nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Equity Market Misvaluation and Firm Financial Policies

We quantify the extent to which nonfundamental movements in the price of a firm’s stock affect its policies. We estimate a version of a constant returns neoclassical investment model in which equity financing is costly, the firm can accumulate cash, and, most importantly, equity values can be subject to misvaluation shocks. In the model, firms naturally issue equity when it is overvalued and repurchase equity when it is undervalued. Depending on the model parameters, the funds flowing to and from these activities can come from either changes in cash balances or changes in investment. We find that a model in which we allow no mispricing fits the data worse than a model in which we do allow mispricing. In particular, the mispricing model does a much better job of matching moments related to cash balances and equity issuance. Our counterfactual exercises show that firms do issue equity in response to misvaluation shocks, but the proceeds from these issuances are not used to fund investment. Instead, they augment cash balances. Finally, managers’ rational responses to possible misvaluation increase intrinsic shareholder value from 0.2% to 1.1%.
『평화의 개선행진』에 나타난 궁정 가면극(masque)의 물질문화와 연극성(theatricality)

This essay brings into critical spotlight the thirteenth antimasque of The Triumph of Peace (1634), for which James Shirley provided the script and Inigo Jones art direction. Critics of the masque diverge on its political message--whether it celebrates or criticizes Charles’s personal rule--but agree in basing their arguments on Shirley’s script. Basing my interpretation on the idea of the masque as what Tom Bishop termed a “formal and kinetic event”, I argue that the thirteenth antimasque constituted possibly the most serious challenge to Charles’s personal rule. I show how the eruption onto the masque stage of tradespeople undercuts the spectators’ suspension of disbelief about Inigo Jones’s stage scenery as part of the Platonistic landscape informed by the king’s divine presence. The unearthing of the material labor that produced the masque and, more broadly, the wider civic participation that surrounded the masque beyond the Banqueting Hall, I argue, intimate the possibility of a new esthetic for the masque whose political implications it behooved the king to have minded in time.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic plate tectonics in the High Arctic: new 2D seismic data and geodynamic models

(1) Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, nikishin@geol.msu.ru, (2) Rosnedra, Moscow, Russia, (3) Geology Without Limits, Moscow, Russia, petrov@rge-geo.com, (4) All-Russia Scientific Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the Ocean, St. Petersburg, Russia, vap@vniio.nw.ru, (5) Université P. & M. Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France, evgenii.burov@upmc.fr, (6) Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics CoE, University of Oslo, Norway, carmen.gaina@geo.uio.no
Frogs ; Assemblywomen ; Wealth

Aristophanes has long been admired for his brilliant satire of the social, intellectual, and political life of Athens at its height. The new Loeb Classical Library edition of his plays - with a suitably romping translation facing a freshly edited Greek text - is brought to completion with this fourth volume. "Frogs" was produced in 405 b.c., shortly after the deaths of Sophocles and Euripides. Dionysus, on a journey to the underworld to retrieve Euripides, is recruited to judge a contest between the traditional Aeschylus and the modern Euripides, a contest that yields both comedy and insight on ancient literary taste. In "Assemblywomen" Athenian women plot to save Athens from male misgovernance. They institute a new social order in which all inequalities based on wealth, age, and beauty are eliminated-with raucously comical results. The gentle humour and straightforward morality of "Wealth" made it the most popular of Aristophanes' plays from classical times to the Renaissance. Here the god Wealth, cured of his blindness, is able to distinguish good people from bad.
Antenna's Designer Notebook

Back in 1983, when Dan Schaubert was Editor of the AP Newsletter, he invited me to edit a new column, which we decided to call the Antenna Designer’s Notebook. It began in the August, 1983, issue, and has been running continuously ever since, thanks to the many fine contributions from our members around the globe. In recent months, Tom Milligan has been co-Editor of this popular column, the idea being that he would eventually take over and let me “retire.” Tom has done an excellent job, and I feel that now is the right time for me to say “adios, adieu, aufweidersehen, and sayonara.”
Transaction Management: Value Creation by Reducing Transaction Costs

This discussion paper led to a publication in (W.D. Nelson (Ed.)), Advances in Business and Management (pp. 1-32), New York: Nova Publishers, 2011. In this era of globalization we see an increase in specialization: the production chain issplit up in more and more parts and the production of these parts is outsourced to thoseplaces in the world where production is relatively cheapest and most efficient. Itimplies that transaction costs, associated with the coordination of production and tradein parts and components, become increasingly important. In small open service orientedeconomies like the Netherlands, transaction costs may amount to up to 50% of totalvalue added. Therefore, the ability and skill to keep transaction costs low is vital for thecompetitive position of a firm or country. This is what transaction management is about:create value from these transactions by keeping transaction costs as low as possible.Transaction management is based on modern theories of transaction costs economics,institutional economics, industrial organization and international trade. It makes thesetheories operational for strategic decision making in industry and government. Thischapter surveys how transaction management as a practical tool for the organization ofproduction has been inspired by these modern economic theories.
The geology of the Devonian and carboniferous rocks of the north-west Border of the Dartmoor Granite, Devonshire

A stratigraphical succession of four lithological series has been established within the country rocks bordering the north-west corner of the Dartmoor granite mass. Upper Devonian Slates crop out to the south of the main Culm Measures boundary whilst to the north a series, in part of Famennian age, occurs as inliers in the Culm Measures. This series, here termed the Transition Series, is gradational in lithology between the Upper Devonian Slates and the Lower Culm Measures. The Lower Culm Measures, which are succeeded with a marked change in lithology by the Upper Culm Measures, occur in two main outcrops, and each is followed to the north and south by the Upper Culm Measures. Facies changes have been recognised in both divisions of the Culm Measures. 
 
Dolerite dykes and sills, with some spilitic lavas and pyroclastic deposits, are virtually confined to the Lower Culm. Sills in the southern outcrop were probably emplaced before the deposition of the Upper Culm sediments.
The Short-Run Economic Effects of Corporate Taxation

of corporate tax rate increases on the price level of corporate goods and services. Subsidiary effects on the non-corporate sector and the general price level which may occur in the long run are, therefore, ignored. For a long time many economists accepted the hypothesis that the corporation income tax cannot be shifted in the short run. This conclusion is based on the analysis of the tax shifting process within the framework of the neoclassical theory of the firm. With the help of this theory it is possible to demonstrate that if a firm is maximizing its before-tax profits, the imposition of or a change in the statutory rates of a corporation income tax gives the firm no reason to change its product price. Neither marginal cost nor marginal revenue is affected by the tax, hence price and output adjustments are not advantageous. The argument holds irrespective of the form of competition in the product market so long as the point of profit maximization occurs at the equality of marginal cost and marginal
Kinetic determination of ultramicro amounts of copper.

A new catalytic reaction is proposed and a kinetic method developed for the determination of ultramicro amounts of Cu(II) on the basis of its catalytic activity in oxidation of the 2-thiosemicarbazone of sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ascorbic acid. Under optimal conditions the sensitivity of the method is 0.25 ng/ml. The relative error is 4.8-18.2% for the concentration range 5-0.8 ng/ml. Most foreign ions do not change the rate of the catalysed reaction. Co(2+) and I(-) catalyse the reaction, Ni(2+) extensively inhibits it, and in the presence of EDTA only the uncatalysed reaction takes place.
The Bible in the Political Rhetoric of the American Founding

The American founders frequently alluded to and quoted from the Bible in their political rhetoric. This fact alone reveals little about how and for what purposes the founding generation used the Bible and, more important, how the Bible influenced the political thought of the founding era. Drawing on some of the most familiar political rhetoric of the founding era, this article examines the founders' diverse uses of the Bible in political discourse, ranging from the strictly literary and cultural to the theological, from the stylistic to the substantive. Recognition of these distinct uses is important insofar as it is misleading to read spiritual meaning into purely political or rhetorical uses of the Bible or vice versa .
Critical systemic and psychosocial considerations in management of trauma in the elderly.

Traumatic injuries in the elderly are increasing commensurately with the activeness and healthiness of the lifestyles seen in our expanding geriatric population. Census data suggest that the elderly population will expand by 50% in future years and will represent a larger percentage of Americans by the year 2050. The annual occurrence of traumatic injuries in the elder cohort is reported to be as high as 29%. Perioperative management of acutely injured elderly patients is different from the care rendered to younger patients and is typically more complex. The purposes of this article are to (1) review factors related to aging that may have profound effects on the care and outcomes of senior citizens with craniofacial trauma, (2) consider the perioperative medical evaluation of the older patient, (3) discuss nutritional support and anesthetic management in the elderly, (4) discuss the unique physiological factors that may influence the treatment of craniofacial trauma in older patients, and (5) provide a rationale for facial trauma repair in the elderly that is influenced by the risk-benefit outcome of treatment planning decisions.
The Limits of Institutional Design in Oil Sector Governance: Exporting the

Norway has made a point of administering its petroleum resources using three distinct government bodies: a national oil company (NOC) engaged in commercial hydrocarbon operations; a government ministry to help set policy; and a regulatory body to provide oversight and technical expertise. In Norway’s case, this institutional design has provided useful checks and balances, helped minimize conflicts of interest, and allowed the NOC, Statoil, to focus on commercial activities while other government agencies regulate oil operators including Statoil itself. Norway’s relative success in managing its hydrocarbon resources has prompted development institutions to consider whether this “Norwegian Model” of separated government functions should be recommended to other oil-producing countries, particularly those whose oil sectors have underperformed. Seeking insight into this question, we study eight countries with different political and institutional characteristics, some of which have attempted to separate functions in oil in the manner of Norway and some of which have not. We conclude that while the Norwegian Model may be a “best practice” of sorts, it is not the best prescription for every ailing oil sector. The separation of functions approach is most useful and feasible in cases where political competition exists and institutional capacity is relatively strong. Unchallenged leaders, on the other hand, are often able to adequately discharge commercial and policy/regulatory functions in the oil sector using the same entity, although this approach may not be robust against political changes (nor do we address in this paper any possible development or human welfare implications of this arrangement). When technical and regulatory talent is particularly lacking in a country, better outcomes may result from consolidating commercial, policy, and regulatory functions in a single body until institutional capacity has further developed. Countries like Nigeria with vibrant political competition but limited institutional capacity pose the most significant challenge for oil sector reform: unitary control over the sector is impossible but separation of functions is often impossible to implement. In such cases reformers are wise to focus on incremental but sustainable improvements in technical and institutional capacity. Thurber, Hults, and Heller / ISA Annual Convention 2010 14 Feb 2010
How useful are feminist theories of the welfare state

Broadly speaking, this research has been heavily influenced by academics from the disciplines of sociology and social policy who are socialist feminists. However, whilst this socialist feminist work has been significant in exposing the gendered aspects of the welfare state, it is far from perfect. Potentially, historians have much to contribute in creating a more balanced picture of the complex process of the formation over time of welfare policies. So far, however, historians in their evaluation of gender and welfare, have seldom advanced beyond the 1930s.This article offers a critique of the socialist feminist analysis of women and welfare in Britain since 1945. It indicates the need, if feminist theories are to prove of worth, for a historical perspective which rigorously re-assesses the character of the Beveridge Report, and which carefully examines the ideas and interest groups which were at work in the genera...
Microbiology. Modern symbionts inside cells mimic organelle evolution.

Some 2 billion years ago, primitive cells took in free-living microbial guests that gave rise to the organelles called mitochondria and chloroplasts. Those momentous events, investigators are realizing, were not one-of-a-kind. Endosymbiosis, as a mutually beneficial relationship between an organism and a guest living inside its cells is called, is alive and well today, and has lessons to offer for how the process played out early in life history. At a meeting, biologists described how they are exploring those parallels. Cicada endosymbiont genomes have expanded and fragmented, creating genomic insanity, much like some plant mitochondrial genomes. And the complexity of the evolution of the chloroplast was highlighted with a discussion of single-cell aquatic protists called dinoflagellates that have taken in an alga called a diatom.
Sharing resources within the household: A multi-country microsimulation analysis of the determinants of intrahousehold 'strategic weight' differential

Equal intra-household sharing is still assumed by the vaste majority of applied analyses in welfare economics. Few pieces of work have tried to depart from the equal sharing hypothesis, but their impact has been limited by lack of data or restricted application to special cases. This paper proposes a new framework to derive sharing rules based on individual bargaining power. The latter is defined for each household member as the share of resources gained by the household due to his/her presence. The causes of power differentials and their impact on income distribution are analysed in four EU countries presenting significantly different tax-benefit systems: Finland, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom.
Daydreams or Nightmares?@@@Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution

Stite's book received the 1990 Vucinich Prize, awarded by the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies for the best book published in 1989 in the field of Russian and East European studies. "The presentation is dynamic, fascinating, indeed brilliant, as well as fully expert...It is also a highly readable book...The book has already received much critical attention and great acclaim...In Revolutionary Dreams, we have a brilliantly presented historical work which is both pioneering and fundamental in its important field." - Nicholas V Riasanovsky (speech made on presentation of the Vucinich Prize)
The Hutchinsonian defence of an Old testament Trinitarian Christianity: the controversy over Elahim, 1735–1773

The importance of Hebraic studies as part of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment debate can hardly be overestimated. The question of the authority of the Books of Scripture forced intellectuals in England to revisit the language of the Old Testament text. The agenda of the Hutchinsonians here was to highlight the Old Testament's Trinitarian elements, as they saw them. The controversy over the etymology of the word Elahim illustrated that the Hutchinsonians were the young Turks of orthodoxy in the fight between fideism and rationalism. It also demonstrated the problem the Hutchinsonians represented for those who would otherwise be their Trinitarian allies.
Who Thinks What about Capitalism? Class Consciousness and Attitudes to Economic Institutions

Attitudes to the fundamental economic institutions of capitalism, private ownership of productive property, markets as arenas for securing economic outcomes, and working class rights to associate and to strike, are key dimensions of class consciousness. This paper investigates how class location shapes these attitudes in combination with other factors like employment sector and trade union membership. Using data from the 1995 National Social Science Survey, the paper finds systematic class variation on attitudes to economic institutions that is consistent with respondents endorsing or rejecting class-specific strategies of interest realisation according to their own class circumstances. On some attitudes, class structural effects are additionally moderated by organisational norms associated with public sector employment and mediated by the impact of trade union membership.
Construction and Realization of Teaching Operating System on Excellent Civil Engineer

The cultivation of innovation and practical ability of undergraduates is an important task of the current reform of higher education, and also is the ultimate goal of excellent engineer training. On the foundation of outstanding practice teaching, building three innovative experimental platforms and formulating excellent engineers training program, the training program system on the cultivation of engineering quality and innovation ability was constructed. The innovative practice teaching mode of One Body, Two Wings and Four Combinations was proposed on the cultivation of engineering quality and innovation ability. The graduate design and thesis mode of Three Doubles was implemented. The university education methods and approaches of Whole Process, Full Range and Full Coverage were explored. The cultivation of civil engineering excellent talent was achieved effectively.
Progressive and Social Control Perspectives on Social Welfare

Theoretical analysis of the dynamics underlying the development and functions of social welfare policy has been dominated by two perspectives, one based in the political philosophy of liberalism and the other in the political philosophy of Marxism. This article has three parts. Parts I and 2 review the major themes which make up the "progressive" and "social control" models, respectively. Part 3 develops a critique which both identifies the major methodological shortcomings shared in common by these two models and points to the kinds of questions further theoretical work in the area must address.
Syntactic characterizations of completeness using duals and operators

This article extends the work laid down by Medina and Immerman for the syntactic characterization of complete problems via first-order projections. Our first contribution is a general canonical form for the sentences that characterize complete problems. This canonical form works for a wide collection of complexity classes, including L, NL, P, NP and PSPACE, which can be given in terms of any complete problem in the class and generalizes the canonical form for NP given by Medina and Immerman. Our second contribution is the definition of a new class of syntactic operators that can be used to show the completeness of a problem by purely syntactic means. We prove basic properties of the operators including the fact that any complete problem can be shown to be complete using such operators. The practical relevance of the operators is illustrated in a number of applications which includes new completeness results, and also the application of operators at problems at the second level of the polynomialtime hierarchy. In both contributions, duals of first-order projections play a major role. Thus, our results show that such duals are in fact very powerful syntactic tools in the field.
IX. Inclusion And Exclusion. The Difference In The Notion Of ‘National’ In The Framework Of Minority Rights Regimes

This chapter strives to enlighten one particular aspect, namely the notion of the term 'national' within the concept of minority rights and protection regimes. It overviews grasp some argumentative lines concerning the question if the rights granted in contemporary concepts of minority protection are purely individual or group rights and which areas the rights comprise. Secondly the duty question shall be elaborated, which mainly asks if the minority rights regime imposes a positive duty on the state to take action or if it merely demands non-intervention from the state. The chapter focuses on the introduction of the different minority rights systems and regimes. It is dedicated to elaborate the particular instruments and mechanisms within the scope of the Council of Europe and the OSCE with regard to minorities, analysing the connotation of the term national within the particular instruments.  Europe area; minority rights regime; National Minorities;
Dynamic Investment and Deterrence in the U.S. Cement Industry

Many industries experience periods of excess capacity. Explanations include firms deterring rivals, anticipating future demand, or the lumpiness of investment. This paper identifies capacity investment intended to deter rivals separately from investment driven by other factors. To achieve this goal, I estimate a new model of spatial price competition and embed it in a dynamic game of investment. I apply my model to the United States portland cement industry from 1949 to 1969, a period over which capacity utilization dropped 23% nationally. I find that deterrence explains almost all of the industry's excess capacity.