nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Software as Capitol: an economic perspective on software engineering [Book Review]

or thousands of years, humankind's ever-rising mastery of technology F has been embodied in various tools, devices, and even physical structures. Of course, knowledge codified in books and diagrams, and human skills passed on from master to apprentice and parent to child, have also served as carriers of practical techniques and prescriptions. But the most elfective carriers of technology, right down to present times, have been capital goods--ranging from the simplest tools to the most intricate machines. The reason is that knowledge integrated in durable physical devices transcends barriers of language, time, and geographic space. In his fascinating book, Software as Capital, Howard Baetjer Jr, describes and analyzes the features and significance of computer !;oftware, which he points out is a very special kind of capital. He begins by briefly reviewing the role of capital goods in industrial production. "Producer durable'' machines and equipment-fixed capital-have the common characteristic that they last over many production cycles and raise the productivity of labor. In such devices, app ication-specific technological knowledge is embodied in the machine or structure, hard-coded in its design and construction. Indeed, Baetjer argues that capital goods a-e embodied knowledge, which, working in tandem with formalized and tacit knou4edge resident in people and their social organizations, makes up the productive capability of industrial society. In Baetjer's view, the evolution of computer softu,are is a direct extension of the development of knowledge by industrial society thr2ugh the design and construction of capital structures of ever-increasing complexity. Just like conventional capital equipment, software embodies well-testec. procedures for carrying out specific operations. In other words, software is knowledge encoded in computer executable logic. In the pre-computer era, such operational logic was designed into the hardware of the machine itself, as in mechanical or electronic switching systems. But with the advent of low-cost computing, control logic detaches itself from hardware and develops a relatively independent existence as sofrware. However, software is used not just in Software as Capital: an Economic Perspective on Software Engineering. Baetjer Jr., Howard, !E€€ Computer Society, L o s Ahmitos, Cdf, 1998. 1 9 4 pp., $25.
QCD and heavy ions

This short paper is an attempt to describe a theorist's view of the goals of relativistic heavy ion program which has just entered the collider era. These goals are centered around understanding the properties and the critical behavior of Quantum Chromo-Dynamics (QCD) in the non-linear regime of high color field strength and high parton density. Some of the current theoretical challenges are highlighted, and the place of heavy ion research in the broader context of modern particle and nuclear physics is discussed.
Optimizing Cu‐Cr Coatings for Environmental Protection of Copper Alloys

Cu-Cr barrier coatings, with suitably matched thermal and physical properties, are being developed to protect Cu-alloy liners of rocket engine thrusters via the formation of Cr 2 O 3 barriers. The challenge is to maximize Cr 2 O 3 protection with minimal Cr addition, since high Cr content degrades the coating conductivity and ductility. It is shown that, by using an efficient coating technique to produce a refined coating microstructure, adequate protection is achieved even while Cr content is reduced by nearly half from the current state-of-the-art levels.
Studies in bioluminescence. 10. Chemical models of enzymic oxidations.

Oxidation of Pholad luciferin, luminol and a wide range of other compounds by superoxide ion produced electrolytically or by oxidation of H 2 O 2 with sodium periodate is described. Similar behaviour is shown by reduced FMN, or by ferrous ions and a phosphate ligand, in the presence of oxygen and it is shown that such systems are strongly oxidative due to a one electron reduction of dissolved molecular oxygen to O 2 ⨪rather than to production of hydrogen peroxide. Thus although catalase shows little or no effect on the oxidation, superoxide dismutase strongly inhibits. The general characteristics of the FMNH 2 /O 2 and Fe 2+ /O 2 / phosphate systems as a function of pH and of other parameters are described. In the absence of substrate, all four systems mentioned emit light (at a very low level) due to decomposition of the superoxide ions produced, presumably via excited singlet oxygen molecules.
Knowledge workers: What is their role in the modern economy?

Over the last 15 years, Russia has been discussing the necessity to switch to a knowledge-based economy. It has been declared that there is no alternative to this approach. What do we see in reality, however? Is a country whose economic life is based on exploiting natural resources rather than on the advantages provided by human potential and scientific achievements capable of innovative development? In analyzing the role of knowledge workers in the economies of various European countries, the authors of the article published below reach the conclusion that Russia is a bright example of a “warped knowledge society.”
How different are complications that affect the older adult inpatient?

The incidence and cost of complications occurring in older and younger inpatients were compared.



Secondary analysis of hospital-recorded diagnosis and costs for multiday-stay inpatients in 68 public hospitals in two Australian states.



A complication is defined as a hospital-acquired diagnosis that required additional treatment. The Australian Classification of Hospital-Acquired Diagnoses system is used to identify these complications.



Inpatients aged >70 years have a 10.9% complication rate, which is not substantially different from the 10.89% complication rate found in patients aged <70 years. Examination of the probability by single years, however, showed that the peak incidence associated with the neonatal period and childbirth is balanced by rates of up to 20% in patients >80 years. Examining the adult patient population (40-70 years), we found that while some common complications are not age specific (electrolyte disorders and cardiac arrhythmias), others (urinary tract and lower respiratory tract infections) are more common in the older adult inpatient.



For inpatients aged >70 years, the risks of complications increase. The incidence of hospital-acquired diagnoses in older adults differs significantly from incidence rates found in younger cohorts. Urinary tract infection and alteration to mental state are more common in older adult inpatients. Surprisingly, these complexities do not result in additional costs when compared with costs for the same complications in younger adults. Greater awareness of these differing patterns will allow patient safety efforts for older patients to focus on complications with the highest incidence and cost.
An elementary proof of the Jury test for real polynomials

As is well known the Jury test has been considered as the most typical way of determining the Schur stability of real polynomials and is introduced in most textbooks on digital control engineering. Its original proof is based on Rouche's theorem. Recently Keel et al. gave a simple proof of the Jury test using Raible's simplified table. In this paper we provide another elementary proof of the Jury test. Contrary to that of Keel et al., the proof is carried out directly for the original form of the Jury test.
POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN THE CHANGING FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT AND THE ACCELERATING UNIVERSE VIA SCALAR-TENSOR THEORY

In 1976, Shlyakhter showed that the Sm data from Oklo results in the upper bound on the time-variability of the fine-structure constant: , which has ever been the most stringent bound. Since the details have never been published, however, we recently re-analyzed the latest data according to Shlyakhter's recipe. We nearly re-confirmed his results. To be more precise, however, the Sm data gives either an upper-bound or an evidence for a changing . A remark is made to a similar re-analysis due to Damour and Dyson. We also compare our result with a recent "evidence" due to Webb et al, obtained from distant QSO's. We point out a possible connection between this time-dependence and the behavior of a scalar field supposed to be responsible for the acceleration of the universe, also revealed recently.
Method and apparatus for monitoring over time physiological parameter variation of one or more organs

Including some of the symptoms of the underlying data acquired using variability monitoring, by creating a standard variation data file partially, foundational capable of handling variability analysis over consistently distributed system using the framework, to provide a system to take advantage of the ability of the analysis of the temporal fluctuations. Consistent, standard data files, the central entity can provide connectivity to the distributed environment, so as to ensure consistent and relevant analyzes, it provides a way to update the equipment and software while it is, together with the basic framework, that allows a user to use a set of convenient display tools. System, inpatient, including outpatient and fully mobility / independent user, can be extended to many environments.
The stakes of the mechatronics in research, training and industry : a practical example of a technical development policy in Haute-Savoie

The mechatronic technology was confined on the level of the aeronautic space and army R&D programs for ten years. It was established then in a parallel way in the engineering departments and the industrial research laboratories but still remained in a restricted core of specialists. Haute-Savoie, a French area located at the foot of the Mount Blanc launched at the start of the nineties a program for the development of the mechatronic in SME's. No one is astonished here that industrial parks are named Mechatronics 1, 2 or 3 or that a mechatronic professional licence exists since many years. The network Thesame with the University of Savoy and the technical centers meet here all the conditions to help industry, research formation and engineering departments to exchange competences and the develop new products. But any pole of competences has to be building today at least at the European level. The goal of this article is to show with some pragmatic examples, the opportunities and the difficulties of an industrial and scientific development policy in mechatronics.
Observation of phase transformation and grain growth phenomena in aluminised Super 304H during steam oxidation

Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) maps acquired in the diffusion zone of aluminised Super 304H steel samples showed that a phase change and associated grain growth phenomena had occurred during high temperature aging in flowing steam environments. This phase transformation could have a significant influence on reducing the oxidation resistance and mechanical stability of the aluminised layer at high temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and EBSD mapping provides a valuable insight into microstructural changes occurring in coated alloy systems during high temperature aging processes.
Software in measurement and measurement in software [Life after Graduation]

I had an unusual path into the measurement business. After graduate school, doing robotics in a computer science department, I was hired by Hewlett Packard Laboratories to improve their mechanical CAD systems software for planning robotic and human assembly operations and feeding back to the designer estimated manufacturing costs. As is common in industry, that project was promptly cancelled, and I was assigned to work in the laboratory next door, which focused on measurement.
Spatially resolved nanoscale chemical and mechanical characterization of ZDDP antiwear films on aluminum–silicon alloys under cylinder/bore wear conditions

summaryUnderstanding the lubrication of aluminum–silicon (Al–Si) alloys (>18 Si) under conditions similar to those in the cylinder/bore system is vital to determining their applicability to current engine designs. A novel investigation of the location of zinc-dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDPs) antiwear (AW) film formation on an Al–Si alloy has been performed using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis, X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy (X-PEEM), and imaging nanoindentation techniques. A study of the initial stages of wear (10 min) to prolonged rubbing (60 min) was performed. The findings show that the film forms primarily on the raised silicon grains and is consistent with a zinc polyphosphate glass. The film has an elastic modulus of ~70 GPa and a similar elastic response to a ZDDP AW film formed on steel under the same conditions. This provides the first direct observation and characterization of a ZDDP antiwear film on Al–Si alloys using spatially resolved chemical and mechanical techniques at the nanoscale.
20 years old and going strong.

Richard L. Sowell, PhD, RN, FAAN, is Editor Emeritus (1996–2007), Professor and Dean, WellStar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA. Congratulations to the Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care (JANAC) on its 20th anniversary. The significant contributions made by JANAC over the past 20 years are a testimony to the vision and hard work nurses have provided in responding to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. JANAC from its earliest conception has brought a unique perspective to the fight against AIDS. It is the perspective of nurses who are direct care providers, nurses who are researchers, nurses who are educators, and nurses who are policy advocates. JANAC, as the only nursing journal to exclusively address HIV-related issues, continues to provide an outlet for the voices of nurses in AIDS Care—voices that have influenced the course of the pandemic—voices that attest to the role of nurses as the underpinning of health and health care delivery. It was my privilege to have been a part of JANAC’s evolution and growth during 13 years of the journal’s 20-year history. It does not seem possible that it was more than 13 years ago when Cliff Morrison, ANAC president, asked me to serve as the assistant editor for JANAC. I had no idea that 2 years later, in 1996, I would become the editor of JANAC for the next 11 years. I could not have guessed JANAC would become a major part of my professional life for over a decade as well as provide the opportunity to work with some of the most dynamic nurses in the world. If you look back through the pages of JANAC noting the individuals who have served on the editorial board, who have been peer reviewers, and who have been our authors, you cannot help but be impressed. Many of the names seen in pages of JANAC are those of individuals who have shaped the history of the pandemic. What a privilege to have worked with these leaders. The growth of JANAC into a highly respected international AIDS journal is a source of satisfaction
A kappa-Denotational Semantics for Map Theory in ZFC + SI

Map theory, or MT for short, has been designed as an “integrated” foundation for mathematics, logic and computer science. By this we mean that most primitives and tools are designed from the beginning to bear the three intended meanings: logical, computational, and set-theoretic. MT was originally introduced in . It is based on λ-calculus instead of logic and sets, and it fulfills Church's original aim of introducing λ-calculus. In particular, it embodies all of ZFC set theory, including classical propositional and classical first order predicate calculus. MT also embodies the unrestricted, untyped lambda calculus including unrestricted abstraction and unrestricted use of the fixed point operator. MT is an equational theory. We present here a semantic proof of the consistency of map theory within ZFC + SI, where SI asserts the existence of an inaccessible cardinal. The proof is in the spirit of denotational semantics and relies on mathematical tools which reflect faithfully, and in a transparent way, the intuitions behind map theory. This gives a consistency proof, but also for the first time gives a clear presentation of the semantics of map theory in a traditional framework. From the metamathematical point of view the strength of MT lies somewhere between ZFC and ZFC + SI. The lower bound is proved in  by means of a syntactical translation of ZFC (including classical propositional and predicate calculus) into map theory, and the upper bound by building an (exceedingly complex) model of map theory within ZFC + SI. The present paper confirms the upper bound by providing much simpler models, the “canonical models” of the paper, which are in fact the paradigm of a large class of quite natural models of MT. That all these models interpret a model of ZFC is a consequence of the syntactic translation,f which is a difficult theorem of . We can however give here a direct proof of a stronger result, namely that they interpret some ( V gs ,∈), where σ is an inaccessible cardinal. Finally we return to the “canonical” models and show that they are adequate for the notion of computation which underlies MT.
Claudio Slamovits (Draft Profile)

Our research interests are generally related with molecular biology and evolution of eukaryotes and their genomes. In particular, we are interested in studying how genomes and their physiology evolve as a result of radical changes in lifestyle such as the acquisition of parasitic and symbiotic relationships. Our research is almost exclusively done on protists (unicellular eukaryotes) as they represent the bulk of the eukaryotic diversity.
The Influence of Verbal Organizational Structure and Verbal Organizing Skills on Select Measures of Learning.

This study investigated the influence of verbal organizational structure and verbal organizing skills on recall of facts, ability to pattern, and ability to problem-solve. One hundred and fifty-nine college students, classified as high or low in ability to organize verbal material, heard recorded communications that consisted of either high-structure-sequence or low-structure-sequence messages. The results indicated that level of message structure and organizing skills were conjunctively related to the learning variables, with structure apparently accounting for more of the variance than organizing skills.
Graduate Computer Science and Engineering Education for the U.S. Army at the Air Force Institute of Technology

This paper describes a join Army/ Air Force professional educational program in computer systems. Included is the motivation for educating military officers in the field of computer science and engineering and a description of a six-month graduate level program for Army officers at the Air Force Institute of Technology. The purpose of the educational program is to develop Army officers who are knowledgeable in acquiring and managing embedded computer systems. The microprocessor is integral to these embedded computer systems and to the student's course work. Projected Army officer assignments are covered to illustrate the means by which this advanced education is utilized.
Jackie Robinson : Race, Sports and the American Dream

With these words, President Clinton contributed to Long Island University's three-day celebration of that momentous event in American history when Robinson became the first African American to play major league baseball. This new book includes presentations from that celebration, especially chosen for their fresh perspectives and illuminating insights. A heady mix of journalism, scholarship, and memory offers a presentation that far transcends the retelling of just another sports story. Readers get a true sense of the social conditions prior to Robinson's arrival in the major leagues and the ripple effect his breakthrough had on the nation. Anecdotes enliven the story and offer more than the usual "larger than life" portrait of Robinson. A melange of contributors from the sports world, academia, and journalism, some of Robinson's contemporaries, Dodger fans, and historians of the era, all sharing a passion for baseball, reflect on issues of sports, race, and the dramatic transformation of the American social and political scene in the last fifty years. In addition to the editors, the list of authors includes Peter Golenbock, one of America's preeminent sports biographers and author of Bums: The Brooklyn Dodgers, 1947-1957, Tom Hawkins, the first African-American to star in basketball at Notre Dame and currently Vice-President for Communications of the Los Angeles Dodgers, Bill Mardo a former writer for the New York Daily Worker, Roger Rosenblatt, teacher at the Southampton Campus of Long Island University, and author of numerous articles, plays, and books, Peter Williams, author of a study of sports myth, The Sports Immortals, and Samuel Regalado, author of Viva Baseball!: LatinMajor Leaguers and Their Special Hunger.
Spectral Evidence of the Invisible World: Gender and the Puritan Supernatural in American Fiction, 1798-1856 - eScholarship

In late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century fiction, Puritans serve as source material for a distinctly American identity and as allegories for the experiences of later generations. Many texts draw upon the legacy of the Puritan supernatural, most recognizably the 1692 Salem witchcraft trials. Salem is only a fragment, however, of a belief system deeply rooted in what Puritans called the invisible world, an omnipresent geography that linked material and immaterial dimensions via an intricate system of signs and portents. Spectral Evidence considers the entire invisible world in order to trace the Puritan supernatural's extensive impact on early American fiction. Against the backdrop of a wilderness filled with wonders and witches, numerous American genres took shape: protofeminist gothic dramas, female-driven national romances couched in subversive supernatural agency, and antebellum allegories and anti-reform satires framed as supernatural cautionary tales for women, all haunted, as were the Puritans themselves, by issues of female agency. Historical female witches and heretics became fictional reincarnations, onto which eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writers mapped their own innovations and anxieties. Chapter one shows how Brown's Wieland combines prodigies, wonders, and apparitions in an exploration of invisible world manifestations that simultaneously explores female agency and lays the groundwork for an American gothic. Chapter two turns to the national romances of the 1820s to explore how female writers like Sedgwick, Cheney, and Child radically re-imagine the Puritan supernatural as a navigable realm best traversed by women. Chapter three considers Hawthorne's transformation of the invisible world from a subversive space that enfranchises women into a conservative realm characterized by social and spiritual restrictions, in which heroines are punished rather than empowered by their supernatural experiences. Chapter four turns to antireform satire in order to trace the intensification of the Puritan supernatural's new incarnation as a negative example in antebellum literature. The central example, Brownson's The Spirit-Rapper mimics the inclusive mechanics and materials of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century wonder tales and draws on Puritan archival materials to prove that spiritualist spirits and Puritan demons are identical, ungodly sources of destructive female agency.