nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Completeness Theorems, Incompleteness Theorems and Models of Arithmetic

Let & be a consistent extension of Peano arithmetic and let 6EJJ denote the set of TL°„ consequences of &. Employing incompleteness theorems to generate independent formulas and completeness theorems to construct models, we build nonstandard models of SP„+2 m which the standard integers are A°+1 -definable. We thus pinpoint induction axioms which are not provable in éE¡¡+2; in particular, we show that (parameter free) A?-induction is not provable in Primitive Recursive Arithmetic. Also, we give a solution of a problem of Gaifman on the existence of roots of diophantine equations in end extensions and answer questions about existentially complete models of 3^. Furthermore, it is shown that the proof of the Gödel Completeness Theorem cannot be formalized in 6E§ and that the MacDowell-Specker Theorem fails for all truncated theories (£¡¡. The completeness theorems of the title are the usual completeness and compactness theorems for the predicate calculus and strong variants of them which are obtained by virtue of the fact that the Henkin proof of the usual completeness theorem can be formalized in arithmetic. The incompleteness theorems are the Gödel theorems and the variants due to Rosser and Mostowski. Using model theoretic methods, Ryll-Nardzewski and also Rabin proved that (Peano) arithmetic was not finitely axiomatizable by showing that all finite subsystems of arithmetic have nonstandard models in which some induction axiom fails. On the other hand, using proof-theoretic methods, Mostowski and also Montague showed that in arithmetic one can prove the consistency of any finite subsystem of arithmetic, which again establishes nonfinite axiomatizability. In this paper we combine these techniques playing off the completeness theorems against the incompleteness theorems and construct nonstandard models of subsystems of arithmetic in which the standard integers and definable (§§3 and 6). The nonfinite axiomatizability results that we obtain in this way are optimal (from the point of view of quantifier complexity). We introduce the notion of representability of a theory in a model, cf. §2, which enables us to apply the incompleteness Received by the editors August 4, 1976. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). . (^Various results of this paper were announced in [Mc].
On the computational architecture of the neocortex

This paper proposes that each area of the cortex carries on its calculations with the active participation of a nucleus in the thalamus with which it is reciprocally and topographically connected. Each cortical area is responsible for maintaining and updating the organism's knowledge of a specific aspect of the world, ranging from low level raw data to high level abstract representations, and involving interpreting stimuli and generating actions. In doing this, it will draw on multiple sources of expertise, learned from experience, creating multiple, often conflicting, hypotheses which are integrated by the action of the thalamic neurons and then sent back to the standard input layer of the cortex. Thus this nucleus plays the role of an ‘active blackboard’ on which the current best reconstruction of some aspect of the world is always displayed. Evidence for this theory is reviewed and experimental tests are proposed. A sequel to this paper will discuss the cortico-cortical loops and propose quite different computational roles for them.
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE MICROWAVE CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF HEXAGONAL MAGNETIC OXIDES TO MICROWAVE CIRCUITRY

Resonance isolators. An investigation was made of the properties of hexagonal magnetic oxides and of their application to specific microwave devices. A procedure was developed for the preparation of good, high density, ceramic samples of 9 different Me2Z and Me2Y compounds and a series of (Ni(1-x)Co(x))2W materials. Studies of the degree of orientation of the materials were carried out using x-ray diffraction techniques. The samples prepared were subjected to both static and micr wave evaluation. The measured linewidth was found to be independent of cobalt content over this range of substitutions. A strong dependence of linewidth on degree of orientation was noted. Appropriate members of the nickel-cobalt W series were evaluated in K- and V-band resonance isolators.
A subjective view of Lisp

The editor of Lisp Pointers has been asking me for a long time to write down my view of Lisp. I was even given permission to flame. This paper is the result and, naturally, is entirely my own opinion. Since the first rumors of a possible standardization of Lisp started to circulate (end of 85), many fights have taken place. They were never scientific nor technical: they were mainly commercial. Before trying to explain the state we have reached, I will try to define the ecological niche of Lisp. Lisp is old. Very old. Its remarkable conception makes it a terrific local extremum. Unlike the monsters born around the same time (Fortran, COBOL, Basic) which simply swallowed linguistic features they lacked, Lisp has evolved until it has become a sophisticated family of languages. Lisp has been the jewel--despite Joel Moses muddy analogy-of AI laboratories. Lisp has also bred a large community people for whom Lisp was the right language, enriched by a prodigious software sedimentation, which lead to exciting environments and dream hardware. But the boosting of AI which took place in the '80s is now past and the number of practising Lispers has probably gone back to what it was before. Three niches are apparent to me: hypercomplex systems, extensible systems and education.
Myocardial infarction: management of the subacute period.

Optimal management of myocardial infarction in the subacute period focuses on improving the discharge planning process, implementing therapies early to prevent recurrent myocardial infarction, and avoiding hospital readmission. Evidence-based guidelines for the care of patients with acute coronary syndrome are not followed up to 25% of the time. Antiplatelet therapy, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, beta blockers, and statins constitute the foundation of medical therapy. Early noninvasive stress testing is an important risk assessment tool, especially in patients who do not undergo revascularization. Discharge preparation should include a review of medications, referral for exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, activity recommendations, education about lifestyle modification and recognition of cardiac symptoms, and a clear follow-up plan. Because nonadherence to medications is common in patients after a myocardial infarction and is associated with increased mortality risk, modifiable factors associated with medication self-discontinuation should be addressed before discharge. Structured discharge processes should be used to enhance communication and facilitate the transition from the hospital to the family physician's care.
Is Nietzsche a political thinker

Nietzsche claimed to be a political thinker in Ecce Homo and elsewhere. He constantly compared his thought with other political theorists, chiefly Rousseau, Kant and Mill, and he claimed to offer an alternative to the bankruptcy of Enlightenment liberalism. It is worthwhile re‐examining Nietzsche's claim to offer serious criticisms of liberal political philosophy. I shall proceed by setting out seven criteria for serious political thought: understanding of material need; procedural justification; liberty and its worth; racial, ethnic and religious difference; gender and family; justice between nations; and moral psychology. I shall argue polemically that on the first six issues Nietzsche has nothing to offer, but that on the seventh, moral psychology, he makes a profound contribution. Serious political theory, however, needs to forget about Nietzsche and turn to those thinkers he found so boring ‐ the liberal Enlightenment thinkers.
Highly Skilled Labour and International Mobility in South America. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2004/10.

This paper presents the main trends in respect of the supply of human resources in science and technology (HRST) in Latin America and the international mobility of its highly skilled labour. This will be done through the identification of potential data sources, followed by a presentation of indicators drawn from these sources. In addition, a short section is devoted to the main policy aspects surrounding these issues. The section on policy issues will show that the main South American countries have in common a lack of strong or efficient policies for the migration of highly skilled human resources, although in recent years important changes have occurred in some of the countries of the region. Available information sources on highly skilled labour and international mobility in South American countries are similar to those from OECD countries as far as the main types of collected data is concerned. Potential sources are labour force surveys, population ... Ce document presente les principales tendances de l’offre de ressources humaines en science et technologie (RHST) en Amerique latine ainsi que la mobilite internationale de la main-d’œuvre hautement qualifiee de cette region. Nous commencons par repertorier les sources de donnees possibles, puis nous presentons des indicateurs tires de ces sources. En outre, nous consacrons une courte section aux principales questions de fond qui s’inscrivent dans cette problematique. La section relative aux questions de fond montre que les principaux pays d’Amerique du Sud ont ceci en commun de ne pas avoir instaure de politique vigoureuse ou efficace en matiere de migrations de ressources humaines hautement qualifiees bien que, ces dernieres annees, d’importants changements soient intervenus dans quelques pays de la region. Concernant la main-d’œuvre hautement qualifiee et la mobilite internationale de ces travailleurs, les sources d’information disponibles dans les pays d’Amerique ...
Disputes, their conduct and their settlement in the village communities of eastern Brittany in the ninth century

There were formal and informal means for the settlement of disputes within the village communities of ninth‐century eastern Brittany, although both depended essentially on local knowledge of local history and on confidence in the good faith of those with the knowledge. Reference was not made to written law, nor sets of customs, nor principles; the answer to all problems was seen to lie in the past, and all problems were assumed to have an answer. Where the procedure was formal and the meeting presided over by some official, presidents do not appear to have determined the outcome; judgment was made and due settlement assessed by panels of ‘suitable’ local men. Peasant communities sometimes became involved in the disputes of high politics, through the property interests of more substantial landowners. In these cases the means of arriving at a judgment and the procedure of expressing it often differed: though local knowledge might be cited, cases were usually heard by the ruler, who then both judged and dete...
Effects of Li2ZnTi3O8 addition on sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of the MgTiO3–CaTiO3 ceramic system

The effects of Li2ZnTi3O8 addition on the sintering behavior, phase formation, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of 0.94MgTiO3–0.06CaTiO3 ceramics have been investigated. These results suggested that Li2ZnTi3O8 addition not only contributes in decreasing the sintering temperature, but also enhances grain growth. A new microwave dielectric ceramic, 0.94MgTiO3–0.06CaTiO3–0.015Li2ZnTi3O8 sintered at 1220 °C had optimal dielectric properties (εr = 20.97, Q × f = 70,832 GHz, τf = 3.45 ppm/°C), which satisfies microwave applications in resonators, filters and antenna substrates.
Real numbers having ultimately periodic representations in abstract numeration systems

Using a genealogically ordered infinite regular language, we know how to represent an interval of R. Numbers having an ultimately periodic representation play a special role in classical numeration systems. The aim of this paper is to characterize the numbers having an ultimately periodic representation in generalized systems built on a regular language. The syntactical properties of these words are also investigated. Finally, we show the equivalence of the classical "theta"-expansions with our generalized representations in some special case related to a Pisot number "theta".
From the Guest Editors - Industrial robotics applications and industry-academia cooperation in Europe

This special issue is about manufacturing robotics in Europe. Manufacturing has a strong basis in Europe, especially for small industries that quite dynamically carry out an important part of the total manufacturing effort in response to changing product requirements. To meet a wide variety of demands on efficiency and flexibility, a combination of automation systems and human labor must be used. Robots should be considered as coworkers, working in close cooperation with humans. Advances in the use of robots in actual industrial setups calls for real partnership work between academia and industry. Research and development (R&D) on manufacturing requires a systems perspective with domain knowledge, system integrators, and research actors, making it different from most academic research. Consequently, the need for industrial thinking within research in academia is very important. The obvious discrepancy between the state of the art in robotics research versus actual utilized technology deserves attention in different ways. If we want to promote direct contact between researchers (who usually write papers) and industrial engineers (who normally do not read papers), then results have to be put in a true industrial perspective. Packaging results (e.g., in useful software), building prototypes, and carrying out collaboration projects are some means to this end. Furthermore, in almost any real industrial application, there are key aspects that academic research wishes to neglect (possibly for good reasons) but may have to address to achieve results that are within a sufficient industrial perspective. An interesting trend that we think can be seen in the articles of this issue, is that industrial systems actually are getting more and more useful for applied but advanced robotics research. Many of the research results of some 20 years ago are now used inside highly optimized motion controllers, but to meet the demands on interaction and flexibility, the industrially useful systems (that in practice never will be developed in academia) need to be extendable with additional sensing, control, and interaction. Industry and academia meet both in persons and in systems. Just as the robot is the most flexible type of machine, the small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) is the most flexible type of company. Manufacturing is facing a major new challenge: the use of robotics in SMEs. Europe is characterized by a long tradition of manufacturing products with a significant knowledge component, i.e., products that integrate significant domain knowledge to achieve a competitive price and quality. Furthermore, the European economy depends heavily on SMEs. The Observatory of European SMEs 2002 (
The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations

John Maynard Keynes once observed that the "ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood." The contributors to this volume take that assertion seriously. In a full-scale study of the impact of Keynesian doctrines across nations, their essays trace the reception accorded Keynesian ideas, initially during the 1930s and then in the years after World War II, in a wide range of nations, including Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Scandinavia. The contributors review the latest historical evidence to explain why some nations embraced Keynesian policies while others did not. At a time of growing interest in comparative public policy-making, they examine the central issue of how and why particular ideas acquire influence over policy and politics.Based on three years of collaborative research for the Social Science Research Council, the volume takes up central themes in contemporary economics, political science, and history. The contributors are Christopher S. Allen, Marcello de Cecco, Peter Alexis Gourevitch, Eleanor M. Hadley, Peter A. Hall, Albert O. Hirschman, Harold James, Bradford A. Lee, Jukka Pekkarinen, Pierre Rosanvallon, Walter S. Salant, Margaret Weir, and Donald Winch.
Testing the Strong-form of Market Discipline: The Effects of Public Market Signals on Bank Risk

Under the strong-form of market discipline, publicly traded banks that have constantly available public market signals from their stock (and bond) prices would take less risk than non-publicly traded banks because counterparties, borrowers, and regulators could react to adverse public market signals against publicly traded banks. In comparing the credit risk, earnings risk, capitalization, and failure risk between publicly traded and non-publicly traded banks, the evidence in this paper rejects the strong-form of market discipline. In fact, the findings indicate that banking organizations tend to take more risk when they were publicly traded than when they were privately owned.
The landscape approach of Bernard Lassus: Part II

In an earlier issue of the Journal of Garden History, 3 (1983), pp. 79–107, five texts were brought together to illustrate ‘The Landscape Approach of Bernard Lassus’. These texts ranged from his first comprehensive garden design, The Garden of the Anterior (1975), to his entry for the notorious competition for the Parc de la Villette, The Garden of the Planets (1980). The great interest of these schemes, and of the three intervening projects, lay in the fact that they implied nothing less than a new poetics of landscape. Concepts like the demesurable, or ‘demeasurable’, were invoked to emphasize the supreme importance of the imagination in formulating new ideas of space. Contemporary reference points, like the landing of Apollo on the Moon, were adduced to prove the point that garden design was bound to follow the radical revision of our notions of distance and ‘wildness’ that had accompanied the arrival of an age of mass tourism and global travel.
Einstein and the Kaluza-Klein particle

In his search for a unified field theory that could undercut quantum mechanics, Einstein considered five-dimensional classical Kaluza–Klein theory. He studied this theory most intensively during the years 1938–1943. One of his primary objectives was finding a non-singular particle solution. In the full theory this search got frustrated, and in the x 5 -independent theory Einstein, together with Pauli, argued it would be impossible to find these structures.
William Morris and the European Artistic Connection

The lecture is connected to my researches – the influence of the Kelmscott Press over the European private press movement. Among many examples, I chose to put the stress on an obvious connection between late 19th century French and British private press. My aim is to bring  into the light the links between William Morris’ Kelmscott Press and Lucien Pissarro Eragny Press both in substance and form. According to William Morris, Middle Age and early Renaissance Art of the Book had to be considered as a guideline for the production of books. This idea has to be considered as the foundation of Morris’ Book Aesthetics and was spread all over Europe.The substance and form problematics was  a point especially covered in two texts. Firstly, we’ll talk about The Ideal Book lecture that Morris gave in 1893. His demonstration was about the strong connection between Architecture and book arrangement. The second text – Aims in founding the Kelmscott Press (1895)- deals with similar ideas and opens this way: « … I began printing books with the hope of producing some which would have a definite claim to beauty, while at the same time they should be easy to read and should not dazzle the eye, or trouble the intellect of the reader by eccentricity of form in the letters. … » These two texts which initiated Morris’ Book Aesthetics principles gave rise to major precepts that have definitely left their mark on late 19th and early 20th centuries private press holders: the will to update the art of making books,  that was agonizing due to omnipotent sales and distribution considerations; 
the moral obligation to get back to the very source of the Art of the Book in order to appropriate a part of its knowledge and formal aspects; 
the complete control over the book production, from the editorial contents to its arrangement without forgetting the decoration and the use of quality paper and inks; 
and last, the idea that a good book is made of a scholarly substance and a form to emphasize it. The latter, as well as adapting to the literary content, must have a coherent ornamental significance – beautiful and striking in its own. It can’t be a sycophantic decoration but has to be regarded as important as the text. At the very end of the 19th century, these ideas went around in Europe and got mixed with others. Some people blatantly made them their own and began manufacturing books with the ideas of Beauty, Ethics and Good in mind. Of course, the result was somewhat different but the philosophical approach surely derived from Morris’ principles. We could choose many examples, but being a French member of the William Morris Society I’d rather present a French British illustration. Therefore, I will talk about Lucien Pissarro’s Eragny Press which really acted at that time as a bridge between French and British Aesthetics. What is more, even though the lives of Lucien Pissarro and William Morris hardly had anything in common we can still establish the convergence of their political ideas as Pissarro was then very close to French socialist and even anarchist league.
GreCo: Green code of ethics

Codes of ethics (CoE) are widely adopted in several professional areas, including that of Software Engineering. However, contemporary CoE do not pay sufficient attention to one of the most important trends to have appeared in the last years environmental issues.  The aim of this study is to establish a Green CoE for software engineering and Professional Practices (GreCo). Our intention is to cover a wide range of aspects related to sustainability, such as economic, environmental, social, and technical features. We are additionally interested in encouraging software engineers to adopt these aspects.  The Green CoE presented is the result of the interaction of several experts in the area. A first version of GreCo, whose starting point was a discussion at the GInSEng workshop, was created by identifying key principles and adapting them to the Green area. Next, various important CoE were reviewed so as to gather the existing references to sustainability or to detect new ones. These elements would then possibly be incorporated into the new code or stimulate the creation of new sustainable principles.  The final result is the GreCo code, which has been produced by modifying existing principles or by the introduction of new ones.
Policy ComplementaritiesThe Case for Fundamental Labor Market Reform

This paper argues that an important group of labor market policies are complementary in the sense that the effect of each policy is greater when implemented in conjunction with the other policies than in isolation. This may explain why the diverse, piecemeal labor market reforms in many European countries in recent years have had so little success in reducing unemployment. What is required instead is deeper labor market reforms across a broader range of complementary policies and institutions. To be politically feasible, these reforms must be combined with measures to address distributional issues.