nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Tatarization of the City: Ethnocultural Youth Identity Management in Kazan, Tatarstan 1

The youth as ‘constructors of the nation’ in postsocialist multicultural societies, such as Tatarstan, are confronted with different identity projects; be it official nation-building discourses or the impact of globalized youth cultures. In this article, the youth are not seen just as consumers of such official or global ‘identity outlines’ but as actors in a public sphere where identities are articulated and negotiated. Offering examples of the visualization of ‘Tatarness’ and ethnocultural boundaries through voice and body by Tatar youth scenes in Kazan, this article aims to analyze the construction of urban Tatar youth culture as a means of the identity management strategies of Tatar youth scenes in order to ‘recapture’ urban (and political) space by a ‘Tatarization of the city’.
Gothic romanced : consumption, gender and technology in contemporary fictions

From Gothic to Romance 1. Romance, Ruins and the Thing: from the romantic sublime to cybergothic 2. Romance Consumed: death, simulation and the vampire 3. Poor Things as They Are: Political Romance from Gray to Godwin 4. Flight of the Heroine: from Female Gothic to Postfeminism 5. Monsters of the Imagination: Science, Fiction, Romance 6. Resistance is Futile: Romance and the Machine Bibliography
Trans-marriage and the Unacceptability of Same-sex Marriage Restrictions

This essay analyzes the coherency and reasonableness of legal restrictions against same-sex marnage. The population of focus is transgender individuals and their partners. Focusing on trans-marriage makes dear that the restriction of marriage to one man ond one woman is misguided in that the law rests on the assumption that the categories of sex and gender comprise two disjoint, exhaustive, and unambiguous groupings. The primary argument here is not that the restrictions of same-sex marriage are harmful to certain transpersons who participate in legal marriage, although they certainly are, but rather that this legal restriction fails to meetthe minimum requirements of any reasonable law. This analysis compares the current marriage restriction and its reliance on the above mentioned false belief with judgments of the Race Classification Appeal Board of Apartheid era South Africa. I employ two actual cases and the legal philosophy of Lon L. Fuller in my argument.
Managerial Capitalism and Public Policy

Business historians know that public policy--the mix of law, public administration, and politics--has had an important impact on the development of the American business system. The scholarly issue, of course, is how important, and in what ways in particular. Business and economic historians have produced a rich literature on the place public policy had in building a transportation infrastructure in the nineteenth century. And there is a growing literature on the role of government in regulating (and promoting) the important transportation, communication, energy, financial, agricultural, and defense industries in the twentieth century [28, pp. 33-55; 40, pp. 10-35; 29]. The role of public policy in the origins and development of the largest 100 or so professionally-managed industrial corporations--the pitome of managerial capitalism--has not until recently been accorded the same degree of attention that these other sectors have received. This paper is directed to the impact of federal antitrust and labor policy on the largest industrial corporations. The focus will be on the 1890 Sherman and the 1950 Cellar Kefauver antitrust acts, and the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 [6, 32, 15, 91 . Examining the extent to which public policy has affected the development and behavior of industrial corporations has taken on some urgency as the past successes of corporate America have been dimmed by almost two decades of troubling economic change in the face of sharp 6erman and Japanese competition [8, 43]. Why the United States lost its competitive dge in leading firms in critical industries is a large topic that will occupy business historians for some time. In view of the urgent interest in competitiveness, it should be clear that understanding the impact of past public policy on the largest industrial corporations i not a limited academic exercise. To make intelligent recommendations about what, if anything, government can or should do to affect corporate managers' short or long-term behavior, those who make policy should have a good sense of how public policy has affected the professionally-managed in ustrial corporation in the past. To be sure, unlike Japan, Germany, and France the United States did not develop a capitalism marked by frequent direct intervention in the industrial sector by a powerful professional civil service, removed from the
What is the regulatory science? Concept and history in United States and in Japan │ Interview with Professor Sheila Jasanoff │ *

The termregulatory sciencewas proposed in Japan by Uchiyama in 1987 and analytically reviewed in English literature in 1996. On the other hand, in the United States (US), one of the earliest uses of the term in analytical literature was by Jasanoff in 1990, in her book The Fifth Branch. The objective of this interview is to clarify the beginning, history, and meaning of the term �regulatory sciencein the US as compared to Japan. Through this interview we found the following: (1) In US, Jasanoff first proposed the concept of regulatory science in an analytical way, though there may be some isolated mentions before; (2) to say Weinberg is the founder of this concept is wrong, as he proposed the concept oftrans-scienceto refer to the policy-relevant fields for which scientists have no answer, whereas the termregulatory sciencerefers to science generated to give answer to political questions; (3) in US, regulatory science is discussed in relation to all policy areas requiring scientific knowledge for their resolution, whereas in Japan it is discussed mainly in the field of pharmaceutical development.; (4) in US, regulatory science is not considered the same as policy science, whereas in Japan policy studies, such as regulation or guideline development, is included inregulatory science�; (5) science studies scholars in the US see regulatory science itself as including some subjectivity and hence as needing criticism in order to reveal the sources of possible bias, whereas Japanese opinion tends to regard scientific knowledge as generated objectively.
Cinema of Failed Revolt: Brian De Palma and the Death(s) of the Left

Focusing particularly on his first studio feature, Get to Know Your Rabbit (1970), this essay argues that Brian De Palma, director of Scarface (1983) and Body Double (1984), is an exemplar of Godardian "political" filmmaking. Potential consonances between De Palma's career and the historical development of Film Studies as a discipline are also outlined.
The Categorical and the Everyday: On Coetzee, Murdoch, and Cavell and the Presence of Philosophy in Novels

This paper explores a categorical dimension of morality that is part of our everyday lives. Through a reading of Coetzee’s Waiting for the Barbarians , I argue that the philosophical importance of literature cannot be reduced to the ways in which it illustrates philosophical views. Borrowing thrust from Iris Murdoch and Stanley Cavell, I contend that the deeper significance of literature is not dependent upon the presence of “philosophy” in novels. Literature can help us see how moral lives take shape in language, and enable us to gain an understanding of how philosophical problems often arise by means of philosophical abstractions.
Oxidation mechanism of ionic transport of copper in SiO2 dielectrics

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and electrical measurements have been used to investigate the mechanism of copper transport in dielectric materials. Vacuum bias-temperature-stress (BTS) measurements on circular metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structures show no sign of copper diffusion at temperatures up to 300 °C with electric fields up to 0.5 MV/cm. In contrast, measurements on samples oxidized via ambient gases or pure oxygen show significant copper transport through SiO 2 based dielectric materials. The results suggest a mechanism where oxidized copper is a source of copper ions that are transported through the dielectric layer via diffusion and drift. After transport through the oxide, the copper crosses the SiO 2 /Si interface and diffuses into the silicon substrate, which acts as a sink for copper. An analytical model provides an apparent activation energy of 1.8 eV for the diffusion coefficient, and an exponential field dependence with a multiplier of 5.6×10 −7 cm. A more rigorous model based on a one-dimensional solution of the drift-diffusion equation and Poisson's equation is also developed to fit the flux data. The model reveals that a unique activation energy cannot be assigned due to uncertainty about the chemical-physics at the Cu/SiO 2 interface.
'Unterm reinsten Himmel der unsicherste Boden' : Die Grossstadterfahrung in Goethes Italiendichtung

This study deals with the urban experiences in the “Italian” works of Goethe: The Roman Elegies (1795), The Venetian Epigrams (1790/1800), and The Italian Journey (1816/1817 -1829). The introductive part delivers an overview of the evolution of the idea of the city, from the cities of ancient Greece and the biblical tradition to the modern metropoleis who become synonyms for mobility and nervousness. The second part is dedicated to The Roman Elegies and The Venetian Epigrams, two collections of poems in which the urban space figures prominently. It is then The Italian Journey that delivers the bulk of the material thus allowing the most insights about Goethe’s urban experiences. The study focuses on the four large cities which Goethe has seen in Italy and which he describes in his works: Venice, Palermo, Naples and Rome. Goethe shows the possibilities and the dangers of the metropolis. These possibilities are not presented in an abstract manner but take a rather concrete shape: It is in the large cities where Goethe convalesces and where evolves his personality. This doesn’t prevent him from criticising the life and the events in these cities, be it on the political, spiritual or aesthetic field. Whenever he sees at stake what he considers to be the decisive points in urban life – the historical consciousness, tradition of principles, exchange, and concentration – he criticises. Dissipation, velocity, and pandemonium threaten these urban experiences more than ever. Goethe calls attention to the things that are fading and need to be preserved and he gives the reasons why some urban attainments are worth being protected
Trust, Image and Association, affecting loyalty towards telecom service providers in India: A study on BSNL

India has come out as one of the youngest and fastest growing economies in the world. Telecommunication industry is one of the sectors that has shown the sign of profitability and contributed significantly to the country’s economy. India is one of the fastest growing mobile markets in the world due to this; many foreign players are entering in Indian Market. In recent years there are many changes in Indian telecom industry because of which product development and Market development is constantly changing and hence there is a situation of hyper competition. In this situation customer retention is assuming more importance then customer acquisition as former provides platform for later. The biggest cost to any company is “customer switch”. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, first PSU to start providing telecom services to market and has enjoyed leadership position in market for long. With rise of competition and entry of private multinationals scenario is changing. This paper is an attempt on exploring the factors which are influencing the loyalty of customer of BSNL in today’s environment. The paper tries to investigate the variables that influence the perception of the mobile phone customers to remain them loyal with existing service providers
Darwin and the Concept of a Struggle for Existence: A Study in the Extrascientific Origins of Scientific Ideas

T HIS ESSAY IS AN ATTEMPT to explore the role of external, extrascientific factors in the development of biological theory in the nineteenth century in England. More specifically, it is an attempt to trace the sources of one of the most important ideas in Charles Darwin's epoch-making biological synthesis of the midcentury-his idea of a struggle for existence. The choice of century, of science, and of concept is not gratuitous, for the biological sciences in mid-nineteenth-century England were in a pre-specialized, proto-professional state,1 a state peculiarly receptive to influences from without the more narrowly defined discipline of biology. The concept of a struggle for existence appears to have emerged from a complex matrix of economic, political, religious, and scientific traditions and thus affords an especially rich example for the study of extrascientific influences. Perhaps in another century, with a different science, and some other concept, external factors could be seen to play only a peripheral role, and a more or less strictly "internalist" approach would be considered a quite sufficient analytic methodology. Yet such an approach does not seem sufficient for the Darwin case study under question, as I hope to demonstrate in the course of this essay.
Workers' Education and Human Crisis in Zambia: Democracy and the "New" World Order.

The most important challenge in our era is finding ways and means to enable workers to survive the realities of the Structural Adjustment Programme which has brought untold misery and poverty on peasants and workers in Zambia. Changes taking place in the political, social and economic life of the country need to be carefully studied and thoroughly understood by workers and union leaders so that we manoeuvre through the situation in a much more rational and positive way if our newly founded democracy is to be safeguarded. To this effect workers’ education is going to play an important role in consolidating democracy.  Workers’ education must go towards the goal of understanding the ‘New’ World Order, in order to deal with it and challenge it locally.
Text-book on Railroad Surveying

THIS book gives a fair representation of American practice in railroad surveying. The subject-matter includes brief directions for carrying out the preliminary reconnaissance in various types of country, and the location of the best route. Fuller explanations follow of the setting out of circular and spiral transition curves; this section includes turn-outs, connections, and crossings. Earthwork problems are also treated. Methods are explained of shifting the location of curves in the field from that shown on the plan in order to secure better conditions of cutting or filling. The text occupies 125 pages, and the remaining 138 pages are taken up with tables giving curve functions, logarithms of numbers, trigonometrical functions of angles and earthwork. Detailed mathematical solutions are omitted, and an elementary knowledge of surveying is assumed. Judging from the terse nature of the contents, the title “Pocket-book of Railroad Surveying” would probably be more appropriate, and would convey to engineers the fact that the book will be found to be a useful companion in his field operations.Text-book on Railroad Surveying.By G. W. Pickels C. C. Wiley. Pp. ix + 263.
Booms and Busts: Consumption, House Prices and Expectations

Over much of the past 25 years, house price and consumption growth have been closely synchronized. Three main hypotheses for this have been proposed: increases in house prices raise household wealth and so their consumption; house price growth reduces credit constraints by increasing the collateral available to homeowners; and house prices and consumption are together influenced by common factors. Using microeconomic data, we find that the relationship between house prices and consumption is stronger for younger than older households, contradicting the wealth channel. We suggest that common causality has been the most important factor linking house prices and consumption.
Production and evaluation of ZnS thin films by the MOCVD technique as alpha-particle detectors

Zinc sulphide thin films are deposited on several substrates such as glass, quartz, silicon, Teflon and Mylar. The chemical reaction of hydrogen sulphide with dimethylzinc is utilised for the deposition process. The optimum working conditions (deposition rate versus flow rate, temperature and pressure) are obtained. The acquired films are characterised and the films are examined for alpha-particle sensitivity. In general, the deposited films have very good adhesion to the substrate surfaces. X-ray diffraction data indicates that the films have a sphalerite structure with (111) preferred orientation. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and electron microprobe analysis data show that films are stoichiometric and relatively free of impurities. It seems that the intrinsic defect concentration in the deposited film is insufficient to make the self-activated ZnS film an efficient alpha-particle counter.
Nanocrystalline PbS Thin Films: Synthesis, Microstructural And Optoelectronic Properties

We report the synthesis, microstructural, optical and electrical properties of nanocrystalline lead sulphide thin films grown on glass substrates by using sol gel spin coating techniques. The XRD and SEM measurements confirmed that the thin films grown by this technique have good crystalline cubic structures and homogeneous surfaces. The dc electrical conductivity found in the range of 10−5 to 10−6 (Ωcm)−1. The optical studies revealed that the high absorption coefficient (≈104 cm−1) with direct energy gap of 0.41 eV.
use of Soil Property Data and Computer Models to Minimize Agricultural Impacts on Water Quality

As described by its most vocal proponents, Soil Specific Crop Management (SSCM), is a technology for optimizing net returns to the grower. By applying farm chemicals in a spatially varying manner according to localized needs and yield potentials, the grower can place these materials in the portions of the field that need them most. It is now widely assumed that such an approach will carry environmental benefits as well, although this has yet to be demonstrated in any scientifically valid way. Conceptually, it would seem that making chemical applications more efficiently in tune with localized crop and soil needs would reduce waste and therefore the net outflows of chemicals from the field. However, there is no guarantee that this will always be the case, and if it is desired to derive environmental benefits from this technology then there will have to be an environmental component built in to the SSCM application strategies. A prescription for accomplishing this is proposed in this chapter. Following a brief historical perspective on the issues surrounding pesticide impacts on water quality, the important environmental impacts that are to be avoided are enumerated. This is proceeded by a listing of the soil properties that would need to be monitored for SSCM reduction of such impacts. A discussion is then presented of the modeling techniques available for describing pesticide movement through soil, including a list of the key pesticide properties that would need to be part of any computerized system for prescribing application strategies. The final section of the chapter is devoted to an implementation strategy based on the introduced soil, pesticide, and modeling concepts. The recommended tactic is to use the USDA-SCS screening/modeling method that is now being developed for field-averaged soil properties. With only a few modifications, this SCS procedure could be adapted to the SSCM paradigm with presumed beneficial effects on the environment.
Political Centralization in Pre-Colonial Africa

In this paper we investigate the empirical correlates of political centralization using data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. We specifically investigate the explanatory power of the standard models of Eurasian state formation which emphasize the importance of high population density, inter-state warfare and trade as factors leading to political centralization. We find that while in the whole world sample these factors are indeed positively correlated with political centralization, this is not so in the African sub-sample. Indeed, none of the variables are statistically related to political centralization. We also provide evidence that political centralization, where it took place, was indeed associated with better public goods and development outcomes. We conclude that the evidence is quite consistent with the intellectual tradition initiated in social anthropology by Evans-Pritchard and Fortes in the 1940s which denied the utility of Eurasian models in explaining patterns of political centralization in Africa.
From Mao to the Market: Community Capitalism in Rural China

China is undergoing tremendous social and economic transformations with different local innovations and variations. By comparing and contrasting three industrial villages in China demonstrating different mixes along the organizational continuum from market economy to collectivist economy, this article offers an alternative model of development that combines market production and distribution with redistribution and the building of public goods based on group boundaries. This alternative market activity is named community capitalism, a concept that has the potential to mitigate the sharp dichotomy between state socialism and market economy. The article also argues that, in order to fully understand the process of China’s transition, it is necessary to take into account not only the economic and political institutions, but also the local cultural, social and political resources. It is the interaction and mixes of the two that determine the path of development local communities embark on.
The specificity of prescription patterns in secondary stroke prevention.

We would like to comment on the important report by Landi and colleagues about the factors associated with a reduced likelihood of receiving secondary stroke prevention treatment1 and present our own data. We have demonstrated that in community-dwelling patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, living alone or in rural areas, history of previous falls, and cognitive and functional impairments are independent factors that result in physicians prescribing aspirin instead of anticoagulants, thus disregarding the common guidelines for stroke prevention.2,3 We have also shown that in some cases it does not mean malpractice.3 In elderly patients, a geriatric assessment including a shrewd evaluation of the psychosocial conditions can guide physicians in the selection of the correct treatment, thus avoiding …
Discussion on Geological Charateristics of Deposit and Metallogenic Regularity of Liufeng Mountain in Anhui Province

Copper mine of Liufeng mountain is located in Guichi area of Guizhou city,which is belong to Middle- Lower Yangtze Cu-Fe multi-metal metallogenic belt. Through the analysis of mineral ore- controlling geological conditions,geological characteristics of orebody and rock geochemistry about iron,copper and sulfide mineral of this area,the paper confirmed minerals are mainly controlled by interlayer fissure of Devonian to Qixia in Permian and fracture zone. Combined with ore material composition and structure,it is inferred that this deposit is hydrothermal medium to low temperature type copper mine. Mineral comes from copper basement of this area and rock of Liufeng mountain. Finally the authors put forward new suggestion to look for this tectonic fissure copper mine of this area.