nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A propósito de la categoría género: leer a Joan Scott

This article is to Joan Scott’s contribution to the contemporary feminist thought. From his early work, Scott moved the question in the cause or the reason for the exclusion of women in history and everyday experience, and redirects to the how it happens. She reveals its mechanisms and develops the perspective of gender from different disciplines that continues to this day. In this sense, we rescued the ensuing discussion about the status of women, whose nucleus is organized from a review of Scott’s proposal. To do this, we rely on two existing currents of contemporary academic debate: the postcolonial, based on a critique to the Western feminism, and postmodern, represented by the early work of Judith Butler, who from a position es- sentially philosophical and psychoanalytic radically questions the category of gender and its place in the construction of subjective identities.
Photons and gravitons in perturbation theory: Derivation of Maxwell's and Einstein's equations

The S matrix for photon and graviton processes is studied in perturbation theory, under the restriction that the only creation and annihilation operators for massless particles of spin j allowed in the interaction are those for the physical states with helicity +j.The most general covariant fields that can be constructed from such operators cannot represent real photon and graviton interactions, because they give amplitudes for emission or absorption of massless particles which vanish as p&' for momentum p ~0. In order to obtain long-range forces it is necessary to introduce noncovariant "potentials" in the interaction, and the Lorentz invariance of the S matrix requires that these potentials be coupled to conserved tensor currents, and also that there appear in the interaction direct current-current couplings, like the Coulomb interaction. We then 6nd that the potentials for j = 1 and j = 2 must inevitably satisfy Maxwell's and Einstein's equations in the Heisenberg representation. We also show that although the existence of magnetic monopoles is consistent with parity and time-reversal invariance tprovided that I' and T are dered to take a monopole into its anti-particle), it is nevertheless impossible to construct a Lorentz-invariant S matrix for magnetic monopoles and charges in perturbation theory. with H (t) the interaction Hamiltonian in the interaction representation H'(t) = exp(iEPt) H' exp(— iHrt), (1.2) where H~ is the free-particle Hamiltonian and H' the interaction. The operator H'(t) is some function of the creation and annihilation operators of free particles, and we know that these operators transform according to the various familiar representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group. ' Among these representations are those characterized by mass m= 0 and spin j = 1 or 2, and we
Deformed lattice structure of C 60 3

Using a tight-binding model with electron-phonon coupling based on the modified Su-Schriffer-Heeger model Hamiltonian, we obtained the deformed lattice structures for C 60 3− which is charge-transfer state for superconducting M 3 C 60 compounds. The deformed structures are C i ( λ =0.1, 0.3) and C 2v ( λ =0.5), which are different to D 5d of C 60 1− in the same values of λ. Here λ means the dimensionless coupling constant (S 2 /KT). We also have shown the bond length difference between C 60 3− and C 60 .
Basin Genesis and Magmatism in the Philippine Sea

Characterizating the igneous basement and reconstructing the volcanotectonic history of the Philippine Sea are the major targets of surveys for delineating Japan's continental shelves operated by Ministry of Economy, Technology and Industry. Sampling using R/V Hakurei-maru No. 2 equipped with Deep-sea Boring Machine System (BMS) and arm dredges covers a wide area of the Philippine Sea. The results are summarized of Ar/Ar dating and chemical and isotopic analyses on igneous rock samples from the Philippine Sea, particularly from the West Philippine Basin, and its surrounding area, and Kinan Seamount Chain in the Shikoku Basin. Both regions are characterized by Ocean Island Basalt (OIB)-like magmatism which formed oceanic plateaus (e.g., Urdaneta Plateau, Oki-Daito Rise) and seamounts (e.g., seamounts in Minami Daito Basin, Kinan Seamount Chain). However, the geochemical characteristics of OIB-like basalts and pattern of spatial and temporal variations of this type of magmatism indicate that sources and processes involved in magmatism in these two areas are clearly distinct.
Rent sharing to control noncartel supply in the German cement market

A challenge for many cartels is avoiding a destabilizing increase in noncartel supply in response to having raised price. In the case of the German cement cartel that operated over 1991â€“2002, the primary source of noncartel supply was imports from Eastern European cement manufacturers. Testimonies in a private enforcement case have claimed that the cartel sought to control imports by sharing rents with intermediaries in order to discourage them from sourcing foreign supply. Specifically, cartel members would allow an intermediary to issue the invoice for a transaction and charge a fee even though the output went directly from the cartel member's plant to the customer. We investigate this claim by first developing a theory of collusive pricing that takes account of the option of bribing intermediaries. The theory predicts that the cement cartel members are more likely to share rents with an intermediary when the nearest Eastern European plant is closer and there is more Eastern European capacity outside of the control of the cartel. Estimating a logit model that predicts when a cartel member sells through an intermediary, the empirical analysis supports both predictions.
Character Education and the political climate

In recent weeks both Michael Gove (03/02/2014) and Tristram Hunt (12/02/2014) have begun to identify their key policy objectives for the forthcoming election cycle. The speeches made within two weeks of one another contain elements which mirror one another and interestingly highlight character development as a central tenant upon which both of the major political parties intend to build their campaigns. These two speeches stressed the importance of high academic standards and the need for character education within schools, but offered a radically different interpretation of the concept.
The Search for Corporate Control

This paper analyzes the market for corporate control and acquisitions by explicitly modeling a typical firm's choice whether to become a potential acquirer or target. I add synergistic motives to a multitask principal-agent framework with moral hazard between managers and shareholders. I argue that the terms of an M&A deal are determined not in isolation but in a market equilibrium context, therefore the merger transaction is embedded in a dynamic general-equilibrium search model. This framework links explicit and implicit incentives in a novel way. By modeling the choice explicitly I reconcile the evidence that in mergers target shareholders gain whereas acquirer shareholders seem to lose or gain nothing, yet most of the time they do not block the acquisition. Apart from that, it is shown that Golden Parachutes are an optimal form of compensation regarding merger-related incentives. The model also explains financial intermediation in the M&A market. I establish efficiency results and explain how merger waves might arise, in addition to other (testable) implications.
A Canonical Locally Named Representation of Binding

This paper is about completely formal representation of languages with binding. We have previously written about a representation following an approach going back to Frege, based on first-order syntax using distinct syntactic classes for locally bound variables vs. global or free variables (Sato and Pollack,  2010). The present paper differs from our previous work by being more abstract. Whereas we previously gave a particular concrete function for canonically choosing the names of binders, here we characterize abstractly the properties required of such a choice function to guarantee canonical representation, and focus on the metatheory of the representation, proving that it is in substitution preserving isomorphism with the nominal Isabelle representation of pure lambda terms. This metatheory is formalized in Isabelle/HOL. The final section outlines a formalization in Matita of a challenging language with multiple binding and simultaneous substitution. The Isabelle and Matita proof files are available online.
Space-time-resolved quantum electrodynamics: A (1+1)-dimensional model

We develop a model that reduces quantum electrodynamics (QED) in time plus three spatial dimensions to time plus a single spatial dimension, making it is possible to numerically calculate the dynamic behavior of simple QED systems. The dimensionality is restricted in such a way as to preserve the influence of spin and angular momentum. In contrast to the S-matrix scattering approach, these calculations are not perturbative within the zeroand one-photon sector of the relevant Hilbert space. The model restricts the electron occupation number to one and the photon occupation number to zero or one. We use this model to calculate the dynamics of a so-called bare electron that dresses itself by a photon field.
Entailment Calculus as the Logical Basis of Automated Theorem Finding in Scientific Discovery (Extended Abstract)

Any scientific discovery must include an epistemic process to gain knowledge of or to ascertain the existence of some empirical and/or logical entailments previously unknown or unrecognized. The epistemic operation of deduction in an epistemic process of an agent is to fred new and valid entailments logically from some premises which are known facts and/or assumed hypothesis. Automated theorem fmding can be regarded as the automation of deduction operations of an agent. This paper discusses the logical basis of automated theorem finding from the viewpoint of relevant logic. The paper points out why classical mathematical logic and/or its various extensions are not suitable logical tools for solving the problem, and shows that paradox-free relevant logics are more hopeful candidates for the p~.
The Saving-Investment Nexus: Why it Matters and How it Works

The causal relation between saving and investment has momentous implications for fiscal policy. If saving causes investment, this lends support for policies of fiscal austerity. Neither the national income accounts nor economic theory can resolve issues of causality. This paper presents a VAR analysis that examines the saving - investment relation. The principal findings are that investment spending is negatively impacted by personal saving and independent of government saving. Increases in personal saving have a negative effect on government saving. These patterns are consistent with the Keynesian paradox of thrift.
Enhanced reactivity of superoxide in water-solid matrices.

Superoxide is unreactive in deionized water, but aqueous systems containing added solvents, including H2O2 at >100 mM, show significantly increased reactivity of superoxide with oxidized organic compounds such as highly chlorinated aliphatics. The potential for solid surfaces to similarly increase the reactivity of superoxide in water was investigated. Heterogeneous birnessite (gamma-MnO2)-catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 promoted the degradation of the superoxide probe hexachloroethane (HCA) at H202 concentrations as low as 7.5 mM, while no measurable HCA degradation was found in parallel homogeneous iron(III)-EDTA-H2O2 systems at H2O2 concentrations <100 mM. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy confirmed that superoxide was the dominant reactive species generated in the birnessite-catalyzed decomposition of H2O2. Increased superoxide reactivity was also found in aqueous superoxide-glass bead heterogeneous systems, and the rates of HCA degradation increased as a function of the surface area of the glass beads. The results of this research show that, similar to the addition of solvents, the presence of surfaces also enhances the reactivity of superoxide in water, possibly by altering the superoxide solvation shell. On the basis of these findings, superoxide generated in catalyzed H2O2 propagations (CHP; modified Fenton's reagent) used for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) may have greater reactivity with highly oxidized contaminants than previously thought.
Bertrand Price Undercutting: A Brief Classroom Demonstration

A carbonation cap is provided for use with a conventional screw top bottle having an externally threaded neck. The carbonation cap is correspondingly internally threaded and includes one or more resilient seals which collectively function as check valves, pressure relief valves, and flow seals to enable the fermentation and carbonation of beer without transferring the beer from the bottle in which it was brewed. The resilient seals also enable the carbonation of soft drinks, or beer, from an external source of pressurized carbon dioxide. All of the foregoing is accomplished without at any time exposing the beverage or its components to the deletorious effects of the oxygen in the atmosphere.
Seller-based vs. Buyer-based Internet Intermediaries: A Research Design

In this paper, we investigate the roles of the Internet intermediaries as a market force in reducing barriers to Internet commerce. We also discuss the importance of business-to-business intermediaries for trading nonproduction goods and services. We present a research design for exploring the difference in the roles of sellerbased vs. buyer-based Internet intermediaries for nonproduction goods and services. Barriers to Internet Commerce The Internet has become a serious medium for commerce. The rapid expansion of the Internet market has been exponential. The Forrester Research Group predicts that Internet commerce will grow from $10 billion in 1997 to $327 billion in the year 2002 [Coy 1998]. It is projected that 80% of the increase in the transaction volume will be business-to-business transactions [McNamara 1997]. This trend is also evident in businesses investing in the Internet. A survey by Advantage Business Research found that 82% of the businesses they polled will upgrade their Internet functionality during 1999 [Wrenden 1998]. Internet commerce suffers from a number of perceived and actual trade barriers, including: 1) the difficulty of locating the relevant information and sites, 2) the difficulty of establishing the reliability of available information, 3) the difficulty of establishing the dependability of the publishing vendors, 4) the limited number of payment options, 5) the lack of security, 6) the lack of standards, 7) the lack of adequate bandwidth, 8) the lack of content regulation, and 9) the lack of adequate intellectual property protection [Chen 1996; de Bony 1997; Tweney 1997]. The issues regarding standards, bandwidth, and security are addressed by various regulatory and business groups, such as Global Internet Project [de Bony 1997], the Internet Purchasing Roundtable, and Supply Works [Chronister 1997; Avery 1997; Cronin 1997]. The proposed standards and solutions, such as the Open Buying Internet standard (OBI) [Chronister 1997; Avery 1997], the secure electronic transaction specification (SET) [Kutler 1998; Ceramlus 1997], and digital certificates [Pepper 1997] are designed to address some of the issues dealing with the barriers related to standards and security. However, the major issues related to content and reliability still remain and need to be addressed by the market forces themselves.
Understanding equity as an asset to national interest : developing a social contract analysis of policy

Alongside the influence of market-based reforms in education policy has been the growth of policy that has largely been overlooked – those that outline social contracts. This paper draws on policies that connect with equity as a way of illustrating this social contract turn in policy and develops a conceptualisation of social contracts as they apply to education policy. The argument provides three principles that underpin social contracts, including informed consent, negotiation and accountability. This paper applies these principles to three levels of social contract. At the first level are broad social contracts, which are associated with debates about the kinds of things that states should expect from its citizens, and the things that citizens could expect from governments and the state. The second level of social contract is an institutional or field-based social contract, which spells out the obligations and connections between a specific field and other fields. This level names a kind of social cont...
Risk and Failure in English Business 1700â€“1800

This major study considers bankruptcy in eighteenth-century England. Typically, business enterprise in this period has been seen as a success story - where men like Boulton, Watt, Wedgwood and Arkwright helped to forge the Industrial Revolution. But this is a myth, for thousands of businesses failed, hounded by their creditors into bankruptcy and ignominy. This book charts their history by looking at the incidence and causes of bankruptcy and by examining contemporary reactions to these. In this way, not only is evidence produced to improve our understanding of the nature of business enterprise, but the dynamics of the eighteenth-century economy over both the short and the long term are uncovered.
Effect of σ(600)-production in pp → 3π0 at rest

The π 0 π 0 mass spectra and angular distributions around K K - threshold and at 1.5 GeV in p p (at rest) → 3π 0 in the Crystal Barrel experiment are reanalyzed by applying the new method, which is consistent with unitarity of S -matrix and expressed directly by resonance parameters. The effects of light σ-meson production are clearly seen to improve the fit with σ, in comparing with the fit without σ.
Infraparticle scattering states in nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics. II. Mass shell properties

We study the infrared problem in the usual model of quantum electrodynamics with nonrelativistic matter. We prove spectral and regularity properties characterizing the mass shell of an electron and one-electron infraparticle states of this model. Our results are crucial for the construction of infraparticle scattering states, which are treated in a separate paper.
Explanatory Relations Based on Mathematical Morphology

Using mathematical morphology on formulas introduced recently by Bloch and Lang ( we define two new explanatory relations. Their logical behavior is analyzed. The results show that these natural ways for defining preferred explanations are robust because these relations satisfy almost all postulates of explanatory reasoning introduced by Pino-PErez and Uzcategui (Artifical Intelligence, 111:131-169, 1999). Actually, the first explanatory relation is Explanatory-Rational. The second one is not even Explanatory-Cumulative but it satisfies new weak postulates.
CHAPTER ONE. Production and Distribution of Income in a Market Economy

This book looks at the distribution of income and wealth and the effects that this has on the macroeconomy, and vice versa. Is a more equal distribution of income beneficial or harmful for macroeconomic growth, and how does the distribution of wealth evolve in a market economy? Taking stock of results and methods developed in the context of the 1990s revival of growth theory, the authors focus on capital accumulation and long-run growth. They show how rigorous, optimization-based technical tools can be applied, beyond the representative-agent framework of analysis, to account for realistic market imperfections and for political-economic interactions. The treatment is thorough, yet accessible to students and nonspecialist economists, and it offers specialist readers a wide-ranging and innovative treatment of an increasingly important research field. The book follows a single analytical thread through a series of different growth models, allowing readers to appreciate their structure and crucial assumptions. This is particularly useful at a time when the literature on income distribution and growth has developed quickly and in several different directions, becoming difficult to overview.
Annealing effects on electrical resistivity, crystallization and thermoelectric power of iron-rich metallic glasses containing molybdenum

The effect of long annealing (20 hrs) at various temperatures on electrical resistivity, crystallization and thermoelectric power of Fe 78 Mo 2 B 20 , Fe 40 Ni 38 Mo 4 B 18 and Fe 39 Ni 39 Mo 4 Si 6 B 12 has been investigated. Room temperature resistivity of these metallic glasses decreases on annealing regardless of the annealing temperature. Crystallization behaviour does not get much affected on the annealing used in this investigation. Temperature dependence of ϱ(T)/ϱ(RT) remains unaffect at low temperatures but shows increase in its slope at higher temperatures before onset of the crystallization. A preliminary study on the low temperature behaviour of thermoelectric power of Fe 40 Ni 38 Mo 4 B 18 shows that there is only a slight affect due to annealing of the sample at 373 K for 20 hrs.
After the Ball is Over: Bourdieu and the Crisis of Peasant society

This review article is stimulated by the publication by Polity Press in 2008 of a translation of Bourdieu’s Le Bal des celibataires, which had been published by Editions du Seuil in the year of his death — 2002. Le Bal des celibataires assembled three articles about his native Bearn which Bourdieu had written at roughly ten-year intervals, starting in 1962. Given that Le Bal des celibataires formally constitutes a new publication in that it juxtaposes the three earlier articles, adds a short introduction and republishes, as an appendix, a methodological article first published in the 1970s, the 2002 text provides access to four stages in the development of Bourdieu’s reflexive analysis of traditional society (dating from 1962, 1972, 1989 and 2002). The article draws attention to some of the objective socio-economic changes in Bearn society in the second half of the 20th century and asks whether the autonomous logic of Bourdieu’s conceptual development in this period was the product of his partisan participation in an originally traditional situation and whether his maintenance of this logic over time was a device to give scientific legitimation to that situation. Consideration of these microcosmic analyses of the Bearn raises questions relevant to international socio-economic development in general, about whether sociology is equipped to offer a scientific explanation of economic and technological changes in society or whether, by definition, it is categorally committed to a conservative value-orientation which criticizes ‘post-human’ postmodernity.
Evolutionary dynamics of insect symbiont associations.

Bacterial symbionts of insects are pervasive and influence several ecologically relevant traits of their hosts. Although there has been rapid progress in understanding the extent and phenotypic outcome of these associations, there is a paucity of empirical data on fine-scale evolutionary processes that operate between the genomes of host and symbiont. Recently published papers examining symbiont relationships of aphids, fruit flies and butterflies are starting to reveal that these associations might be more dynamic than was appreciated previously.