nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Computability and Complexity in Analysis

An electrical panel assembly providing a plurality of receptacles for use with cable connectors. The connectors and receptacles are of the known type having single contacts which lock together when the connector is mated with the receptacle and rotated a partial revolution with respect thereto. The panel assembly comprises a front panel element with from two to five receptacles arranged in a side-by-side row therebehind. The front panel element has an opening therein for each receptacle through which a cable connector can extend for mating with the receptacle. Polarizing devices are provided in association with each receptacle and each cable connector to assure that each cable connector can be mated only with its respective receptacle. Each panel opening, except the first, is provided with a locking mechansim shiftable between a normal locking position wherein it blocks entrance of a connector into its respective panel element opening and a retracted position permitting entrance of a connector into its respective panel opening. The locking mechanism for each opening is shifted to its retracted position when the appropriate connector is inserted through the preceding opening and mated and locked with its receptacle. Each locking mechanism in retracted position precludes removal of the connector from the preceding opening. As a result of this, the connectors must be connected to their respective receptacles in a given order and disconnected therefrom in the reverse of that order.
Annealing effect for LaxC60 thin films

Numerous studies on metal-doped C 60 compounds had been done since the discovery of superconducting C 60 compounds. It is interesting to study physical properties of trivalent-meta-doped C 60 . We examined La-doped C 60 thin films fabricated by layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition with a multi-source evaporation system. The physical properties of La x C 60 depend on the diffusion of La atoms in the film, so we studied the effect of annealing. The crystal structure and morphology of La x C 60 thin films were examined by X-ray diffraction and AFM and electronic structure was also examined by UPS. We found that annealing promotes orientation of the crystal. UPS spectra showed the change depends on the concentration of La atoms. Moreover, the spectrum of annealed thin film was quite different from that of as-deposited thin film.
Ann Radcliffe : the great enchantress

The great enchantress the gentlewoman and the authoress the aesthetic context the historical context the early works - "The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne" and "A Sicilian Romance" in the realm of the figural - "The Romance of the Forest" the hermeneutics of reading "The Mysteries of Udolpho" Radcliffe's politics - "The Italian".
Systems of distant representatives in euclidean space

Given a finite family of sets, Hall's classical marriage theorem provides a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a system of distinct representatives for the sets in the family. Here we extend this result to a geometric setting: given a finite family of objects in the Euclidean space eg, convex bodies, we highlight a sufficient condition for the existence of a system of distinct representatives for the objects that are also distant from each other. For a wide variety of geometric objects, this sufficient condition is also necessary in an asymptotic sense ie, apart from constant factors, the inequalities are best possible. Our methods are constructive and lead to efficient algorithms for computing such representatives.
Parental influence on child career development in Mainland China: a qualitative study

Compared with adolescents and adults, there is little research that examines child career development and especially how parents might influence such development. This is especially true in Mainland China, where family life is highly valued. This study used interpretative phenomenological analysis to examine how Mainland Chinese parents influence the career development of their 5th-grade children. Six superordinate themes were identified from both the children's and the parents' perspectives: responding to career curiosity, influence on career gender stereotypes, emphasizing the importance of education, encouraging independent career decision making, providing opportunities for career interest development, and mothers as career role models. Suggestions are offered for future career development learning programs and research.
Lowness Properties of Reals and Hyper-Immunity

Spies and Kucera [1, Problem 4.5] asked if there is a non-computable set A which is low for the computably random reals. We show that no such A is of hyper-immune degree. Thus, each g ≤ T A is dominated by a computable function. Ambos-Spies and Kucera [1, problem 4.8] also asked if every S-low set is S 0 -low. We give a partial solution to this problem, showing that no S -low set is of hyper-immune degree.
Zircon and beddeleyite U-Pb precision dating of basic rock sills intruding Xiamaling Formation, North China

Diabase sills are wide-spread in the shales of the Xiamaling Formation to the north of the Malanyu uplift of the North China Craton. Time-dating minerals zircon and baddeleyite, separated from the diabase, have been dated by SHRIMP and ID-TIMS U-Pb isotopic methods. The emplacement age of the diabase 1320±6 Ma has been obtained, which indicates that the upper boundary age of the Xiamaling Formation must be younger than 1320 Ma. Based on recent dating achievements the Xiamaling Formaiton can be rather precisely put in the time span of 1400～1350 Ma. The Mesoproterozoic stratigraphic sequence of the Yanliao aulacogen in the North China Craton is collated and a new subdivision is proposed in this paper. In the new proposal the Changcheng System includes the Changzhougou, Chuanlinggou, Tuanshanzi and Dahongyu formations in ascending order with time span of 1800～1600 Ma; the Jixian System includes the Gaoyuzhuang, Yangzhuang, Wumishan, Hongshuizhuang and Tieling formations with time span of 1600~ 1400 Ma; and the 1400～1000 Ma part of the Mesoproterozoic strata above the Jixian System is undefined and much further work is needed.
Forests of Islam : territory, environment and holy war in Terengganu, Malaya, 1928

In 1928, a small forest uprising in Terengganu, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, became a Holy War. The rebels—shifting cultivators from the Terengganu River system, coalesced under an Islamist leadership of rubber smallholders, mosque functionaries and Islamic scholars. They were responding to a power struggle between two elite forces within the colonial government after 1919—represented by the Sultan and the British Adviser. These two forces were engaged in a contest to subject the hinterland’s landscape and population to government, resulting in overlapping claims to the Terengganu forest. These claims prevented forest-based smallholders from cultivating rice or rubber—their two main crops. Aggrieved by displacement from their swiddens, hundreds of cultivators began to defy government forest regulations. They attacked forest guards and police officers, accusing them of being kafir—unbelievers. Then on 21 May 1928, rebels occupied a police station in Kuala Berang, a regional administrative centre. From this police station and its surrounding government offices, the colonial government exercised its claim to exist as the sole regulator of land and forest use in the hinterland. Yet the rebels’ defiance was not based solely on their land and forest counter­ claim. They raised the red flag of the Ottoman Caliphate over the police station, generalising their local demands into one for sovereignty as Muslims. In doing so, the rebels demonstrated their location in a set of regional and global connections beyond their local environment. They were building on a series of Islamising political precedents. These precedents, established by Islamic scholars, responded to a larger territorial contest—between Britain and Siam for control over the Malay Peninsula. The contest for the peninsula drove a logic of territorial delimitation which bounded Terengganu and the states around it—formerly Siamese tributaries. A series of treaties signed over the nineteenth century eventually culminated in the 1909 SiamMalaya border, locking Terengganu on the British side. Terengganu was colonised in 1919, and was incorporated into the emerging Malayan geo-body. Yet Islamic scholars from the Siamese tributaries were not locked in place, continuing their patterns of mobility around the region, and between Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Together, these scholars forged a political solidarity with the global community of Muslims—the umat. They began to authorise a politics of Holy War against Britain, using Islamic metaphors to create a political language which the Terengganu rebels later used. In this intensely Islamic political climate, the Terengganu rebels wove their local land and forest claims into a bold defence of the umat. In doing so, they momentarily negated the logic of the territorial bounding to which they were being subjected. The uprising became a Holy War, not only for the Terengganu forest, but for the umat against the kafir colonisers.
Antibiotic and Diagnostic Discordance Between ED Physicians and Hospitalists for Pediatric Respiratory Illness.

Imperfect diagnostic tools make it difficult to know the extent to which a bacterial process is contributing to respiratory illness, complicating the decision to prescribe antibiotics. We sought to quantify diagnostic and antibiotic prescribing disagreements between emergency department (ED) and pediatric hospitalist physicians for children admitted with respiratory illness.



Manual chart review was used to identify testing, diagnostic, and antibiotic prescribing decisions for consecutive children admitted for respiratory illness in a winter (starting February 20, 2012) and a summer (starting August 20, 2012) season to a tertiary, freestanding children's hospital. Respiratory illness diagnoses were grouped into 3 categories: bacterial, viral, and asthma.



A total of 181 children admitted for respiratory illness were studied. Diagnostic discordance was significant for all 3 types of respiratory illness but greatest for bacterial (P<.001). Antibiotic prescribing discordance was significant (P<.001), with pediatric hospitalists changing therapy for 93% of patients prescribed antibiotics in the ED, including stopping antibiotics altogether for 62% of patients.



Significant diagnostic and antibiotic discordance between ED and pediatric hospitalist physicians exists for children admitted to the hospital for respiratory illness.
ADAM: a graphical, object-oriented database-design tool and code generator

&BSTRACT The object-oriented paradigm has drawn significant interest by researchers attempting to model advanced applications such as software-development environments (SDEs) and dynamic distributed decision making (DDD). However, the object-oriented paradigm offers only limited support for the modeling of complex inter-class relationships and behavior, within ISA or inheritance hierarchies, thereby affecting its ability to model data in SDEs and DDD. For example, in SDEs, complex inter-class relationships are vital when attempting to support the needs of incremental compilation for maintaining the consistency of parse-tree, symbol-table, call-graph, and other program representations, whenever the textual version is altered. Consequently, to meet advanced applications needs, we have extended the behavioral capabilities of the object-oriented paradigm with inter-class relationships or propagations between classes, with the development of an Active DAta Model (ADAM). ADAM is an object-oriented database design tool that supports the graphical specification of an application, and automatically generates a complete set of C++ classes (both data and methods) for the application.
What Should We Be Teaching in Basic Economics Courses

Advanced Placement economics leaves thousands of high school students with a misleading impression of modern economics. The courses fail to cover key sources of growth and prosperity, including private ownership, dynamic competition, and entrepreneurship. The tools of public choice economics are totally ignored. Government is modeled as a corrective device available to impose ideal solutions. Market failure is covered, but there is no such thing as government failure. The macroeconomics course reflects the simplistic 1960s Keynesian view of stabilization policy. Time lags, incentive effects, secondary effects of budget deficits, and other factors that complicate effective use of stabilization policy are almost entirely ignored. In contrast, the 20 Voluntary National Content Standards in Economics of the Council for Economic Education illustrate what a balanced course in modern economics would look like.
The Marriage Relationship—Psychoanalytic Perspectives.

The marriage relationship is a matter of great concern to psychotherapists in their work with patients since the psychopathology of many patients leads to marital conflicts and family instability. The method of treating marital conflicts varies considerably with the orientation and the skill of the therapist. However the individual reader may approach these problems, this volume of essays sponsored by the Society of Medical Psychoanalysts provides an interesting and informative perspective on numerous aspects of the marital relationship, particularly as they are involved in the theories and practices of psychoanalysts. Each of the 25 contributing authors pre sumably is an analyst, and the analytic viewpoint appears to be basic to each paper and to the entire book. However, in the preface the editors state, "The eclectic nature of the Society of Medical Psychoanalysts is reflected not only in the orientations of the editors, but
Parallel rendering of volumetric data set on distributed-memory architectures

A solution is proposed to the problem of interactive visualization and rendering of volume data. Designed for parallel distributed memory MIMD architectures, the volume rendering system is based on the ray tracing (RT) visualization technique, the Sticks representation scheme (a data structure exploiting data coherence for the compression of classified data sets), the use of a slice-partitioning technique for the distribution of the data between the processing nodes and the consequent ray-data-flow parallelizing strategy. 
 
The system has been implemented on two different architectures: an inmos Transputer network and a hypercube nCUBE 6400 architecture. The high number of processors of this latter machine has allowed us to exploit a second level of parallelism (parallelism on image space, or parallelism on pixels) in order to arrive at a higher degree of scalability. In both proposals, the similarities between the chosen data-partitioning strategy, the communications pattern of the visualization processes and the topology of the physical system architecture represent the key points and provide improved software design and efficiency. Moreover, the partitioning strategy used and the network interconnection topology reduce the communications overhead and allow for an efficient implementation of a static load-balancing technique based on the prerendering of a low resolution image. 
 
Details of the practical issues involved in the parallelization process of volumetric RT, commonly encountered problems (i.e. termination and deadlock prevention) and the sw migration process between different architectures are discussed.
Evaluating the Performance Impact of Multiple Streams on the MIC-Based Heterogeneous Platform

Using multiple streams can improve the overall system performance by mitigating the data transfer overhead on heterogeneous systems. Prior work focuses a lot on GPUs but little is known about the performance impact on (Intel Xeon) Phi. In this work, we apply multiple streams into six real-world applications on Phi. We then systematically evaluate the performance benefits of using multiple streams. The evaluation work is performed at two levels: the microbenchmarking level and the real-world application level. Our experimental results at the microbenchmark level show that data transfers and kernel execution can be overlapped on Phi, while data transfers in both directions are performed in a serial manner. At the real-world application level, we show that both overlappable and non-overlappable applications can benefit from using multiple streams (with an performance improvement of up to 24%). We also quantify how task granularity and resource granularity impact the overall performance. Finally, we present a set of heuristics to reduce the search space when determining a proper task granularity and resource granularity. To conclude, our evaluation work provides lots of insights for runtime and architecture designers when using multiple streams on Phi.
Private Computation of the Longest Increasing Subsequence in Data Streams

In this paper, we study the problem of privately computing ordered statistics with the goal of monitoring sequential data streams. Despite the broad series of techniques for time-series monitoring, only few works provide provable privacy guarantees employing the formal notion of differential privacy. While these solutions are well established, their focus is mostly limited to count based statistics (e.g. number of distinct elements, heavy hitters). In this paper, we consider a more general problem of privately computing the length of the longest increasing subsequence (LIS) in the data stream model. This important statistic can be used to detect trends in time-series data (e.g. finance) and perform approximate string matching in computational biology domains. Our proposed approaches employ the differential privacy notion which provides strong and provable privacy guarantees. Our solutions estimate the length of the LIS using block decomposition and local approximation techniques. We provide a rigorous analysis to bound the approximation error of our algorithms in terms of privacy level and length of the stream.
Financial Crises in Emerging Markets: The Impact of Monetary Policy on Exchange Rates during Financial Crises

This paper addresses the impact of monetary policy on exchange rates during financial crises. Some observers have argued that a tightening of monetary policy is necessary to stabilize the exchange rate, restore confidence, and lay the groundwork for an eventual recovery of economic activity. Others have argued that raising interest rates, by reducing the ability of borrowers to repay loans and thereby weakening the banking system, may further reduce investor confidence and lead to further weakening–not strengthening–of domestic currencies. This debate, which became highly charged during the Asian financial crisis, remains unresolved. A key reason is that, because of the endogeneity of interest rates with respect to exchange rates and investor expectations, it is difficult to use statistical analysis to identify the impact of monetary policy on the exchange rate. In our research, we use measures of international credit spreads and of domestic stock prices as proxies for investor concerns about creditworthiness and country risk in order to better identify the impact of monetary policies on the exchange rate. Using weekly data from Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Mexico, we find that credit spreads and stock prices exert significant impacts on exchange rates during financial crises, but interest rates still are not estimated to have significant effects. We conclude that while monetary policy probably does exert an important influence over exchange rates, this most likely takes place slowly, as central banks attempt to establish credibility, and over longer periods of time than can be captured in our analysis.
Contrasting mantle sequences exposed in the Lewis Hills massif: Evidence for the early, arc-related history of the Bay of Islands ophiolite

A major fracture zone is preserved within the Lewis Hills massif (Bay of Islands ophiolite). It separates arc-type crust in the west from 17 m.y. younger, backarc-related oceanic crust in the east. We link mantle peridotites occurring in the Springers Hill locality to the arc crust and use their petrologic characteristics to define the early history of the arc. The Springers Hill mantle displays a weak shape fabric, high Cr/(Cr + Al) ratios in spinel (>60), very low, chondrite-normalized, heavy rare earth element abundances in clinopyroxene (HREE N < 1), and scattered calcic amphibole. It contains two important chromitite deposits and numerous pyroxenite dikes, some of which have a boninitic composition; and it is intruded by a late, large ultramafic body. The Springers Hill mantle peridotites are modeled by 26% melting of a primitive mantle fluxed by a slab melt or sediment (open-system melting with <1% total addition). The melting was outlasted by melt and fluid migration that caused middle rare earth element enrichment through chromatographic effects. This late infiltration event was fabric-destroying by causing orthopyroxene breakdown and recrystallization. In the absence of a clearly identifiable old basement for the arc, and given the extreme degree of depletion of the mantle peridotites underlying the arc, we interpret the Springers Hill mantle as related to upwelling and extension in an infant arc setting. Such a primitive arc setting is supported by strong geochemical similarities of the Springers Hill mantle to peridotites exposed in the Mariana and Bonin forearc systems. In a later event, the infant arc was rifted to give way to mantle upwelling, backarc formation, and associated final exhumation of the Springers Hill mantle within an extensional fracture-zone setting. The exhumation was probably associated with renewed melting at depth and melt and fluid migration in the Springers Hill mantle.
A set-theoretic translation method for polymodal logics

The paper presents aset-theoretic translation method for polymodal logics that reduces derivability in a large class of propositional polymodal logics to derivability in a very weak first-order set theory Ω. Unlike most existing translation methods, the one we propose applies to any normal complete finitely axiomatizable polymodal logic, regardless of whether it is first-order complete or an explicit semantics is available. The finite axiomatizability of Ω allows one to implement mechanical proof-search procedures via the deduction theorem. Alternatively, more specialized and efficient techniques can be employed. In the last part of the paper, we briefly discuss the application ofset T-resolution to support automated derivability in (a suitable extension of) Ω.
Euler, infinitesimals and limits

This paper examines the Eulerian notion of infinitesimal or evanescent quantity and compares it with the modern notion of limit and non-standard analysis concepts. The Eulerian infinitesimal, when interpreted using the conceptual instruments available to modern mathematics, seems to be a fluid mixture of different elements, a continuous leap from a vague idea of limit to a confused notion of infinitesimal. However, while the modern notions of limit, hyperreal numbers etc. derive from precise definitions or constructions and are developed within non-equivocal contexts, Euler did not define the notion of evanescent quantity, either explicitly or implicitly: it is substantially a 'common notion', directly derived from the experience of physical and geometric quantities, which can diminish until they vanish. Infinitesimals are fictions, useful instruments for dealing with finite quantities, and thus Euler could state that the algorithm of the calculus did not concern differentials but functions. The vague and imprecise Eulerian notions can be reformulated in modern terms only by introducing extraneous elements into Euler's work and changing the logical and conceptual frame-work of his mathematics.