nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Spread of Rural Industry in Lower Canada, 1831-1851

As a contribution to a larger project which seeks to explore the contours of the socio-economy of Lower Canada in the nineteenth century, this paper utilises the 1831 and 1851 census data to define the extent, nature, and distribution of an essential component in the rural economy — industry — in the St. Lawrence axis during the first half of the nineteenth century. The aggregate census data suggest that a degree of numerical stagnation, or even deindustrialisation, occurred between 1831 and 1851, localised in the Montreal district. An analysis of the individual census schedules for 1851 indicates that no such deindustrialisation actually took place. What is revealed is a picture of great complexity in terms of type and distribution of industries over time. The evolution of the emerging rural industrial landscape is linked to population growth, expanding land settlement, and urbanisation. What emerges is a picture of an integrated economy based on a relatively well-developed structural exchange system.
Measurement-Theoretic Foundations of Probabilistic Model of JND-Based Vague Predicate Logic

Vagueness is a ubiquitous feature that we know from many expressions in natural languages. It can invite a serious problem: the Sorites Paradox. The aim of this paper is to propose a new version of complete logic for vague predicates - JND-based vague predicate logic (JVL) which can avoid the Sorites Paradox and give answers to all of the Semantic Question, the Epistemological Question and the Psychological Question given by Graff. To accomplish this aim, we provide JVL with a probabilistic model by means of measurement theory.
Construction of Consumption Possibility Frontiers in Principles Textbooks

The authors of principles textbooks face a tradeoff between (1) keeping their analysis simple and understandable and (2) presenting the material accurately, by including explanations of more complex nuances. I contend that in constructing and graphically depicting a consumption possibility frontier (CPF), many authors have not balanced the objectives of simplicity and accuracy. The result is erroneous, internally inconsistent, and confusing presentations. Furthermore, the price of achieving accuracy is small. Hyman (1994; 521) defined CPFs as curves showing "combinations of two goods a nation can consume, given its resources, technology, and international trade." But CPFs also depend on the resources and technology of one's trading partner(s). McEachern (1994; 508) stated,
해양효과가 보정된 제주도 자기지전류 탐사 자료의 2차원 역산

Jeju Island, a volcanic island located in South Korea, has been one of the main targets of geophysical and/or geological studies because of its tectonic importance related to the volcanism and tectonic link to the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Recently, as a number of broad-band magnetotelluric (MT) measurements were made, we have examined the deep part of the island. In such an insular setting, it is not easy to properly recover the deep structures such as the lower crust and the upper crust using MT data, because their low-frequency components are strongly affected by the surrounding sea of the island. In this study, we apply the sea-effect correction to the existing MT data collected at a total of 102 sites in Jeju Island. The sea-effect correction makes remarkable changes in the observed MT data at frequencies below 1 Hz, clearly indicating the existence of a conductive lower crust. The 2-D inversion results for both Jeju Southern Line (JSL) and Jeju Northern Line (JNL) show that the transition zone separating the resistive upper crust and conductive lower crust exists at a depth of 20 km on average.
Differences in the chemical and catalytic characteristics of two crystallographically 'identical' enzyme catalytic sites. Characterization of actinidin and papain by a combination of pH-dependent substrate catalysis kinetics and reactivity probe studies targeted on the catalytic-site thiol group and

The characteristics of actinidin (EC 3.4.22.14) and papain (EC 3.4.22.2), two cysteine proteinases whose catalytic-site regions appear to superimpose to a degree that approaches atomic co-ordinate accuracy of both crystal structures, were evaluated by determining (a) the pH-dependence in acid media of the acylation process of the catalytic act (k+2/Ks) using N alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide (L-Bz-Arg-Nan) as substrate and (b) the sensitivity of the reactivity of the catalytic-site thiol group and its pH-dependence to structural change in small, thiol-specific, two-protonic-state reactivity probes (2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide and methyl 2-pyridyl disulphide) where enzyme-probe contacts should be restricted to areas close to the catalytic site. Distortion of the catalytic sites of the two enzymes at pH less than 4 was evaluated over time-scales appropriate for both stopped-flow reactivity probe kinetics (less than or equal to 1-2 s) and steady-state substrate catalysis kinetics (3-5 min) by using the 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide monocation as a titrant for non-distorted catalytic sites. This permitted a lower pH limit to be defined for valid kinetic analysis of both types. The behaviour of the enzymes at pH less than 4 requires a kinetic model in which the apparently biomolecular reaction of enzyme with probe reagent is separated from the process leading to loss of conformational integrity by a potentially reversible step. The acylation of actinidin with L-Bz-Arg-Nan in acidic media occurs in two protonic states, one produced by raising the pH across pKa less than 4 which probably characterizes the formation of -S-/-ImH+ ion pair (pKa approx. 3) and the other, of higher reactivity, produced by raising the pH across pKa 5.5, which may characterize rearrangement of catalytic-site geometry. The pH-dependence of the acylation of papain by L-Bz-Arg-Nan is quite different and is not influenced by protonic dissociation with pKa values in the range 5-6. The earlier conclusion that the acylation of papain depends on two protonic dissociations each with pKa approx. 4 was confirmed. This argument is now more firmly based because titration with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide permits the loss of conformational integrity to be taken into account in the analysis of the kinetic data at very low pH. Methyl 2-pyridyl disulphide was synthesized by reaction of pyridine-2-thione with methyl methanethiolsulphonate and its pKa at I = 0.1 was determined by spectral analysis at 307 nm to be 2.8.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
The Precambrian problem in younger orogenic zones: An example from Japan'

We have examined some of the presumed Precambrian basement metamorphic and granitic rocks in Japan, through radiometric dating as well as on field evidence, and have found that mineral ages of about 175 to 250 m.y. are abundant in the Hida area, northwestern part of central Japan, that a number of thrust rocks in southwestern Japan show ages of 400 to 450 m.y., and that the oldest of the measured samples is about or somewhat over 500 m.y. Little evidence is available to support a view that the Pre-Sinian rocks, if ever existent, have remained unaltered under such a polycyclic orogenic zone as that represented by Japan, although remnants of the youngest Precambrian to Early Paleozoic cycle can be detected.
CULTURAL STUDIES IN THE CORPORATE UNIVERSITY

This essay is about the fate of Cultural Studies in the new context of the market-based reform of Higher Education and the resurgence of liberal capitalism. As the global corporate demand for educational services increases, universities are becoming more like businesses. The trend toward a corporate style university can be seen in the way that its educational mission is being subordinated to the criteria of the flexible labour market. Neo-Liberal forms of governance introduce economic calculation into what were previously social and bureaucratic domains. The emergence of Cultural Studies in the 1960s was a challenge from the New Left to both the humanities and to the historic national mission of the university. The rise of the corporate university and its Benthamite utilitarianism in the 1980s confronted Cultural Studies with its own hiatus. The essay argues that we need to revisit Cultural Studies’ early rejection of humanism and work out a new kind of'humanism without guarantees, if we are to adequately...
Policy-making as Story-making

This paper analyzes the policy-making process behind welfare policies for the elderly in relation to the political and ideological landscape in the 1960-70s. Changing social reality, political and ideological trends provided the momentum for pushing particular policies, that policy-makers were able to take strategic advantage of. This aspect of policy-making can be compared to story-making. In examining the “story-making” processes, this paper aims to elucidate how actors in the policy-making process chose and pushed forward agenda under the influence of contemporary political and ideological trends.
The Sartre‐Heidegger Controversy on Humanism and the Concept of Man in Education

Sartre claims in his 1945 lecture ‘Existentialism is a Humanism’ that there are two kinds of existentialism: that of Christians like Karl Jaspers, and atheistic like Martin Heidegger. Sartre's ‘spiritual master’ Heidegger had no problem with Sartre defining him as an atheist, but he had serious problems with Sartre's concept of humanism and existentialism. Heidegger claims that the essence of humanism lies in the essence of the human being. After the Enlightenment, the Western concept of man has been presented in education in the form of Kantian humanistic essentialism. At least in the Finnish educational system, Kantian humanism is almost an official ideological background of all national curriculums. Is such a kind of essentialism and metaphysics plausible in our modern or postmodern times? We examine the Sartre‐Heidegger controversy on humanism and the concept of man in education using Freire's humanism and Gelassenheit education as exemplars.
Deformation history and timing of granite emplacement in the Butchers Hill – Helenvale region, northern Hodgkinson Province, Queensland

Granite plutons of the Whypalla Supersuite in the Butchers Hill — Helenvale region of north Queensland were intruded into the upper crust of the Hodgkinson Formation during contractional deformation associated with the Permian-Triassic Hunter-Bowen Orogeny. A four-stage structural history has been resolved for the area, with fabric overprinting relationships, porphyroblast-matrix microstructural geometries and isotopic ages being consistent with granite emplacement during D4 shortening at ca 274 Ma. Microstructural relationships suggest the possibility of a minor syn-D3 phase of granite emplacement. The deformation-emplacement history of the Butchers Hill — Helenvale area is consistent with that recognised regionally for the Hodgkinson Province, indicating province-wide synchronous syntectonic granite intrusion during a major phase of contractional deformation. Intense syn-emplacement deformation partitioning was ongoing in the country rocks during progressive D4 and was associated with upward translation of country rock from the microscale to the macroscale along D4 cleavages and shears. Kinematic indicators show that this progressive uplift, at the scale of the area examined, was east-side-up.
Junior engineering and science conference

The IEEE Aerospace Conference sponsors a unique Junior Engineering and Science Conference where children in grades K-12 present talks on scientific and engineering topics. This highly successful and growing conference is designed to encourage young students to learn more about a technical topic and sharpen their presentation skills. The Junior Conference runs in much the same format as a professional engineering conference. Participants report that the experience gives them confidence and many want to pursue careers in technical fields. They also testify that the experience is fun!
The Diffusion and Adoption of a Cloud-Based Enterprise System in Danish Municipalities

This chapter addresses how Opus, a modified SAP solution delivered as a cloud solution, is interpreted, diffused, and adopted by Danish municipalities. The chapter is based on a theoretical framework using the organizing vision and diffusion of innovation theories. The authors study four Danish municipalities and the vendor of the Opus solution. They tell the history of Opus and analyze how it has diffused into Danish municipalities. The findings are that the diffusion is strongly influenced by regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive pressures. Institutional processes play an essential part in the early and late diffusion of IS innovations and in the creation and evolution of an organizing vision such as Opus for Danish municipalities. The authors conclude the chapter with a discussion of how Opus as a technology could be categorized and follow this with future research directions.
Evaluation of the partitioning of bound inorganic phosphate during medium and intermediate phosphate in equilibrium water oxygen exchange reactions of yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase.

During the rapid exchange of oxygens of Pi with water catalyzed by yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase, Pi at the catalytic site may either dissociate or undergo reversible loss of an oxygen to water. The effective partitioning of bound Pi during exchange starting with medium Pi containing 18O in all four oxygens has been evaluated by mass spectral analysis of the change in the distribution of Pi species containing zero to four 18O oxygens per Pi. This analysis indicates that the rate of Pi release from the enzyme is only 1.4 times faster than the rate of reformation of the anhydrous intermediate. A similar partitioning of bound Pi is observed during PPi hydrolysis, indicating that hydrolysis and medium exchange have common intermediates. The approach should be applicable to study of related phosphate oxygen exchanges.
The eukaryotic genome is structurally and functionally more like a social insect colony than a book.

Traditionally, the genome has been described as the 'book of life'. However, the metaphor of a book may not reflect the dynamic nature of the structure and function of the genome. In the eukaryotic genome, the number of centrally located protein-coding sequences is relatively constant across species, but the amount of noncoding DNA increases considerably with the increase of organismal evolutional complexity. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that the abundant peripheral noncoding DNA protects the genome and the central protein-coding sequences in the eukaryotic genome. Upon comparison with the habitation, sociality and defense mechanisms of a social insect colony, it is found that the genome is similar to a social insect colony in various aspects. A social insect colony may thus be a better metaphor than a book to describe the spatial organization and physical functions of the genome. The potential implications of the metaphor are also discussed.
Detection of tongue cancer in primary care.

The incidence of tongue cancer is increasing, and survival has not improved since the majority of patients present at an advanced stage. Patient delay has remained the same over the years and is difficult to influence. Much less is known about the delay in diagnosis caused by physicians and dentists.



To investigate the detection of tongue cancer in primary care in Northern Finland and to examine the consultation prevalence of oral symptoms in primary care in Finland.



Analysis of data from medical records of tongue cancer patients kept between 1 January 1974 and 31 December 1994 for the general health insurance scheme.



The two northernmost provinces of Finland (population of 700,000).



Data were collected on demographic and clinical variables and on the first medical visit on 75 tongue cancer patients. In addition, primary care physicians recorded all patient visits during four weeks in 25 health centres randomly selected throughout Finland in 1996.



At the initial visit, the tongue cancer patient was correctly referred for further examinations in 49 (65%) cases. In 12 (16%) of cases the patient was not referred but was scheduled for a follow-up visit, and was neither referred nor followed-up in 14 (19%). When compared with the referred patients the median professional delay was somewhat longer for the unreferred patients but increased dramatically if no follow-up was arranged (0.6 months [range = 0.1-2.4] versus 1.2 [range = 0.3-2.2] versus 5.2 [range = 0.7-18.2], P < 0.001). Compared with the referred patients the adjusted relative hazard of death for the non-referred followed-up patients was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31-6.5) and that for the non-referred/not followed-up patients 6.3 (95% CI = 1.7-22.9). The high-risk patients included those who sought an early professional evaluation, those who made the appointment for a completely different reason and only mentioned the symptom suggestive of cancer incidentally, those that had a small ulcerative lesion, and blue-collar workers. Oral symptoms were a rare cause of visits (0.55% of all visits) in primary care in Finland.



Misdiagnosis of tongue cancer at the initial professional evaluation often leads to a fatal delay if the patient is left without any follow-up.
Graduate Teaching and Research in Power Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan

This paper describes the program of teaching and research which has been developed by the Power Systems Research Group at the University of Saskatchewan at Saskatoon, Canada. The program was developed at a time when the Electrical Engineering Colleges in Canada and the United States had de-emphasized the training of electric power engineers. A need for such training was recognized and a program was developed to help satisfy these needs. Since its inception in the early 60's, forty-two M.Sc.s and seventeen Ph.D.s have graduated from the program in the power area. The University of Saskatchewan is located in an area of the country which is not highly industrialized and therefore most of the contacts with industry have been made with the electric power utilities rather than with the manufacturing industries. In its initial stages the program emphasized analytical and simulation types of activity; more recently laboratories have been developed to supplement the analytical work with practical hardware experience in the areas of synchronous machines, HVDC, protection and computer-control. This paper briefly describes the courses and the research projects which have been developed in this program.
Element Segregation and Electrical Properties of PMN-32PT Grown Using the Bridgman Method

A single crystal with nominal composition Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-32PbTiO3 (PMN-32PT) was grown by the Bridgman technique. Crystal orientation was determined using the rotating orientation X-ray diffraction (RO-XRD). Element distribution was measured along different directions using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The effect of the element segregation along axial and radial directions on the electrical properties of the PMN-32PT crystal was investigated. It is indicated that the electrical properties of the samples along the axial direction were strongly dependent on the PT (PbTiO3) content. With the increase of the PT content, the piezoelectric coefficient and remnant polarization were improved. Differently, the electrical properties of the samples along the radial direction were mainly determined by the ratio of the Nb and Mg. The reasons for the element segregation and electrical properties varied with the composition were discussed.
Socio-economic Systems and Organizational Management: An Institutional Perspective on the Socialist Firm:

In this article the necessary links between the macro-logic of socialist socio- economic systems and key organizational features are explored. The ideal types of capitalist and socialist systems are first described and their implications for organizations are later discussed. Socialist socio-economic systems are conceptu alized as highly institutionalized environments which are postulated to be key causal influences on firms operating within them. The key characteristics of social ist firms are shown to be the following: the isomorphic relationships between socialist enterprises and the state caused by the structural and political-ideolo gical dependence of the former upon the latter; the prevalence of ceremonial management; the systematic decoupling of the formal system from actual organ izational practices and behaviours, as well as the disjuncture of the actions of economic units from their consequences. In addition, the structurally generated reliance of socialist firms on rules and hierarchies for or...
Metabolic Adaptations in Modern Human Populations: Evidence, Theory, and Investigation

(((((((((((((((((((When(considering(selective(forces(shaping(human(evolution,(the(importance(of( pregnancy(to(fitness(should(not(be(underestimated.(Although(specific(mortality(factors(may( only(impact(a(fraction(of(the(population,(birth(is(a(funnel(through(which(all(individuals( must(pass.(Human(pregnancy(places(exceptional(energetic,(physical,(and(immunological( demands(on(the(mother(to(accommodate(the(needs(of(the(fetus,(making(the(woman(more( vulnerable(during(this(time(period.(Here,(we(examine(how(metabolic(imbalances,(infectious( diseases,(oxygen(deficiency,(and(nutrient(levels(in(pregnancy(can(exert(selective(pressures( on(women(and(their(unborn(offspring.(Numerous(candidate(genes(under(selection(are( being(revealed(by(nextWgeneration(sequencing,(providing(the(opportunity(to(further(study( the(relationship(between(selection(and(pregnancy.(This(relationship(is(important(to( consider(to(gain(insight(into(recent(human(adaptations(to(unique(diets(and(environments(
Towards Modeling Human Expertise: An Empirical Case Study

The success of TURING Test technologies for system validation depends on the quality of the human expertise behind the system. The authors developed models of collective and individual human expertise, which are shortly outlined here. The focus of the paper is an experimental work aimed at determining the quality of these models. The models have been used for both solving problem cases and rating (other agents’) solutions to these cases. By comparing the models’ solutions and ratings with those of the human original we derived assessments of their quality. An analysis revealed both the general usefulness and some particular weaknesses.
Different but Equal? On the Contribution of Dissident Economists

The availability of publication and citation databases facilitate construction of rankings of economics journals, economists, and departments. Mainstream economists typically find the research questions and methods of heterodox economists dubious, and this reaction creates a bias against heterodox research in peer review, which extends to traditional bibliometric rankings. University administrators interested in improving the quality of the economics department, as conventionally measured, will see heterodox economists as a liability. But establishing the bias of conventional metrics of scholarship quality and the consequences of these biases does not establish the comparable worth of the contributions of dissident economists. This special issue seeks innovated ways to document the relative quality of the contributions of dissident economists.