nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Old Formalism: Character in Contemporary American Poetry

Our appreciation of American poetry is as influenced by the personas presented in the poems as by public perception of the poets themselves. Emily Dickinson peeking from behind a doorway with large dark eyes is an indelible image superimposed over her spare, enigmatic poems. The grand gestures of Wait Whitman's voice have much to do with our reading of Song of Myself. And we cannot hear Mending Wall or Mowing without thinking of the image of the rustic, sly farmer-poet that Robert Frost so carefully cultivated. The moral authority of the poet reveals itself through the poems as well, and it is crucial to the meaning of the poem, Holden argues, if art is to elevate life. Part 1 of The Old Formalism, The Practice, is a close study of some of the conventions and developments in contemporary American poetry, with such topics as sex and poetry, rhetoricity, and sensibility. Holden shows lucidly how character -- or lack of it -- is revealed in poetry. In Personae, the second part, he gives a studied reading of a group of several admired poets, such as Richard Hugo, Mary Kinzie, Ted Kooser, and William Stafford. Holden uses biographical references and personal contacts with the poets to strengthen the notion of character revealed in poetry. This book takes a decided stand in the ongoing debate of the past two decades about the relationship of American poetry to American culture. In an age when image dominates word, and the business of poetry is nearly as celebrity-laden as Hollywood, Holden takes us past the media glitz, backstage where the poems are waiting to be read. Quite simply, in a clear, incisive manner, he teaches us how to read well again.
Use of the Short Form-36 to Detect the Influence of Upper Gastrointestinal Disease on Self-Reported Health Status

Patient-centred outcome measures such as the Short Form-36 (SF-36) have been developed to assess the impact of ill health and medical interventions on self-reported health status. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of gastrointestinal disease upon health status as measured by the SF-36 physical and mental health component scores (PCS and MCS) and to assess whether these component scores might be an appropriate outcome measure for use in clinical research in gastroenterology. The subjects were 364 patients aged between 18 and 64 years who had been prescribed proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) by general practitioners in Oxfordshire. The general practices participating identified patients who had been prescribed PPIs. The data were abstracted from the general practice medical records of these patients concerning gastrointestinal diagnoses and other prescribed medications. The patients were sent the SF-36 questionnaire by post and the PCS and MCS scores were derived, which were adjusted for age and sex and compared with the scores of the general population of the Oxford region. Co-morbidity was assessed by the extent to which non-gastric medications were also used. The commonest diagnoses were oesophagitis/gastro-oesophageal reflux and indigestion. People with these diagnoses had significantly lower health status than the general population. Differences persisted when the results were controlled for the possible effects of co-morbidity. It was concluded that the SF-36 is sensitive to the impact of gastrointestinal disease on health status.
The Global Crisis

This article begins from a review of various approaches to global modeling, concluding that, by reducing our world to physical and economic categories alone, one cannot explain the workings of the world system. Any adequate global model, it is argued, must also account for social and political forces. The author views integrated global modeling as a multidisciplinary effort which must develop a symbiosis of physical/economic and social/political categories. Toward this end, the fulcrum of politics and decisionmaking in a global setting is examined, and an analytical model of world politics based on four key-forces is suggested. On the basis of this model, principles of political forecasting at the global level and three possible scenarios for the year 2000 are discussed.
From here to the Latin Age and back again: A four-cause category-based exploration of Adrian J. Walker's article on von Balthasar's concept of “love alone”

Following the pioneering tracks of John Deely's Four ages of understanding, this essay generates a hybrid model by crossing of Peirce's postmodern concept of mediation and the scholastic Latin Age doctrine of four causes. I then use the model to explain and explore an article from the journal Communio. Peirce's concept provides a unifying framework for the four causes, and allows the investigator to visualize the hierarchical causality inherent in the article's "Latin Age meets postmodern" argument.
Uncertainty and the Timing of Automobile Purchases

Earlier studies have shown that lumpy investment models well characterize individual expenditures on durables, in particular automobiles. In this class of models, a higher level of uncertainty generally implies that the household should tolerate a larger imbalance between the actual stock of the durable and the target stock before adjusting it by buying and/or selling. Then, if the level of uncertainty increases, aggregate expenditures would temporarily fall. This hypothesis is tested by estimating an aggregate lumpy investment model on automobile expenditure data, using stock market volatility to proxy uncertainty. The result is that expenditures fall significantly as stock market volatility increases.
A first determination of the position of the `doppler' peak

Cosmological theories for the origin and evolution of structure in the Universe are highly predictive of the form of the angular power spectrum of cosmic microwave background fluctuations. We present new results from a comprehensive study of CMB observations which provide the first measurements of the power spectrum all the way down to angular scales of ~10 arcminutes. On large scales a joint likelihood analysis of the COBE and Tenerife data fixes the power spectrum normalisation to be Q_rms = 21.0 +/- 1.6 uK for an initially scale invariant spectrum of fluctuations. The combined data are consistent with this hypothesis, placing a limit of n=1.3 +/- 0.3 on the spectral slope. On intermediate scales we find clear evidence for a `Doppler' peak in the power spectrum localised in both angular scale and amplitude. This first estimate of the angular position of the peak is used to place a new direct limit on the curvature of the Universe, corresponding to a density of Omega=0.7^{+1.0}_{-0.4}. Very low density open Universe models are inconsistent with this limit unless there is a significant contribution from a cosmological constant.
The Politics of International Law - 20 Years Later

The essay examines some of the changes in my own thinking about the politics of engaging in international law since the original publication of the article that opened the first issue of EJIL in 1990. The essay points to the change of focus from indeterminacy (to which I am as committed as ever) of legal arguments to the structural biases of international institutions. It then discusses the politics of definition, that is to say, the strategic practice of defining international situations and problems in new expert languages so as to gain control over them. It attacks the increasing ‘managerialism’ in the field and ends with a few reflections about the significance of the moment of the establishment of the Journal 20 years ago.
Parenteral antibiotic therapy in general practice in Italy: a direct observational study.

The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of parenteral antimicrobial therapy (PAT) in the general practice setting in Italy, the characteristics of patients and the presence of possible external factors (induced prescriptions). 204 General Practitioners (GPs) enrolled during a one-year period the first ten patients to whom they prescribed a PAT, collecting data about clinical characteristics, compliance, outcome and the therapy prescribed or induced. Results indicate that 1,892 patients received a PAT. The use of PAT was preferred for elderly patients. In 55.2% of cases the site of infection was in the lower respiratory tract, followed by urinary tract (14%) and upper respiratory tract (12%). In 98% of cases the route of administration was intramuscular. The first motivation for PAT was in about 50% of cases the severity of the illness, afterward the prescription induced by a specialist in 16% of cases, and in 9% of cases the failure of oral antibiotic therapy.
Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present

A brilliant look at the writers, artists, scientists, movie directors, and scholarsranging from Bertolt Brecht to Albert Einstein, Hannah Arendt, Thomas Mann, and Fritz Langwho fled Hitler's Germany and how they changed the very fabric of American culture. In a new postscript, Heilbut draws attention to the recent changes in reputation and image that have shaped the reception of the German exiles."
The Batson-Schoenrade-Ventis Model of Religious Experience: Critique and Reformulation

A critique is offered of the 4-stage model of religious experience sketched by Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis (1993). Drawing inspiration from Wallas's (1926) classic work on creative thinking, the Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis (BSV) model of religious experience states that religious experiences go through 4 stages-existential questioning, self-surrender, new vision, and new life. Shortcomings of this model include the possibility that only the first 3 stages are really needed to describe religious experience; the need for the model to be more specific about the content of each stage, especially the second (self-surrender) stage; and the need for the model to take more cognizance of emotional factors in religious experience. In response to these criticisms, a revised model is proposed. This revised version of the BSV model describes only 3 stages-a stage of moral questioning; a stage of renunciation of worldly pleasures, in which intrapunitive behaviors are engaged in at a conscious and controlled level...
Adding Value to Excellence in Banking through Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Case Study of Private Sector Banking in India

Post liberalisation era has seen a boon in banking sector in india. Many reforms were initiated for improving the sector. Many new banks came into the competition of dominated public sector banking. New technologies were adopted. New standards of servicing the clients were adopted. But has anything changed for a common man? The study tries to explore the core issues of customer satisfaction and loyalty in private sector banking in India. It gives the dimension that how customer satisfaction and loyalty can add the value to the excellence in banking sector and help in profitability of the organisation.
Spectroscopic studies on n-donor +σ-acceptor systems: alkylthioureas and thiocarbanilides

The donor-acceptor interactions of alkylthioureas and thiocarbanilides with halogens have been investigated in detail employing electronic and infra-red spectroscopy. Various correlations of the spectroscopic and thermodynamic data have been presented. Alkylthioureas are by far the strongest donors known, and give high equilibrium constants (10,000-40,000 1. mole–1) and enthalpies of formation (9-18 kcal mole–1). The perturbation of the various vibrational frequencies due to charge transfer have also been studied. Hydrogen bonding of thioureas with hydroxylic compounds have been reported.
A Shirota Theorem for Frames

We establish a version of the Shirota Theorem which characterises realcompactness in terms of completeness for frames; an interesting problem considering the various notions of realcompactness for frames and the fact that the frame completion behaves differently from its spatial counterpart. Amongst other consequences of this characterisation, we can describe the completion of a uniform sigma frame. We highlight some differences between frames and spaces when considering the Lindelöf property, realcompactness, paracompactness and completeness. Most of these results appear in the doctoral thesis of the author.
Transnational Turkish Student Mobility - Narratives on identity and gender related to educational visions. ECER 2014 Porto - European Conference on Educational Research

Access to education has long been the reason for migration and mobility. This contribution, which focuses on a reflexive identity project of a Turkish woman trying to realize her educational goals, is part of an ongoing interdisciplinary multi-sited research project containing six sub-studies (Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Myanmar/Burma, Indonesia, Singapore, Nepal, India, Malaysia and Thailand). The overarching aim of the project is to study transnational mobility of higher education within Asia from the perspective of the individual. Through a bottom-up perspective, and with a focus on life story as method, the study pay attention to transnational mobility and the way it influences new “global citizens” in Asia (Doherty & Singh, 2005). The transnational perspective (Vertovec, 1991) draws attention to trans-boundary mobility in which individuals, through daily activities and social, religious, economic, and political relations create social fields that transcend national borders (Levitt & Glick Schiller, 2004). Youth is further seen as a trans-national and political category in relation to social spaces and structures (Marginson & Sawir, 2005) – the use of social media is central. The concept of social transnational fields is applied rather than viewing nation states as independent and autonomous (Gargano, 2009). Within the fluidity of globalisation the concept of ‘eduscapes’ can be used for schools/education across the world with increasingly common structures, values and educational processes. In this context young people are negotiating culture-framed pasts, the complex present and contingent futures. Theoretically the project draws inspiration from cultural-, migration-, ethnicity- and gender studies (e.g. Appadurai, 1991; Kell & Gillian, 2008; Phoenix & Pattynama, 2006; Yval-Davies, 2006). Within the project a so-called soft comparison (Puskas, 2009) is used with life stories as a common methodology for all six sub-studies with a special interest in power hierarchies based on class, ethnicity, gender and religion. All together about 50 students have been interviewed. In this paper we will especially discuss the concept of capital (Bourdieu, 1977) in our analysis but also use sociology of emotions (Scheff, 1990) when discussing aspects of identity. In the paper especially one young Turkish woman will tell about her background and experiences being an example of student mobility within Asia and struggling for attending the European educational arena through applications for a PhD position at a European university. The student’s educational journey has been difficult within Turkey with many obstacles with all her family involved. After studies in Malaysia for a master thesis she is back in Turkey engaged with trying to get access to higher education within Europe. In the project as a whole there are many students talking about trying to reach Europe through their studies abroad in Asia.
Expanding Clear et al.'s Value of Religion Ideas: Former Inmates’ Perspectives

Clear et al. (2000) examined the value of religion in prisons and identified intrinsic and extrinsic meanings for inmates turning to religion. This research expanded Clear et al.'s work by using self-report data from former inmates regarding ideas developed in the prior qualitative study, as well as included new items that may further clarify the role of religion in prison. Using descriptive statistics and other analyses, limited support was found for Clear et al.'s (2000) findings.
Transparent Multi-hop Protocol Termination

According to Cisco's forecast by the end of 2016 the global annual IP traffic will surpass 1.3 zettabytes and mobile traffic will reach a volume of 11.2 exabytes per month in 2017. Thus, a main requirement for future networks is high reliability and efficiency to cope with the associated quality of service demands. Hence, a vital interaction between error-correction, network technologies and suitable network resource utilization constitute a hard challenge for traffic engineers. In prior work it has been shown that the data distribution with traditional endto-end schemes is less optimal compared to multi-hop schemes, that is treating network segments individually. In this paper we present a theoretical analysis based on Shannon's coding theorem that concludes a promising data-rate reduction from the segmentation approach. Additionally, we propose a transparent protocol termination mechanism for software-defined networks (SDN) that allows to segment an end-to-end transmission path without any modification at the sending or receiving devices. Eventually, a detailed implementation approach for SDNs running Open Flow is given.
U.S. medical resident familiarity with national tuberculosis guidelines

BackgroundThe ability of medical residents training at U.S. urban medical centers to diagnose and manage tuberculosis cases has important public health implications. We assessed medical resident knowledge about tuberculosis diagnosis and early management based on American Thoracic Society guidelines. 20-question tuberculosis knowledge survey was administered to 131 medical residents during a single routinely scheduled teaching conference at four different urban medical centers in Baltimore and Philadelphia. Survey questions were divided into 5 different subject categories. Data was collected pertaining to institution, year of residency training, and self-reported number of patients managed for tuberculosis within the previous year. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to detect differences in median percent of questions answered correctly based on these variables.ResultsThe median percent of survey questions answered correctly for all participating residents was 55%. Medical resident knowledge about tuberculosis did not improve with increasing post-graduate year of training or greater number of patients managed for tuberculosis within the previous year. Common areas of knowledge deficiency included the diagnosis and management of latent tuberculosis infection (median percent correct, 40.7%), as well as the interpretation of negative acid-fast sputum smear samples.ConclusionMany medical residents lack adequate knowledge of recommended guidelines for the management of tuberculosis. Since experience during training influences future practice pattterns, education of medical residents on guidelines for detection and early management of tuberculosis may be important for future improvements in national tuberculosis control strategies.
Fisheries management privatisation: a case study of Sierra Leone

Before 1991, the Department of Fisheries was the sole formal fisheries management authority in Sierra Leone. This authority's management of the fisheries resulted, however, in less than 10% of the estimated annual resource rent accruing to government and in increasing the importance of resource over-exploitation. To improve stock conservation and rent collection the fisheries management functions of the marketing of industrial fishing licences, monitoring, control and surveillance were privatised in 1991 to a Joint Venture Company, owned by the Government (51%) and private investors (49%). This management experiment, however, collapsed in 1993, and political interference has often been cited as a major contributing factor. This paper is part of an on-going assessment of the economic efficiency of the fisheries management contract of the Joint Venture Company in order to bring out the importance of this determinant in the demise of the Company and lessons for improving management. Conditions under which efficiency might be improved are also discussed. It mainly relies on the use of estimated indices as proxy for the financial viability of the management contract. Preliminary analysis is indicative of the inefficiency of the contract and enforcement system, despite the improvement in entry control and upward trend in the total nominal value of the collected annual access fees. The consequent attempt to adjust the management contract in order to improve its net returns failed, leading to its eventual collapse. The dependence of the fisheries management revenue on multi-factors such as the demand for fishing licences and resource supply suggests the need for the contract to be flexible and profitable.
CS364A: Algorithmic Game Theory Lecture #3: Myerson's Lemma

Last time, we introduced the Vickrey auction and proved that it enjoys three desirable and different guarantees: (1) [strong incentive guarantees] DSIC. That is, truthful bidding should be a dominant strategy (and never leads to negative utility). Don't forget the two reasons we're after the DSIC guarantee. First, such an auction is easy to play for bidders — just play the obvious dominant strategy. Second, assuming only that bidders will play a dominant strategy when they have one, we can confidently predict the outcome of the auction. (2) [strong performance guarantees] Social surplus maximization. That is, assuming truthful bids (which is justified by (1)), the allocation of goods to bidders should maximize n i=1 v i x i , where x i the amount of stuff allocated to bidder i. (3) [computational efficiency] The auction can be implemented in polynomial (indeed, linear) time. To extend these guarantees beyond single-item auctions to more complex problems, like the sponsored search auctions introduced last lecture, we advocated a two-step design approach. Step 1: Assume, without justification, that bidders bid truthfully. Then, how should we assign bidders to slots so that the above properties (2) and (3) hold? Step 2: Given our answer to Step 1, how should we set selling prices so that the above property (1) holds?  c 2013,  These lecture notes are provided for personal use only. See my book Twenty Lectures on Algorithmic Game Theory, published by Cambridge University Press, for the latest version.
Whatever Happened to the Positivist Theory of Meaning

SummaryIt is getting increasingly difficult to comprehend the history of ideas of the Vienna Circle and only a clear and critical exposition of it will save it from total oblivion; an apologetic presentation will not be understood. Now that the positivist theory of meaning is no longer accepted, only an honest presentation of this fact will enable us to comprehend it and its transformations. An analysis of a paper by Otto Neurath illustrates this: Neurath's inability to present fairly his critics' ideas and to do them justice then, makes him incomprehensible to us now.
Management Approaches to Address Water Quality and Habitat Loss Problems in Coastal Ecosystems and Their Watersheds: Ecotechnology and Ecological Engineering

In this article we address ecological approaches to solving water quality and habitat deterioration in coastal ecosystems and their watersheds. We focus on the Mississippi delta and basin, and similar basins in Latin America. Human impacts are occurring from local to global scales. This is especially important in large river basins where there has been large-scale loss of habitat degradation, especially wetlands and riparian areas, and water quality deterioration. We use the Mississippi basin and delta, with a mean