nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Privileged Pole? Diversity in Women's Pay, Pensions and Wealth in Britain

Is gender on its own becoming redundant in the analysis of employment experiences? There is a growing interest in economic diversity amongst women within the social sciences, with commentators suggesting, firstly, that a polarization in women's labour market experiences is occurring. Secondly, economic diversity amongst women may even be so distinct that a privileged pole is faring substantially better in wage and occupational terms than most men. This article uses data from the Family Resources Survey to explore these two suggestions. It concludes that the success on the labour market that has been achieved by an economically privileged pole amongst women supports the decline in the power of gender to explain variation in occupational patterns and wages, but it is clear that gender (tempered with awareness of the ways that it is cross-cut by class, ethnicity and other social divisions) remains an invaluable explanatory variable for our understanding of economic security in its fuller sense, not least in the pension positions of women.
Networks in labor markets: Wage and employment dynamics and inequality

We present a model of labor markets that accounts for the social network through which agents hear about jobs. We show that an improvement in the wage or employment status of either an agent's direct or indirect contacts leads to an increase in the agent's employment probability and expected wages, in the sense of first order stochastic dominance. A similar effect results from an increase in the network contacts of an agent. In terms of dynamics and patterns, we show that both wages and employment are positively associated (a strong form of correlation) across time and agents. We also analyze the decisions of agents regarding staying in the labor market or dropping out. If there are costs to staying in the labor market, and we compare two networks of agents that are identical except that one group starts with a worse wage status, then that group's drop-out rate will be higher that the other's and there will be a persistent difference in wages between the groups.
Information from Deduction: Models and Proofs (Dagstuhl Seminar 15381)

This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 15381 "Information from Deduction: Models and Proofs". The aim of the seminar was to bring together researchers working in deduction and applications that rely on models and proofs produced by deduction tools. 
Proofs and models serve two main purposes: (1) as an upcoming paradigm towards the next generation of automated deduction tools where search relies on (partial) proofs and models; (2) as the actual result of an automated deduction tool, which is increasingly integrated into application tools. 
Applications are rarely well served by a simple yes/no answer from a deduction tool. Many use models as certificates for satisfiability to extract feasible program executions; others use proof objects as certificates for unsatisfiability in the context of high-integrity systems development. Models and proofs even play an integral role within deductive 
tools as major methods for efficient proof search rely on refining a simultaneous search for a model or a proof. The topic is in a sense evergreen: models and proofs will always be an integral part of deduction. Nonetheless, the seminar was especially timely given recent activities in deduction and applications, and it enabled researchers from different subcommunities to communicate with each other towards exploiting synergies.
Reading Shakespeare - Reading Modernity

From the mid 1700s onwards, the German literati and theatre community were engaged in a heated and wide-ranging debate over William Shakespeare’s drama. At stake were not only questions about the theatrical implications and impact of Elizabethan drama, but also a more systematic inquiry into the nature of art. In this context, one voice stands out: that of Johann Gottfried Herder. Herd er’s 1772 essay “Shakespear” (sic) sums up the contemporary discussion, but also brings it to a new philosophical level. For Herder, Shakespeare is the Bard of modernity. His theatre articulates patterns of diversity within and between cultures, thus also triggering a set of new hermeneutic problems and challenges. Through his work on Shakespeare, Herder brings forth a novel understanding of modernity – of art in modernity, of the conditions of self-understanding and understanding others – that differs from the way Hegel and his likes, a good thirty years later, would shape the discourse of hermeneutics as well as our understanding of the modern world and the role of art within it.  Theatre, Modernity, Herder, Hegel, Shakespeare, Aesthetics
Art and appetite : American painting, culture, and cuisine

Food has always been an important source of knowledge about culture and society. Art and Appetite takes a fascinating new look at depictions of food in American art, demonstrating that artistic representations of edibles offer thoughtful reflection on the cultural, political, economic, and social moments in which they were created. Artists used food as prism through which they could celebrate and critique their society, expressing ideas relating to politics, race, class, and gender. With a focus that ranges from Colonial still lifes of the 18th century through the Pop artists of the 20th century, this lively publication investigates the many interpretations of eating in America. Art and Appetite features still-life and trompe l'oeil painting, sculpture, and other works by such celebrated artists as John Singleton Copley, Raphaelle Peale, Lilly Martin Spencer, William Michael Harnett, William Merritt Chase, Elizabeth Paxton, Norman Bel Geddes, Stuart Davis, Edward Hopper, Alice Neel, Wayne Thiebaud, and Roy Lichtenstein, among others. Essays by leading experts address topics including the horticultural and botanical underpinnings of still-life painting, the history of alcohol consumption in the United States, the cultural history of Thanksgiving, and the commercialization of food in the world of Pop art. In addition to the images and essays, this book includes a selection of vintage recipes for all-American dishes.
Gas phase acidity measurement of local acidic groups in multifunctional species: controlling the binding sites in hydroxycinnamic acids.

The applicability of the extended kinetic method (EKM) to determine the gas phase acidities (GA) of different deprotonable groups within the same molecule was tested by measuring the acidities of cinnamic, coumaric, and caffeic acids. These molecules differ not only in the number of acidic groups but in their nature, intramolecular distances, and calculated GAs. In order to determine independently the GA of groups within the same molecule using the EKM, it is necessary to selectively prepare pure forms of the hydrogen-bound heterodimer. In this work, the selectivity was achieved by the use of solvents of different vapor pressure (water and acetonitrile), as well as by variation of the drying temperature in the ESI source, which affected the production of heterodimers with different solvation energies and gas-phase dissociation energies. A particularly surprising finding is that the calculated solvation enthalpies of water and the aprotic acetonitrile are essentially identical, and that the different gas-phase products generated are apparently the result of their different vapor pressures, which affects the drying mechanism. This approach for the selective preparation of heterodimers, which is based on the energetics, appears to be quite general and should prove useful for other studies that require the selective production of heterodimers in ESI sources. The experimental results were supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of both gas-phase and solvated species. The experimental thermochemical parameters (deprotonation ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS) are in good agreement with the calculated values for the monofunctional cinnamic acid, as well as the multifunctional coumaric and caffeic acids. The measured GA for cinnamic acid is 334.5 ± 2.0 kcal/mol. The measured acidities for the COOH and OH groups of coumaric and caffeic acids are 332.7 ± 2.0, 318.7 ± 2.1, 332.2 ± 2.0, and 317.3 ± 2.2 kcal/mol, respectively.
A controllable hydrothermal fabrication of hierarchical ZnO microstructures and its gas sensing properties

In this paper, rod-flower like ZnO hierarchical microstructures with high uniformity are synthesized from the thermal decomposition of Zn(NH3)42+ precursors, which are prepared via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal process. The as-synthesized hierarchical ZnO microstructure is assembled from columnar nanorods, and the measured length to diameter ratio of the nanorod is about 20. The morphology of the hierarchical ZnO microstructure can be tailored by varying hydrothermal conditions, e.g., hydrothermal temperature, reaction time, concentration of Zn2+ and zinc salts. Moreover, based on the experimental results, the possible reaction mechanism for the growth of the as-synthesized hierarchical ZnO microstructures is also discussed in detail,and the Zn2+ concentration was found to be a crucial role in the formation and nucleation of the rod flower-like microstructures. In addition, the gas sensing test demonstrates that the sensors based on hierarchical ZnO microstructures exhibits excellent gas sensing properties due to its unique architecture.
Environments of formation of lithologic associations in the Torlesse accretionary wedge, Tararua Range, New Zealand

Torlesse Complex in the southeastern Tararua Range, New Zealand, consists of two distinctive lithologic associations: a sedimentary association (95% of outcrop), consisting of sandstone, mudstone, calcareous siltstone, conglomerate, and olistostrome; and a volcanic association (5% of outcrop) which consists of basalt, red and green argillite, chert, and limestone. Rocks of the sedimentary association were deposited by turbidity currents and debris flows in a deep marine environment, as part of a mid-outer submarine fan. Detrital framework modes and whole rock geochemistry indicate that the sediments were eroded from an active, continental-margin magmatic arc that was heavily dissected and shedding sediment of mainly plutonic and metamorphic origin. Rocks of the volcanic association, although volumetrically insignificant, are widely distributed but occur mainly in the western half of the area. Both tholeiitic and alkalic basalts occur, and were erupted in an oceanic environment, both in mid-oc...
Application and implementation of the GINA asthma guidelines by specialist and primary care physicians: a longitudinal follow-up study on 264 children.

To implement GINA guidelines and to assess their impact on the management of childhood asthma.



A working group of primary care physicians (PCPs) and specialists developed a GINA-based clinical pathway. We then monitored the impact on 385 children (aged 0-15 years) referred to the respiratory outpatients clinic at the University Children's Hospital, Brescia, Italy by 179 PCPs between September 2003 and July 2005.



Mean follow-up for 264 children with complete datasets was 10 months. Guidelines were followed by 94.6% of the PCPs. 98.6% of children learned to manage exacerbations. Half of the patients with persistent symptoms became intermittently symptomatic. Maintenance treatment was suspended in 47.2%, reduced in 27.6%, and increased in 4.9%. Asthma severity diminished (p<0.0001) and requirement for medication for exacerbations was significantly reduced (p<0.0001).



Regular specialist visits, a website, and a written management plan shared by all those involved, led to clinical improvements as well as a reduction in, and more efficient use of, asthma medication.
Synthesis and properties of 2-acetylthiamin pyrophosphate: an enzymatic reaction intermediate.

The synthesis of 2-acetylthiamin pyrophosphate (acetyl-TPP) is described. The synthesis of this compound is accomplished at 23 degrees C by the oxidation of 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamin pyrophosphate using aqueous chromic acid as the oxidizing agent under conditions where Cr(III) coordination to the pyrophosphoryl moiety and hydrolysis of both the pyrophosphate and acetyl moieties were prevented. Although the chemical properties exhibited by acetyl-TPP are similar to those of the 2-acetyl-3,4-dimethylthiazolium ion examined by Lienhard [Lienhard, G.E. (1966) ], significant differences exist because of the pyrimidine ring in acetyl-TPP. Characterization of acetyl-TPP by ultraviolet spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR provided evidence that the compound in aqueous solution exists as an equilibrium mixture of keto, hydrate, and intramolecular carbinolamine forms. The equilibria for the hydration and carbinolamine formation reactions at pD 1.3 as determined by 1H NMR are strongly dependent on the temperature, showing an increase in the hydrate and carbinolamine forms at the expense of the keto form with decreasing temperature. The concentration of keto form also decreases with increasing pH. Acetyl-TPP is stable in aqueous acid but rapidly deacetylates at higher pH to form acetate and thiamin pyrophosphate. Trapping of the acetyl moiety in aqueous solution occurs efficiently with 1.0 M hydroxylamine at pH 5.5-6.5 to form acetohydroxamic acid and to a much smaller extent with 1.0 M 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 4.0 and 5.0 to form thio ester. Transfer of the acetyl group to 0.5 M dihydrolipoic acid at pH 5.0 and 1.0 M phosphate dianion at pH 7.0 is not observed to any significant extent in water. The kinetic and thermodynamic reactivity of acetyl-TPP with water and other nucleophiles is compatible with a hypothetical role for acyl-TPPs as enzymatic acyl-transfer intermediates.
Private Transnational Governance and the Developing World: A Comparative Perspective

While private authority beyond the state has become a popular theme of academic writing, the role of stakeholders in the Southern hemisphere as objects and subjects of private transnational governance has rarely been addressed in the literature. To fill this gap, this article examines three private transnational governance (PTG) schemes in the field of global sustainability politics and their relation to the South. The analysis shows that, contrary to common assumptions, PTG schemes exert a significant influence on Southern stakeholders. They shape the meaning of key normative concepts, induce discursive shifts that constrain the ways in which sustainability politics may or may not be framed, and establish new regulatory frameworks to which Southern actors need to respond. Yet, while Northern interests are well represented, the representation of Southern stakeholders remains low. It is particularly low in knowledge-centered elements of the governance schemes. In contrast, where issues are explicitly framed in political terms and where decision-making processes extend across multiple levels, the quality of Southern representation increases.
Conversations, Volume 2

Recorded during Jorge Luis Borges’s final years, this second volume of his conversations with Osvaldo Ferrari provides a wide-ranging reflection on the life and work of Argentina’s master writer and favorite conversationalist. In Conversations: Volume 2, Borges and Ferrari engage in a dialogue that is both improvisational and frequently humorous as they touch on subjects as diverse as epic poetry, detective fiction, Buddhism, and the moon landing. With his signature wit, Borges offers insight into the philosophical basis of his stories and poems, his fascination with religious mysticism, and the idea of life as dream. He also dwells on more personal themes, including the influence of his mother and father on his intellectual development, his friendships, and living with blindness. These recollections are alive to the passage of history, whether in the changing landscape of Buenos Aires or a succession of political conflicts, leading Borges to contemplate what he describes as his “South American destiny.” The recurrent theme of these conversations, however, is a life lived through books. Borges draws on the resources of a mental library that embraces world literature—ancient and modern. He recalls the works that were a constant presence in his memory and maps his changing attitudes to a highly personal canon. In the prologue to the volume, Borges celebrates dialogue and the transmission of culture across time and place. These conversations are a testimony to the supple ways that Borges explored his own relation to numerous traditions.
On the Construction of One-Way Functions from Average Case Hardness

In this paper we study the possibility of proving the existence of one-way functions based on average case hardness. It is well-known that if there exists a polynomial-time sampler that outputs instance- solution pairs such that the distribution on the instances is hard on average, then one-way functions exist. We study the possibility of constructing such a sampler based on the assumption that there exists a sampler that outputs only instances, where the distribution on the instances is hard on the average. Namely, we study the possibility of "modifying" an ordinary sampler S that outputs (only) hard instances of some search problem R, to a sampler that outputs instance-solution pairs of the same search problem R. We show that under some restriction, not every sampler can be so modified. That is, we show that if some hard problem with certain properties exists (which, in particular is implied by the existence of one-way permutations), then for every polynomial λ, there exists a search problem R and a polynomial-time sampler S such that (1) R is hard under the distribution induced by S, and (2) there is no sampler S ∗ with randomness complexity bounded by λ ,t hat outputs instance-solution pairs of R, where the distribution on the instances of S ∗ is closely related to that of S (i.e., dominates it). A possible interpretation of our result is that a generic approach for transforming samplers of instances to samplers of instance-solution pairs cannot succeed.
Embedding an interpreted language using higher-order functions and types

Using an embedded, interpreted language to control a complicated application can have significant software-engineering benefits. But existing interpreters are designed for embedding into C code. To embed an interpreter into a different language requires a suitable API. Lua-ML is a new API that uses higher-order functions and types to simplify the use of an embedded interpreter. A typical application-program function can be added to a Lua-ML interpreter simply by describing the function's type.
Capturing Requirements by Abstract State Machines: The Light Control Case Study

We show how to capture informally stated requirements by an ASM (Abstract State Machine) model. The model removes the inconsistencies, ambiguities and incomplete parts in the informal description without adding details which belong to the subsequent software design. Such models are formulated using application-domainoriented terminology and standard software engineering notation and bridge the gap between the application-domain and the system design views of the underlying problem in a reliable and practical way, avoiding any formal overhead. The basic model architecture reflects the three main system parts, namely for the manual and automatic light control and for handling failures and services. We refine the ground model into a version that is executable by AsmGofer and can be used for high-level simulation, test and debugging purposes.
Services and the Business Models of Product Firms: An Empirical Analysis of the Software Industry

Some product firms increasingly rely on service revenues as part of their business models. One possible explanation is that they turn to services to generate additional profits when their product industries mature and product revenues and profits decline. We explore this assumption by examining the role of services in the financial performance of firms in the prepackaged software products industry Standard Industrial Classification code 7372 from 1990 to 2006. We find a convex, nonlinear relationship between a product firm's fraction of total sales coming from services and its overall operating margins. As expected, firms with a very high level of product sales are most profitable, and rising services are associated with declining profitability. We find, however, that additional services start to have a positive marginal effect on the firm's overall profits when services reach a majority of a product firm's sales. We show that traditional industry maturity arguments cannot fully explain our data. It is likely that changes in both strategy and the business environment lead product firms to place more emphasis on services. 
 
This paper was accepted by Christoph Loch, R&D and product development.
Geology and petroleum potential of Riphean reservoirs in the southwestern Siberian craton

We report CMP reflection profiling data acquired by Eniseigeofizika OJSC in the southwestern Siberian craton. The collected reference and regional profiles of a total length of ~5000 km, run in W–E and N–S directions and traverse all major structural units of the craton. The data were processed to obtain important evidence of the sediment structure as a basis for further exploration. The synthesis of the results allowed mapping the Riphean surface, with sedimentary sequences and basement highs. The thicknesses and deformation patterns of rocks were used to distinguish ten zones which differ in their structure and composition, as well as in the position with respect to major units of the overlying Vendian–Paleozoic sequence. The distinguished zones have been ranked in terms of exploration and licensing priority.
The Effects of Business-to-Business E-Commerce on Transaction Costs: Description, Examples, and Implications

In this paper, we study the changes in transaction costs from the introduction of the Internet in transactions between firms (i.e., business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce). We begin with a conceptual framework to organize the changes in transaction costs that are likely to result when a transaction is transferred from a physical marketplace to an Internet-based one. Following Milgrom and Roberts (1992), we differentiate between the impact on coordination costs and motivation costs. We argue that it is likely that B2B e-commerce reduces coordination costs / increase efficiency. We classify these efficiencies into three broad categories – (1) process improvements; (2) marketplace benefits; and (3) indirect improvements. At the same time, B2B e-commerce affects motivation costs. In particular, we discuss the impact of the introduction of e-commerce on informational asymmetries. Second, we present some early examples of such effects from three companies from which we have been able to obtain data. We measure the process improvements for all three companies. We measure marketplace benefits for one company. We then attempt to measure motivation costs for one company by comparing the performance of an Internet marketplace to a physical marketplace. We are able to document potentially large process improvements. We document one example of large marketplace benefits. We find mixed evidence of motivation costs.