nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On Algorithms and Complexity for Sets with Cardinality Constraints

Typestate systems ensure many desirable properties of imperative programs, including initialization of object fields and correct use of stateful library interfaces. Abstract sets with cardinality constraints naturally generalize typestate properties: relationships between the typestates of objects can be expressed as subset and disjointness relations on sets, and elements of sets can be represented as sets of cardinality one. Motivated by these applications, this paper presents new algorithms and new complexity results for constraints on sets and their cardinalities. We study several classes of constraints and demonstrate a trade-off between their expressive power and their complexity. 
Our first result concerns a quantifier-free fragment of Boolean Algebra with Presburger Arithmetic. We give a nondeterministic polynomial-time algorithm for reducing the satisfiability of sets with symbolic cardinalities to constraints on constant cardinalities, and give a polynomial-space algorithm for the resulting problem. 
In a quest for more efficient fragments, we identify several subclasses of sets with cardinality constraints whose satisfiability is NP-hard. Finally, we identify a class of constraints that has polynomial-time satisfiability and entailment problems and can serve as a foundation for efficient program analysis.
Molten salts and their vapours : a thermodynamic and mass spectrometric study.

Transpiration vapour pressure and mass spectrometric studies indicate the existence of molecules AMC13' where A is Na, K, Rb or Cs, and M is Cd or Pb. The stability of these molecules, as indicated by their thermodynamic properties, is comparable with that of the alkali halide dimers. The thermodynamic properties of the melts in equilibrium with these species are interpreted in terms of complex ion formation. Electron impact studies and molecular orbital calculations of an extended Huckel type, are used to indicate a likely structure for AMC1 as well as for some ions and radicals. Using derived ionization potential and electron affinity data, a theory for the formation of complex molecules, and ions, is proposed. Finally, a comparison of the properties of the liquid and vapour states is made.
Multiple instance learning for labeling faces in broadcasting news video

Labeling faces in news video with their names is an interesting research problem which was previously solved using supervised methods that demand significant user efforts on labeling training data. In this paper, we investigate a more challenging setting of the problem where there is no complete information on data labels. Specifically, by exploiting the uniqueness of a face's name, we formulate the problem as a special multi-instance learning (MIL) problem, namely exclusive MIL or eMIL problem, so that it can be tackled by a model trained with partial labeling information as the anonymity judgment of faces, which requires less user effort to collect. We propose two discriminative probabilistic learning methods named Exclusive Density (ED) and Iterative ED for eMIL problems. Experiments on the face labeling problem shows that the performance of the proposed approaches are superior to the traditional MIL algorithms and close to the performance achieved by supervised methods trained with complete data labels.
Instruction Sequences with Dynamically Instantiated Instructions

We study sequential programs that are instruction sequences with dynamically instantiated instructions. We define the meaning of such programs in two different ways. In either case, we give a translation by which each program with dynamically instantiated instructions is turned into a program without them that exhibits on execution the same behaviour by interaction with some service. The complexity of the translations differ considerably, whereas the services concerned are equally simple. However, the service concerned in the case of the simpler translation is far more powerful than the service concerned in the other case.
The work of Jan-Erik Roos on the cohomology of commutative rings

This is an attempt to present one aspect of the work of Jan-Erik Roos. A glance at the list of publications reveals three clearly deÞned periods in his life as an algebraist. During the Þrst one he studied abelian categories, obtaining fundamental results on derived functors of inverse limits. They are contained in (3), (5)-(9), (11)-(17), (19)-(21). In the second period he focused on the homological theory of non-commutative rings, producing methods and results of lasting interest, among them a truly classic theorem—the determination of the global dimension of Weyl algebras. The papers (4), (18), (22)-(26), and (31) (treating related questions from commutative ring theory) contain the results of that period. Bjork (Bj) has given an overview in the context of contemporary and subsequent research. The work discussed here starts in the mid-1970s, when Jan-Erik turned to homo- logical problems on Þnitely generated modules over commutative noetherian local (or graded) rings. He has produced fascinating results on the structure of free res- olutions of modules of inÞnite projective dimension, and has investigated deep and mysterious links between homological properties of commutative rings and topo- logical spaces. His study of numerical invariants encoded in Poincare series, and of algebraic invariants determined by Yoneda products and by homology products, brings an unusual degree of integration between these components. This highly original and technically dicult work also brings to mind other qual- ities, such as elegance and optimism. A quick look at the many rings appearing on the following pages shows that there is nothing contrived about his 'examples': they are deÞned by the kind of simple expressions in few variables that one scrib- bles on a piece of paper to have something 'concrete' to play with. Appearances notwithstanding, some of these rings have been craftily constructed to posess a desired property. Others have been found by sifting, with the determination of a gold prospector, through computations of (literally!) thousands of examples. The purpose in this survey is to provide a guide to some of Jan-Erik's Þnds. A dierent perspective of work completed by 1985 can be found in the article of Anick and Halperin (AH). Connection with topology, which were discussed early on by Lemaire (Le) in a Bourbaki talk, and recently by Hess (He) in historical context,
Two beheadings and a haircut: The (mis) treatment of biblical women in Belle Époque painting

This thesis is playfully entitled “Two Beheadings and a Haircut” due to my focus on three biblical women: Salome and Judith, who each belong to a ‘beheading narrative’ and Delilah, who hacks off a man’s hair. Throughout this thesis, I examine nine diverse paintings from the Belle Epoque period and analyse why artists from an assortment of cultural movements approach these characters similarly; eroticising and vilifying them as femmes fatales. I will consider the artists’ respective motives for the (often drastic) modifications of biblical narratives and investigate why they emphasised or ignored specific facets of the characters’ pretextual and metatextual personalities. 
 
I will explore the biblical texts of each respective figure and her on-canvas life using three case studies per woman. I also approach these paintings while foregrounding the historical, social, and political contexts of each artist, and the influence such conditions had on their perceptions of women. This thesis is interdisciplinary in nature and I have conducted research into each artist’s life, the social movements and political situations of their countries, and their influences from literature, theatre, and other artists.
Bud’ gotov razvedchik delu chestnomu / ‘Be Prepared, Scout, for Honorable Deeds’

The subject of this article is the relationship between liberalism, scouting and childhood in late Imperial Russia and among the Russian diaspora from 1920. It is a study of liberalism as an emotive tie rather than a political phenomenon – a community of sentiment metonymically tied to the emotional content of “the idyll of gentry childhood,” as this was first expressed in Leo Tolstoy’s Childhood. Through O.I. Pantukhoff (1882–1973), the founder of Russian scouting, it traces the development of Russian scouting within Russia before 1917 and among the Russian political diaspora after 1920 as an institutional vehicle for such liberal values as self-development, initiative and individuality (lichnost’). Today, Russian scouting continues to exist in the major centers of Russian emigration, and has reappeared in Russia itself, testifying to the liberal sentiment as a continuing aspect of Russian norms for childhood. The institution of Russian scouting, as reflected in the personal papers and memoirs of Pantukhoff, gives us an entry into the emotional culture of liberalism; helps us expand our historical perspectives beyond the parameters of its study as a failed political movement, and acknowledge its continuing presence in the Russian cultural semio-sphere.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of VTaTiMoAlx Refractory High Entropy Alloys

A series of refractory high-entropy alloys VTaTiMoAlx with x=0,0.2,0.6,1.0 were designed and produced by vacuum arc melting. The effect of added Al elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of refractory high-entropy alloys were investigated. The X-ray diffraction results showed that all the high-entropy alloys consist of simple BCC solid solution. SEM indicated that the microstructure of VTaTiMoAlx changes from equiaxial dendritic-like structure to typical dendrite structure with the addition of Al element. The composition of different regions in the alloys are obtained by energy dispersive spectroscopy and shows that Ta, Mo elements are enriched in the dendrite areas, and Al, Ti, V are enriched in inter-dendrite areas. The yield strength and compress strain reach maximum (σ0.2=1221MPa, e=9.91%) at x=0, and decrease with the addition of Al element at room temperature. Vickers hardness of the alloys improves as the Al addition.
FROM SCHUMPETER TO NEO-SCHUMPETERIANISM

Neo-Schumpeterianism appeared in literature as a heterodox current and belongs to the evolutionary theories category. It works around and with innovation, considered to be a proper tool for measuring the qualitative changes which occur within an economy. The joint efforts of evolutionary economists have led to notable advances regarding the identification of the structures of mechanisms and the tendencies which form the basis for changes (i.e. novelties). The essence of economics dynamics resides on humankind’s ability to continuously generate and assimilate new ideas in the long term.
The Visser topology of Lambda-calculus

A longstanding open problem is whether there exists a non-syntactical model of untyped lambda-calculus whose theory is exactly the least equational lambda-theory (=Lb). In this paper we make use of the Visser topology for investigating the more general question of whether the equational (resp. order) theory of a non syntactical model M, say Eq(M) (resp. Ord(M)) can be recursively enumerable (= r.e. below). We conjecture that no such model exists and prove the conjecture for several large classes of models. In particular we introduce a notion of effective lambda-model and show that for all effective models M, Eq(M) is different from Lb, and Ord(M) is not r.e. If moreover M belongs to the stable or strongly stable semantics, then Eq(M) is not r.e. Concerning Scott's continuous semantics we explore the class of (all) graph models, show that it satisfies Lowenheim Skolem theorem, that there exists a minimum order/equational graph theory, and that both are the order/equ theories of an effective graph model. We deduce that no graph model can have an r.e. order theory, and also show that for some large subclasses, the same is true for Eq(M).
A Molecular Mechanism
for Modulating Plasma Zn Speciation
by Fatty Acids

Albumin transports both fatty acids and zinc in plasma. Competitive binding studied by isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that physiologically relevant levels of fatty acids modulate the Zn-binding capacity of albumin, with far-reaching implications for biological zinc speciation. The molecular mechanism for this effect is likely due to a large conformational change elicited by fatty acid binding to a high-affinity interdomain site that disrupts at least one Zn site. Albumin may be a molecular device to "translate" certain aspects of the organismal energy state into global zinc signals.
Structures and reactivities of nitrogen-containing derivatives of carbonyl compounds

A number of products of the condensation of aminotriazole with substituted benzaldehydes were synthesized. Their UV spectra in ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid are presented. The change in the UV spectra on passing from one solvent to another is explained by the change in the conjugation of the N-N bond. The basicities of the nitrogen atoms were compared by the Pariser-Parr-Pople method.
Intelligent software for ecological building design

Building design is a complex process because of the number of elements and issues involved and the number of relationships that exist among them. Adding sustainability issues to the list increases the complexity of design by an order of magnitude. There is a need for computer assistance to manage the increased complexity of design and to provide intelligent collaboration in formulating acceptable design solutions. Software development technology today offers opportunities to design and build an intelligent software system environment that can serve as a reliable intelligent partner to the human designer. In this paper the authors discuss the requirements for an intelligent software design environment, explain the major challenges in designing this environment, propose an architecture for an intelligent design support system for sustainable design and present the existing technologies that can be used to implement that architecture.
Academic-industrial international cooperations for engineering education

The Institute CIM for Sustainable Innovation (ICIMSI), being part of the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), supports local industrial and service sectors through knowledge creation and transfer. In this framework, ICIMSI develops various initiatives in engineering education and learning both concerning continuous education and higher education. The paper presents the strategy followed by ICIMSI in each of these initiatives as well as the level and type of involvement of the industrial partners. The courses genesis, their structure and their contents are also pointed out.
Ensuring Your Opinions Are Valued: Tips for the Female Engineer [Career Advisor]

I have been a design engineer and a Registered Professional Engineer in Maryland and South Carolina for over 20 years. I started my career in an engineering firm right after I graduated with a bachelor's of science degree in electrical engineering. Over my career, I have risen through the ranks in the firm from entry-level engineer to electrical principal engineer, in charge of many other professionals. My work has taken me all over the United States designing projects such as power plants and new hospitals.
Energy and momentum associated with Kasner-type universes

This study is purposed to elaborate the problem of energy and momentum distribution of the viscous Kasner-type universe in general theory of relativity. In this connection, we use the energy-momentum definitions of Einstein, Papapetrou and Landau-Lifshitz and obtained that the energy-momentum distributions (due to matter plus field) of the closed universe which is based on the viscous Kasner-type metric are vanishing everywhere. These results are exactly the same as those obtained by Salti et al. and agree with a previous work of Rosen and Johri et al. who investigated the problem of the energy in Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. The result that the total energy-momentum of the universe in these models is zero supports Tryon's viewpoint.
Aquinas's Theory of Natural Law: An Analytic Reconstruction

This new critique of Aquinas's theory of natural law presents an incisive, new analysis of the central themes and relevant texts in the Summa Theologiae which became the classical canon for natural law. Professor Lisska discusses Aquinas's view of ethical naturalism within the context of the contemporary revival and recovery of Aristotelian ethics, arguing that Aquinas is fundamentally Aristotelian in the foundations of his moral theory. The book looks at the historical development of natural law themes in the twentieth century, and in particular demonstrates the important connections between Aquinas and contemporary legal philosophers. The book should be of considerable interest to scholars of jurisprudence as well as philosophers.
Domain-dependent knowledge in answer set planning

In this article we consider three different kinds of domain-dependent control knowledge (temporal, procedural and HTN-based) that are useful in planning. Our approach is declarative and relies on the language of logic programming with answer set semantics (AnsProlog*). AnsProlog* is designed to plan without control knowledge. We show how temporal, procedural and HTN-based control knowledge can be incorporated into AnsProlog* by the modular addition of a small number of domain-dependent rules, without the need to modify the planner. We formally prove the correctness of our planner, both in the absence and presence of the control knowledge. Finally, we perform some initial experimentation that demonstrates the potential reduction in planning time that can be achieved when procedural domain knowledge is used to solve planning problems with large plan length.
Surface modification study of low energy electron beam irradiated polycarbonate film

The effect of low energy electron beam irradiation on polycarbonate (PC) film has been studied here. The PC film of thickness 20 μm was exposed by 10 keV electron beam with 100 nA/cm 2 current density. The irradiated film was characterized by mean of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and residual gas analyzer (RGA). Formation of unsaturated bonds and partial graphitization of the surface layer are measured by XPS. Results of the AFM imaging shows electron implantation induce changes in surface morphology of the polymer film. The residual gas analyzer (RGA) spectrum of PC is recorded in situ during irradiation. The results show the change in cross-linking density of the polymer at the top surface.
The Algebraic Approach I: The Algebraization of the Chomsky Hierarchy

The algebraic approach to formal language and automata theory is a continuation of the earliest traditions in these fields which had sought to represent languages, translations and other computations as expressions (e.g. regular expressions) in suitably-defined algebras; and grammars, automata and transitions as relational and equational systems over these algebras, that have such expressions as their solutions. The possibility of a comprehensive foundation cast in this form, following such results as the algebraic reformulation of the Parikh Theorem, has been recognized by the Applications of Kleene Algebra (AKA) conference from the time of its inception in 2001. 
 
Here, we take another step in this direction by embodying the Chomsky hierarchy, itself, within an infinite complete lattice of algebras that ranges from dioids to quantales, and includes many of the forms of Kleene algebras that have been considered in the literature. A notable feature of this development is the generalization of the Chomsky hierarchy, including type 1 languages, to arbitrary monoids.
Changes in the Federal Reserve's Inflation Target: Causes and Consequences

This paper estimates a New Keynesian model to draw inferences about the behavior of the Federal Reserve's unobserved inflation target. The results indicate that the target rose from 1 1/4 percent in 1959 to over 8 percent in the mid-to-late 1970s before falling back below 2 1/2 percent in 2004. The results also provide some support for the hypothesis that over the entire postwar period, Federal Reserve policy has systematically translated short-run price pressures set off by supply-side shocks into more persistent movements in inflation itself, although considerable uncertainty remains about the true source of shifts in the inflation target.
Highway safety state of the art prospects for the future

As Chart 1 shows, the trend in fatalities is generally upward. Wars and depressions (and recessions), and politics (embargoes), have their effects, but all have been temporary so far. We must consider that this trend is inexorable in spite of major efforts by the Federal Government, state and local governments, and many dedicated individuals. Billions of dollars have gone into the attempt to stem this upward trend. The U.S. Department of Transportation can be said to have been created in large part because of the mounting transportation fatalities and their approach to the 60,000 mark. Certainly the National Highway Traffic Safety Bureau, later upgraded to Administration, was created precisely because of this situation, and the then-Bureau of Public Roads in the Department of Commerce was upgraded to Federal Highway Administration.
Government and the Arts: Voices from the New Deal Era

In December 1938 Hallie Flanagan, director of the Federal Theatre Project (FTP), faced hostile questioning from Congressman Joseph Starnes of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. The congressman and his colleagues sought to uncover pernicious Communist influences on the government-funded arts projects. When Flanagan read a passage that referred to workers' theaters being imbued "with a certain Marlowesque madness," the congressman thought that he had his opening: "You are quoting from this Marlowe. Is he a Communist?" A puzzled Flanagan replied that she "was quoting from Christopher Marlowe." The impatient congressman insisted that Flanagan "tell us who Marlowe is, so we can get the proper reference." "Put in the record," the FTP director replied dryly, "that he was the greatest dramatist in the period of Shakespeare, immediately preceding Shakespeare."' This unintentionally comic exchange between arts administrator and congressman is one small part of a vast body of oral testimony on the cultural politics of New Deal funding of the arts. Contemporary voices are captured in the proceedings of the Dies committee, and historians have retrospectively located participants in the New Deal arts projects and recorded their stories. These past and present voices are joined in an ongoing conversation. In many interviews, subjects and historians replay the political conflicts of the late 1930s. In counterpoint to the suspicious congressman whom Flanagan faced, most former participants celebrate the New Deal projects. A few voices echo congressmen's concerns about political subversion. Still others ponder how to reconcile artistic freedom with the imperatives of bureaucratic control and public accountability. These voices from the New Deal thus raise complex and enduring issues about the meaning of a national culture and the role of government in shaping it. TodayJesse Helms and a cast of supporting players are rehearsing the same questions, with sex replacing communism as the subject of outrage. In the face of these controversies, voices from the 1930s acquire new resonances and meanings -ways of adding historical context to a debate that has been framed without much reference to the past. This essay offers an introduction to those voices. First we place them within their