nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural correspondence between theories and convergence to truth

This paper utilizes a logical correspondence theorem (which has been proved elsewhere) for the justification of weak conceptions of scientific realism and convergence to truth which do not presuppose Putnam’s no-miracles-argument (NMA). After presenting arguments against the reliability of the unrestricted NMA in Sect. 1, the correspondence theorem is explained in Sect. 2. In Sect. 3, historical illustrations of the correspondence theorem are given, and its ontological consequences are worked out. Based on the transitivity of the concept of correspondence, a correspondence-based notion of convergence to truth is developed in Sect. 4. In the final Sect. 5 it is argued that the correspondence theorem together with the assumption of ‘minimal realism’ yields a justification of a weak version of scientific realism, which is then compared to metaphysical realism and to instrumentalism.
An analysis of information technology and logistics distribution models in E-commerce

Logistics is a key factor in E-commerce in that it plays a vital role of fulfilling virtual transactions in the real world. Distribution plans and operations are eventually based on information technology and system, which is an important feature of e-logistics. The selection of distribution models should be considered from various angles. E-commerce and distribution are interdependent and mutually reinforcing with each other. China's logistics distribution companies shall seize the opportunity of business model innovation, facilitate the transportation and storage technology and information technology and improve the professionalism of the whole industry in the context of e-commerce era.
Transforming an industry through information technology

A history project to explore where, how, and why information technology has transformed an entire industry is described. Two industries have been covered: airlines and banking. Key findings have integrated two learning processes: how to change the organization's structure, and how to learn the new technology. A model of the process for reaching a dominant design has been established. A team of computer professionals with experience in the 1950s and beyond is helping to carry out the historical research. The findings show how strategies and structures interrelate to include the impact of systems on strategies and structures. This project emphasizes how innovative management uses technology.<<ETX>>
CLASSICAL ELECTRON MODEL WITH NEGATIVE ENERGY DENSITY IN EINSTEIN–CARTAN THEORY OF GRAVITATION

Experimental result regarding the maximum limit of the radius of the electron (~10-16cm) and a few of the theoretical works suggest that there might be some negative energy density regions within the particle in the general theory of relativity. It is argued in the present investigation that such a negative energy density also can be obtained with a better physical interpretation in the framework of Einstein–Cartan theory.
Interactional style of teachers and parents during bilingual instruction: Linguistic and cognitive attributes

Spanish/English bilingual kindergarten teachers and parents serving as instructional aides in these same bilingual education classrooms served as subjects. Audio‐video recordings of small group instruction for teachers and parents were subjected to a lesson discourse analysis. Of interest was the qualitative character of teacher/parent interaction with specific attention to linguistic and cognitive attributes. Results indicate that both teacher and parent interaction is highly “teacher” oriented with both dominating lesson discourse and keeping children to the topic. However, parents were much more flexible in allowing child oriented topics. Such a mismatch between teachers and parents is discussed with regard to language development needs of language minority students in early childhood.
A study on the performance of water listed corporation using BP neural network

Water is of great significance in the industrial development and structural adjustment of economy in China. Urban water affairs have become one of the most important urban infrastructure existing to support the entire economic and social development. Urban water industry is under reforming in our country the past two decades and it has achieved great results. Government supports privatization of water industry greatly and the rapid growth of urban water affairs accelerate enterprise size and income. In recent years as China's water problem is getting worse, the public pay close attention to the environment and the performance issues of water companies cause more and more general concern of the government, the public and investors. Therefore, to assess performance of water companies has become increasingly necessary. This paper intends to select the larger water companies in the Shenzhen Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the 25 water companies, in period of 2011-2014. Based on the research status at home and abroad, the paper evaluates the performance of water listed companies based on DEA and BP neural network method. At last, we test the predictive ability of the network, and the network is conducted accurately.
Can Rural Voices Effect Rural Choices? Contesting Deregulation in New Zealand’s Apple Industry

Recurrent themes in agrifood literature examine the shifting relationships between globalization, regulation and locality. Drawing on lessons from New Zealand's pipfruit sector and the activities of the rural lobby group United Fruit, this paper evaluates the relative success of local contestation of the terms of neoliberalism and globalization. Arguments are made for reconceptualizing rural phenomena as inexorably linked to wider socio-economic processes of transformation in New Zealand and elsewhere
Generation of MPEG-7 descriptor in compressed domain

We propose a technique for generating the MPEG-7 descriptor in compressed image/video data. Image processing in the transform domain is a much interesting area recently because compressed image and video data are becoming widely available with the data format like MPEG or JPEG. In general, processing in the transform domain requires smaller data quantities, and lower computation complexity than that in the spatial domain. In this paper, we propose a generation algorithm of the MPEG-7 metadata in the compressed domain. We have developed an algorithm to get the homogeneous texture descriptor in the compressed domain.
Effect of humic acids on phosphate level and energetic metabolism of tobacco BY-2 suspension cell cultures.

To investigate the role of natural humic substances on plant cell phosphate level and metabolism, tobacco BY-2 suspension cell cultures were grown in the presence of humic samples of different chemical composition: soil humic acid and its three size-fractions (I–III) separated by High Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography. The humic samples were characterized by CPMAS-NMR spectroscopy and on-line pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Suspension cell cultures, after 7 days of incubation, were facing Pi starvation. The fraction III, the most hydrophilic and smallest in molecular size among humic samples, induced a partial relief from Pi starvation, increasing total cell phosphate amount, ATP and glucose-6-phosphate levels, as well as the activity of secreted acid phosphatases. Furthermore, fraction III induced a decrease of KCN-insensitive respiration, evaluated in both suspension cells and isolated mitochondria. The low amount of acidic groups in fraction III excluded that its observed effect in relieving cells from Pi deficiency may be attributed to a partial replacement of the chelating ability of secreted acids (mainly citric and malic acids) in releasing Pi from metal–phosphate complexes. The molecular characteristics of fraction III are conducive to a flexible conformational structure due to hydrophilic domains, which are still contoured by hydrophobic moieties such as alkyl and aromatic compounds. Such flexible molecular associations may induce an efficient release of Pi from organic sources (e.g. nucleic acids), released in the media by damaged or dead cells, exerting a sort of positive effect on either the production or activity of extracellular Pi hydrolytic enzymes. This work shows that only by combining advanced molecular characterization of natural humic molecules with their effect on plant cells, it is possible to formulate sound hypotheses for structure–activity relationships.
A variant of environmental adaptation method with real parameter encoding and its application in economic load dispatch problem

Environmental Adaptation Method (EAM) and Improved Environmental Adaptation Method (IEAM) were proposed to solve optimization problems with the biological theory of adaptation in mind. Both of these algorithms work with binary encoding, and their performance is comparable with other state-of-art algorithms. To further improve the performance of these algorithms, some major changes are incorporated into the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm works with the real value parameter encoding, and, in order to maintain significant convergence rate and diversity, it maintains a balance between exploitation and exploration. The choice to explore or exploit a solution depends on the fitness of the individual. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with 17 state-of-art algorithms in 2-D, 3-D, 5-D, 10-D and 20-D dimensions using the COCO (COmparing Continuous Optimisers) framework with Black-Box Optimization Benchmarking (BBOB) functions. It outperforms all other algorithms in 3-D and 5-D, and its performance is comparable to other algorithms for other dimensions. In addition, IEAM-R has been applied to the real world problem of economic load dispatch, and its results demonstrate that it gives minimum fuel cost when compared to other algorithms in different cases.
Space and time: Continuity in the correspondence between Charles Peirce and Victoria Welby

Though from two different points of view, both Charles Peirce and Victoria Welby examined the problem of time during the same years. In their correspondence, whereas Peirce explains his position about the indeterminacy of the future, Lady Welby proposes her theory about the dependence of time on space. Since they both tacitly refer to Kant's thesis on space and time, Kantianism can be an extremely important tool in order to understand similarities and differences between Peirce's and Welby's philosophical views. Continuity, as well as time and space, is a crucial notion to clarify Peirce's statements: the definite development of the concept of continuity in his philosophy allows us to better understand his notion of reality and experience. The present essay proposes to focus on the importance of time in Peirce's metaphysical thought by emphasizing its connection with Welby's remarks on the centrality of Motion and Change in our experience.
The outcome of complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a systematic review.

The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the outcome of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO for relevant studies and included 18 studies, with 3,991 participants, in this review. The following data were extracted: study details, measurement tools used, and rates or severity scores for the symptoms/signs of CRPS at baseline and follow-up, or in groups of patients with different disease durations. A quality assessment revealed significant limitations in the literature, with many studies using different diagnostic criteria. The 3 prospective studies demonstrated that for many patients, symptoms improve markedly within 6 to 13 months of onset. The 12 retrospective studies had highly heterogeneous findings, documenting lasting impairments in many patients. The 3 cross-sectional studies showed that rates of pain and sensory symptoms were highest among those with the longest duration of CRPS. Additionally, most studies showed that motor symptoms (stiffness and weakness) were the most likely to persist whereas sudomotor and vasomotor symptoms were the most likely to improve. Overall, this suggests that some CRPS patients make a good early recovery whereas others develop lasting pain and disability. As yet little is known about the prognostic factors that might differentiate between these groups.



We found evidence that many CRPS patients recover within 6 to 13 months, but a significant number experience some lasting symptoms, and some experience chronic pain and disability. The quality of the evidence was poor. Future research should examine the factors associated with recovery and identify those at risk of poor outcomes.
Receiving treatment for common mental disorders.

Anxiety and depressive disorders are widely prevalent, but patients are only treated in a minority of cases. In this study, the explanation of receiving mental health treatment is sought in predisposing and enabling characteristics and indicators for objective and self-perceived need.



Cross-sectional analysis of data collected in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) among 743 persons with an anxiety and/or depression diagnosis as assessed by the CIDI. Receipt of mental health treatment was assessed in the face-to-face interview, as well as indicators of predisposing and enabling factors and variables evaluating need for care.



Of the total sample, 57% received treatment in the past 6 months in the general practice setting (50%) or the mental health care setting (14%). Younger patients, patients who evaluated their providers better on communicative abilities and patients who perceived mental health problems themselves had greater odds of having professional mental health contacts in the primary care setting. Confidence in professional help and higher severity of mental problems were associated with greater odds of having specialized mental health care.



Receiving help for common mental disorders depends not only on the objective need of the patient but also at least as much on the patients' own recognition that their problems have a mental health origin. Furthermore, in primary care especially, the patients' judgment of their providers' affective abilities may be decisive for being treated. For receiving specialized care, patients are also directed by their confidence in professional help.
The evolution of southern culture

The American South has long been a subject of endless scholarly fascination. Historians and social scientists have endeavored to decipher the enigma of the region and to identify the formative factors that have molded the southern experience.They have searched for a central theme that would explain southern behavior and have debated the extent to which the region was distinctive from the rest of the nation. More recently, historical scholarship has shown a growing interest in the evolution of southern culture and the forces that shaped it.The southern enigma is yet to be fully deciphered, but The Evolution of Southern Culture addresses questions crucial to an understanding of the region's history. The book brings together original, searching essays by nine of the nation's most distinguished scholars: Immanuel Wallerstein, Eugene D. Genovese, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Eric Foner, Nell Irvin Painter, George M. Frederickson, Joel Williamson, Bertram Wyatt-Brown
The optimal design of lighting systems for designated office building in Thailand according to ministerial, the Type or Size of Building Standards and Rules and Procedures, Building Design for Energy Conservation, Act B.E.2552

The financial index of payback period analysis is proposed to evaluate the economic performance of lighting system between conventional designs and design by the Energy Conversation Promotion Act (no.2) B.E. 2550 of Ministry of Energy, The Type or Size of Building Standards and Rules and Procedures, Building Design for Energy Conservation, Act B.E.2552 for office building in term of illumination standard, energy consumption, return of investment and environmental aspect. First of all, the Type or Size of Building Standards and Rule and Procedures, Building Design for Energy Conservation, Act B.E.2552 is reviewed to compare with the conventional designs of lighting system for office building. Secondary, the life time energy consumption of fluorescent lamp T5 with electronic ballast, fluorescent lamp T8 with standard ballast and fluorescent lamp T8 with electronic ballast is simulated by various sizes of office buildings according to IEEE, IEC, IES, and the Type or Size of Building Standards and Rules and Procedures, Building Design for Energy Conservation, Act B.E.2552. In addition, the payback period and CO2 emission of lighting system for selected office building are simulated by various scenarios which the analytical results show that are the optimal lighting system for office building under the present situation. Finally, the optimal design of lighting system for designated office building in Thailand will be discussed about the energy performance with environmental friendly.
Results of the assessment of the council of multidisciplinary pain.

The aim of this study was to emphasize the necessity of multidisciplinary pain council by demonstrating the patient profile, treatment approaches, outcomes, and patient satisfaction levels obtained from our council.



In this study, the age, gender, number of council evaluations, diagnoses and recommended therapies of patients were determined retrospectively. The status of the patients >1 year, outcomes of the therapies, and satisfaction levels of the patients were questioned on the phone.



The patients were most commonly diagnosed as chronic low back pain (35%) and vertebral tumor or metastasis (10%). 74 % of the patients were evaluated because of vertebral causes. 23% of the patients had good, 27% had moderate and 35% had poor benefit; beneficence was calculated as 85%. Patient satisfaction was found as 24%, 23%, and 32%, respectively; satisfaction was calculated as 79%.



Evaluation of complex patients by physicians from different disciplines has better diagnostic and treatment outcomes. In addition, multidisciplinary approach offer and perform different therapy options and this has positive effects on treatment efficiency and patient satisfaction. We are in the opinion that instead of standard treatment protocols, determining individualized multidisciplinary treatment protocols should be useful.
Domestic Capital Market Reform and Access to Global Finance: Making Markets Work

Contrary to the predictions of standard economic theory, capital market liberalization has been a mixed blessing for many countries. Liberalization of debt inflows exposes economies to the risk of crises stemming from sudden changes in investor sentiment. Equity market liberalizations, on the other hand, have promoted growth in almost every liberalizing country. Yet equity market liberalizations have not had as strong an effect as might be expected. To convince outsiders to invest, countries must put in place laws and supporting institutions to protect the rights of minority shareholders. Countries with such protections tend to have larger, more efficient, and more stable stock markets than those that do not.
Intellectual capital in business-to-business markets

This paper reports on research concerning the level of knowledge assets possessed by firms in business-oriented vs. consumer-oriented industries. Further, the research also covers the level of competitive intelligence activity in these industry groups, estimating the level of interest of competitors in acquiring another firm's knowledge assets. From this information, we can begin to develop ideas about what types of firms and industries can really benefit from knowledge management systems and investment, as well as which can benefit from knowledge protection systems. As a result, the issues of knowledge management and knowledge protection become much more strategic and more obviously dependent on circumstances. Such a conclusion begs the question of what measures will help us to determine important circumstances and optimal knowledge strategies for competitive advantage, clearly opening up the field to a wide range of future research streams.
Large area flexible electronics fabrication by selective laser sintering of nanoparticles with a scanning mirror

The development of electric circuit fabrication on heat and chemically sensitive polymer substrates has attracted significant interest as a pathway to low-cost or large-area electronics. We demonstrated the large area, direct patterning of microelectronic structures by selective laser sintering of nanoparticles without using any conventional, very expensive vacuum or photoresist deposition steps. Surface monolayer protected gold nanoparticles suspended in organic solvent was spin coated on a glass or polymer substrate. Then low power continuous wave Ar-ion laser was irradiated as a local heat source to induce selective laser sintering of nanoparticles by a scanning mirror system. Metal nanoparticle possessed low melting temperature (<150°C) due to thermodynamic size effect, and high laser absorption due to surface plasmon mode. These make metal nanoparticles ideal for the low temperature, low laser energy selective laser processing, and further applicable for electronics fabrication on a heat sensitive po...
Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, socialism, and democracy

This is a review of "Capitalism, socialism, and democracy", by Joseph A. Schumpeter, New York, Harper Perennial, 1942 (first Harper Colophon edition published 1975). 
 
"The public mind has by now so thoroughly grown out of humor with it as to make condemnation of capitalism and all its works a foregone conclusion – almost a requirement of the etiquette of discussion. Whatever his political preference, every writer or speaker hastens to conform to this code and to emphasize his critical attitude, his freedom from ‘complacency’, his belief in the inadequacies of capitalist achievement, his aversion to capitalist and his sympathy with anti-capitalist interests. Any other attitude is voted not only foolish but anti-social and is looked upon as an indication of immoral servitude." 
 
We might easily mistake this for a voice weary of contemplating the implications for neo-liberal nostrums of our current global financial crisis were it not for the rather formal, slightly arch, style and the gender exclusive language. It was in fact penned in the depths of World War II by Harvard economist Joseph Schumpeter, who fell off the map only to re-emerge from the 1970s as oil shocks and stagflation in the west presaged the decline of the Keynesian settlement, as east Asian newly industrialising economies were modelling on his insistence that entrepreneurialism, access to credit and trade were the pillars of economic growth, and as innovation became more of a watchword for post-industrial economies in general. The second coming was perhaps affirmed when his work was dubbed by Forbes in 1983 – on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of both men – as of greater explanatory import than Keynes’. (And what of our present resurgent Keynesian moment?)...