nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Raman scattering of nitrogen incorporated diamond thin films grown by hot filament chemical vapor deposition

A detailed Raman scattering analysis of nitrogen incorporated polycrystalline diamond thin films grown using NH 3 /CH 4 /H 2 gas mixture in hot filament chemical vapor deposition system is presented. To understand the nitrogen bonding configuration in these films, diamond films are grown by replacing H 2 with D 2 in the gas mixture. The Raman peak observed at ~1190 cm −1 showed an isotopic shift to ~830 cm −1 upon replacing H 2 with D 2 in the gas mixture. With the present Raman analysis, the peak at ~1190 cm −1 is assigned to C N H. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy revealed the abundance of nitrogen in the sub-surface region of the annealed diamond thin films.
Geologic Investigations in the Cayman Trough: Evidence for Thin Oceanic Crust along the Mid-Cayman Rise

The Mid-Cayman Rise is a 110 km long accreting plate boundary (~ 2cm/yr, full rate) characterized by a deep rift valley. Eighteen transponder-navigated dives were made by the submersible ALVIN along the rift valley walls in two areas on opposite sides of the rift valley. The relief of the walls is produced by a large number of inward facing small-throw fault escarpments with vertical displacements ranging from a few tens of meters to perhaps as much as 400 m. From these escarpments 142 samples were collected, and gabbroic rocks (116 samples), characterized by a wide range of compositions and a complex metamorphic history, predominate in number over other rock types (basalt, serpentinized ultramafic). We interpret the assemblage of rocks exposed on the escarpments to indicate that a shallow level magma reservoir exists beneath the axis of accretion at the Mid-Cayman Rise and creates anomalously thin oceanic crust with a carapace of only several hundreds of meters of diabase and basalt. This carapace is und...
Divergence of soft photon number and absence of ground state for Nelson's model

We treat Nelson’s Hamiltonian HN(κ) under the infrared singularity condition [Ar, (3.14)]. HN(κ) describes a system of a quantum particle moving on the 3-dimensional Euclidean space R3 under the influence of an external potential V and interacting with a massless scalar Bose field. Betz et al. showed in [BHLMS, (6.7)] that soft photon number for Nelson’s Hamiltonian with external potentials in the Kato class diverges under the infrared singularity condition. On the other hand, Lőrinczi et al. showed in [LMS, Theorem 4.5] that in 3-dimensional Euclidean space there is no ground state of Nelson’s Hamiltonian with the confining external potential under the infrared singularity condition. To prove both of the two results in [BHLMS, LMS], functional-integral manner is used. In this paper, with an operator-theoretical method we also give an explicit estimate of soft photon number divergence, which is our secondary purpose. Moreover, with this method we improve the result by Lőrinczi et al. so that our result can accept the Coulomb potential and eliminate the restriction on the coupling constant. That is our main purpose in this paper. Following physical intuition, if soft photon number for the Hamiltonian of a system diverges, we expect that the Hamiltonian has no ground state in the standard state space constructed from the Fock space. And another representation is required of us to describe the system, which is known as the Bloch-Nordsiek theorem in physics [BN]. We are interested in proving in mathematics that the divergence of soft photons implies absence of ground state in the standard state space, and we tried it in [AHH] from an operator-theoretical point of view. Because in [AHH] we treated general models in some degree, we could not entirely kick out ground states from the standard state space under the infrared singularity condition. Developing the way employed in [AHH] with some techniques in [BFS, GLL, HHS] and applying them to Nelson’s Hamiltonian, we achieve our purposes. The success in proving the finite bound of soft photon number [BFS, GLL, HHS] is in the following two steps. We first show that
How Plea Bargaining Shapes Intensive Probation Supervision Policy Goals

The typical primary goal of recent intensive probation supervision (IPS) programs is to serve as an alternative to incarceration (ATI) in response to prison crowding. Yet the history of such alternative efforts reveals that they generally underachieve in terms of that goal. This study suggests that this finding applies to IPS initiatives as well. Drawing on focused interviews with court officials in Illinois, it offers an organizational explanation for the shortfall. ATI initiatives have not adequately attended to the decision-making dynamics and organizational contexts that produce criminal sentences. In particular, they have not taken account of either the resilience of courtroom work groups in resisting external influences on their choices or their resourcefulness in incorporating new sentencing options into the local culture of plea negotiation and sentencing.
Different voices : understanding current issues in Japan and the world

Ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃ Ｉｓｓｕｅｓ（外国人が見たもう１つの日本；家庭内暴力と戦う日本女性；変わりつつある日韓関係；環境保護とリサイクル；少子化対策 ほか） Ｗｏｒｌｄ Ｉｓｓｕｅｓ（戦場の子供たち；アメリカ人と銃；イスラムの心・女性の身体；アフガニスタンの窮状；アメリカにおける人種差別 ほか）
Phenomenological Account of Religious Experience

History of philosophy is built upon rigid discrimination between various human experiences. Human experiences are divided mainly into two major experiences: Perceptual and intelectual. Perceptual experience is deined by empiricism as an aposteriori experience of empirical sensations. Meanwhile, rationalism claims that the only acceptable experience is apriori experience of intelectual object (natural laws, mathematical equations and logical operations). There is no other experience outside those two philosophical account of experiences. All other experiences must be subsumed either within perceptual or intelectual experience.
A Formative Evaluation of a Comprehensive Search System for Medical Professionals

Medical doctors need rapid and accurate answers, which they cannot easily find with current search systems. This paper describes a formative evaluation of a comprehensive search system for medical professionals. The study was designed to guide system development. The system features included search in text and 2D images, machine translated summaries of search results, as well as query disambiguation and suggestion features, and a comprehensive search user interface. The study design emphasizes qualitative user feedback, based on realistic simulated work tasks and data collection with spontaneous and prompted self-report, written and spoken feedback in response to questionnaires, was well as audio and video recordings, and log files. Results indicate that this is a fruitful approach to uncovering problems and eliciting requirements that would be harder to find in a component-based evaluation testing each feature separately.
Interacting Explicit Evidence Systems

Logic of proofs 
$\mathsf{LP}$
, introduced by S. Artemov, originally designed for describing properties of formal proofs, now became a basis for the theory of knowledge with justification (cf. S. Artemov, Evidence-based common knowledge, Technical report TR–2004018, CUNY Ph.D. Program in Computer Science, 2005). So far, in epistemic systems with justification the corresponding “evidence part”, even for multi-agent systems, consisted of a single explicit evidence logic. In this paper we introduce logics describing two interacting explicit evidence systems. We find an appropriate formalization of the intended semantics and prove the completeness of these logics with respect to both symbolic and arithmetical models. Also, we find the forgetful projections for the two-agent justification logics which are extensions of the bimodal logic 
$\mathsf{S4}^{2}$
.
Deposition of diamond films on SiO/sub 2/ surface using high power microwave enhanced chemical vapor deposition process

Diamonds were successfully nucleated on SiO/sub 2/-coated silicon substrates using high power microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Nucleation rate on SiO/sub 2/ surface (i.e., 0.5/spl times/10/sup 10/ cm/sup -2/) is, however, still smaller than that on Si surface (i.e., 1.0/spl times/10/sup 10/ cm/sup -2/). The growth of diamonds behaved similarly on the pre-nucleated surface, regardless of the nature of the substrates. Diamonds were of single grain columnar structure with random orientation when deposited without bias and were of multigrain columnar structure with [001] preferred orientation when deposited under -100 VDC bias. Multigrain columnar structure was ascribed to the induction of secondary nucleation at the presence of bias voltage.
"The philosophy of nature and the grotto in the Renaissance garden", [w:] "Journal of Garden History" IX, 1989, nr 2, Małgorzata Szafrańska : [recenzja].

During the Renaissance, the garden moves away from an involvement with weighty ethico-religious metaphors in order to discover new spheres of subject matter. After the earthly paradise, the locus amoenus, the viridarium of the Virgin Mary, and the garden of Christ's agony, the time had come for a different way of formulating the symbolic properties of the garden. This change involved the two basic problems of the garden: space and subject matter. The garden came to be considered as a model of a specific space: a city, a region, the world, the Cosmos. Additionally, the very rapid developments in natural sciences, in the philosophy of nature and in methods of investigating natural processes led to the exhaustion of existing concepts of the laws of nature, and thence to the elaboration of allegorical schemas inspired by such methods of working with and upon nature as the arts of gardening and agriculture.
Molecular Biology and Human Nature: Joshua Lederberg On the Complexity of DNA

“Molecular biology” is viewed by some as the most arcane of scientific specialties spawned in recent history. At the same time its practical importance for human affairs is recognized today even on Wall Street, and it has made possible an extraordinary coordination and simplification of our views of biology. To appreciate this requires some patience and self-confidence on the part of the, reader. Perhaps even more demanding is the writer’s obligation to strip away nonessential technicalities and jargon to the minimum needed to convey the core advances of recent research. In fact this is possible, as never before, precisely because of the scope of new scientific understanding. Molecular biology is just biochemistry in modern dress, doing homage to broader aspects of biology that connect closely with chemistry, as well as comprising studies that use the most rigorous of chemical procedures. Thus the molecular biologist is likely to be familiar with the electron microscope, to delve into the intimate structures of cells, to be acquainted with a variety of living organisms in natural history, and to view them in terms of their evolutionary relationships. The traditional specializations of zoology, botany and microbiology are viewed as impediments by molecular biologists, since most of the fundamental principles are common to all life on earth. The chemical substances that are most important in cells are DNA, RNA, and proteins-rather complex aggregates or polymers of simpler units. “DNA” is so central to our discussion that we can hardly avoid defining it, and explain the acronym “DeoxyriboNucleic Acid”, as also “RNA”, or “RiboNucleic Acid”. These nucleic acids were discovered almost 120 years ago by Friedrich Miescher, as gummy constituents of pus cells. Evidence accumulated that DNA was mainly found in the nuclei of cells (hence the name). RNA was mainly found outside the nucleus, but was chemically related to DNA, containing a certain sugar (ribose) in place of the deoxyribose found in DNA. So a rather intricate history of the unfolding of knowledge is buried in these acronyms. If you are so persuaded, it is
Cognitive Load and Alternative Conceptions in Learning Genetics: Effects from Provoking Confusion

Only recently has cognitive load theory been applied in conceptual change approaches. To the authors' knowledge, theirs is the first study to examine the effects on students' cognitive load of an approach contrary to a refutation text design. The authors combined computer and textbook instruction with involving alternative conceptions (ACs) to instruct 398 ninth-grade students. They determined the number of scientific conceptions learned within a pretest, posttest, and retention test design while measuring the students' mental effort during the instruction. The groups whose instruction involved ACs did not show any significant long-term increase in the number of scientific conceptions learned compared to the control group. The textbook instruction with ACs resulted in the students unnecessarily investing higher mental effort. Further research is needed to clarify the effect.
Explaining Corporate Governance: Boards, Bylaws, and Charter Provisions

We provide arguments and present evidence that corporate governance structures are endogenous responses to the costs and benefits firms face when they choose the mechanisms that comprise those structures. In particular, an industry's investment opportunities, product uniqueness, competitive environment, information environment, and leverage help explain its corporate governance. Examining groups of similar corporate governance mechanisms shows that firm and industry factors can have quite different associations (in strength and direction) with the monitoring capabilities of the board of directors versus the shareholder orientation of corporate charter provisions. Although industry factors play a dominant role in explaining an index of total governance, we find that firm and industry factors contribute almost equally in explaining the variation of sub-indices capturing aspects of board structure and charter provision use.
Middle to late Jurassic felsic and mafic magmatism in southern Hunan province, southeast China: Implications for a continental arc to rifting

Extensive middle to late Jurassic felsic and mafic magmatism occurred in the southern Hunan province, southeast China. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating, mineral chemical, element geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data have been determined for these rocks. The results indicate that the middle Jurassic (178–170 Ma) Changchengling and Ningyuan basaltic rocks belong to tholeiitic series and alkaline series, respectively, and were formed by fractional crystallization of the parent magmas that were derived from partial melting of asthenospheric mantle triggered by the slab-released fluids of the subducted Paleo-Pacific plate. The late Jurassic (152–146 Ma) Daoxian basalts and Guiyang lamprophyre dikes are low-Ti, high-Mg potassic rocks. They were derived directly by partial melting of shallower (60–100 km) lithospheric mantle composed of amphibole- and phlogopite-bearing lherzolite in response to thermal perturbations associated with the rifting of continental arc. The middle Jurassic (164 Ma) Tongshanling granitic rocks belong to calc-alkaline series and are strongly peraluminous. They were formed by partial melting of Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary basement in the lower-crust plus additional input from coeval basaltic magma. The late Jurassic (156 Ma) Jinjiling and Xishan granitic rocks show A 2 subtype affinity. They were generated by partial melting of granulitized Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic basement in the lower crust in response to injection of coeval low-Ti, high-Mg potassic magmas. A moderate degree (56–58%) of fractionation of these pure crustal melts could account for more felsic end-member of granitic rocks. Detailed petrologic and geochemical data for the middle to late Jurassic felsic and mafic rocks from the southern Hunan imply that during the middle Jurassic time SE China on the southeast of the Shi-Hang zone was a continental arc coupled with the subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate and since the beginning of late Jurassic time an intra-arc rift has been formed along the Shi-Hang zone as a consequence of slab roll-back.
Hyperpolarised organic phosphates as NMR reporters of compartmental pH.

Organic phosphate metabolites contain functional groups with pKa values near the physiologic pH range, yielding pH-dependent (13)C chemical shift changes of adjacent quaternary carbon sites. When formed in defined cellular compartments from exogenous hyperpolarised (13)C substrates, metabolites can thus yield localised pH values and correlations of organelle pH and catalytic activity.
Passé et présent : l'actualité du débat sur les classes sociales dans l'historiographie marxiste anglaise

Francois Poirier, Past and Present : the relevance of the debate on class in English Marxist historiography ; This paper examines the relationship between immediate political change and theoretical developments in Marxist-influenced history. Beginning with the debate of the 1970s on the 19th c. Labour Aristocracy, it covers the debate of the early 1980s on the labour process, which reconsidered the content and role of class formation and behaviour. As this challenge to the accepted outlook on the cultural formation of the working class was also rooted in iconoclastic revisiting of the Industrial Revolution, the latest debates "rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution" (late 1980s onward), are explored. Developments in oral history are then reviewed, as well as their implications respecting gender and class in the reconstruction of the past. Such questions lead on to a study of the debate on language and class, while the dual role of Birmingham's "cultural studies" and of History Workshop is assessed within this debate, as well as its articulation with some of the latest research on popular representations. Throughout these polemics, a marked shift away from the centrality of class is evidenced at the same time as a similar shift occurs in present-day political discourse and socio-economic structure.
Depolarization of the Client's Moral Position as a Method of Psychological Consultation

In an earlier article we attempted to construct a universal psychotherapeutic theory. On the basis of an analysis of the works of Freud (1923), Carl Rogers (1965), and V. Frankel (1990), we distinguished some universal principles in explaining the mechanisms of formation of neurotic symptoms and formulated, in a more general way, the principal goal of psychotherapy of neuroses (Kapustin, 1993). We also showed that these principles can be used to explain the mechanisms of a broader range of clients' problems in psychological consultation (Kapustin, 1994). We regarded the purpose of a psychological consultation for this range of problems as a somewhat universal one, independent of the content of the problems or of the symptoms accompanying their mental disorders. Further development of our theory will inevitably require the development of a technique of consultation that fits the language and the concepts of the given theory.
Grammars of Faith: A Critical Evaluation of D.Z. Phillips's Philosophy of Religion

D. Z. Phillips is a leading figure in advocating a Wittgensteinian approach to the philosophical study of religion. His writings exert an important influence on contemporary philosophy of religion, giving a new direction to the philosophical discussion of religious belief and practice. Although his work has prompted much - often critical - comment, a thorough investigation has not been forthcoming. A"Grammars of FaithA" fills that gap. The book pays close attention to Wittgenstein's own remarks on religious belief, arranging them against the background of his broader philosophical methodology, as well as to the efforts of the early Wittgensteinians at providing a more comprehensive Wittgensteinian philosophy of religion. Central to this study are Phillips's understanding of philosophical enquiry as a form of contemplation, and his descriptive accounts of religious belief. By means of a careful and methodical examination of Phillips's oeuvre, the study seeks to present a fair assessment of Phillips's position, showing not only its weaknesses, but also its strength.
Language engineering in the service of civil society

The idea of civil society encountered the difficulties when realized that 
 religious and cultural image of countries that are inspired by this ideology 
 has become complex. That why the ideologues of this project concluded that 
 the idea of nation, religion, history and culture should be rearranged in 
 order to create a common culture. In this sense, it became clear that the 
 current understanding of patriotism, nation, nationalism, chauvinism ... have 
 to be changed in order to promote new meaning of those words with goal to 
 create new society.
High-performance computer graphics technologies in engineering applications

The purpose of this paper is to investigate possibilities to adopt state-of-the-art computer graphics technologies for big data visualization in engineering applications. Toward this purpose, a conceptual heterogeneous system is proposed for graphical rendering, which is established with multiple central processing unit cores and multiple graphics processing unit GPUs. 
 
 
 
 
The design of the system supports both general-purpose computation and graphics-related computation. Three processing components are discussed to fulfill the execution requirements in load balancing, data streaming and display. This design fully uses computational and memory resources and enhances the performance with the support of GPU-based parallelization. 
 
 
 
 
The advantages and disadvantages of particular technical methods for each processing component are discussed. The possible ways to integrate them are analyzed. 
 
 
 
 
This work has contributions of using computer graphics technologies in engineering applications.
Nuclear structure functions at small x in multiple scattering approaches

A simple model for nuclear structure functions in the region of small $x$ and small and moderate $Q^2$, is presented. It is a parameter-free extension, in the Glauber-Gribov approach to nuclear collisions, of a saturation model for the nucleon. A reasonable agreement with experimental data on ratios of nuclear structure functions is obtained. The unintegrated gluon distribution and the behavior of the saturation scale which result from this model are discussed.
Melancholy Experience in Literature of the Long Eighteenth Century

This book arises out of a major research project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, on depression in the eighteenth century. It discusses the experience of depressive states both in terms of existing modes of thought and expression, and in terms of individual attempts to describe and live with suffering. Different chapters, each by an authority in the field, look at depression, or, in the terms of the time, melancholy, spleen and hypochondria, as it is reflected in medical writing, philosophical writing, poetry, in the novel and in autobiographical writing, this last based on material which is currently unpublished. The book concludes by comparing eighteenth-century medical practice with contemporary structures for treating the depressed, and by asking what present-day society can learn about depression and its treatment from the experience of this previous era.
Building an undergraduate robotics laboratory serving the STEM curriculum

Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU) Software Engineering program has developed over recent years a sophisticated undergraduate software engineering lab for use in embedded and cyberphysical systems and related project courses. A number of teaching modules have been put in place, with emphasis on security, complex systems, and web-based access. The objective of the current project is the development of a lab specific to robotics applications that can be used across the undergraduate STEM curricula. Developing such a lab has an impact on the advancement of teaching in STEM disciplines by connecting the lab to multiple STEM related courses. This paper outlines the major concepts and presents first results.