nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Network-Efficient Distributed Word2vec Training System for Large Vocabularies

Word2vec is a popular family of algorithms for unsupervised training of dense vector representations of words on large text corpuses. The resulting vectors have been shown to capture semantic relationships among their corresponding words, and have shown promise in reducing a number of natural language processing (NLP) tasks to mathematical operations on these vectors. While heretofore applications of word2vec have centered around vocabularies with a few million words, wherein the vocabulary is the set of words for which vectors are simultaneously trained, novel applications are emerging in areas outside of NLP with vocabularies comprising several 100 million words. Existing word2vec training systems are impractical for training such large vocabularies as they either require that the vectors of all vocabulary words be stored in the memory of a single server or suffer unacceptable training latency due to massive network data transfer. In this paper, we present a novel distributed, parallel training system that enables unprecedented practical training of vectors for vocabularies with several 100 million words on a shared cluster of commodity servers, using far less network traffic than the existing solutions. We evaluate the proposed system on a benchmark data set, showing that the quality of vectors does not degrade relative to non-distributed training. Finally, for several quarters, the system has been deployed for the purpose of matching queries to ads in Gemini, the sponsored search advertising platform at Yahoo, resulting in significant improvement of business metrics.
An interactive simulator generating system for small computers

This paper is concerned with a novel idea for the use of an interactive computer system. The system, called an Interactive Simulator Generator, is designed primarily for a student interested in learning about the structure of a computer. This is achieved through the use of design configuration in a simulation process. The Interactive Simulator Generator asks questions about the structure of the target machine the user wants and provides him finally with a simulator for his machine. It also provides a list of pseudo micro-operations that help the user to specify and develop assembly instructions and programs. Modest diagnostic and debugging aids are provided. Measurements such as frequency of use and average execution time, etc., are also available for comparing different computer configurations. The simulation of a subset of the PDP-8 Computer is illustrated. The system is programmed in System 360/APL.
Improved Recognition of Heart Attack and Stroke Symptoms After a Community-Based Intervention for Older Adults, Georgia, 2006-2007

In Georgia, mortality from stroke is 16% higher and from cardiovascular disease is 9% higher than it is nationally. Although 75% of Georgia adults have 2 or more modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, less than half recognize all major heart attack and stroke warning symptoms. To reduce disability and prevent death from cardiovascular events, high-risk population groups should be able to recognize symptoms and seek immediate medical attention.



We evaluated a 4-month education intervention in 40 senior centers in Georgia. The intervention focused on improving knowledge of heart attack and stroke symptoms and on promoting lifestyle behaviors that prevent and manage cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Participants in a convenience sample completed a pretest questionnaire, the intervention, and a posttest questionnaire (N = 693, mean age, 75 years, 84% female, 45% black).



After the intervention, recognition of all 5 symptoms of heart attack increased from 29% at the pretest to 46% at the posttest, and recognition of all 5 symptoms of stroke increased from 42% at the pretest to 65% at the posttest (for both conditions, P < .001). In linear regression analyses, independent positive predictors of change in knowledge were younger age and higher education. Most risk factors for cardiovascular disease were not predictive.



The results of this evaluation provide an evidence base for the effectiveness of this intervention in improving knowledge about heart attack and stroke symptoms, which may translate to greater preparedness in these older adults for response to cardiovascular events.
Public or Private Equity? How Accelerated IPOs can Increase Competition in Offerings

This clinical paper analyses a new way of conducting IPOs which has recently been introduced in the U.K. The essential feature of Accelerated IPOs (aIPOs) is that investors form syndicates to bid for the entire offering, and then execute an immediate IPO (within a week). Vendors can use an auction to determine whether the valuation is higher in private equity, trade, or public equity hands. aIPOs address two problems that regulators and academics have associated with conventional IPOs conducted via bookbuilding: inaccurate valuation and questionable use of discretion over allocation. Conflicts of interest are avoided as the advisors who organise aIPOs work for the investors rather than the issuing company.
Chromophobic Activism: The Politics and Materiality of Art and Colour in India, circa 1917–circa 1966

This article examines the contested agency of colour in twentieth-century South Asian nationalism and its afterlife in the postcolony. Questioning the entanglements of chromophobia and chromophilia it focuses on colour's volatile status as it veered between poetic and political acceptance by Abanindranath Tagore, Gandhi's seeming abhorrence of any colour but white, Rabindranath Tagore's claim to colour blindness and recourse to inky cosmopolitanism and Nandalal Bose's experiments with muralism in relation to art writing. Tainted by its association with colonial Britain and subaltern exploitation could colour be redeemed? Experimenting with local materials, artists began to devise alternative, sometimes radical chromatics that literally invoked the power of the earth. Post-Independence India's most self-proclaimed colourist – disaffected Marxist Jagdish Swaminathan – sought to provincialize Western ideas of abstraction in his mystical, chromophilic practice. Seen through the lens of subaltern labour and co...
Optimal monetary policy when asset markets are incomplete

This paper considers the properties of an optimal monetary policy when households are subject to countercyclical uninsured income shocks. We develop a tractable incompletemarkets model with Calvo price setting. Incomplete markets creates a new distortion and that distortion is large in the sense that the welfare cost of business cycles is large in our model. Nevertheless, the optimal monetary policy is very similar to the optimal policy that emerges in the representative agent framework and calls for nearly complete stabilization of the price-level.
A Cognitivist Program for Normative Political Theory

THE CONCERN WITH NORMATIVE PROBLEMS in political theory is in one sense a very old one but in another sense a peculiarly contemporary one. The works of classical political theorists are largely normative in character. They concern themselves with what ought to be done in politics. However, most works in traditional political philosophy also contain numerous empirical claims about the nature of politics and society. They only rarely include explicit discussion of the nature of normative discourse about political matters; indeed it is sometimes difficult to separate empirical claims from normative arguments in the classical literature of political theory. Contemporary political theorists, on the other hand, typically concern themselves with an attempt to construct empirical theories about politics which presumably contain no normative assumptions and have no immediate outcome in terms of recommendations as to what ought to be done. This positivist trend in political science and political theory, while it undoubtedly has some precedents in classical political theory, is largely a twentieth-century phenomenon and can probably be said to have obtained dominance in political science in the period following World War I.1 It is what I think can be appropriately
A sentimental journey through France and Italy . with, The journal to Eliza ; and, A political romance

This book is far removed from the conventional travel book, and is fiction rather than reportage. Sterne travelled extensively in the 1760s, and drew on his experiences to write the narrative of Mr Yorick, the Sentimental traveller. The Journal to Eliza and A Political Romance both demonstrate the rare early satire which marked the beginning of the major phase of Sterne's career.
Understanding the Li-ion storage mechanism in a carbon composited zinc sulfide electrode

Sulfide compounds are interesting conversion electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, due to their high theoretical capacity. However, they suffer from large volumetric changes and fast capacity fading. To overcome these issues, nanosized zinc sulfide (ZnS) modified with polyelectrolytes and graphene (ZnS-C/G) has been synthesized and investigated as an enhanced conversion-alloying anode material. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy are used to elucidate the Li storage process during the 1st cycle. In addition, the evolution of internal resistance and the corresponding solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation during the 1st cycle are discussed based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results reveal that the formation of lithiated products and the SEI layer at different voltages can influence Li+ diffusion into the electrode. Moreover, an artificial carbon layer can not only facilitate Li+ transport but also avoid the direct formation of the SEI layer on the surface of active particles. Compared to bare ZnS, the ZnS-C/G electrode shows outstanding rate capability and cycling capacity (571 mA h g−1 after 120 cycles at a specific current of 1.0 A g−1 with a retention rate of 94.4%). The high capacity at elevated current density is ascribed to the contribution of capacitive charge storage.
Quantitative methods in political science: Research in France and the United States

We compare the recent methodological profile of political science work in France and the United States, applying a standardized content analysis of the research methods to leading political science journals in both countries over time periods of equal length. We find that, compared with the United States, qualitative work clearly dominates quantitative work in France, and there has been no apparent change over time in that regard during the period under investigation (1998–2013). We also find that French political science research does not offer a strong supply of mixed methods. Finally, and contrary to what is observed in the United States, when French political scientists do use quantitative methods they seem reticent about using ordinary least squares (OLS) or more sophisticated statistical methods. We see these results as further indication that the French and the American political scientists are locked in their own national epistemology.
Caracterización del marketing medioambiental en empresas manufactureras de plástico del Estado Zulia

Green, eco or environmental marketing includes the development and promotion of products and services to satisfy the needs and desires of customers in terms of quality, competitive prices and convenience without causing detriment to the environment. The main objective of this research was to characterize the management of green marketing executed by plastic manufacturing companies of Zulia state, in order to determine the current status of the sector. The study was performed conducting a descriptive and field research, no experimental and transactional, reviewing library materials, making direct observation in industries and the application of an instrument to a population composed of 18 companies. The results showed that companies in the Zulia have very few characteristics which allow companies classify them as ecological, and there are factors affecting the development of strategies in the area, such as lack of human resources, poor access to raw materials, lack of customers demand "green" products, low participation of government agencies, financial constraints and inability to adopt new systems that manufacture green products, among others.
Uma perspectiva histórica da divulgação científica: a atuação do cientista divulgador José Reis(1948-1958)

In Brazil, the appearance of an own scientific popularization links with the scientific production in the country, evidencing a mobilization and the scientific community's interest in disclosing its activities for a not specialized public, in order to also obtain the recognition of the society. Partly, the action of disclosing science interferes in the internal discussions to the scientific community on its social and political role, involved close to in a wider political-social project of recognition and validation of the science society. The general objective of that work is to identify the entail of the popularization of the science to the scientific practice, to the education, to the politics, to the general conditions of the institucionalizion and of the professionalization of the science, in order to arrive to a wider characterization of the popularization practiced in Brazil in it powders II war. In that context, we highlighted the trajectory of the scientist-divulgator: Jose Reis, in the period of 1948-1958. That researcher and indefatigable divulgator of the science participated in the movement of the scientific community's implantation, of the fight for the institucionalizion of the science and of the education for everybody. Starting from its professional and political trajectory he/she stands out the scientist's social paper, particularizing the science to service of the social reform. He/she is justified to analyze Jose Reis' participation in that process of constitution of the scientific popularization in Brazil, because its performance, as scientist that was devoted to the scientific popularization, was consistent, coherent and uninterrupted for 60 years and it evidences that way she was constituted in visibility instrument and of legitimacy of the science.
Brownian Functionals in Physics and Computer Science

This is a brief review on Brownian functionals in one dimension and their various applications, a contribution to the special issue ``The Legacy of Albert Einstein" of Current Science. After a brief description of Einstein's original derivation of the diffusion equation, this article provides a pedagogical introduction to the path integral methods leading to the derivation of the celebrated Feynman-Kac formula. The usefulness of this technique in calculating the statistical properties of Brownian functionals is illustrated with several examples in physics and probability theory, with particular emphasis on applications in computer science. The statistical properties of "first-passage Brownian functionals" and their applications are also discussed.
Decomposition of the metastable beta phase in the all-beta alloy Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al

The phase transformations which occur in the all-β titanium alloy Ti-13V-llCr-3Al at temperatures below ∼ 500°C have been studied by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrical resistivity techniques. The decomposition of the metastable β phase has been found to proceed through a transition reaction leading to the formation of two bcc phases rather than through the precipitation of the ω phase as has been previously reported. An interpretation of the observed decomposition sequence, based on thermodynamic reasoning, is presented. The decomposition characteristics of the Ti-13V-llCr-3Al alloy have been compared with those of a Ti-13V-llCr alloy to determine the influence of aluminum on the transformation behavior.
Smärtan som inte syns

The purpose of this study was to analyze and interpret how parents react after learning that their child was deceased, and the process that parents employed in dealing with this bereavement. This study also focused on the parents’ perceived ‘treatment’ received from relatives, friends and professionals. A qualitative study was conducted using interviews with seven parents who had suffered bereavement. Interviews and analyses were based on three themes: the grief process, treatment and sharing experiences. The theoretical base of “Cullbergs” crisis theory and its four phases: ‘the shock phase’, ‘reaction phase’, ‘processing phase’ and ‘reorientation phase’ were used.  varied from parents who felt they had not received support when their child died, to parents who had diverse and unique grief processes with similarities to other parents. The parents in this study have benefited from sharing their experiences with those in similar situations to themselves.
It changed my life : writings on the women's movement

1998  Consciousness Breaking Through the Feminine Mystique The Way We Were--1949 (1974) Angry Letters, Relieved Letters (1963)  The Fourth Dimension (1964) Television and the Feminine Mystique (1964) The Crisis in Women's Identity (1964) The Actions Organizing the Women's Movement for Equality NOW Statement of  (1966) "The First Year": The President's Report to NOW 1967 "Our Revolution Is Unique": Excerpt from the President's Report to NOW, 1968 "Tokenism and the Pseudo-Radical Copout" (1969)  A Woman's Civil Right (1969) Judge Carswell and the "Sex Plus" Doctrine (1970) Call to Women's Strike for Equality (1970) Strike Day, August 26th, 1970 Critique of Sexual Politics (1970) "The Next Step": The National Women's Political Caucus (1971) Betty Friedan's Notebook Struggling for Personal Truth (1971-1973) Transcending Polarities New Power in the World Madame Prime Minister (1966) A Visit with Pope Paul (1974) A Dialogue with Simone de Beauvoir (1975) The Crises of Divorce (1974) An Open Letter to True Men (1974) Scary Doings in Mexico City (1975) An Open Letter to the Women's Movement--1976 Afterwords Afterword to "The National Women's Political Caucus" Afterword to "Madame Prime Minister" Afterword to "A Visit with Pope Paul" Afterword to "Scary Doings in Mexico City" Afterword to "An Open Letter to the Women's Movement--1976"
The market reaction to social responsibility disclosures: The case of the Sullivan principles signings☆

Few studies to date have tested for investor use of social responsibility information disclosures. This paper examines the stock trading volume and price return reaction to the 1977 disclosures that certain United States companies doing business in South Africa had agreed to the Sullivan Principles. Results indicate that non-signing firms experienced significantly higher unexpected trading volume than signing firms around the announcement date. As such, the findings represent further evidence of investor use of social responsibility information.
Towards an understanding of (bio)silicification: the role of amino acids and lysine oligomers in silicification

In order to understand the role that proteins play in the generation of well regulated biosilica structures we need to understand the contribution of the components, singly and in combination. To this end we have performed a systematic study of the effect of amino acids and small peptide oligomers on silica formation from aqueous solution. Silicas produced from a potassium silicon catecholate salt at 
 ca. pH 7 in the presence of the amino acids (Gly, Arg, Asn, Gln, Glx, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Pro, Ala, Lys) at a 2 Si : 1 amino acid molar ratio have shown that these amino acids affect the kinetics of small oligomer formation, the growth of aggregate structures and the morphology and surface properties of the silicas produced. The effects seen during the early stages of oligomer formation carry through to the properties of the particles and aggregates produced after extended periods of reaction. The behaviour of the amino acids relates to the pI and hydrophobicity of the individual amino acids. The presence of the nitrogen containing amino acids generates larger particles and the presence of amino acids containing hydroxyl and hydrophobic groups generates silicas with smaller particles than are produced for silicas produced in the absence of amino acids. An extensive study of the effect of the number of lysine and glycine units per peptide was also performed (for lysine, 1–5 and 
 ca. 150 and for glycine, 1,4,5). Increasing the number of glycine units per additive molecule had little effect on the kinetics, aggregation, sample morphology, surface area and porosity of the silicas produced. A distinct relationship between the number of lysine units per additive molecule and an increased rate of oligomer formation, aggregate growth and a reduction in silica surface area and broadening of pore sizes was observed. A distinct change over in behaviour, particularly in regard to the porosity characteristics of the silica produced was noted for between (lys) 
 3 and (lys) 
 4 as well as this being the smallest size of peptide that was incorporated into the siliceous material formed. Aggregation was observed to accelerate exponentially over the full range of lysine oligomers used. Consecutive sequences of the same amino acid residues were shown to produce effects much larger than the sum of the effects of the individual residues, and at extremes mediate macroscopic morphological changes. The consequences of these findings for biosilicification are discussed. It is clear that all amino acid functional groups in proteins that are accessible to silica during the stages of formation from orthosilicic acid through to the final material have a role to play in determining the physical nature and structure of the material that forms.
Limited adequacy of thyroid cancer patient follow-up at a Canadian tertiary care centre.

We sought to evaluate the adequacy of follow-up of thyroid cancer patients at a Canadian centre.



We mailed a survey to the family physicians of thyroid cancer patients and analyzed the findings relative to follow-up guidelines published by the American Thyroid Association (ATA). Statistical significance between early and late follow-up patterns was analyzed using the χ(2) test.



Our survey response rate was 56.2% (91 of 162). The time from operation ranged from 1.24-7.13 (mean 3.96) years, and 87.9% of patients had undergone a physical exam within the previous year. Only 37.4% and 14% of patients had a serum thyroglobulin measurement within 6 and between 6 and 12 months before the survey, respectively. Thyroid simulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured within the prior 6 months in 67% of patients and between 6 and 12 months in 13.2%. The TSH levels were suppressed (< 0.1 μIU/L) in 24.2% of patients, 0.1-2 μIU/L in 44% and greater than 2 μIU/L in 17.6%. Ultrasonography was the most common imaging test performed.



There is significant variation in the follow-up patterns of patients with thyroid cancer, and there is considerable deviation from current ATA guidelines.