nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: Another View

In a recent paper in this Revieti*, Isaac Ehrlich found a negative relationship be-tueen the use o f the death penalty a n d homicide rates, over the three and a half decades from 1935 69 in the United States. This empirical finding, in apparent conflict with previous studies on the subject (see Thorsten Sellin, Robert Dann), takes on special meaning because (a) it is the first test of the capital punishment deterrence hypothesis to use econometric estimation techniques , and (b) its publication comes at a time when legislatures and the courts in both the United States a n d Canada are reshaping public policy on the use of the death penalty. Hence the importance of a second look a t Ehrlich's results. Such a reexamination, described below, suggests that the time-series model and data used by Ehrlich permit no inference about the deterrent effect of capital punishment on homicide. The data indicate that the parametersof Ehrlich's model are extremely sensitive to the choices of included explanatory variables and the functional form of the model; when recast in equally plausible alternative structures, the Ehrlich model fails to generate a deterrent effect for executions. Moreover, Ehrlich's methodo-logical approach to the question, estimation of a single structural equation relating executions to murders, sharply limits the policy implications of the estimated coefficients. Section I briefly describes Ehrlich's murder rate function and tests the model for parameter stability over the sample period.  C o l u m b ~ a Unirersit!. A n early rersion of this paper was wrltten before the Ehrlich appendix appeared: it uses an alternative data set. available on request from the authors. This paper was listed as a Columbia Workshop discuss~oli paper; it was published In a moditicd a n d less technical version in 1976. T h c conclusion a n d findings are similar despite the different data set. W e would like to thank Phoebus J. D h p m e s a n d David Krnnett for their comments a n d assistance. Section I1 considers his choice of explanatory variables and functional forms, and examines sensitivity of his estimate to these choices. Section 111 examines the pitfalls of inferring an execution-murder tradeoff from a single estimated equation. A representative sample of the empirical results reported by Ehrlich in support of the deterrence effect of capital punishment is his equation (I), Table 4, …
Iterating along a Prikry sequence

In this paper we introduce a new method which combines Prikry forcing with an iteration between the Prikry points. Using our method we prove from large cardinals that it is consistent that the tree property holds at אn for n ≥ 2, אω is strong limit and 2אω = אω+2. The typical method for interleaving collapses with a Prikry sequence is to use a product of collapses. The original paper using this method is Magidor’s paper  where he obtains the failure of the Singular Cardinals Hypothesis (SCH) at אω. There are many generalizations and variations on this method, examples include [9, 5, 6, 3]. In this paper we introduce a method for replacing the usual product with an iteration. Broadly speaking Prikry forcing is a poset of finite approximations to a witness that some large cardinal κ (and perhaps some cardinals above κ) is singular of cofinality ω. The finite approximations are often called the stem of a condition. To avoid collapsing κ, the growth of the stem is controlled by measure one sets from some appropriate measure. The key lemma which allows us to prove that κ is preserved is called the Prikry Lemma. The result of the forcing is a singular cardinal κ which is still large in the sense that it is a limit of inaccessible cardinals. Collapses can be added to Prikry forcing in order to make κ in to a small cardinal like אω. In particular we add collapses between the ordinals in the stem. We cannot only use a finite support product of collapses, since this would collapse κ. The solution is to constrain the values of future collapse conditions. For this we define constraining functions whose domains are measure one sets and whose values are elements of collapsing posets. To extend a condition, we select an element x from a measure one set which we add to the stem and we select a collapse condition which is below the value of the constraining function at x. This allows us to recover a version of the Prikry Lemma and show that again κ is preserved and the collapses have their desired effect. The usual method of adding collapses to a Prikry forcing uses a product of posets which collapse between elements of the stem. A trivial but important observation is that in the usual scenario the values of the constraining functions do not depend on the stem. In particular the collapses are defined in a uniform way and each condition only has one constraining function. When we seek to iterate between the elements of the stem, the value of a given constraining function must depend on the stem, because the stem determines the space from which the name for a constrained collapse condition is taken. To deal with this our technique has a complex system of constraining functions rather than just a single constraining function. One could think of our forcing as 2010
Strategic Experimentation in Networks

This paper examines experimentation and innovation when experimental results diffuse along social links. This public-goods nature of experimentation is a feature of many areas of economics, such as consumer choice, research and development, and agriculture.  How do different patterns of social and geographic links affect experimentation? Who experiments and who free rides? Do more links enhance or diminish social welfare? The analysis finds, first, that social networks can foster specialization. In every social network there is an equilibrium where some individuals experiment and others completely free-ride. In many networks this extreme is the only equilibrium outcome. Second, specialization can benefit society as a whole. This outcome arises when specialists are linked, collectively, to many agents. Finally, new links can reduce overall welfare. A new link increases access to new results, but also reduces an individual's incentives to conduct his own experiments. Hence, overall welfare can be higher when there are holes in a network.
Neonatal respiratory morbidity. The use of quantitative clinical methods in diagnosis and in predicting neonatal fatalities.

Some quantitative clinical method for predicting survival of the neonatal period would be helpful to clinicians and investigators alike. At present, most clinicians rely on birth weight and an appraisal of the infant in qualitative terms at some unselected period following birth for their prognosis. The most important aspect of survival in this age period is the respiratory exchange of O 2 and CO 2 . Birth weight does not directly reflect this function. Qualitative terms, such as asphyxia pallida and livida, cyanosis, dyspnea, hypotonia, and tachypnea are so replete with the subjective interpretation of the observer as to make comparisons between sick and healthy infants in the same or separate clinics possible on only general terms. Two groups of investigators have recently attempted to develop clinical methods that would reflect respiratory function in meaningful, quantitative terms, thus removing some of the guesswork from their appraisals. Apgar and her group, 1
Resilient remediation: Addressing extreme weather and climate change, creating community value

1U.S. Sustainable Remediation Forum, Piedmont, California 2University of Reading, Reading, UK 3Cranfield University, Cranfield, Cranfield, UK 4Farallon Consulting, L.L.C., Issaquah, Washington 5EcoAdapt, Bainbridge Island, Washington 6CDM Smith, Edison, New Jersey 7School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 8EcoAdapt, Bainbridge Island, Washington 9Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 10National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan 11Wactor & Wick LLP, Oakland, California Correspondence Barbara Maco, 511 Boulevard Way,   BarbaraMaco@ww-envlaw.com Abstract Recent devastating hurricanes demonstrated that extreme weather and climate change can jeopardize contaminated land remediation and harm public health and the environment. Since early 2016, the Sustainable Remediation Forum (SURF) has led research and organized knowledge exchanges to examine (1) the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on hazardous waste sites, and (2) how we can mitigate these impacts and create value for communities. The SURF team found that climate change and extreme weather events can undermine the effectiveness of the approved site remediation, and can also affect contaminant toxicity, exposure, organism sensitivity, fate and transport, long-term operations, management, and stewardship of remediation sites. Further, failure to consider social vulnerability to climate change could compromise remediation and adaptation strategies. SURF's recommendations for resilient remediation build on resources and drivers from state, national, and international sources, and marry the practices of sustainable remediation and climate change adaptation. They outline both general principles and site-specific protocols and provide global examples of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Opportunities for synergy include vulnerability assessments that benefit and build on established hazardous waste management law, policy, and practices. SURF's recommendations can guide owners and project managers in developing a site resiliency strategy. Resilient remediation can help expedite cleanup and redevelopment, decrease public health risks, and create jobs, parks, wetlands, and resilient energy sources. Resilient remediation and redevelopment can also positively contribute to achieving international goals for sustainable land management, climate action, clean energy, and sustainable cities.
Reconstructing the genome of the most recent common ancestor of flowering plants

Jérôme Salse and colleagues report a reconstruction of the most recent common ancestor of modern monocots and eudicots, which dates to the late Triassic era. Their results represent a resource for plant geneticists to extend findings from model species to crops.AbstractWe describe here the reconstruction of the genome of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of modern monocots and eudicots, accounting for 95% of extant angiosperms, with its potential repertoire of 22,899 ancestral genes conserved in present-day crops. The MRCA provides a starting point for deciphering the reticulated evolutionary plasticity between species (rapidly versus slowly evolving lineages), subgenomes (pre- versus post-duplication blocks), genomic compartments (stable versus labile loci), genes (ancestral versus species-specific genes) and functions (gained versus lost ontologies), the key mutational forces driving the success of polyploidy in crops. The estimation of the timing of angiosperm evolution, based on MRCA genes, suggested that this group emerged 214 million years ago during the late Triassic era, before the oldest recorded fossil. Finally, the MRCA constitutes a unique resource for scientists to dissect major agronomic traits in translational genomics studies extending from model species to crops.
Printing of complex free-standing microstructures via laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) of pure metal thin films

A combined approach of laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) and chemical etching of pure metal films is studied to fabricate complex, free-standing, 3-dimensional gold structures on the few micron scale. A picosecond pulsed laser source with 515 nm central wavelength is used to deposit metal droplets of copper and gold in a sequential fashion. After transfer, chemical etching in ferric chloride completely removes the mechanical Cu support leaving a final free-standing gold structure. Unprecedented feature sizes of smaller than 10 μm are achieved with surface roughness of 0.3 to 0.7 μm. Formation of interfacial mixing volumes between the two metals is not found confirming the viability of the approach.
God and nature : historical essays on the encounter between Christianity and science

Since the publication in 1896 of Andrew Dickson White's classic "History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom", no comprehensive history of the subject has appeared in the English language. Although many twentieth-century historians have written on the relationship between Christianity and science, and in the process have called into question many of White's conclusions, the image of warfare lingers in the public mind. To provide an up-to-date alternative, based on the best available scholarship and written in nontechnical language, the editors of this volume have assembled an international group of distinguished historians. In eighteen essays prepared especially for this book, these authors cover the period from the early Christian church to the twentieth century, offering fresh appraisals of such encounters as the trial of Galileo, the formulation of the Newtonian worldview, the coming of Darwinism, and the ongoing controversies over 'scientific creationism'. They explore not only the impact of religion on science, but also the influence of science and religion. This landmark volume promises not only to silence the persistent rumors of war between Christianity and science, but also serve as the point of departure for new explorations of their relationship. Scholars and general readers alike will find it provocative and readable.
On the Geology of the Port Nicholson District, New Zealand

In the southern end of the Northern Island, metamorphic or greywacke rocks bound the shores of the harbour of Port Nicholson, and constitute the range, from 500 to perhaps 2500 feet high, running to the N.N.E. from Port Nicholson, and forming abrupt mountains with precipitous and narrow gorges. The stratification is irregular, contorted, and sometimes nearly perpendicular. The rock is frequently siliceous, sometimes argillaceous, and is often traversed by veins of quartz and by igneous rocks. This range is continued also to the S.S.W. in the Middle Island, on the other side of Cook9s Straits, and appears to form its central ridge. Between the greywacke range at Port Nicholson and the western coast are tertiary sands and clays, probably resting on the greywacke rocks. This country is low and level, until reaching Wanganni, 110 miles from Wellington. The level of the country from thence to Taranahi is higher, forming cliffs, in which the strata are distinct and fossil trees are found protruding from them.
The Economic Effects of Multiple Unionism: Evidence from the 1984 Workplace Industrial Relations Survey

This paper uses establishment-level data from the 1984 workplace Industrial Relations Survey to investigate the relationship between the presence of multiple recognised unions and wages, financial performance and the incidence of industrial action. Where multiple unions are present, it is found to be important to distinguish between whether they bargain separately or jointly, and the most important effects are isolated where separate bargains occur. The results suggest that plants with multi-unionism and separate bargaining arrangements pay higher wages, have lower financial performance and are more prone to strike action lasting at least one day.
Bridging the banking sector with the real economy: a financial stability perspective

This paper builds a macro-prudential tool designed to assess whether the banking sector is adequately prepared to orderly withstand losses resulting from normal or stressed macroeconomic and microeconomic scenarios. The link between the banking sector and the real sector is established via the corporate sector channel. The macro-prudential tool consists of a two-step approach. In the first step, we build a model for the probability of default (PD) in the corporate sector, so as to quantify oneyear ahead developments in the quality of banks' corporate loans. The framework is established using micro data, with a bottom-up approach. The second step consists of bridging the PD model with a macroeconomic module in order to capture the feedback effects from the macroeconomic stance into the banking sector, via the corporate sector channel. The macro-prudential tool is tested on the Romanian economy.
Stratigraphic evidence of Holocene faulting in the mid-continent: The Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma

Stratigraphic relations and ten 14C ages show that movement occurred on the Meers fault in late Holocene time. Movement on the fault postdates the Browns Creek Alluvium, which began to be deposited between 14,000 and 13,000 yr B.P., and predates the East Cache Alluvium, which was deposited between 800 and 100 yr B.P. Surface warping along the fault led to local stream incision on the upthrown side of the fault and deposition of slopewash and fan alluvium on the down-thrown side. Three 14C ages of charcoal and soil humus buried by fan alluvium indicate that faulting probably occurred between 1400 and 1100 yr B.P. The soil that formed in the fan alluvium is only slightly more developed than that in the East Cache Alluvium, and the weak development of both soils indicates a geologically recent age that is consistent with the radiocarbon ages obtained for these deposits.
Early Devonian synorogenic alluvial-fan deposits of the Maccullochs Range, western New South Wales

The Early Devonian, Maccullochs Range beds (new) of the Winduck Interval largely comprise non-marine fine-grained sheet-flood-deposited sandstones which lie in the southeast sector of the Darling Basin Conjugate Fault System. Deposition of the >2.5 km-thick sequence occurred on the Wilcannia, Towers and Coolabah Bore alluvial fans, that were sourced largely from lightly indurated sandstone caps overlying a large basement high lying north of the Darling River Lineament, and also from west of Maccullochs Range (Coolabah Bore Fan). Four lithofacies are recognised. Lithofacies 1, massive sandstone, is proximal and was deposited from hyperconcentrated sheet floods. The more distal lithofacies 2 is partly massive, partly laminated and partly affected by soft sediment slumping during its deposition. It contains 1.3 – 3.5 m-thick sheet-flood successions that rarely show cross-bedding. Lithofacies 3 and 4 are minor: lithofacies 3, stream-flood deposited, comprises coarse-grained, pebbly sandstone and lithofacies 4...
Presentism and Ockham's Way Out

Presentism is, roughly, the thesis that only present objects exist; eternalism is, roughly, the thesis that past, present, and future objects exist. Ockham's way out purports to be a way out of fatalist arguments for the impossibility of free action. Fatalist arguments come in two varieties: logical and theological. Arguments for logical fatalism run something like this: 1 Let t-1B = a time that obtained exactly 1 billion years ago. Let p S abbreviate: one billion years after t-1B, S will perform A. Let t S abbreviate: it is now exactly one billion years after t-1B. 1. (q S & t S) is true, and S does not have, and never had, any choice about (q S & t S). 2. [(q S & t S)  r S ]. † We are grateful to Michael Bergmann, Alvin Plantinga and Dean Zimmerman for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper, and we are especially grateful to Michael Bergmann for many helpful conversations and extended correspondence about the issues discussed herein. 1 Those familiar with the literature on fatalism will note that fatalist arguments more commonly open with a premise like this: (1*) It is true at t-1B that S performs A at t and S does not have, and never had, any choice about the proposition that it is true at t-1B that S performs A at t. And, of course, subsequent premises would then have to be modified accordingly. For present purposes, however, we have chosen to work with a 'presentist-friendly' version of the standard fatalist argument—that is, a version that takes tense seriously and that doesn't implicitly presuppose (as 1* does—for example, by employing the locution 'it is true at t-1B ') that non-present times exist.
Growth patterns and properties of aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition of CH3NH3PbI3 films in a single step

In this work, we highlight growth patterns and properties of aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition of perovskite, CH3NH3PbI3 thin films. The substrates were distinctly covered with both perovskite and lead iodide thin films which we attribute to methylammonium iodide being the rate limiting step via mass transport. The black perovskite films demonstrated strong absorption and photoluminescence properties confirming their suitability as a light absorbing material for the fabrication of solar cells. Scanning electron microscope images showed dense morphologies along with the confirmation of holes and gaps at reduced growth temperature.
История российской армии в освещении германского исследователя Д. Байрау

The article deals with analysis of German expert in Eastern Europe history D. Beyrau’s opinion regarding Russian pre-revolutionary army. The significance of the historian’s fundamental work is in presenting an interpretational model of cooperation between the army, economy and society. The researcher concludes that the Russian army has a dualistic nature, which represents in coexistence of advanced technologies and constant adaptation to the regressive social structures.
Do Sheep Cause Wars

The Politics of International Rivalry. By Michael P. Colaresi Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005. 232 pp., $34.95 (ISBN: 0-8156-3066-2).

International conflict can emerge from seemingly benign interactions. In 1955, some 480 sheep straying into Jordan from Israel led Israeli defense minister Moshe Dayan to call for immediate military action against Jordan (p. xv).

So begins Michael Colaresi's fascinating book,  The Politics of International Rivalry . Actually, the answer is “no.” Sheep do not cause wars. In principle, Colaresi argues, sheep could trigger a war, but only in the context of an ongoing international rivalry and only when “a distinct constellation of domestic and international pressures” exists (p. xvi). Given that the Israeli sheep in 1955 did not trigger a war, the book's setup is a “bait-and-switch.” So is the book's title. It has nothing to do with “scare tactics.” Nonetheless, it is well worth reading.

Colaresi's real goal is to improve our understanding of the circumstances under which rivalries will escalate or de-escalate. He begins with a literature review in which he shows persuasively that this is something not particularly well understood. The most serious weakness of existing theories, Colaresi suggests, is that they fail to integrate domestic and international factors. As a result, they inappropriately privilege considerations at one level of analysis or the other, and they fail to specify thresholds or directions for change (either toward conflict or toward peace). In making this argument, Colaresi's chief targets are Paul Diehl and Gary Goertz's punctuated equilibrium model of rivalry initiation and termination (Goertz and Diehl 1995; Diehl and Goertz 2000) and Jack Snyder's (1991) logrolling and coalition-building theory of overexpansion, but Colaresi also takes a hard look at theories that focus on power transitions, diversion, regime type, and learning. Colaresi offers an alternative …