nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Analytic Study of Chinese Foreign Policy

In the absence of pertinent empirical information about how Chinese leaders actually make foreign policy, how can outside observers explain Chinese foreign policy? This essay argues that a coherent and useful theory of Chinese foeign policy must be based on an integration of particulars with regularities in a prioritized fashion, and that particulars are primarily constrained by regularities. One's prioritization thus should begin with those forces in the external environment that shape war and peace: forces that are above and beyond the immediate control and influence of the decision makers and domestic politics.
Educational Achievement of Institutionalized Emotionally Disturbed Children

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of the measured educational achievements of the forty-eight children comprising the school population of a state mental hospital. Academic achievement was measured with the California Achievement Test, and results are Interpreted In terms of chronological and mental ages. Some serial measurement achievement data are presented for children who have been In the educational program for periods varying from less than one year to more than twenty months.The results Indicate that even when mental age Is used as a base for determining achievement expectations, the achievement retardation for nil subjects ranges from seven to nineteen months.
The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century.

PART 1: RELIGION AND LEARNING 1. The Augustinian Strain of Piety 2. The Practice of Piety 3. The Intellectual Character 4. The Intellectual Heritage PART 2: COSMOLOGY 5. The Instrument of Reason 6. Knowledge 7. The Uses of Reason 8.  The Nature of Man 10. The Means of Conversion 11. Rhetoric 12. The Plain Style PART 4: SOCIOLOGY 13. The Covenant of Grace 14. The Social Covenant 15. The Church Covenant 16. God's Controversy with New England Appendix A. The Literature of Ramus' Logic in Europe Appendix B. The Federal School of Theology Notes Index
Evolving magma sources during continental lithospheric extension: Insights from the Liaonan metamorphic core complex, eastern North China craton

The relation between magmatic activity and detachment faulting during continental lithospheric extension remains a persistent question. This paper takes the Liaonan metamorphic core complex (mcc) in the eastern North China craton as an example to explore how magma generation relates to detachment faulting in response to continental lithospheric extension due to the subduction of the Paleopacific plate beneath the Eurasian continent in the Early Cretaceous. Dating of lower plate granitic intrusions and trachy-dacitic volcanic rocks in the supradetachment basin constrains a progressive exhumation of the mcc between ca. 134 Ma and 113 Ma. Syn-tectonic magmatism is grouped into three types, i.e., early syn-kinematic, late syn-kinematic, and post-kinematic magmatism, in reference to detachment faulting. The magmatic rocks exhibit obvious differences in whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopes, implying varying sources, e.g., lithospheric mantle, juvenile and ancient lower crusts. Evolving magma sources during the progressive exhumation of the mcc are shown from one with a lithospheric mantle signature for the early syn-kinematic intrusions to one with mixed derivations from both juvenile and ancient lower crust for the late syn-kinematic plutons and volcanics and, finally, to a juvenile lower crust source for the post-kinematic intrusions. The source evolution of magmatism during the continental lithospheric extension implies that both crustal and mantle processes may have been involved in the magma generation. The Parallel Extension Tectonics model is applied to explain both the tectonic faulting and magmatic activities. In the model, the evolving magma sources accompanying the mcc exhumation were attributed to thinning of the cratonic lithosphere as a consequence of coupled crust–mantle detachment faulting during tectonic extension. The model can be applied to the variably extended provinces in the North China craton, but integrated structural, geochronological and geochemical studies are needed to present a comprehensive tectono-thermal (magmatic) history of these provinces.
The Application of Parametric Intelligent Design in Contemporary Public Art

As a new trend of thought and style today, the application of parametric intelligent design gets many success in the design of building and product, for meeting the development requirement of human beings and social development tendency, proving the real exploration for objective world. Parametric intelligent design isn't merely temporary thing in limited area, it will be having impressed effects on every design area. Contemporary public art needs to expound the intelligent design with its specific advantage to help it put wider diversity, participation and interaction into effect.
Classical verification of quantum proofs

We present a classical interactive protocol that verifies the validity of a quantum witness state for the local Hamiltonian problem. It follows from this protocol that approximating the non-local value of a multi-player one-round game to inverse polynomial precision is QMA-hard. Our work makes an interesting connection between the theory of QMA-completeness and Hamiltonian complexity on one hand and the study of non-local games and Bell inequalities on the other.
Physico-chemical characterisation of Cu(In,Al)Se2 thin film for solar cells obtained by a selenisation process

Cu(In,Al)Se 2 thin films are investigated for their application as absorber layer material for solar cells. Films are elaborated by selenisation of multilayer metallic precursors deposited by thermal evaporation. In order to minimize the oxidation of the aluminium during the precursor deposition, an alternative deposition method using a Cu–Al eutectic is used. Films are characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy, and optical measurements. These measurements show that most of the films are crystallized in the chalcopyrite structure and have the expected optical properties and composition. In some cases, the aluminium segregates and the films behave like CuInSe 2 . In all cases, the films are not oxidized (less than 1 at.% of O 2 ).
Shell structure fingerprints of tensor interaction

We address the consequences of strong tensor terms in the local energy density functional, resulting from fits to the f5/2 -f7/2 splittings in 40Ca , 48Ca , and 56Ni . In this study, we focus on the tensor contribution to the nuclear binding energy. In particular, we show that it exhibits an interesting topological feature closely resembling that of the shell correction. We demonstrate that in the extreme single-particle scenario at spherical shape, the tensor contribution shows tensorial magic numbers equal to N(Z) = 14 , 32, 56, and 90, and that this structure is smeared out due to configuration mixing caused by pairing correlations and migration of proton/neutron sub-shells with neutron/proton shell filling. Based on a specific Skyrme-type functional SLy4T, we show that the proton tensorial magic numbers shift with increasing neutron excess to Z = 14 , 28, and 50.
Rotochemical Heating of Neutron Stars: Rigorous Formalism with Electrostatic Potential Perturbations

The electrostatic potential that keeps approximate charge neutrality in neutron star matter is self-consistently introduced into the formalism for rotochemical heating presented in a previous paper by Fernandez and Reisenegger. Although the new formalism is more rigorous, we show that its observable consequences are indistinguishable from those of the previous one, leaving the conclusions of the previous paper unchanged.
Ownership structures as determinants of financial decisions: evidence from Pakistani family owned listed firms

The current study aims to inspect the investment policy as well as financing policy with respect to ownership structure. Two threshold points of ownership structure (25% & 50%) were used to distinguishing family owned business (FOB) from the non-family (NFOB) ones. The data sample of 280 listed firms at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) was collected from different sources like annual reports, financial statements and balance sheet analyses ranging for the period 2002-2013. Among many advance econometric techniques, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was found appropriate to estimate the coefficients of variables. The empirical results showed that the FOBs had lower investment-internal fund sensitivity than NFOBs. However, the blockholder’s effect on investment-internal fund sensitivity was found statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the weak application of Pecking Order Theory and higher payout ratio in FOBs as compared to NFOBs were revealed. Also, It was concluded that the lower agency and information asymmetry problems in FOBs comparatively.
Superoxide dismutase activity and novel reactions with hydrogen peroxide of histidine-containing nickel(II)-oligopeptide complexes and nickel(II)-induced structural changes in synthetic DNA

At physiologic pH values, histidine-containing nickel(II) oligopeptides reduced the flux of superoxide anion (O2) generated in the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system. The postulated involvement of the Ni(III)/Ni(II) redox couple in this apparent dismutation receives indirect support from electron-spin resonance data. These complexes also catalyzed the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, a process which generates active intermediates capable of hydroxylating p-nitrophenol and oxidizing uric acid to allantoin. An oxene moiety, namely [Nio]2+, is postulated as the active species in these H2O2-dependent reactions. Spectral analysis showed that monovalent, divalent and trivalent ions induced cooperative conformational changes in synthetic polydeoxynucleotides. For the nickel(II) ion, resistance to DNase-I activity clearly showed that an alternating G-C sequence is required for the observed transitions. It is concluded that the ability of nickel(II) peptide complexes to participate in active oxygen biochemistry suggests a possible role for nickel as a chemical promoter of cancer, whereas the capacity of the nickel(II) ion to induce conformational changes in DNA could, in principle, affect gene expression. Of course, the validity of both hypotheses require that the observed reactions be verified as biologically significant.
On the Interpretation of Aristotelian Syllogistic

(theorem 6, ? 4) we show that in Wedberg's system  with primitives 'Aab', 'a" (not a), it is possible to find a mapping a -T(a) as above such that 'Aab' is equivalent to '92(a) is contained in 9p(b)' and 9p(a') is equal to p(a)', the complement of p(a) with respect to V. Thus, if we make the preliminary step of identifying elements a, b such that Aab and Aba both hold (i.e. taking equivalence classes with respect to the relation Aab & Aba), we are left with essentially only one kind of interpretation for these systems, namely the 'normal' interpretation by classes. Slupecki [1 1],  has proved that Lukasiewicz's system is a complete and decidable theory of the relations of inclusion and intersection of non-null classes, and Wedberg  has proved that his system is a complete and decidable theory of the relation of inclusion and the operation of complementation for nonnull, non-universal classes. Using the above-mentioned embedding theorem, we are able to obtain (theorems 9, 6, ?? 5, 4) very simple proofs of these results. For the sake of completeness and simplicity of presentation we deal first with the theory of inclusion and complementation for general (i.e. not necessarily non-null, non-universal) classes. In this way all the results follow with very little further effort from our theorem 1 which says, essentially, that a sufficient (and obviously necessary) condition for a partially ordered set S with a 'complement' operation "' to be embeddable, with preservation of complements, in a Boolean algebra is that, for all a, b of S, a" = a, a ? b .). b' ? a', and a ? a' .D. a ? b.
Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X.@@@From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity.

Twenty years after his assassination, what is it about Malcolm X's life and words that speaks so powerfully to so many? In Making Malcolm, Michael Eric Dyson probes the myths and meanings of Malcolm X for our time. From Spike Lee's film biography to Eugene Wolfenstein's psychobiographical study, from hip-hop culture to gender and racial politics, Dyson cuts a critical swathe through both the idolization and the vicious caricatures that have undermined appreciation of Malcolm's greatest accomplishments. A rare and important book, Making Malcolm casts new light not only on the life and career of a seminal black leader, but on the aspirations and passions of the growing numbers who have seized on his life for insight and inspiration.
The Politics of Routing: Investigating the Relationship Between AS Connectivity and Internet Freedom

The Internet’s importance in promoting free and open communication has led to widespread crackdowns on its use in countries around the world. In this study, we investigate the relationship between national policies around freedom of speech and Internet topology in various countries. We combine techniques from network measurement and machine learning to identify features of Internet structure at the national level that are the best indicators of a country’s level of freedom. We find that IP density and path lengths to other countries are the best indicators of a country’s freedom. We also find that our methods predict the freedom category (Free/Partly Free/Not Free) of a country with 95% accuracy.
Philosophy in an Age of Science: Physics, Mathematics, and Skepticism

Putnam's unceasing self-criticism has led to the frequent changes of mind he is famous for, but his thinking is also marked by considerable continuity. A simultaneous interest in science and ethics - unusual in the current climate of contention - has long characterized his thought. In "Philosophy in an Age of Science", Putnam collects his papers for publication - his first volume in almost two decades. Mario De Caro and David Macarthur's introduction identifies central themes to help the reader negotiate between Putnam past and Putnam present: his critique of logical positivism; his enduring aspiration to be realist about rational normativity; his anti-essentialism about a range of central philosophical notions; his reconciliation of the scientific worldview and the humanistic tradition; and his movement from reductive scientific naturalism to liberal naturalism. Putnam returns here to some of his first enthusiasms in philosophy, such as logic, mathematics, and quantum mechanics. The reader is given a glimpse, too, of ideas currently in development on the subject of perception. Putnam's work, contributing to a broad range of philosophical inquiry, has been said to represent a "history of recent philosophy in outline." Here it also delineates a possible future.
THE VALAAM ARCHIPELAGO: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The authors describe a complex of social, economic, and environmental problems on the Valaam Archipelago, associated with pollution of Lake Ladoga, heavy tourist pressure, and deteriorating residential/economic infrastructure for the small permanent population. The islands are known as the site of the architecturally and historically unique Monastery of the Transfiguration, situated on the main island of Valaam—now in disrepair from negligence, heavy visitor pressure, and use as residential quarters for all but a few permanent island residents. The option of resettling this population to the mainland is weighed against its comprehensive development as a historical and tourist center. translated by H. L. Haslett, Leamington Spa, UK from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1991, No. 1, pp. 98-103.
A note on brane creation

The M-theory origin of brane creation processes is discussed.  dealwis@gopika.colorado.edu Recently Hanany and Witten[1] have shown how to derive non-perturbative results for (three-dimensional) field theory starting from ten-dimensional type IIB. In the course of the discussion they derived certain brane transition rules which show that when certain branes cross, other branes are created. This phenomenon has been the subject of some discussion [2],[3],[4],[5],[6]. In this paper we will discuss the M-theory origin of these transition rules. In particular the correct normalizations of various terms in the action of five and two branes coupled to M-theory obtained in , , will enable us to fix directly the relations between the charges and intersection numbers that enter into these rules. We work in eleven dimesional Planck units, i.e. we have set 2κ11 = 1 so that the M-membrane tension is T2 = (2π) 2/3 and the five-brane tension is T5 = (2π) . The action I for low-energy M theory coupled to a two-brane and a five-brane allowing also for the possibility of the two-brane ending on the five-brane is, I 2π = − 1 2 (2π) 1 3 ∫
On Test Sets for Checking Morphism Equivalence on Languages with Fair Distribution of Letters

A test set for a language L is a finite subset T of L with the property that each pair of morphisms that agrees on T also agrees on L . Some results concerning test sets for languages with fair distribution of letters are presented. The first result is that every D0L language with fair distribution of letters has a test set. The second result shows that every language L with fair distribution has a test set relative to morphisms g , h which have bounded balance on L . These results are generalizations of results of Culik II and Karhumaki (1983).
Nonzero energy of2+1Minkowski space

We compute the energy of 2+1 Minkowski space from a covariant action principle. Using Ashtekar and Varadarajan's characterization of 2+1 asymptotic flatness, we first show that the 2+1 Einstein-Hilbert action with Gibbons-Hawking boundary term is both finite on-shell (apart from past and future boundary terms) and stationary about solutions under arbitrary smooth asymptotically flat variations of the metric. Thus, this action provides a valid variational principle and no further boundary terms are required. We then obtain the gravitational Hamiltonian by direct computation from this action. The result agrees with the Hamiltonian of Ashtekar and Varadarajan up to an overall addititve constant. This constant is such that 2+1 Minkowski space is assigned the energy E = -1/4G, while the upper bound on the energy is set to zero. Any variational principle with a boundary term built only from the extrinsic and intrinsic curvatures of the boundary is shown to lead to the same result. Interestingly, our result is not the flat-space limit of the corresponding energy -1/8G of 2+1 anti-de Sitter space.
Clustering of Cu prior to the crystallization reaction in an Fe-Zr-B-Cu amorphous alloy

While nanocrystalline structure evolves in Fe-Zr-B ternary alloys by primary crystallization, it was reported that a small addition of Cu reduced the crystallization temperature slightly and made the grain size much smaller. Similar effect of Cu was reported in Fe-Si-B-Nb-Cu alloys, but in this case, addition of Cu was essential to obtain a nanocrystalline structure. Previous atom probe works revealed that Cu atoms form clusters prior to the crystallization reaction. Similar effect is expected in the Fe-Zr-B-Cu system but this remains unconfirmed. The aim of this study was to examine the behavior of Cu in Fe-Zr-B-Cu amorphous alloy in the early stage of primary crystallization and to understand the effect of Cu on the crystallization of Fe-Zr-B based amorphous alloys.
Role of Small-Business Strategic Alliances in the Perception of Benefits and Disadvantages of E-Commerce Adoption in SMEs

Despite the proclaimed advantages of small-business strategic alliances, little research has been carried out to determine whether these structures promote the benefits and/or “cushion” the disadvantages arising from ecommerce adoption for member businesses. There has also been a lack of research into comparing e-commerce use in those small businesses that are members of a strategic alliance to those that have opted to remain outside such arrangements. This chapter aims to correct the situation by presenting IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, Advanced Topics in Electronic Commerce, vol. 1 edited by Mehdi Khosrow-Pour  Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB11310
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VANADATE AND 1,2-AROMATIC DIOLS. COMPLEX FORMATION AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION

The kinetics of the interaction between vanadate oxoanion and 1,2-aromatic diols in basic media (pH 8-9, ionic strength 0.5 M (NH4C1), 25 OC) have been studied by stopped-flow spectroscopy. Three distinct transients are observed after mixing. In order of increasing reaction lifetime the transients are assigned to complex formation, reduction of V(V) to V(IV), and further reactions of the intermediate oxidation product. The rate of complex formation increases with increasing pH; a similar effect has been found for the formation of a bis(l,2-aromatic diol) complex of molybdate. The rate of the oxidation-reduction reaction increases with decreasing pH. This effect has been interpreted as the proton-transfer-assisted formation of monooxovanadium(1V) from the parent cis-dioxovanadium(V) complex. Qualitatively, these results model the reversal of the specific vanadate inhibition of mammalian [Na,K]-ATPase by catecholamines.
Fungal Biology in the Origin and Emergence of Life

The rhythm of life on Earth includes several strong themes contributed by Kingdom Fungi. So why are fungi ignored when theorists ponder the origin of life? Casting aside common theories that life originated in an oceanic primeval soup, in a deep, hot place, or even a warm little pond, this is a mycological perspective on the emergence of life on Earth. The author traces the crucial role played by the first biofilms – products of aerosols, storms, volcanic plumes and rainout from a turbulent atmosphere – which formed in volcanic caves 4 billion years ago. Moore describes how these biofilms contributed to the formation of the first prokaryotic cells, and later, unicellular stem eukaryotes, highlighting the role of the fungal grade of organisation in the evolution of higher organisms. Based on the latest research, this is a unique account of the origin of life and its evolutionary diversity to the present day.
Extended Antipodal Theorems

Since 1909 when Brouwer proved the first fixed-point theorem named after him, the fixed-point results in various settings play an important role in the optimization theory and applications. This technique has proven to be indispensable for the proofs of multiple results related to the existence of solutions to numerous problems in the areas of optimization and approximation theory, differential equations, variational inequalities, complementary problems, equilibrium theory, game theory, mathematical economics, etc. It is also worthwhile to mention that the majority of problems of finding solutions (zero-points) of functions (operators) can be easily reduced to that of discovering of fixed points of properly modified mappings. Not only theoretical but also practical (algorithmic) developments are based on the fixed-point theory. For instance, the well-known simplicial (triangulation) algorithms help one to find the desired fixed points in a constructive way. That approach allows one to investigate the solvability of complicated problems arising in theory and applications. In this paper, making use of the triangulation technique, we extend some antipodal and fixed-point theorems to the case of nonconvex, more exactly, star-shaped sets. Also, similar extensions are made for set-valued mappings defined over star-shaped sets.