nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Three Uses of the Law

This chapter analyses the contribution that the theological doctrine of the uses of the law has made to Western jurisprudence. Sixteenth-century Protestants derived "civil," "theological," and "educational" uses from the moral or natural law. Later generations of Protestants on both sides of the Atlantic elaborated and refined this doctrine in an effort to balance their understanding of the various purposes of law and order in church, state, family, and other structures of authority. In particular, they saw that the three uses of the moral law had strong analogues in the "deterrent," "retributive," and "rehabilitative" purposes of criminal law articulated by early modern jurists and moralists. This chapter argues that a stronger grasp of the uses of the law doctrine and its importance in modern jurisprudence can teach us how to develop a more integrated understanding of criminal law and punishment and perhaps other areas of law as well.
Research on Nano-Mechanical and Micro-Tribological Behaviors of C+- Implanted Silicon

The knowledge of tribological properties of silicon is important due to its potential application for micromechanical devices. Single crystal silicon wafers were implanted by carbon ion with an energy of 80 keV and different implantation doses of 2×1015 ions/cm2 and 2×1016 ions/cm2, respectively. The nanohardness and elastic modulus of silicon wafers before and after C+ implantation were studied on the nano-mechanical testing system. The micro sliding tests on silicon wafers before and after C+ implantation were performed on the UMT-2 Micro-tribometer to investigate the coefficient of friction and wear volume. The results demonstrate that the nanohardness and elastic modulus of silicon wafer at the implantation dose of 2×1015 ions/cm2 decrease and those of 2×1016 ions/cm2 have little change. C+ implantation improves friction-reducing effect of silicon wafers and the coefficient of friction decreases to a great extent. But when the load reaches a certain value, the coefficient of friction increases sharply and the worn trace occurs on the silicon surface. Adhesive and abrasive wear are the main mechanisms at light loads and micro fatigue is the main mechanism at heavy loads.
Geochemistry of Cretaceous Argillaceous Rocks in Longquan Mountain, Western Sichuan

As the foreland forebulge,Longquan Mountain records important information about tectonic evolution of the Longmenshan tectonic belt.This paper studies major,trace,and rare earth elements(REE) of the Cretaceous argillaceous rocks in the Longquan Mountain of western Sichuan.Based on these data,we discuss the provenance,tectonic setting,and weathering of source rocks.Ratios of K2O/Al2O3、Al2O3/TiO2,Cr/Zr and Th/Sc show that the detritus were derived mostly from felsic rocks in the source areas.In the REE mantle-normalized pattern,the(La/Yb)n value is 8.99 on average,and δEu value is 0.70 on average,which shows enrichment in light REEs and a moderate negative Eu anomaly.The triangular plots of Th-Co-Zr/10 and Th-ScZr/10 show that the tectonic setting was probably continental island arc,active continental margin and passive continental margin.The average of chemical index of alteration(CIA=71) and index of chemical variation(ICV=1.43)indicate that the provenance area underwent moderate weathering and reveal a hot semiarid to arid climatic environment.
Structural investigations along a low-angle normal fault zone (Kythnos, Greece)

Recent field investigations have revealed a high-strain zone in the south of Kythnos (Greece). Massive layers of ultrafine-grained Mn-rich calcitic mylonitic marbles and several generations of cataclasites hint at a high-strain event in the crust and are associated with a low-angle shear zone. We investigate fold-fault-relationships and deformation events preceding and post-dating normal faulting and compare the tectono-metamorphic history with adjacent islands in the Western Cyclades.
Assessment of postgraduate skin lesion education among Iowa family physicians

Family medicine physicians play a pivotal role in the prevention and early detection of skin cancer. Our objective was to evaluate how family physicians believe their postgraduate training in skin cancer screening and prevention has prepared them for independent practice and to assess the need for enhanced skin lesion teaching in a family medicine residency setting.



A descriptive, cross-sectional survey investigating provider demographics, confidence in providing dermatological care, residency training, current medical practice, and skin cancer prevention beliefs was mailed to all family medicine physicians in the state of Iowa as listed in the Iowa Academy of Family Physicians annual directory in 2006 (N = 1069).



A total of 575 family medicine physicians completed the survey for an overall response rate of 53.8%. Overall, family medicine physicians reported feeling confident in their ability to diagnose skin lesions (83.2%), differentiate between benign and malignant lesions (85.3%), and perform a biopsy of a lesion (94.3%). Only 65% of surveyed physicians felt that their residency program adequately trained them in diagnosing skin lesions and 65.7% of physicians agree that they could have benefited from additional training on skin lesions during residency training. Nearly 90% of clinicians surveyed believe that skin cancer screenings are the standard of care; however, only 51.8% perform skin cancer screening examinations during adult health maintenance visits more than 75% of the time. The primary reason listed by respondents who said they do not routinely perform skin cancer screenings was inadequate time (68.2%).



Family medicine physicians in the state of Iowa are confident in evaluating skin lesions. However, they reported a need for additional enhanced, targeted skin lesion education in family medicine residency training programs. Physicians believe that skin cancer screening examination is the standard of care, but find that inadequate time increasingly hinders skin cancer screening during routine health maintenance examinations.
'This is a dark story' : representations of the past in eighteenth-century Gothic literature (1764-1794)

„“This is a dark story:” Representations of the Past in Eighteenth-Century Gothic Literature (1764–1794)‟ contends that the Gothic can be read as a complex reaction to Enlightenment methods of historical representation. It discusses the ways in which both familiar (such as David Hume‟s The History of England, 1754–62) and lesser known historical works (such as Paul M. Rapin de Thoyras‟s History of England, 1721–31) influenced and shaped the genre, uncovering in the process hitherto neglected relationships between Gothic fiction and prominent works of eighteenth-century history. As well as discussing established Gothic novelists such as Horace Walpole and Ann Radcliffe, the thesis breaks from tradition by devoting chapters to Clara Reeve and Sophia Lee, important women writers whose works are often ignored or marginalised in discussions of the genre‟s origins. Emphasising the heterogeneity of the Gothic in the eighteenth century, it shows how, although writers employ and develop similar tropes, they use them for diverse ends. Gothic pasts are sites of intense conflict, with authors (particularly female ones) often writing fictional histories to comment on pressing socio-historical issues. Tracing the Gothic‟s development from Walpole to Radcliffe (and beyond), this thesis goes on to re-evaluate the literary implications of the French Revolution. Suggesting new areas of enquiry for Gothic scholarship, it argues that the transgressions taking place in France shattered Enlightenment models of historical understanding and that historical discussion moved from multi-volume tomes to the domain of the political pamphlet. Contending that the Gothic reacts to changing conceptions of history and the past at this time, it maintains that the French Revolution caused the Gothic to develop and exhibit a heightened state of historical consciousness. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates how the settings of Gothic narratives move forward in historical time throughout the eighteenth century, arguing that the turbulent context of the 1790s provides an explanation for this tendency. With the Revolution in France consuming itself in the Terror, and the British government passing oppressive legislation in order to prevent a similar uprising in England, it is argued that the present had become a more frightening place than the past, and that, because of this, Gothic fiction became increasingly willing to jettison historical and geographical displacement. Although Gothic attitudes towards the past continued to be influenced by the genre‟s earlier contentious relationship with Enlightenment historiography, Gothic narratives became less dependent on history as a site of terror, and began to situate themselves ever-closer to the present, with significant repercussions for the genre throughout the nineteenth century.
Risk, Government and Globalization: International Survey Evidence

This paper uses international survey data to document two stylized facts. First, risk aversion is associated with anti-trade attitudes. Second, this effect is smaller in countries with greater levels of government expenditure. The paper thus provides evidence for the microeconomic underpinnings of the argument associated with Ruggie (1982), Rodrik (1998) and others that government spending can bolster support for globalization by reducing the risk associated with it in the minds of voters.
Focusing on software engineering education: a graduate certificate in software engineering

The creation and evolution of a graduate-level certificate program in software engineering is presented in this paper. The software engineering certificate offered by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) is a four-course sequence of graduate courses in the area of software engineering and is intended to provide students with a focused understanding of the principles of software engineering and their application to software environments. The paper discusses the motivation for the original construction of the Software Engineering certificate program by the Rensselaer at Hartford (RH) branch of RPI and discusses the expected audience for the program. The program itself is detailed including an overview of the student audience, an explanation of the prerequisites of the program, and descriptions of the graduate courses in the certificate. The paper describes recent changes to the content of the Software Engineering certificate and discusses the factors that have influenced the certificate as it has evolved.
Mechanochemical transformation of an organic ligand on mineral surfaces: the efficiency of birnessite in catechol degradation.

The aim of this work is to investigate the efficiency of the phyllomanganate birnessite in degrading catechol after mechanochemical treatments. A synthesized birnessite and the organic molecule were grounded together in a high energy mill and the xenobiotic-mineral surface reactions induced by the grinding treatment have been investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, thermal analysis and spectroscopic techniques as well as high-performance liquid chromatography and voltammetric techniques. If compared to the simple contact between the birnessite and the organic molecule, mechanochemical treatments have revealed to be highly efficient in degrading catechol molecules, in terms both of time and extent. Due to the two phenolic groups of catechol and the small steric hindrance of the molecule, the extent of the mechanochemically induced degradation of catechol onto birnessite surfaces is quite high. The degradation mechanism mainly occurs via a redox reaction. It implies the formation of a surface bidentate inner-sphere complex between the phenolic group of the organic molecules and the Mn(IV) from the birnessite structure. Structural changes occur on the MnO(6) layers of birnessite as due to the mechanically induced surface reactions: reduction of Mn(IV), consequent formation of Mn(III) and new vacancies, and free Mn(2+) ions production.
Study on application of CRM in e-government based on public service

With the development of information technology and the intensity of global competition, government has been upgrading from management-oriented mode to service-oriented one. E-government gradually brings itself a new face from internal construction to the external publics, and shifts the focus from management to public service. With the help of CRM idea, government may better meet the public demand, improve the relationship between government and the public, improve government efficiency, and promote the social stability and harmony. Eventually, some proposals of application of CRM in e-government are put forward.
Tasks for the Applied Sociologist in a Court of Law

Social problems have preoccupied American sociologists, and of all social problems the one that has aroused the keenest sociological interest is crime. Much of the information we now have on crime, criminals, and the operation of the criminal justice system has come from the work of sociologists. Due not only to their careful attention to the formation and development of theoretical perspectives but also to their grounding in empirical research methodology, the role for social scientists in the analysis of crime and punishment would be a natural one. Applied sociology is defined by Angell (1967:725) as sociology that “is not an end in itself, but (that) becomes a means to some other end.” He provides a neat breakdown into three principal subroles that may be assumed by the applied sociologist: consultant, practitioner, researcher. The sociologist-as-consultant is an outside expert, often in gathering and explaining data for his client, an agency or institution. The sociologist-as-practitioner is a person ...
Mixed Emotions: Beyond Fear and Hatred in International Conflict by Wendy Pearlman (review)

In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that emotion plays a central role in global politics. For example, people readily care about acts of terrorism and humanitarian crises because they appeal to our compassion for human suffering. These struggles also command attention where social interactions have the power to produce or intensify the emotional responses of those who participate in them. From passionate protests to poignant speeches, Andrew A. G. Ross analyzes high-emotion events with an eye to how they shape public perception and finds that there is no single answer. The politically powerful play to the public's emotions to advance their political aims, and such appeals to emotion often serve to sustain existing values and institutions. But the affective dimension can also produce profound change, particularly when a struggle in the present can be shown to line up with emotionally resonant events from the past. Extending his findings to well-studied conflicts, including the "war on terror" and the violence in Rwanda and the Balkans, Ross identifies important sites of emotional impact missed by earlier research focused on identities and institutional interests.
Acute and chronic pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis. A 5-year follow-up study

Forty-nine (22 males, 27 females) patients with definite multiple sclerosis were examined twice with 5 years interval regarding acute (less than 1 month duration) and chronic (more than 1 month duration) pain syndromes. From the first to the second examination a significant increase was found in the number of acute and chronic pain syndromes, including tension and pain in the extremities, spasms, low back pain, Lhermitte's sign and neuralgia. The increase included both men and women. The increase was especially found in patients with deterioration of disability.SommarioL'occorrenza di sindromi dolorose acute (durata inferiore a 1 mese) o croniche (durata superiore a 1 mese) è stata indagata in 49 pazienti (22 maschi e 27 femmine) con sclerosi multipla definita. Ciascun paziente è stato esaminato due volte con un intervallo di 5 anni tra i due controlli. Tra il primo e il secondo controllo si è osservato un significativo aumento di sindromi dolorose acute e croniche comprendenti tensione e dolore alle estremità, spasmi, lombalgia, segno di Lhermitte e dolori neuralgici. Tale aumento si è verificato sia nei maschi che nelle femmine ed è particolarmente evidente nei pazienti con deterioramento e disabilità.
The vision of automated driving: What is it good for? Answers from society with economical and organizational perspectives

This contribution has the purpose of understanding the consequences of automated driving, e.g. resulting from new forms of man-machine interaction (driver — vehicle). While a combination of several components such as radar, lidar, camera, sensor with software and existing data (e.g. maps) already enables vehicles to drive autonomously today, this article will discuss the effects on society (e.g. new and safe mobility concepts), with economic (e.g. new business models) and organizational (understanding the paradigm change triggered by new vehicles) perspectives. The focus is on analyzing high degrees of automation (driverless and highly automated), which allow vehicles to be driven for example by autopilot. The approach is triangulate, using qualitative and quantitative sources (secondary data). Finally, statements will be elaborated and justified.
Hannah Arendt lectora de Kant

The present investigation, centered in Hannah Arendt´s thinking is oriented to show the importance that has her reflection on the totalitarian phenomenon for analyzing some of the contexts and tensions in the late assimilation of Kant´s philosophy – especially his Kritik der Urteilskraft- during the sixties and the seventies. This not imply to ignore certain displacementes with respect the evolution of this subject in the work of our authoress, but rather than they are given inside a continuum. According to this, the faculty of judgement is the endeavour, always unfinished, for thinking the politic figure of the espectator and his peculiar autonomy; the politics of the spectator.
Refashioning Ben Jonson: Gender, Politics, and the Jonsonian Canon

Refashioning Ben Jonson Kate Chedgzoy, Julie Sanders & Susan Wiseman Jonson's 'Comicall Satires' and the Art of Courtly Compliment Janet Clare 'Satyres, That Gird and Fart at the Time':Poetaster and the Essex Rebellion Tom Cain Sejanus: Ethics and Politics in the Early Reign of James Robert C.Evans Defacing the Carcass: Anne of Denmark and Jonson'sThe Masque of Blackness Clare McManus The Lone Wolf: Jonson's Epistle toVolpone Richard Dutton Making and Buying: Ben Jonson and the Commercial Theatre Audience Kate McLuskie Hell for Lovers: Shades of Adultery in The Devil is an Ass Helen Ostovich Print, Popular Culture, Consumption, and Commodity in The Staple of News Julie Sanders The Eccho of Uncertainties: Jonson, Classical Drama, and the English Civil War Susan Wiseman
BERNARD MELAND ON THE NEW FORMATIVE IMAGERY OF OUR TIME

. One of the key influences on radical empiricist theology, the thought of Bernard Meland is a challenge to overemphasis on precision and rigor of proof. This article (1) provides an introduction to Meland, (2) summarizes his view of the significance of post-Newtonian physics and of Darwin for religion, (3) discusses his relationship to Henry Nelson Wieman, and (4) assesses his contribution to current discussion in science and theology.
Threshold kaon photoproduction and electroproduction in SU(3) baryon chiral perturbation theory

We calculate the processes $\gamma p \to K^0 \Sigma^+ , K^+ \Sigma^0, K^+ \Lambda$ in three flavor heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory to one loop. Some low--energy constants are fixed from single baryon properties while others are estimated by means of resonance saturation. The total cross sections are comparable with the few existing data points in the threshold region. The angular dependences of the recoil polarization of the $\Lambda$ and $\Sigma^0$ show most features of the ones measured at ELSA. We also predict the isovector charge radius of the $\Sigma^+$, $ _{\Sigma^+} = (0.30 \pm 0.03) fm^2$.
Trade Protection with Two-Sidedness

The traditional model of trade protection against a foreign monopolist suggests that a home country should often impose a tariff on the foreign firm, even though this introduces an additional distortion. In this paper, I generalize the traditional model to include a basic network externality, e.g., the foreign firm also generates third party advertisement revenue from its product, and I determine that the network externality will result in a positive optimal tariff under a larger set of convex functions than in the traditional model. In this case, the firm has an additional gain from sales and so it is willing to bear a larger burden of the tax to maintain sales. Extending the model to include two-sided products (e.g., smartphones with consumers and app providers or video game consoles with consumers and game developers) leads to further results. With two-sidedness, the firm is able to alleviate some of the burden of the tariff through rent transfers from one side of the market to the other which makes a positive tariff policy optimal for these industries.
Oxidative degradation of chlorophenolic compounds with pyrite-Fenton process.

Batch experiments, in conjunction with chromatographic and spectroscopic measurements, were performed to comparatively investigate the degradation of various chlorophenolic (CP) compounds (e.g., 2-CP, 4-CP, 2,3-DCP, 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP, 2,3,4,6-TeCP) by a modified Fenton process using pyrite as the catalyst. The batch results show that the CP removal by pyrite-Fenton process was highly dependent on chemical conditions (e.g., pH, CP and pyrite concentration), CP type, number and location of chlorine atoms on the aromatic ring. With the exception of 2,3,4,6-TeCP and 2,3-DCP, the CP removal decreased with increasing the number of chlorine constituents. While the main mechanism responsible for monochlorophenol removal (e.g., 2-CP and 4-CP) was the hydroxyl radical attack on aromatic rings, the CP removal for multichlorophenolic compounds (e.g., 2,3,4,6-TeCP) was driven by both: (1) hydroxyl radical attack on aromatic rings by both solution and surface-bound hydroxyl radicals and (2) adsorption onto pyrite surface sites. The adsorption affinity increased with increasing the number of Cl atoms on the aromatic ring due to enhanced hydrophobic effect. The TOC removal was not 100% complete for all CPs investigated due to formation of chemically less degradable chlorinated intermediate organic compounds as well as low molecular weight organic acids such as formic and acetic acid. Spectroscopic measurements with SEM-EDS, zeta potential and XPS provided evidence for the partial oxidation of pyrite surface Fe(II) and disulfide groups under acidic conditions.