nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A review of the role of exercise and factors affecting its uptake for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not requiring renal replacement therapy.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term progressive condition affecting 10-15% of people. The overlap of diabetes, hypertension and CKD in an aging population means that prevalence will only increase. CKD increases the risk of all-cause mortality, secondary to the elevated cardiovascular risk. It also significantly affects the patients' ability to engage in functional activities and their quality of life. The evidence base suggests that exercise has the capacity to improve symptom burden, functional ability and mental health. The majority of the patient population are pre-dialysis yet previous research has concentrated on dialysing patients. This review will focus on the patient group not requiring renal replacement therapy (non-RRT) as this is an area where further work is urgently needed. A large majority of people with CKD tend to be inactive despite emerging guidelines emphasising the positive effect of exercise for both people with chronic disease and healthy populations. This paper will review the evidence to support exercise to improve outcomes and quality of life and report on common barriers that patients experience and advocate the need for supported exercise interventions to help patients become more active and gain the potential resultant health benefits.
GPU-FV: Realtime Fisher Vector and Its Applications in Video Monitoring

Fisher vector has been widely used in many multimedia retrieval and visual recognition applications with good performance. However, the computation complexity prevents its usage in real-time video monitoring. In this work, we proposed and implemented GPU-FV, a fast Fisher vector extraction method with the help of modern GPUs. The challenge of implementing Fisher vector on GPUs lies in the data dependency in feature extraction and expensive memory access in Fisher vector computing. To handle these challenges, we carefully designed GPU-FV in a way that utilizes the computing power of GPU as much as possible, and applied optimizations such as loop tiling to boost the performance. GPU-FV is about 12 times faster than the CPU version, and 50\% faster than a non-optimized GPU implementation. For standard video input (320*240), GPU-FV can process each frame within 34ms on a model GPU. Our experiments show that GPU-FV obtains a similar recognition accuracy as traditional FV on VOC 2007 and Caltech 256 image sets. We also applied GPU-FV for realtime video monitoring tasks and found that GPU-FV outperforms a number of previous works. Especially, when the number of training examples are small, GPU-FV outperforms the recent popular deep CNN features borrowed from ImageNet.
Towards the all-loop worldsheet S matrix for AdS₃×S³×T⁴.

We obtain the all-loop worldsheet S matrix for fundamental excitations on AdS₃×S³×T⁴ by studying the off-shell symmetry algebra of the superspace action in light cone gauge. The massless modes, unaccounted for in earlier works, are automatically included in our treatment. Their exact dispersion relation is found to be nonrelativistic, of giant-magnon form, and their scattering is naturally well defined. This opens the way to a complete investigation of AdS₃/CFT₂ integrability.
Suppose James Brown read Fanon: the Black Arts Movement, cultural nationalism and the failure of popular musical praxis

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the articulation of politics and sound became explicitly marked during the civil rights transition to embryonic types of racial nationalism, black power and the novel forms of ' citizenship' implied therein. Music mediated and registered these critical shifts in political outlook, structural change and black collectivity. Yet, despite the power of black soundings to communicate or gesture toward a particular political sensibility, black popular music in particular remained elusive to those political workers most invested in identifying the articulations of popular sound aesthetics and the masses. Popular music, and soul culture more generally, frustrated nationalist efforts at enlisting the black masses, a failure that paradoxically reflected black nationalism's inability to appeal to and enlist the political potential of the mass black public that it so valorised. This article explores the political-aesthetic interface particularly as it played out in the relationship between cultural nationalism and black popular music. This relationship offers a powerful index of the correspondence and dissonance between the political intentions of nationalist political workers and the political desires of the urban masses. It is argued that both the formal attempts at producing revolutionary cultural products and the broader influence and reception that black nationalist politics had within the field of black popular culture were in significant ways less communicative of collective political will and desire than emergent popular musical formations.
Environmental Review: A Framework for Sustainable Water Management: Integrating Ecological Constraints in Policy Tools in the United Kingdom

Freshwater in the United Kingdom constitutes a typical example of a supposedly abundant resource for which no system of sustainable use and management has been planned in the past Indeed, as H. Cook ( The Protection and Conservation of Water Resources: A British Perspective , 1998) has shown, it has been a neglected area of concern compared with other areas of public policy. Recent droughts, problems of water pollution caused by excessive levels of nitrate and pesticides in groundwater, and acidification and pollution by heavy metals, as well as freshwater wildlife at risk, constitute important environmental problems. The management of water needs guidance, and this guidance needs to be very strongly ecologically based. However, this ecological information must also be integrated at the economic-policy level if water resources, which are fundamental for the survival of ecosystems, economies, and humans, are to be managed in a sustainable way in the long run. This paper presents a policy framework that is based on the reform of national accounts heavily relied on by policy makers, that uses “indicators of sustainability” (more and more viewed as the practical solution to operationalize the concept of sustainability), and that is oriented towards the pursuit of economic goals while respecting ecological constraints (“sustainability standards”). It is hoped that the construction of such a framework, based on the review of existing literature, can be a useful contribution to the sustainable management of water resources.
pH-Dependent Changes in the Mechanisms of Transport of Chlorine e6 and Its Derivatives in the Blood

We studied the effects of medium pH on steady-state distribution of chlorine e6 and its derivatives between the main transport proteins of human blood plasma. The decrease in medium pH from weakly alkaline (pH 7.4) to acid (pH 5.0) was followed by an increase in relative affinity of chlorines to lipoproteins and reduced their affinity to serum albumin. pH-Dependent changes in the parameters of distribution of photosensitizers between the plasma and blood cells was revealed. We discussed the role of charge and polarity degree of photosensitizer molecule in the mechanism of binding to serum albumin. A possible role of changes in hydrogen ion activity in the processes of selective accumulation of chlorines by tumor cells is discussed.
Ideology and urban development: Zionism and the origins of Tel-Aviv, 1906–1914

This contribution to research on Zionist urban settlement in Palestine examines the founding of Tel-Aviv and its development up to the First World War. Tel-Aviv is viewed in a number of general theoretical contexts: urban colonization —the building of modern European quarters alongside old Middle Eastern towns at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century; modernization —the spread of the garden suburb model to various parts of the world; westernization of frontier territories—the urban-industrial stage of the frontier model. The study also examines the effect of the foundation of Tel-Aviv on Jaffa and compares Tel-Aviv with Arab garden neighbourhoods in Palestine at the same period. Zionism favoured urban settlement and this ideological attitude was decisive for the establishment of Tel-Aviv. It influenced the choice of site for the garden suburb, its planning, the selection of its population, and inspired its development as the Hebrew national centre in Palestine. Tel-Aviv began as a garden suburb near an ancient port and was rapidly becoming a town on the eve of the First World War.
Remark on "Algorithm 246: Graycode [Z]"

The following modifications to Algorithm 246 will generate Gray code for any N, with each code word being generated in a bounded amount of time. Let A be a vector of zeros and ones of length N which will be the successive code words. New code words are successively generated by reversing a single bit in A each time. Routine OUTPUT, to be supplied by the user, is called on generation of every new code word. Initially A contains all zeros. At every odd-numbered step, AEN 1 is reversed. At every even-numbered step, A[J 11 is reversed, where A[J'] is the rightmost one-bit in A. (In case J = 1, the algorithm terminates.) The positions of all the one-bits are stored in an increasing order in a stack S, from bottom to top. This helps in quickly locating J , the rightmost one-bit.
The social psychological consequences of conspiracy theories

Conspiracy theories point accusing fingers at authorities, and offer alternatives to official explanations. Scholars have argued that in doing so, they may therefore subvert social systems and undermine confidence in established political, health and environmental positions. In this thesis we empirically put these arguments to the test. In four experiments, we found that exposure to conspiracy theories reduced people’s intention to engage in (a) the political system, (b) environmentally-friendly initiatives and (c) childhood vaccination (Chapters 2 and 3). Ironically however, instead of undermining the social status quo, we found in four experiments that conspiracy theories appear to bolster satisfaction with social systems. They appear to do so because they explain tragedies, disasters and social problems on the actions of destructive individuals and groups, rather than inherent flaws in society. By drawing attention away from the deeper limitations of social systems, conspiracy theories may therefore reduce, rather than increase, the likelihood of social and political change (Chapter 4). Finally, we found that once people have been exposed to conspiracy theories, the negative effects are difficult to attenuate. In two experiments we tested interventions based on counter-arguments (e.g., that vaccines are safe instead of harmful) and a pre-warning that detailed people’s tendency to rely on retracted information. However, both were found to be ineffective in improving intentions to vaccinate a fictional child (Chapter 5). Overall, the research outlined in this thesis highlights some of the potentially damaging consequences of conspiracy theories. This research opens up new avenues for enquiry and calls for ongoing investigations to address the growth of conspiracism in society.
Equivalence of CHR States Revisited

While it is generally agreed-upon that certain classes of CHR states should be considered equivalent, no standard definition of equivalence has ever been established. Furthermore, the compliance of equivalence with rule application is generally assumed, but has never been proven. We systematically develop an axiomatic notion of state equivalence based on rule applicability and the declarative semantics. We supply the missing proof for its compliance with rule application and provide a proof technique to determine equivalence of given states. The compliance property leads to a simplified formulation of the operational semantics. Furthermore, it justifies a novel view based on equivalence classes of states which provides a powerful proof technique.
Ineffective secondary prevention in survivors of cardiovascular events in the US population: report from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke are at high risk for subsequent cardiovascular events. There is limited assessment of the effectiveness of risk factor modification through current secondary preventive strategies in the US population. We determined the adequacy of risk factor modification in 1252 survivors of MI, stroke, or both in a nationally representative sample of US adults and identified factors related to inadequate control of risk factors.



The adequacy of control for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and hypercholesterolemia was assessed by personal interview, blood pressure measurements, and serum glycosylated hemoglobin and cholesterol levels in 17 752 US adults who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1988 and 1994. We also evaluated the role of potentially related factors, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and medical insurance status using multivariate logistic regression analysis.



Of 738 known hypertensive persons, hypertension was uncontrolled in 388 (53%). Previously undiagnosed hypertension was detected in 138 others (11%). Of 289 diabetic persons, serum glucose control was inadequate in 141. Of 1252 survivors, 225 (18%) were currently smoking, and heavy alcohol use was observed in 56 persons. Hypercholesterolemia was poorly controlled in 185 (46%) of 405 persons with known hypercholesterolemia. Undetected hypercholesterolemia was observed in 160 persons (13%). In the multivariate analysis, high-risk profiles were more likely to be observed in persons aged 46 to 65 years, women, and African Americans.



High prevalence of inadequate secondary prevention was found in a subset of the US population at highest risk for stroke and MI. Considerable efforts are required to effectively implement risk factor modification strategies after MI or stroke, particularly in middle-aged persons, African Americans, and women.
The Provision of Electronic Banking Services in the UK and Scandinavia

For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded]   Electronic delivery is forecast to become a major distribution channel for many service companies, particularly those that are based upon collecting, processing and delivering information. This paper examines electronic retail banking services in two European regions, the UK and Scandinavia. A mailed questionnaire was used to understand and, where possible, quantify the external market and internal factors known to be important in the development and launch of such services. It is found that, at the time of the study, the majority of respondents in both regions are already either developing or providing electronic banking services. The factor viewed as most important in driving the provision of electronic services is a corporate vision of the future in which the banking market becomes ever more competitive and customers demand greater convenience. The nature of the customer segment that is expected to adopt such electronic services, being of high net worth, and the organisation's reputation for innovation are also considered important factors.
The Necessary Dream: A Study of the Novels of Manuel Puig

The Latin American novelist Manuel Puig is perhaps best known for his novel Kiss of the Spider Woman. The Necessary Dream provides an introduction to and interpretation of his seven novels written from 1968 to 1982. While each novel is given a separate chapter, the homogenious thread of attitudes and themes which touch on psychology, feminism, Argentine politics and popular culture, is clearly displayed.  Introduction; 'La Vie est ailleurs':^R La traiciUn de Rita Hayworth (1968); 'The Rules of the Game': Boquitas pintadas (1969); 'The Divided Self': The Buenos Aires Affair (1973); 'The Kiss of Death': El beso de la mujer aran?ia (1976); 'Only Make-Believe': Pubis angelical (1979); 'Les Liaisons dangereuses': MaldiciUn eterna a quien lea estas p*ginas (1980); 'Life's a Dream': Sangre de amor correspondido (1982); Notes; Bibliography; Index
Affliction and Forgiveness: An Interview with Paul Schrader

book on Ozu, Bresson, and Dreyer, Paul Schrader has managed to rise above the mundane. At 22, Schrader wrote the breakthrough book of film criticism Transcendental Cinema, which went beyond the realm of auteurist critique or philosophical study by under-emphasizing the first approach, embracing the second, and leavening everything with the point of view of someone whose background was deeply religious. Brought up Calvinist, Schrader early on cleaved to the notions that his family taught him, among them predestination and the view that the Bible was the word of God. At
Projecting Functional Models of Imperative Programs

Functional modelling [17,29] enables functional reasoning methods to be applied to programs written in imperative languages. It is, however, the view of many workers [4, 24] that it is not the notation in which a program is written, but the sheer size of a program which prohibits the application of reasoning and proof techniques.The beauty of Projection is that simple aspects of programs have correspondingly simple models, irrespective of the size and complexity of the overall imperative program.We describe the Projection technique, showing how it allows for the manageable application of functional language technology to 'real' imperative programs. We demonstrate how Projection may facilitate the development of a proof of a program in terms of its constituents and how Projection may allow programmers to select the safety-critical sections of programs for particular attention.We briefly discuss the connection between Projection and Slicing, introduced by Weiser [34,35], and give examples of the functional programming techniques made available to imperative programmers by virtue of functional modelling. Specifically, we use formal proof [23, 24, 4], Transformation [5, 9] and Partial Evaluation [14, 16, 31]. We claim that the Projection of functional models lends itself to the analysis and proof of existing computer software written in imperative programming languages.
Origins of polyploids.

1. Polyploidy is a conspicuous feature of chromosomal evolution in higher plants. It is common in many genera, and numerous species are characterized by diploid and polyploid races. 2. Polyploid evolution is a process not an event. 3. Polyploid may involve somatic chromsome doubling or sexual functioning of cytologically non-reduced gametes. 4. Spontaneous chromosome doubling, either in the zygote to produce a polyploid is plant or in apical meristem to produce a polyploid chimera, is a rare event. 5. The common mode of polyploidy is through the formation and sexual functioning of cytologically non-reduced gametes. Increased in chromosome number can occur in the first or later hybrid generations. 6. Polyploid via cytologically non-reduced gametes is commonly a two step process. A diploid (2n) female gamete is fertilized by a haploid (n) male gamete to produce a triploid (3x), which in turn produces cytologically non-reduced triploid (3n) female gametes that are fertilized by haploid (n) gametes of the diploid parents and result in tetraploid (4x) offspring. 7. Fertilization of a rare diploid (2n) female gamete by an equally rare diploid (2n) male gamete to directly produce a tetraploid (4x) is extremely rare but does occur. 8. Polyploidy is successful only if the new polyploids are able to complete with their parents. Success depends on availability of suitable habitals, as well as the ability to produce successful offspring. 9. The most successful polyploids combine the diploid genomes of cytogenetically allied, but differently adapted taxa. 10. Fertility is restored in polyploids through cytological diploidization of the genomes or through gametophytic apomixis. 11. Reversible tetaploidy is part of polyploid evolution.
α-chymotrypsin in water-acetone and water-dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures: Effect of preferential solvation and hydration.

We investigated water/organic solvent sorption and residual enzyme activity to simultaneously monitor preferential solvation/hydration of protein macromolecules in the entire range of water content at 25°C. We applied this approach to estimate protein destabilization/stabilization due to the preferential interactions of bovine pancreatic α-chymotrypsin with water-acetone (moderate-strength H-bond acceptor) and water-DMSO (strong H-bond acceptor) mixtures. There are three concentration regimes for the dried α-chymotrypsin. α-Chymotrypsin is preferentially hydrated at high water content. The residual enzyme activity values are close to 100%. At intermediate water content, the dehydrated α-chymotrypsin has a higher affinity for acetone/DMSO than for water. Residual enzyme activity is minimal in this concentration range. The acetone/DMSO molecules are preferentially excluded from the protein surface at the lowest water content, resulting in preferential hydration. The residual catalytic activity in the water-poor acetone is ∼80%, compared with that observed after incubation in pure water. This effect is very small for the water-poor DMSO. Two different schemes are operative for the hydrated enzyme. At high and intermediate water content, α-chymotrypsin exhibits preferential hydration. However, at intermediate water content, in contrast to the dried enzyme, the initially hydrated α-chymotrypsin possesses increased preferential hydration parameters. At low water content, no residual enzyme activity was observed. Preferential binding of DMSO/acetone to α-chymotrypsin was detected. Our data clearly demonstrate that the hydrogen bond accepting ability of organic solvents and the protein hydration level constitute key factors in determining the stability of protein-water-organic solvent systems.
23Na NMR study of the effect of organic osmolytes on DNA counterion atmosphere.

The effect of different organic osmolytes on the DNA counterion condensation layer has been investigated by 23Na NMR relaxation measurements. The zwitterionic compounds glycine, beta-alanine, 4-aminobutyric acid, and 6-aminocaproic acid have shown an increasing capacity to decrease the amount of sodium ions in the vicinity of the macromolecule. The experimental data have been correlated with the dielectric constant increase in their corresponding solutions and have been compared with the prediction of counterion condensation theory. Polyols (sorbitol and mannitol) did not display the same effect. These compounds largely increase the relaxation rate of sodium ions in the proximity of DNA, unlike the zwitterionic compounds. This probably results from a perturbation of the water dynamic around the macromolecule, of the primary or secondary hydration shell of the sodium nuclei involved, or both.
Ars poetica. The filmmaker's voice.

The first part of the article compares the political cinema of Vertov, Godard and Marker, through a critique of the ideological power that sound and the word have had on the image. It goes on to suggest a series of associations between films in which the filmmaker’s voice (Mekas, Cocteau, Van der Keuken, Rouch, etc) is linked to the act of creating, the uncertainty of the process, the essay that is akin to the sketch or retrospective meditations and writings in the first person. Through the essayistic voice it develops the possibility of analysing what was invisible or went unnoticed through editing, criticism through revision: the filmmaker can emerge from himself, objectivise himself by looking at what the material reveals to him about his own ideology or psychology inscribed unconsciously onto the film, or by examining the process itself. Unlike written analysis, this essayistic conception of the relationship between word and image moves in the same direction as cinema itself; from the physical matter to the idea, in contrast to figurative arts characterised by the reverse journey.