nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An ecology-based evolutionary algorithm to evolve solutions to complex problems

Evolutionary algorithms have shown great promise in evolving novel solutions to real-world problems, but the complexity of those solutions is limited, unlike the apparently open-ended evolution that occurs in the natural world. In part, nature surmounts these complexity barriers with ecological dynamics that generate a diverse array of raw materials for evolution to build upon. The authors previously introduced Eco-EA, an evolutionary algorithm that integrates these natural ecological dynamics to promote and maintain diversity in the evolving population. Here, we apply the Eco-EA to the real-world software engineering problem of evolving behavioral models for deployed nodes in a remote sensor network for flood monitoring. We show that the Eco-EA evolves good behavioral models faster than a traditional EA, generates a more diverse suite of models than a traditional EA, and creates models that are themselves more evolvable than those created by a traditional EA.
A Reduction of Imitation Learning and Structured Prediction to No-Regret Online Learning

Sequential prediction problems such as imitation learning, where future observations depend on previous predictions (actions), violate the common i.i.d. assumptions made in statistical learning. This leads to poor performance in theory and often in practice. Some recent approaches (Daume III et al., 2009; Ross and Bagnell, 2010) provide stronger guarantees in this setting, but remain somewhat unsatisfactory as they train either non-stationary or stochastic policies and require a large number of iterations. In this paper, we propose a new iterative algorithm, which trains a stationary deterministic policy, that can be seen as a no regret algorithm in an online learning setting. We show that any such no regret algorithm, combined with additional reduction assumptions, must find a policy with good performance under the distribution of observations it induces in such sequential settings. We demonstrate that this new approach outperforms previous approaches on two challenging imitation learning problems and a benchmark sequence labeling problem.
‘In The Name Of . . .’ Rousseau in Nietzsche’s texts, or, how one makes the revolution not happen

This essay is an examination of how the name ‘Rousseau’ serves an important ideological and rhetorical function for Nietzsche, a function that, once made apparent, can be used to make visible the relationship between Nietzsche’s rhetorical strategies and his historical theory and practice. I argue that Nietzsche attempts to rewrite the history of modernity in such a way that ‘Rousseau’ becomes a world historical error to be corrected and the ‘eighteenth century of Rousseau’, an aberration. Nietzsche does this, I demonstrate, by attaching a set of significations to the name ‘Rousseau’ such that this name marks the point in Nietzsche’s genealogy at which the history of the modern liberal politics and the history of European nihilism as the consequence of Platonism and Christianity come together. Nietzsche’s formula for this point of intersection is ‘Rousseau idealist and canaille in one person’. My reading enacts a deconstruction of Nietzsche that unfolds how his powerful and important critique of a metaphy...
Strategy for Economic Reform in West Bengal

During the last two decades West Bengal has led the rest of the country with regard to agricultural performance and implementation of panchayat institutions. But these developments have begun to level out. At the same time the state has fallen behind in other sectors--industry, higher education and state of public finances, particularly--to an extent that is seriously worrying. This paper reviews performance of these different sectors, discusses possible explanatory factors, and makes a number of suggestions for policy reforms. With regard to industrial revival, it stresses public investment in transport and communication, measures to improve higher education, foster industry-university collaborations, and help smallscale industries overcome specific market imperfections (access to credit, technology and distribution channels). In public finance, emphasis is placed on raising tax revenues (especially with regard to the service sector), limiting losses of public sector undertakings, and widening the scope of land taxes and user fees. In the agricultural sector, the need for a greater role of the government with regard to biotechnology, extension services, irrigation and flood control is emphasised, along with suggestions for encouraging and regulating contract farming with MNCs. Finally the article urges greater empowerment of panchayats with regard to social service delivery and agro-business development, and administrative reforms to enhance accountability of state government employees.
Language-based Feedback Control Using Monte Carlo Sensing

Landmark-based graphs are a useful and parsimonious tool for representing large scale environments. Relating landmarks by means of feedback-control algorithms encoded in a motion description language provides a level of abstraction that enables autonomous vehicles to navigate effectively by composing strings in the language to form complex strategies that would be difficult to design at the level of sensors and actuators. In such a setting, feedback control requires one to pay attention not only to sensor and actuator uncertainty, but also to the ambiguity introduced by the fact that many landmarks may look similar when using a modest set of observations. This work discusses the generation of language-based feedback control sequences for landmark-based navigation together with the problem of sensing landmarks sufficiently well to make feedback meaningful. The paper makes two contributions. First, we extend previous work to include the costs of sensing with varying degrees of accuracy. Second, we describe a Monte Carlo based approach to landmark sensing which relies on the use of particle filters. We include simulation results that illustrate our approach.
Trace enrichment on a metal-loaded thiol stationary phase in liquid chromatography: effect of analyte structure and pH value on the (de)sorption behaviour.

In order to obtain more information on the (de)sorption processes on a metal-loaded thiol phase, various compounds containing heterocyclic nitrogen atoms have been studied. Adenine and adenosine, which contain no carbonyl groups in a position ortho to the ring nitrogen, were chosen to study the role of the binding donor atoms and, therefore, of the 'minimum' structure required for efficient pH-dependent (de)sorption. The results indicate that a single heterocyclic nitrogen atom, preferably with a high pKa value, is sufficient to provide pH-dependent (de)sorption of chelating phases loaded with soft metal ions, such as Ag(I) or Hg(II), which can profitably be used in an on-line combination with column liquid chromatography. Barbiturates were chosen on the basis of their structural similarity with the earlier studied (halogenated) uracil derivatives. The (de)sorption behaviour of the barbiturates was studied as a function of the pH, the metal ion [Cu(II), Ag(I), Hg(II), Pd(II)] bound to the stationary phase and the type of stationary phase. The combined data show that the pKa value of an analyte and the stability constant of the complex formed with the metal ion sorbed on the stationary phase give a reliable indication of the optimum (de)sorption pH. Application of this principle is demonstrated by the determination of four barbiturates in plasma.
The effect of social capital on group loan repayment: evidence from field experiments

An important question to microfinance is the relevance of existing social capital in target communities to the performance of group lending. This research presents evidence from field experiments in South Africa and Armenia, in which subjects participate in trust and microfinance games. We present evidence that personal trust between group members and social homogeneity are more important to group loan repayment than general societal trust or acquaintanceship between members. We also find some evidence of reciprocity: those who have been helped by other group members in the past are more likely to contribute in the future.
Social Enterprise: A Global Comparison

Social enterprise-the use of market-based, civil society approaches to address social issues-has been a growing phenomenon for over twenty years. Gathering essays by researchers and practitioners from around the globe, this volume examines, from a local perspective, the diverse ways in which social enterprise has emerged in different regions. Each chapter examines the conceptualization, history, legal and political frameworks, supporting institutions, and latest developments and challenges for social enterprise in a given region or country. In the final chapter, Janelle A. Kerlin presents a comparative analysis of the various models and contexts for social enterprise, showing how particular strengths in each environment lead to different enterprise initiative models.
Shakespeare and the truth of love : the mystery of "The phoenix and turtle"

The Mystery of 'The Phoenix and Turtle' Eliminating Essex: Richard II and the Diverse Poetical Essays Literary Politics: The Publication of Love's Martyr Incorporate Selves: Shakespeare's Mythmaking Shakespeare's Poetic Theology Metaphysical Wit from Shakespeare to Donne Epilogue: 'If what parts, can so remaine' Appendix: Diverse Poetical Essays Index
Fast and Generalized Polynomial Time Memory Consistency Verification

The problem of verifying multi-threaded execution against the memory consistency model of a processor is known to be an NP hard problem. However polynomial time algorithms exist that detect almost all failures in such execution. These are often used in practice for microprocessor verification. We present a low complexity and fully parallelized algorithm to check program execution against the processor consistency model. In addition our algorithm is general enough to support a number of consistency models without any degradation in performance. An implementation of this algorithm is currently used in practice to verify processors in the post silicon stage for multiple architectures.
The Effect of Structural Reforms on Productivity and Profitability Enhancing Reallocation: Evidence from Colombia

In the U.S., some sectoral evidence suggests that growth is driven mainly by productivity enhancing reallocation. In countries with greater barriers to entry and imperfect competition, the reallocation process may be inefficient. Therefore, for developing countries, an open question is whether reallocation is productivity enhancing. Using a unique plant-level longitudinal dataset for Colombia for the period 1982-1998 we examine the interaction between market allocation, productivity and profitability. Given the important trade, labor and financial market oriented reforms in Colombia in 1990, we explore whether and how the contribution of reallocation changed. Our data include plant-level quantities and prices. Using plant prices, we propose a sequential methodology to estimate productivity and demand shocks. First, with plant-level physical output data, we estimate total factor productivity (TFP) using downstream demand to instrument for inputs. Then, with plant-level price data, we estimate demand shocks and mark-ups in the inverse-demand equation, using TFP to instrument for output. We characterize the evolution of TFP and demand shock distributions. Market reforms are associated with rising overall productivity that is driven by reallocation away from low- and towards high-productivity businesses; and, the allocation of activity across businesses is less driven by demand factors.
Building real-world trajectory warehouses

The flow of data generated from low-cost modern sensing technologies and wireless telecommunication devices enables novel research fields related to the management of this new kind of data and the implementation of appropriate analytics for knowledge extraction. In this work, we investigate how the traditional data cube model is adapted to trajectory warehouses in order to transform raw location data into valuable information. In particular, we focus our research on three issues that are critical to trajectory data warehousing: (a) the trajectory reconstruction procedure that takes place when loading a moving object database with sampled location data originated e.g. from GPS recordings, (b) the ETL procedure that feeds a trajectory data warehouse, and (c) the aggregation of cube measures for OLAP purposes. We provide design solutions for all these issues and we test their applicability and efficiency in real world settings.
An analysis of consumers' attitudes and behaviors towards pirated products

The costs of product piracy towards knowledge 
creation and innovation are enormous.It hampers the development of knowledge and innovation because piracy can greatly reduce the economic benefits for the original creators of products and ideas.Widespread piracy and weak intellectual property regulations and enforcement, particularly in developing countries, will undermine development and the growth of local industry, and threaten local knowledge. In terms of the business environment, this can lead to loss of competitive advantage because the measure 
of competitiveness among firms is driven by the firm’s ability to innovate and create new types of economic assets built from knowledge capital.If piracy is widespread, businesses are de-motivated to invest in R&D of new products/services since it will be difficult to recoup the high cost of these investments. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyse the consumer’s attitude in purchasing pirated products and their purchase intention.The finding of this research could help organizations in understanding piracy issues and consequently, enable them to have better knowledge in the formulation of anti-piracy strategies.Malaysian public universities’ students were used as sample since they constitute an important market segment 
of generation Y, that is, an emerging generation with powerful aggregated spending. The findings confirmed that novelty seeking factors have a significant influence on the tendency to buy pirated goods.The implications of this study and directions for future research are also discussed.
A Procedure for Extracting Software Development Process Patterns

Process patterns represent well-structured and successful recurring activities of Software Development Methodologies (SDMs). They are able to form a library of reusable building blocks that can be utilized in Situational Method Engineering (SME) for constructing a custom SDM or enhancing an existing one to fit specific project situation. Recently, some researchers have subjectively extracted process patterns from existing SDMs based on cumulative experience in various domains, however, how to objectively extract process patterns from SDMs by adopting a systematic procedure has remained as question. In this regard, this paper is concerned with a procedure aiming to take process patterns out of existing SDMs. An example illustrates applicability of the proposed procedure for extracting process patterns in a specific context.
The chemistry of nitroso-compounds. Part VII. The first ‘fast’ proton transfer for an aromatic nitrosation

Rates of nitrosation are reported for phenol and 2-naphthol in aqueous carboxylic acid buffers over the pH range 1–ca. 5·5 at 25 °C. Substitution of phenol occurs predominantly at the para-position at rates which are pH independent, but general-base catalysed, below pH ca. 4·5, and comparative experiments with [4-2H]phenol show the existence of a substantial primary hydrogen isotope effect (kH/kD= 3·5). Above pH ca. 4·5, however, the kinetic dependences for phenol show significant changes. These differences are more easily seen with 2-naphthol, which undergoes nitrosation exclusively at the 1-position. Here reaction rates are pH independent, subject to general-base catalysis, and to substantial primary hydrogen isotope effects (kH/kD= 4·0) only below pH ca. 2. At higher pH, the rate is proportional to [H3O+], and both abse catalysis and isotope effects diminish substanitally. All these observations are consistent with a common A–SE2 reaction mechanism in which proton expulsion from a dienone intermediate is rate limiting for phenol at pH ca. 4·0, so this is the first-known aromatic nitrosation for which proton expulsion is rapid. Neither nitrous anhydride (N2O3) nor nitrosyl acetate (NOOAc) is sufficiently reactive to substitute the nucleus of phenol or 2-naphthol and reaction at pH 1–ca. 5 probably involves the nitrous acidium ion (H2NO2+); with halide ions present, additional reaction via nitrosyl halides occurs. The pH dependent rate for 2-naphthol excludes significant nitrosation of the 2-naphtholate ion up to pH ca. 5, but this species may preferentially interact at oxygen to form an unstable aryl nitrite. The implications of this deduction on the ambident nucleophilic properties of phenolic compounds, and the incursion of free radical substitution pathways, are also discussed.
Paleozoic swells in the north of central and western Siberia

The relationships between the main tectonic features in the north of central and western Siberia are analyzed on the basis of the available geologic and geophysical data. The chain of troughs and syneclises, including the Yenisei-Khatanga Foredeep, the Lena-Anabar Trough, and the Ust-Yenisei and Yamal-Gydan syneclises are bounded in the north and south by systems of swells of approximately the same size and age. It is suggested that these swells, having appeared simultaneously with the troughs, were eroded subsequently and then buried beneath the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments.
ἐμπάθɛια (Empatheia) and Caritas: 
The Role of Religion in Fair Trade Consumption

There is much still to learn about the nature of fair trade consumers. In light of the Pope’s encyclical Caritas in Veritate, this article sought to advance the current understanding by investigating the role of religion in fair trade consumption. In this study, fair trade consumers and non-consumers across many religions as well as the non-religious described their consumption of fair trade products as well as the use of their religious beliefs in their purchase behavior. It appears that the non-religious are slightly more inclined toward buying fair trade products. Of the religious observers studied, Buddhists have a greater propensity to buy fair trade. The relationship between religion and fair trade consumption is complex in that religious affiliation – group membership – alone is not enough to encourage members to buy fair trade; rather, it is the use of religious beliefs as a criterion in consumption behavior that linked religion to fair trade consumption.
THE VELOCITY OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES

We examine the propagation of gravitational waves in the new field theory of gravitation recently proposed by Novello-De Lorenci-Luciane (NDL). This examination is done on a solvable case corresponding to a spherically symmetric static configuration. We show that in NDL theory the velocity of gravitational waves is lower than light velocity. We point out some consequences of this result and suggest a possible scenario for its verification.
Intersection of Public and Private Authority in Forest Governance in Southeast Asia: Towards a Theory of the Emergence, and Intersecting Potential, of 'Legality Verification' in the Global Forest Sector

Within the last few years a major shift have occurred in global forest governance. Previously there was an emphasis on treaties and international organizations, but in recent years private governance in the form of certification and legality verification have become the norm. This paper investigates and hypothesizes about, legality verification as a mechanism for creating authoritative and durable governance through intersection and 'policy baskets.' We look closely at the US Lacey Act, the European Union's FLEGT process as well as the support for legality verification in Malaysia and Indonesia.
Triazine-human serum albumin association: thermodynamic approach and sodium effect.

Human serum albumin (HSA) serves as a carrier protein to transport triazine herbicides to molecular targets. In this paper, a theoretical treatment was developed to describe the HSA-triazine herbicides association. A determination of the association constant, K, as well as the degree of complexation n(c) (the percent of complex guest) was carried out. Enthalpy-entropy compensation was also analyzed in relation to this mathematical model to confirm the herbicide complexation behavior with HSA. The role of the sodium cation (Na(+)) on this association was investigated. It was expected that the sodium ion would act on the herbicide-HSA association process by modifying the surface tension of the bulk solvent and increase the K and n(c) values. The results showed that for patients who suffer from Na(+) desequilibrium, the triazine-HSA binding would change and as well the toxicological effect of these herbicides.
Das Engelskrönungsmotiv in der Ikonographie König Stephans des Heiligen

There is a type in the iconography of Saint Stephen which, although it is perhaps one of the best known portrayals of the saint, has nevertheless escaped the attention of art historical research. The woodcut in the Augsburg edition of Janos Thuroczy's Chronica Hungarorum (1488) is of interest not only from the viewpoint of art history; it is at least as important for the history of ideas and constitutional law, and it was not only in one particular period, namely at the very end of the 15th century that it became a special theme, but it proved to be very much alive in the following century with minor changes. The Hungarian source of the composition is a special theme that appeared in the 14th century, the portrayal of Saint Ladislas crowned by angels which was revived by the art propaganda for display of Louis I (the Great), based on Byzantine traditions and given current relevance. As far as we know at present, the motif of angelic coronation first appeared in the iconography of Saint Stephen on a woodcu...
European Wage Coordination: Nightmare or Dream to come true? ENEPRI Working Paper No. 20, June 2003

This paper analyses recent trends in wage bargaining institutions in Europe to explain the gradual deterioration in the bargaining position of trade unions. It appears that the integration of European economies is an important factor. This raises the question whether trade unions will respond by coordinating their wages internationally. Our conjecture is that the opportunities for wage coordination are not very strong. This is because of the numerous obstacles associated with heterogeneous structures in wage setting in the EU. Softer coordination, e.g. in the form of information exchange or agreements on common rules in wage setting, is more likely to occur and has already been introduced in some cases.