nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Late presentation of patients with cervical cancer to a tertiary hospital in Lagos: what is responsible?

To determine the factors contributing to late presentation of patients with cervical cancer to a tertiary hospital in Lagos.



Cervical cancer patients who attended the hospital between September 2000 and December 2001 were interviewed to determine the healthcare facilities visited at the onset of symptoms and time interval between presentation and referral.



There were 127 patients with a mean age of 54.6 +/- 13.4 years. Common symptoms at onset of disease were post-menopausal bleeding (55.9%) and vaginal discharge (48.8%). Of the patients, 60.7.1% first went to private hospitals. The interval between onset of symptoms and seeking healthcare was 6.10 +/- 9.31 months; time elapsing between seeking healthcare and referral to a tertiary hospital was 9.35 +/- 12.9 months. Stage 3A cervical cancer was diagnosed in 71.8%.



Patients' delay in seeking healthcare and care providers' delay in referring patients to a tertiary hospital contributed to the late presentation.
Advances in development and management of estuarine and coastal mudflats

With the rapid socioeconomic development and urbanization,reclamation of mudflat resources has become an important way to ease the contradiction between land supply and demand.Irrational exploitation of limited mudflat resources has seriously affected natural evolution of many estuarine and coastal areas,weakened the regeneration of these resources,and threatened flood control,water security,and consequently the sustainable socioeconomic development in estuarine and coastal areas.Mudflat resources and their capacity are limited by the level of science and technology in a certain period of time.Therefore,the ecological environmental health should be protected to ensure the sustainable development.This paper presents a review on the state-of-the-art knowledge concerning mudflats development and management,including development and utilization of mudflats and their impacts on environment,assessment of sustainable development,as well as construction of management system.Some necessary research fields and topics in the future are also recommended.
Relabeling symmetries in hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics

Lagrangian symmetries and concomitant generalized Bianchi identities associated with the relabeling of fluid elements are found for hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). In hydrodynamics relabeling results in Ertel`s theorem of conservation of potential vorticity, while in MHD it yields the conservation of cross helicity. The symmetries of the reduction from Lagrangian (material) to Eulerian variables are used to construct the Casimir invariants of the Hamiltonian formalism.
Activity Dynamics in Collaboration Networks

Many online collaboration networks struggle to gain user activity and become self-sustaining due to the ramp-up problem or dwindling activity within the system. Prominent examples include online encyclopedias such as (Semantic) MediaWikis, Question and Answering portals such as StackOverflow, and many others. Only a small fraction of these systems manage to reach self-sustaining activity, a level of activity that prevents the system from reverting to a nonactive state. In this article, we model and analyze activity dynamics in synthetic and empirical collaboration networks. Our approach is based on two opposing and well-studied principles: (i) without incentives, users tend to lose interest to contribute and thus, systems become inactive, and (ii) people are susceptible to actions taken by their peers (social or peer influence). With the activity dynamics model that we introduce in this article we can represent typical situations of such collaboration networks. For example, activity in a collaborative network, without external impulses or investments, will vanish over time, eventually rendering the system inactive. However, by appropriately manipulating the activity dynamics and/or the underlying collaboration networks, we can jump-start a previously inactive system and advance it toward an active state. To be able to do so, we first describe our model and its underlying mechanisms. We then provide illustrative examples of empirical datasets and characterize the barrier that has to be breached by a system before it can become self-sustaining in terms of critical mass and activity dynamics. Additionally, we expand on this empirical illustration and introduce a new metric p—the Activity Momentum—to assess the activity robustness of collaboration networks.
Evaluation of Underwriter Proposals for Negotiated Municipal Bond Offerings

The debate continues about the most cost-effective method of issuing municipal securities. The emergence of online securities marketing will add a new dimension to this debate. Some analysts argue that the competitive sale process is the most advantageous because of the inherent protections of open bidding. Others argue that a negotiated sale produces comparable financing costs and affords issuers considerably more flexibility in the marketing of municipal securities. However, the negotiated sale remains the dominant bond marketing strategy. Thus, it is important for issuers to have tools to accurately and fairly evaluate the actual costs of proposed bond offerings. This paper reviews the techniques that are available for comparing alternative pricing proposals and examines their strengths and weaknesses. It includes a description of a process that issuers of negotiated offerings can use to determine the appropriateness of a proposed pricing along with a description of a computer-based evaluation model. Issuers of municipal bonds can use either of two marketing strategies the competitive sale and the negotiated sale. While there continues to be debate about which strategy is the most cost-effective, negotiated bond sales have become increasingly more common, a trend that is consistent with practices in the corporate bond market. This article describes a process that an issuer of municipal bonds sold by negotiated sale can use to evaluate an underwriter's purchase proposal on the day a bond
VOLTAIRE AND THE NECESSITY OF MODERN HISTORY

This article revisits what has often been called the “naive presentism” of Voltaire’s historical work. It looks at the methodological and philosophical reasons for Voltaire’s deliberate focus on modern history as opposed to ancient history, his refusal to “make allowances for time” in judging the past, and his extreme selectiveness in determining the relevance of past events to world history. Voltaire’s historical practice is put in the context of the quarrel of the ancients and the moderns, and considered in a tradition of universal history going back to Bossuet and leading up to nineteenth-century German historicism. Paradoxically, Voltaire is a major figure in the history of historiography not in spite of his presentism (as Ernst Cassirer and Peter Gay have argued), but because of it.
Star Wars: return of the sixties, or, Martha Rosler versus the Empire striking back

The most violent of the forces of globalization, imperialist colonization – whether as military, economic or cultural invasion – has provided the subject for American artist Martha Rosler's critiques and projects over the course of nearly fifty years of artistic practice. This article provides an original account of the significance of Rosler's return, during the American ‘war on terror’ in the 2000s, to her previous anti-war photomontage series, originally produced in the 1960s and 1970s during the American war in Vietnam, entitled Bringing the War Home. Through a critical examination of the concept of the reboot as operative within both the Bush administration's policies and the meta-critique of such policies which Rosler's activist art strategies deploy, this article situates these photomontages within the artist's overall practice, particularly her work appropriating popular cultural forms, formats or artefacts, as well as her work critiquing forms of American military imperialism, especially in Chile.
Introducing Three Worlds of Mathematics

For several years I have been working with Eddie Gray and others on the ways in whichwe conceptualize different kinds of mathematical concept (Tall, 1995; Gray, Pitta, Pinto& Tall, 1999; Tall et al, 2000; Tall, Thomas, Davis, Gray, Simpson, 2000). Eddie and Iwere particularly interested in the distinction between objects formed in geometry (suchas points, lines, circles, polyhedra) and concepts studied in arithmetic, algebra andsymbolic calculus (numbers, algebraic expressions, limits). We concluded that thedevelopment of geometric concepts followed a natural growth of sophistication ablydescribed by van Hiele (1986) (though subject to over-elaboration by others) in whichobjects were first perceived as whole gestalts, then roughly described, with languagegrowing more sophisticated so that descriptions became definitions suitable fordeduction and proof. However, numbers and algebra began through compressing theprocess of counting to the concept of number and grew in sophistication through thedevelopment of successive concepts where processes were symbolised and used duallyas concepts (sum, product, exponent, algebraic expression as evaluation and manipulableconcept, limit as potentially infinite process of approximation and finite concept oflimit). We were also intrigued by the way in which experiences in elementarymathematics were reconceptualised from concepts that necessarily
Dominant Forms of Economic Organization in Market Economies

The identification of distinctive and effective forms of economic organization in East Asia has emphasized the close connections between dominant social institu tions and ways of co-ordinating economic activities as well as the interrelations between firm and market characteristics in separate business systems. Differences in major institutions thus generate significant variations in how firms and markets are structured and operate. These variations suggest that an important element in the analysis of market economies is the comparison of firm-market relations across institutional contexts. This requires their key characteristics to be identi fied. These can be summarized under three main headings which constitute the components of business systems: the nature of firms as economic actors, the nature of inter-firm relations in markets and the nature of authoritative co ordination and control systems within firms. Thirteen major characteristics form the basic dimensions of business systems, which vary as th...
Leveraging social networks to gain access to organisational resources

We describe a federated identity management service that allows users to access organisational resources using their existing login accounts at social networking and other sites, without compromising the security of the organisation's resources. We utilise and extend the Level of Assurance (LoA) concept to ensure the organisation's site remains secure. Users are empowered to link together their various accounts, including their organizational one with an external one, so that the strongest registration procedure of one linked account can be leveraged by the other sites' login processes that have less stringent registration procedures. Coupled with attribute release from their organizational account, this allows users to escalate their privileges due to either an increased LoA, or additional attributes, or both. The conceptual and architectural designs are described, followed by the implementation details, the user trials we carried out, and a discussion of the current limitations of the system.
Tree parity machine rekeying architectures

The necessity of securing the communication between hardware components in embedded systems becomes increasingly important with regard to the secrecy of data and particularly its commercial use. We suggest a low-cost (i.e., small logic-area) solution for flexible security levels and short key lifetimes. The basis is an approach for symmetric key exchange using the synchronization of tree parity machines. Fast successive key generation enables a key exchange within a few milliseconds, given realistic communication channels with a limited bandwidth. For demonstration, we evaluate characteristics of a standard-cell ASIC design realization as IP-core in 0.18/spl mu/-technology.
Solvable groups of automorphisms of stable planes

An interesting problem in the foundations of geometry is the following question: What is the impact of the interplay of topological assumptions and homogeneity? One possibility to make this (rather philosophical) question treatable for a mathematician is the classification project for stable planes. We shall briefly outline the necessary definitions and basic (though occasionally deep) results. In section 2, we treat solvable groups of automorphisms of stable planes. This may serve as an example how the project works. Note, however, that the case of (semi-)simple groups of automorphisms is where Lie structure theory shows its full strength, cf. the final Remark.
Disentangling Competition Among Platform Driven Strategic Groups: A Comparative Case Study Of Uk Mobile Payment Platforms

In platform-driven markets, competitive advantage is derived from superior platform design and configurations. For this reason, platform owners strive to create unique and inimitable platform configurals to maintain and extend their competitiveness within network economies. To disentangle firm competition within platform-driven markets, we opted for the UK mobile payment market as our empirical setting. By embracing the theoretical lens of strategic groups and digital platforms, this study supplements prior research by deriving a taxonomy of platform-driven strategic groups that is grounded on competitive attributes of platformdriven markets; namely interfirm modularity and strategic linkages.
Thinking about Power in a Complex System

According to many theoretical realists, power in international relations can be measured with attention to material capabilities, the extent influence over other states and even single factors such as military might. Further, for realists the greatest powers in the international system are states or coalitions of states, with international organisations, corporations, transnational groups and individuals barely registering in terms of power in most realist theory. One of the reasons for this state-centricity is the assumption by realists of an anarchic system. Faced with theorising international systemic anarchy, the realists and, indeed, most international relations theorists looking at the notion of power focussed only on the largest and most prominent actors, the states. Yet if a theorist assumes a systemic order which is something other than anarchic then different assumptions about the nature and place of power must also be made. Should the system be assumed to be complex - as some recent research argues - then not only does the nature of power change but also its location for, in a complex system, even the smallest and seemingly most insignificant actor can effect changes of a system-changing nature. This paper argues that the turn towards the assumption of systemic complexity in international relations theory requires more than a simple re-assessment of the realist assumption of anarchy; it also requires a redefinition of key notions of international relations, such as power, and, thus, a paradigm shift in the field itself.
CHNAGES IN GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND TASKS IN THE COASTAL ZONE

The activities of the Coastal Engineering Committee, JSCE, are introduced focusing on the global environment-related issues. A research sub-committee has been working to study the possible impacts of sea-level rise and climate change on the coastal zone since its establishment in 1992. After published a comprehensive report on the sea-level rise and climate chnage, it started the second stage of the study which aimes to identify the tasks and problems necessary for achieving the goals to create and preserve safety, atractive, and environmentally healthy coastal zones. Such goals are closely related to the sustainable development, which is also a basic concept fot the strategic responses to the global chnages in environment. KEY WORDS; coastal engineering, natural disaster prevention, utilization of coastal zone, preservation of natural environment, coastal zone management, global warming, sea-level rise, response strategy 1.海 岸工学委員会の取組み 沿岸域にもっとも関係の深い地球規模環境問題は温暖化であろ う.温 暖化によって海面上昇が加速す ると, 砂浜やサンゴ礁,マ ングローブなどの 自然環境 と沿岸都市や港湾,防 災施設をは じめ社会経済活動に様々な 影響が生 じると懸念 されている.さ らに,台 風や降雨パターンの変化が重なるとより深刻な問題に直面する 国や地域が現れると思われ る.地 球規模の環境問題 に関連 した海岸工学の課題は,こ れ らの現象の実態の把 握,影 響の予測 ・評価,そ して,対 応策の検討の3点 にまとめられよ う.80年 代末か ら90年代初めにかけて地 球規模の環境問題が一挙に注目を浴び,こ れ らの懸念が吹きだ したことか ら,海 岸工学委員会では組織だっ た研究を始めた. 1.1第1期 の活動 海岸工学委員会では,1991年4月 から 「地球規模環境問題研究小委員会」を組織 して,海 岸工学に関連 した 地球規模環境問題の研究に取 り組んだ.52名 のメンバーによる2年間の研究成果は 「地球温暖化の沿岸影響― 海面上昇 ・気候変動の実態 ・影響 ・対応戦略一」にまとめられ,1994年7月 に土木学会か ら出版 された(土 木 学会海岸工学委員会,1994). 1東 北 大 学 工 学 部 土 木 港 学 科D ept. of Civil Eng., Fac. of Eng.,  Taisei Co., 5九 州 共 立 大 学 工 学 部 土 木 工 学 科Dept. of Civil Eng., Fac. of Eng., Kyushu Kyoritsu Univ.
Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Hospital-Based Study.

The epidemiology of stroke in sub-Saharan countries is poorly characterized because of lack of population-based studies and national vital statistics systems with complete death registration.



To describe risk factors, clinical presentations, the pattern of brain insult, and outcomes of stroke patients admitted to a hospital in Ethiopia.



A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted on 508 patients, 303 of whom had computed tomography proven stroke, who were admitted to medical wards of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar Ethiopia, from February 2014 to August 2016.



From 508 patients with a clinical diagnosis of stroke, 303 patients had computed tomography and complete medical record. Of the latter, 63% were male and 32% were in the age group 61-70 years. The most common initial clinical presentation was hemiplegia (61%). Common risk factors documented with stroke were hypertension (36.3%), dyslipidemia (20.4%), atrial fibrillation (12.2%), and structural cardiac disease (9.2%). Ischemic stroke comprised 59.4%, whereas 40.6% were hemorrhagic stroke. Only 3.6% patients arrived at the hospital within 3 hours of onset of clinical symptoms. Among subjects with preexisting treated hypertension, 56% had discontinued antihypertensive medications. One third of patients with atrial fibrillation were on warfarin or aspirin. In-hospital mortality rate was 11%. The cerebral cortex was affected in 36.6%.



Poor adherence to drugs and uncontrolled high blood pressure might have resulted in a high proportion of hemorrhagic stroke. Use of anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation should be standard in patient with risk factors for stroke in Ethiopia.
Temperature Dependent Photoinduced Reversible Phase Separation in Mixed-Halide Perovskite

Even though tandem solar cells comprised of mixed-halide perovskites CH3NH3Pb(I1–xBrx)3 were expected to have much higher efficiency, the observation that they undergo photoinduced phase separation/demixing put forth a limitation to their possible utility. Herein, using temperature dependent photoluminescence studies, we show that the stated photoinduced phase separation occurs only in a narrow temperature range and above a particular bromine concentration. Our observation of the disappearance of phase separation at elevated temperatures suggests the possibility that these tandem solar cells may indeed work better at elevated temperatures. Further, we provide the first experimental proof for the demixing transition temperature as predicted by Bischak et al. and also observe that demixing and remixing temperatures are pinned to crystallographic phase transition temperatures. Longer carrier lifetime of iodide-rich clusters is observed confirming the strong electron–phonon interaction (polaronic effect) whic...
OSCE: New Tasks and Options in the XXI Century.

Significant changes in political, security and economic affairs are taking place in Europe. They will have tremendous influence on the future order in this part of the world. Europe is especially discussing a new cooperative security structure. This study is designed to provide a overview of possible developments of the OSCE, its functions, and consider its future as Europe moves into the XXI Century. It does not deal with the historical and political background of CSCS and OSCE.
The Life Cycle of Government Ownership

Government ownership may dominate private ownership under government failure. Such dom- inance disappears as product markets grow mature, giving rise to the need for privatization. Buyers' limited wealth imposes a constraint on how and when privatization takes place. In particular, firms may be underpriced during privatization, and privatization may take place at a sub-optimal timing which results in firm performances to deteriorate in the short run, and to improve only in the long run. Partial privatization may alleviate the constraint in some cases but exacerbates the e??ciency loss in others. When the government is lesser an interventionist or when the product market grows mature very rapidly, privatization is likely to take place at a sub-optimal timing. The analysis is applied to the dynamics of the Chinese non-state sector.
Is There a Tulip in Your Future?: Ruminations on Tulip Mania and the Innovative Dutch Futures Markets

This essay emphasizes and explicates factors and forces that led to the creation of the tulip futures market (increased globalization, a rising prosperity and middle class, etc.). It considers whether critics of that market were correct about Tulip Mania. The introductory section describes briefly the Dutch economy and states the thesis that the Dutch developed an innovative futures market. The principal section describes the forces and factors at work in the tulip futures market. The concluding normative section assesses the bases for criticism and approves of the workings of the market.
Geomorphology and global environmental change.

Preface 1. Landscape, and landscape scale processes as the unfilled niche in the global environmental change debate: an introduction O. Slaymaker, T. Spencer and S. Dadson 2. Mountains O. Slaymaker and C. Embleton-Hamann 3. Lakes and lake catchments K. Kashiwaya, O. Slaymaker and M. Church 4. Rivers M. Church, T. P. Burt, V. J. Galay and G. M. Kondolf 5. Estuaries, coastal marshes, tidal flats and coastal dunes D. J. Reed, R. Davidson-Arnott and G. M. E. Perillo 6. Beaches, cliffs and deltas M. J. F. Stive, P. J. Cowell and R. J. Nicholls 7. Coral reefs P. Kench, C. Perry and T. Spencer 8. Tropical rainforests R. P. D. Walsh and W. H. Blake 9. Tropical savannas M. E. Meadows and D. S. G. Thomas 10. Deserts N. Lancaster 11. Mediterranean M. Sala 12. Temperate forests and rangelands R. C. Sidle and T. P. Burt 13. Tundra and permafrost dominated taiga M.-F. Andre and O. Anisimov 14. Ice sheets and ice caps D. Sugden 15. Landscape, landscape scale processes and global environmental change: synthesis and new agendas for the twenty-first century T. Spencer, O. Slaymaker and C. Embleton-Hamann Index.
McGovern at Wheaton: A Quest for Redemption.

This article employs Kenneth Burke's notion of interlocked moments to examine the speech, “Sources of Our Strength,” delivered by Senator George S. McGovern on October 11, 1972, at Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois. A clear rhetoric of change emerges, indicating a quest for redemption as the preeminent motive inherent in McGovern's discourse.