nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Testing for exceptional bulls and bears: a non-parametric perspective

This paper investigates exceptional phases of stock market cycles. Defined in Pagan and Sossounov (2003) as unusual, they are detected as outliers in the historical distribution. Moreover, this study completes the growing literature on stock market bulls and bears in several aspects. First,it extends the description of financial cy- cles by going beyond solely the duration feature. Second, a new strategy to test for single and multiple outliers is presented. Based on this procedure, the exceptional bulls and bears that occurred since 1973 are detected. A complementary analysis deals with the specific cross-country patterns of the current sub-prime crisis. Our results are mixed, in the sense that they do not support the idea that the ongoing bear is exceptional for all the analyzed countries. Moreover, the results indicate that the stock market indices are still far away from the thresholds beyond which the current bear phase will become exceptional worldwide.
From elsewhere: Prophetic visions and dreams among the people of the earth

Anthropological ethnographies sometimes postulate that new religious ideas may originate in individual dreams, visions, or madness. An illustration is given of the foundation of the Earth People of Trinidad, for whom dreams may still contain prophetic insight or knowledge. Their oneiric understandings have to be placed against their cultural baseline of village dream theory and the dreamlike visions of the Shouter Baptists. It is argued that the physical conditions of the community's daily life are perhaps conducive to visionary perceptions in a half-waking, half-sleeping state.
Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People, and Fantastic Adventures: From Chess to Role-Playing Games

Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People, and Fantastic Adventures: From Chess to Role-Playing Games Jon Peterson San Diego: Unreason Press LLC, 2012. Introduction, contents, images. 698 pp. $34.95 paper.  9780615642048Jon Peterson's Playing at the World traces the history of the practices, ideas, and cultural forces that led to Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson's invention of the role-play- ing game Dungeons & Dragons (DD it has a clear narrative that covers the key historical events in the devel- opment of D&D. The next three chap- ters each explore in great detail a theme important to understanding the history of role-playing games. Chapter 2 traces the history of the medieval fantasy genre (such as the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, and Robert Howard) and its rise to popularity in the middle of the twentieth century. Chapter 3 tells the history of war games, from the countless chess variants that led to Prussian kriegspiel in the early nineteenth century to the emergence of modern war games in the midtwentieth century. Chapter 4 examines the history of enacting fictional roles and characters. These three chapters provide copious details and testify to the author's years of dedicated research. Chapter 5 resumes the more narrative approach of chapter 1 and describes audiences' reactions to Dun- geons & Dragons. The epilogue discusses D&D's influence on early video gaming and concludes the book.I do not know how long Peterson spent writing this book, but the amount of research is staggering. In this respect, the book is an invaluable resource for schol- ars interested in the history and origins of games. However, the middle chapters' depth and detail will likely deter casual readers. On page 303, Peterson writes: "Readers in whom this justification does not spark an eagerness to explore the minutiae, however, should not hesitate to skim over the technical detail in the rest of this chapter." Reading this I laughed to myself, thinking this warning would have been better placed some two hun- dred pages earlier. The outer chapters are the most narratively driven, and I believe Peterson could use these three sections to create an abridged version better-suited to the casual reader. But this complaint is minor and should be taken as such.A key theme of simulation runs through the book. Peterson shows how game designers began the pursuit of "realism" in the early nineteenth century, which led to two design methods that still figure large in role-playing games. …
Sexual nuances within internal labor markets: ‘The politics of being known’

The author analyzes the benefit of being known within an organization for women compared to men. Dual/internal labor market theorists maintain that higher-level positions within organizations are primarily filled from internal sources, namely, through promotion of already employed workers in ladder positions. An argument is made that this process differs by gender and puts women at a disadvantage. This bias helps maintain the glass ceiling which keeps women out of top level positions within organizations.
Republication of: A new class of vacuum solutions of the Einstein field equations

This reprinting of a paper by Kerr and Schild, first published in 1965 in a conference volume that is difficult to get hold of today, has been selected by the Editors of General Relativity and Gravitation for publication in the Golden Oldies series of the journal. It is the only publication showing how the Kerr solution was originally arrived at. In this reprint the editors have added several footnotes that update the references to the literature. The paper is accompanied by an editorial note written by A. Krasiński, E.Verdaguer and R. P. Kerr, and by the biography of Kerr written by A. Krasiński.
Combinatorial differential geometry and ideal Bianchi-Ricci identities II - the torsion case

This paper is a continuation of , dealing with a general, not-necessarily torsion-free, connection. It characterizes all possible systems of generators for vector-field valued operators that depend naturally on a set of vector fields and a linear connection, describes the size of the space of such operators and proves the existence of an `ideal' basis consisting of operators with given leading terms which satisfy the (generalized) Bianchi-Ricci identities without corrections.
Ruminations of Du Bois, Davis and Drake

W. E. B. Du Bois, Allison Davis, and St. Clair Drake, along with other African American pioneers of anthropology, have produced works which prefigure many recent developments in sociocultural anthropology. These scholars' detailed research into race relations and social stratification offers broad theoretical insights to processual and agency-oriented approaches to studying social life. Their work historicizes the construction of racist ideologies and the erection of racial hierarchies and considers the dynamic relationship of structures of inequality to ideological formulations. In addition, they describe the intersection of race, class, and gender and how these overlapping forms of categorization and organization impact the daily lives of positioned subjects. These pioneers situate their detailed local studies within diaspora and global contexts as they note transnational flows of people, ideas, and capital. Du Bois, Davis and Drake combine qualitative, quantitative, archival, and team research methods to produce non-realist, decentered, polyvocal texts aimed at highlighting social injustice, discrimination, and the politics of identity.
Sparse representations and approximation theory

This paper is an attempt to both expound and expand upon, from an approximation theorist's point of view, some of the theoretical results that have been obtained in the sparse representation (compressed sensing) literature. In particular, we consider in detail @?"1^m-approximation, which is fundamental in the theory of sparse representations, and the connection between the theory of sparse representations and certain n-width concepts. We try to illustrate how the theory of sparse representation leads to new and interesting problems in approximation theory, while the results and techniques of approximation theory can further add to the theory of sparse representations.
Refactoring of Legacy Software Using Model Learning and Equivalence Checking: An Industrial Experience Report

Many companies struggle with large amounts of legacy software that is difficult to maintain and to extend. Refactoring legacy code typically requires large efforts and introduces serious risks because often crucial business assets are hidden in legacy components. We investigate the support of formal techniques for the rejuvenation of legacy embedded software, concentrating on control components. Model learning and equivalence checking are used to improve a new implementation of a legacy control component. Model learning is applied to both the old and the new implementation. The resulting models are compared using an equivalence check of a model checker. We report about our experiences with this approach at Philips. By gradually increasing the set of input stimuli, we obtained implementations of a power control service for which the learned behaviour is equivalent.
The simple analytics of the Melitz model in a small economy

In this paper we present a version of the Melitz (2003) model for the case of a small economy and summarize its key relationships with the aid of a simple figure. We then use this figure to provide an intuitive analysis of the implications of asymmetric changes in trade barriers and show that a decline in import costs always benefits the liberalizing country. This stands in contrast to variants of the Melitz model with a freely traded (outside) sector, such as Demidova (2008) and Melitz and Ottaviano (2008), where the country that reduces importing trade costs experiences a decline in welfare.
Immigration, Skill Mix, and the Choice of Technique

Using detailed plant-level data from the 1988 and 1993 Surveys of Manufacturing Technology, this paper examines the impact of skill mix in U.S. local labor markets on the use and adoption of automation technologies in manufacturing. The level of automation differs widely across U.S. metropolitan areas. In both 1988 and 1993, in markets with a higher relative availability of less skilled labor, comparable plants – even plants in the same narrow (4-digit SIC) industries – used systematically less automation. Moreover, between 1988 and 1993 plants in areas experiencing faster less-skilled relative labor supply growth adopted automation technology more slowly, both overall and relative to expectations, and even de-adoption was not uncommon. This relationship is stronger when examining an arguably exogenous component of local less-skilled labor supply derived from historical regional settlement patterns of immigrants from different parts of the world. ; These results have implications for two long-standing puzzles in economics. First, they potentially explain why research has repeatedly found that immigration has little impact on the wages of competing native-born workers at the local level. It might be that the technologies of local firms – rather than the wages that they offer – respond to changes in local skill mix associated with immigration. A modified two-sector model demonstrates this theoretical possibility. Second, the results raise doubts about the extent to which the spread of new technologies have raised demand for skills, one frequently forwarded hypothesis for the cause of rising wage inequality in the United States. Causality appears to at least partly run in the opposite direction, where skill supply drives the spread of skill-complementary technology.
The Italian Reformation Outside Italy. Francesco Pucci's Heresy in Sixteenth Century Europe

Abbreviations Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1. Becoming a Heretic in Sixteenth Century Florence. Francesco Pucci and his Intellectual Education. 1. In the labyrinth of sources: between history and autobiography 2. Florence, the "Benefit of Christ" and the Academy 3. "A new theology" Chapter 2. Francesco Pucci in France during the first Wars of Religion 1. Lyons 2. Paris and its environs. Among Florentine exiles and utopian projects 3. An anti-Roman polemicist or a masked "Papist"? 4. Between Heretics and Jesuits. Converting in Europe at the End of the Sixteenth-Century. 5. Autobiography of an encounter. John Dee and Edward Kelley Chapter 3. At the gates of Paris. Henry IV and the Roman Inquisition 1. From reconciliation to flight 2. Pucci's millenarism 3. Conciliarism and Latitudinarianism 4. "Earthly affairs" and "heavenly matters" Chapter 4. Amid Catholics and Calvinists. Francesco Pucci in Late Sixteenth-Century France 1. A Calvinist in ligueur Paris? 2. In the wake of Saint Thomas 3. "Inhumanly treated". A late sixteenth-century dispute in Paris 4. At the margins of the "De auxiliis" controversy Chapter 5. Jean Hotman and French Irenicism 1. A possible meeting in Paris 2. The reasons for an exclusion 3. Irenicism or tolerance? Chapter 6. The limits of the Kingdom of God 1. Francesco Pucci and Francois Du Jon: Conflicting Irenicisms 2. The Lutheran Attack 3. Pelagius'error. The Catholic reply 4. Bruno, Campanella and the Limits of the Kingdom of God Epilogue Conclusion.
The Concept of Situation and the Microgenesis of the Conscious Purpose in Cultural Psychology

The importance of the specific environment for understanding the microgenesis of psychological processes is well documented. It can be argued, however, that the theoretical framework of cultural psychology which is usually referred to as cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) underconceptualizes this aspect, thereby hampering its ability to provide an adequate theoretical explanation of some microgenetic processes. More specifically, it is difficult for CHAT to explain the formation of the conscious purpose of activity - that is, its intentional aspect. This paper proposes to introduce the concepts of situation, circumstance and practical relations into CHAT. By means of an example it is argued that these concepts can explain the intentional aspect of activity, which no other current concepts in CHAT are able to do. Consequently, it is suggested that there is a strong case for incorporating these concepts within CHAT.
Surgical tuition within Irish hospitals: a national survey

IntroductionThe General Medical Council (GMC) of the UK states that doctors have a duty to train and contribute to the education of colleagues, and that those involved in formal clinical teaching should have a teaching qualification.ObjectivesWe sought to evaluate the current levels of engagement of surgical trainees and recently appointed surgical consultants in clinical teaching.MethodsAll trainees who commenced a basic or higher surgical training post during or after 2007 were invited to participate. The electronic questionnaire was administered using the survey tool GetFeedback, collecting information regarding subspecialty, current role, quantity of teaching that respondents engaged in and who they taught and teaching motivations and barriers.ResultsThere were 128 respondents out of 358 invitations to participate (36% response rate). Less than half (39%) of respondents had attended formal courses on clinical education. Over 70% of respondents engaged in clinical teaching for two or more hours each week. A lack of time and resources were noted as barriers to engaging in teaching. We found a low number of those involved in teaching seeking feedback after teaching sessions.ConclusionIn surgery, the apprenticeship model is still the framework for developing the surgeons of the future. In attempting to produce a highly skilled workforce for the future, we rely on those in senior positions to train those coming through; higher surgical trainees are relied on to teach the core surgical trainees and so on. Our study shows a low level of formalisation of this model.
Preparation by radio-frequency magnetron co-sputtering and characterization of thin films of lanthanum–strontium ferromanganites

La 0.8 Sr 0.2 )(Mn 1 −  y Fe y )O 3 ± δ films with y  = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1, a few hundred nanometers thick, were deposited onto polycrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia YSZ by a magnetron co-sputtering technique using individual targets of La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 and La 0.8 Sr 0.2 FeO 3 . The deposition parameters, substrate temperature and gas pressure, were studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and interferential microscopy for their effects on the morphological, chemical, topographic and crystallographic properties of films and YSZ-film interfaces. (La 0.8 Sr 0.2 )(Mn 1 −  y Fe y )O 3 ±  δ thin films were found to be homogeneous, dense and crystallized in the perovskite structure after deposition at 600 °C. Profilometry by secondary ion mass spectrometry and observations by Auger electron spectrometry after selective dissolution of the films were also used to investigate both morphology and quality of the YSZ-film interface after deposition.
A Holistic View of the Challenges and Social Implications of Online Distribution: the Case of Pensions

The market for individual and company pensions has been identified as uncompetitive and inefficient resulting in consumer confusion and apathy (Sandler, 2002; Pickering, 2002). Recommended solutions are large-scale product rationalisation and process simplification. Sandler (2002) suggests end-to-end electronic processing as a key means to achieving improvement whilst noting that “success will necessitate very broad take-up” (p. 217) requiring collective action and co-ordination. In response pension providers are seeking to develop the Internet as a low cost distribution and communication channel.
European Implications of Bankruptcy Venue Shopping in the U.S.

For decades, the U.S . debate over states' efforts to attract corporations-and over Delaware's success in that endeavor-was mostly a sideshow for European companies and scholars. To be sure, there have long been worries that charter competition might emerge in the European Union and generate a regulatory "race to the bottom."l But the "real seat" doctrine, which assured that the country where a corporation's principal operations are located would supply its corporate law, was strongly entrenched. Whereas U.8. companies that would prefer a different regulatory framework need only reincorporate in the jurisdiction they wish to be governed by, European companies were stuck with the laws of the country where most of their operations were located . As a result , European companies did not have a dog in the U .S . skirmishes over charter competition in corporate law and venue shopping in corporate bankruptcy .2
Modular modeling with a computational twist in MetaMod

Model-driven engineering (MDE) is a software development methodology that promises to alleviate the complex task of writing software. To achieve its goals, MDE makes use of models. Although models are concise representations of the knowledge in a domain, they can become large and complex. In dealing with complexity, modularity has proven to be a good ally for engineers in general software development. Inspired by this, we set to explore modularity for models. To this end, we incorporated two mechanisms: grouping and fragment abstractions. The second ingredient, in particular, gives rise to an interesting combination between modeling elements and computational elements. To test our ideas, we have implemented a prototype metamodeling language called MetaMod. To highlight MetaMod's essential features we have included a small example for train tracks.
3D Interconnected Mesoporous Si/SiO 2 Coated with CVD Derived Carbon as an Advanced Anode Material of Li-ion Batteries

Abstract 3D interconnected mesoporous C/Si/SiO 2 composite was synthesized via two facile processes (including magnesiothermic reduction and CVD method) with the SBA-15 as Si source and CH 4 as carbon precursor. The micro/mesopores inside the Si/SiO 2 particles greatly increase the specific surface area, thus shortening the diffusion distance of lithium ions, electron and guaranteeing fast penetration of electrolyte. Raman spectra shows that the CVD derived carbon is partly graphitized, thus largely enhancing its conductivity. Si/SiO 2 coated with two-track carbon (both longitudinal and transverse) and Si/SiO 2 coated with single-track carbon are formed by only changing the experiment order. Such two-track C/Si/SiO 2 electrode for lithium-ion battery exhibits 63% higher capacity than the single-track C/Si/SiO 2 electrode at high-rate performance, attributed to the fast electrochemical reaction kinetics and electron transport rendered by the conductive 3D interconnected structure. This functional structure can effectively accommodate the volume expansion of Si/SiO 2 and maintain the electrical connection between electrode and active materials, improving the cycling stability of active materials.
Discontinuous core-shell structured Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn alloy with high strength and good plasticity

Bulk dense Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn (TLM) alloy with a discontinuous core-shell structure was successfully synthesized by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of the oxidized TLM powder. A discontinuous core-shell structure is formed, which is mainly attributed to the participation of α phases in β matrix near boundaries induced by diffusion of oxygen. The core-shell TLM compact exhibits a yield strength and fracture plasticity approaching 1.36 GPa and 34%, respectively.
Examining the French Hijab and Burqa Bans through Reflexive Cultural Judgment

How can we judge unfamiliar cultures while avoiding ethnocentrism and universals? It requires what I call reflexive cultural judgment. After considering the socially and politically situated knowledge and commitments that guide the judgment of others, those engaged in reflexive cultural judgment meditate on what they have learned in the intercultural engagement and cast a critical eye on their own supposedly universal principles to reveal cultural particulars that typically would not be as visible to insiders. To demonstrate this, the article examines French political judgment of Muslim women who wear the hijab (a head covering) and burqa (a face covering). Through content analysis of previously unanalyzed data on the National Assembly's 2009–2010 discussion of the burqa, the article identifies particular French assumptions about gender and freedom that informed the ban. The author then casts a critical eye on her own political situatedness, highlighting the limitations of American liberal thought on free...
Unified Model of Bivacuum, Particles Duality, Electromagnetism, Gravitation & Time

This work is a next stage of development of the Unified model of Bivac-uum, [corpuscle (C) ⇋ wave (W)] duality, electromagnetism, gravitation The coherent formula , unifying the pace of kinetic energy change (dT k /T k) of any closed system with its electromagnetic (dE el /E el), gravitational (dE G /E G) energies and temporal field (dt/t) relative changes, has been obtained: [d ln t = −d ln E el = −d ln E G = −d ln T k ] x,y,z The spatial anisotropy of all of these parameters are determined by anisotropy of momentum and kinetic energy of particles distribution: − → T k = − → p 2 /2m x,y,z. The quantum roots of Golden mean are revealed. It is shown, that realization of Principle of least action could be a consequence of " Harmonization force " of Bivacuum fundamental oscillation, driving evolution of hierarchical material systems to Golden mean condition. The nonlocal interaction (quantum entanglement) between particles of the in-phase [C ⇋ W ] pulsations occurs because of Bivacuum symmetry oscillation, accompanied these pulsations.