nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Enabling Mitochondrial Uptake of Lipophilic Dications Using Methylated Triphenylphosphonium Moieties.

Triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) species comprising multiple charges, i.e., bis-TPP+, are predicted to be superior mitochondrial-targeting vectors and are expected to have mitochondrial accumulations 1000-fold greater than TPP+, the current "gold standard". However, bis-TPP+ vectors linked by short hydrocarbon chains ( n < 5) are unable to be taken up by the mitochondria, thus hindering their development as mitochondrial delivery vectors. Through the incorporation of methylated TPP+ moieties (T*PP+), we successfully enabled the accumulation of bis-TPP+ with a short linker chain in isolated mitochondria, as measured by high performance liquid chromatography. These experimental results are further supported by molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations, revealing the strong correlations between mitochondria uptake and molecular volume, surface area, and chemical hardness. Most notably, the molecular volume has been shown to be a strong predictor of accumulation for both mono- and bis-TPP+ salts. Our study underscores the potential of T*PP+ moieties as alternative mitochondrial vectors to overcome low permeation into the mitochondria.
Paragraph: A Graphical Tuning Tool for Multiprocessor Systems

Distributing computational load to many processors is a critical issue for efficient program execution on multiprocessor systems. Finding a good load distribution algorithm is one of the most important research topics for parallel processing. Tools for evaluating load distribution algorithms are very useful for this kind of research. This paper describes a system called ParaGraph that gathers periodical statistics of the computational and communication load of each processor during program execution, in both the higher level of programming language and lower level of implementation, and presents them graphically to the user
A Survey of Systems Science Education

Systems science means many things to many people. This paper surveys various aspects of education labelled systems science. It reviews the literature in the field and reviews sample course and program offerings. Examination of this material indicates a lack of agreement among practitioners of systems science education and indeed casts doubt upon whether systems science is a unique science at all. The purpose of the paper is twofold: First, as a preliminary to a panel discussion among practitioners of systems science education it is meant to be provocative, and second, since it is clearly not the last word on the subject it is meant to be inspirational to more and better work in the future. This second objective is especially pertinent in light of the formation of a working group in the field.
Legislator Ideology and Corrections and Sentencing Policy in Florida

Crime and sentencing are key issues confronting policy makers. Overcrowding and escalating corrections budgets have brought increased public attention on the criminal justice system. In light of this increased focus, it is important to examine what issues concern policy makers in corrections and sentencing policy decisions. The purpose of this research is to explore how Florida legislators consider crime causation, crime control, and support for rehabilitation when deciding on corrections and sentencing policy. This study also offers an initial and exploratory glance into whether policy makers consider inmate behavior and public fear when making policy decisions. Findings suggest that legislators in Florida support imprisonment as well as rehabilitation, believe in using policy to control inmate behavior, and hesitate to alter public policy toward more leniency even if public fear decreases.
Amino acid modified Ni catalyst exhibits reversible H2 oxidation/production over a broad pH range at elevated temperatures.

Hydrogenases interconvert H2 and protons at high rates and with high energy efficiencies, providing inspiration for the development of molecular catalysts. Studies designed to determine how the protein scaffold can influence a catalytically active site have led to the synthesis of amino acid derivatives of [Ni(P2(R)N2(R'))2](2+) complexes, [Ni(P2(Cy)N2(Amino acid))2](2+) (CyAA). It is shown that these CyAA derivatives can catalyze fully reversible H2 production/oxidation at rates approaching those of hydrogenase enzymes. The reversibility is achieved in acidic aqueous solutions (pH = 0-6), 1 atm 25% H2/Ar, and elevated temperatures (tested from 298 to 348 K) for the glycine (CyGly), arginine (CyArg), and arginine methyl ester (CyArgOMe) derivatives. As expected for a reversible process, the catalytic activity is dependent upon H2 and proton concentrations. CyArg is significantly faster in both directions (∼300 s(-1) H2 production and 20 s(-1) H2 oxidation; pH = 1, 348 K, 1 atm 25% H2/Ar) than the other two derivatives. The slower turnover frequencies for CyArgOMe (35 s(-1) production and 7 s(-1) oxidation under the same conditions) compared with CyArg suggests an important role for the COOH group during catalysis. That CyArg is faster than CyGly (3 s(-1) production and 4 s(-1) oxidation) suggests that the additional structural features imparted by the guanidinium groups facilitate fast and reversible H2 addition/release. These observations demonstrate that outer coordination sphere amino acids work in synergy with the active site and can play an important role for synthetic molecular electrocatalysts, as has been observed for the protein scaffold of redox active enzymes.
Structure, Stratigraphy, and Petroleum Geology of the Michigan Basin: Chapter 30: Part II. Selected Analog Interior Cratonic Basins: Analog Basin

The Michigan basin is in the upper midwestern part of the United States. The thickest part of this almost circular basin contains a lens of about 16,000 ft (4800 m) that consists mostly of marine sedimentary rock, ranging in age from Cambrian to Pennsylvanian. A small patch of terrestrial Jurassic rocks is also present in the central basin. Most of the sedimentary section is overlain by glacial deposits. Precambrian sedimentary rocks are preserved in the subsurface in an ancient rift zone that can be defined by geophysical techniques. Although the exact origin of the basin is still in question, an embryonic form was present by Late Cambrian time, and the basin attained its modern configuration during Ordovician time. The main structural grain of the basin is oriented northwest-southeast, and a complementary northeast-southwest trend also exists. In 1886 oil and gas were discovered in the Port Huron field in the Michigan basin; the modern era of oil and gas exploration in the basin began in 1925 with the discovery of the Saginaw field. Oil and gas have been found throughout the Paleozoic section except in Pennsylvanian- and Cambrian-age rocks, which have not yet yielded economically significant quantities of hydrocarbons. Exploitation of the basin's reserves has been a gradual process, developing from shallower to deeper horizons. At present, however, one of the shallowest formations (Antrim Shale) and one of the deepest (St. Peter Sandstone) are both the focus of intense exploration and exploitation.
Rethinking the Australian Legend

Fifty years after its publication Russel Ward's The Australian Legend remains the classic account of our national culture. It was shaped by a long debate, in Europe and Australia, about the cultural basis of national selfhood, as well as by the events of Ward's own time: the 1930s depression, the popular front against Nazism and the early years of the Cold War. Russel Ward was a true believer in the bush legend as well as a critical interpreter of its origins, an ambiguity of purpose that reflected his shift from radical activist to academic, and from folklorist to cultural historian. In its preoccupation with ideas of national belonging it stands in a tradition that begins with the German Romantics and continues in contemporary interests in the Dreamtime.
“Economic Constitution”: On the Roots of a Legal Concept

Our world is in abundance of most different kinds of legal systems, but none of them is as thoroughly imbued with constitutional ideas and categories as the American law. Thus, the dedication of an article dealing with a concept of constitutional law to an American judge and scholar seems not inappropriate. The contribution focuses on a legal term of specifically continental European thinking, the concept of "Wirtschaftsverfassung" or, translated literally, of "economic constitution." I will try to explain on which premises and under which circumstances this legal term has been developed during the first decades of our century.
Scalable performance analysis of massively parallel stochastic systems

The accurate performance analysis of large-scale computer and communication systems is di- rectly inhibited by an exponential growth in the state-space of the underlying Markovian per- formance model. This is particularly true when considering massively-parallel architectures such as cloud or grid computing infrastructures. Nevertheless, an ability to extract quanti- tative performance measures such as passage-time distributions from performance models of these systems is critical for providers of these services. Indeed, without such an ability, they remain unable to o er realistic end-to-end service level agreements (SLAs) which they can have any con dence of honouring. Additionally, this must be possible in a short enough period of time to allow many di erent parameter combinations in a complex system to be tested. If we can achieve this rapid performance analysis goal, it will enable service providers and engineers to determine the cost-optimal behaviour which satis es the SLAs. In this thesis, we develop a scalable performance analysis framework for the grouped PEPA stochastic process algebra. Our approach is based on the approximation of key model quantities such as means and variances by tractable systems of ordinary di erential equations (ODEs). Crucially, the size of these systems of ODEs is independent of the number of interacting entities within the model, making these analysis techniques extremely scalable. The reliability of our approach is directly supported by convergence results and, in some cases, explicit error bounds. We focus on extracting passage-time measures from performance models since these are very commonly the language in which a service level agreement is phrased. We design scalable analy- sis techniques which can handle passages de ned both in terms of entire component populations as well as individual or tagged members of a large population. A precise and straightforward speci cation of a passage-time service level agreement is as im- portant to the performance engineering process as its evaluation. This is especially true of large and complex models of industrial-scale systems. To address this, we introduce the uni ed stochastic probe framework. Uni ed stochastic probes are used to generate a model augmenta- tion which exposes explicitly the SLA measure of interest to the analysis toolkit. In this thesis, we deploy these probes to de ne many detailed and derived performance measures that can be automatically and directly analysed using rapid ODE techniques. In this way, we tackle applicable problems at many levels of the performance engineering process: from speci cation and model representation to e cient and scalable analysis.
Effect of Y2O3 addition on microstructure of Ni-based alloy + Y2O3/substrate laser clad

To improve hardness and corrosion resistance of aluminum substrate, using laser cladding technique, metal composite with Ni-based alloy, refining and dispersion strengthening Y 2 O 3 , particle hardening W, Cr was obtained. The microstructure and morphology, phase identification, element diffusion and composition analysis of the Ni-based alloy + Y 2 O 3 /substrate laser clad and laser clad/aluminum substrate interface were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis. The corrosion resistance was investigated also. The results showed, with the addition of Y 2 O 3 , more fine microstructures consisted of isometric crystal, white acicular crystal and fringe crystal; primary phases were mainly Ni 3 Al, NiAl, NiAl 3 , W, α-Al and Cr x C. The corrosion rate of aluminum substrate was nearly two times more than that of laser clad metals with addition of Y 2 O 3 .
Avian species described on the basis of DNA only.

In addition, even in divergent genealogies (phylogenies), the inheritance of polymorphisms with subsequent sorting in different lineages can obscure relationshipsa. Thus, species monophyly is a difficult criterion to apply using currently available cladistic methodologies, and even if monophyly could be accurately assessed this would still leave the problem of establishing exclusivity of descent. It remains to be seen whether protocols can be developed for studying species monophyly and exclusivity (approaches based on genetic coalescence seem likely candidates) and whether these will be sufficiently practical to gain acceptance in the systematic community. As well as the operational problems summarized above, acceptance of the monophyletic species definition would involve a significant shift in taxonomic practice. For example, when a small group of related founders leaves a monophyletic ‘species’ and forms a descendant ‘species’, the ancestral ‘species’ will cease to be monophyletics,15. There are three ways to accommodate such a pattern in a hierarchical taxonomic nomenclature: (I) recognize both as species, thereby discarding the monophyly criterion; (2) treat the descendant as a distinct species only when the ancestor becomes monophyletic through interbreeding and extinction (as will happen eventuallys); or (3) recognize the ancestor as some entity other than a species. This last alternative has gained the most support among proponents of the monophyly criterion, and the term ‘metaspecies’ has been proposed for nonmonophyletic, ancestral groups existing at the same hierarchical level as species4fsf1* (but note that authors differ slightly in their definitions of metaspecies). The debate over phylogenetic species concepts is certain to continue to be lively. The two main approaches advocated to date diagnosabilityand monophyly-each seem to provide internally consistent definitions of the species category. Thus, despite claims to the contrary, the outcome of the discussion will not rest on demonstrating errors in the opposing formulation but in the systematic community deciding whether the advantages of making species monophyletic justify the requisite changes in taxonomic practice. The outcome will also be affected by ongoing conflicts between alternative philosophies of systematics, in particular the question of the primacy of pattern or processs,14. The discussion cannot be restricted solely to paradigmatic, sexual species, but will need to deal with asexual organisms, fossils and hybrids, as well as the question of how the choice of species definition affects the concept of ‘speciation’. Whatever the outcome, there can be little doubt that the phylogenetic species debate will spark novel insights and enhance our understanding of genealogy, systematics and the origin of biological diversity.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy processed by milling and spark plasma sintering

Powder metallurgy is a promising processing path to produce high entropy alloys (HEA) with improved mechanical properties. According to this, a bulk CoCrFeMnNi alloy was milled with a wide range of conditions. It was shown that a powder which is micronic, approximately spherical and with nanometric crystallites could be produced by a cryo-milling which was followed by a short duration planetary milling. Next, this powder was fully densified by spark plasma sintering. According to X-ray diffraction, the single phase of the bulk alloy remains stable during both milling and sintering. However, carbides and oxides precipitate during sintering, as shown by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Electron backscattered diffraction evidences that those precipitates limit the growth of grains. By nanoindentation measurements, it was shown that preparing a CoCrFeMnNi HEA by milling and sintering significantly increases the hardness compared to conventional processing by melting and casting. Moreover, the different strengthening contributions were calculated and analyzed. It revealed that grains have a strengthening contribution as described by the Hall & Petch law, contrary to crystallites.
Left Out? The coverage of critical perspectives in introductory criminology textbooks, 1990–1999

DeKeseredy and Schwartz have criticized introductory criminology textbooks published in the United States for their ‘poor treatment’ of critical/radical perspectives. This paper subjects this criticism to empirical analysis by studying the coverage of critical perspectives in 34 introductory criminology textbooks published from 1990 to 1999. Specifically, I examine how the coverage of critical perspectives in the textbooks is influenced by: 1) the theoretical orientations of the texts; 2) the positions of the texts on debate over conflict and consensus theories of law; and 3) the positions of the texts on the evidence supporting critical perspectives. This analysis shows that critical/radical perspectives in general, but in particular recent developments in critical criminology (including critical feminism, left realism, peacemaking criminology and postmodern criminology) are often ‘left out’ of contemporary criminology textbooks.
MESCOS - A Multienergy System Cosimulator for City District Energy Systems

This work introduces a multidomain simulation platform that enables a holistic analysis of city district scale energy systems. The objective for the development of the simulation platform is to provide a tool that supports the design of control and energy management algorithms for those systems. The platform allows long-term simulations of a large number of buildings, including internal energy supply or energy conversion systems, in combination with external energy supply systems like the electrical grid. The simulation of those physical systems represents the environment for sophisticated control and energy management algorithms that can be tested on the platform. The concept of this work is to combine commercial-off-the-shelf software packages, here simulators and runtime infrastructure (RTI), to a high performance multidomain cosimulation platform. The high performance of the platform regarding computation time has been achieved by exploiting the parallel computing capabilities of modern simulation servers. Especially the computation time of large numbers of instances of Modelica-based models has been reduced significantly by the development of the parallel execution framework (PEF). The implementation of the PEF, including the interface to the individual models and to the RTI, is described in detail. The partitioning of the simulated system among different simulators does not influence the simulation results, as shown on the basis of a small-scale simulation scenario. The performance regarding the computation time is demonstrated on several example simulation scenarios showing the scalability of the platform.
Automated proofs in Lukasiewicz logic

In this paper we present some mechanical proofs in the many-valued logic defined by Lukasiewicz. The main result is the first mechanical proof of the fifth Lukasiewicz conjecture. All the presented proofs are obtained by the (AC-)Unfailing Knuth-Bendix completion method in the theorem prover SBR3. However, a proof of the conjecture cannot be obtained by a brute-force application of completion. We introduce auxiliary functions and reformulate the theorem in terms of the new auxiliary functions. No manual addition of lemmas is needed. These transformations are customary in mathematics and we feel they are useful in automated reasoning too. The paper is organized as follows: in section 1 we present the fifth Lukasiewicz conjecture, in section 2 we briefly present the prover SBR3 and in section 3 we present the proofs. 1 A problem in many-valued logic Many-valued propositional logic was first introduced by Jan Lukasiewicz in the 1920’s. All the following results about early work on many-valued logic are reported in . The original definition of many-valued logic is purely semantical. No axioms and no inference rules are given. Lukasiewicz defines first a model and then the logic is defined as the set of all sentences in propositional calculus which are true on that model. More precisely, the n-valued logic Ln is defined as the set of all sentences satisfied by the structure Ln =< { k n − 1 |0 ≤ k ≤ n − 1}, g, f > where An = { k n−1 |0 ≤ k ≤ n − 1} is the domain, g : An → An is the unary function g(x) = 1 − x and f : An × An → An is the binary function f(x, y) = min(1 − x + y, 1). L1 is the set of all legal propositional sentences, L2 is classical two-valued propositional logic with model L2 =< {0, 1}, g, f > ∗Research supported in part by grants CCR-8805734 & INT-8715231, both funded by the National Science Foundation, and by Dottorato di ricerca in Informatica, Universitá degli Studi di Milano.
Business Strategy and Antitrust Policy

Business strategy is fundamentally about firm decision-making. Antitrust policy and enforcement, in turn, evaluate the decisions made by firms and the market outcomes that result. To the extent that firms’ decisions will be scrutinized ex post, managers must understand how antitrust concerns might constrain their actions and, thus, suggest alternative optimal decisions. Owing to this importance, most business strategy courses broach the subject of antitrust, and managers frequently confer with antitrust attorneys when making important strategic decisions. Correspondingly, it is also useful for the antitrust community to understand how firms use the concepts and frameworks of business strategy to make the decisions that they will be evaluating. Business strategy maintains a holistic orientation, drawing on traditional functional areas such as operations, finance, accounting, and marketing to inform the firm’s overarching direction. Through the effort of academics and management consultants, business strategy has grown in prominence and is pervasive at the top levels of most firms. Over the past several decades, economics has emerged as the guiding discipline for businesses making strategic decisions. This immediately suggests a potential conflict between the goals of practitioners in strategy and antitrust. Economics-based strategy will inevitably aim towards the maximization of producer surplus, while antitrust policy and enforcement puts more emphasis on ∗Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, mazzeo@kellogg.northwestern.edu †Simon Graduate School of Business, University of Rochester, ryan.mcdevitt@simon.rochester.edu
A comparison of follow-up regimes in rheumatoid arthritis.

One hundred and thirty-two patients discharged from a rheumatology unit were randomly allocated to general practitioner care, attendance at hospital outpatient clinics, or follow-up by a senior occupational therapist attached to the hospital treatment team. At the end of 1 and 2 years a number of clinical and functional tests were applied, and information was gathered about the provision and use of aids and the provision of domestic support. In addition the standard of overall care was judged by an independent assessor. Although no significant intergroup differences in disease activity or function emerged, it is clear that patients prefer continuing contact with the hospital team, and this may lead to differences appearing in the future. The financial advantages of therapist follow-up are discussed.