nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Ambitious Modesty of Niklas Luhmann

Nothing is more in keeping with the spirit of Niklas Luhmann's work than to entitle this article with an apparent paradox: the simultaneous presence of ambition and modesty. What Luhmann offers is a theory of society, a 'grand theory' in the European tradition, but one which runs directly contrary to the claims for universal competence and exhaustive accounts of reality associated with 'grand theories'. It is a theory which acknowledges modestly that it cannot answer many of the important questions that face modem societies. In his introduction to a glossary of his theoretical terminology,2 Luhmann places his theory in an historical context.
The Service Revolution

Are we running out of physical-goods markets? The author shows how a large and growing market for commodities lies in the development of service systems. ALTHOUGH critics lament the apparent thing-mindedness of the "consumption carousel,"' business managements, workers, consumers, financiers, promoters, and government groups unconsciously have combined to turn the wheel of consumption in a new direction. The thesis of this article is that the United States is well advanced into a service revolution that may in time bring to its beneficiaries wholly new quantitative and qualitative patterns of service consumption. The growth of services is a logical result of several converging forces. As the marginal attraction of services increases faster than that for more goods, entreprenurial capital and business managements are turning more to the development of service markets. Because the expansion of these markets requires business organization, managements borrow applicable techniques that were successful in the mass production of goods. In the short run, the emerging service systems both limit the range and impersonalize the nature of services. In the long run, it is possible that a desirable proliferation of services will develop, paralleling that for commodities.
Minimum Action Path Theory Reveals the Details of Stochastic Transitions Out of Oscillatory States.

Cell state determination is the outcome of intrinsically stochastic biochemical reactions. Transitions between such states are studied as noise-driven escape problems in the chemical species space. Escape can occur via multiple possible multidimensional paths, with probabilities depending nonlocally on the noise. Here we characterize the escape from an oscillatory biochemical state by minimizing the Freidlin-Wentzell action, deriving from it the stochastic spiral exit path from the limit cycle. We also use the minimized action to infer the escape time probability density function.
Preparation and stability of some esters of vitamin A.

Vitamin A esters of fatty acids having electronegative groups in the number 2 position were prepared. Acids, with chlorine or a double bond, were used and the esters were tested for stability against acid and solvolytic action. The results indicate that ( a ) stability against proton attack, in an anhydrous solvent, varies directly with the K a of the acid portion, ( b ) the addition of water to an anhydrous solvent, containing HCl, decreases the rate of formation of anhydrovitamin A, and ( c ) stability in alcoholic solvents, without an acid catalyst, varies inversely with the K a . A combined mechanism of vitamin A ester degradation in the presence of mineral acids and hydrolytic solvents is presented.
The landscape architect, Christian Heinrich Nebbien, and his design for the Municipal Park in Budapest

The attention of garden historians should be drawn to Varosliget (literally "little town park") in Pest for several reasons. It is one of the first public parks, perhaps the first of its kind in Europe, to be laid out from the very beginning on behalf of the town's inhabitants and with their participation. The designer of Varosliget, Christian Heinrich Nebbian, has remained almost unexplored in both the German and Hungarian literature. In the sparse material available Nebbian is mistakenly referred to as "Henri Nebbian" of French or Belgium origin. In fact Nebbian came from an old family of tenant farmers in Holstein. His father worked as a tailor in Lubeck, where Nebbian was born in 1778; he died in 1841 as agricultural counsellor in Glogau.
Time Variation of Photons' Velocity in a "Dark" Universe

We discuss the non-minimal interaction between gravitation and electromagnetism. It is shown that the velocity of photons varies with time in a Universe with zero matter density, zero cosmological constant but is filled only with “dark matter”. One of the great physical problems of this century is to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics. Together they can explain a vast storehouse of physical knowledge, from the subatomic realm to the large-scale structure of the universe. However, attempts to unify quantum mechanics with general relativity have all met with frustration. Ideally, we could like to see gravitational interactions and GUT theory emerge from a higher unified field theory from geometrical or group theoretical arguments, rather than being put in by hand. The search for a more sophisticated theory embracing both guage theory and general relativity has led to a re-examination of the old theory of Kaluza-Klein.  originally proposed uniting both Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism and Einstein’s theory of general relativity by embeding both theories into a generally covarient fivedimensional space-time. Kaluza assumed that the fifth dimension was curled up into a tiny ring so small that it could not be experimentally observed by any instrument.  then assumed that quantum corrections caused the fifth dimension to curl up. In quantum gravity, there is only one dimensionful parameter, which is the Planck length, or 10 cm. Since this sets the scale for quantum gravity, it means that the fifth dimension might have curled up with approximately this radius, which is
Rb-Sr dating of the impact melt from East Clearwater, Quebec

The Rb-Sr composition of eight melt rock and three basement samples from the East Clearwater impact structure, Quebec, and two basement samples from the West Clearwater structure has been determined. The whole rock 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the melt samples, 0.7167–0.7253, are within the range of the basement samples, 0.7054–0.7322, and provide further evidence that the melt rocks represent shock-melted basement. A mineral isochron obtained from a relatively coarse grained melt rock gives an age of 287±26 Ma for the crystallization age of the melt. This is equivalent to K-Ar whole-rock ages of 285±30 Ma and 300±30 Ma and a Rb-Sr age of 266±15 Ma obtained on melt rocks from West Clearwater and confirms the previously generally held assumption that the East and West Clearwater structures resulted from the simultaneous impact of two bodies at 285–300 Ma ago.
One Approach to the Jacobian Conjecture

The Jacobian Conjecture can be generalized and is established : Let S be a polynomial ring over a field of characteristic zero in finitely may variables. Let T be an unramified, finitely generated extension of S with T = k. Then T = S. Let k be an algebraically closed field, let k be an affine space of dimension n over k and let f : k −→ k be a morphism of algebraic varieties. Then f is given by coordinate functions f1, . . . , fn, where fi ∈ k[X1, . . . , Xn] and k = Max(k[X1, . . . , Xn]). If f has an inverse morphism, then the Jacobian det(∂fi/∂Xj) is a nonzero constant. This follows from the easy chain rule. The Jacobian Conjecture asserts the converse. If k is of characteristic p > 0 and f(X) = X +X, then df/dX = f (X) = 1 but X can not be expressed as a polynomial in f. Thus we must assume the characteristic of k is zero. The Jacobian Conjecture is the following : If f1, · · · , fn be elements in a polynomial ring k[X1, · · · , Xn] over a field k of characteristic zero such that det(∂fi/∂Xj) is a nonzero constant, then k[f1, · · · , fn] = k[X1, · · · , Xn]. To prove the Jacobian Conjecture, we treat a more general case. More precisely, we show the following result:
Stepwise Fabrication of Co-Embedded Porous Multichannel Carbon Nanofibers for High-Efficiency Oxygen Reduction

HighlightsAn interconnected structure is developed by evaporation of zinc species using a ZnCo2O4 precursor as the cobalt resource, enabling communications between channels as well as homogeneous loading of active sites.A shell structure of Co3O4 is formed on the surface of a zero-valent Co0 core during a stepwise carbothermic reduction of ZnCo2O4.The Co-embedded multichannel carbon nanofibers exhibit not only a superior half-wave potential, but also an excellent durability compared to those of the commercial 30% Pt/C.AbstractA novel nonprecious metal material consisting of Co-embedded porous interconnected multichannel carbon nanofibers (Co/IMCCNFs) was rationally designed for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis. In the synthesis, ZnCo2O4 was employed to form interconnected mesoporous channels and provide highly active Co3O4/Co core–shell nanoparticle-based sites for the ORR. The IMC structure with a large synergistic effect of the N and Co active sites provided fast ORR electrocatalysis kinetics. The Co/IMCCNFs exhibited a high half-wave potential of 0.82 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) and excellent stability with a current retention up to 88% after 12,000 cycles in a current–time test, which is only 55% for 30 wt% Pt/C.
Industrial enterprise — Research and manufacturing association — OJSC «Musson» (in connection with the 45-th business anniversary)

Brief history of one of the most famous Sevas-topolian radio-technological enterprises — OJSC «Musson» and established on its base Design Bureau of Radio Communication is presented. Descriptions of certain exemplars of radio equipment, produced by the company, are shown. Personaliae of the most prominent specialists of the plant such as I. L. Ka-lyuzhnyy, I. G. Bulychev, A. Yu. Anisimov are given.
Photography and the Optical Unconscious

Photography is one of the principal filters through which we engage the world. The contributors to this volume focus on Walter Benjamin's concept of the optical unconscious to investigate how photography has shaped history, modernity, perception, lived experience, politics, race, and human agency. In essays that range from examinations of Benjamin's and Sigmund Freud's writings to the work of Kara Walker and Roland Barthes's famous Winter Garden photograph, the contributors explore what photography can teach us about the nature of the unconscious. They attend to side perceptions, develop latent images, discover things hidden in plain sight, focus on the disavowed, and perceive the slow. Of particular note are the ways race and colonialism have informed photography from its beginning. The volume also contains photographic portfolios by Zoe Leonard, Kelly Wood, and Kristan Horton, whose work speaks to the optical unconscious while demonstrating how photographs communicate on their own terms. The essays and portfolios in Photography and the Optical Unconscious create a collective and sustained assessment of Benjamin's influential concept, opening up new avenues for thinking about photography and the human psyche.

Contributors. Mary Bergstein, Jonathan Fardy, Kristan Horton, Terri Kapsalis, Sarah Kofman, Elisabeth Lebovici, Zoe Leonard, Gabrielle Moser, Mignon Nixon, Thy Phu, Mark Reinhardt, Shawn Michelle Smith, Sharon Sliwinski, Laura Wexler, Kelly Wood, Andres Mario Zervigon
Psychological Factors and Characteristics of Recurrent Breast Cancer Patients
with or without Psychosocial Group Therapy Intervention

To clarify psychological factors of patients with recurrent breast cancer, we examined their interest in group intervention and studied the characteristics of participants and non-participants in an intervention program. Using several self-administered assessment scales to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients and the symptoms specific to breast cancer patients, we compared sociomedical variables and QOL scores between participants and non-participants. Inter-group differences were significant in the scores for constipation, body image and future perspectives, suggesting the QOL to be higher among participants than non-participants. Interest in group intervention was identified as a major reason for participation in this type of program. Not only physical but also psychologicalfactors were shown to be the reasons for deciding not to participate in group intervention. It is now desirable that efforts be made to stimulate greater understanding of group intervention as a means of psychosocial support for patients with recurrent breast cancer and that social environments be arranged so that these patients are supported by an approach tailored to individual cases, involving both group and individual intervention.
Prescribed drugs and neurological complications.

A treatment history is a fundamental part of the healthcare consultation. Current drugs (prescribed, over the counter, herbal remedies, drugs of misuse) and how they are taken (frequency, timing, missed and extra doses), drugs tried previously and reason for discontinuation, treatment response, adverse effects, allergies, and intolerances should be taken into account. Recent immunisations may also be of importance. This article examines the particular relevance of medication in patients presenting with neurological symptoms. Drugs and their interactions may contribute in part or fully to the neurological syndrome, and treatment response may assist diagnostically or in future management plans. Knowledge of medicine taking behaviour may clarify clinical presentations such as analgesic overuse causing chronic daily headache, or severe dyskinesia resulting from obsessive use of dopamine replacement treatment. In most cases, iatrogenic symptoms are best managed by withdrawal of the offending drug. Indirect mechanisms whereby drugs could cause neurological problems are beyond the scope of the current article—for example, drugs which raise blood pressure or which worsen glycaemic control and consequently increase the risk of cerebrovascular disease, or immunosupressants which increase the risk of infection. Different categories of neurological syndromes will be considered.

Prothrombotic drugs are the main consideration, with both arterial and venous effects.

 have a small increased risk of ischaemic stroke, particularly in women with other risk factors; notably smoking, hypertension, and probably a history of migraine, and a modestly elevated risk of haemorrhagic stroke mainly in women older than 35 years of age. Former users of COC have no increase in risk of ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke.

Women taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have a small increased risk of ischaemic stroke. In the women’s health initiative study 16 608 postmenopausal women on combined HRT (oestrogen plus progesterone) were followed …
Die status van die geskiedenis in die werk van Jacques Derrida

Some critics of the French philosopher, Jacques Derrida, have labelled his work as ahistorical and apolitical. In this article Derrida's views on, among others, textuality, differance and metaphysics are scrutinized for the implications they may have for history: the strategic objective of Derrida's statement that there is nothing outside the text, is to demonstrate that reality can be approached only by an interpretative experience. The role of the temporal dimension in difference is stressed: the process of signification cannot be realized without the play of retentions from the past. Derrida problematizes the logocentric, metaphysical concept of history and suggests a plural, heterogeneous apprehension of history. Although Derrida's deconstruction does not include an extensive social theory, hardly any penetrating historical inquiry, whether literary or historiographical, can ignore Derrida's compelling challenge to history.
A Fuzzy Syllogistic Reasoning Schema for Generalized Quantifiers

In this paper, a new approximate syllogistic reasoning schema is described that expands some of the approaches expounded in the literature into two ways: (i) a number of different types of quantifiers (logical, absolute, proportional, comparative and exception) taken from Theory of Generalized Quantifiers and similarity quantifiers, taken from statistics, are considered and (ii) any number of premises can be taken into account within the reasoning process. Furthermore, a systematic reasoning procedure to solve the syllogism is also proposed, interpreting it as an equivalent mathematical optimization problem, where the premises constitute the constraints of the searching space for the quantifier in the conclusion.
A bio-inspired crime simulation model

In this paper we describe a multiagent crime simulation model that resorts to concepts of self-organizing bio-inspired systems, in particular, of the Ant Colony Optimization algorithm. As the matching between simulated and real crime data distributions depends upon the tuning of some control parameters of the simulation model (in particular, of the initial places where criminals start out), we have modeled the calibration of the simulation as an optimization problem. The solution for the allocation of criminals into gateways is also undertaken by a bio-inspired method, namely, a customized Genetic Algorithm. We show that this approach allows for the automatic discovery of gateway configurations that, when employed in the simulation, produce crime distributions that are statistically close to those observed in real data.
Employing UNAS technology for software architecture education at the University of Southern California

There are many reasons for integrating industry's software technology into the university system at the graduate level. This paper discusses efforts by TRW, Rational Software Corporation, and the University of Southern California's Software Engineering department to integrate software architecture technology into USC's software engineering curriculum. University and industry goals and strategies are first addressed followed by a purpose for using megaprogramming and middleware technology within software engineering education. Next, the UNAS architectural paradigm and components are described as well as how UNAS fits into a software engineering curriculum. The next section proposes software engineering courseware useful in both industry as well as university settings. Finally, an account of completed activities and lessons learned.
Mercury and its associated mineralizations in southern Siberian Platform

Sixteen geologically definable areas within the Irkutsk amphitheater (maps), with the total of about 100 dispersion halos and indications of mercury in waters, alluvium, and rocks of various origin and age, may contain blind ores of cinnabar, particularly in the zones of fractures on the margins of the Siberian Platform and within the platform itself.  Staff.
The 2.2～2.1Ga magmatic event and its tectonic implication in the Lüliang Mountains,North China Craton

Paleoproterozoic magmas are widely distributed in Luliang Mountains,and the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of these magmas are significant for reshaping the geological evolution of the North China Craton.In this paper,we report Dujiagou feldspar porphyrite,intermediate basic volcanic rocks from the Jinzhouyu Formation of the Luliang Group and Ehutan gneiss in Luliang Mountains. U-Pb zircon dating of two Dujiagou feldspar porphyrite samples yield the ages of 2189±6Ma and 2186±3Ma,respectively,and one Ehutan dioritic gneiss sample gets a SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of 2182±5Ma.Dujiagou feldspar porphyrites show the characteristics of A-type granite formed in a post orogenic setting.While,intermdiate basic volcanic rocks in the Jinzhouyu Formation and Ehutan gneisses have the characteristics of volcanic rocks formed in island arc setting.Considering the tectonic setting of 2.2~2.0Ga magmatic events in the North China Craton,the formation of the 2.2~2.1Ga magmatic rocks is probably related to its tectonic position during the Paleoproterozoic,with Luliang Mountains being located at the margin of the North China Craton.The 2.2~2.1Ga magmatic rocks in the study area were formed in both island arc and rift regimes at about same time.
Explicit provability and constructive semantics

In 1933 Godel introduced a calculus of provability (also known as modal logic S4 ) and left open the question of its exact intended semantics. In this paper we give a solution to this problem. We find the logic LP of propositions and proofs and show that Godel's provability calculus is nothing but the forgetful projection of LP . This also achieves Godel's objective of defining intuitionistic propositional logic Int via classical proofs and provides a Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov style provability semantics for Int which resisted formalization since the early 1930s. LP may be regarded as a unified underlying structure for intuitionistic, modal logics, typed combinatory logic and λ-calculus.
Honeycomb Films with Ordered Patterns and Structures

Self-assembly is now being an intensively studied field in chemistry, physics, biology, and material science. These self-assembled structural materials formed by non-covalent interactions have shown great potential in many fields. As a practical “bottom-up” approach to create honeycomb-patterned macroporous structures , the breath figure method has drawn great attention around the world. In this chapter, we outline the recent studies in the fabrication and applications of honeycomb-patterned films with breath figure method.
Financial institutions and social transformations : international studies of a sector

Acknowledgements - Notes on the Contributors - An Industry in Transition: Regulation, Restructuring and Renewal D.Knights - The Dialectic of the Value Form: The Social Evolution of Capital Markets in the US T.Tinker - Suburban Subjects: Financial Services and the New Rights C.Grey - The Acrobat of Desire: Consumer Credit and its Linkages to Modern Consumerism M.Shaoul - Bringing the Consumer in: Sales Networks in Retail Banking in New Zealand T.Austrin - Financial Services in  An Examination of Market and Regulatory Forces in Denmark and the UK J.Sundbo - Stability or Transformation of Employment Relations in German Banking M.Muller - Marketing the Soul: From the Ideology of Consumption to Consumer Subjectivity D.Knights and A.Sturdy - The Japanese Main Bank Relationship: Governance or Competitive Strategy? M.J.Scher - Index
Toroidal modes in nuclei by inelastic electron scattering

Electron scattering is a tool that can provide relatively clean view of the nuclear structure in both ground and excited states, as it depends on the well-known electromagnetic interaction. But since the common expressions for its cross section were derived with certain assumptions, in this paper we describe several nontrivial steps necessary for a proper theoretical calculation within the current density-functional framework, namely with Skyrme QRPA for axial nuclei, with aim to enable comparison of the theoretically predicted low-lying $1^-$ toroidal modes with future (e,e') experiments.