nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The binding affinity of uncharged aromatic solutes for negatively charged resins is enhanced by cations via cation-π interactions: The case of sodium ion and arginine.

Salt solutions are widely used as eluents for ion-exchange chromatography. In general, salts reduce the retention of applied solutes on ion-exchange columns via electrostatic screening effects. The reverse phenomenon, namely, salt-enhanced retention, has not been reported. Here, we report that cations, including arginine, guanidine and sodium ions, enhance the retention of uncharged aromatic solutes on a cation-exchange resin, i.e., a negatively charged resin, with carboxyl groups, where we used alkyl gallates as model uncharged aromatic solutes and a carboxymethyl agarose gel (CM Sepharose) as a model negatively charged resin. Enhancement of retention was observed at concentrations of tens of millimolar of the salts, in which arginine hydrochloride was more effective than guanidinium salts and NaCl. Similar trends were observed for other phenolic compounds, including phenol and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the binding free energy between the alkyl gallate molecule and the CM Sepharose resin ligand molecule increased with increasing salt concentration. The increase in binding free energy caused by the salts was accounted for by the binding of the salt cations to the aromatic moiety of the alkyl gallate via cation-π interactions, leading to attenuation of intrinsic repulsive interactions between the ligand carboxyl group and the alkyl gallate aromatic moiety. Therefore, the salt-enhanced retention of the uncharged aromatic solutes on the negatively charged resins was ascribable to the increase in binding free energy induced by the cation-π interactions. This unique reverse phenomenon of the effect of salts on solute retention indicates the importance of cation-π interactions in ion-exchange chromatography. This phenomenon can be used for selective chromatographic separation of aromatic solutes, including organic solutes, proteins and nucleic acids.
Institutional Racism and Individual Agency: A Case Study using Foucault's Disciplinary Power Critical Social Work 15(1)

Institutional racism is a principal factor in the exclusion and oppression of racialized groups. Social work scholars have examined the organizational indicators, attitudes, and actions of staff that contribute to institutional racism in order to elucidate its function. However, an understanding of the interplay between institutions and individuals within institutional racism has remained largely elusive. This paper aims to address this gap. Using the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault and his theorization of disciplinary power, this paper presents a case study of one social worker’s efforts to address racism in her organization. The result is a unique understanding of institutional racism that considers the dynamic interactions between institutional constraints and individual agency. Such an analysis enables those in direct practice as well as in leadership roles who are committed to anti-oppression social work to understand the barriers and routes to antiracist institutional change.
Dependence of the enthalpies of formation of Ag+ complexes with glycinate ion and the protonation of glycinate ion on the content of aqueous ethanol solvent

Enthalpy changes are determined by calorimetry for the reactions of glycinate ion (Gly−) proto- nation and its complexation with Ag+ ion at a temperature of 298 K and ionic strength 0.1 (NaClO4) in an aqueous ethanol solvent containing 0.0–0.4 and 0.0–0.3 mole fraction of alcohol, respectively. An abnormal relationship of enthalpy changes is found for the processes of stepwise formation of mono- and bis-glycinates of silver(I) in water. It is shown that varying the ethanol content has virtually no effect on the exothermicity of Ag+ complexation reactions with glycinate ions at either coordination step and does not change the relationship of the step enthalpies. An analogy is observed in the relationship of solvation contributions from the reagents to the value of ΔtrH° for the reactions of glycinate ion protonation and its complexation with silver(I) in aqueous ethanol solvents.
Time evolution as a gauge transformation: x5-dependent cosmological solution in 5d Kaluza–Klein theory

We discuss a new feature of the 5d Kaluza–Klein cosmology. For that purpose, we obtain the simplest x 5 -dependent solution which, in the reduced description, is associated with a radiation-dominated Robertson–Walker universe, and also can be regarded as an extension of the Schwarzschild solution. This solution enables us to deduce an important result that an evolving universe is related with a static universe by the gauge transformation, i.e., they are gauge equivalent. This means that having a different universe simply corresponds to choosing a different gauge.
Statecraft and classical learning : the Rituals of Zhou in East Asian history

Benjamin A. Elman and Martin Kern Early China 1. The Zhouli as Constitutional Text - David Schaberg 2. Offices of Writing and Reading in the Rituals of Zhou - Martin Kern 3. The Many Dukes of Zhou in Early Sources - Michael Nylan 4.  Wang Mang, the Zhouli, and Early Chinese Statecraft - Michael Puett 5. Zheng Xuan's Commentary on the Zhouli - Andrew H. Plaks II. Medieval China 6. The Role of the Zhouli in Seventh- and Eighth-Century Civil Administrative Traditions - David McMullen 7. Wang Anshi and the Zhouli - Peter K. Bol 8. Tension and Balance: Changes of Constitutional Schemes in Southern Song Commentaries on the Rituals of Zhou - Jaeyoon Song III. Early Modern East Asia 9. Tokugawa Approaches to the Rituals of Zhou: The Late Mito School and Feudalism" - Kate Wildman Nakai 10. Yun Hyu and the Search for Dominance: A Seventeenth-Century Korean Reading of the Offices of Zhou and the Rituals of Zhou - JaHyun Kim Haboush 11. The Story of a Chapter: Changing Views of the "Artificer's Record" ("Kaogong ji") and the Zhouli - Benjamin A. Elman IV. Modern China 12. The Zhouli as the Late Qing Path to the Future - Rudolf G. Wagner 13.  Some Conclusions about the Zhouli - Rudolf G. Wagner Bibliography Index
Planar Linkages Following a Prescribed Motion

Designing mechanical devices, called linkages, that draw a given plane curve has been a topic that interested engineers and mathematicians for hundreds of years, and recently also computer scientists. Already in 1876, Kempe proposed a procedure for solving the problem in full generality, but his constructions tend to be extremely complicated. We provide a novel algorithm that produces much simpler linkages, but works only for parametric curves. Our approach is to transform the problem into a factorization task over some noncommutative algebra. We show how to compute such a factorization, and how to use it to construct a linkage tracing a given curve.
An improved representation theorem of L-fuzzy sets

In this paper we present an extension of the famous representation theorem of Negoita and Ralescu. In this theorem the authors proved that the structure of lattice-valued fuzzy sets is dual isomorphic to the structure of lattice-valued flou sets for a special kind of lattices satisfying an additional condition that resembles the characterization of a supremum in chains. In this paper we show that this condition can be dropped and replaced by adding an antitone involution to both structures.
g-Factor of heavy ions: a new access to the fine structure constant.

A possibility for a determination of the fine structure constant in experiments on the bound-electron g-factor is examined. It is found that studying a specific difference of the g-factors of B- and H-like ions of the same spinless isotope in the Pb region to the currently accessible experimental accuracy of 7 x 10(-10) would lead to a determination of the fine structure constant to an accuracy which is better than that of the currently accepted value. Further improvements of the experimental and theoretical accuracy could provide a value of the fine structure constant which is several times more precise than the currently accepted one.
Calculus of cooperation and game-based reasoning about protocol privacy

The article introduces a new formal system, the calculus of cooperation, for reasoning about coalitions of players in a certain class of games. The calculus is an extension of the propositional intuitionistic logic that adds a coalition parameter to intuitionistic implication. The system is shown to be sound and complete with respect to a game semantics.
 One intended application of the calculus of cooperation is the verification of privacy properties in multiparty computation protocols. The article argues that such properties can be established by providing a set of strategies for a non-zero-sum, perfect information game based on the protocol. It concludes with several examples of such verifications formalized in the calculus of cooperation.
What moves macropartisanship? A response to Green, Palmquist, and Schickler

decade ago (MacKuen, Erikson, and Stimson 1989), we saw our contribution as the following basic points. First, we showed that macrolevel party identification undergoes considerable movement over time. Second, we showed that much of this movement tracks changes in presidential approval and the economy as monitored by the Michigan Index of Consumer Sentiment. In retrospect, "Macropartisanship" is remarkable for what it did not say. Apart from chiding the then conventional view that national partisan sentiment seldom moves except when shaken by rare "realignments," the article offered few specifics about the nature of the macropartisanship time series. And it offered no specific viewpoint about microlevel party identification, other than dutifully citing competing "schools" ("psychological attachment" versus "running tally"). The motivating theoretical argument of that article, evidently original for its time, was that the relative stability of microlevel party identification did not logically require that macrolevel partisanship be a constant. These empirical results merely put partisanship back in the realm of politics. Green, Palmquist, and Schickler (1998) charge that our earlier work seriously overestimated the effects of consumer sentiment and presidential approval on macropartisanship. More may be at stake than the size of a
Electrostatic interactions between organic ions. Part 2.—Phosphates with amines

Association constants of organic cations with organic phosphate anions have been determined using an n.m.r. procedure. The constants are compared with expectation based on the Bjerrum theory of ion-pair formation. The values of the constants are rather different from those for simple and complex inorganic ions with the same organic phosphates. The importance of the difference for biological systems is stressed.
Non-Tariff Barriers and the Telecommunications Sector

This paper discusses the nature, importance, and measurement of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) in services trade with particular reference to telecommunications services. It is shown that although more effectively addressed for the telecom sector at the multilateral level than for other service sectors, NTBs are still widespread and would appear to have a large potential for restricting trade in services. The paper reviews the scope and classification of non-tariff barriers to services trade and sets out an alternative typology for their classification, highlighting the fact that NTBs may be either government-imposed, may result from non-competitive market structures, or from the absence of appropriate regulation. The latter is shown to constitute one of the most important sources of NTBs in network industries, such as telecommunications services. Attempts by the relevant literature to measure NTBs in telecommunications are summarized and their usefulness in identifying ?appropriate? policy mixes is commented. Lastly, the paper probes the question of whether existing multilateral and regional instruments and agreements are adequate to deal with the non-tariff phenomenon in the telecom sector in its several dimensions.
The power of a family archive

Traditionally, an archive of family letters provides primary source materials for historians. The family archive described in this article does provide detailed insight into the suffering of several Jews in Germany and France before and during World War II. It serves as a memorial to several individuals who were murdered by the Nazis. It is also a moving testimony of the cost of war. As such, it can be seen as contributing to the wider historical record of the Holocaust. But in addition, this family archive also opened an entire series of new relationships with previously unknown blood relatives scattered across the globe, with an artist drawing the archive into a creative remembrance project, and also with individuals interested in the history of their community in Germany, which was my father’s birthplace. This family archive demonstrates values of archives parallel to their historical significance. It provides a meaningful illustration for how they can, in an unanticipated and unpredictable fashion, serve as a device for forging contemporary and ongoing familial, interpersonal, and social relationships. Ultimately, this archive of family letters, created in the midst of pain and anguish and death, has laid a new foundation of commemoration and remembrance.
The effect of sucrose on the thermodynamic properties of ovalbumin and sodium caseinate in bulk solution and at air–water interface

This paper presents a study of the effect of sucrose on the molecular parameters and thermodynamic properties in a bulk aqueous medium and at the air–water interface for two proteins differing both in nature and structure, that is Na-caseinate and ovalbumin. To get more insight into the molecular nature of the effect of sucrose, mixing calorimetry, light scattering and tensiometry measurements have been made under different pHs (7.0 and 5.5) and temperatures (20–55°C) at an ionic strength of 0.005 mol dm −3 . Combined temperature dependencies of light scattering and mixing calorimetry testify to hydrogen bonding (sucrose-protein and/or sucrose-water) as being the primary basis of the effect of sucrose on the molecular and thermodynamic properties of the proteins in the bulk and at interface of an aqueous medium. At pH 7.0, in the case of ovalbumin, the interaction with sucrose causes an increase in the protein hydrophilicity in the bulk aqueous medium followed by a decrease in the protein surface activity, whilst for Na-caseinate, there is an increase in the protein hydrophobicity due to Na-caseinate micelle dissociation and, consequently, to an increase in the protein surface activity. Lowering the pH to 5.5, accompanied by a strengthening of the competition between less charged proteins and sucrose for water molecules, induces a rise in the protein hydrophobic aggregation in the bulk. The special features of the latter process are probably mainly responsible for the changes in the surface activity of the proteins under influence of sucrose at pH 5.5.
Creating Strong Total Commutative Associative Complexity-Theoretic One-Way Functions from Any Complexity-Theoretic One-Way Function

Rabi and Sherman [RS97] presented novel digital signature and unauthenticated secret-key agreement protocols, developed by themselves and by Rivest and Sherman. These protocols use ``strong,'' total, commutative (in the case of multi-party secret-key agreement), associative one-way functions as their key building blocks. Though Rabi and Sherman did prove that associative one-way functions exist if $\p \neq \np$, they left as an open question whether any natural complexity-theoretic assumption is sufficient to ensure the existence of ``strong,'' total, commutative, associative one-way functions. In this paper, we prove that if $\p \neq \np$ then ``strong,'' total, commutative, associative one-way functions exist.
750 GeV diphotons from closed string states

We show that low-mass-scale string compactifications, with a generic D-brane configuration that realizes the standard model by open strings, can explain the relatively broad peak in the diphoton invariant mass spectrum at 750 GeV recently reported by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations. Under reasonable assumptions, we demonstrate that the excess could originate from a closed string (possibly axionic) excitation φ that has a coupling with gauge kinetic terms. We estimate the φ production rate from photon–photon fusion in elastic pp scattering, using the effective photon and narrow width approximations. For string scales above today's lower limit Ms ≈ 7 TeV, we can accommodate the diphoton rate observed at Run II while maintaining consistency with Run I data.
Market innovation as framing, productive friction and bricolage: an exploration of the personal data market

This paper explores the possibilities offered by recent Science and Technology Studies (STS) research on markets for engaging with market innovation. Although there exist few reflections on how innovation happens in markets, market innovation has not been singularly theorized in STS-inspired market studies. In this paper, we explore the potential analytic utility of different sets of ideas in the field of market studies, such as ‘framing’ [Callon, M. (1998) ‘ the embeddedness of economic markets in economics’, in The Laws of Markets , ed. M. Callon, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 1--57; Callon, M. (2007) ‘An essay on the growing contribution of economic markets to the proliferation of the social’, Theory, Culture & Society , vol. 24, no. 7--8, pp. 136--163], ‘productive friction’ [Stark, D. (2009) The Sense of Dissonance: Accounts of Worth in Economic Life , Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ] and ‘bricolage’ [MacKenzie, D. & Pardo-Guerra, J. P. (2014) ‘Insurgent capitalism: Island, bricolage and the re-making of finance’, Economy and Society , vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 153--182]. Drawing on our research into the online personal data industry and start-ups developing personal data control products, we put together five sensibilities that we think are of use for broader considerations of market innovation.
Fluid Distinguishing Criterion Analysis of Ciying Formation,Luliang Area

Luliang Basin of Yun’ nan belongs to a sand-shale shallow gas developing area, with water in the later period of block development. Therefore, how to distinguish efficiently the gas zone and gas-water zone becomes a difficulty of reservoir evaluation. Analyzing reservoir characteristics and some developed wells, comparing the differences of resistivity, compensated neutron and compensated sonic value in gas zone and gas-water zone, this paper establishes the distinguishing criterion of reservoir fluid property in Luliang area.
The impact of market maker competition on market quality: evidence from an options exchange

This paper examines the dynamic relationship between competition, liquidity provision, and market structure. By examining the entry and exit of market makers in the Australian Options market, this study empirically analyses the issue of market maker competition. Results indicate that market maker entry is dependent on a broad range of profit, risk and market concentration characteristics, but free market maker movement does not explicitly result in a competitive market structure. This study also finds that the degree of market concentration additionally affects the marginal impact of market maker entry (exit), but the effect is significantly more pronounced for the most liquid classes of options. The implication of this finding is pertinent to market regulators since market maker competition may not necessarily contribute to enhancing market quality for less liquid securities.  Finance Discipline, Faculty of Economic and Business, University of Sydney, 2006,  Tel (+612) 9227 0895; Fax (+612) 9351 6461;  This research was funded by the Sydney Futures Exchange under Corporations Regulation 7.5.88(2). The authors thank the Securities Industry Research Centre of AsiaPacific (SIRCA) for the provision of data.
A history of freethought : in the nineteenth century

Volume 1: Part I The reign of orthodoxy: the religious reaction in Britain religious reaction on the continent social reaction in the United States freethinking reaction in Britain and America the natural sciences, before Darwin Biblical criticism to Baur the religious resistance, 1800-1850 philosophy and ethics in transition. Part II - The General Advice: British and American writers, 1840-1870 European literature freethought organization. Volume 2: Part III - The scientific advance: the doctrine of evolution. Part IV - the doctrine of orthodoxy: the turning of the balance later Biblical criticism later philosophy and ethics outlying fields summary and conclusions.
Prevalence of vertebral fractures in patients wit h Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease admitted to a University Hospital

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a widely distributed disease with high morbimortality, associated with important pathologies, among which is included osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of vertebral fractures in those patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to determine some factors which heighten the risk of fracture in these patients, especially the severity of the COPD and the use and dosage of inhaled corticoids.  Retrospective, observational transversal study, in which were included patients admitted to the Rio Hortega University Hospital during the year 2006 diagnosed with COPD who had a lateral thoracic X-ray. A control group was included, without COPD, of similar age and sex, admitted to the internal medicine service over the same period. The vertebral fracture was determined using Morphoxpress ® .  115 patients with COPD and 87 control patients were included, with a higher prevalence of vertebral fractures in being observed in patients with COPD, although without there being a statistically significant difference with respect to the control group. However, if we consider only the moderate-severe fractures (Gennant Type II and III), there is a greater prevalence, which is related to the severity of the disease, measured by the decrease in FEV1 (Forced expiratory volume in one second). We found no relationship between the prevalence of fractures, the different types of treatment and the morbidity determined by the number of admissions.  Our study shows the tendency of patients with COPD to have an increased prevalence of vertebral fractures which are associated with the severity of the COPD and the seriousness of the fractures themselves. We found no relationship between the different inhaled corticoids, individually or grouped, and the presence of fractures. Nor did we find a relationship between the number of vertebral fractures and the number of flare-ups, treatment with broncodilators, corticoids, home oxygen therapy, or the diagnosis of, or previous treatment for, osteoporosis.