nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
It's Not So Simple: The Role of Simplicity in Science and Theory.

Paul Tudico, who is largely responsible for my choice to pursue Philosophy. Leslie MacAvoy, without whom I would not be an HID student. Karen Kornweibel, for believing in me. Rebecca Pyles, for believing in me. Gary Henson and Allen Coates, for offering their time to serve as readers. Marie Graves, for her tolerance throughout the innumerable years of my education. 1 1.  Occasionally a term so integrates into our way of thought that we take its implications for granted. Years of use and abuse muddle its meaning and fray the edges of its semantic boundaries. Simple is one such term. Subjectively, what appears simple to one is complex to another; Einstein certainly found particular equations simple that I have not. Simplicity sometimes entices, as with the simple solution, but other times marks incompetence—nobody wants to be called simple. Sometimes simplicity is termed parsimony and other times elegance. Additionally, it is often unclear whether simple maintains connotation in cross-disciplinary dialogue, or whether each camp employs some proprietary notion. Part of the project of philosophy is to bring clarity to confusion; this paper, in a small way, contributes to that cause. Certainly, the most widely known formulation of a principle of simplicity 1 is Ockham's Razor. Though the nomenclature is spurious, given that there is no evidence that Ockham put forth his own axiom of parsimony, 2 he did nonetheless espouse a version of simplicity something like: Plurality is not to be assumed without necessity. Or What can be done with fewer [assumptions] is done in vain with more.  Aquinas echoes this, saying: If a thing can be done adequately by means of one it is superfluous to do it by …
Hypercomputation by definition

Hypercomputation refers to computation surpassing the Turing model, not just exceeding the von Neumann architecture. Algebraic constructions yield a finitely based pseudorecursive equational theory (Internat.  (1996) 457-510). It is not recursive, although for each given number n, its equations in n variables form a recursive set. Hypercomputation is therefore required for an algorithmic answer to the membership problem of such a theory. Yet Alfred Tarski declared these theories to be decidable. The dilemma of a decidable but not recursive set presents an impasse to standard computability theory. One way to break the impasse is to predicate that the theory is computable--in other words, hypercomputation by definition.
Analysis of main control factors and prediction of favorable exploration belts of Chang2 reservoir in Youfangzhuang area,Ordos Basin

Through the all-around analysis of the source rock distribution and evolution,structural characters,favorable facies belts,reservoir characteristics and preservation conditions of Chang2 reservoir in Youfangzhuang area,it is held that hugely thick source rock is the foundation of hydrocarbon accumulation,the thick sandstone at the junction of distributary channels is the primary position for hydrocarbon accumulation,the nose-shape uplift of high closure noses has important control effects on hydrocarbon accumulation,the high-porosity and high-permeability zones formed by large-scale dissolution are the favorable areas for hydrocarbon accumulation,and good cap rock is the important condition for hydrocarbon accumulation.Based on these researches,four favorable exploration zones are found in the studied area:Yuan122-Ding108,Wa101-Yuan106,Ding34-Ding603,Ding57-Ding48 well-blocks.
Reasoning about Procedure Calls with Repeated Arguments and the Reference-Value Distinction

2002 CR Categories: D.2.1 [Software Engineering] Requirements/Specifications languages; D.2.4 [Software Engineering] Software/Program Verification correctness proofs, formal methods, programming by contract, reliability; D.3.1 [Programming Languages] Formal Definitions and Theory semantics; D.3.3 [Programming Languages] Language Constructs and Features Procedures, functions, and subroutines; F.3.1 [Logics and Meanings of Programs] Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs Assertions, logics of programs, preand postconditions, specification techniques; F.3.3 [Logics and Meanings of Programs] Studies of Program Constructs Functional constructs, object-oriented constructs.
Hierarchically Modeling the Component-based Real-time System with Duration Calculus

This paper proposes a new method for hierarchically modeling the component-based real-time system using duration calculus (DC), a real time interval temporal logic. We first define the component using DC, and then describe the component composition and the construction procedure of the real-time system. The most advantage of the proposed approach is that it can formally describe the time characteristic of the component-based system in a hierarchical manner, which can significantly reduce the complexity of the system analysis
Geochemical characteristics of the volcanic rocks from Zhongtanggou area of Mianlue suture zone in South Qinling Mountains and their geological significance

A detailed geological cross-sectional survey was conducted for the volcanic rocks in Zhongtanggou area on the western side of Sanchazi along Mianlue suture zone.The volcanic rocks are mainly greenschist facies metamorphic rocks,which comprise mainly metamorphic andesite rocks and subordinately metamorphic basalt and metamorphic dacite rocks,belonging mainly to the calc-alkaline series.Their REE distribution patterns are characterized by LREE enrichment,right-oblique shape and depletion of Eu.Their trace elements generally have features of enrichment of Cs,Rb and Ba,obvious depletion of Nb and Ta,and slight depletion of P and Ti.Trace elements such as Zr and Hf are relatively stable.In the La- La/Nb,Nb- Nb/Th and La/Yb- Sc/Ni discrimination diagrams,the metamorphic basalt and metamorphic andesite samples mainly fall in the region of island arc volcanic rocks.These characteristics,in combination with features of volcanic rocks,indicate that the volcanic rocks in Zhongtanggou area were formed in a typical tectonic setting of island arc.The authors hold that the material source of metamorphic andesite and metamorphic basalt rocks might have been closely related to a locally depleted area in the mantle wedge with the addition of continental crustal material.The material source of metamorphic dacite was probably related to the partial melting of the crustal granitic magma.
Educating the citizens: Visions of China in late Qing history textbooks

In recent years, the late Qing invention of national history has received considerable attention. Taking a “history of ideas” approach, scholars such as Prasenjit Duara, Rebecca Karl, Xiaobing Tang, Edward Wang, and Ying-shih Yu discuss how late Qing historians adopted foreign concepts such as the nation-state, linear progress, and scientific rationality. This chapter examines the late Qing historical discourse from the perspective of the social and political changes at the turn of the 20th century. Focusing on history textbooks, the author's premise is that the late Qing historical discourse emerged in a critical moment when the Qing government was building a national school system to replace the civil service examinations. Described by Ping-ti Ho as “the ladder of success” for the literati, the civil service examination system had been the main vehicle of social mobility for the educated elite for centuries.  civil service examination; foreign concepts; historical discourse; history textbooks; late Qing; national history; national school system; Qing government
Melbourne desktop drawing

"The work investigates the visual interpretation of history. It contrasts history experienced by the individual as a subjective accumulation of events with other allegorical pictorial traditions linked to master narratives. Research motifs are the place of the subject and the role of witnessing. The work examines the reformulation of vertical pictorial space into a horizontal narrative ground. It examines how the art object integrates into the viewer's experience and considers how site and time construct public and private memory. The exhibition, Greg Creek: The Allegorical Imperative, placed in context and dialogue a range of painting and drawing works which illustrate his ongoing research into relations between political and personal histories, satire, narrative structure and visual languages. The project situates the artefacts of drawing process in an installation context that uses spatial extension and duration to engage the viewer's sense of private incidence in a public space. The work is related to the drawing installation projects of Raymond Pettibon (Contemporary Fine Arts, Berlin, 2008) and Kerry James Marshall (Documenta, kassell, 2007) where drawing styles from the cartoon, through incident to the finished render are employed.  The accompanying catalogue includes an interpretative essay by Juliana Engberg (2003), 'History, Heresey, Hearsay: Greg Creek's Melbourne Desktop Drawing, The Allegorical Imperative: Greg Creek's Slow Homecoming, ACCA,  Published reviews include; Melbourne Herald-Sun 17/9/2003, Melbourne Herald-Sun 8/9/2003, Melbourne Age 20/8/2003, ABC Radio National 31/8/2003; Melbourne Age 23/8/2003, Financial Review 2/8/2003."
David Hume: Prophet of the Counter-Revolution

Though Edmund Burke is usually identified as the first to articulate the principles of a modern conservative political tradition, he was actually preceded by a Scotsman who is better known for espousing a brilliant concept of scepticism. David Hume was undoubtedly the eighteenth-century British writer whose works were most widely known and acclaimed on the Continent during the later Enlightenment period. Hume's impact [in France] was of undeniable importance, greater even for a time than the related influence of Burke, although it represents a contribution to French counter-revolutionary thought which, unlike that of Burke, has been almost totally ignored by historians to this day.
Barbosa, Uniform Polynomial Time Bounds, and Promises

This note is a commentary on, and critique of, Andre Luiz Barbosa's paper entitled "P != NP Proof." Despite its provocative title, what the paper is seeking to do is not to prove P \neq NP in the standard sense in which that notation is used in the literature. Rather, Barbosa is (and is aware that he is) arguing that a different meaning should be associated with the notation P \neq NP, and he claims to prove the truth of the statement P \neq NP in his quite different sense of that statement. However, we note that (1) the paper fails even on its own terms, as due to a uniformity problem, the paper's proof does not establish, even in its unusual sense of the notation, that P \neq NP; and (2) what the paper means by the claim P \neq NP in fact implies that P \neq NP holds even under the standard meaning that that notation has in the literature (and so it is exceedingly unlikely that Barbosa's proof can be fixed any time soon).
The microstructural, surface, optical and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of the semitransparent all-solid-state thin film battery

The microstructural, surface, optical and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of the all-solid-state thin film battery cell were done. Obtained results show that all deposited layers are in polycrystalline form. The crystallite sizes of the layers were calculated by Scherrer equation and its values were found in the range of approximately 10–30 nm. This shows that deposited layers are homogeneous. The fabricated battery is a semitransparent in visible region. According to reflectance graphs, total reflectance of the semitransparent all-solid-state is lower than the value of the un-coated glass substrate reflectance value. The capacity of the manufactured battery cell is approximately 8.3 μAh/cm2. The highly reversibility of charging and discharging of the battery was obtained even after 100 cycles. Ultrahigh coulombic efficiency was obtained approximately 100%. It is concluded that the fabricated battery is proper for the optic and photovoltaic applications and also this battery is proper for the high power applications.
Socio-economic elements in Public Choice research

The sub-discipline of economics called Public Choice, although mainly concerned with selfish or egotistical motives, has been open to socio-economic ideas. This is seen by examining the importance it accords to ideology in explaining the voting behavior of legislators as well as articles and book reviews found in its journal, Public Choice . Most definitions of ideology include its relationship to groups and values. Public Choice's openness to alternative views may be growing. Therefore, it is an area of economics that socio-economists should use as a vehicle to reach traditional economists and make them aware of new models of individual behavior.
Public Bank Guarantees and Allocative Efficiency

In the wake of the recent financial crisis, many governments extended public guarantees to banks. We take advantage of a natural experiment, in which long-standing public guarantees were removed for a set of German banks following a lawsuit, to identify the real effects of these guarantees on the allocation of credit ('allocative efficiency'). Using matched bank/firm data, we find that public guarantees reduce allocative efficiency. With guarantees in place, poorly performing firms invest more and maintain higher rates of sales growth. Moreover, firms produce less efficiently in the presence of public guarantees. Consistently, we show that guarantees reduce the likelihood that firms exit the market. These findings suggest that public guarantees hinder restructuring activities and prevent resources to flow to the most productive uses.
Between Two Worlds: A Critical Introduction to The Master and Margarita

Mikhail Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita" presents the story of Christ's Passion curiously interwoven with a modern love-story, and with the adventures in 20th century Moscow of a mysterious stranger and his obstreperous retinue. Hailed as one of the most important and original works of fiction to have emerged from the Soviet Union, it has been, since its posthumous publication in 1966-7, the subject of immense interest and debate. Dr Barratt's book, the first comprehensive study of Bulgakov's novel in English, begins with an account of its evolution and its reception inside and outside Russia. In the second part, the author puts forward, against the background of other critical approaches, his own interpretation of the key questions - the problem of the stranger's identity, the meaning of the biblical narrative, and the place of "The Master and Margarita" in the European tradition.
Crecimiento económico y acumulación de capital después de Fukushima

The article examines the historical origins of the growth discourse in the 20th century. In order to reveal the social contradictions of growth in a capitalist society it then relates economic growth to the accumulation of capital. It then takes the contradiction between unlimited economic growth and the accumulation of capital on the one hand and of limited ecosystems of the planet (planetary bounderies) on the other hand into consideration. Neither neo-classical nor Keynesian economics are appropriate to understand that economic processes necessarily are processes of transforming energy and matter and therefore of changing the nature of Planet Earth. Natural limits of economic growth therefore only come into the horizon of economic reasoning as a shortage caused by external factors (e. g. “peakoil”) or as a catastrophe like the nuclear disaster of Fukushima. The author concludes by asking whether there are opportunities for a de-growth economy in a capitalist framework. 
 
Key words 
Capitalism, accumulation, ecological limits
The rhetoric of authority in the "New-England Courant" (Volumes I and II)

This study analyses the themes, rhetoric and imagery in the weekly newspaper The New-England Courant published in Boston from 1721 to 1726 by James and Benjamin Franklin and examines the way in which the circle of writers who produced it presented the topic of authority in civil and church politics. James Franklin's printing business found its niche in the already crowded world of Boston printers and booksellers by becoming the first opposition press in the American colonies. As the first printer to publish the Real Whig doctrines of Henry Care, John Trenchard, and Thomas Gordon, Franklin supplied discontented members of the bourgeoisie with rhetorical forms and an historical vision which fostered the growth of the popular or Old Charter Party in the Massachusetts legislature. By adapting the language and social attitudes of the London literary newspapers to conflict with the Eastern Indians during Dummer's War, the Courant created a gendered rhetoric in which Native Americans, blacks, and women were identified as feminine because they relied on oral history rather than print culture. In arguing for their own inclusion in the political and cultural elite, the writers of the Courant advocated the marginalization of these feminine groups, declaring that their emotionalism and enslavement to tradition made them incapable of self-control and unfit for political autonomy. In its reporting of doctrinal controversy within the Congregational churches and conflicts between Protestant sects in New England the Courant supported latitudinarian rationalism and condemned the efforts of Cotton Mather and his supporters to revivify the New England Way. At the same time that they criticized traditional religious practice for mingling rational analysis with emotional symbolism, writers for the paper strongly upheld the democratic traditions of Congregational polity. This study analyzes the content of the Courant in the context of books and pamphlets printed contemporaneously in Boston to show the development of an expanding, secularized public sphere in which the new authority of the newspaper influenced historiography and altered the relationship between ministerial authors and their readership.
Constituting Americans : cultural anxiety and narrative form

Ever since the founders drafted "We the People," "we" have been at pains to work out the contradictions in their formulation, to fix in words precisely what it means to be American. Constituting Americans rethinks the way that certain writers of the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth century contributed to this project; in doing so, it revises the traditional narrative of U.S. literary history, restoring an essential chapter to the story of an emerging American cultural identity. In diverse ways, very different writers—including Frederick Douglass, Herman Melville, Harriet Wilson, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Gertrude Stein—participated in the construction and dissemination of an American identity, but none was entirely at ease in the culture they all helped to define. Evident in their work is a haunting sense of their telling someone else’s story, a discomfort that Priscilla Wald reads in the context of legal and political debates about citizenship and personhood that marked the emergence of the United States as a nation and a world power.

From early-nineteenth-century Supreme Court cases to turn-of-the-century Jim Crow and immigration legislation, from the political speeches of Abraham Lincoln to the historical work of Woodrow Wilson, nation-builders addressed the legal, political, and historical paradoxes of American identity. Against the backdrop of their efforts, Wald shows how works such as Douglass’s autobiographical narratives, Melville’s Pierre , Wilson’s Our Nig , Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folks , and Stein’s The Making of Americans responded, through formal innovations, to the aggressive demands for literary participation in the building of that nation. The conversation that emerges among these literary works challenges the definitions and genres that largely determine not only what works are read, but also how they are read in classrooms in the United States today.

Offering insight into the relationship of storytelling to national identity, Constituting Americans will compel the attention of those with an interest in American literature, American studies, and cultural studies.
Heavy quark production in e gamma scattering

Open heavy flavour production at $e^+e^-$ colliders in deeply inelastic $e\gamma$ scattering has an interesting feature: the structure function $F_2(x,Q^2)$ for this process is calculable for $x>0.01$, and is essentially proportional to the gluon density in the photon for smaller $x$ values. We give estimates for event rates at LEP2 and a Next Linear Collider in $x,Q^2$ bins, and present differential distributions in the transverse momentum and rapidity of the heavy quark for the case of charm. We include all next-to-leading-order QCD corrections, and find theoretical uncertainties are well under control.
Evolution of zirconyl-stearate Langmuir monolayers and the synthesized ZrO2 thin films with pH

ZrO2 thin films have a wide range of applications ranging from photonics, antireflection coatings, and resistive oxygen gas sensors, as a gate dielectric and in high temperature fuel cells. We have used the deposition of zirconyl stearate monolayers followed by their oxidation as a method for the synthesis of zirconium oxide thin films. The zirconyl stearate films have been studied and deposited for first time to the best of our knowledge. The Langmuir monolayers are studied using pressure-Area (π-A) isotherms and oscillatory barrier method. The morphology of the films for limited number of layers was studied with FE-SEM to determine the effect of pH on the final ZrO2 film. The 200 layer deposition films show pure monoclinic phase. The films have a band gap ∼6.0eV with a strong PL emission peak is at 490 nm and a weak peak is at 423 nm. So the films formed by this deposition method are suitable for luminescent applications