nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of art making on cancer-related symptoms of blood and marrow transplantation recipients.

To examine whether a one-hour art-making session during blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) treatment significantly affects therapy-related symptoms, state anxiety, and stress.



A pre- and post-test crossover design.



An urban outpatient cancer center in the midwestern United States.


SAMPLE
A convenience sample of 20 patients, aged 20-68 years (X = 38.5), receiving treatment at a BMT clinic.



Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Therapy-Related Symptom Checklist, and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Index, and provided salivary cortisol samples. After pretesting, individuals were assigned to either a wait list or intervention. Individuals in the wait-list group received the usual treatment before completing the post-test measures. Individuals in the intervention group participated in a one-hour art-making session, after which they completed post-test measures. Participants then crossed over to the other group.



Art making, stress, state anxiety, and therapy-related symptoms.



Therapy-related symptom concerns for the intervention group at post-test were significantly lower than at pretest; no change ocurred in the control group. The salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower at post-test in the intervention and control groups. No change occurred in the anxiety levels of participants in the intervention and control groups. The study hypothesis was partially supported.



Art making decreased therapy-related symptoms (e.g., feeling sluggish, difficulty concentrating). Use of more physiologic indices to measure stress and replication on a larger sample are suggested.



Individuals receiving BMT may benefit from participation in art-making interventions. Art making is easy to implement in a clinic setting and allows for positive interactions between nurses and patients.
Jaya algorithm for solving urban traffic signal control problem

This paper studies a large-scale urban traffic signal control problem (LUTSCP). A centralized model is developed for describing the LUTSCP in a scheduling framework. The objective is to minimize the total network-wise delay in a fixed time window. We have implemented a recently developed algorithm, so called Jaya, to solve the LUTSCP. The population initialization is based on the four stages of traffic signal in Singapore. A simple new solution generation strategy is proposed to improve the performance of the Jaya. A neighborhood search operator is proposed based on the characteristics of LUTSCP to improve the search performance in local search space. Experiments are carried out using the traffic signal data from Singapore traffic network. The performance of the new strategy for generating feasible solution and the neighborhood search operator are evaluated and discussed. The optimization results obtained by standard Jaya algorithm and its variants are compared to those by existing traffic signal control system. The comparisons and discussions verify that the Jaya algorithm and its variants are superior over the existing traffic light control. In future work, we will compare the performance of Jaya algorithm to existing intelligent algorithms in literature.
Arithmetics of extensional fuzzy numbers - part II: Algebraic framework

In the first part of this contribution, we proposed extensional fuzzy numbers and a working arithmetic for them that may be abstracted to so-called many identities algebras (MI-algebras, for short). In this second part, we show that the proposed MI-algebras give a framework not only for the arithmetic of extensional fuzzy numbers, but also for other arithmetics of fuzzy numbers and even more general sets of real vectors used in mathematical morphology. This entitles us to develop a theory of MI-algebras to study general properties of structures for which the standard algebras are not appropriate. Some of the basic concepts and properties are presented here.
Bound on extended f-divergences for a variety of classes

The concept of f-divergences was introduced by Csiszar in 1963 as measures of the ’hardness’ of a testing problem depending on a convex real valued function f on the interval [0,∞). The choice of this parameter f can be adjusted so as to match the needs for specific applications. The definition and some of the most basic properties of f-divergences are given and five classes of f-divergences are presented. Ostrowski’s inequality and a trapezoid inequality are utilised in order to prove bounds for an extension of the set of f-divergences. All five classes of f-divergences are used in order to investigate limitations and strengths of the inequalities derived.
Risk factors for chronic thoracic pain after cardiac surgery via sternotomy.

This study examines the influence of patient demographics and peri- and postoperative (<7 days) characteristics on the incidence of chronic thoracic pain 1 year after cardiac surgery. The impact of chronic thoracic pain on daily life is also documented.



A prospective cohort study of 146 patients admitted to the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery via sternotomy was carried out. Pain scores (numeric rating scale 0-10) were recorded during the first 7 postoperative days. One year later, a questionnaire was used to evaluate the incidence in the 2 preceding weeks of chronic thoracic pain (numeric rating scale >0) associated with the primary surgery.



One year after surgery, 42 (35%) of the 120 responding patients reported chronic thoracic pain. Multivariate regression analysis of patient characteristics revealed that non-elective surgery, re-sternotomy, severe pain (numeric rating scale ≥ 4) on the third postoperative day, and female gender were all independent predictors of chronic thoracic pain. In addition, the chronic sufferers reported more sleep disturbances and more frequent use of analgesics than their cohorts.



We have identified a number of factors correlated with persistent thoracic pain following cardiac surgery with sternotomy. Awareness of these predictors may be useful for further research concerning both the prevention and treatment of chronic thoracic pain, thereby potentially ameliorating the postoperative quality of life of a significant proportion of patients. Meanwhile, chronic thoracic pain should be discussed preoperatively with patients at risk so that they are truly informed about possible consequences of the surgery.
Review of Theodore A. Burczak’s Socialism after Hayek

For most Austrians, the collapse of the Soviet Union just proved something that we had long since known. Socialism as we understand it (i.e., the elimination of private ownership of the means of production) is impossible; or, to be more precise, rational economic calculation in the absence of private property and so in the absence of competition between severally owned firms over resources, meaningful prices which reflect relative scarcities and profit and loss accounting, is impossible. Attempts by market socialists like Lange (1936) to come up with a “competitive” response to the Austrian critique, as Lavoie (1985) has shown, have failed to answer Austrian concerns. Interestingly, they have not taken Marx all that seriously either, abandoning key features of his program like his concern for alienation and exploitation. Burczak, however, does not commit either sin. His Socialism after Hayek is a stimulating book that is grounded in Burczak’s deep appreciation of both the Austrian critique of socialism and the Marxian critique of capitalism. Burczak attempts to answer a critical question: What would a socialism that takes seriously Hayek’s critiques of socialism look like? Before presenting Burczak’s version of an Hayekian socialism, it is worth rehearsing Burczak’s understanding of Hayek’s critiques. Hayek, Burczak writes, really articulated two distinct knowledge problems that a socialist regime would have to overcome. First, a socialist government that hoped to centrally plan would have to overcome what Burczak calls the “factual knowledge problem.” They “must figure out how best to coordinate the actions of scattered individuals, each of whom is in possession of unique, partial, tacit, and potentially erroneous knowledge” (p. 2). Central planning is unable to effectively solve this problem because it is impossible for central planners to get at individuals’ subjective knowledge of time and place. The market, Hayek believed and Burczak understands, is the only effective solution to the factual knowledge problem. According to Burczak, Hayek has also stressed that a socialist government must also solve the “ethical knowledge problem.” This term is intended to capture Hayek’s complaint Rev Austrian Econ (2007) 20:313–316 DOI 10.1007/s11138-007-0022-4
Orígenes de Alejandría y el paradigma de la espiritualidad del desierto

In this article, we shall call ‘spirituality of the desert’ the experience that urges the human being to leave the safety and comfort of the known world in order to follow the inner voice that leads them to the encounter with the divine. This decision involves very great risks and uncertainties, because in the desert there is only silence and solitude and nothing guarantees success in the search of God. However, going through the desert offers, to those who take the risk, the most precious gifts that a human being can aspire: freedom and peace. In this regard and as a provisional essay of a ‘mystic phenomenology of the desert’, the main objective will be aimed at deepening the theological and mystical reflections on the desert done by an author such as Origen of Alexandria. The choice has been based on the immense influence this great theologian has had in the history of Western mysticism. The analysis of the significance of the desert in the theology of Origen, was held in his beautiful homilies on Exodus. This article will show how this theological line has full validity for the contemporary world.
Ettore Majorana and his heritage seventy years later

The physicists working in several areas of research know quite well the name of Ettore Majorana, since it is currently associated to fundamental concepts like Majorana neutrinos in particle physics and cosmology or Majorana fermions in condensed matter physics. But, probably, very few is known about other substantial contributions of that ingenious scholar, and even less about his personal background. For non specialists, instead, the name of Ettore Majorana is usually intimately related to the fact that he disappeared rather mysteriously on March 26, 1938, just seventy years ago, and was never seen again. The life and the work of this Italian scientist is the object of the present review, which will also offer a summary of the main results achieved in recent times by the historical and scientific researches on his work.
Brand Portfolio Strategy and Firm Performance

Most large firms operating in consumer markets own and market more than one brand (i.e., they have a brand portfolio). Although firms make corporate-level strategic decisions regarding their brand portfolio, little is known about whether and how a firm’s brand portfolio strategy is linked to its business performance. Using data from the American Customer Satisfaction Index and other secondary sources, the authors examine the impact of the scope, competition, and positioning characteristics of brand portfolios on the marketing and financial performance of 72 large publicly traded firms operating in consumer markets over ten years (from 1994 to 2003). Controlling for several industry and firm characteristics, the authors analyze the relationship between five specific brand portfolio characteristics (number of brands owned, number of segments in which they are marketed, degree to which the brands in the firm’s portfolio compete with one another, and consumer perceptions of the quality and price of the brands in the firm’s portfolio) and firms’ marketing effectiveness (consumer loyalty and market share), marketing efficiency (ratio of advertising spending to sales and ratio of selling, general, and administrative expenses to sales), and financial performance (Tobin’s q, cash flow, and cash flow variability). They find that each of these five brand portfolio characteristics explains significant variance in five or more of the seven aspects of firms’ marketing and financial performance examined.
Mechanism of co-aggregation in a protein mixture with small additives.

Co-aggregation plays an important role in processing protein-rich food materials under heterogeneous conditions. The main cause of co-aggregation is an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged molecules. This study investigated thermal aggregation of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) (pI=5.1) and lysozyme (LYZ) (pI=10.7) as a model for the heterogeneous conditions of a protein solution. BLG and LYZ were more aggregated in the mixture than in the single solutions. Co-aggregation of the BLG-LYZ mixture was not observed below 60°C at which temperature BLG and LYZ retained their native structures. Adding sugars, salts, or amino acids to the BLG-LYZ mixture during the heat treatment revealed the co-aggregation process as follows. (i) All additives tested suppressed both the nucleation and growth of aggregates. (ii) Salts affected nucleation stage to the same degree, except arginine hydrochloride (Arg). (iii) Arg specifically suppressed both nucleation and growth of aggregates. These results indicate that co-aggregation in a protein mixture is more sensitive to the partial unfolding of proteins than that in a single protein solution, due to the presence of electrostatic attraction between different molecules. These results provide new insight into protein aggregation as well as the molecular mechanism of additives under heterogeneous conditions.
The ring of life hypothesis for eukaryote origins is supported by multiple kinds of data.

The literature is replete with manuscripts describing the origin of eukaryotic cells. Most of the models for eukaryogenesis are either autogenous (sometimes called slow-drip), or symbiogenic (sometimes called big-bang). In this article, we use large and diverse suites of 'Omics' and other data to make the inference that autogeneous hypotheses are a very poor fit to the data and the origin of eukaryotic cells occurred in a single symbiosis.
On Unitarity of Massive Gravity in Three Dimensions

We examine a unitarity of a particular higher-derivative extension of general relativity in three space-time dimensions, which has been recently shown to be equivalent to the Pauli-Fierz massive gravity at the linearized approximation level, and explore a possibility of generalizing the model to higher space-time dimensions. We find that the model in three dimensions is indeed unitary in the tree-level, but the corresponding model in higher dimensions is not so due to the appearance of non-unitary massless spin-2 modes.
Inducing Features of Random Fields

We present a technique for constructing random fields from a set of training samples. The learning paradigm builds increasingly complex fields by allowing potential functions, or features, that are supported by increasingly large subgraphs. Each feature has a weight that is trained by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the model and the empirical distribution of the training data. A greedy algorithm determines how features are incrementally added to the field and an iterative scaling algorithm is used to estimate the optimal values of the weights. 
The statistical modeling techniques introduced in this paper differ from those common to much of the natural language processing literature since there is no probabilistic finite state or push-down automaton on which the model is built. Our approach also differs from the techniques common to the computer vision literature in that the underlying random fields are non-Markovian and have a large number of parameters that must be estimated. Relations to other learning approaches including decision trees and Boltzmann machines are given. As a demonstration of the method, we describe its application to the problem of automatic word classification in natural language processing. 
Key words: random field, Kullback-Leibler divergence, iterative scaling, divergence geometry, maximum entropy, EM algorithm, statistical learning, clustering, word morphology, natural language processing
Theoretical construction of Morris-Thorne wormholes compatible with quantum field theory

This paper completes and extends some earlier studies by the author to show that Morris-Thorne wormholes are compatible with quantum field theory. The strategy is to strike a balance between reducing the size of the unavoidable exotic region and the degree of fine-tuning of the metric coefficients required to achieve this reduction, while simultaneously satisfying the constraints from quantum field theory. The fine-tuning also serves to satisfy various traversabilty criteria such as tidal constraints and proper distances through the wormhole. The degree of fine-tuning turns out to be a generic feature of the type of wormhole discussed.
Depression and pain among inpatients with spinal cord injury and spinal cord disease: differences in symptoms and neurological function.

To examine the relationship between depression and pain severity during inpatient rehabilitation for those with new onset of spinal cord injury or spinal cord disease (SCI/D), along with patient characteristics, neurological function and etiology.



This cross-sectional study reviewed medical records of 100 adults with SCI/D including their admission scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), a measure of depression, and pain ratings collected at admission and discharge.



Upon admission, 28% reported moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression and 69% reported pain. PHQ-9 scores were associated with pain only among those with the least severe impairments, for whom higher scores were associated with greater pain. While depression levels did not differ by etiology, those with traumatic injuries had higher pain ratings.



In general, depressive symptoms were not associated with pain severity in this sample. Etiology was associated with pain, those with traumatic SCI reporting more pain at admission. Among demographic characteristics, age was related to pain, with younger subjects reporting higher levels. These findings suggest that certain characteristics may predispose patients to pain and depression upon admission to rehabilitation. By determining who is at risk for these symptoms, clinicians can adopt treatments that prevent these from becoming chronic conditions.
Early American farming and gardening literature: “Adapted to the climates and seasons of the United States”l

Prior to the nineteenth century Americans wrote very little about farming and gardening. For general husbandry early colonial settlers relied primarily on traditional farming lore and practices. To aid them in concocting their herbal remedies seventeenth-century settlers depended on the English works of John Gerard, John Parkinson, and Nicholas Culpeper. During the eighteenth century a few English farming manuals, by the prolific Richard Bradley, and William Ellis, as well as various editions of the works of such noted gardening authorities as Philip Miller and John Abercrombie found their way to the colonies.
Dynamic Trade Creation

The emergence of large trading blocs as a central feature of the world economy has led to renewed interest in customs unions and free trade areas. Analysis of preferential trading arrangements has traditionally focused on static trade creation and diversion. However, as world cap­ ital markets have become increasingly integrated, it is clear that the dynamic effects of trade policy are also of great significance. The analysis of preferential trading areas necessarily involves changes from a tariff-ridden equilibrium, so we are already in a world of the second best. Hence, it would not help further to muddy the analyti­ cal waters by assuming that the source of growth is some economy-wide externality. Thus we are drawn to the class of growth models studied by Jones and Manuelli (1990) and Rebelo (1991). Also, because we are interested in the effects of commercial policies across time, it is natural to assume that agents do not live forever. Thus, we maintain analytical simplicity by imposing the discipline of a strictly neoclassical framework with no increasing returns and no bequest motives. The burden of this discipline is that endogenous economic growth can occur only if the economy has at least two  The most natural economy has a consumption sector, an investment sector, a
Avoiding the Bloat with Stochastic Grammar-based Genetic Programming

The application of Genetic Programming to the discovery of empirical laws is often impaired by the huge size of the search space, and consequently by the computer resources needed. In many cases, the extreme demand for memory and CPU is due to the massive growth of non-coding segments, the introns. The paper presents a new program evolution framework which combines distribution-based evolution in the PBIL spirit, with grammar-based genetic programming; the information is stored as a probability distribution on the gra mmar rules, rather than in a population. Experiments on a real-world like problem show that this approach gives a practical solution to the problem of intron growth.
Characterization of the interactions between apple condensed tannins and biologically important metal ions [Fe2+ (3d6), Cu2+ (3d9) and Zn2+ (3d10)]

To provide information regarding the mechanisms of interactions between apple condensed tannins (ACT) and biologically important metal ions (Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ ) as well as characterize ACT-metal ion coprecipitates, spectroscopy methods, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) studies were utilized in the present study. Our results showed that ACT from unripe apple (cv. Golden Delicious) fruits were a mixture of B-type procyanidin oligomers with tetramers and pentamers as the main components. The (−)-epicatechin was the dominant unit of oligomer structures. Metal ions quenched the fluorescence of ACT via a static mechanism, while ACT interacted with metal ions mainly via catechol group-ion exchange. The binding constants, binding sites, the absolute values of Gibbs energy changes and effectiveness of precipitation of metal ions by ACT followed the order of Fe 2+  > Cu 2+  > Zn 2+ . Besides, the characteristics of ACT-metal ion coprecipitates confirmed the interactions of ACT with metal ions. The metal content of ACT-Fe 2+ , ACT-Cu 2+ or ACT-Zn 2+ coprecipitates was approximately 1.94%, 1.71% or 1.25%, respectively. Therefore, the findings of our investigation were able to help in the developments of ACT-metal nanoparticles, ACT-based sensors and sorption materials for metal ions.
Multinationals, regulatory competition and outside options

Lower barriers to entry and developments in world capital markets have increased the actual and potential mobility of multinational enterprises. This poses challenges for host countries’ tax and regulation policies. The paper examines implications for such policies, for multinantionals’ investment decisions and for host countries’ welfare in cooperative and non-cooperative settings. An interesting finding is that more attractive outside options for firms may constitute a win-win situation; the firm as well as its present host countries may gain when this occurs. This means that better outside options for the firm may reduce the gains from host countries’ policy coordination and thus reduce those countries’ incentives to coordinate their policies.