nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Etiopathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Thromboembolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

The close relationship between inflammation and thrombosis affects the progression and severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) varies between 1% and 7% among patients with IBD. The VTE risk in patients with IBD is at least 3 times higher than that in the normal general population. The absolute risk is very high during hospitalization, active disease, and surgery. The IBD-related VTE occurs at younger ages and recurs more frequently. The development of thrombosis in IBD is due to the interaction of many hereditary and acquired risk factors. Each patient diagnosed with IBD should be evaluated for a personal and family history of thrombosis and for prothrombotic drug use. Although procoagulant factors are increased during the natural course of inflammation, natural anticoagulants and fibrinolytic activity are decreased. Although IBD is accepted as a prothrombotic condition, there is no treatment that can remove this risk from daily practice. Patient training is required to control important factors, such as long-term immobilization and smoking. Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy should be avoided. Inducing permanent disease remission must be the key approach for the prevention of thrombosis. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is the basis of prophylactic treatment, which reduces the thrombosis risk by 50%. Prophylaxis with LMWH should be administered to all patients with IBD hospitalized due to disease attack or surgery. Long-term or even life-long anticoagulation therapy should be planned if there is insufficient disease control, recurrent VTE attacks, positive thrombophilia tests, or thrombosis in vital veins.
Enhancing Efficiency of Web Search Engines through Ontology Learning from Unstructured Information Sources

With the fast growth rate of information availability through the World Wide Web, search engines' ranking become limited to deal with such enormous amount of information. Web search engines should be enriched with methodologies that enable it to understand the content of Web pages, then to align pages to the correct query category that highly match its content. In this paper, a proposed system is introduced to deal with the abundance of information by automatically understand the content of a Web page, and semantically model the ontological concepts that exist inside it. The semantic relations between ontological concepts are automatically given a score or weight based on its influence to the given query. The weighted semantic relations between ontological concepts can be viewed as a signature for the query, the highly similarity of an article to this signature, the more relevant to the query. A new relevancy measure is introduced to semantically re-rank or classify Web pages based on computing the semantic similarity of the weighted intersection ratio between ontological concepts extracted from retrieved Web pages, and ontological concepts that represents the query. Results shows that the proposed system has the highest Pearson correlation coefficient (0.890) to human judgments which outperforms semantic similarity state-of-the-art methods and Web-based methods. The proposed model, was tested to re-rank Web pages according to the semantic relevancy of the query, experiments shows that it has the highest convergence to expert ranking order of Web pages compared to other Web search engines.
Unionisation Structure and Strategic Foreign Direct Investment

It is often argued that if the substitutability between workers is sufficiently high, labour is better off under a centralised labour union than under decentralised unions. We show that this may not be the case in an open economy with foreign direct investment as the incentive for outward FDI is higher under a centralised union than under decentralised unions. If the number of firms undertaking FDI under a centralised union is higher than under decentralised unions, their wage rates charged by the labour union and the union utility may be higher under decentralised unions than under a centralised union, and the comparison may depend on the competitiveness of the industry. We also show that there are situations where both the domestic industry and the labour unions prefer decentralised unions over a centralised union.
Introduction to "The Supersymmetric World: The Beginnings of The Theory"

This is the foreword to the book we edited on the origins and early development of supersymmetry, which has been just issued by World Scientific. This book presents a view on the discovery of supersymmetry and pioneering investigations before summer 1976, mainly in the words of people who participated. It combines anecdotal descriptions and personal reminiscences with more technical summaries of the trailblazers, covering the birth of the theory and its first years -- origin of the idea, four-dimensional field theory realization, and supergravity. The eyewitnesses convey to us the drama of one of the deepest discoveries in theoretical physics in the 20-th century.  V. Akulov, R. Di Stefano, P. Fayet, S. Ferrara, G.-L. Gervais, N. Koretz-Golfand, E. Likhtman, M. Marinov, A. Neveu, L. O'Raifeartaigh, P. Ramond, B. Sakita, J. Schwarz, M. Sohnius, V. Soroka, J. Strathdee, D. Volkov,
Does Transparency Stifle or Facilitate Innovation?

Corporate transparency reduces information asymmetries between firms and capital markets, but increases the costs associated with information leakage to competitors. We evaluate the net effects of a country’s overall information environment by focusing on innovation, an economically important activity characterized by both high information asymmetries and potentially severe proprietary costs. Focusing on cross-country differences in the availability of firm-specific information to corporate outsiders, we find significantly higher rates of R&D investment in richer information environments. The information environment disproportionally affects R&D activity in sectors more reliant on external finance, indicating that transparency facilitates innovation by reducing information costs. We draw similar inferences by studying quasi-experimental shocks to the information environment arising from the first prosecution of insider trading and introduction of transparency-specific securities regulations in the European Union. Our work directly connects an economy’s transparency environment with the innovative activities that drive growth, and highlights unexplored economic consequences of transparency-related security market reforms.
Labelled Interpolation Systems for Hyper-Resolution, Clausal, and Local Proofs

Craig’s interpolation theorem has numerous applications in model checking, automated reasoning, and synthesis. There is a variety of interpolation systems which derive interpolants from refutation proofs; these systems are ad-hoc and rigid in the sense that they provide exactly one interpolant for a given proof. In previous work, we introduced a parametrised interpolation system which subsumes existing interpolation methods for propositional resolution proofs and enables the systematic variation of the logical strength and the elimination of non-essential variables in interpolants. In this paper, we generalise this system to propositional hyper-resolution proofs as well as clausal proofs. The latter are generated by contemporary SAT solvers. Finally, we show that, when applied to local (or split) proofs, our extension generalises two existing interpolation systems for first-order logic and relates them in logical strength.
Strategic Performance Projects and Progress-Reforming Evaluation in Albania, Under EU Influences

This article examines the government incentives towards foreign direct investments of Central and Eastern Europe countries by evaluating the external influencing factors of foreign investment. It is argued that the major incentive that are study in our paper research, involves more fiscal than financial incentives. The empirical model was used to determine causal relationship between macroeconomic variables and FDI intensity in Central and Eastern European countries. The article introduces some policy recommendation for the increase of strategic projects in Central and Eastern Europe. Globalization will construct a unique culture identity that will represent the human gender. Another variant of this way of thinking, is that Globalization will construct an environment in which culturally self-defining communities will coexist in an harmonious way.The Socio Evolutionism in Balkan countries approach of global transition (having Spencer, {Spencer ideas of globalization countries, year 2002} as its main exponent and representative) occurred from mid nineteenth to mid twentieth century. During those times, socio-evolutionism became the way in which human progress was normally conceptualized. Spencer ideas were not friendly with the concept of the State. This concept is very wide when the Globalization is one impact that is now present for developing on Balkan areas.
Search for exotic contributions to atmospheric neutrino oscillations

The energy spectrum of neutrino-induced upward-going muons in MACRO has been analyzed in terms of effects of violating relativity principles, keeping standard mass-induced atmospheric neutrino oscillations as the dominant source of νμ → ντ transitions. The data disfavor these exotic possibilities even at a subdominant level, and stringent 90% C.L. limits are placed on the Lorentz invariance violation parameter |Δυ| < 6 × 10−24 at sin(2ϑυ) = 0 and |Δυ| < (2.5–5) × 10−26 at sin(2ϑυ) = ±1. These limits can also be reinterpreted as upper bounds on the parameters describing violation of the equivalence principle.
Regioselective oxidation of tetracycline by permanganate through alternating susceptible moiety and increasing electron donating ability

Permanganate has attracted much attention in wide range of chemistry and particularly in degradation of environmental pollutants. However, few studies have discussed the feature of regioselective reactivity of permanganate with specific moiety of the target compound. Herein, we studied the reaction between permanganate and tetracycline that is an emerging micropollutant with different species containing several electron-rich groups. The second-order rate constants increased from 6.0 to 9.0 and could be quantitatively modeled by considering the speciation of both reactants, yielding k TC 0  = 11.7 (mol/L) −1  sec − 1 , k TC −  = 35.7 (mol/L) −1  sec − 1 , k TC 2 −  = 43.1 (mol/L) −1  sec − 1 for individual reaction channels. Degradation products were then identified as the hydroxylated and demethylated compounds. The result suggested a rate-limiting step of simple hydroxylation at the phenolic and/or alkene moieties, while the demethylation should be caused by the unavoidably formed manganese oxide via single electron oxidation. This is supported by the DFT calculation, indicating the primary oxidation of phenolic group of TC 0 with activation barrier of 44.5 kcal/mol and of alkene group of TC − and TC 2− with activation barriers of 44.0 and 43.4 kcal/mol, respectively. This is in agreement with the experimental results, implying the alternation of regioselectivity associated with the deprotonation process. The result was further supported by performing the Fukui function and electrostatic potential analysis, reflecting the more probable site and better electron donating tendency beneficial to the permanganate oxidation.
Emergent Relativity: Neutrinos as Probe of the Underlying Theory

Neutrinos allow for a test of the hypothesis that the fermions of the Standard Model have Fermi-point splitting, analogous to the fermionic quasi-particles of certain condensed-matter systems. If present, the corresponding Lorentz-violating terms in the Hamiltonian may provide a new source of T and CP violation in the leptonic sector, which is not directly related to mass.
Lung function efficacy and symptomatic benefit of olodaterol once daily delivered via Respimat® versus placebo and formoterol twice daily in patients with GOLD 2–4 COPD: results from two replicate 48-week studies

Two replicate, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, Phase III studies investigated the long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily olodaterol via Respimat® versus placebo and formoterol over 48 weeks in patients with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving usual-care background therapy. Patients received once-daily olodaterol 5 or 10 μg, twice-daily formoterol 12 μg, or placebo. Co-primary end points were forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) area under the curve from 0-3 hours response, FEV1 trough response, and Mahler transition dyspnea index total score after 24 weeks; secondary end points included St George's Respiratory Questionnaire. Overall, 904 (Study 1222.13) and 934 (Study 1222.14) patients received treatment. Olodaterol significantly improved FEV1 area under the curve from 0-3 hours versus placebo in both studies (with olodaterol 5 μg, 0.151 L and 0.129 L; with olodaterol 10 μg, 0.165 L and 0.154 L; for all comparisons P<0.0001) and FEV1 trough responses versus placebo (0.053-0.085 L; P<0.01), as did formoterol. Primary analysis revealed no significant difference in transition dyspnea index focal score for any active treatment versus placebo. Post hoc analysis using pattern mixture modeling (accounting for discontinuations) demonstrated statistical significance for olodaterol versus placebo. St George's Respiratory Questionnaire total score was significantly improved with olodaterol, but not formoterol, versus placebo. No safety signals were identified from adverse-event or other safety data. Once-daily olodaterol 5 μg and 10 μg is efficacious in patients with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on usual-care maintenance therapy, with a satisfactory safety profile.
Fluconazole treatment of children with severe fungal infections not treatable with conventional agents

Fluconazole was evaluated prospectively in 173 children aged between 4 months and 16 years in whom conventional antifungal therapy was ineffective or contraindicated. Children entered the study on an individual compassionate request basis for treatment of confirmed or presumed fungal infection or for prophylaxis of fungal infections. Sixty-two children had cancer, 40 had undergone transplantation, 14 had AIDS and 52 had other conditions. The mean fluconazole dosage was 3.4 mg/kg/day (range 0.16–11.1 mg/kg/day) and the mean duration of therapy was 36 days (range 1–340 days). Efficacy was evaluated in 63 children with confirmed fungal infection as documented by the presence of a fungal pathogen at baseline; clinical cure or improvement was achieved in 83 % (52/63), pathogen eradication in 73 % (43/59). All 173 children were assessed for safety. Related or possibly related adverse events occurred in 6 % (11/173) of patients; seven children were withdrawn from therapy because of adverse events. Results of this study demonstrate that the clinical efficacy and safety profile of fluconazole in the treatment of fungal infections in children are favorable, results being similar to those obtained in adults.
Does green tea affect postprandial glucose, insulin and satiety in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial

Results of epidemiological studies have suggested that consumption of green tea could lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. Intervention studies show that green tea may decrease blood glucose levels, and also increase satiety. This study was conducted to examine the postprandial effects of green tea on glucose levels, glycemic index, insulin levels and satiety in healthy individuals after the consumption of a meal including green tea.



The study was conducted on 14 healthy volunteers, with a crossover design. Participants were randomized to either 300 ml of green tea or water. This was consumed together with a breakfast consisting of white bread and sliced turkey. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Participants completed several different satiety score scales at the same times.



Plasma glucose levels were higher 120 min after ingestion of the meal with green tea than after the ingestion of the meal with water. No significant differences were found in serum insulin levels, or the area under the curve for glucose or insulin. Subjects reported significantly higher satiety, having a less strong desire to eat their favorite food and finding it less pleasant to eat another mouthful of the same food after drinking green tea compared to water.



Green tea showed no glucose or insulin-lowering effect. However, increased satiety and fullness were reported by the participants after the consumption of green tea.
Incidence of atypical acute nerve hyperexcitability symptoms in oxaliplatin-treated patients with colorectal cancer

Peripheral, acute or chronic, neurotoxicity is one of the main dose-limiting adverse effects of oxaliplatin (OXA). Acute neurotoxicity is typically characterized by distal and perioral cold-induced paresthesias and dysesthesias, but other uncommon symptoms might also be present. The aim of this post hoc analysis of data extracted from a prospective, multicenter study was to assess the incidence of uncommon acute OXA neurotoxicity symptoms in patients undergoing OXA-based chemotherapy. One hundred chemotherapy-naïve patients (62 males, 38 females, aged 64.7 ± 8.7 years) with colorectal cancer scheduled to receive OXA-based therapy (FOLFOX-4, FOLFOX-6, and XELOX) underwent neurologic evaluation after the 1st infusion and then after 3 and 6 months of OXA-based chemotherapy (after 6th or 4th and 12th or 8th cycles, respectively, according to regimen). At evaluation, patients were asked to report the presence and characteristics of acute hyperexcitability symptoms. Eighty-two patients presented typical symptoms of acute OXA neurotoxicity in the form of cold-induced paresthesias and dysesthesias. In 45/82 (54.9 %) of patients, uncommon symptoms were also present; shortness of breath (32 %), jaw spasm (26 %), fasciculations (25 %), cramps (20 %), and difficulty in swallowing (18 %) were more frequently reported, while voice (4 %) and visual changes, ptosis and pseudolaryngospasm (1 %) occurred rarely. No significant correlation was disclosed between acute OXA neurotoxicity and chemotherapy regimen, cumulative dose of OXA or patients’ age. A high percentage of patients treated with OXA-based chemotherapy develop acute neurotoxicity also with uncommon manifestations. Since OXA acute neurotoxicity might be related to the onset of chronic neurotoxicity, these patients should be closely monitored to avoid this dose-limiting adverse effect.
Comparison of the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with acutely decompensated congestive heart failure receiving dobutamine versus nesiritide therapy.

Ventricular arrhythmias are common in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and may be exacerbated by positive inotropic therapy. Because human B-type natriuretic peptide (nesiritide), an arterial and venodilator, inhibits sympathetic activity, it may decrease the incidence of arrhythmias. Our investigation compares the arrhythmogenicity of dobutamine with nesiritide. A total of 305 patients with decompensated CHF requiring intravenous vasoactive therapy were randomized to receive standard therapy (n = 102) or nesiritide (0.015 microg/kg/min [n = 103] or 0.030 microg/kg/min [n = 100]) to gain additional data on the relative safety and efficacy of nesiritide compared with standard parenteral care. Dobutamine was chosen as the standard care agent in 58 subjects. During study drug infusion, all patients had continuous clinical hemodynamic and electrocardiographic monitoring. The dobutamine and nesiritide groups were similar with respect to baseline use of antiarrhythmic agents, including beta blockers. Serious arrhythmias and the incidence of cardiac arrest were more common in patients who received dobutamine than in those taking nesiritide: sustained ventricular tachycardia, 4 (7%) versus 2 (1%), respectively (p = 0.014); nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, 10 (17%) versus 23 (11%), respectively (p = 0.029); cardiac arrest, 3 (5%) versus 0, respectively (p = 0.011). We conclude that among patients with decompensated CHF for whom dobutamine is selected as standard therapy, the incidence of serious ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest is significantly greater than the incidence of these events in patients randomized to nesiritide.
Prostaglandin-modulated umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a valuable source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for use in allogeneic transplantation. Key advantages of UCB are rapid availability and less stringent requirements for HLA matching. However, UCB contains an inherently limited HSC count, which is associated with delayed time to engraftment, high graft failure rates, and early mortality. 16,16-Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) was previously identified to be a critical regulator of HSC homeostasis, and we hypothesized that brief ex vivo modulation with dmPGE2 could improve patient outcomes by increasing the "effective dose" of HSCs. Molecular profiling approaches were used to determine the optimal ex vivo modulation conditions (temperature, time, concentration, and media) for use in the clinical setting. A phase 1 trial was performed to evaluate the safety and therapeutic potential of ex vivo modulation of a single UCB unit using dmPGE2 before reduced-intensity, double UCB transplantation. Results from this study demonstrated clear safety with durable, multilineage engraftment of dmPGE2-treated UCB units. We observed encouraging trends in efficacy, with accelerated neutrophil recovery (17.5 vs 21 days, P = .045), coupled with preferential, long-term engraftment of the dmPGE2-treated UCB unit in 10 of 12 treated participants.
Atrial natriuretic peptide infusion and nitric oxide inhalation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

To study the effects of infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) versus the inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) in patients with an early acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).



Ten patients with severe ARDS were studied in a crossover study design, within 72 hours after starting mechanical ventilation. We studied the effects of ANP infusion (10 ng/kg/min for 1 hour) and of inhalation of NO (20 ppm for 1 hour) on hemodynamic and respiratory patient parameters, as well as the effects on plasma levels of ANP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, nitrate and endothelin-1.



Despite an approximate 50% increase in mixed venous ANP plasma concentration (from 86 +/- 21 to 123 +/- 33 ng/l, P < 0.05) during ANP infusion, there were no changes in mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance index, extravascular lung water index, or in pulmonary gas exchange. NO inhalation, in contrast, lowered mean pulmonary artery pressure (from 26 +/- 1.9 to 23.9 +/- 1.7 mmHg, P < 0.01), pulmonary vascular resistance index (from 314 +/- 37 to 273 +/- 32 dynes/cm5/m2, P < 0.05) and central venous pressure (from 8.2 +/- 1.2 to 7.3 +/- 1.1 mmHg, P < 0.02). Furthermore, NO inhalation improved pulmonary gas exchange, reflected by a decrease in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (from 41.9 +/- 3.9 to 40.4 +/- 3.6 kPa, P < 0.05), a small increase in oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2 from 17.7 +/- 1.4 to 19.7 +/- 1.1 kPa, P = 0.07) and a small decrease in venous admixture (Qs/Qt from 35.7 +/- 2.0 to 32.8 +/- 2.7%, P = 0.11).



This study shows that, in contrast to NO inhalation, infusion of ANP neither improves oxygenation nor attenuates pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary edema in patients with severe ARDS.