nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of Jose Ortega y Gasset

Acknowledgements Introduction Part I: 1. History, politics and biography Part II. 2. Socialism and capitalism 3. Liberalism and democracy 4. Conservatism and elitism 5. Nacionalizacon and decentralisation 6. Fascism? Part III. 7. What is philosophy and why is it done? 8. Idealism, realism and radical reality 9. Perspectifism and truth 10. Razon vital - reason from the point of view of life Bibliography Index.
LONELINESS AND SOCIAL COMPETENCE AMONG PREADOLESCENTS AND ADOLESCENTS WITH MILD MENTAL RETARDATION

This study aimed to compare loneliness and social competence among two groups of young people with mild mental retardation. The sample consisted of 70 youngsters (46 males and 24 females) divided into two age groups: 38 pre-adolescents (mean age = 11.68 years, SD = ±1.04) and 32 adolescents (mean 3 15.9, SD = ±0.72). Different information sources were tapped: self-reported loneliness and social skills, teacher ratings of aggressive and hyperactive behaviour and peer ratings of social acceptance The results demonstrated that, in comparison to the younger group, adolescents received a more reserved acceptance by their peers, although they reported themselves to feel less lonely and showed higher rates of social competence in terms of less behavioural maladjustment and higher empathy and self-control skills. The meaning of loneliness differed at the two age levels. For the adolescent group, the two aspects of loneliness were negatively related to the empathy, assertion, and cooperation social skills, but not for the younger group, whose perceptions of the two loneliness aspects were more differentiated and differently correlated.
Lighthouse: a taxonomy-based solver selection tool

Linear algebra provides the building blocks for a wide variety of scientific and engineering simulation codes. Users face a world of continuously developing new algorithms and high-performance implementations of these fundamental calculations. In this paper, we describe new capabilities of our Lighthouse framework, whose goal is to match specific problems in the area of high-performance numerical computing with the best available solutions developed by experts. Lighthouse provides a searchable taxonomy of popular but difficult to use numerical software for dense and sparse linear algebra. Because multiple algorithms and implementations of the same mathematical operations are available, Lighthouse also classifies algorithms based on their performance. We introduce the design of Lighthouse and show some examples of the taxonomy interfaces and algorithm classification results for the preconditioned iterative linear solvers in the Parallel Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSc).
Endogenous Inequality in a Trade Model with Private Information

We develop a general equilibrium model of trade between identical countries. The model is similar to a 2x2x2 Heckser-Ohlin model, but the factors of production, skilled and unskilled labor, are endogenously determined from human capital investments by the workers. Firms are only able to observe human capital investments with noise, which creates an informational externality. Due to interaction between the informational externality and general equilibrium effects, equilibria arise where countries specialize as rich, high-tech, countries and poor, low-tech, countries respectively, also when there is a unique autharky equilibrium. Protectionism may make the poor country better off, but we can construct examples where the efficiency gains are large enough to make the specialization equilibrium better than the unique autharky equilibrium also for the poor country.
Osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

The purpose of this review is to examine the state of knowledge and clinical practice in the association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to osteoporosis and fracture incidence.



There is a clear association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and excessive bone loss/risk of fractures. Little is known about the pathophysiological processes involved in the bone loss, but recent reports point to a continuous systemic inflammatory state in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This inflammation involves the release of inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1. During the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a protein catabolic process takes place, including increased production of catalytic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases etc.), which together with the inflammatory cytokines induces bone resorption.



Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Risk factors such as smoking, advanced age, physical inactivity, malnutrition, and low weight may be responsible, but a number of pathophysiological explanations including the presence of a chronic inflammatory state with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and protein catalytic enzymes may also be involved. The use of oral glucocorticoids is also a significant risk factor. Increased awareness is highly warranted to diagnose osteoporosis at an early stage, and professionals should be aware of the risk of osteoporosis in this patient population.
Information, Learning and the Stability of Fiat Money

We analyze the stability of monetary regimes in an economy where fiat money is endogenously created by the government, information about its value is imperfect, and learning is decentralized. We show that monetary stability depends crucially on the speed of information transmission in the economy. Our model generates a dynamic on the acceptability of fiat money that resembles historical accounts of the rise and eventual collapse of overissued paper money. It also provides an explanation of the fact that, despite its obvious advantages, the widespread use of fiat money is only a recent development.
Co-operation and co-ordination in the supply chain: a comparison between the Jersey Royal and the Opperdoezer Ronde potato

Co-operation and co-ordination along the supply chain are important factors influencing the performance of products. There is a considerable body of literature which suggests that modern business practices, concentrating on the final consumer, bring benefits to the market-orientated producers. The article attempts to discover the ability of participants to adapt to changing market signals in the supply chain and to identify their strategic objectives. To examine the influences of co-operation and co-ordination two cases will be examined. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives from the actors within the supply chains and the surrounding social, economic and political system. Both the Jersey Royal (from the UK) and the Opperdoezer Ronde (from the Netherlands) are early potatoes, with limited production and a small market share. They are both PDO products, which could allow for noncommoditised relations between the members of the supply chain. However, the similarities end there. The marketing of the Jersey Royal is highly organised in terms of supply chain co-operation, whereas the Opperdoezer Ronde producers have little co-operation or co-ordination. The case studies examine the influence of the differences in co-operation and co-ordination on the product performance of both products.
Crustal underplating and evolution in the Red Sea Rift: Uplifted gabbro/gneiss crustal complexes on Zabargad and Brothers Islands

The nature of the crust of the Red Sea outside the oceanic axial trough segments can be inferred from uplifted crustal sections exposed on the islands of Zabargad and The Brothers in the central and northern Red Sea. Zabargad exposes, in addition to mantle-derived peridotites, a crustal section consisting of metagabbros and metapyroxenites, associated with silicic gneisses and cut by doleritic dikes. Seismic velocities of samples from this section are compatible with crustal velocities obtained by seismic refraction experiments in the central and northern Red Sea. The Zabargad peridotitesilicic gneiss-gabbroic association provides a sample of upper mantle-lower crust in a continent before the inception of a major rifting event. The petrology and mineral chemistry of the Zabargad metagabbros suggest that they were originally part of a basic layered complex which crystallized at relatively high pressure (>900–1000 MPa or >9–10 kbar), i.e., over 30 km deep. The gneisses have tonalitic-trondhjemitic affinity and were originally equilibrated in the garnet granulite facies, implying also high pressure and derivation from the lower continental crust. This suggests that after the subcrustal continental lithosphere along the proto-Red Sea rift had been consumed possibly by convective thinning, but before any significant thinning of the crust, basaltic melts intruded the base of the continental crust, underplating it with gabbroic complexes. Thus crustal rifting was probably preceded by a thermal anomaly in the mantle, which supports an “active rifting” hypothesis. The gabbro/pyroxenite complex and the gneisses underwent subsequently retrometamorphic events under decreasing PT conditions, from granulite to amphibolite to greenschist facies implying decompression and uplift, probably related to the gradual thinning of the continental crust during rifting. During this stage, additional gabbroic intrusions and basaltic dikes, exemplified by the gabbros and dolerites from The Brothers Islands, were emplaced at decreasing depths beneath the thinned continental crust. The northern Red Sea crust is presently in this stage. It is neither oceanic nor continental: it lacks a continuous, thick, basaltic upper crustal layer and is made prevalently of gabbroic and doleritic intrusives with relicts of sialic continental crust. Subsequently, basaltic injections became progressively focused in a narrow axial zone and seafloor spreading initiated at discrete, equidistant “hot points” (as observed presently in the central Red Sea), which by axial propagation evolved into nearly continuous zones of oceanic crust accretion (as observed presently in the southern Red Sea). Processes similar to those proposed here for the evolution of the Red Sea rift can be documented in passive margins of the Atlantic and in some Alpine ophiolite complexes.
Thrombocytopenia in critically ill surgical patients: a case-control
		  study evaluating attributable mortality and transfusion requirements

BackgroundThat thrombocytopenia results in increased mortality ortransfusion requirements has not been confirmed by previous studies. Weperformed a case-control study in which 36 patients who developed severethrombocytopenia of less than 50×109 platelets/l were carefullymatched for the severity of underlying disease and other importantvariables.ResultsSeventeen (47%) thrombocytopenic patients died, versus 10 (28%)matched control patients who were not thrombocytopenic.Nine pairs had adiscordant outcome, and in eight of these pairs the thrombocytopenic patientdied (exact binomial probability 0.037). The estimated attributable mortalitywas 19.5% (95% confidence interval 3.2–35.8), and the estimated odds ratio was2.7 (95% confidence interval 1.02–7.10). Thrombocytopenic patients hadcomparable values for severity of illness scores between day of admission andday of thrombocytopenia, in contrast with control patients who had astatistically significant decrease in severity of illness scores during thesame period. Thirty (83%) of the thrombocytopenic patients required transfusionof blood products, versus 21 (58%) control patients (paired χ2test 4.92, P < 0.04). The estimated attributable transfusionrequirement was 25% (95% confidence interval 5.4–44.6), and the estimated oddsratio was 1.52 (95 confidence interval 1.05–2.20).ConclusionThe present study suggests that thrombocytopenia of less than50 × 109 platelets/l may be a marker for more severe illness andincreased risk of death, rather than causative, because a true causalrelationship is not established. Thrombocytopenia also leads to an excess ofblood product consumption.
Job Reallocation and Productivity Growth in a Post-Socialist Economy: Evidence from Slovenian Manufacturing

This paper studies whether job reallocation in Slovenia, a post-socialist economy, has been associated with gains in total factor productivity (TFP). We document the importance of entry and exit in job reallocation and show that TFP has increased mainly due to existing firms' increasing efficiency and through net entry of firms. Underlying aggregate TFP growth is job destruction by state firms and reallocation of employment to private firms.
A Tour of Schism: A Partial Evaluation System For Higher-Order Applicative Languages

A simple module facility allows the user to write a program in different files, and to create and use function libraries. Besides easing the programming stage, this facility makes it possible to split the preprocessing phase into two parts to factorize computations. The first part consists of the treatments local to each module (e. g., simplification, automatic annotation). These treatments are performed only once and the processed module is used every time it is included in a stand-alone program. The second part includes the phases that perform global computations such as binding-time analysis.
La impureza de lo conversacional: vanguardia, autobiografía e historia en los tránsitos

Taking as basis the analysis of some texts by Jose Coronel Urtecho, this article maintains that a conversational poetics deploys as a rhetoric that goes beyond its uses in poetry to insert itself into a heterogeneous discursive space that includes autobiography, essay and history. The context of the Sandinista revolution of the 1980s allows conversational rhetoric to be incorporated into an autobiographical logic of judging history through literary and plastic representation which reorders the social hierarchies.
Epilogue: Nordic Strategic Culture:

Over the past decade there has been a resurgence of interest in the study of strategic culture. The articles in this special issue consequently address important aspects of this resurgence, especially the use of empirical case studies of specific countries and theoretical themes related to how we conceptualize strategic culture itself. Equally, the case studies in this volume examine Nordic strategic culture during changing times, while the theoretical article illuminates a novel means both for understanding the issue of change and how the concept of culture itself could be re-formulated. What is also a noticeable factor in these studies is that the end of the Cold War, although heartily welcomed, has generated new questions that have challenged the traditional strategies of the Nordic countries. These states thus provide an interesting array of conceptual and empirical issues related to strategic culture that are explored in this epilogue.
Treating pediatric psychogenic dizziness with a Japanese herbal medicine.

No conventional pharmacotherapy is available for the treatment of psychogenic dizziness in pediatric patients. Adults with psychogenic dizziness are treated with psychiatric medicines as the standard treatment. In children, this treatment is not widely accepted because of the potential for adverse reactions. Instead, Kampo, an alternative medicine, is probably the best choice of treatment.



We report herein three of four cases of pediatric psychogenic dizziness successfully treated with Yoku-kan-san-ka-chimpi-hange (YKCH), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine known to ameliorate psychiatric symptoms.



YKCH was prescribed to four patients (two boys and two girls) with psychiatric dizziness whose ages ranged from 11 to 15 years. Four weeks after the initiation of treatment, clinical improvement was assessed by the Clinical Global impression-Improvement scale.



In three of the four patients, the drug showed some significant effects. The remaining patient could not continue the medication. It is reasonable to assume that YKCH was effective because of its serotonergic mechanism and the improvement of sleep in our patients.



This report is the first to describe the beneficial effects of YKCH in the treatment of pediatric psychogenic dizziness. We conclude that administration of YKCH may be a suitable complementary therapy for pediatric psychogenic dizziness.
Learning and the Infant Mind

Amanda Woodward and Amy Needham 1. Learning and Memory: Like a Horse and Carriage Patricia J. Bauer 2. What can Statistical Learning Tell us about Infant Learning? Jenny R. Saffran 3. Developmental Origins of Object Perception Scott P. Johnson 4. An Account of Infants' Physical Reasoning Renee Baillargeon, Jie Li, Weiting Ng, Sylvia Yuan 5. Experience Primes Infants to Individuate Objects: Illuminating Learning Mechanisms Teresa Wilcox and Rebecca Woods 6. How infants learn categories Lisa M. Oakes, Jessica S. Horst, Kristine A. Kovach-Lesh, and Sammy Perone 7. Multiple Learning Mechanisms in the Development of Action Karen E. Adolph and Amy S. Joh 8. Learning in Infants' Object Perception, Object-directed Action, and Tool Use Amy Needham 9. Infants' Learning about Intentional Action Amanda Woodward 10. Early Word Learning and Other Seemingly Symbolic Behaviors Laura L. Namy 11. Symbol-based Learning in Infancy Judy S. DeLoache and Patricia A. Ganea 12. The Role of Learning in Cognitive Development: Challenges and Prospects Richard N. Aslin
Saudi Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension: Pulmonary hypertension in children

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is relatively uncommon in children. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in pediatric comprises a wide spectrum of diseases, from a transient neonatal condition to a progressive disease associated with morbidity and mortality. Most common PAH in pediatric are idiopathic (IPAH) or PAH associated with congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD), while other associated conditions, such as connective tissue disease (CTD), are less common in pediatrics. Despite better understanding of PH and the availability of new medications during recent decades; the diagnosis, investigation and choice of therapy remain a challenge in children, as evidence-based recommendations depend mainly on adult studies. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion about the distinctive features of PAH in pediatric, mainly emphacysing on classification and diagnostic algorithm.
Adherence with immunosuppression in heart transplant recipients.

Nonadherence is a major problem in heart transplantation (htx) and a challenge for clinical practice and research. In heart transplant recipients, nonadherence could cause chronic rejection of the transplanted heart followed by difficult clinical course and/or death of the patient.



Main topics are the relationship between psychological aspects and adherence, risk factors and prediction of nonadherence, strategies for improving adherence like single-dose immunosuppressant therapy and follow-up studies.



There is a lack of behavioral intervention studies. So-called targeted interventions should be defined for clinical practice and research with randomized controlled studies.
Language Learning Motivation for the Class of 2002: Why First-Year Puerto Rican High School Students Learn English.

The purpose of this study was first, to discover the types of motivation to learn English present among the target population. The attempt was to isolate discreet clusters of motivation. Second, the study sought to investigate the relationship between type and strength of motivation. To accomplish such analysis, a scale was developed to measure the strength of motivation. A statistical analysis was carried out to see if any of the clusters of motivational type predicted strength of motivation. One hundred and fifty-six first-year public high school students in San Juan, Puerto Rico were asked to respond to a motivational scale and the strength of motivation scale. Factor analysis revealed two motivation clusters that resembled instrumental and integrative motivation. Both were found to contribute strongly to the learner's strength of motivation. It was concluded that English was perceived as having a utilitarian value, such as seeking employment and enhancing career opportunities. In addition, the learner...
Axioms of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its Generalization to Dependence and Feedback: The Analytic Network Process (ANP)

The AHP/ANP are multicriteria decision-making theories that deal with both hierarchic structures when the criteria are independent of the alternatives and with networks when there is any dependence within and between elements of the decision. Both of them have been repeatedly used in practice by various researchers and practitioners. From the perspective of almost 40 years of practice in solving problems using both theories, some of their properties seem to be more important than others. The article indicates four of them as fundamental for understanding AHP/ANP. These are the axioms related to structure, computation, and expectation. The mathematical formulation of the axioms is preceded by an introduction explaining the motivation behind the introduced concepts. The article is expository and it is an improved and refined version of the work .
Assessing the Competitive Advantage of Public Policy Support for Supply Chain Resilience Case of Local Governance in Chiba

This paper deals with the supply chain resilience of agricultural products in Japan. First, the food flow of Japan is explained. Japanese farmers and fishers produce and sell their products, receiving 9.4 trillion Japanese yen (¥). At the same time, Japan imports raw products and processed food. The fresh products move through the market to the eating out sector, the processing sector, and consumers. During this process, the value of agricultural products increases and consumers pay ¥73.5 trillion. Food flow sometimes suffers disasters, such as heavy rains, flooding, low temperatures, strong winds, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. In April 2016, a strong earthquake hit the Kumamoto area, severely affecting the production and supply of watermelons. To increase the resilience of the agricultural supply chain, the sixth industrialisation is effective and well established. Japan's sixth industry contains 60,000 businesses. Most of them are food processing and direct shop businesses. Direct shops are operated by farmers, farmers' groups, farmers' companies, municipalities, cooperatives, and producers' groups. They sell mostly vegetables, fruits, and processed food. Direct shop K is located on the urban fringe of Chiba prefecture. Since it was established in 2004, the shop has become very popular in the region. However, it has had to overcome two crises: the effect of the radioactive fallout from the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident and contamination by residual agricultural chemicals. The manager had a large role in the recovery, but Japan's agricultural policy also provided direct and indirect support at the national and local levels. Public policy supports the resilience of the agricultural supply chain through measures such as agricultural land use planning, agricultural improvement projects, rapid reconstruction following damage, and improvement of agricultural resources.