nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
GPDL: a framework-independent problem definition language for grammar-guided genetic programming

Defining custom problem types in genetic programming (GP) software systems is a tedious task that usually involves the implementation of custom classes and methods including framework-specific code. Users who want to solve a custom problem have to know the details of the targeted framework, for instance cloning semantics, and often have to write a lot of boilerplate code in order to implement the necessary functionality correctly. This can lead to frustration and hinders new developments and the application of GP to solve interesting problems.
 In this contribution we propose a framework-independent definition language for GP problems that can reduce the required effort and facilitate the integration of new problem types. We draw a parallel between the implementation of compilers for programming languages and the implementation of GP problems and reuse the well-established concept of attributed grammars with semantic actions to define computational symbols, semantics and structural constraints for GP. This goes beyond previous work in the area of context-free-grammar GP and grammatical evolution, because we also interweave the definition of symbol semantics and the target function with the definition of the grammar.
 This paper describes the proposed GP problem definition language (GPDL) and exemplary definitions of two popular benchmark problems using GPDL. We also describe a reference implementation of a GPDL compiler for HeuristicLab.
The diva is/in the organization: exploring personal/interpersonal/organizational dynamics and their enactment

The authors discuss the diva syndrome, as a particular combination of avoidant and narcissistic personality disorder was dubbed by the self-help group for artists that defined it. The diva syndrome in this group was an unconscious enactment between the underlying dynamics of the founder and many of the members of the board of directors, which had been chosen by her. This enactment was subverting both the successful functioning of the organization and the possibility of an orderly succession of leadership. The authors describe their efforts to help the organization, its founder, and its board of directors acknowledge and work through the enactment, and learn to take the diva syndrome constructively into account while planning the group's next phase of growth and development.
Supersymmetry and Supergroups in Stochastic Quantum Physics

Supersymmetry was first applied to high energy physics. In the early eighties, it found a second and very fruitful field of applications in stochastic quantum physics. This relates to Random Matrix Theory, the topic I focus on in this contribution. I review several aspects of more mathematical interest, in particular, supersymmetric extensions of the Itzykson– Zuber and the Berezin–Karpelevich group integral, supersymmetric harmonic analysis and generalized Gelfand–Tzetlin constructions for the supergroup U(k1/k2). The consequences for the representation theory for supergroups are also addressed.
Dancing the “Waterloo Waltz”: Commemorations of the Hundred Days – Parallels in British Social Dance and Song

Collections of country dance tunes and their accompanying steps, which were churned out each year by early nineteenth-century British music publishers, routinely included dances named after contemporary military figures and events. Although previous scholarship has recognized popular songs of the Napoleonic Wars as being important markers of political sentiments amongst wider British society, commemorative dances have not yet been subject to in-depth investigation. This essay explores parallels between commemorative dances and contemporary popular songs in their commentary on the Napoleonic Wars (particularly Waterloo) and considers how such dances contributed to shaping peoples’ responses, evocations, and memories of war.
Approximations by OBDDs and the variable ordering problem

Ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs) and their variants are motivated by the need to represent Boolean functions in applications. Research concerning these applications leads also to problems and results interesting from a theoretical point of view. In this paper, methods from communication complexity and information theory are combined to prove that the direct storage access function and the inner product function have the following property. They have linear π-OBDD size for some variable ordering π and, for most variable orderings π′ all functions which approximate them on considerably more than half of the inputs, need exponential π′-OBDD size. These results have implications for the use of OBDDs in experiments with genetic programming.
H. G. J. as a Chronicler of the Keynesian Revolution: His Search of a Non Revolutionary Account

Repeatedly throughout his career, and especially when giving special invited lectures to national gatherings of economists, Harry Johnson reexamined the impact of Keynes's "General Theory" and its parallels with the revival of the quantity theory of money. This paper explores Johnson's changing view of the recent history of macroeconomics and particularly of the Keynesian Revolution, a term that he found problematic.
Solving linear ordinary differential systems in hyperexponential extensions

Let F be a differential field generated from the rational functions over some constant field by one hyperexponential extension. We present an algorithm to compute the solutions in Fn of systems of n first-order linear ODEs. Solutions in F of a scalar ODE of higher order can be determined by an algorithm of Bronstein and Fredet. Our approach avoids reduction to the scalar case. We also give examples to show how this can be applied to integration.
New Science, Old Order: the gardens of the Great Rebellion

The trial of King Charles I for a constitutional crime, essentially a crime of ideas, and his subsequent public execution in the heart of his capital left England in an intellectual ferment. In the political uncertainty of the next four years social, economic and religious opinions of the most extreme description flourished. This was the actively "revolutionary" period of the Great Rebellion, the time between 1649 and 1652 when sects like the Quakers, Levellers and Fifth Monarchy Men expressed theories that might have seemed bizarre even in the France of 1789-92.
Protective infrared antireflection coating based on sputtered germanium carbide

This paper describes optical, durablility and environmental performance of a germanium carbide based durable antireflection 
coating. The coating has been demonstrated on germanium and zinc selenide infra-red material however is 
applicable to other materials such as zinc sulphide. 
The material is deposited using a novel reactive closed field magnetron sputtering technique, offering significant 
advantages over conventional evaporation processes for germanium carbide such as plasma enhanced chemical vapour 
deposition. The sputtering process is "cold", making it suitable for use on a wide range of substrates. Moreover, the 
drum format provide more efficient loading for high throughput production. 
The use of the closed field and unbalanced magnetrons creates a magnetic confinement that extends the electron mean 
free path leading to high ion current densities. The combination of high current densities with ion energies in the range 
~30eV creates optimum thin film growth conditions. As a result the films are dense, spectrally stable, supersmooth and 
low stress. Films incorporate low hydrogen content resulting in minimal C-H absorption bands within critical infra-red 
passbands such as 3 to 5um and 8 to 12um. 
Tuning of germanium carbide (Ge (1-x) C x ) film refractive index from pure germanium (refractive index 4) to pure 
germanium carbide (refractive index 1.8) will be demonstrated. Use of film grading to achieve single and dual band 
anti-reflection performance will be shown. Environmental and durability levels are shown to be suitable for use in harsh 
external environments.
Anti-Catholicism in Germany, Britain, and the United States: A Review and Critique of Recent Scholarship

The past two decades have seen an efflorescence of works exploring cultural anti-Catholicism in a variety of national contexts. But so far, historians have engaged in little comparative analysis. This article is a first step, examining recent historical literature on modern British and American anti-Catholicism, in order to trace the similarities and distinctiveness of the turn-of-the-century German case. Historians are most likely to be acquainted with American nativism, the German Kulturkampf , continental anticlericalism, and the problems of Catholic Emancipation and the Irish Question in Britain. Many of the themes and functions of anti-Catholic discourse in the West transcended national and temporal boundaries. In each case, the conceptualization of a Catholic ‘other’ is a testament to the tenacity of confessionalism in an age formerly characterized as one of inexorable secularization. Contemporary observers often agreed that religious culture—like history, race, ethnicity, geography, and local custom—played a role in the self-evident distinctiveness of peoples and nations, in their political forms, economic performance, and intellectual and artistic contributions. We will see how confessionalism remained a lens through which intellectuals and ordinary citizens, whether attached or estranged from religious commitments, viewed political, economic, and cultural change.
Constraints on Scalar-Tensor Theories of Gravity from Density Perturbations in Inflationary Cosmology

Spectra of density perturbations produced during chaotic inflation in scalartensor theories of gravity are calculated, taking both adiabatic and isocurvature modes into account. Comparing the predicted spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropies with the one observed by the COBE-DMR we calculate constraints on the parameters of these theories, which turn out to be stronger by an order-of-magnitude than those obtained from post-Newtonian experiments. PACS numbers: 04.50+h,98.80.-k Typeset using REVTEX e-mail: chiba@yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp 1
Evaluating the effect of resident involvement on physician productivity in an academic general internal medicine practice.

To estimate the effect of resident involvement across three years of resident training in a general internal medicine practice on the productivity of faculty physicians at Rush University Medical Center.



Productivity was measured by work relative value units (RVUs) per clinical full-time equivalent attending physician generated in the ambulatory practice between July 2004 and June 2005. Random-effects linear regression models were used to estimate the impact of resident involvement by year of resident on attending physician productivity, controlling for faculty physician demographic characteristics.



Resident involvement significantly reduced physician productivity. Each first-year resident was associated with a loss of 0.81 work RVUs per attending physician per four-hour clinic session. Each second-year and third-year resident was associated with a loss of 0.88 work RVUs and 0.49 work RVUs per attending physician per session, respectively. The loss per resident per session translated into a loss of 2,447 work RVUs for the year for the practice.



Physician productivity significantly decreased with resident involvement, but the impact varied across resident training years. The loss in productivity for the year was $164,000 in revenue or $49 per resident per session. Results of this study provide insight into the importance of considering teaching responsibilities when establishing productivity targets, particularly in practices where the level of teaching involvement varies across faculty physicians. External benchmarks with other general internal medicine practices would be more accurate when resident teaching responsibilities are accounted for.
Nonlinear Stability of Homogeneous Models in Newtonian Cosmology

We consider the Vlasov‐Poisson system in a cosmological setting as studied in [18] and prove nonlinear stability of homogeneous solutions against small, spatially periodic perturbations in the L∞‐norm of the spatial mass density. This result is connected with the question of how large scale structures such as galaxies have evolved out of the homogeneous state of the early universe.
'Learning' or 'coercive' firms? Foreign investment, restructuring transforming economies and the case of ABB Poland

Literature on the learning firm in the context of the knowledge economy predicts that benefits will be derived from local clustering, and that there will be more consensual and enriching work within firms. This article critically examines the concept of the learning firm in the context of foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern Europe, and Poland in particular. It examines the way in which firms access knowledge both through external networks and internal reorganisation. The case study of Asea Brown Boveri's (ABB) brownfield investment in Poland is used to interrogate the notion of learning in the context of crossing national boundaries. The conclusion drawn from the literature and the case study is that tacit knowledge elicited from localities is strategic and selective. Learning through internal restructuring is much more to do with coercion from internal competition than consensual relations within the firms.
The Mechanical Property of TiN Film Deposited on N+-Implanted Aluminum by Magnetron Sputtering

The effect of a AlN gradient interlayer on the surface mechanical properties was investigated by nano-indentation for the TiN film on N+-implanted Al substrate. The AlN interlayer, 80nm thick measured by Auger Electron Spectrometer (AES), was formed by high energy N+-implantation prior to magnetron sputtering the TiN film in our custom designed multifunctional ion implanter. The nanohardness of N+-implanted aluminum was 450HV at extremely small depth, but quickly decreased to a constant value (65HV). The hardness and Young’s modulus of the TiN film on two different substrates, one with and the other without N+-implantation, kept almost constant up to a small depth of 200nm, and then decreased to the values of the Al substrate with increasing indentation depth, but with a lower decreasing rate for the N+-implanted system. It was found from the load-displacement curves that the interfaces cracked when the indentation load was 38mN for the N+-implanted system, while 18mN for the unimplanted system. Therefore the N+- implantation improved the surface mechanical properties significantly.
Redox chemistry of complexes of nickel(II) with some biologically important peptides in the presence of reduced oxygen species: an ESR study.

The reactions between some Ni(II) oligopeptides (Gly-His-Lys, (Gly)4, Asp-Ala-His-Lys, Gly-Gly-His, beta Ala-His, and serum albumin) and reduced oxygen species have been characterized by spin-trapping experiments using DMPO and Me2SO. Most of the peptides possessed superoxide dismutase- and catalase-like activities leading to the formation of either oxene [NiO]2+ or, in the case of beta Ala-His, hydroxyl radicals. Both these species may affect DNA integrity through distinct mechanisms.
Computer Science And Graduate Education In Applied Mathematics

The term “applied mathematics” in the title and throughout this discussion includes all areas of the mathematical sciences rather than just classical applied mathematics.
 The comments in this paper are derived from two primary sources: an ad hoc committee formed at Clemson to investigate the interface between the mathematical sciences and computer science and ideas developed in the implementation of Clemson's NSF grant “An Alternative in Higher Education in the Mathematical Sciences.” The ideas gleaned from the grant activity were developed through actual experience and through comments from many of the departmental visitors supported by the grant, especially those sixty or so conferees from industry, government, and academia who participated in the grant-sponsored conference, “Graduate Programs in the Applied Mathematical Sciences: Perspectives and Prospects”[24].
An Empirical Study on Factors of Concentration in Taiwan Manufacturing Industry

According to the industrial economics, the more firms enter, the more competitive a market becomes. Thus, it fosters the remaining firms become much productive under the assumption of other things being equal. Studying on how the extent of competition in markets influences the entry of firms, therefore, is a critical issue. On the other hand, the industrial economics reveals that the extent of competition may also impact the entry of firm. That is, there is an interaction relationship between the entry of firms and the extent of competition. Preceding related articles, however, focus either on the influence of firm entry on the competition, or on the effect of competition on firm entry. Consequently, this paper will examine the interactions between firm entry and competition to comprehend the influence of firm entry on the competition, and to analyze the factors of firm entry. By means of Taiwan manufacturing census data in 1986-1996, this paper examines the relation between firm entry and competition in 1986-1991 and in 1991-1996, respectively. The subjects of study are the number of firms that began operations, four-firm concentration ratio, and price-cost margins. The regressions of entry-determined equation and competitive variation equation are created, and 2SLS is employed to analyze the relation between firm entry and competition of Taiwan manufacturing industry.
CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

This paper is an exposition into the conceptual and methodological approaches to the study of comparative public administration. Essentially, the comparative approach to public administration has serious inclination to research and theory-building. It similarly promises to take public administration closer to the scientific status/destination which it desperately covets through empiricism. The ingredients and procedures for attaining this were articulated in this paper. Some of the theories and models considered useful in analysing administrative / political systems were also identified and discussed in the paper
Мужчина глазами мужчины в современном русском шансоне

This article presents a gender portrait of a man as seen in modern “male” Russian chanson. Two types of such portrait are identified: the lyrical one that is reconstructed on the basis of the songwriter’s self-expression and the objective one that develops when the songwriter looks at a man as another. In these circumstances, a man appears as a philosopher striving to comprehend life and his place in it.
Do church-based social relationships influence social relationships in the secular world?

This study has three specific aims. The first is to see if social relationships in the church influence social relationships in the secular world. Data from a longitudinal nationwide survey provide support for this view. The second goal is to see if church-based social relationships are more likely to arise from church teachings at worship services or through informal reinforcement by fellow church members (as assessed by spiritual support). The findings suggest that informal spiritual support is more likely than attendance at worship services to bolster social relationships in the church. The third goal is to explore the influence of race. The results reveal that African Americans and Caucasian Americans get the same amount of support from secular social network members. However, the data further reveal that secular social ties among African Americans can be attributed to the social relationships they maintain in the church, but the same is not true for Caucasian Americans.
Software Engineering as a Profession: Industry and Academia Working Together

The question of Software Engineering (SE) as a "profession" is really a complex question-several questions in one. There are at least two sets of questions embedded here; one set is related to "profession" and the other set is related to the "maturity" of the practice of SE.  Two relevant senses of "profession" are confused in this discussion. There is a generic sense of "professional approach to work" seen in the concern to produce the highest quality product, to produce a safe, durable, usable product which meets stakeholder needs. The second sense of "Profession" includes the first sense of profession along with a series of criteria specified by statute. For example, the legal use of the title "Professional Engineer" in the United States requires the practitioner to have completed a prescribed curriculum at an accredited institution, passed tests, completed an apprenticeship, and passed further tests. The end result of this process is a license. From discussions I have heard about SE as a profession, I believe there is another confusion about the question. The question is sometimes interpreted as "Can SE become a profession? Is it capable of becoming a profession?" and the question is sometimes interpreted as "Should SE become a profession?" Some answer the first version of the question by saying, "SE cannot become a profession because it is immature." Some answer the second version of the question by saying "Becoming a profession will freeze technology and not guarantee quality software." The discussion is made clearer by distinguishing the four
Reaction of apple pectin modified by pharmacophores, with copper(II) cations

The reaction of apple pectin modified by organic pharmacophores (nicotinic, salicylic, 5-aminosalicylic, and anthranilic acids) with Cu(II) cations was studied by spectral methods. The compositions of the complexes were determined and their stability constants, as well as the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0, ΔG0, ΔS0) of the complex formation were calculated. The structure of the drug in the polymeric ligand was found to affect certain physicochemical properties of the metal complexes.
Compact representation of polynomials for algorithms for computing Gröbner and involutive bases

In the computation of involutive and Gröbner bases with rational coefficients, the major part of the memory is occupied by precision numbers; however, in the case of modular operations (especially, in the computation of Gröbner bases), of most importance is the problem of compact representation of monomials composing polynomials of the system. For this purpose, for example, ZDD diagrams and other structures are used, which make execution of typical operations—multiplication by a monomial and reduction of polynomials—more complicated. In this paper, an attempt is made to develop convenient (in the sense of computation of bases) and compact representation of polynomials that is based on hash-tables. Results of test runs are presented.
Hybrid metric-Palatini gravity

Recently, the phenomenology of f(R) gravity has been scrutinized. This scrutiny has been motivated by the possibility to account for the self-accelerated cosmic expansion without invoking dark energy sources. Besides, this kind of modified gravity is capable of addressing the dynamics of several self-gravitating systems alternatively to the presence of dark matter. It has been established that both metric and Palatini versions of these theories have interesting features but also manifest severe and different downsides. A hybrid combination of theories, containing elements from both these two formalisms, turns out to be also very successful accounting for the observed phenomenology and is able to avoid some drawbacks of the original approaches. This article reviews the formulation of this hybrid metric-Palatini approach and its main achievements in passing the local tests and in applications to astrophysical and cosmological scenarios, where it provides a unified approach to the problems of dark energy and dark matter.