples. Accelerated life tests were performed to show that these multilayer capacitors have a reasonably good reliability.
Religion, education and society

This volume presents findings from recent research focusing on young people and the way they relate to religion in their education and upbringing. The essays are diverse and multidisciplinary - in terms of the religions they discuss (including Christianity, Islam and Sikhism); the settings where young people reflect on religion (the classroom, youth club, peer group, families, respective religious communities and wider society); the different perspectives which relate to religious education and socialisation (the teaching of RE, the role of teachers in pupils’ lives, the way teachers’ personal lives shape their approach to teaching, school ethos and social context, and the place and rationale of RE); the contexts within which the authors work (different national settings and various academic disciplines); and the methodology used (qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method approaches).
Capitalist Ideology or Socialist Delusion

In their book Socialism—The Grand Delusion Brian Crozier and Arthur Seldon presented arguments for the superiority of capitalism over socialism. Alec Nove, Emeritus Professor at the University of Glasgow, takes issue with their reasoning. Professor Nove agrees that the allocative efficiency of markets cannot be gainsaid. But he warns against applying arguments drawn from theories of perfect competition to the real world of uncertainty, mistakes, imperfect information and economic misjudgement. Brian Crozier responds that the evidence for the failure of socialism is irrefutable.
Investigation of the interactions between humic substances and a cationic detergent (Cetiltrimethylammonium bromide)

Visible spectrophotometric measurements were used to study binding of cetltrimethylammonium to humic molecules. Detergent molecules appeared to bind to ionized carboxyl and phenolic groups. Complete neutralization of negative charges caused quantitative precipitation of humic substances at low ionic strength. Detergent amounts higher than the stoichiometric ratio caused salting in of precipitate. The influence of organic carbon concentration, ionic strength and pH of the solution on the complex composition at minimum solubility was investigated.
Hospice care for persons with AIDS: findings from a national study.

Hospices are in a position to play major roles in the care of terminally ill patients with AIDS. These findings from a national survey of hospices in the United States show that the majority of hospices have cared for at least one PWA. Major factors determining hospice involvement include geographic location and resources. In comparison to other patients in hospice, PWAs are younger, more likely to be male, Black or Hispanic, and covered by Medicaid. The results indicate that hospices are reaching women with AIDS and IVDUs but that minorities continue to be underrepresented in comparison to their distribution among the total AIDS cases in the United States.
Electromagnetic Productions of KΛ and KΣ on the Nucleons

We review the progress and problems in the electromagnetic production of KΛ on the nucleon. The problem of the data discrepancy in this channel as well as the corresponding physics consequence are highlighted. We also discuss the effect of the new beam‐recoil polarization data Cx and Cz on our analysis. For this purpose we use the isobar model Kaon‐Maid and a recent multipoles model that can describe recent experimental data. We also present a new multipoles model for the KΣ channels to complete our analysis.
Rider Haggard on the Imperial Frontier, The Political and Literary Contexts of His African Romances, Gerald Monsman : book review

Evaluating past literary texts under modern critical perspectives is an interesting as well as challenging task. This is particularly true for works of the colonial and imperial periods, which have been interpreted in a variety of ways according to contemporary critical theories. Several 'colonial' or 'imperial' narratives benefit from new ideological trends triggered by cultural studies, experiencing interpretations that are radically different from those traditionally attributed to them. On the other hand, as Paul Gilroy underlines, working on past heredities becomes a crucial moment in the understanding of present socio-political conditions, so that "developing durable and habitable multiculture depends upon working through the legacies of departed empire" (Gilroy 2006, 27).
Coping with legacy factors

Implementers of engineering data base management systems inherit a legacy of existing software and data that must be integrated into the new system with minimum disruption of ongoing activities. Some critical issues addressed here include changes in software engineering practices, impact on user training and procedures, and problems connected with traditional or parochial interests. The material covered describes some experiences in coping with these “legacy factors” during the recent McDonnell Aircraft Company (MCAIR) integrated data base implementation.
Mental fight, corporeal war and righteous dub: the struggle for 'Jerusalem', 1979-2009

Blake himself rejected the text, omitting it from later versions of Milton (Essick and Viscomi, Milton 39–40), yet although the original architect cast out the stanzas beginning ‘And did those feet’ from the Preface to Milton, they have since become the cornerstone of his subsequent reputation and, indeed, a cornerstone for the study of Blake’s reception. Whatever Blake may have intended by those cryptic quatrains, it was Hubert Parry, encouraged by Robert Bridges, who discovered a fiery desire within the words which their original author for some reason turned against. As adapted by Elgar for the Last Night of the Proms in 1916, so powerful was the imperial fire of ‘Jerusalem’ that George V reputedly wished immediately to institute it as the national anthem (Glancey 9). In the first decades of its incarnation, the Blake–Parry hymn became a powerful exposition of national desires and political aspirations of the left and right. Following the Second World War, however, and for a wide range of reasons, those very political aspirations appear to have become more frequently a subject of ridicule. In Monty Python’s 1969 Buying a Bed sketch, ‘Jerusalem’ is used to mock an old, class-bound order, while the overblown cover version by Emerson, Lake & Palmer on Brain Salad Surgery (1973) exemplifies prog rock kitsch. As Cold War consensus gave way to neo-conservative struggles for dominance over the failing Soviet Empire, however, so ‘Jerusalem’ was treated once again as an ideological tract that sometimes invoked the assumed intentional stance of its author(s), but which more often was simply manipulated to position different instances of the hymn within a mutable and highly contested series of interpretations.
A photosynthetic ancestry for all eukaryotes?

flies (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) offers a new sort of test. Sensory exploitation is the idea that ‘selection favors male traits that exploit sensory biases in females’4. These sensory biases are ‘built into the sensory modality being used and may have no intrinsic adaptive value’s, Thus, ‘the female’s sensory system defined the possible evolutionary alternatives for more attractive male traits’6. Proponents of sensory exploitation argue that biases in females’ neural machinery are evolutionarily ancient, antedating the appearance of the male traits they promote. Phylogenetic reconstructions have been used to infer the history of such ‘preexisting’ biases in fish (Xiphophorus)7,8 and frogs (Physa/aemus)4,g, but conflicting phylogenies have resulted in tenuous concIusionsl,lo. Wilkinson and Reillo’s experiment2,3 suggests a different, potentially useful approach. They selected male flies for large (L) or small (S) eye span relative to body size, and examined females’ mate choices after 13 generations. Females from L-lines preferred L males (as did unselected controls), but S-line females preferred S males. These results implied ‘a genetic correlation between female preference and a sexually selected male trait’z, an interpretation that has been disputed11 and defendedI*. Biases in females’ neural machinery that are strong enough to steer male phenotypic evolution should be difficult to alter experimentally. Yet preferences of female C. dalmanni were rapidly reversed as a by-product of selecting for S males, implying that considerable genetic variability underlies their current expression. Sensory exploitation posits that fixed female preferences drive sexual selection. Plasticity in female preferences is not consistent with this hypothesis. Comparative studies using Wilkinson and Reillo’s approach  will be useful for clarifying in other species whether or not female preferences represent fixed biases imbedded in their neural machinery.
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Test Facility

The widespread use of building integrated photovoltaics appears likely as a result of the continuing decline in photovoltaic manufacturing costs, the relative ease in which photovoltaics can be incorporated within the building envelope, and the fact that buildings account for over 40 percent of the U.S. energy consumption. However, designers, architects, installers, and consumers need more information and analysis tools in order to judge the merits of building -integrated solar photovoltaic products. In an effort to add to the knowledge base, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has undertaken a multiple -year project to collect high quality experimental performance data. The data will be used to validate computer models for building integrated photovoltaics and, where necessary, to develop algorithms that may be incorporated within these models. This paper describes the facilities that have been constructed to assist in this effort. The facilities include a mobile tracking photovoltaic test facility, a building integrated photovoltaic “test bed”, an outdoor aging rack, and a meteorological station.
La caldera de la Valle del Bove: sa signification dans l’évolution de l’Etna (Sicile)

The Valle del Bove, situated on the east side of Mount Etna is considered as the result of an important collapse. The structural survey of the continuous rock outcrops in the walls of the depression permits to distinguish several unities belonging to different volcanoes, which have been destroyed by the collapse. The succession of the different volcanic centers shows a migration of the eruptive activity from East to West. The collapse took place only when the main activity was removed to the emplacement of the principal crater now in activity. This E-W direction of migration corresponds to one of the main fault directions of Etna; the collapse and the formation of the caldera is considered as the consequence of a violent pumice explosion or as the result of the westward migration of the magma along this fault.
The Scythian Animal Style

FROM the Ordos country in Inner Mongolia, between the Great Wall of China on the south and the Huang-ho River on the North, and from the new Chinese province of Suiyuan, Dr. Herbert Mueller, recently associated with the Berlin Royal Museums, has collected Scythian metal objects of much interest. After more study these will perhaps throw new light on the later development of the animal style. Together with the Sung-lin Collection, they are now on view for the first time in America, at the Herbert J. Devine Gallery.
Decomposition and oligomerization of 2,3-naphthyridine under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions

The chemical reaction of 2,3-naphthyridine, a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound, was investigated at pressures ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 GPa and temperatures from 473 to 573 K. A distinct decrease in the amount of residual 2,3-naphthyridine was observed in the samples recovered after reaction at ˃523 K at 0.5 and 1.0 GPa, and ˃548 K at 1.5 GPa. The formation of o-xylene and o-tolunitrile accompanied a decreasing N/C ratio of the reaction products, indicating decomposition of the aromatic ring and release of nitrogen. Precise analysis of the reaction products indicated the oligomerization of decomposed products with the residual 2,3-naphthyridine to form larger molecules up to 7mers. Nitrogen in the aromatic ring accelerated reactions to decompose the molecule and to oligomerize at lower temperatures than those typically reported for aromatic hydrocarbon oligomerization. The major reaction mechanism was similar between 0.5 and 1.5 GPa, although larger products preferentially formed in the samples at higher pressure.
Improving the performance of HTTP persistent connections

of Dissertation Entitled: Improving the Performance of HTTP Persistent Connections submitted by Eric Man-Kit Chan for the degree of MSc in Information Technology at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in December 2001. Traditionally, TCP was designed for generic purpose, regardless of the nature and characteristics of the applications. However, there are practical needs for improving the performance of TCP to suit particular types of traffic generated by different types of application. Unfortunately, all of these algorithms work well only when the nature of the traffic is consistent. However, in client/server applications, such as HTTP persistent connections that involve multiple request/response in a single TCP connection, these algorithms may not be able to function properly. We have proposed Cocktail approach to improve the overall performance of HTTP persistent connections. The changes only require modifications to a TCP sender, and a TCP with these changes is interoperable with any existing TCP implementation. Cocktail is composed of several elements. Each element is assigned to tackle a specific problem caused by the interactions between HTTP persistent connections and existing TCP implementations. A number of simulation experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance of SSR, RBP and CWV against that of Cocktail. The results of the experiments show that Cocktail generally performs better than the others in a low RTT environment do. Nevertheless, RBP works best in a high RTT environment.
Theory and practice of soil science development in China

Based on the view of soil as a common carrier of resource and environment, the characteristics of soil science development and the research orientation of soil science are expounded in this article. It suggests that the soil 3P, soil 3S and soil 3R should be the key aspects of the future soil science. It is essential to hold pedosphere as the theoretical base of soil science development and innovation, and continually promote the practice and application of soil science development and innovation.
The Bayeux Tapestry

The Bayeux Tapestry is one of the most extraordinary artefacts to survive from the eleventh century. A fragile web of woollen thread on linen, its brilliant colours undimmed after nearly a thousand years, this masterpiece is unique as a complete example of an art form beloved of the aristocracy in the Romanesque era - the 'historiated' or narrative embroidery. The momentous story it tells is that of one of the turning-points in English and European history, the struggle for the succession to the English throne which culminated in the Battle of Hastings in the fateful year of 1066. The version told is that of the Normans who commissioned it - of Harold's perjury and its dreadful price, death and defeat in battle. Yet the sympathies of the English hands that designed and created it are equally evident. And the Tapestry itself is so close to the events it describes, and portrays them in such vivid detail, as to make it in its own right a historical source of the first order, not only for the political crisis of 1064-66 but also for the social history of eleventh-century life.This book presents a full-colour reproduction of the entire Tapestry, with a detailed commentary alongside each episode, equipping the reader to follow the story blow by blow and this marvellous work of art step by step. In addition, a preliminary study sets the Tapestry in its artistic, cultural and historical context. The late Lucien Musset, Emeritus Professor of the University of Caen, studied the Tapestry of nearby Bayeux for nearly fifty years. This erudite but highly readable survey distils a lifetime's scholarship into a wise and impeccably researched synthesis which enables the modern reader to appreciate what the Tapestry meant in the context of its time, at the start of the last millennium.