nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Problems of recognition of olistostromes: An example from the lower Pit Formation, Eastern Klamath Mountains, California

The recognition of large olistostromes is difficult unless outcrop is nearly complete over broad areas. A previously unrecognized olistostrome in the lower Pit Formation was exposed on the shores of Shasta Lake, California, at a time of low water level. Blocks as much as 1000–2000 m across of diverse volcanic and sedimentary rocks are set in an unsheared tuffaceous matrix. The olistostrome formed in response to a Middle Triassic disturbance, possibly involving rifting, and it disrupted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits.
Political Science in Argentina: Past and Present

with Giovanni Sartori's article, “Where is political science going? 1 ”. The assessment of results carried out by a leading intellectual had a large impact. Both in countries used to periodic evaluations of the "state of the art" of Political Science, and in others, where this article created great interest in reflecting upon the science. Thus, this shrewd criticism by someone with a lasting relationship with the USA, a fervent advocate of a reaction against the old Political Science in the mid-20th century, responsible for the introduction of empiricism, highlighting the centrality of the scientific method in his homeland, shows the inconvenience and dissatisfaction felt with what has become a dominant, specific and exclusive characterization of Political Science. The origin of this sharpness is found in the "behavioral revolution", which occurred in the US during the mid-20 th century, spread throughout Europe during the two decades after World War II, and propagated to other countries as predominant political science “culture”. As regards subject-matter, the atmosphere created by behaviorism was not meticulously followed by new institutionalism. However, both appealed to one same thing. They hid behind science and empirical method to vanish from the discipline all political theory questions about the foundations of a political order, and to avoid reflecting on the sense of politics. The cause of today's unease, discomfort and dissatisfaction is the narrow meaning of science that has no link to politics, and that was consolidated little by little from the "behaviorist program" and the worshiping of "new institutionalism". But this situation is not identical everywhere. Not every country was anxious or prepared to follow the "behaviorist" calling at first, and of the new institutionalism later. As we will discuss soon after, this is the case of Argentina. How is this international situation linked to the development of Political Science in Argentina? Can we connect American “historiography” with the local one? Is there a relationship between national and international time schemes, topics and methods? What happened in Argentina with those restricted definitions, in which each program presented itself as "the" way to work in Political Science, underplaying other perspectives? In contrast with some European countries and with the US, where historiography in Political Science or its study as a discipline are recognized, in Argentina reflection on how knowledge is produced in Political Science is practically nonexistent. The aim of this paper is to start to fill that void. Moreover, debates on the "state of the art" of the discipline are not common. And narratives about the origin and development of the discipline are just
Special interest protectionism and the antebellum woolen textile industry : A contemporary issue in a historical context

Academic and nonacademic work focusing on special interest lobbying tends to ignore America's early history in favor of the 20-super-th century, leaving the origins of the organized commercial lobby vague. Using the antebellum woolen textile industry as a case study, this article finds that this industry was one of the first to demonstrate the potential benefits of interstate, interindustry coalitions for rent-seeking activities. Using pressure tactics frequently observed today, but innovative for the time, the industry was not only successful in obtaining relatively high legislated tariffs by 1828, it also altered the traditional congressional avenues for obtaining information from aggrieved parties. This article clearly demonstrates that organized and public lobbying by commercial interests has a longer history than is typically recognized.
On the Logic of β-pregroups

In this paper we concentrate mainly on the notion of β-pregroups, which are pregroups (first introduced by Lambek [18] in 1999) enriched with modality operators. β-pregroups were first proposed by Fadda [11] in 2001. The motivation to introduce them was to limit (locally) the associativity in the calculus considered. In this paper we present this new calculus in the form of a rewriting system, prove the very important feature of this system - that in a given derivation the non-expanding rules must always proceed non-contracting ones in order the derivation to be minimal (normalization theorem). We also propose a sequent system for this calculus and prove the cut elimination theorem for it. As an illustration we show how to use β-pregroups for linguistical applications.
A Mathematical Approach to Physical Realism

I propose to ask mathematics itself for the possible behaviour of nature, with the focus on starting with a most simple realistic model, employing a philosophy of investigation rather than invention when looking for a unified theory of physics. Doing a ‘mathematical experiment’ of putting a least set of conditions on a general time-dependent manifold results in mathematics itself inducing a not too complex 4-dimensional object similar to our physical spacetime, with candidates for gravitational and electromagnetic fields emerging on the tangent bundle. This suggests that the same physics might govern spacetime not only on a macroscopic scale, but also on the microscopic scale of elementary particles, with possible junctions to quantum mechanics.
Firm Performance and the Business Environment in Malaysia : A Comparison with High - Income and Upper - Middle - Income countries

Firm-level survey data on registered private firms reveal that firms in Malaysia have much lower labor productivity than their counterparts in 43 upper-middle-income and 14 high-income countries. It will be difficult for Malaysia to achieve the high-income status without a significant improvement in labor productivity of the private sector firms. The lower productivity of Malaysian firms is pervasive and holds across sectors and firm-sizes. Drivers of productivity such as outward orientation of the firms, innovation, training of workers and top manager’s experience are all lagging in Malaysia compared to the high-income and upper-middle-income groups. Malaysia does outperform in terms of low regulatory burden on the firms and better quality of power supply. However, corruption and crime are worse in Malaysia than in the high-income and even upper-middle-income countries.
Across the Great Divide? Culture, Economic Life and the Rethinking of Education Policy

The article alms to initiate a dialogue between educational positions which have previously existed in mutual isolation. It defines these positions – which it terms ‘culturalism’ and ‘economism’ — and seeks to identify their influence on policy and practice in England in the period since 1944; it further examines the ways in which these positions have been modified and developed under Conservative rule in the years since 1979. It argues that, whereas ‘culturalist’ thinking has moved further away from issues arising in economic life, ‘economism’ has been able to approach those issues of meaning and value previously imagined to be the domain of the cultural. It examines, critically, the contribution of aspects of post‐Fordist theory to this elaboration. The article concludes by suggesting ways in which each orientation can benefit from an engagement with the other's position, and by pointing to ways in which such a dialogue might be educationally productive.
Toward a continuous authentication system using a biologically inspired machine learning approach: a case study

Smartphones have recently seen massive growth in usage and become a repository for many types of personal information. The privacy and security are primary concerns for their usage, where there is a need to provide seamless and continuous authentication systems(CASs) for smartphones. We introduce in this work a proof-of-concept design and a case study for using a biologically-inspired and hardware-friendly CAS. Our proposed design adopts a hybrid Liquid State Machine (LSM) approach to perform automatic features extraction and multi-modal fusion scheme for users' interaction. Our work establishes the design concepts for future on-chip and explains why LSM can be a promising approach for fast, adaptive and reliable hardware CASs. The experimental part reveals our proof-of-concept testing results against the golden standard features. Furthermore, The results indicate a promising future for such design and a potential biologically-inspired CASs.
Art And Politics In The Weimar Period: The New Sobriety 1917-1933

Apologia and Plan Voices From Underground A Story of Contrasts * War and Revolution 1914-1920 People in the War Counter-Offensive Revolution and the Arts: Russia 1917-20 Revolution and the Arts: Germany 1918-20 Paris Postwar * The Turning Point 1921-3: Politics, Radio, Cinema, The NEP, IAH, Rapallo German Stabilization, Russians in Berlin, Berlin Constructivism, International Constructivism The Bauhaus at Weimar, Grosz and Political Art, A New Naturalism End of Theatrical Expressionism, La Cration du Monde Hindermith, Mechanical Instruments Architectural Beginnings, End of Paris Dada,  The New Sobriety 1924-8 Weimar Builds Impersonal Art Neue Saschlichkeit The Dessau Bauhaus Modern Architecture Living Design The Camera Eye Theatre for the Machine Age Music for the Times Retrograde Symptoms * The Crunch 1929-30: Economic Collapse, Death of Stresemann Proletarian art Organizations and the Five-Year Plan, Economy and Reaction in Germany Sacking of Hannes Meyer, the ARBKD, Transformation in the Theatre End of the Silent Film, Book Clubs and War Novels Epic Structures and Light Prose * Kampf and its Illusions 1930-33 Weimar Crumples The Lost Revolution * Post Mortem Looking Back Today
The Next 25 Years in EDA: A Cloudy Future?

h AT THE 50TH Design Automation Conference, Soha Hassoun organized a session to review the first 50 years of EDA and predict the next 25. While Bill Joyner  could draw upon the vast paper resources that MPA collected during the first 25 years of DAC and Rob Rutenbar  was able to apply some amazing analytics to the second 25 years of DAC proceedings, I turned to crowd sourcing to solicit input on the next 25 years. It was clear from Bill’s and Rob’s presentations that many people were drawn to the EDA industry for the same reason I got hooked: EDA was on the forefront of computing. Many of the largest computational problems that needed to be solved were EDA problems. The university groups focusing on EDA had the largest and fastest computers. If one wanted to solve largescale computer science problems, EDA was the place to be for most of the last 50 years. Is that still the case? The replies to the ‘‘next 25 years of EDA’’ survey pointed out many of the challenges that EDA tools will need to address in the next decade. Key challenges will come from next lithography solutions such as Triple Patterning, EUV, DSA (direct selfassembly) or Ebeam. Many respondents pointed to the problems that next generation nanodevices such as photonics, bio based circuits, quantum, and carbon might bring. However, as shown in Figure 1, a large number of participants pointed out how IT and specifically cloud computing will have a major impact on the way EDA tools will be used. This is particularly interesting because in the ‘‘EDAC Forecast Meeting’’ on 14 March 2013 , the impression was left that cloud and EDA do not mix well. Earlier DAC panels [5] also pointed out the significant hurdles to overcome for EDA to be cloud friendly. In this article, I decided to zoom in on this one aspect of the next 25 years of EDA and will outline why we need to bring Cloud Computing and EDA together to deliver the next leap of design productivity and at the same time, restore the excitement in the EDA discipline.
Making Things Public : Atmospheres of Democracy

Another monumental ZKM publication, redefining politics as a concern for things around which the fluid and expansive constituency of the public gathers; with contributions by more than 100 writers and artists. In this groundbreaking editorial and curatorial project, more than 100 writers, artists, and philosophers rethink what politics is about. In a time of political turmoil and anticlimax, this book redefines politics as operating in the realm of things. Politics is not just an arena, a profession, or a system, but a concern for things brought to the attention of the fluid and expansive constituency of the public. But how are things made public? What, we might ask, is a republic, a res publica, a public thing, if we do not know how to make things public? There are many other kinds of assemblies, which are not political in the usual sense, that gather a public around things - scientific laboratories, supermarkets, churches, and disputes involving natural resources like rivers, landscapes, and air. The authors of Making Things Public - and the ZKM show that the book accompanies - ask what would happen if politics revolved around disputed things. Instead of looking for democracy only in the official sphere of professional politics, they examine the new atmospheric conditions - technologies, interfaces, platforms, networks, and mediations that allow things to be made public. They show us that the old definition of politics is too narrow; there are many techniques of representation - in politics, science, and art - of which Parliaments and Congresses are only a part. The authors include such prominent thinkers as Richard Rorty, Simon Schaffer, Peter Galison, Richard Powers, Lorraine Daston, Richard Aczel, and Donna Haraway; their writings are accompanied by excerpts from John Dewey, Shakespeare, Swift, La Fontaine, and Melville. More than 500 color images document the new idea of what Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel call an "object-oriented democracy."
Corporate Restructuring, Downsizing and Managerial Compensation

There is common consensus that managerial compensation is strongly tied to firm size and much less so to financial performance. One suspects that observed restructuring and downsizing in corporations in recent years may have an effect on these results. Based on multi-task theoretical considerations, our evidence for German industrial firms shows that pay for firm size elasticities decrease only for large firms as they change their strategy from growth to downsizing strategies. Furthermore, pay for performance elasticities are contrary to predictions of agency theory. Both results provide further support to the common belief that compensation contracts in public corporations seem imperfectly tied to firm performance and managers' tasks.
Gregorio Marafion's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Gregorio Maranion's early studies of the psychological effects of adrenaline are described, along with his attempts to construct a model for the experience of emotion from the results of those studies. It is argued that Maranion's model anticipated in important ways Schachter's two-factor, or arousal-cognition, theory of emotion and that Maranion should be recognized as a pioneer in the development of cognitive theories of emotion.
The Early Nationalization of Political News In America

When Alexis de Tocqueville toured America in the 1830s, he found Washington occupying a lowly position in the political life of the country. In a footnote, Democracy in America informs the European reader, “America has no great capital city where direct or indirect influence is felt over the whole extent of the country.” Throughout the book, he expands on the effects of this decentralization. And we may fairly suspect that as much as any other, this observation led de Tocqueville to concentrate his inquiry on the performance of democracy in communities across the country.
Differential privacy of populations in routing games

As our ground transportation infrastructure modernizes, the large amount of data being measured, transmitted, and stored motivates an analysis of the privacy aspect of these emerging cyber-physical technologies. In this paper, we consider privacy in the routing game, where the origins and destinations of drivers are considered private. This is motivated by the fact that this spatiotemporal information can easily be used as the basis for inferences for a person's activities. More specifically, we consider the differential privacy of the mapping from the amount of flow for each origin-destination pair to the traffic flow measurements on each link of a traffic network. We use a stochastic online learning framework for the population dynamics, which is known to converge to the Nash equilibrium of the routing game. We analyze the sensitivity of this process and provide theoretical guarantees on the convergence rates as well as differential privacy values for these models. We confirm these with simulations on a small example.
The Effect of Heterogeneity on Coalition Formation in Iterated Request for Proposal Scenarios

This paper explores a general model of economic exchange between heterogeneous agents representing firms, traders, or other socioeconomic entities, that self-organise into coalitions to face specific tasks. In particular, the work addresses coalition formation problems in which many tasks are addressed to the same population over time in an iterative fashion – giving the agents the possibility to organise themselves for specific tasks. In particular, the purpose of the paper is to describe the impact of task and skill heterogeneity in the population on the performance of the agents. Experiments are carried out for two common strategies from the economic world, namely competitive and conservative strategies. Results obtained show that competitive population outperforms conservative population, and that the heterogeneity degree has a direct effect on the advantage of the first strategy versus the second. We analyse experimental results by using a novel data mining technique called collaboration graphs.
The profession of authorship in America, 1800-1870: the papers of William Charvat

This study focuses on the complex relations between author, publisher and contemporary reading public in 19th-century America; in particular, the emergence of Irving and Cooper as America's first successful literary entrepreneurs, how Poe's and Melville's successes and failures affected their writing, the popularization of poetry in the 1830s and 1840s, the role of the literary magazine in the 1840s and 1850s, and the beginnings of book promotion. It pays particular attention to the way social and economic forces helped to shape literary works.
Fe3Al Iron Aluminides Alloyed with High Concentrations of V and Cr: Their Structure and High Temperature Strength

Eight iron aluminide alloys with different contents of V and Cr were prepared up to 25 at. pct of both elements. The effect of the V and Cr concentration on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated by several complementary techniques. This investigation revealed that the microstructure of all the investigated alloys was comparable regardless of their chemical composition. All the alloys were in a solid solution condition without any major chemical inhomogeneity. For all alloys, a comparable grain size and D03 crystallographic structure was observed. In situ X-ray diffraction measurement revealed that the crystallographic structure was stable up to 1073 K (800 °C) regardless of the chemical composition. Mechanical testing showed that the compressive yield stress significantly increased with the increasing total sum of V plus Cr. Much higher values of yield stress were measured for symmetric concentrations of V and Cr when compared to non-symmetric ones. Eventually, it was shown that the formation of at least a rough system of the lattice positions occupation by four types of atoms in four sub-lattices derived from D03 is the most probable strengthening factor for alloys with symmetric concentrations of V and Cr.
L'archéologie dans les sciences humaines

Since archaeology is fundamentally the study of the human past, which is what the word “archaeology” connotes according to its Greek etymology, it is part of the humanities. However, archaeologists work in teams with scientists and employ quantitative techniques and comparative methods of the social sciences; archaeologists are thus an academic hybrid and are pleased to live in the interstices of many disciplines. In this article we review the history of archaeology in the humanities and explore some new directions in archaeological research. We discuss the enduring questions of origins of the antiquity of humanity, religion and art, the first agricultural villages, and the earliest cities, states, and civilizations. We also consider new agendas in archaeology: historical archaeology, landscapes in the past and present, material studies of the present, and how archaeologists are engaged in modern politics.
The alchemical sources of Robert Boyle's corpuscular philosophy

Robert Boyle is remembered largely for his integration of experiment and the ‘mechanical philosophy’. Although Boyle is occasionally elusive as to what he means precisely by the ‘mechanical philosophy’, it is clear that a major portion of it concerned his corpuscular theory of matter. Historians of science have traditionally viewed Boyle's corpuscular philosophy as the grafting of a physical theory onto a previously incoherent body of alchemy and iatrochemistry. As this essay shows, however, Boyle owed a heavy debt to a longstanding alchemical theory that postulated the corpuscular make-up of metals and various reagents. I have elsewhere argued in a general way for Boyle's debt to alchemical corpuscular theory, but in the present essay I show one of his precise sources—namely the Wittenberg medical professor Daniel Sennert (1572–1637). In his youth Boyle wrote a treatise on corpuscularianism, Of the Atomicall Philosophy, that borrowed heavily from Sennert without acknowledgement. Later works, such...
Economic Integration, Market Power and Technological Change

We examine a common market which expands by integrating new regions. Capitalists are strategically interdependent through the goods market and they improve their productivity through R&D. Production and R&D employ unionized workers. The purpose of integration is to maximize a weighed average of workers' and capitalists' utilities. The main findings are as follows. Integration benefits capitalists more than workers. If labour unions are strong enough, then the common market can expand indefinitely. Otherwise, there is an upper limit for integration. This is the higher, the higher producer market power or the stronger the capitalists' political influence.
Formation of autocomplexes in halide melts of trivalent metals

Chemical equilibrium with respect to the dissociation of charged autocomplexes (MX6)3− in ionic melts of the MX3 type is analyzed. The chemical equilibrium M3+ + 6X− = (MX6)3− in salt melts of trivalent metal halides shifts strongly toward dissociation, due to the electrostatic interactions between charged particles in the melts.