nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
William Morris Victoria and Albert Museum, 9 May–1 September 1996

Three items, each of which reveals a significant dimension of Morris's work as a designer and manufacturer of textiles, remain in my mind from the Victoria and Albert Museum's splendid exhibition. The first is the 'If I Can' hanging of r856-57; the second a group of letters, dating from r875 and r876, from Morris to Thomas Wardle of Leek; and the third is Burne-Jones's caricature of Morris giving a demonstration of weaving at the Arts and Crafts Exhibition in November r888. Of the three, the 'If I Can' hanging is the most poignant, seeming to offer direct contact with Morris at a crucial phase in his career. Behind him lay an idyllic childhood in Walthamstow, the shock of his father's death when Morris was sixteen, the formative but often disappointing years at Marlborough and Oxford, the revelatory force of his exploration of French Gothic architecture in r854 and r855, the abandonment of his plan to enter the Church and his brief and abortive apprenticeship in G. E. Street's Oxford architectural practice. Now, influenced by Dante Gabriel Rossetti and in company with his closest friend, Edward Burne-Jones, he had moved to London to begin his career as a painter. Since childhood he had been under the spell of the Middle Ages and when he found no contemporary furnishings to his taste, he set about designing his own in the medieval style. His visits to Queen Elizabeth's hunting lodge in Epping Forest had demonstrated the potential of wall hangings, and the 'If I Can' hanging represents the only surviving example of his earliest work in this medium. The design of repeating fruit tree with birds in flight was taken from a fifteenth-century manuscript, while the motto is a form of Jan van Eyck's 'Als ich kanne', seen on Morris's trip to the Low Countries in r856. The materials are simple: a plain linen ground with natural dyed wools. The work itself is tactfully described in the catalogue as 'unorthodox flat and patterned stitches', with which Morris may have had some help from Mary Nicholson, the servant at his rooms in Red Lion Square. It is simply done, but it has the charm and force of the naive. It shows Morris, characteristically, encountering a particular decorative need and discovering for himself the resources and techniques to fulfil that need. It was out of Morris's response to similar requirements for the decoration of Philip Webb's Red House, completed in r860, that Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co. ('The Firm') was founded. The letters to Thomas Wardle, dating from nearly twenty years later than the hanging, find Morris at a very different stage in his career. By now well-known as both poet and designer, he was at the very beginning of his political activity. He also faced considerable challenges in his business life. In r875 'The Firm' was reconstituted as Morris arid Co., with Morris himself as sole proprietor. His investment income was falling, and it was essential for him to place the company on a sound footing; he therefore needed to ensure a
The temple and the forum : the American museum and cultural authority in Hawthorne, Melville, Stowe, and Whitman

The rise of the museum as a cultural institution in 19th-century America brought with it many contested notions - of what artifacts merited preservation or display and the role of museums in public life and the cultural marketplace. In "The Temple and the Forum", Les Harrison excavates the shared concerns and practices of 19th-century American museums and the literary productions of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Walt Whitman. The various representational strategies of museums suggested to these authors solutions to problems of literary and political representation. In probing the practices of three of the 19th-century's most significant museums - Charles Wilson Peale's Philadelphia Museum (1785-1843), P. T. Barnum's American Museum (1841-1865), and the United States National Museum at the Smithsonian (1879-present) - Harrison identifies two dominant models in the struggle over what museums should be: the temple, an institution for the projection and protection of official culture, and the forum, its populist, marketplace counterpart. Merging historical research with textual analysis, Harrison examines manifestations of the temple and the forum in the works of these authors and reconnects their works to the larger literary and cultural marketplace in which they circulated. What emerges is a veiled chapter in the history of American culture: the widening of literary and cultural distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate cultural forms, republicanism and democracy, and the literary and the popular - the temple and the forum.
Neurology workforce and the Residency Review Committee.

Thanks to Dr. Fishman for his service as Chairman of the Residency Review Committee (RRC) in Neurology and for his article clarifying the role, or nonrole, of the RRC in controlling the quality and quantity of the neurology  As Dr. Fishman states, program directors have been responsible for the increased number of residency positions in neurology, motivated by factors including workforce needs and …
Between Divine and Human Sovereignty: The State of Nature and the Basis of Locke's Political Thought

John Locke's political philosophy teaches us that we must reconcile ourselves to a human condition between divine and human sovereignty involving neither complete subjection to nor complete dominion over the natural order. This article traces that teaching to Locke's account of the state of nature and argues that it forms the basis of a genuinely rationalist liberal political philosophy attentive to both the extent and the limits of human choice and self-creation.
Geochronological and Geochemical Characteristics of Fractionated I-type Granites Associated with the Skarn Mineralization in the Sangan Mining Region, NE Iran

The Sangan mining region, which has a proven reserve of approximately 1000 Mt of 53% iron ore, is located in the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardeskan volcano-plutonic belt in northeastern Iran. The geological units in the eastern zone of the Sangan region consist of Precambrian schists, Jurassic sedimentary rocks and Tertiary subvolcanic granitoid intrusions. Iron skarn mineralization consists of stratiform and massive bodies in the carbonate rocks that are adjacent to the granitoid intrusions. Detailed field mapping revealed that 39-Ma syenitic intrusive bodies in the western and central zones of the Sangan region were the main sources of heat and fluid for the iron mineralization. A Mid-Cenozoic biotite granite pluton is associated with the eastern anomalies. However, field relationships suggested that this pluton is not the source of the metals, heat or fluids that were responsible for the iron mineralization. This pluton is rich in silica (SiO 2 contents from 66.4 to 79.1 wt%) and is characterized by high-K series with metaluminous to slightly peraluminous affinity. Geochronological (U-Pb zircon method) and geochemical data, including major and trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, define the complex origin of these plutons, which consist of alkaline granitoids that appear to be A-type in character but also show I-type affinity. New geochemical and isotopic data from plutons in the eastern anomalies and data from previous studies of the western and central anomalies and the southeastern intrusive rocks in the Sangan region show that these plutons have close affiliation with lower to upper crust-derived melts and were largely modified into highly fractionated I-type granite. These rocks were derived from and emplaced by varying degrees of partial melting during the Middle Eocene (Bartonian to Lutetian, 38.3–43.9 Ma) from a crustal protolith in a normal to mature volcanic continental arc setting. The Sangan granitoids were produced from crustal assimilation by a heat source from mantle melts, which are associated with the Kashmar-Neotethyan slab that subducted under Eurasia. The Khaf-Kashmar-Bardeskan igneous rocks reflect an active Cenozoic plate margin that was related to the closure of the Kashmar-Neotethyan Sea between the Lut and Eurasia blocks because of the continuous convergence between the Arabian and Iran plates during the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene.
Fluorescence probing of the interfaces of solid calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, and calcium oxide with benzene and heptane

IR and fluorescence probing studies have been used to investigate the solid surfaces of CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , and CaCO 3 in contact with benzene. IR studies show that organic acids interact with CaO and Ca(OH) 2 to form adsorbed anions, while free acids are adsorbed to CaCO 3 . Pyrene butyric acid, PBA, binds to the surfaces and the fluorescence of the pyrene chromophore reports back on events at the surface. At least two surface sites exist for PBA on all surfaces, one at the solid-benzene interface and one away from the surface in a cleft or pore. Reactions of excited surface-adsorbed PBA with nitromethane, nitroethanol, and nitropropionic acid, which are also bound to the surfaces, fall into two classes. The first class, exhibited by CaCO 3 indicates dynamic quenching where both reactants move on the surface. The second, illustrated by Ca(OH) 2 , shows static quenching where both reactants are bound on the surface in very close proximity. The studies show marked differences between the various surfaces, which has also been observed in a more limited extent on colloids of these materials in oil.
An Industrial Revolution [Amperes: Current Affairs from Around the World]

For the past four years Michal Judovits has been working for Ergo Consulting Group Ltd., an Israeli management consulting group. At age 27, she is a project manager with a team of ten people and a client list that includes both the largest bank and the largest insurance company in Israel. Yet, management consulting represents only a small part of an already impressive career???a career recognized by the Industrial Engineering Foundation when it recently awarded her the Instituto de Empresa (IE)-IEEE Women in Engineering Scholarship. Whether involved in the Israeli Defense Force (IDF), service work for nonprofits, or management consulting, Judovits has found ways to apply her interest and background in industrial engineering to a wide range of competitive fields.
Semantic relationships and approximations of sets: An ontological graph based approach

Approximation of sets is a fundamental notion of rough set theory (RST) proposed by Z. Pawlak. In a classic approach, considered in RST, approximation of sets is defined on the basis of an indiscernibility relation between objects in some universe of discourse. However, approximations of sets become problematic in many cases, especially, if attribute values describing objects are symbolical (e.g., words, terms, linguistic concepts, etc.). In fact, such a situation is natural in human cognition and description of the real world. Different approaches perfecting rough set theory in this area have been proposed in the literature. One of them is based on incorporating ontologies enabling us to add some new, valuable knowledge which can be used in data analysis, rule generation, reasoning, etc. In the paper, we propose to use ontological graphs in determining approximations of sets and show how ontological graphs change a look at them. The presented approach refers to a general trend in computations proposed by L. Zadeh and called “computing with words”.
Monetary Policy with Parameter Uncertainty in Small-Open Economy

Recent research in model uncertainty has mainly focused on models of closed economy. In a relevant paper, Giannoni (2002) nds that when the policymaker is uncertain about the numerical value of the structural parameters of the economy, he will optimally respond more aggressively to ination and output gap uctuations. That nding contradicts what found in a pioneering paper by Brainard (1967). The aim of this paper is to extend the analysis of uncertainty implications to a new keynesian small open economy model. In a minmax approach, the central bank derives an optimal policy plan by implementing a Taylor rule. It is shown that if there is uncertainty about the degree of price stickiness and the elasticity of substitution between domestic and foreign goods it is optimal to set interest rates in a less aggressive way. Even if we shut o the foreign channel, by slightly modifying the model, the Brainard principle holds. These results are found for reasonable and experienced degrees of uncertainty in the price stickiness and the elasticity of substitution between domestic and foreign goods.
What should future design standards in the construction industry look like? The need for new value propositions.

Design standards play a fundamental role in the construction sector, in particular as a means by which the acceptability of designs can be verified and in enabling research outcomes to be translated for widespread practical application. Research has highlighted the need to address some usability issues with the structural design standards currently in use across Europe. Recognising the major changes that can be expected in the construction industry in coming years, it is worthwhile going beyond responding to these immediate issues and asking what future designs standards should look like to meet the emerging vision for the construction sector. From a study of the main changes affecting the construction industry and the current role of design standards and challenges in their development and use, the need for new value propositions for future design standards is established, particularly to meet needs, interests and capabilities of users of these documents. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate discussion, provide a better understanding of the research challenges in developing users-orientated design standards, and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this research area.
WORLDS WITHIN WORLDS:PERCEPTIONS OF SPACE,PLACE AND LANDSCAPE IN ANCIENT GREECE

When the poet Hesiod composed Works and Days late in the eighth century BC,he incorporated the curious advice that while journeying from one place toanother a good man should always refrain from relieving himself on or beside theroad,in streams or while facing the sun(lines 727-32,757-59),Of course,Hesiodwas doing more here than simply making an observation about modesty orpersonal hygiene.He was commenting upon another less physical but utterly vital
Engineering a Global Resolution Service

Many different types of names used in network applications have limitations that make them unsuitable for a long-lived global infrastructure. The World Wide Web, held together by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)[1], accentuates this problem. Uniform Resource Names (URNs), longlived, globally unique identifiers, offer a solution to this problem by adding a layer of indirection. A system is needed to resolve URNs into a lower level of information, such as URLs.
Integrated Seismic and Rock Physics Modelling of Oil-Producing Volcanic Sills in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Igneous sills are commonly observed in sedimentary basins around the world and may have significant influence on the related petroleum systems. Seismic reflection data play a key role for the characterisation of sill complexes. It is often difficult to validate seismic interpretations, because few wells are drilled into intrusions. Furthermore, the comparison of outcrops to kilometre scale seismic images is challenging due to resolution issues. Most of the seismic interpretation work is focussed on mapping intrusion geometries, while quantitative seismic analysis is challenging and rarely performed. In this study, observations from geological fieldwork, 3D virtual outcrop models, core samples and well logs are integrated and linked to qualitative and quantitative seismic analysis of an oilproducing volcanic sill complex in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. The link is established by performing integrated seismic forward modelling and rock physics modelling. The seismic modelling is based on a realistic, metre-scale geological model obtained from a virtual 3D model of a large-scale analogue outcrop. The rock physics modelling uses fracture properties obtained from fieldwork and core samples to investigate the effect of fractures on elastic properties. Results from seismic modelling show characteristic waveforms with remarkable similarity to observations from seismic field data. These waveforms arise from interference and include branching and steps of reflections. This can be used to interpret corresponding intrusion geometries. Additionally, the seismic amplitudes related to sills can be much more variable than usually assumed. Rock physics modelling suggests that this variability may be partly explained by the effect of fractures on the seismic velocities of the sills. Fracture analysis from outcrop data indicates the presence of several fracture sets of preferred orientations. The corresponding rock physics modelling predicts a marked drop in P-wave velocity as well as P-wave anisotropy of up to 14%. However, with rising complexity of the fracture pattern, the incident angles that are required to recover this anisotropy from azimuthal seismic field data increase from > 30◦ to > 60◦. In fact, such azimuthal anomalies in sills have been observed in real seismic data from the oil fields. The approach presented in this study illustrates how various geoscientific datasets can be linked and thereby used to increase the reliability of qualitative and quantitative seismic interpretations of volcanic sill complexes.
Vondel's dramas: a chronological survey

This introductory chapter talks about Vondel's dramas: a chronological survey. Vondel's dramatic work is marked by a series of paradoxes. He produced a remarkably extensive theatrical oeuvre of thirty-three plays- many original, others translated from Latin or Greek - even though he only really started writing his major works for the theatre when he was around fifty. As an immigrant from the Southern Netherlands living in Amsterdam, the young Vondel joined the Brabant chamber of rhetoric 'Het Wit Lavendel', and it was for this theatrical company that he wrote his first play, Het Pascha. This drama about the exodus from Egypt features an epilogue comparing the liberation of the Dutch Republic from Spain with the liberation of the Jews from Egypt. Vondel had by this point developed into an ardent polemicist, and an advocate of the Arminian position in the religious and political conflicts of that time. Amsterdam; Vondel's dramas
Electrical structures and optical properties of doped earth element (Y，La) in γ-Si 3 N 4

The electronic structures and optical properties, the atomic population, bond lengths, band structures and density of states (DOS) of undoped and doped rare earth elements (Y, La) in γ -Si 3 N 4 have been calculated by means of plane wave pseudo-potential method (PWP) with generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The gap after doping will decrease and enables the formation of new semiconductor，which affords to help finding new semiconductor. We researched optical properties after doping of rare earth elements (Y, La), and found that the static dielectric constant of doped γ -Si 3 N 4 is much higher than that of the undoped material，which may serve as new dielectric and refractive material，and may have special applications in certain optical devices.
Reservoir space characters of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks from Shengping area of Songliao Basin and their affecting factors

A lot of volcanic rocks developed in Shengping area of Songliao Basin from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, including rhyolite, andesite and basaltic andesite, etc., formed from effusion facies, explosion facies and volcanic sedimentary facies. In the volcanic rocks, some kinds of primary porosity, secondary porosity and fractures developed, forming a reservoir spatial array dominated by the porosity-fracture type. The factors affecting the characteristics of the reservoir space mainly include tectonics process, active thermal fluid, lithologic characters and petrofacies. The volcanic rocks are important reservoir of natural gas in the Shengping area.
Implementation of the program of geographical station-based investigations in Siberia (50 years since the appearance of the monograph entitled “Alkuchanskii Govin”)

We examine the historical background for the organization of geographical station-based investigations in Siberia. It is emphasized that, under the direction of Academician V. B. Sochava, the Institute of Geography SB RAS conducted a unique experiment in nature, with no equals across the globe as regards the breadth of regional coverage, thoroughness of analysis and the duration of investigations. We demonstrate the role of station-based investigations in acquiring fundamental geographical knowledge. Particular emphasis is placed on the important role played by the Onon-Argun steppe as a major research site of international significance. The present status is assessed, and the prospects for future advancements in station-based investigations are outlined.
Social institutions and economic performance : studies of industrial relations in advanced capitalist economies

Productive constraints on the institutional conditions of diversified quality production revising status and contract - pluralism, corporatism and flexibility interest heterogeneity and organizing capacity - two class logics of collective action? the logics of associative action and the territorial organization of interests - the case of German Handwerk co-determination - the fourth decade successful adjustment to turbulent markets - the German automobile industry in the 1970s and 1980s from national corporatism to transnational pluralism - organized interests in the Single European Market, (with Phillipe C. Schmitter).
A treatise on the principles and practical influence of taxation

A friend, correspondent and intellectual successor to David Ricardo, John Ramsay McCulloch (1789â€“1864) forged his reputation in the emerging field of political economy by publishing deeply researched articles in Scottish periodicals and the Encyclopaedia Britannica. From 1828 he spent nearly a decade as professor of political economy at the newly founded University of London, thereafter becoming comptroller of the Stationery Office. Perhaps the first professional economist, McCulloch had become internationally renowned by the middle of the century, recognised for sharing his ideas through lucid lecturing and writing. The present work, first published in 1845, has been hailed as 'the first systematic account of the theory and policy of public finance'. After a general introductory chapter, the book discusses direct and indirect taxation, before considering national debt and how to deal with it. Several other works written or edited by McCulloch are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
Applying stochastic network calculus to 802.11 backlog and delay analysis

Stochastic network calculus provides an elegant way to characterize traffic and service processes. However, little effort has been made on applying it to multi-access communication systems such as 802.11. In this paper, we take the first step to apply it to the backlog and delay analysis of an 802.11 wireless local network. We found the derived bounds are very loose in comparison to ns-2 simulation results especially for heavy arriving traffic, indicating that improvements are needed for the current version of stochastic network calculus.