nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Presumed Equality: The Relationship Between State and Citizens in Post-Apartheid South Africa

This article uses a dispute between a school and the state in contemporary South Africa to examine the complex nature of the relationship between that state and its citizens. It argues that this relationship is best understood as a set of shifting arrangements of authority between bureaucratic institutions, political personalities, the judiciary and, most significantly, South Africa's citizens themselves. We suggest that traditional models of the state have underestimated the agency of ordinary citizens and that the dispute we examine reveals how their actions – made possible by the presumption of their equality with the state and its agents – can influence the development of a local or national political order. This article draws upon the detailed documents prepared for the court case that arose from this dispute, as well as upon more recent interviews with teachers at the school. It is influenced by the philosophy of Jacques Ranciere, and attempts to interpret his arguments about the nature of politics ...
Acute Care QUAliTy in chronic Kidney disease (ACQUATIK): a prospective cohort study exploring outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and carries a high risk of morbidity, including hospital admissions and readmissions and mortality. This is largely attributed to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Patients with CKD are less likely to receive evidence-based treatments for cardiovascular disease. However, these treatments are based on trials which generally exclude patients with CKD. It is therefore unclear whether this patient group derives the same benefits without an increased risk of adverse effects.



The Acute Care QUAliTy in chronic Kidney disease (ACQUATIK) study is a prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study. Over 4000 patients will be recruited with an enrolment period of 2 years and a follow-up period of 2-4 years. Patients under follow-up by a renal team will be excluded. Data will be obtained from patient and hospital records during the index admission. Preadmission data will be extracted from general practice records based on the Quality and Outcomes Framework. Diagnosis, comorbidities and procedure data pertaining to the index and subsequent admissions will be extracted from the Hospital Episode Statistics database and long-term mortality data will be tracked using the Office of National Statistics. This information will allow us to examine a complete patient journey through primary and secondary care, providing unequalled levels of information on treatment and outcomes of patients with CKD. The combined data set will be used to compare outcomes and treatments among patients with CKD versus patients without CKD. The primary end point is hospital readmission rates. The relationship between age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and concurrent comorbidities will be analysed to determine their influence on outcomes and treatments.


ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
The ACQUATIK study has been approved by the NRES Committee West Midlands-South Birmingham-Reference 13/WM/0317. The results from ACQUATIK will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presented at primary and secondary care conferences.
Thermal Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of As-Homogenized Mg-5.8 Zn-0.5 Zr-1.0 Yb Alloy

Isothermal compression tests at temperatures of 250–400°C and strain rates of 0.001–1 s−1 were performed in a Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator to investigate the hot deformation behavior of as-homogenized Mg-5.8 Zn-0.5 Zr-1.0 Yb alloy. The Arrhenius-type constitutive equation and hot processing maps were established based on these experiments. Two dynamic recrystallized (DRX) domains were identified as (1) 280–350°C and 0.15–1 s−1; (2) 330–400°C and 0.001–0.09 s−1. The DRX mechanisms of the above-mentioned two domains and the instability patterns of the unstable regions were analyzed by optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The results provide a fundamental insight into the processing design, microstructural evolution, and property control of the newly developed Mg-Zn-Zr-Yb alloy.
Riots and Welfare: Are They Related?

This paper examines the impact of riots on the percentage increase in financial support of welfare programs at the local level. Data on 23 riot cities are compared to 20 nonriot cities of similar size to determine if the percent change in the combined city and state expenditures on welfare were different. Analysis revealed riot cities had larger budgetary increases in welfare the year following their riot; whereas, nonriot cities had no such pattern of expansion. While the welfare system was not the object of attack in the riots, more relief was given because it is believed to be the service which could be expanded most easily by local municipal officials without threatening other interest groups.
Joint Solution for Deeper Structure Beneath Volcanic Rocks Using Gravity, Magnetic & Seismic Data

E019 Joint Solution for Deeper Structure Beneath Volcanic Rocks Using Gravity Magnetic & Seismic Data Z. Yang* (BGP) SUMMARY In some areas where rift basin was caused by magma intumescing because of many times of magma activities not only the igneous rocks developed in basement but also volcanic rocks developed in sedimentary formations which results in that seismic data is poor in deeper formations beneath volcanic rocks so it is difficult to identify basement and to do the further study on basement undulation and evaluation of source rocks beneath volcanic rocks. To improve the exploration effect this paper presents a
Challenge and threat emotions as antecedents of recovery experiences

The aim of this study was (1) to investigate whether threat (e.g., anxiety, fear) and challenge (e.g., confidence, excitement) emotions that employees experience before work while thinking about the upcoming workday predict their recovery experiences (i.e., psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control) after work and (2) to explore the moderating role of job control on the effect of threat and challenge emotions on recovery experiences. For two to four weeks, 57 blue-collar workers at an airport’s hub station completed a diary. Multilevel analyses (N = 1104) reveal that threat emotions in the morning decrease psychological detachment and relaxation after work. Job control buffers this negative effect. Furthermore, challenge emotions in the morning boost mastery after work. Next, when employees have low job control, challenge emotions also boost the recovery experience control. Practical implications and the need for future studies to examine more fine-grained mechanisms for better understand...
Impact of Work on Early-Recovery Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation

The impact of work on Alcoholics Anonymous (A. A.) affiliation has not been studied despite the fact that work experiences and workplace dynamics may influence problem drinkers' participation in post-treatment recovery programs such as A.A. This exploratory study recruited individuals (N = 55) from inpatient and intensive outpatient treatment for alcohol problems and assessed their A.A. involvement approximately three months after discharge. An expanded measure of affiliation is used, including participation in a range of A.A. practices and acceptance of major A.A. tenets. Questionnaire and interview data were gathered on employment status, alcohol-related job problems, job stability, perceived workplace support, attitudes toward work, severity of drinking-related problems, health, mental health, relationship factors, and demographics. The degree to which subjects generally perceived that they had a serious drinking problem (“hit bottom”) was associated with affiliation, but alcohol-related job p...
Berufsverbände, Tarifautonomie und das System der Interessenvertretung

The article focuses on the question whether the observable renaissance of occupational unions leads to an increase of their empirical impact and whether they have a lasting impact on the stability of industrial relations. The first part analyses their conditions to act and to organize (recruitment of members, aggregation and reconciliation of interests, representation versus external actors). The second part focuses on the medium-term and long-term goals of these unions, especially their safeguarding of existence and legitimacy by means of concluding autonomous collective contracts; then, the options of industrial unions and employers are indicated. The third part analyses the consequences of their actions and distinguishes explicitly between direct consequences for the involved unions and indirect ones for non-involved groups of consumers and producers. Some preliminary remarks on the frequency and empirical consequences of the existence of competing unions on the future of industrial relations conclude the paper.
Creating a dialogue between sociological and egalitarian theory in education

No one discipline has a monopoly on the truth, especially in the analysis of a complex subject such as equality. If we are to deepen our understanding of inequality in education, we must open a dialogue with other disciplines, most especially with egalitarian theory. Bearing in mind the limitations of writing in a majority language tradition, the article explores the potential for creating a dialogue about equality between sociologists and critical and feminist egalitarian theorists. What sociologists can gain from egalitarian theory is a deepening of their understanding of the interface between the ethical and the empirical, of the interrelationship between fact and value in social life. In addition, egalitarian theory has the capacity to broaden our understanding of inequality in education beyond the distributive view of social justice that has dominated thinking in education to date. Drawing on the work of egalitarian theorists the article outlines four particular interpretations of equality that have relevance for researchers in education.
THE HEBREW BIBLE AND METAETHICS: A PHILOSOPHICAL INTRODUCTION

In the discipline of Biblical Ethics (Hebrew Bible) the concern lies with descriptive and normative ethics whereas questions pertaining to metaethics are frequently bracketed. As a result, very little attention has been paid to the semantic, epistemological and metaphysical assumptions underlying in the Hebrew Bible’s moral discourse. In response to this state of affairs, this paper seeks to make a plea for the introduction of metaethics within the field of Biblical Ethics by demonstrating how this line of inquiry can be simultaneously philosophical and hermeneutically valid in terms of research problems, objectives and methodology. The study concludes with a cursive introduction to three interesting metaethical problems in connection with biblical assumptions regarding the divinity-morality relation when viewed from the perspective of the Euthyphro Dilemma, the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the question of morality and meaning in the divine condition.
Contidioning Prices on Purchase History

The rapid advance in information technology now makes it feasible for sellers to condition their price offers on consumers' prior purchase behavior. In this paper we examine when it is profitable to engage in this form of price discrimination when consumers can adopt strategies to protect their privacy. 
 
Our baseline model involves rational consumers with constant valuations for the goods being sold and a monopoly merchant who can commit to a pricing policy. Applying results from the prior literature, we show that although it is feasible to price so as to distinguish high-value and low-value consumers, the merchant will never find it optimal to do so. 
 
We then consider various generalizations of this model, such as allowing the seller to offer enhanced services to previous customers, making the merchant unable to commit to a pricing policy, and allowing competition in the marketplace. In these cases we show that sellers will, in general, find it profitable to condition prices on purchase history.
Active Learning with Multiple Views

Labeling training data for machine learning algorithms is tedious, time consuming, and error prone. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to minimize the amount of labeled data that is required to learn a target concept. In the work presented here, I focus on reducing the need for labeled data in multi-view learning tasks. The key characteristic of multi-view learning tasks is that the target concept can be independently learned within different views (i.e., disjoint sets of features that are sufficient to learn the concept of interest). For instance, robot navigation is a 2-view learning task because a robot can learn to avoid obstacles based on either sonar or vision sensors. 
In my dissertation, I make three main contributions. First, I introduce Co-Testing, which is an active learning algorithm that exploits multiple views. Co-Testing is based on the idea of learning from mistakes. More precisely, it queries examples on which the views predict a different label: if two views disagree, one of them is guaranteed to make a mistake. In a variety of real-world domains, from information extraction to text classification and discourse tree parsing, Co-Testing outperforms existing active learners. 
Second, I show that existing multi-view learners can perform unreliably if the views are incompatible or correlated. To cope with this problem, I introduce a robust multi-view learner, Co-EMT, which interleaves semi-supervised and active multi-view learning. My empirical results show that Co-EMT outperforms existing multi-view learners on a wide variety of learning tasks. 
Third, I introduce a view validation algorithm that predicts whether or not two views are adequate for solving a new, unseen learning task. View validation uses information acquired while solving several exemplar learning tasks to train a classifier that discriminates between tasks for which the views are adequate and inadequate for multi-view learning. My experiments on wrapper induction and text classification show that view validation requires a modest amount of training data to make high accuracy predictions.
How We Got Into The Dark Matter Fix And How We Can Get Out

The recent discovery of cosmic repulsion represents a major challenge to standard gravity, adding an apparent missing energy problem to its still not yet adequately resolved missing mass one, while simultaneously requiring the current universe to be a very special, fine-tuned one. We suggest that the resolution of these difficulties lies not in the existence of more and more exotic gravitational sources, but rather in the lack of reliability of the extrapolation of standard gravity from its solar system origins to the altogether larger distance scales associated with cosmology. We suggest a very different such extrapolation, namely that associated with conformal gravity, to find that all of these issues are then readily and naturally resolved.
Selected papers from the 16th international conference on the history of cartography: Theoretical aspects of the history of cartography: Toward a cultural history of cartography

Theory is not a goal in itself but a means of enriching the history of cartography by stimulating new research questions and objectives. In this paper the concept of ‘transparent maps’ (carriers of an image of the external reality of the world) and ‘opaque maps’ is introduced. The notion is approached structurally (standards of graphical representation, drawing, geometry, text); through the sociology of the map (map makers, institutions, the public); and through seeing maps in their cultural and historical context (an approach which raises issues of the definitional boundaries of the history of cartography and which is arguably one of the most stimulating perspectives today as fostered by, in particular, contributors to the History of Cartography). Finally, attention is drawn to three important topics for the research agenda: the links between maps and culture; maps as a language of communication and as instruments of power; and the links between perception, logic and mnemonics.
Statefinders, higher-order energy conditions and sudden future singularities

We link observational parameters such as the deceleration parameter, the jerk, the kerk (snap) and higher-order derivatives of the scale factor, called statefinders, to the conditions which allow to develop sudden future singularities of pressure with finite energy density. In this context, and within the framework of Friedmann cosmology, we also propose higher-order energy conditions which relate time derivatives of the energy density and pressure which may be useful in general relativity.
Information, Misallocation and Aggregate Productivity

We propose a theory linking imperfect information to resource misallocation and hence to aggregate productivity and output. In our setup, firms learn from both private sources and imperfectly informative stock market prices. We devise a novel calibration strategy that uses a combination of firm-level production and stock market data to pin down the information structure in the economy. Applying this methodology to data from the US, China, and India reveals substantial losses in productivity and output due to informational frictions - even when only one factor, namely capital, is subject to the friction. Our estimates for these losses range from 5-19% for productivity and 8-28% for output in China and India, and are smaller, though still significant, in the US. Losses are substantially higher when labor decisions are also made under imperfect information. Private learning plays a significant role in mitigating uncertainty and improving aggregate outcomes; learning from financial markets contributes little, even in the US.
Inductive-deductive systems: a mathematical logic and statistical learning perspective

This document was only presented in a conference with no copyrighted proceedings. The theorems about incompleteness of arithmetic have often been cited as an argument against automatic theorem proving and expert systems. However, these theorems rely on a worst-case analysis, which might happen to be overly pessimistic with respect to real-world domain applications. For this reason, a new framework for a probabilistic analysis of logical complexity is presented in this paper. Specifically, the rate of non-decidable clauses and the convergence of a set of axioms toward the target one when the latter exists in the language are studied, by combining results from mathematical logic and from statistical learning. Two theoretical settings are considered, where learning relies respectively on Turing oracles guessing the provability of a statement from a set of statements, and computable approximations thereof. Interestingly, both settings lead to similar results regarding the convergence rate towards completeness.
Religion, revolution, and English radicalism : nonconformity in eighteenth-century politics and society

Preface List of tables, figures and maps Abbreviations 1. An introduction to religion in eighteenth-century political culture Part I. The Legal Status, Social Structure, and Ideology of Nonconformity: 2. Nonconformity, the law, and society 3. Nonconformity in politics: influence and independence 4. The dissenting pulpit, political ideology, and American independence 5. The dissenting pulpit and political radicalism in England Part II. Poll Books, Parliamentary Politics, and Nonconformity: 6. The dissenting interest and the American crisis in Bristol 7. The dissenting vote and electoral independence in Brstol and Great Yarmouth 8. Deference and the dissenting vote in Newcastle, Liverpool, Hull, and Colchester Part III. Petitions for Peace, Nonconformity, and Popular Politics: 9. The petitions of 1775: popular politics and the American crisis 10. The petitioners of 1775: law, social status, and religion
Abraham Maslow and Heinz Kohut: A Comparison

In this article we present a comparison of the lives and work of Abraham Maslow, a founding father of humanistic psychology, and Heinz Kohut, the founding father of self psychology. While this comparison reveals certain predictable differences between these distinct leaders and their theoretical orientations, it also reveals surprising similarities in terms of their visions, their theories, and their lives. In addition, this comparison indicates that self psychology can provide an empirical bridge between humanistic psychology and modern psychoanalysis. This finding is particularly important at a time when the humanistic psychology community has identified the need to move away from ideology and to focus on humanistic psychology's empirical and clinical foundations, as one of its primary strategic challenges.The person in the peak-experiences feels more integrated (unifiled, whole, all-of-a-piece), than at other times,... more integrated,... more harmoniously organized, more synergic,... In Roger's nice p...
A survey of paediatric management practices in Down's syndrome.

Paediatricians throughout Australia and New Zealand completed a questionnaire in which they indicated the type of advice they normally give to parents of children with Down's syndrome. Results indicated strong support for early intervention, discussion with other parents of children with Down's syndrome, and conventional therapy services. Cosmetic surgery appears to be receiving increasing support. Megavitamin therapy, cell therapy and the Doman programme are unsupported. A tendency was noted for paediatricians to underestimate the developmental potential of children with Down's syndrome.
Est-il rationnel davoir des anticipations rationnelles?

As an eductive process, the Rational Expectations Hypothesis (REH) is itself rational if a) individual rationality is common knowledge, b) the model under consideration is 'favourable'. These points are illustrated within Muth's model. An equilibrium is Strongly Rational (SR) when the REH is completed by a) and b). A Cournot equilibrium is SR. A Keynesian equilibrium can be reinterpreted as a SR-equilibrium. The overlapping generation model can lead to a SR-equilibrium. Such considerations call for a coordination branch in Normative Economics. They suggest quite a new field in Institutional Economics. L’hypothese d’anticipations rationnelles n’est elle-meme rationnelle, en tant que processus mental de divination, que si elle est une strategie dominante dans l’espace des strategies. Cela suppose des hypotheses complementaires : la rationalite individuelle doit etre connaissance commune (collective) et le modele de reference doit etre « favorable ». On illustre ce point a l’aide du modele de Muth. On appelle fortement rationnel un equilibre ou l’hypothese des anticipations rationnelles est elle-meme rationnelle. Ceci vehicule une idee de stabilite dans la coordination des anticipations. L’equilibre de Cournot est fortement rationnel. La speculation peut etre stabilisante. L’equilibre keynesien peut se reinterpreter comme un equilibre fortement rationnel. Ces considerations s’etendent aux equilibres a horizon infini et a l’economie normative. Elles appellent un supplement d’analyse institutionnelle.