nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hilbert's program then and now

Hilbert’s program was an ambitious and wide-ranging project in the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. In order to “dispose of the foundational questions in mathematics once and for all,” Hilbert proposed a two-pronged approach in 1921: first, classical mathematics should be formalized in axiomatic systems; second, using only restricted, “finitary” means, one should give proofs of the consistency of these axiomatic systems. Although Godel’s incompleteness theorems show that the program as originally conceived cannot be carried out, it had many partial successes, and generated important advances in logical theory and metatheory, both at the time and since. The article discusses the historical background and development of Hilbert’s program, its philosophical underpinnings and consequences, and its subsequent development and influences since the 1930s.
Sequential Model Selection for Word Sense Disambiguation

Statistical models of word-sense disambiguation are often based on a small number of contextual features or on a model that is assumed to characterize the interactions among a set of features. Model selection is presented as an alternative to these approaches, where a sequential search of possible models is conducted in order to find the model that best characterizes the interactions among features. This paper expands existing model selection methodology and presents the first comparative study of model selection search strategies and evaluation criteria when applied to the problem of building probabilistic classifiers for word-sense disambiguation.
Paraconsistent Modal Logics

We introduce a modal expansion of paraconsistent Nelson logic that is also as a generalization of the Belnapian modal logic recently introduced by Odintsov and Wansing. We prove algebraic completeness theorems for both logics, defining and axiomatizing the corresponding algebraic semantics. We provide a representation for these algebras in terms of twist-structures, generalizing a known result on the representation of the algebraic counterpart of paraconsistent Nelson logic.
The art of downsizing: Communicating lay-offs to key

This paper examines the process of corporate downsizing and its implications for communicating employee lay-offs. In an effort to please one set of stakeholders (investors, creditors, shareholders, analysts and others), management may be faced with difficult and unpleasant communication choices as they confront another set of stakeholders (employees customers, community members, and elected officials). The objective in each case is to restructure the organisation, control costs and return to profitability without alienating or traumatising the very people who helped create wealth and productivity for the organisation. This paper reviews current practice, an extended case example, and provides ten specific suggestions for planning and communicating employee lay-offs.
College Students' Ideological and Political Education Problem Analysis based on Micro Culture Background

With the development of current network information technology in our country, based on the impact of the media culture background like "Micro-blog" and "We-chat", in Micro cultural background, the ideological and political education for college students have more challenges. In college students' education, information exchange platforms are more and in time, and the influence of college students' ideological and political work force is becoming more and more widely. The ideological and political education work in micro culture not only faces the opportunity of development, but also is experiencing serious challenges. Establish students' ideological and political philosophy under micro culture in order to take effective measures and improve the problems of ideological and political education of contemporary college students. This paper analyzes ideological and political education based on Micro cultural background.
The Microprocessor: Engine of the Technology Revolution

computer industry. Things change so fast, no simple extrapolation of the present is likely to resemble the future in any important way. The impact of the microprocessor is even more daunting to predict, since it is revolutionizing so many facets of modern life. When Bob Noyce and I founded Intel in 1968, our challenge was to make semiconductor memory practical. This goal was quite a stretch, considering that silicon memory was at least 100 times more expensive than magnetic core memory, the dominant technology at the time. Having delivered our first couple of memory products to market, we were looking for new worlds to conquer when the Japanese manufacturer Busicom asked us to design a set of chips for a family of programmable scientific and business calculators. At the time, all logic chips were hard-wired for a particular application. Busicom's family of calculators required at least a dozen different chips, a task that far outstripped the design engineering capacity of tiny Intel. But Intel engineer Ted Hoff realized a general-purpose computer architecture could do all the calculator functions and need not be more complex than the memory chips we were already working with. He proposed a CPU chip that took instructions from a stored program in read-only
Branches and Roots: Project Selection in Graphics Courses for Fourth Year Computer Science Undergraduates

Computer graphics courses for computer science undergraduates typically involve a series of programming projects. It is a difficult problem to design a set of projects which balance establishment of roots in foundational graphics with exploration of current branches. We posit projects involving rasterizing a triangle with interpolated vertex colors, ray tracing and inverse kinematics solvers as best practices in project design for graphics courses for fourth year computer science undergraduates. We also discuss projects involving tool usage (rather than tool creation) and implementing a full viewing pipeline as worst practices. These best and worst practices are based on three years of project design in one course and survey of projects in similar courses at other universities.
The collective and the individual in Russia : a study of practices

Oleg Kharkhordin has constructed a compelling, subtle, and complex genealogy of the Soviet individual that is as much about Michel Foucault as it is about Russia. Examining the period from the Russian Revolution to the fall of Gorbachev, Kharkhordin demonstrates that Party rituals - which forced each Communist to reflect intensely and repeatedly on his or her "self", an entirely novel experience for many of them - had their antecedents in the Orthodox Christian practices of doing penance in the public gaze. Individualization in Soviet Russia occurred through the intensification of these public penitential practices rather than the private confessional practices that are characteristic of Western Christianity. He also finds that objectification of the individual in Russia relied on practices of mutual surveillance among peers, rather than on the hierarchical surveillance of subordinates by superiors that characterized the West. The implications of this book expand well beyond its brilliant analysis of the connection between Bolshevism and Eastern Orthodoxy to shed light on many questions about the nature of Russian society and culture.
Meeting Human Needs by Leveraging the Next Wave of Technology

In the late 1400’s, Leonardo da Vinci (Reynal & Company, 1956) advised his future readers to study the science of machines to reduce the burden (drudgery) on humanity. Today, the question remains—what technologies can best meet the needs of mankind (Asimov & Frenkel, 1985; Beleyania, 1983; Caswell & Gossain, 1987; Hirzinger, 1997; IFREMER (The French Institute Of Research And Exploration Of The Sea), 1996; Jacobsen et al., 1984; Jacobson, 1996; Lowe, 1985; Morecki et al., 1971; Tesar & Butler, 1989; Volpe, 1996; Weisbin, 1997)? This paper will outline the ability of the discipline of mechanical engineering to satisfy a spectrum of these needs and its potential to match the excitement and vitality of its neighboring disciplines (electronics, computer science, etc.). First, a representative selection of needs will be described along with a listing of technologies (present and future) that may be associated with the discipline of mechanical engineering. Second, a matrix of these needs and technologies will be used to establish the relative importance of the discipline’s development capacity and to prioritize five possible future areas for development of multi-disciplinary programs. Third, the critical role of the intelligent actuator as a basic building block of the Next Wave of Technology (NWT) will be described in terms of five classes of actuator technology. Then, the NWT will be described briefly in terms of its ten primary technical components and illustrated in terms of a brief description of open architecture vehicles of the future.
International Expert Organizations and Policy Adoption The World Bank and Microfinance in the 1990s

Microfinance as a development policy tool has enjoyed an increasing popularity in the last few years. The United Nations declared 2005 as the international year of microcredit. Since Muhammad Yunus and his Grameen Bank shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, microfinance is once more under the spotlight. The prominence of development programs is mainly promoted by powerful international organizations like the World Bank. This article examines the World Bank's World Development Reports over time to demonstrate how the Bank became interested in, interpreted, and framed microfinance in accordance with its general background assumptions on poverty and development. The neoliberal interpretation by the Bank in the 1990s of notions such as social capital and gender is crucial for understanding its adoption of microfinance.
Quest for Java

Student programmers use Java to do more than spice up Web pages. ore than 100 ACM student members from around the world participated in the first " Quest for Java " contest sponsored by ACM and IBM, concluding last fall. Judged on their ability to develop real-world applications and applets in the Java programming language , their entries covered a range of software categories, including education, programming tools, email clients, groupware, and graphics. But what the judges found most remarkable among the winners was not necessarily the function of the application or applet or their great originality but their developers' sense of pleasure and creativity in exploring Java. The 10 first-place winners were awarded IBM ThinkPads; the 20 second-place winners $1,000 soft-ware/hardware gift certificates; the 30 third-place winners bomber jackets; and the five honorable mentions sets of Addison-Wesley's Java Book Series. Although these things were an incentive, contestants were inspired by deeper personal motives (see the sidebar " Top 10 Winners "). " I didn't do this to win a computer , " says Craig Navin, a first-place winner from McGill University, " but to prove I could be tops in the field. " Some students were already using Java for dis-sertation and thesis work; others found the contest a welcome opportunity to move into new territory. " For almost all participants, " says judge Manfred Tscheligi, head of the Center for Usability Research and Engineering, Java Competence Center at the University of Vienna, " the contest was a new playground where they could express some of their programming and applications creatively. " The other judges were Eli Charne, a software developer at Reuters and the pan-el's leader; Jeff Dinkins, software engineer, AWT Participants also ran into problems; some had trouble developing graphical interfaces and some reported inconsistencies in AWT across multiple platforms. However, praise for Java outweighed negative comments. " I highly value the language's power and simplicity, " says Roberto Flores-Mendez, a first-place winner with a client/server mapping system, " particularly its simple interface for networking , lightweight multithreading, and comprehensive error recovery. " For participants, the contest also meant open platforms and network-centric architectures, as well as a sense of unparalleled freedom, particularly for those who had tried developing multiuser applications before discovering Java. Donghui Yuan, a second-place winner, who produced a knowledge-based system , recalls his frustration developing a tool for a multiuser application on a …
Haifa verification conference 2007

This special section contains a selection of contributions originally presented at the Third Haifa Verification Conference (HVC’07). The scope of this conference covers all types of verification of both hardware and software systems. While there is widespread agreement on the importance of verification, it is clear that different systems require different approaches. Several distinct fields of research have developed, devoted to either software or hardware, or to a particular verification approach such as formal or testing/simulation. Each of these paradigms has an extensive publication history and its own dedicated conference. Yet there is much to be gained from sharing knowledge and experience. HVC’s goal is to serve as a venue for researchers from all fields of verification, enabling them to exchange ideas and learn from one another. It is our hope that by gathering these experts together in one conference, we are fostering the emergence of new trends that combine ideas and insights from different domains.
How Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Economic Growth? Exploring the Effects of Financial Markets on Linkages

The empirical literature finds mixed evidence on the existence of positive productivity externalities in the host country generated by foreign multinational companies. We propose a novel mechanism, which emphasizes the role of local financial markets in enabling foreign direct investment (FDI) to promote growth through backward linkages, shedding light on this empirical ambiguity. In a small open economy, final goods production combines the production processes of foreign and domestic firms, which compete for skilled labor, unskilled labor, and intermediate products. In order to operate a firm in the intermediate goods sector, entrepreneurs must first develop a new variety of intermediate good. Innovation and imitation both require capital costs, which must be financed through the domestic financial institutions. The more developed the local financial markets are, the easier it is for credit constrained entrepreneurs to start their own firms. Thus the number of varieties of intermediate goods increases, causing positive spillovers to the final goods sector. As a result the host country benefits from the backward linkages between foreign and domestic firms since the local financial markets allow these linkages to turn into FDI spillovers. Our calibration exercise confirms our analytical results. In particular, the results show that the same amount of increase in FDI, regardless of the reason of the increase, generates three times more additional growth in financially well-developed countries than in financially poorly-developed countries. The calibration exercise also shows the importance of the other local conditions such as market structure and human capital–the absorptive capacities–for the effect of FDI on economic growth.
Structural and electrochemical characterization of Zr–C–N–Ag coatings deposited by DC dual magnetron sputtering

ZrCN coatings with incorporated silver were deposited on 316L stainless steel by dual reactive magnetron sputtering to evaluate the silver influence on the structural properties and corrosion resistance of the films. Samples composition was assessed by electron probe microanalysis. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy was used to determine the distribution of silver in the films. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results revealed enhanced corrosion resistance properties of the coated steel and higher coatings reactivity when incorporated with silver, showing a plausible silver release increment.
Naga : cultural origins in Siam and the West Pacific

Possibly no other region in the world possesses as many water symbols as East and South-East Asia. Particularly in Siam, whether it is in ritual, literature, dancing, folk art, painting, sculpture, architecture or town planning, a host of aquatic attributes underlies them all. The scope of this work is to attempt to explain these symbols while, at the same time, relating them to the origin of civilizations in the area. Loosely derived from Sumet Jumsai's book on Thai cultural origins (published in Thai in 1982), this work has been expanded in several parts to give more emphasis to the West Pacific region as a whole, although material on Siam inevitably remains predominant. Incorporated in the text are original ideas and important contributions from the late R.Buckminster Fuller on maritime history, the significance of world population density distribution, and the "nautical" architecture indigenous to the West Pacific region.
Spark Plasma Sintering of Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramics

The ultrahigh-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) have been considered as the emerging class of materials, suitable for the high-temperature (exceeding 2000 °C) structural applications in oxidation environment, including hypersonic aviation, rocket propulsion, high-temperature electrodes for furnaces, etc. As UHTCs have higher melting point (>3000 °C), it is worthwhile to adopt novel sintering techniques to fabricate the structural frames from UHTCs powder for different niche applications. Effective utilization of UHTCs requires full densification of the materials from powder. UHTCs, especially, transition metal borides and carbides, have lower sinterability due to their high melting point (>3000 °C), strong covalent bonding, low bulk diffusion coefficient, and higher vapor pressure of the constituent elements present in the UHTCs. Among the available sintering techniques, spark plasma sintering (SPS) has been widely utilized to achieve fully dense powder compact along with uniform fine-grain microstructure, suitable for high-temperature applications. SPS is found to be advantageous over the conventional sintering techniques such as hot pressing (HP), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), pressureless sintering (PS), etc. because uniform fine-grain microstructure could be obtained via SPS due to considerably lower sintering temperature, high heating rate, lower holding time, and application of pulsed DC current along with uniaxial mechanical pressure during sintering schedule. In this chapter, the efficacy of SPS technique to sinter different UHTCs, especially monolithic transition metal borides, carbides, and mixed borides and carbides with/without sinter-aid or other secondary phase is elaborated. Microstructural evolution and enhancement of different properties, particularly the mechanical properties, by adopting suitable sintering scheme and sintering parameters are discussed in detail. Also, entropy-stabilized multicomponent UHTC borides (contains at least five transition metal borides in equimolar ratio) have been discussed to highlight the effectiveness of SPS technique to consolidate these types of materials. Finally, the application-oriented development of UHTCs for sharp leading edges of hypersonic space vehicle is briefed.
Visiones teóricas acerca de la ciudadanía social

The present report resumes the systematization’s process on the theoretical debate about the relation between citizenship and social policy. To achieve this, we start outlining three great conceptions about the citizenship under the criterion that the same one is the historical result of the conjunction of social and political forces. This is that persons, conflicts and tensions are exposed to explain the development of the modern citizenship. In a second moment we will lead to identify diverse patterns and assumptions of social citizenship especially in the contemporary theoretical development about the regimes and models of social policy.
B2B suppliers : addressing the repudiation of orders in an open account system

Suppliers suffer losses when customers repudiate B2B order transactions in open account systems. Appropriate internal control measures should be implemented to address repudiation. According to the King Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa (2002), the responsibility for internal control lies with the management of a company. This article aims to assist management in reducing the risk of repudiation to an acceptable level, by providing a framework of recommended internal control measures. The framework was compiled after considering: Requirements in the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act that make digital contracts valid. Existing control frameworks, control objectives and internal control measures addressed by COBIT® and AICPA/CICA’s Trust Services Principles and Criteria.
The DLVHEX System for Knowledge Representation: Recent Advances (System Description)

The DLVHEX system implements the HEX-semantics, which integrates answer set programming (ASP) with arbitrary external sources. Since its first release ten years ago, significant advancements were achieved. Most importantly, the exploitation of properties of external sources led to efficiency improvements and flexibility enhancements of the language, and technical improvements on the system side increased user's convenience. In this paper, we present the current status of the system and point out the most important recent enhancements over early versions. While existing literature focuses on theoretical aspects and specific components, a bird's eye view of the overall system is missing. In order to promote the system for real-world applications, we further present applications which were already successfully realized on top of DLVHEX. This paper is under consideration for acceptance in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming.
On Aryabhata's Planetary Constants

This paper examines the theory of a Babylonian origin of Aryabhata's planetary constants. It shows that Aryabhata's basic constant is closer to the Indian counterpart than to the Babylonian one. Sketching connections between Aryabhata's framework and earlier Indic astronomical ideas on yugas and cyclic calendar systems, it is argued that Aryabhata's system is an outgrowth of an earlier Indic tradition.
A new approach to the core and Weber set of multichoice games

Multichoice games have been introduced by Hsiao and Raghavan as a generalization of classical cooperative games. An important notion in cooperative game theory is the core of the game, as it contains the rational imputations for players. We propose two definitions for the core of a multichoice game, the first one is called the precore and is a direct generalization of the classical definition. We show that the precore coincides with the definition proposed by Faigle, and that the set of imputations may be unbounded, which makes its application questionable. A second definition is proposed, imposing normalization at each level, causing the core to be a convex compact set. We study its properties, introducing balancedness and marginal worth vectors, and defining the Weber set and the pre-Weber set. We show that the classical properties of inclusion of the (pre)core into the (pre)-Weber set as well as their coincidence in the convex case remain valid. A last section makes a comparison with the core defined by Van den Nouweland et al.
CONDITIONS OF TENURE AND SERVICE

If you have been taking a close personal interest in the previous articles in this series the chances are that it was because you were going to be a full‐time teacher. If all has gone well… you are one now. There may still be one or two points about your position that you are not clear of. This is the concluding article in the series ‘Teachers from Industry’ (see page 26 for subjects covered in the earlier articles), but questions are welcome