nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructure of porous anodic oxide films on aluminium

Microstructure of porous anodized films of aluminium prepared in sulphuric acid solution are different from those prepared in an oxalic or phosphoric acid solution. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a multilayer or higher order structure in the former films. Infrared spectra and specific surface area were also studied for these films and new functional properties of the films suitable for new materials were found. In contrast to the fibrous colloidal structure in the cells and barrier layer in the conventional films anodized in a sulphuric acid solution at d.c. 15 V, a network structure is formed in the cells and barrier layer in the hard films prepared at higher voltage of d.c. 25 V. The microstructure changes according to the anodizing conditions. A new model for these sulphuric acid films is presented, i.e. the cell walls are constructed from five layers and the fracture of the films occurs at the centre of the cell walls. Centre barrier layer (4 to 6 nm in thickness) composed of aluminium oxide of high crystallinity was found in a barrier layer at the bottom of the pore, and the thickness is independent on the applied voltage of the anodizing. Increase in thickness of the barrier layer due to applied voltage is governed by that of the outer barrier layer.
Notes on Special Relativity and Quantum Fields

Quantum field theory (QFT) is a theory of relativistic fields for describing the properties of elementary particles and their interaction. Quantum fields enable to describe such physical phenomena as creation and annihilation of elementary particles, and their transformation in each other. The relativistic field is, in fact, a typical example of a continuum system. However, it can be described by a discrete mechanical system with infinite many degrees of freedom, so called field oscillators. This enables one to quantize the classical fields by associativing to the field some discrete quanta of energy, which corresponds to different energetic states of the field oscillators. The elementary particles have some specific spins, internal angular momentum, electric charge and other characteristics. They are identified with the quanta of corresponding relativistic fields. The kinematic properties of elementary particles are described by quantum theory of free (noninteracting) fields. The quantum theory of interacting fields is the theory of the interaction of elementary particles. The QFT is a quantum relativistic theory. It contains two fundamental physical constants, reflecting these properties: the speed of light c and the Plank constant ~. The more ambitious quantum gravity is a further generalization (not completed yet) and contains in addition the Newton gravitational constant G. The relations between different theories can be illustrated on the following diagram
Granitic perspectives on the generation and secular evolution of the continental crust

Every geologist is acquainted with the principle of “uniformitarianism,” which holds that present-day processes are the key to those that operated in the past. But the extent this applies to the processes driving the growth and differentiation of the Earth's continental crust remains a matter of debate. Unlike its dense oceanic counterpart, which is recycled back into the mantle by subduction within 200 Ma, the continental crust comprises buoyant quartzofeldspathic materials and is difficult to destroy by subduction. The continental crust is, therefore, the principal record of how conditions on the Earth have changed, and how processes of crust generation have evolved through geological time. It preserves evidence of secular variation in crustal compositions, and thus the way in which the crust has formed throughout Earth's history. Exploring the nature and origin of these variations is the focus of this chapter.
The Evolution of Social Ethics: Using Economic History to Understand Economic Ethics

In the development of Roman Catholic social thought from the teachings of the scholastics to the modern social encyclicals, changes in normative economics reflect the transformation of an economic terrain from its feudal roots to the modern industrial economy. The preeminence accorded by the modern market to the allocative over the distributive function of price broke the convenient convergence of commutative and distributive justice in scholastic just price theory. Furthermore, the loss of custom, law, and usage in defining the boundaries of economic behavior led to a depersonalization of economic relationships that had previously provided effective informal means of protecting individual well-being. Hence, recent economic ethics has had to look for nonprice, nonmarket mechanisms for distributive justice. This is reflected, for example, in the shift in attitude from the medieval antipathy toward unions to the contemporary defense of organized labor on moral grounds.
Evolution and Classification of the T-Box Transcription Factor Family.

T-box proteins are key developmental transcription factors in Metazoa. Until recently they were thought to be animal specific and many T-box classes were considered bilaterian specific. Recent genome data from both early-branching animals and their closest unicellular relatives have radically changed this scenario. Thus, we now know that T-box genes originated in premetazoans, being present in the genomes of some extant early-branching fungi and unicellular holozoans. Here, we update the evolutionary classification of T-box families and review the evolution of T-box function in early-branching animals (sponges, ctenophores, placozoans, and cnidarians) and nonmodel bilaterians. We show that concomitant with the origin of Metazoa, the T-box family radiated into the major known T-box classes. On the other hand, while functional studies are still missing for many T-box classes, the emerging picture is that T-box genes have key roles in multiple aspects of development and in adult terminal cell-type differentiation in different animal lineages. A paradigmatic example is that of Brachyury, the founding member of the T-box family, for which several studies indicate a widely conserved role in regulating cell motility in different animal lineages and probably even before the advent of animal multicellularity. Overall, we here review the evolutionary history of T-box genes from holozoans to animals and discuss both their functional diversity and conservation.
Computer Programs for Undergraduate Teaching of Field Problems

This paper describes a set of computer programs used in a teaching unit on numerical solutions of fields embedded in a course on electromagnetic fields and waves. The logical development of various algorithms pertinent to the numerical methods discussed in the course is emphasized. The progression of the program structures is designed to facilitate a variety of tests and experiments related to the theoretical problems discussed in class. The use of the packages in such a teaching unit improves students' comprehension and skills in solving field problems. The programs have been written in standard Fortran.
Professionalism reconsidered. Priorities for physicians.

F EW PHYSICIANS today believe that they are prac t i c ing in the “golden age” of medicine. Comprehensive social, technological, political, and economic changes challenge their adaptive resources. They also confront the forces of bureaucratization and corporatization that pressure them to subordinate their professional autonomy and control to other systems, and, in some cases, to place corporate benefit above professional values. Furthermore, many believe that the medical profession faces an internal crisis of moral standing and authority. Medicine’s prestige has diminished, and despite potentially offering more to society than ever before in history, its role and conduct are openly criticized. Some critics even question whether medicine has lost its status as a profession. How should physicians respond? We have several options: (1) we can do nothing and let evolving social forces create our future; (2) we can react confrontationally and seek our own best interests much like a trade or a union; or (3) we can try to restore society’s confidence by diligently, openly, and actively practicing professionalism. We can enlightenmedical students andresidents about what the term “profession” means. We can also inspire them with its potential for personal and public good by demonstrating its joys and obligations through our curricula and our professional role modeling. Practicing physicians can also consciously affirm their calling into medicine and they can commit themselves once again to the values and obligations that ground their professional character, commitment, and craftsmanship.
A Concept Specification and Abstraction-based Semantic Representation: Addressing the Barriers to Rule-based Machine Translation.

Rule-based machine translation is more data efficient than the big data-based machine translation approaches, making it appropriate for languages with low bilingual corpus resources -- i.e., minority languages. However, the rule-based approach has declined in popularity relative to its big data cousins primarily because of the extensive training and labour required to define the language rules. To address this, we present a semantic representation that 1) treats all bits of meaning as individual concepts that 2) modify or further specify one another to build a network that relates entities in space and time. Also, the representation can 3) encapsulate propositions and thereby define concepts in terms of other concepts, supporting the abstraction of underlying linguistic and ontological details. These features afford an exact, yet intuitive semantic representation aimed at handling the great variety in language and reducing labour and training time. The proposed natural language generation, parsing, and translation strategies are also amenable to probabilistic modeling and thus to learning the necessary rules from example data.
Topographic features of the sub-Athabasca Group unconformity surface in the southeastern Athabasca Basin and their relationship to uranium ore deposits

Topographic features of the sub-Athabasca unconformity surface, such as paleovalleys, topographic highs, and fault scarps, have been documented locally in the eastern Athabasca Basin, and available data indicate that they are spatially associated with mineralization. However, the mechanisms by which such topographic features were generated, their size and distribution at the regional scale, as well as their relationship to mineralization, are still not completely understood. A 100 by 60 square kilometre area of the southeastern Athabasca Basin, encompassing the McArthur River, Phoenix, and Key Lake deposits, was selected to study the relationship between these topographic features and U mineralization. In this region three dominant sets of sub-vertical faults were identified on the basis of aeromagnetic data: northeast-trending, north–northwest-trending, and northwest-trending. A detailed three-dimensional (3-D) model of this part of the basin was constructed using data from more than 1200 drill holes. Th...
Structural peculiarities in the β phase of the La0.75Ce0.25Ni4.8Al0.2 deuterides

In this contribution the structural, magnetic and sorption properties of the novel La 0.75 Ce 0.25 Ni 4.8 Al 0.2 alloy and its deuterides are discussed. The collected data indicate good stability of the alloy during the cycle-life and thermal treatment tests. Particularly, the desorption pressure is almost constant versus the cycle number. The results of the in-situ neutron diffraction studies show the unusual behaviour of the deuterium rich β phase. Unexpectedly, the β phase belongs to the same P 6/ mmm space group as the hydrogen poor α phase. Moreover, the β phase behaves like a solid solution on the plateau of the pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) curve. The deuterium sites and their occupations in both α and β phases are determined from the neutron diffraction data, giving the first-hand insight into the mechanism of the PCT hysteresis. As far as the magnetic properties are concerned, cerium is trivalent in the investigated alloy. However, no magnetic ordering down to 3 K is observed. It can be concluded that the sorption properties of the crystal depend on the cerium valence, what distinguishes the alloy from the other compositions.
Control engineering education in India

In this study, we have traced the roots of Control Engineering then some analysis on recent developments and after that what future might bring to us from this field. Also we have given a detailed analysis of simulation tools, practical laboratory systems and other requirements for their role in teaching and learning. Over the years, Control Engineering Education has become an integral part of curriculum in various branches of engineering such as Electronics, Electrical, Instrumentation, Mechanical, Chemical, Aeronautics & Mechatronics etc. Due to its smart applications industry is also favoring the development of this field. So, some views from the industry prospective are also included to know about the skills that are required for aspiring and practicing engineers. Briefly, we have discussed about the status of education in this field across the country.
How art becomes history : essays on art, society, and culture in post-New Deal America

This study is an account of how the new art history revises the understanding of American art, society and culture of the past 50 years. It explores the overlapping social, political, cultural and aesthetic issues of post-New Deal America. The book focuses on pioneering developments in art history and cultural studies, from the dissolution of formalism in the late 1960s through the re-emergence of Marxism in the 1970s and the infusion of semiotic, feminist, psychoanalytical and racial issues in the 1980s.
Integrative modelling and managing new landscapes and environments in de-glaciating mountain ranges: An emerging trans-disciplinary research field

regions, and de-glaciations in cold mountainous areas. Strategies for adaptation to climate change impacts in such cases have to deal with future landscapes and environments, which will differ not only from the past but also from present situations. Corresponding planning of management options must be scenario-based. This involves modelling of new landscapes and environments – an important emerging research field.
NeReLa project: Building network of remote labs using EU best practice

This paper gives brief presentation of the ongoing Tempus project deals with increasing attractiveness of engineering education in Serbia through innovative teaching methods by introducing remote experimentation as well as trough the strengthening of university-secondary vocational schools collaboration. The project objectives and key activities, which would be carried out in order to produce the expected results, as well as project consortium, are introduced. The best practice in using remote experiments for engineering education at EU partner institutions is elaborated.
Some theorems on passing from local to global presence of properties of functions

When given a class of functions and a finite collection of sets, one might be interested whether the class in question contains any function whose domain is a subset of the union of the sets of the given collection and whose restrictions to all of them belong to this class. The collections with the formulated property are said to be strongly join permitting for the given class (the notion of join permitting collection is defined in the same way, but without the words "a subset of"). Three theorems concerning certain instances of the problem are proved. A necessary and sufficient condition for being strongly join permitting is given for the case when, for some $n$, the class consists of the potentially partial recursive functions of $n$ variables, and the collection consists of sets of $n$-tuples of natural numbers. The second theorem gives a sufficient condition for the case when the class consists of the continuous partial functions between two given topological spaces, and the collection consists of subsets of the first of them (the condition is also necessary under a weak assumption on the second one). The third theorem is of a similar character but, instead of continuity, it concerns computability in the spirit of the one in effective topological spaces.
Kaldor's growth theories : past, present and prospects

All during his life, Nicholas Kaldor touched and investigated an impressive number of areas within economic analysis. Every economist knows his path breaking papers on speculation, non-linear models of the business cycle, his alternative theory of distribution, and so many other topics on taxation and economic and monetary policy. However, growth and development theories had been a recurrent theme for him all throughout his life. Around a basic core analysis, Nicholas Kaldor continuously revised his precise views about the factors limiting growth, whereas his hypotheses have been challenged. Still more, the breaking down of previous growth trends in the 1970s and the uncertain prospects about a recovery in the 1990s bring new questions into the cumulative causation model.
Causality and Intentionality in the Microfoundations of Macroeconomics

In many sciences – physical, but also biology, neuroscience, and other life sciences – one object of reductionism is to purge intentionality from the fundamental basis of both explanations and the explanatory target. The scientifically relevant level – ontologically and epistemologically – is thought to lie deeper than the level of ordinary human interactions. In the material and living world, the more familiar is the less fundamental. In contrast, the economic world of day-to-day life – the world of market interactions – appears to be the relevant level. Macroeconomics is thought to provide an account that is above, not below or behind, ordinary economic decisionmaking. An advantage of a macroeconomic account is that it is possible to employ causal analysis of the economy as a whole analogous to the causal analysis of physical systems. The fear of many economists is that such analyses are untethered to ordinary economic decisionmaking. The object of reductionism in economics – the so-called microfoundations of macroeconomics – is adequately to ground or replace higher level causal analysis with an analysis of the day-to-day interactions of people. The object is not to purge intentionality, but to reclaim it. The paper will attempt to understand the key issues surrounding the microfoundations of macroeconomics from a perspectival realist perspective that elucidates the relationship between economists’ methodological preference for microfoundations and need for macroeconomic analysis – that is, between economists’ respect for the intentional nature of economic life and the need for a causal analysis of the economy. The paper favors metaphysical humility and methodological pragmatism.
National level characteristic major construction of Computer Science and Technology

Major of Computer Science & Technology (CST) in normal university should not only have the major's general features but also have its own characteristics. This paper discusses the major construction of CST in Anyang Normal University (AYNU) against the background of Ministry of Education of China's Characteristic Major Construction (CMC). From the aspects of major construction's training objective, training plan, assurance system and training effects, it introduces the preliminary effects of CMC in computer and information technology school of AYNU. Finally, it prospects the further work of CMC in AYNU.
Catalytic catechol oxidation by copper complexes: development of a structure-activity relationship.

A large library of Cu(II) complexes with mononucleating and dinucleating ligands was synthesized to investigate their potential as catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (3,5-DTBC). X-ray structure determination for a number of these complexes revealed relatively large Cu···Cu distances and the formation of polymeric species. Comparison of the 3,5-DTBC oxidation rates showed that ligands that stabilize the biomimetic dinuclear Cu(II) μ-thiolate complex also result in copper compounds that are much more active in the oxidation of 3,5-DTBC. This oxidation activity is however inhibited by the presence of chloride ions. The highest kcat that was observed was 6900 h(-1), which is one of the highest turnover frequencies reported so far for catechol oxidation in CH3CN.
Recent Experiences with Software Product Lines in the US Department of Defense

Since 1998, the Software Engineering Institute has held a series of annual software product line workshops with participants from the US Department of Defense (DoD) community. Over the years, the emphasis in the workshops has shifted from asking, "How can we do software product lines?" to sharing, "This is how we are doing software product lines." Both defense acquisition offices and their suppliers reported particularly impressive results in the 2010 workshop. This paper summarizes these recent workshop results, including descriptions of DoD product line efforts, implementation issues, and lessons learned.
The Use of Governance Instruments in Health Policies of Developed Countries

The health care system is sometimes characterised on the basis of how it fulfils three basic functions: financing, provision of services and regulations. These three dimensions allow you to capture the fundamental role of the state and the direction of its policies in individual models. Studies show, however, that over the last 40 years the models have become similar to one another. As a result, today it is hard to speak of pure – model – solutions because these are in fact hybrids based in varying degrees on individual basic versions2. According to OECD, health systems in the world are subjected to similar pressure but the response to this pressure is varied because in each country public policy makers and stakeholders conduct various debates concerning the organisation and financing. Sometimes they adopt the perspective of deliberation on the amount of expenditure for this purpose (as in the US), the government’s role in co-financing of costs (as in Sweden or Canada), or the issue of restrictions in health care (Germany, the Netherlands). It is, however, only a certain cutting of very complex reality. Solving real problems must be preceded by an analysis of institutional issues in the context of the historical trajectory of development.