nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Education department awards

some very prestigious awards offered by the IEEE Educational Activities Board (EAB). These awards honor individuals, IEEE Sections, and companies for significant contributions in continuing education, education innovation, precollege education, accreditation, meritorious service to the IEEE EAB, professional development, and related achievements that advance the practice of engineering and of engineering education. The awards include the following: IEEE EAB Meritorious Achievement Award in Accreditation Activities: Recognizes IEEE members for efforts to foster the maintenance and improvement of education through the process of accreditation engineering, engineering technology, computer science programs, and applied science programs.  Meritorious Achievement Award in Continuing Education: Recognizes IEEE members for the dedicated contribution to the design, delivery, and support of continuing education courses and programs in the fields of interest to IEEE members.  Major Educational Innovation Award: Recognizes IEEE members who have distinguished themselves for outstanding educational innovation in a field of interest of the IEEE.  EAB Pre-College Educator Award: Recognizes current precollege classroom teachers who have inspired an appreciation and understanding of mathematics, science, and technology and the engineering process in students and have encouraged students to pursue technical careers.  Meritorious Service Citation: Recognizes IEEE members who are past members of the EAB or current or past members of EAB committees for outstanding and sustained service to the aims and objectives of the EAB.  Em ployer Professional D e v e l o p m e n t Award: Recognizes organizations employing IEEE members for contributions to employee continuing education and professional development.  Section Professional D e v e l o p m e n t Award: Recognizes IEEE Sections for major contributions to IEEE members in the areas of lifelong learning, continuing education, and professional development.  Vice President’s Recognition Award: Recognizes  Members who have had a significant and substantial effect on the practice of engineering and of engineering education related to the mission of the EAB. Additional information on these awards, including a listing of previous winners and the 2004 Call for Nominations, can be found by following the links at the EAB Web site at http:// www.ieee.org/ organizations/eab/ eab.htm. I am certain that there are members of the IAS who have made significant contributions in one or more of these areas and that they are worthy of recognition. If you are aware of an individual that you think is deserving of one of these awards, I encourage you to nominate him or her. Please note that the deadline for nominations is 30 April 2004. IAS Education Department Awards
Novel Synthesis of ClF6+ and BrF6+ Salts†

For a compound in a given oxidation state, its oxidizing strength increases from its anion to the neutral parent molecule to its cation. Similarly, an anion is more easily oxidized than its neutral parent molecule, which in turn is more easily oxidized than its cation. This concept was systematically exploited in our search for new superoxidizers. Transition metal fluoride anions were prepared in their highest known oxidation states by high temperature/high pressure fluorinations with elemental fluorine and subsequently converted to their more strongly oxidizing cations by a displacement reaction with a strong Lewis acid. The application of this principle resulted in new syntheses for ClF6+AsF6- and BrF6+AsF6- using the highly reactive and thermally unstable NiF3+ cation that was prepared from the reaction of the NiF62- anion with AsF5 in anhydrous HF. Attempts to prepare the known KrF+ and ClO2F2+ cations and the yet unknown XeF7+ cation by the same method were unsuccessful. The results from this and pre...
Molecular Phylogenetic Information on the Identity of the Closest Living Relative(s) of Land Vertebrates

The phylogenetic position of tetrapods relative to the other two living sarcopterygian lineages (lungfishes and the coelacanth) has been subject to debate for many decades, yet remains unresolved. There are three possible alternatives for the phylogenetic relationships among these three living lineages of sarcopterygians, i.e., lungfish as living sister group of tetrapods, the coelacanth as closest living relative of tetrapods, and lungfish and coelacanth equally closely related to tetrapods. To resolve this important evolutionary question several molecular data sets have been collected in recent years, the largest being the almost complete 28S rRNA gene sequences (about 3500 bp) and the complete mitochondrial genomes of the coelacanth and a lungfish (about 16,500 bp each). Phylogenetic analyses of several molecular data sets had not provided unequivocal support for any of the three hypotheses. However, a lungfish + tetrapod or a lungfish + coelacanth clade were predominantly favored over a coelacanth + tetrapod grouping when the entire mitochondrial genomes alone or in combination with the nuclear 28S rRNA gene data were analyzed with maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods. Also, current paleontological and morphological data seem to concur with these molecular results. Therefore the currently available molecular data seems to rule out a coelacanth + tetrapod relationship, the traditional textbook hypothesis. These tentative molecular phylogenetic results point to the inherent difficulty in resolving relationships among lineages which apparently originated in rapid succession during the Devonian.
Local Choices for Development Impact Fees

This article investigates the patterns and determinants of local impact-fee adoptions. The theoretical framework combines political market approaches based in interest-group theories of property rights and diffusion theories of innovation. Event history analysis is employed to estimate impact-fee adoptions in 66 Florida counties from 1977 to 2001. The empirical results demonstrate clear spatial and temporal patterns, showing that counties experiencing rapid growth actively adopted impact fees. The findings also provide several lessons. First, the development community has a significant influence on the adoption or nonadoption of impact fees. Second, intergovernmental constraints (or incentives) affect local choice. Third, counties are more likely to adopt impact fees as more neighboring counties have adopted them. Fourth, administrative capacity is a critical resource that influences impact fee adoptions. Fifth, the results confirm that rapid growth promotes impact fee adoptions.
Molecular simulation for gas adsorption at NiO (100) surface.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to explore the gas-sensing mechanisms of NiO (100) surface on the basis of energetic and electronic properties. We have calculated the adsorption energies of NO(2), H(2)S, and NH(3) molecules on NiO (100) surface using GGA+U method. The calculated results suggest that the interaction of NO(2) molecule with NiO surface becomes stronger and contributes more extra peaks within the band gap as the coverage increases. The band gap of H(2)S-adsorbed systems decrease with the increase in coverage up to 0.5 ML and the band gap does not change at 1 ML because H(2)S molecules are repelled from the surface. In case of NH(3) molecular adsorption, the adsorption energy has been increased with the increase in coverage and the band gap is directly related to the adsorption energy. Charge transfer mechanism between the gas molecule and the NiO surface has been illustrated by the Bader analysis and plotting isosurface charge distribution. It is also found that that work function of the surfaces shows different behavior with different adsorbed gases and their coverage. The work function of NO(2) gas adsorption has a hill-shaped behavior, whereas H(2)S adsorption has a valley-shaped behavior. The work function of NH(3) adsorption decreases with the increase in coverage. On the basis of our calculations, we can have a better understanding of the gas-sensing mechanism of NiO (100) surface toward NO(2), H(2)S, and NH(3) gases.
Krivine's classical realisability from a categorical perspective

In a sequence of papers (Krivine 2001; Krivine 2003; Krivine 2009) J.-L. Krivine has introduced his notion of Classical Realizability for classical second order logic and Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. Moreover, in more recent work (Krivine 2008) he has considered forcing constructions on top of it with the ultimate aim of providing a realizability interpretation for the axiom of choice. The aim of this paper is to show how Krivine’s classical realizability can be understood as an instance of the categorical approach to realizability as started by Hyland in (Hyland 1982) and described in detail in (van Oosten 2008). Moreover, we will give an intuitive explanation of the iteration of realizability as can be found in (Krivine 2008).
A marine climate change adaptation blueprint for coastal regional communities

Essential elements of climate change research include taking a whole of systems approach, which entails a socio-ecological perspective, and considering climate challenges alongside other challenges faced by resource users. In this paper a case study based research approach is developed to investigate the role of climate and non-climate drivers in shaping three commercial marine sectors: fishing, aquaculture, and marine tourism. The analysis is based on information gained using in depth semi-structured interviews in a coastal community in southeast Australia. Even though climate drivers differ, the economic sectors of this community are representative of many similar coastal communities around the Australia. Results show that at a community level people involved in, or associated with marine sectors are aware of climate change impacts on the marine environment. Even though many may not see it as a pressing issue, the potential effect of climate change on business profitability was recognised. Both the profitability of commercial fishing and aquaculture (oysters) was affected through mostly a downward pressure on product price, while marine tourism profitability was mainly affected through changes in the number of visitors. A number of positive impacts from climate-driven change, mainly from windfall economic benefits of range shifted species, were reported for commercialand charter fishing. However, no positive impacts were reported for the aquacultureand dive sectors. In the aquaculture sector climate drivers were of great significance in industry participation, while participation in commercial fishing was mainly driven by socio-economic factors. Combining the different domains with climate drivers allows for identification and assessment of targeted adaptation needs and opportunities and sets up a comprehensive approach to determine future adaptation pathways.
The problem of reason in chaadaev's philosophical conception

P. Ia. Chaadaev continues to attract the attention of researchers of Russian thought. Some recent publications in our press justify the assertion that scholars are interested not only in this or that side of the views of "the philosopher of Basmannaia Street" but also in the very character of his mentality and its place in the history of Russian philosophical thought. Thus, Viacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov writes in his article "Chaadaev-Our Contemporary" [Chaadaev-nash sovremennik] (Literaturnaia gazeta, 30 July 1996): "There are several reasons why Chaadaev is not at home in Russia and in the history of Russian thought. One of them is his extreme rationalism and logical orientation. He is the follower of Western European rationalism, mainly, I think, of the French rationalist tradition. For him the chief achievement of civilization is the syllogism, the deduction of logical conclusions from some kind of premises and he takes history to be a unified whole." The same problem of Chaadaevan mentality is rais...
Theorizing about gender and entrepreneurship: bridging the gap with social psychology

The purpose of this paper is to approach women's entrepreneurship from a social psychological perspective, with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of the entrepreneurial phenomena and to its development as a field of research. The gender aspect of entrepreneurship is essentially socio‐psychological in nature. First, the authors define the social psychology research scope and present a selection of social psychology theories that are particularly relevant to the domain of women's entrepreneurship. Concepts such as stereotypes, stereotype threat and role models are introduced. Second, the authors instantiate how the social psychology experimental method can address core questions in the women's entrepreneurship field, such as women's under‐representation in entrepreneurial positions. The conclusion of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, social psychology theories can address crucial issues in women's entrepreneurship and on the other hand, ...
Hans Kelsen: aportaciones teóricas de la teoría pura del Derecho

The main purpose is to briefly introduce Kelsen’s contributions to different fields of legal, philosophical and sociological thinking. Thus, the article explains the concept of methodological purity and also exposes the conceptual construction, outlined in the «Capital Problems...» (Hauptprobleme), of law as a coercive order and the concept of attribution (Sollen). It describes the thesis of the identity of Law and the State, and shows how to juridically introduce and solve problems regarding the State. It briefly discusses the State forms and their relationships with different worldviews. The first edition of the Pure Theory of Law and the publication of the General Theory of Law and the State are mentioned. The contributions to the theory of the constitution and international law are presented; in the same way all the essays on the philosophy of Plato are listed and the origin of the law of causality from normative concepts, especially the principle of retribution. It mentions the critics of the political and legal theory of Marxism and communism.
The Crisis of Rationality: What Happens to Intelligence?

This paper discusses problems arising from prevailing definitions of intelligence elaborated on the basis of the rational paradigm which constitutes the typical form of acquiring knowledge in the modern world. We are imprisoned, it is argued, in our perception of what “being intelligent” means according to the requirements of traditional scientific method. Suggestions are outlined regarding the possibilities of comprehending intelligence unleashed by a shift from the traditional psychodiagnosis model to a descriptive approach introduced by the practice of phenomenological-existential psychodiagnosis.
Analogies between light optics and charged-particle optics

The close analogy between geometrical optics and the classical theories of charged-particle beam optics have been known for a very long time. In recent years, quantum theories of charged-particle beam optics have been presented with the very expected feature of wavelength-dependent effects. With the current development of non-traditional prescriptions of Helmholtz and Maxwell optics respectively, accompanied with the wavelength-dependent effects, it is seen that the analogy between the two systems persists. A brief account of the various prescriptions and the parallel of the analogies is presented.
Electron Attachment to Molecules in Very High Pressure Gases

In this thesis, electron capture mechanisms and reaction schemes have been developed for electron attachment to 02 , c6H6 , and c2H5Br embedded in high densities of N2 (P N2 s 36 atm), Ar (PArs 56 atm) , c2H4 (PC H s 22 atm) , and C2H6 (PC H s 23 atm). As the density of each 2 4 2 6 medium increases, each is found to affect the attachment rate in a different manner, indicating the profound effect and importance of the environment on the electron attachment process. The results of a study on the capture of slow ( < 1 eV) electrons by o2 in high pressures of N2 , c2H4, and c2H6 media are presented and discussed and a model is presented to account for the experimental observations in each case. Benzene has also been found to capture slow electrons in high pressures of N2 and Ar media and a model is presented to account for the observed results. The finding that c6 H6 captures electrons in the gas phase forces the conclusion that (EA) B > 0 eV in contrast to the accepted view that (EA)B < 0 eV. Bromoethane has been found to capture slow (< 3 eV) electrons in high pressures of N2 and Ar and a reaction mechanism is presented which accounts for the relative magnitudes of the rate constants for autoionization, dissociation, and collisional stabilization. The high pressure data for electron attachment to o2, c6 H6, and c2H5 Br to form the respective negative ions have been extrapolated to liquid densities to yield values of the attachment rate in the liquid state. These values generally are in reasonable agreement with those obtained by other investigators using liquid solutions.
Domestic Visitation: a Chapter in Early Nineteenth Century Evangelism

Historians in recent years have shown considerable interest in the alienation from conventional church-going revealed by the Religious Census of 1851, as well as in the efforts of the churches to reach the masses in the second half of the nineteenth century. Less attention has been paid to special means of evangelism before 1850, the impression perhaps being given that despite awareness of the problem of the unchurched, the response to this was narrow and conventional—a matter simply of increasing and rationalising the traditional provision of churches, clergy and parish organisation or their Dissenting equivalents. It is true that Sunday Schools have been noted as devices for capturing and controlling the young; but little attention has been paid to what was probably the most characteristic device during the second quarter of the century for extending religious influences to adults outside the Church— the domestic visitation society. The purpose of the present paper is to attempt a limited inquiry into the circumstances in which these societies began; the different models they followed; and the purposes they pursued.
The management of adolescents with neurogenic urinary tract and bowel dysfunction.

Most children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction arrive into adolescence with reasonably managed lower urinary tract function only to experience bladder and kidney function deterioration after puberty. The aim of this article is to identify issues that contribute to adverse changes in bladder and renal function during adolescence and to highlight strategies to preserve urinary tract integrity, social continence, patient autonomy, and independence. Surveillance of bladder function requires patient attendance at review appointments and compliance with treatment plans. While encouraging independence and treatment compliance the clinician also needs to consider altered mental concentrating ability and fine motor skills of these patients. A keen eye for imminent loss of patient compliance to treatment protocol should be the mainstay of each encounter during puberty and adolescence. Annual surveillance of adolescent neurogenic bladder patients facilitates early identification of risk factors for urinary tract deterioration. Investigations include renal and bladder ultrasonography, urodynamic study when indicated, substantiated by videocystometry when anatomical status dictates. Serum creatinine should be measured and renal scintigraphy performed when upper urinary tract dilation, renal scarring, or atrophy are suspected. Optimal management of adolescents with neurologic disease of the urinary tract included strategies to reduce elevated detrusor pressure, maintain bladder compliance, and maximize dryness. Antimuscarinic medications, botulinum toxin A, and surgical procedures are enhanced by bowel management regimens and regular nurse or urotherapist patient contact. Caring for the patient as a whole requires discussion of sexuality, fertility status, and behaviors that increase the risk of progressive urinary tract damage.
A laboratory-supported power electronics and related technologies undergraduate curriculum for aerospace engineering

Power electronics technologies will play a vital role in the aerospace industry in the years to come and all emerging technologies are already an important part of the industry either at R&D or in many cases production level. It is recognised that aerospace engineering and avionics students need to be aware of these technologies and in a position to work as a team member with development of power electronics technologies addressing specific needs. The paper discusses pioneering initiatives undertaken and the newly introduced course of power electronics and related technologies into the undergraduate aerospace engineering curriculum at the University of Glasgow, UK. The various components of the course are described in detail, along with the laboratory programme, which is based on a ``closed-loop' ' approach for the understanding of the various concepts. The prelaboratory/post-laboratory questions and the course assessment are given. A sample final exam question is also provided to introduce the industry relevance requirement component of the course. The views of the students regarding their experiences, especially in the laboratory environment, are critically discussed.
Currency Price, the Nominal Exchange Rate, and Security Prices in a Two Country Dynamic Monetary Equilibrium

The invention is a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration to a patient comprising a) a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound having the formula as 2-S-(n-Butylsulfonylamino)-3-[4-(4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid; b) a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a citrate buffer effective to provide a pH of between about 5 and 7; and c) a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a tonicity adjusting agent effective to make the formulation substantially isotonic with the osmotic pressure of the biological system of the patient.
Ecosystem Services for Oceans and Coasts

This chapter introduces the ecosystem services (ES) approach as it pertains to marine and coastal environments. It starts with a description of the approach’s development, relates the approach to coastal and marine environments and ends on a somewhat critical note. Despite a great amount of attention to the ES approach in conservation literature and its pivotal position in the field of ecology, it struggles to achieve universal and transdisciplinary appeal. This chapter discusses some of the challenges of using ES in planning decisions and of building consensus around ES, and explores the application of this approach across different land and seascape units. ES assessment still requires much research and practical work; finding ways to incorporate ES values into the work of planners in the marine and coastal environment is perhaps as important as it is challenging.
Luanne Martineau : Lubberland II

Gogarty provides an historical context for Martineau’s work, which encompasses the Arts and Crafts movement, the immigrant experience in 19th century New York, and suburban middle-class life. For Gogarty, the artist’s employment of hybrid forms and outmoded materials questions the modernist aesthetic of purity, exposing its ideological and political underpinnings. 14 bibl. ref. Biographical note.