nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Decision-tree early warning score (DTEWS) validates the design of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS).

To compare the performance of a human-generated, trial and error-optimised early warning score (EWS), i.e., National Early Warning Score (NEWS), with one generated entirely algorithmically using Decision Tree (DT) analysis.



We used DT analysis to construct a decision-tree EWS (DTEWS) from a database of 198,755 vital signs observation sets collected from 35,585 consecutive, completed acute medical admissions. We evaluated the ability of DTEWS to discriminate patients at risk of cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission or death, each within 24h of a given vital signs observation. We compared the performance of DTEWS and NEWS using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve.



The structures of DTEWS and NEWS were very similar. The AUROC (95% CI) for DTEWS for cardiac arrest, unanticipated ICU admission, death, and any of the outcomes, all within 24h, were 0.708 (0.669-0.747), 0.862 (0.852-0.872), 0.899 (0.892-0.907), and 0.877 (0.870-0.883), respectively. Values for NEWS were 0.722 (0.685-0.759) [cardiac arrest], 0.857 (0.847-0.868) [unanticipated ICU admission}, 0.894 (0.887-0.902) [death], and 0.873 (0.866-0.879) [any outcome].



The decision-tree technique independently validates the composition and weightings of NEWS. The DT approach quickly provided an almost identical EWS to NEWS, although one that admittedly would benefit from fine-tuning using clinical knowledge. We believe that DT analysis could be used to quickly develop candidate models for disease-specific EWSs, which may be required in future.
A three year follow up of patients allocated to placebo, or oral or injectable gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.

Ninety patients randomly allocated to receive auranofin, matching placebo, or sodium aurothiomalate have been followed up for three years. Inefficacy led to cessation of treatment in 14 patients receiving auranofin, 27 receiving placebo, and one receiving sodium aurothiomalate. Twenty seven of the patients receiving placebo were reallocated within the study and 16 continued therapy at three years. This group showed similar statistically significant improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters at one, two, and three years to those on an active drug from the outset. Patients who discontinued auranofin because of inefficacy were offered sodium aurothiomalate therapy--eight patients in this group completed three years of treatment on sodium aurothiomalate and showed significant improvement in some but not all parameters. A hand radiograph erosion score showed a deterioration in 80% of patients remaining on auranofin, 75% of those on sodium aurothiomalate, and 80% of the original placebo group who continued an active drug for three years. Although more patients discontinued auranofin over the study period because of inefficacy, no difference could be shown between the degree of improvement in the subgroup who remained on auranofin and those receiving sodium aurothiomalate. No disadvantage in outcome could be shown for patients originally assigned to placebo.
Can Androids Be Salespeople in the Real World?

The roles of robots in the real world have become more diverse depending on their bodily properties. In this study, we aim to determine the roles that androids, whose bodily properties resemble humans, could serve in the real world. Selling and purchasing are common human activities. Therefore, we proposed the use of an android as a salesperson with cognitive and affective strategies utilizing the advantages of online- and counter- selling methods. We conducted a field study to investigate whether androids could sell goods in a department store. As a result, our sales strategies worked well and the android could sell 43 sweaters that cost approximately 100 dollars each for 10 days. These results are important knowledge for determining how androids may serve new roles and communicate with humans in the real world.
Alcohol use disorders in French hospital patients.

The prevalence of alcohol use disorders in hospital patients was studied in all the hospitals of one area of France. Alcohol disorders were diagnosed by the head nurse or a physician in the hospital where the patient was being attended, and by means of the CAGE self-questionnaire. This descriptive survey, carried out on one particular day, concerned 7626 patients. The prevalence of alcohol disorders was 18%, whereas only 6% of the admissions were for alcohol-related pathologies. Prevalences were 25% in men and 7% in women, 10% in persons aged under 25 years and 43% in men aged between 36 and 55 years. In all, one patient in two was diagnosed directly, though only one in four in the age range under 25 years. These results suggest that too few patients with alcohol use disorders are identified in hospitals, especially in certain age groups and certain types of ward.
A phase 1 b clinical trial of the CD 40-activating antibody CP-870 , 893 in combination with cisplatin and pemetrexed in malignant pleural mesothelioma

A phase 1b clinical trial of the CD40-activating antibody CP-870,893 in combination with cisplatin and pemetrexed in malignant pleural mesothelioma A. K. Nowak1,2,3*, A. M. Cook2,3, A. M. McDonnell2,3, M. J. Millward1,2,  Robinson2,3,6 & R. A. Lake2,3 Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth; School of Medicine and Pharmacology; National Research Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Nuclear Medicine; PathWest and; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth; School of Population Health; Centre for Applied Statistics, University of Western Australia, Perth; St John of God Hospital, Perth,
An intensive multiagent chemotherapy regimen for brain tumours occurring in very young children.

Standard treatment for the majority of malignant brain tumours consists of surgery and radiotherapy. This treatment has late morbidity which is accentuated in the very young child. As part of a strategy to improve quality of life and overall survival of young children with brain tumours, members of the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG) have piloted an intensive chemotherapy regimen which aims to avoid or delay radiotherapy following surgery. Twenty eight children with a variety of malignant brain tumours have received the regimen, which contains carboplatin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and cisplatin. The treatment is toxic, resulting in one death from infection. The bulk of the toxicity was associated with the administration of carboplatin. All but three children eventually required adjuvant radiotherapy and this was given between 1.5 and 27 months from diagnosis (median delay to radiotherapy, 12 months). Using this treatment regimen, overall survival at four years is 35% (confidence intervals 10% to 60%). While there is no evidence from this study that radiotherapy can be abandoned in the management of malignant brain tumours, its introduction may be delayed using suitable chemotherapy, thus allowing time for further CNS development. This treatment strategy has been taken forward as an international clinical trial run through the International Society for Paediatric Oncology, but using a smaller dose of carboplatin to reduce toxicity.
Patient and physician factors associated with participation in cervical and uterine cancer trials: an NRG/GOG247 study.

The aim of this study was to identify patient and physician factors related to enrollment onto Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) trials.



Prospective study of women with primary or recurrent cancer of the uterus or cervix treated at a GOG institution from July 2010 to January 2012. Logistic regression examined probability of availability, eligibility and enrollment in a GOG trial. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for significant (p<0.05) results reported.



Sixty institutions, 781 patients, and 150 physicians participated, 300/780 (38%) had a trial available, 290/300 had known participation status. Of these, 150 women enrolled (59.5%), 102 eligible did not enroll (35%), 38 (13%) were ineligible. Ethnicity and specialty of physician, practice type, data management availability, and patient age were significantly associated with trial availability. Patients with >4 comorbidities (OR 4.5; CI 1.7-11.8) had higher odds of trial ineligibility. Non-White patients (OR 7.9; CI 1.3-46.2) and patients of Black physicians had greater odds of enrolling (OR 56.5; CI 1.1-999.9) in a therapeutic trial. Significant patient therapeutic trial enrollment factors: belief trial may help (OR 76.9; CI 4.9->1000), concern about care if not on trial (OR12.1; CI 2.1-71.4), pressure to enroll (OR .27; CI 0.12-.64), caregiving without pay (OR 0.13; CI .02-.84). Significant physician beliefs were: patients would not do well on standard therapy (OR 3.6; CI 1.6-8.4), and trial would not be time consuming (OR 3.3; CI 1.3-8.1).



Trial availability, patient and physician beliefs were factors identified that if modified could improve enrollment in cancer cooperative group clinical trials.
The effect of a supplementary (‘gist-based’) information leaflet on colorectal cancer knowledge and screening intention: a randomized controlled trial

Guided by Fuzzy Trace Theory, this study examined the impact of a ‘Gist-based’ leaflet on colorectal cancer screening knowledge and intentions; and tested the interaction with participants’ numerical ability. Adults aged 45–59 years from four UK general practices were randomly assigned to receive standard information (‘The Facts’, n = 2,216) versus standard information plus ‘The Gist’ leaflet (Gist + Facts, n = 2,236). Questionnaires were returned by 964/4,452 individuals (22 %). 82 % of respondents reported having read the information, but those with poor numeracy were less likely (74 vs. 88 %, p < .001). The ‘Gist + Facts’ group were more likely to reach the criterion for adequate knowledge (95 vs. 91 %; p < .01), but this was not moderated by numeracy. Most respondents (98 %) intended to participate in screening, with no group differences and no interaction with numeracy. The improved levels of knowledge and self-reported reading suggest ‘The Gist’ leaflet may increase engagement with colorectal cancer screening, but ceiling effects reduced the likelihood that screening intentions would be affected.
The New Jersey Institute of Technology Robot-Assisted Virtual Rehabilitation (NJIT-RAVR) system for children with cerebral palsy: a feasibility study

We hypothesize that the integration of virtual reality (VR) with robot assisted rehabilitation could be successful if applied to children with hemiparetic CP. The combined benefits of increased attention provided by VR and the larger training stimulus afforded by adaptive robotics may increase the beneficial effects of these two approaches synergistically. This paper will describe the NJIT-RAVR system, which combines adaptive robotics with complex VR simulations for the rehabilitation of upper extremity impairments and function in children with CP and examine the feasibility of this system in the context of a two subject training study. The NJIT-RAVR system consists of the Haptic Master, a 6 degrees of freedom, admittance controlled robot and a suite of rehabilitation simulations that provide adaptive algorithms for the Haptic Master, allowing the user to interact with rich virtual environments. Two children, a ten year old boy and a seven year old girl, both with spastic hemiplegia secondary to Cerebral Palsy were recruited from the outpatient center of a comprehensive pediatric rehabilitation facility. Subjects performed a battery of clinical testing and kinematic measurements of reaching collected by the NJIT-RAVR system. Subjects trained with the NJIT-RAVR System for one hour, 3 days a week for three weeks. The subjects played a combination of four or five simulations depending on their therapeutic goals, tolerances and preferences. Games were modified to increase difficulty in order to challenge the subjects as their performance improved. The testing battery was repeated following the training period. Both participants completed 9 hours of training in 3 weeks. No untoward events occurred and no adverse responses to treatment or complaints of cyber sickness were reported. One participant showed improvements in overall performance on the functional aspects of the testing battery. The second subject made improvements in upper extremity active range of motion and in kinematic measures of reaching movements. We feel that this study establishes the feasibility of integrating robotics and rich virtual environments to address functional limitations and decreased motor performance in children with mild to moderate cerebral palsy.
Fatigue therapy in multiple sclerosis: results of a double-blind, randomized, parallel trial of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo.

To determine the relative efficacy of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo in treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS)-related fatigue.



Fatigue is a complication of MS. Both pemoline and amantadine have been used to treat MS fatigue, but their relative efficacy is not known.



Amantadine, pemoline, and placebo were compared in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study using a parallel-group design. Ninety-three ambulatory MS patients completed the study. Primary outcome measures were the fatigue severity scale (FSS); the MS-specific fatigue scale (MS-FS); and subjective response determined by verbal self-report. Secondary outcome measures consisted of assessments of sleep, depression, and vitality. Repeated-measures analysis of variance with planned post-hoc contrasts and Fisher's exact test were used to compare treatment response.



Amantadine-treated patients showed a significantly greater reduction in fatigue, as measured by the MS-FS, than did patients treated with placebo (p = 0.04). By verbal report at the end of the study, 79% of patients treated with amantadine versus 52% treated with placebo and 32% treated with pemoline preferred drug therapy compared with no treatment (p = 0.03). No significant differences in any primary outcome measures were noted between pemoline and placebo. Neither amantadine nor pemoline affected sleep or depression relative to placebo.



Amantadine was significantly better than placebo in treating fatigue in MS patients, whereas pemoline was not. The benefit of amantadine was not due to changes in sleep, depression, or neurologic disability.
Short-term oral α-lipoic acid does not prevent lipid-induced dysregulation of glucose homeostasis in obese and overweight nondiabetic men.

Prolonged elevation of plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) induces insulin resistance and impairs pancreatic β-cell adaptation to insulin resistance. The mechanisms whereby lipid induces these impairments are not fully defined but may involve oxidative stress, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. α-Lipoic acid (ALA), a commonly used health supplement with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and AMPK-activating properties, has been shown to have therapeutic value in type 2 diabetes and its complications. Here we examined the effects of ALA on insulin sensitivity and secretion in humans under the conditions of 24-h iv lipid infusion to elevate plasma FFAs. Eight overweight and obese male subjects underwent four randomized studies each, 4-6 wk apart: 1) SAL, 2-wk oral placebo followed by 24-h iv infusion of saline; 2) IH, 2-wk placebo followed by 24-h iv infusion of intralipid plus heparin to raise plasma FFAs approximately twofold; 3) IH + ALA, 2-wk ALA (1,800 mg/day) followed by 24-h infusion of intralipid plus heparin; and 4) ALA, 2-wk ALA followed by 24-h infusion of saline. Insulin secretion rates (ISR) and insulin sensitivity were assessed with a 2-h, 20-mmol/l hyperglycemic clamp and a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, respectively. ISR was not significantly different between treatments. Lipid infusion impaired insulin sensitivity with and without ALA pretreatment. These results indicate that ALA, administered orally at this dose for 2 wk, does not protect against lipid-induced insulin resistance in overweight and obese humans.
AUC of Calvert's formula in targeted intra-arterial carboplatin chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the oral cavity

We investigated whether intra-arterial administration of carboplatin using Calvert's formula is useful for avoiding thrombocytopenia in targeted chemoradiotherapy in patients with squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Carboplatin was infused intra-arterially under digital subtraction angiography in 28 patients. In the first group of patients, the dose of carboplatin was calculated according to the body surface area (BS group). In the second group, the dose was calculated using Calvert's formula (AUC group). The value for AUC (area under concentration vs time curve; mg ml−1 min−1) in the formula was set at 4.5. All patients received concurrent radiotherapy (30 Gy) and were given oral tegafur-uracil (UFT®, 400–600 mg day−1). The AUC group showed a significantly lower percentage platelet reduction than the BS group (49.0±22.0 vs 65.1±23.2%; P=0.045) and also tended to have a higher platelet nadir count (10.9±4.2 vs 8.4±5.8 × 104; P=0.27) without reducing the antitumour effect. The value of 4.5 for target AUC is recommended clinically. However, AUC of Calvert's formula could not predict thrombocytopenia associated with intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy due to the variability of the actual AUC.
The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version

The self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was administered to two samples of 11–16 year olds: 83 young people in the community and 116 young people attending a mental health clinic. The questionnaire discriminated satisfactorily between the two samples. For example, the clinic mean for the total difficulties score was 1.4 standard deviations above the community mean, with clinic cases being over six times more likely to have a score in the abnormal range. The correlations between self-report SDQ scores and teacher or parent-rated SDQ scores compared favourably with the average cross-informant correlations in previous studies of a range of measures. The self-report SDQ appears promising and warrants further evaluation.
TP53 Mutational Status and Prediction of Benefit from Adjuvant 5-Fluorouracil in Stage III Colon Cancer Patients

We investigated the hypothesis that the varying treatment efficacy of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in stage III colon cancer is linked to the TP53 mutational status. ABCSG-90 was a prospective randomized trial in which effect of adjuvant 5FU was studied in stage III colon cancer patients. Tumor material of 70% of these patients (389/572) was available for analysis of the biomarker TP53 using a TP53-gene-specific Sanger sequencing protocol. Median follow-up was 88 months. TP53 mutation frequency was 33%. A significant interaction between TP53 status, outcomes and nodal category was found (P = 0.0095). In the N1 category, TP53 wildtype patients had significantly better overall survival than TP53 mutated (81.0% vs. 62.0% overall survival at 5 years; HR = 2.131; 95% CI: 1.344-3.378; P = 0.0010). In the N2 category, the TP53 status did not affect survival (P = 0.4992). In TP53 wildtype patients, the prognostic significance of N category was significantly enhanced (P = 0.0002). In TP53 mutated patients, survival curves of N1 and N2 patients overlapped and nodal category was no longer prognostic. The biomarker TP53 independently predicted effect of adjuvant 5FU in N1 colon cancer patients. TP53 was not predictive in N2 patients, in whom 5FU is known to have no effect.
The two voices of Alzheimer's: attitudes toward brain health by diagnosed individuals and support persons.

Most individuals with Alzheimer's are cared for in their homes by unpaid family members. Research on caregiving focuses disproportionally on costs of care, service utilization, and negative psychosocial outcomes. Few narrative accounts of Alzheimer's exist; those that do suffer similar pejorative framings and narrow foci. No studies that we are aware of examine the health beliefs of diagnosed individuals and support persons, or their attitudes about brain health. This research reports perceptions of "aging well" held by those most intimately acquainted with Alzheimer's.



Diagnosed individuals and their support persons (N = 85) were enrolled into 14 focus groups. Grounded theory methods were used to collect, code, and analyze textual interview data into overarching themes.



Respondents found physical and mental health, social activity, independence, and happiness integral to aging well. An acceptance of various limitations was also deemed crucial. Support persons placed more emphasis on lifestyle factors and memory loss as potential obstacles. Diagnosed respondents defined memory loss in less medicalized terms, whereas support persons labeled it Alzheimer's and negatively characterized those affected. Both groups warned against discussing "prevention" of dementia: Diagnosed individuals noted the implication of "aging poorly" and support persons cautioned against blaming diagnosed individuals.



These findings can be used to encourage positive health beliefs and behaviors tailored to the needs of diagnosed seniors and their families, to help practitioners and researchers identify and become sensitive to differences between and among older adults, and to further advance the utility of narrative accounts for informing health interventions and education efforts.
Presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea and remote outcomes of atrial fibrillation ablations — a long-term prospective, cross-sectional cohort study

Prior studies suggested that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) promotes recurrence of arrhythmia in patients after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. In this prospective, long-term, observational study, we enrolled 290 consecutive patients admitted for AF ablation. Prior to the ablation, all patients underwent a polygraphy sleep study for the diagnosis of OSA. After the procedure, patients were followed up for mean time of 30 months for AF reoccurrence. OSA was diagnosed when apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was ≥5. Patients were subsequently divided into groups according to the OSA severity: mild OSA (AHI 5–15/h), moderate OSA (AHI >15 and ≤30/h), and severe (AHI >30/h). After excluding patients disqualified from the procedure, and those with central sleep apnea, the study population consisted of 251 patients, mean age 57.6 years [163 (64.9 %) male]. OSA was present in 115 (45.8 %) patients, while in 137 (54.6 %) cases, we observed reoccurrence of AF. Recurrence was more often in patients with, than without, OSA (65.2 vs. 45.6 %; p = 0.003). We also observed that along with rising OSA severity rose also the number of patients in whom AF was detected during the follow-up period (45.6 vs. 66.2 vs. 57.6 vs. 81.8 %; p = 0.005; for non-OSA, mild, moderate, and severe, respectively). OSA is highly prevalent in AF patients. The presence of OSA lowers chances on successful AF ablation. Early screening, and treatment for OSA in AF patients, may improve low success rates of AF ablation procedures.