nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving management of gout in primary care: a new UK management guideline.

Gout is the most prevalent inflammatory arthritis, affecting 2.5% of adults in the UK.1 Despite its prevalence and the availability of potentially ‘curative’ urate-lowering therapies (ULT) such as allopurinol, gout remains undertreated in both primary and secondary care. Under half of patients receive ULT and many do not have ULT escalated sufficiently to reduce serum uric acid (sUA) below recommended target levels.1

The British Society for Rheumatology and British Health Professionals in Rheumatology (BSR/BHPR) have recently revised their evidence-based guideline for the management of gout,2 first published in 2007.3 The multidisciplinary guideline development group agreed key clinical management questions and undertook a systematic literature review and Delphi process to inform evidence-based consensus management recommendations. These were grouped into three categories: management of acute attacks ( n = 6), modification of lifestyle and risk factors ( n = 5), and optimal use of ULT ( n = 10). The guideline has been reviewed and endorsed by the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP).

For acute attacks of gout, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (with gastro-protection) or low-dose colchicine 500 mcg two to four times daily are recommended as first-line treatment, depending on patient preference, renal function, and comorbidities. In patients who are intolerant of, or have contraindications to, NSAIDs and colchicine, intra-articular, intra-muscular, or oral corticosteroids are recommended (for example, oral prednisolone 35 mg daily for 5 days). Patients should be advised to treat attacks as soon as possible after onset to minimise severity and impact. Non-pharmacological …
Hume's Philosophy of Belief: A Study of His First Inquiry

First published in 1961, this book considers Hume’s request to be judged solely by the acknowledged works of his maturity. It focuses on Hume’s first _Inquiry_ in its own right as a separate book to the likes of his other works, such as the _Treatise _and the _Dialogues, _which are here only used as supplementary evidence when necessary. This approach brings out, as Hume himself quite explicitly wished to do, the important bearing of his more technical philosophy on matters of religion and of world-outlook generally: "Be a philosopher; but amidst all your philosophy, be still a man."
Inorganic Ligand Effects on Pb(II) Sorption to Goethite (alpha-FeOOH).

Macroscopic measurements show that Pb(II) uptake on iron-(hydr)oxides can be altered significantly by dissolved carbonate (enhanced up to 18% at pH 5 and decreased above pH approximately 6.5 in analyses at 1 atm CO(2)). This study elucidates the molecular-scale processes giving rise to these macroscopic effects by characterizing the structures of Pb(II) sorption complexes formed on goethite (alpha-FeOOH) in the presence of carbonate using in situ Pb L(III)-EXAFS and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies. Bond valence and structural constraints are applied to develop mineral surface site-specific models for Pb sorption. Under all conditions studied (pH 5-7, Gamma(Pb)=0.4-4µmol/m(2), and P(CO(2))=0-1 atm), Pb(II) forms predominantly inner-sphere edge-sharing (bidentate and/or tridentate) complexes with Fe(O,OH)(6) octahedra (R(Pb-Fe) approximately 3.3 Å). Corner-sharing complexes (R(Pb-Fe) approximately 3.9 Å) are observed only in low pH (5) samples (P(CO(2)) 0-1 atm). Consistent with this pH sensitivity, site-specific analyses suggest that the relative abundance of corner-sharing sites reflects changes in the proton affinity of triply coordinated sites on the goethite (110) surface as suggested previously. FTIR results suggest the existence of ternary surface complexes in which carbonate groups bond to Pb as monodentate ligands. EXAFS data indicate that these ternary complexes are bound to the surface through Pb, forming metal-bridged (Type A) complexes. Findings are summarized as structural models and corresponding mineral surface site-specific chemical reactions.
Encounters at the end of the world: Max Weber, Carl Schmitt and the Tyranny of Values

This essay aims at throwing new light on a decades-long controversy over the intellectual relation between Weber and Schmitt. This debate over time has been characterized by polar positions, with the “Weberians” who exclude any continuity between the theorist of Wertfreiheit and the Kronjurist of the Third Reich; and those who not only emphasize similarities, but also a true intellectual filiation between them. Without denying legitimacy to these interpretations, I shall argue that the similarities as well as the differences between Weber and Schmitt are to be found and located in the larger context of the crisis of modernity. Both theorists lived and witnessed the dilemmas caused by the process of rationalization, the neutralization of politics, the technocracy it entailed, and the emergence of a secular polytheism of values. The crisis of modernity – and of political mediation – is the background against which these two thinkers have shaped their conceptual tools but, as I shall explain, the intellectua...
2017 Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Educational Needs Assessment Report

The annual survey of Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) members' educational needs was conducted via an online survey sent to 1036 CAG members in March 2016. A total of 100 individuals responded to the survey, of which 95 went on to rate educational topics. Similar to previous years, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) topics were most in demand for future educational events. Other highly rated areas were endoscopic techniques and therapeutics, nutrition in IBD, live endoscopy, celiac disease, upper GI bleeding, NAFLD, nonreflux esophageal disorders, and radiological imaging modalities for GI disorders. 
 
The purpose of the CAG needs assessment was to provide guidance to the Executive and CAG Education Affairs on areas of greatest educational need. Conducting a needs assessment is a requirement for accreditation of educational events in accordance with the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
Evolutionary Stability in Multi-Objective Games

Isr develops, applies and teaches advanced methodologies of design and analysis to solve complex, hierarchical, heterogeneous and dynamic problems of engineering technology and systems for industry and government. Isr is a permanent institute of the university of maryland, within the a. James clark school of engineering. It is a graduated national science foundation engineering research center. www.isr.umd.edu Evolutionary Stability in Multi-Objective Games
RE@21 spotlight: Most influential papers from the requirements engineering conference

Since 2003, an award has been presented annually at the IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference for the Most Influential Paper presented at the conference 10 years previously. In 2013, we celebrate 21 years of the Requirements Engineering Conference, and we use this as an opportunity to reflect on the Most Influential Papers to date. Two sessions of the 2013 conference highlight the work of previous award winners and provide the authors with the opportunity to describe the trajectory of their work over the ten years that led to the award, and to discuss its impact since.
The American census : a social history

This book, published on the eve of the bicentennial of the American census, is the first social history of this remarkably important institution, from its origins in 1790 to the present. Margo Anderson argues that the census has always been an influential policymaking tool, used not only to determine the number of representatives apportioned to each state but also to allocate tax dollars to states, and, in the past, to define groups-such as slaves and immigrants-who were to be excluded from the American polity. "As a history of the census, this study is a delight. It is thoroughly researched and richly detailed. Anderson is to be commended for covering such an expansive chronology with such skill. . . . Anderson has woven together not only social history but also intellectual, institutional, political, and military history into a thoroughly readable book that examines not only changes in the census but also the remarkable changes that have taken place in the US."-Choice "This book is valuable, clearly written and contains many interesting facts. It should be read not only by national policymakers and the statistical community, but by all who are interested in American society."-Bryant Robey, Population Today "A solid and readable piece of social, political, and institutional history. It will be essential reading not only for historians of American politics but also for census and population experts, for any public policy formulators who rely on census figures, and for those interested in the history of numeracy and statistics."-Patricia Cline Cohen, University of California, Santa Barbara
Analytica - A Theorem Prover in Mathematica

Analytica is an automatic theorem prover for theorems in elementary analysis. The prover is written in Mathematica language and runs in the Mathematica environment. The goal of the project is to use a powerful symbolic computation system to prove theorems that are beyond the scope of previous automatic theorem provers. The theorem prover is also able to guarantee the correctness of certain steps that are made by the symbolic computation system and therefore prevent common errors like division by a symbolic expression that could be zero. In this paper we describe the structure of Analytica and explain the main techniques that it uses to construct proofs. We have tried to make the paper as self-contained as possible so that it will be accessible to a wide audience of potential users. We illustrate the power of our theorem prover by several non-trivial examples including the basic properties of the stereographic projection and a series of three lemmas that lead to a proof of Weierstrass''s example of a continuous nowhere differentiable function. Each of the lemmas in the latter example is proved completely automatically.
Educating industrial-strength software engineers

A roadmap is proposed for integrating trends in software technology and product development into a graduate curriculum in software engineering. We contend that the causal relationship between building model solutions and developing products from these solutions, provides a sound basis for industrial strength software engineering. We illustrate the impact of modern software technology on the two fundamental, complementary sets of activities of domain engineering and application engineering. This is presented within a scheme for integrating design abstractions, such as architectural styles, frameworks, and patterns, with domain models and product generation. We address questions such as where in the spectrum of technology development do our current education programs fit? Is the current focus on architectures (patterns, frameworks and the like) a passing fad or a true ingredient for a mature software profession? What kind of software engineers should we be preparing for the 21st century?.
Report of depressive symptoms on waiting list and mortality after liver and kidney transplantation: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundLittle research has explored pre-transplantation psychological factors as predictors of outcome after liver or kidney transplantation. Our objective is to determine whether report of depressive symptoms on waiting list predicts outcome of liver and kidney transplantation.MethodsPatients on waiting list for liver or kidney transplantation were classified for report or non-report of depressive symptoms on waiting list. 339 were transplanted 6 months later on average, and followed prospectively. The main outcome measures were graft failure and mortality 18 months post-transplantation.ResultsAmong the 339 patients, 51.6% reported depressive symptoms on waiting list, 16.5% had a graft failure and 7.4% died post-transplantation.Report of depressive symptoms on waiting list predicted a 3 to 4-fold decreased risk of graft failure and mortality 18-months post-transplantation, independently from age, gender, current cigarette smoking, anxiety symptoms, main primary diagnosis, UNOS score, number of comorbid diagnoses and history of transplantation. Data were consistent for liver and kidney transplantations. Other baseline predictive factors were: for graft failure, the main primary diagnosis and a shorter length since this diagnosis, and for mortality, older age, male gender and the main primary diagnosis.ConclusionFurther studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of the association between report of depressive symptoms on waiting list and decreased risk of graft failure and mortality after transplantation.
Dutch Peacekeepers and Host Environments in the Balkans: An Ethnographic Perspective

This article focuses on the ways in which Dutch peacekeepers in Bosnia (SFOR8) and Kosovo (KFOR2) in 1999–2000 perceived local populations and host countries. It analyses the tension between military combat socialization and peacekeeping missions through ethnographic fieldwork and by borrowing tools from tourism and expatriate theories. Derived from the ‘tourist space’ concept, soldiers construct a spurious ‘peacekeeping space’, which confirms their combat and masculine beliefs that the contrived images which the military establishment has created in the first place are borne out by the reality of the deployment.
An abductive event calculus planner

In 1969 Cordell presented his seminal description of planning as theorem proving with the situation calculus. The most pleasing feature of Green's account was the negligible gap between high-level logical specification and practical implementation. This paper attempts to reinstate the ideal of planning via theorem proving in a modern guise. In particular, the paper shows that if we adopt the event calculus as our logical formalism and employ abductive logic programming as our theorem proving technique, then the computation performed mirrors closely that of a hand-coded partial-order planning algorithm. Soundness and completeness results for this logic programming implementation are given. Finally the paper shows that, if we extend the event calculus in a natural way to accommodate compound actions, then using the same abductive theorem proving techniques we can obtain a hierarchical planner.
An unknown story: Majorana and the Pauli‐Weisskopf scalar electrodynamics

An account is given of an interesting but unknown theory by Majorana regarding scalar quantum electrodynamics, elaborated several years before the known Pauli-Weisskopf theory. Theoretical calculations and their interpretation are given in detail, together with a general historical discussion of the main steps towards the building of a quantum field theory for electrodynamics. A possible peculiar application to nuclear constitution, as conceived around 1930, considered by Majorana is as well discussed.
另一種「經濟」與「市場」的社會學式經濟研究取徑──Karl Polanyi的「實質經濟研究取徑」

The fundamental purpose of my study is trying to reconstruct and extend the "substantive economic research approach”, which was proposed by Karl Polanyi in Trade and Market, in the Early Empire(1957), and then use the "substantive economic research approach” to establish a sociological conceptualization and research program of the “Economy” that can solve the conceptualization problems which exist in new economic sociology. The main content of the thesis can be divided into four chapters. The first chapter discusses that the conceptualization problems of the “economy” which exist in the new economic sociology, and shows that how to apply the “substantive economy research approach” to solve these conceptualization problems. Chapter two is dedicated to reconstruct the “substantive economics research approach” and make some simple assessment and evaluation of the research approach. In the third chapter, I apply Karl Polanyi's “substantial economic research approach” to construct a “self-regulated market” model, which can describe and explain the overall economic operational pattern and the effect of the modern “money-good” exchange economy at collective level and long run. Finally, in the fourth chapter, in order to further clarify the uniqueness of “self-regulated market” model and its proper use, I compare the “self-regulated market” model which deriving from substantive economy research approach to the neoclassical economics and the new economic sociology. Moreover, I will re-evaluate the new-economic-sociology-evaluation of the theory of Karl Polanyi in the latter part of this chapter. Chapter five is a simple conclusion. In conclusion, I think the reason why “substantive economic research approach” can grasp the characteristics of the modern economic system better than new economic sociology (as well as neoclassical economics) is that : “substantive economic research approach” point out correctly that we cannot derived the inappropriate proposition that " economic activities are embedded-in the non-economic social relations " from the rather appropriate proposition that “economic relations are embedded in the non-economic social relations. On the contrary, economic relations which are supported or constituted by non-economic social relations can shape the overall economic operational pattern according to the principles that different from the principles which non-economic social relations comply with. That is to say, modern economic system ought to be identified as a “self-regulated market” economy which is embedded-in the two kinds of economic relations----the “self-regulated market social relation” and the “price-making market social relation”.
Segal Condition Meets Computational Effects

Every finitary monad T on the category of sets is described by an algebraic theory whose n-ary operations are the elements of the free algebra Tn generated by n letters. This canonical presentation of the monad (called its Lawvere theory)offers a precious guideline in the search for an intuitive presentation of the monad by generators and relations. Hence, much work has been devoted to extend this correspondence between monads and theories to situations of semantic interest, like enriched categories and countable monads. In this paper, we clarify the conceptual nature of these extended Lawvere theories by investigating the change-of-base mechanisms which underlie them. Our starting point is the Segal condition recently established by Weber for a general notion of monad with arities. Our first step is to establish the Segal condition a second time, by reducing it to the Linton condition which characterizes the algebras of a monad as particular presheavesover the category of free algebras. This reduction is achieved by a relevant change-of-base from the category of interest to its subcategory of arities. This conceptual approach leads us to an abstract notion of Lawvere theory with arities, which extends to every class of arity the traditional correspondence in Set between Lawvere theories and finitary monads. Finally, we illustrate the benefits of Lawvere's ideas by describing how the concrete presentation of the state monad recently formulated by Plotkin and Power is ultimately validated by a rewriting property on sequences of updates and lookups.
Public Diplomacy Taming the Transatlantic Waves

This article discusses public diplomacy as practiced via the medium of television current affairs programs. Examples from recent years show how effective this format can be for U.S. politicians to communicate with the German public. The article stems from the remarks made by the author at a panel session in Dresden, Germany, on “Media and Transatlantic Relations,” sponsored by The Claus M. Halle Institute for Global Learning.
Michel de Certeau: Spirituality and The Practice of Everyday Life

Brenna Moore’s essay highlights the growing divergence and then final “rupture” between Michel de Certeau and his erstwhile hero and mentor Henri de Lubac. This centered around their contrasting understandings of how theology connects, or does not connect, with the everyday world or the “secular” and of whether the past is accessible to and useable in the present. My own sense is that de Certeau refuses to adopt a simple theology versus secular polarity. Even if the importance of the “secular” for de Certeau stems partly from his social and political conversion as the result of the riots of 1968, more straight-forwardly the secular refers to “the here and now,” this age. De Certeau was preoccupied with the way all our relationships—whether with the human or the divine “other”—are shaped by space and time. This sensibility to the immediate and the tentative was born of de Certeau’s immersion both in Ignatian spirituality and in historical theory. In reference to the latter, de Certeau’s historical training, particularly his exposure to the French Annales school of historical theory and interpretation, made him far more sensitive than Henri de Lubac to the unavoidable “otherness” and strangeness of the past. This contrasted strongly with de Lubac’s more fervent belief in the possibilities of historical continuity and its impact on his sense of how Christian tradition “works.” De Certeau’s critical historical perspective on Christianity ran alongside a complex yet deep engagement with faith. Overall, I seriously question the assumption among some English-speaking social scientists that de Certeau’s life and writings are neatly divisible into two parts—a first religious part up to the early 1970s and then a second social scientific period when theological interests and a religious narrative are essentially absent. I do not believe that de Certeau left theology behind or moved in some simple way into a form of postmodern fragmentation and dispersal. However, the problem with some attempts to retrieve him as a religious thinker, for example by “Radical Orthodoxy” theologians, is that they concentrate too much on his explicitly religious writings and bypass the implicit yet real religious underpinning to much of his social scientific writing. 1 This omission fails to do justice to de Certeau’s emphasis on the spiritual quality of everyday practices—something which I
Protection and social order

Consider a simple world populated with two types of individuals, those who work and create wealth (peasants) and those who steal the property of others (bandits). With bandits about, peasants need to protect their output and can do so individually or collectively. Either way protection is costly; it consumes resources and interferes with an individual's ability to create wealth. This study investigates how individuals might make decisions in such circumstances, how those decisions evolve over time, and how broader societal characteristics can emerge from such decisions.
Shifts in balanced growth and public capital: an empirical analysis for Belgium

In the large literature analysing the contribution of public capital formation to productivity growth, the stance of technology has been unremittingly ignored. However, technological progress is one of the most important determinants of long-run growth in many macroeconomic variables. Output elasticities calculated from long-run cointegrating estimates omitting technology are therefore very likely to be subject to an important omitted variable bias. In a recent paper, Crowder and Himarios (1997) propose to identify technological progress in the data based on the neo-classical growth model’s result that the long-run behaviour of the economy is uniquely determined by technology. Once this common long-run growth component is extracted from the data, the production function can be estimated as a ‘period-by-period’ constraint. In this paper, this approach is extended to allow for a permanent shift in the balanced growth path, implied by the structural reduction of public capital investment. The methodology is applied to Belgian data for the period 1953-96.