nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Much have I travel’d in the realms of gold1

“K thyself” resonated with Rembrandt van Rijn. More than any other artist of his caliber at any time, he explored his own image in as many as 90 self-portraits, some 60 of them paintings, an extraordinary record of self-examination. He was so frank with his depictions he could not have been motivated by narcissism. He may have taken up portraiture for its connection to history painting, a lifelong interest. Portraits were very popular in the commercial market of his day, and his were much sought after in Holland. Whatever the motivation, his self-portraits captured much more than physical features. From youth to ripe old age they amounted to a spiritual autobiography, and since he never strayed more than a few miles from his native Leiden, the journey of discovery was an inward one. Rembrandt’s life has been shrouded in mystery, largely because no written records exist beyond the usual certifi cates of birth, baptism, marriage, and death. He left no journal, and seven surviving letters from his hand concern routine transactions. But for an inventory of his possessions when near the end of his life he declared himself insolvent, the great artist left few clues about himself, save in his art, a brilliant legacy of more than 2,300 works, among them the famed Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, Night Watch, some of his self-portraits, and Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, on this month’s cover. Aristotle with a Bust of Homer was commissioned by Don Antonio Ruffo, Sicilian nobleman, art collector, and patron of Rembrandt, without specifi c guidance, except to paint a philosopher. The meeting of the minds ensemble that ensued was the painter’s idea. A mixture of history and myth, the composition contains Rembrandt hallmarks: simplicity, quiet, character, empathy. While two fi gures are clearly present, a third one, Alexander the Great, appears indirectly, on the ornate pendant worn by Aristotle. The philosopher is portrayed in his study as a distinguished fi gure, clad in fi nery reminiscent of the Renaissance. A certain social rank, the markings of which appear in other works by Rembrandt, including some self-
Application of Multilevel Models to Morphometric Data. Part 1. Linear Models and Hypothesis Testing

Morphometric data usually have a hierarchical structure (i.e., cells are nested within patients), which should be taken into consideration in the analysis. In the recent years, special methods of handling hierarchical data, called multilevel models (MM), as well as corresponding software have received considerable development. However, there has been no application of these methods to morphometric data yet. In this paper we report our first experience of analyzing karyometric data by means of MLwiN - a dedicated program for multilevel modeling. Our data were obtained from 34 follicular adenomas and 44 follicular carcinomas of the thyroid. We show examples of fitting and interpreting MM of different complexity, and draw a number of interesting conclusions about the differences in nuclear morphology between follicular thyroid adenomas and carcinomas. We also demonstrate substantial advantages of multilevel models over conventional, single-level statistics, which have been adopted previously to analyze karyometric data. In addition, some theoretical issues related to MM as well as major statistical software for MM are briefly reviewed.
Far lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach for the treatment of upper brainstem gliomas: clinical experience with pediatric patients

Surgical exposure of intrinsic lesions located lateral to the brainstem still represents a challenging task. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of the extracerebral far lateral supracerebellar infratentorial (FLSI) approach for the treatment of gliomas located in the upper brainstem in the pediatric population. Between 1992 and 2002, seven patients (mean age 8.7 years) with tumors of glial origin (WHO I–IV) located mainly in the pontomesencephalic region were operated with the FLSI approach in a sitting position. Satisfactory extent of resection without additional morbidity was achieved. In a carefully selected pediatric patient population, the FLSI approach proved to be a feasible and effective surgical route for the treatment of upper brainstem gliomas.
Discontinuation of adalimumab after attaining disease activity score 28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (HONOR study): an observational study

Evidences of biologics-free disease control after discontinuing adalimumab (ADA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in clinical practice have not been sufficiently investigated. Purpose of this study is to investigate whether disease activity score 28 (DAS28)- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) remission was preserved after discontinuation of ADA in patients with RA.



This is an observational but not a randomized controlled study. Among 197 RA patients who initiated with combination of ADA with concomitant MTX, 69 (35%) acquired DAS28 (ESR) < 2.6 for at least 24 weeks. Of those 69 patients, 51 went on ADA discontinuation with their consent, and finally 50 of those with follow-up of > 24 weeks were evaluated. The effect of discontinuing ADA on clinical disease activity, functional disability and radiographic progression were evaluated by DAS28 (ESR), the clinical disease activity index (CDAI) and the simplified disease activity index (SDAI), by a health assessment questionnaire-disability index (HAQ-DI) and by the modified total Sharp score (mTSS), respectively.



The mean age of the participants was 59.5 years with the mean disease duration of 7.1 years. Out of the 50 patients, 29 (58%) were maintained in DAS28 (ESR) < 2.6 at 24 weeks after discontinuing ADA. A logistic regression analysis showed that DAS28 (ESR) at baseline significantly predicted a DAS28 (ESR) < 2.6 maintained after discontinuation of ADA, and a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the cut-off value of DAS28 (ESR) at discontinuation was 2.16. The mean HAQ-DI at six months after discontinuing ADA was 0.1 in patients who kept in DAS28 (ESR) < 2.6, and 94.9% (37/39) showed no evidence of radiographic progression (> 0.5 per year of a change in mTSS) at 1 year.



It was possible to maintain DAS28 (ESR) < 2.6 after discontinuation of ADA without functional and radiographic progression and very low DAS28 (ESR) at the discontinuation was associated with successful ADA-free DAS28 (ESR) < 2.6 in patients with RA.
Efficacy and safety of MAP0004, orally inhaled DHE in treating migraines with and without allodynia.

Central sensitization develops once migraine attacks become established and can be clinically detected by the development of cutaneous allodynia. The efficacy of triptans for migraine resolution has been shown to be markedly reduced when administered in patients with established cutaneous allodynia.



The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MAP0004, a novel, orally inhaled, form of dihydroergotamine, in patients with and without cutaneous allodynia at the time of treatment.



This evaluation was a post hoc subanalysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-arm, phase 3, multicenter study. The presence or absence of baseline cutaneous allodynia at the time of drug administration was based on the response to a standard questionnaire. Treatment efficacy at 2 hours posttreatment was compared in patients with and without baseline allodynia.



At the time of treatment, allodynia was present in 216 patients treated with MAP0004 and 202 patients treated with placebo. MAP0004 treatment efficacy was superior to placebo, as measured by 2-hour pain relief for patients with and without allodynia (P < .0001) and as measured by 2-hour pain freedom for patients with (P < .0001) and without (P < .0002) allodynia. No significant within-treatment differences after treatment with MAP0004 in patients with and without allodynia at baseline were observed. Patients were more likely to be allodynia-free after treatment with MAP0004 compared with placebo (73% vs 66%, P = .0013). Furthermore, treatment with MAP0004 prevented the development of allodynia in patients not experiencing allodynia at baseline (P = .0057). MAP0004 was generally well tolerated.



This post hoc subanalysis shows that MAP0004 was similarly effective in patients whether or not allodynia was present at treatment baseline. Patients were also more likely to be allodynia-free following treatment of a migraine with MAP0004.
Preoperative breast MRI in the surgical treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ.

Accurate determination of the size or extent of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) by imaging is uncertain, and incomplete resection of tumor results in involved margins in up to 81% of cases. This study examined the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessment of DCIS size, and evaluated the effect of preoperative breast MRI on achievement of tumor-free surgical margins after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). One-hundred and fifty-eight female patients with DCIS were identified from a prospective database: 60 patients (62 cases) had preoperative breast MRI, and 98 patients did not have MRI. The accuracy of tumor size assessed by MRI was determined by comparison with histopathologic size. All patients underwent BCS initially. The rate of involved margins after resection was compared in MRI and no-MRI groups. The overall correlation between MRI size and histopathologic size was high (p < 0.0001). MRI assessment of size was significantly more accurate when DCIS was high grade (p < 0.0001) or intermediate grade (p = 0.005) versus low grade (p = 0.187). The rate of tumor-involved margins was not significantly different in MRI and no-MRI groups (30.7% and 24.7%, respectively; p = 0.414). The rate of mastectomy was significantly higher in the MRI group than the no-MRI group (17.7% versus 4.1%; p = 0.004). These findings indicate that MRI can detect DCIS, especially when lesions are high or intermediate grade, but that MRI does not accurately predict the size of DCIS. In this study, MRI did not improve the surgeon's ability to achieve clear margins following BCS.
Long-term gastric pH monitoring for determining optimal dose of ranitidine for critically ill preterm and term neonates.

To determine the optimal doses of ranitidine for both preterm and term infants.



The effect of ranitidine treatment was measured from the long-term intraluminal gastric pH in 16 preterm (gestational age under 37 weeks) and term infants treated in neonatal intensive care. The infants received three different bolus doses of ranitidine: 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, and 1.5 mg per kilogram of body weight to keep the intraluminal gastric pH above 4 on a 24 hour basis.



Critically ill neonates, including very low birth weight infants, were capable of gastric acid formation, and ranitidine treatment increased the intraluminal gastric pH. The effect of a single dose lasted longer in preterm than in term infants. The time needed for reaching the maximum gastric pH was significantly longer in preterm than in term infants. The ranitidine given correlated with the duration of increased gastric pH in a dose dependent manner both in preterm and term infants.



Preterm infants need significantly smaller doses of ranitidine than term neonates to keep their intraluminal gastric pH over 4. The required optimal dose of ranitidine for preterm infants is 0.5 mg/kg/body weight twice a day and that for term infants 1.5 mg/kg body weight three times a day.
Magnesium orotate in severe congestive heart failure (MACH).

Aim of this study was to evaluate adjuvant magnesium orotate on mortality and clinical symptoms in patients with severe heart failure under optimal cardiovascular medication.



In a monocentric, controlled, double-blind study, 79 patients with severe congestive heart failure (NYHA IV) under optimal medical cardiovascular treatment were randomised to receive either magnesium orotate (6000 mg for 1 month, 3000 mg for about 11 months, n=40) or placebo (n=39). Both groups were comparable in demographic data, duration of heart failure and pre- and concomitant treatment.



After mean treatment duration of 1 year (magnesium orotate: 364.1+/-14.7 days, placebo: 361.2+/-12.7 days) the survival rate was 75.7% compared to 51.6% under placebo (p<0.05). Clinical symptoms improved in 38.5% of patients under magnesium orotate, whereas they deteriorated in 56.3% of patients under placebo (p<0.001).



Magnesium orotate may be used as adjuvant therapy in patients on optimal treatment for severe congestive heart failure, increasing survival rate and improving clinical symptoms and patient's quality of life.
Impact of stroke on health-related quality of life in diverse cultures: the Berlin-Ibadan multicenter international study

Various studies have reported discordant profiles of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after stroke. The aims of this study, the first of its kind, were to determine the real impact of stroke on HRQOL across diverse cultures; and to compare HRQOL between stroke patients and healthy adults, and across stroke severity strata.



100 stroke patients and 100 apparently healthy adults (AHAs) in Nigeria; as well as 103 stroke and 50 AHAs in Germany participated. Stroke severity was measured using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, Stroke Levity Scale and modified Rankin scale. HRQOL was evaluated using the HRQOL In Stroke Patients (HRQOLISP) measure, a holistic multiculturally-validated measure with seven therapeutically-relevant domains distributed into two spheres.



Domains within the spiritual sphere were considered more important by stroke patients. In both countries, stroke patients significantly (0.00001 < p < 0.004) had worse HRQOL than AHAs in all domains within the physical sphere. This was not so for the spiritual sphere. Consistently, stroke severity correlated significantly with all domains in the physical sphere unlike the spiritual sphere. In diverse cultures, the correlation coefficients between HRQOL and all indices of stroke severity revealed a decremental trend from the physical domain (rho = 0.77, p < 0.00001) to the spiritual domain (rho = 0.01, p = 0.893).



Consistently, stroke elicited a decremental response across domains, with domains in the spiritual sphere being relatively stroke-resilient. The potential utility of the relatively preserved spiritual sphere in facilitating stroke rehabilitation requires evaluation in diverse cultures.
The PreCardio-study protocol – a randomized clinical trial of a multidisciplinary electronic cardiovascular prevention programme

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death and the third cause of disability in Europe. Prevention programmes should include interventions aimed at a reduction of medical risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterol, hyperglycemia, overweight and obesity) as well as behavioural risk factors (sedentary lifestyle, high fat intake and low fruit and vegetable intake, smoking). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a multifaceted, multidisciplinary electronic prevention programme on cardiovascular risk factors.



In a randomized controlled trial, one group will receive a maximal intervention (= intervention group). The intervention group will be compared to the control group receiving a minimal intervention. An inclusion of 350 patients in total, with a follow-up of 3 years is foreseen. The inclusion criteria are age between 25-65 and insured by the Onderlinge Ziekenkas, insuring for guaranteed income in case of illness for self-employed. The maximal intervention group receives several prevention consultations by their general practitioner (GP) using a new type of cardiovascular risk calculator with personalized feedback on behavioural risk factors. These patients receive a follow-up with intensive support of health behaviour change via different methods, i.e. a tailored website and personal advice of a multidisciplinary team (psychologist, physiotherapist and dietician). The aim of this strategy is to reduce cardiovascular risk factors according to the guidelines. The primary outcome measures will be cardiovascular risk factors. The secondary outcome measures are cardiovascular events, quality of life, costs and incremental cost effectiveness ratios. The control group receives prevention consultations using a new type of cardiovascular risk calculator and general feedback.



This trial incorporates interventions by GPs and other health professionals aiming at a reduction of medical and behavioural cardiovascular risk factors. An assessment of clinical, psychological and economical outcome measures will be performed.
Exploring the validity of the continuum of resistance model for discriminating early from late and non-uptake of colorectal cancer screening: implications for the design of invitation and reminder letters.

The continuum of resistance model contends that respondents lie at one end of a continuum and non-respondents at the other with respect to factors demonstrated to impact on screening participation.



The aim of this study was to explore the validity of this model for the prediction of participation in colorectal cancer screening.



People aged 50 to 74 years were asked to complete a survey (n = 1,250). Eligible respondents (n = 376, 30 %) were invited to complete a faecal occult blood test (FOBT). The cutoff period for the determination of participation rates was 12 weeks, with a reminder sent at 6 weeks.



FOBTs were returned by n = 196 people (132 within 6 weeks, 64 following a reminder). Participation was generally influenced by the same variables in both the first 6 weeks and the second 6 weeks, consistent with the continuum of resistance model. These variables were having known someone with bowel cancer and the social cognitive factor, perceptions of barriers to screening. There is a suggestion, however, that other factors may be differentially associated with early, late and non-participants.



Participation in screening appears somewhat consistent with the continuum of resistance model in that early and late participants respond to some of the same factors. This suggests that the same messages are relevant to early, late and non-screeners, but further consideration of what other factors may be influencing discrete stages of readiness to participate is necessary.
Comparing relational and non-relational algorithms for clustering propositional data

Cluster detection methods are widely studied in Propositional Data Mining. In this context, data is individually represented as a feature vector. This data has a natural non-relational structure, but can be represented in a relational form through similarity-based network models. In these models, examples are represented by vertices and an edge connects two examples with high similarity. This relational representation allows employing network-based algorithms in Relational Data Mining. Specifically in clustering tasks, these models allow to use community detection algorithms in networks in order to detect data clusters. In this work, we compared traditional non-relational data-based clustering algorithms with clustering detection algorithms based on relational data using measures for community detection in networks. We carried out an exploratory analysis over 23 numerical datasets and 10 textual datasets. Results show that network models can efficiently represent the data topology, allowing their application in cluster detection with higher precision when compared to non-relational methods.
Piretanide, a potassium stable diuretic, in the treatment of essential hypertension

In a randomized, double blind, parallel group study in out patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension the effects of piretanide on serum electrolytes and on blood pressure were compared with those of triamterene alone and the combination piretanide + triamterene. 136 patients entered the study; 18 patients did not fulfill the inclusion criteria (RRdiast was below 95 mmHg or above 120 mmHg) at the end of the placebo period, 6 dropped out due to side effects, and 1 due to lack of efficacy. Data from 1 patient were not evaluated because the patient did not come regularly for checkups. The results for 110 patients were analyzed. Piretanide 6 mg b.d. and piretanide 6 mg + triamterene 50 mg b.d. produced a significant reduction both in supine and erect blood pressure, which was evident at 2 weeks and which increased over the ensuing 12 week trial period. A mean maximal fall of 16.5% was noted in the piretanide group and 15% in the piretanide + triamterene group. Triamterene alone (50 mg b.d.) also reduced diastolic and systolic blood pressures but the reduction was significantly less (diastolic blood pressure) than in both the piretanide groups, and it showed a more rapid return to pretreatment level during a placebo washout phase at the end of the study. A reduction in standing diastolic blood pressure below 95 mmHg was attained in 84% of patients in the piretanide group, 82% in the piretanide + triamterene group and in only 58% of the triamterene group. There were no significant changes within groups nor differences between the three groups in serum potassium or magnesium. 7 patients were withdrawn from the study because of side-effects due to too marked a clinical action (polyuria, orthostatic disorders and hypotension), one from the piretanide group, and the others in the piretanide + triamterene group. One patient in the triamterene group left the study prematurely due to the lack of effect.
Design, rationale, and baseline demographics of SEARCH I: a prospective cluster-randomized study

Questionnaires are available to identify patients at risk for several chronic diseases, including COPD, but are infrequently utilized in primary care. COPD is often underdiagnosed, while at the same time the US Preventive Services Task Force recommends against spirometric screening for COPD in asymptomatic adults. Use of a symptom-based questionnaire and subsequent handheld spirometric device depending on the answers to the questionnaire is a promising approach to identify patients at risk for COPD. Screening, Evaluating and Assessing Rate CHanges of diagnosing respiratory conditions in primary care 1 (SEARCH I) was a prospective cluster-randomized study in 168 US primary care practices evaluating the effect of the COPD-Population Screener (COPD-PS™) questionnaire. The effect of this questionnaire alone or sequentially with the handheld copd-6(TM) device was evaluated on new diagnoses of COPD and on respiratory diagnostic practice patterns (including referrals for pulmonary function testing, referrals to pulmonologists, new diagnoses of COPD, and new respiratory medication prescriptions). Participating practices entered a total of 9704 consecutive consenting subjects aged ≥ 40 years attending primary care clinics. Study arm results were compared for new COPD diagnosis rates between usual care and (1) COPD-PS plus copd-6 and (2) COPD-PS alone. A cluster-randomization design allowed comparison of the intervention effects at the practice level instead of individuals being the subjects of the intervention. Regional principal investigators controlled the flow of study information to sub-investigators at participating practices to reduce observation bias (Hawthorne effect). The results of SEARCH I, to be published subsequently, will provide insight into the real world utility of the COPD-PS as well as two-stage COPD case finding with COPD-PS and copd-6.