nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Cretaceous granitoids of the Chaun tectonic zone to those of the Taigonos Peninsula, NE Asia: rock chemistry, composition of rock forming minerals, and conditions of formation

The Cretaceous granitoid complexes of the East- ern Taigonos and the Prybrezhny Taigonos belts (south- ern part of the Taigonos Peninsula), Tanyurer pluton of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt, and the Peekiney, Moltykan, and Telekay plutons of the Chaun tectonic zone are discussed in relation to their structural position, pet- rography, rock and mineral chemistry and physicochemical conditions of melt crystallization. These granitoid plutons were generated through melting of a compositionally hetero- geneous crustal source, with direct contribution from mafic melts produced in the mantle wedge above active or extinct Benioff zones. Variations of the trace-element composition of granitoids are controlled to a greater extent by local com- positional peculiarities of the source regions than by the geo- dynamic regime as such. The final crystallization of these plutons occurred at comparatively shallow depths, between 1-2 and 6-7 km, in a temperature interval of 700-770 C. The depth of emplacement of the bodies decreases with in- creasing distance from the areas with oceanic and transitional type crust, as does the degree of incompatible element en- richment of the mantle and crustal sources of melts. Varia- tions in fo2 values at the late stages of crystallization of the plutons reach 3-4 orders of magnitude, exceeding the limits of the quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) and nickel-nickel ox- ide (NNO) buffer equilibria, which likely results from local variations of the source composition.
The Judgment of Sense: Renaissance Naturalism and the Rise of Aesthetics (Ideas in Context Series)

List of figures Preface List of abbreviations Introduction 1. The primacy of sight 2. The fallacies of sight 3. The harmony of the spheres 4. The harmony of the senses 5. The common sense 6. Spiritus 7. The light of the piazza 8. Optics and the common sense 9. Confused knowledge 10.  The mechanical arts 12. Prudence 13. The spark of God Conclusions Bibliography Index.
Identity, Ontology, and Frege's Problem

It is argued that the semantic difference between sentences of the form ”a = a” and ”a = b” reflects a difference in their truthmakers. My account of these truth-makers combines a referential semantics – singular terms are deemed to contribute nothing but their reference to the meaning of sentences in which these occur – with an ontology of logically complex individuals. Against analyses in which Fregean senses are invoked to account for the difference in meaning between (sentences of the form) “a = a” and “a = b”, this ontology invokes an Aristotelian notion of identity as oneness in substance as the source of this difference, rendering Fregean senses otiose.
Bisimilarity of diagrams

In this paper, we investigate diagrams, namely functors from any small category to a fixed category, and more particularly, their bisimilarity. Initially defined using the theory of open maps of Joyal et al., we prove several equivalent characterizations: it is equivalent to the existence of a relation, similar to history-preserving bisimulations for event structures and it has a logical characterization similar to the Hennessy-Milner theorem. We then prove that we capture many different known bismilarities, by considering the category of executions and extensions of executions, and by forming the functor that maps every execution to the information of interest for the problem at hand. We then look at the particular case of finitary diagrams with values in real or rational vector spaces. We prove that checking bisimilarity and satisfiability of a positive formula by a diagram are both decidable by reducing to a problem of existence of invertible matrices with linear conditions, which in turn reduces to the existential theory of the reals.
“ALMOST A SEPARATE RACE”: RACIAL THOUGHT AND THE IDEA OF EUROPE IN BRITISH ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND HISTORIES, 1771–1830

This article explores the association between racial thought and the idea of Europe in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. It begins by noting the complexities surrounding the word "race" in this period, before considering whether-and on what grounds-contemporary race thinkers identify a "European race" or "races". This reveals important ambiguities and correlations between anatomical, genealogical and cultural understandings of human difference. The essay then discusses how some of these ideas find expression in British encyclopedias, histories and geographical books. In this way, it shows how racial ideas are disseminated, not just in dedicated volumes on anatomy and biological classification, but also in general works which purport to summarize and transmit contemporary received knowledge. The article draws upon entries on "Europe" in every British encyclopedia completed between 1771 and 1830, as well as named source texts for those articles, tracing how the word "Europe" was used and what racial connotations it carried. Some entries imply that "European" is either a separate race entirely, or a subcategory of a single human race. Others, however, reject the idea of a distinctive European people to identify competing racial groups in Europe. These complexities reveal increasing interest in the delineation of European identities, an interest which emerges partly from long-standing eighteenth-century debates about the categorization and comprehension of human difference. In addition, they show the diffusion of (contending) racial ideas in non-specialist media, foreshadowing the growing prominence of racial thought in the later nineteenth century.
Virtual Institute for the Modelling of Industrial Manufacturing Systems: Integration of on-line and 'face-to-face' learning in an international platform for teaching and research

The aim of an ongoing research project carried out by six European research and educational institutions is to establish a Virtual Institute for the Modelling of Industrial Manufacturing Systems (VIMIMS). The VIMIMS virtual institute has been designed to become an international platform for teaching and research in the field of analysis, design and performance evaluation of industrial manufacturing systems. VIMIMS is implemented as an internetbased portal that offers students and researchers from around the globe opportunities to study, teach, research and communicate. This paper aims to describe the architecture of the VIMIMS web portal and its utilisation by users from a real educational institute. This platform will be integrated into courses of project partners and will act as a supplement to ordinary ‘face-to-face’ lectures and practical activities.
The museum in America : innovators and pioneers

chapter 1 Foreword chapter 2  Toward a Definition of the American Museum chapter 3 Henry Fairfield Osborn Develops a Model Natural History Museum chapter 4 Carl Ethan Akeley Perfects the Habitat Group Exhibition chapter 5 Henry Watson Kent Standardizes Functions of the Art Museum chapter 6 Alfred Hamilton Barr Jr. Brings Modern Art to the Museum chapter 7 Reuben Gold Thwaites Makes a Historical Society Reach the People of a State chapter 8 William Sumner Appelton Preserves Important Sites Throughout New England chapter 9 Frank Friedman Oppenheimer Uses Visitors as Part of Museum Experiments chapter 10 Anna Billings Gallup Popularizes the First Children's Museum chapter 11 John Robert Kinard Expands the Neighborhood Museum chapter 12 Katherine Coffey Attracts the Community into a General Museum chapter 13 Charles Sprague Sargent Plants an Outstanding Botanical Garden chapter 14 William Temple Hornaday Founds a Varied and Popular Zoo chapter 15 Paul Joseph Sachs Teaches a Pioneering Course in Museum Studies chapter 16  The American Museum Progresses chapter 17
The Concept of Development: Its Implications for Self and Society:

The insistence on one well structured concept of person as a reference for adjudicating normative claims about the rights and obligations of persons yields only a partial image of man. Grounded in this partial concept, development emphasises the search for felicity in the Hobbesian sense as the source of happiness, personal development, and civilisational progress. The self in this perspective emerges as a broken totality with its deleterious consequences both for self and society. Attempts to mend this broken totality have generally failed because they have tended to reinforce rather than overcome broken totality. As a result, self-assertion as an integral part of the modern concept of development turns out to be destructive both for the self and society.
Information Aggregation, Investment, and Managerial Incentives

We study the interplay of share prices and firm decisions when share prices aggregate and convey noisy information about fundamentals to investors and managers. First, we show that the informational feedback between the firm's share price and its investment decisions leads to a systematic premium in the firm's share price relative to expected dividends. Noisy information aggregation leads to excess price volatility, over-valuation of shares in response to good news, and undervaluation in response to bad news. By optimally increasing its exposure to fundamental risks when the market price conveys good news, the firm shifts its dividend risk to the upside, which amplifies the overvaluation and explains the premium. Second, we argue that explicitly linking managerial compensation to share prices gives managers an incentive to manipulate the firm's decisions to their own benefit. The managers take advantage of shareholders by taking excessive investment risks when the market is optimistic, and investing too little when the market is pessimistic. The amplified upside exposure is rewarded by the market through a higher share price, but is inefficient from the perspective of dividend value.
The Utopian Function of Art and Literature: Selected Essays

These essays in aesthetics by the philosopher Ernst Bloch belong to the tradition of cultural criticism represented by Georg Lukacs, Theodor Adorno, and Walter Benjamin. Bloch's fascination with art as a reflection of both social realities and human dreams is evident in them. Whether he is discussing architecture or detective novels, the theme that drives the work is always the same - the striving for "something better," for a "homeland" that is more socially aware, more humane, more just.The book opens with an illuminating discussion between Bloch and Adorno on the meaning of utopia; then follow 12 essays written between 1930 and 1973, on topics as diverse as aesthetic theory, genres such as music, painting, theater, film, opera, poetry, and the novel, and perhaps most important, popular culture in the form of fairy tales, detective stories, and dime novels. was a profoundly original and unorthodox philosopher, social theorist, and cultural critic. The MIT Press has previously published his Natural Law and Human Dignity and his magnum opus, The Principle of Hope. The Utopian Function of Art and Literature is included in the series Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought, edited by Thomas McCarthy.
EA-Analyzer: automating conflict detection in a large set of textual aspect-oriented requirements

One of the aims of Aspect-Oriented Requirements Engineering is to address the composability and subsequent analysis of crosscutting and non-crosscutting concerns during requirements engineering. A composition definition explicitly represents interdependencies and interactions between concerns. Subsequent analysis of such compositions helps to reveal conflicting dependencies that need to be resolved in requirements. However, detecting conflicts in a large set of textual aspect-oriented requirements is a difficult task as a large number of explicitly defined interdependencies need to be analyzed. This paper presents EA-Analyzer, the first automated tool for identifying conflicts in aspect-oriented requirements specified in natural-language text. The tool is based on a novel application of a Bayesian learning method. We present an empirical evaluation of the tool with three industrial-strength requirements documents from different domains and a fourth academic case study used as a de facto benchmark in several areas of the aspect-oriented community. This evaluation shows that the tool achieves up to 93.90 % accuracy regardless of the documents chosen as the training and validation sets.
Uncertainty and the dynamics of R&D

Uncertainty varies strongly over time, rising by 50% to 100% in recessions and by up to 200% after major economic and political shocks. This paper shows that higher uncertainty reduces the responsiveness of R&D to changes in business conditions - a “caution-effect” - making it more persistent over time. Thus, uncertainty will play a critical role in shaping the dynamics of R&D through the business cycle, and its response to technology policy. I also show that if firms are increasing their level of R&D then the effect of uncertainty will be negative, while if firms are reducing R&D then the effect of uncertainty will be positive.
An economic theory of FDI: A behavioral economics and historical approach☆

This is an attempt to argue that explaining the foreign investment decision (FDI) need not lie outside the realm of economics, for it can be explained using the attributes of behavioral economics. Behavioral economics, which tries to improve the assumptive realism of economic theory, and objects to the neoclassical acceptance of the simplistic economic model of rational agents exhibiting optimizing behavior, is certainly capable of explaining the decision of multinational enterprises making investment decisions when they face the complex and uncertain international environment. It is in this spirit that I have tried to model the FDI decision using the attributes of behavioral economics. However, before presenting this behavioral economics model of FDI decisions, I discuss the problems that neoclassical economics faced in explaining the new reality of FDI/international production after World War II, when neoclassical economists utilized the unrelated arbitrage theory of portfolio flows to explain it. I do also Stephen Hymer's critique of that attempt, and his attempt to explain FDI decision, which helped it move outside of the realm of economics. I do also review and discuss the various FDI theories that emerged, after the 1960 dissertation of Hymer, in the works of Dunning, Buckley, Casson, Markusen, and others presented as transaction cost, internalization, and the eclectic theories of foreign direct investment. While praising the contributions of these theories, I argue that they are inferior to the behavioral economics based model I develop in this model.
Function, Intuition and Ends in Aristotle's Ethics

This essay attempts to show why deliberation is not of ends for Aristotle, not only because deliberation is concerned with means, but because ends are grasped by wish. Such wishing, I argue, is a form of rational intuition that is non-discursive and analogous to seeing and therefore not at all like the discursive thought involved in deliberation. Such a reading also helps shed light on the nature of contemplation and therefore on happiness in Aristotle.
An Empirical Study on Wrapper-Based Feature Selection for Software Engineering Data

Software metrics give valuable information for understanding and predicting the quality of software modules, and thus it is important to select the right software metrics for building software quality classification models. In this paper we focus on wrapper-based feature (metric) selection techniques, which evaluate the merit of feature subsets based on the performance of classification models. We seek to understand the relationship between the internal learner used inside wrappers and the external learner for building the final classification model. We perform experiments using four consecutive releases of a very large telecommunications system, which include 42 software metrics (and with defect data collected for every program module). Our results demonstrate that (1) the best performance is never found when the internal and external learner match, (2)the best performance is usually found by using NB (Naïve Bayes) inside the wrapper unless SVM (Support Vector Machine) is external learner, (3) LR (Logistic Regression) is often the best learner to use for building classification models regardless of which learner was used inside the wrapper.
Materializing Six Years : Lucy R. Lippard and the Emergence of Conceptual Art

"In 1973 the critic and curator Lucy R. Lippard published Six Years, a book with possibly the longest subtitle in the bibliography of art: The dematerialization of the art object from 1966 to 1972: a cross-reference book of information on some esthetic boundaries: consisting of a bibliography into which are inserted a fragmented text, art works, documents, interviews, and symposia, arranged chronologically and focused on so-called conceptual or information or idea art with mentions of such vaguely designated areas as minimal, anti-form, systems, earth, or process art, occurring now in the Americas, Europe, England, Australia, and Asia (with occasional political overtones) edited and annotated by Lucy R. Lippard. Six Years, sometimes referred to as a conceptual art object itself, not only described and embodied the new type of art-making that Lippard was intent on identifying and cataloging, it also exemplified a new way of criticizing and curating art. Nearly forty years later, the Brooklyn Museum takes Lippard's celebrated experiment in curated concatenation as a template, turning a book that resembled an exhibition into an exhibition materializing the ideas in her book. The artworks and essays featured in this publication recall the thrill that was tangible in Lippard's original documentation, reminding us that during the late sixties and early seventies all possible social and material parameters of art (making) were played with, worked over, inverted, reduced, expanded, and rejected. By tracing Lippard's own activities in those years, the book also documents the early blurring of boundaries among critical, curatorial, and artistic practices. With more than 200 images of work by dozens of artists (printed in color throughout), this book brings Lippard's curatorial experiment full circle" -- p.  of cover.
A Historical GIS Approach to Studying the Evolution of the Railway and Urban Networks: The Balkans, 1870–2001

The study investigates the complex relationship between border changes, railway construction, and the formation of the urban network of the Balkans between 1870 and 2000. The historical geographic information system is applied to measure the impact of border changes and railway construction on the growth of towns and cities and the concentration of urban population during a complex and important period for the formation of the economic geography of the region. While the research done so far has mainly focused on national contexts, the use of historical geographic information systems allows one to present a transnational perspective. The lack of historical continuity in the administrative organization of the Balkan states is offset by focusing on towns and cities instead of regions or municipalities. The results confirm the initial perception that in this part of the continent, national boundaries play a key role in determining the spatial distribution of population and economic activity.
Mrs Elsie Plant—suffragette, socialist and birth control activist

Elsie Plant (1890–1982) lived most of her life in Stockport, seven miles from Manchester. Her frank interview in 1978 about her political experiences has been supplemented by interviews with relatives and colleagues as well as contemporary accounts in newspapers, minute books and the memorabilia Elsie saved. Her experiences of radical Stockport have been set in a national context. After campaigning for the suffrage Elsie went on with her husband Walter to take a leading role in Stockport’s Labour Fellowship. Through this Elsie became a friend of Marie Stopes and though Elsie did not succeed in founding a birth control clinic in Stockport in the 1920s, she was successful after World War II. Elsie had a consistent philosophy as throughout her long life she always saw herself as defending the right of women to self‐determination.
Tectonically induced fluid flow in Devonian carbonate aquifers of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

This study investigates paleofluid flow through the Devonian carbonate aquifers in the deep part of the Alberta Basin, Canada, using the distribution and geochemical composition of deep burial, late diagenetic, sparry calcite and dolomite cements, as well as that of the Precambrian metasediments that make up the underlying basement and much of the adjacent Rocky Mountain Main Ranges. The objective of this study is to characterize regional, tectonically induced (squeegee-type) fluid flow in these Devonian aquifers. The data indicate sublateral injection of fluids from a basin-external, probably metamorphic source during deep burial diagenesis in some gas pools close to the deformed belt and/or injection of such fluids via subvertical faults from the metasedimentary basement, or sublaterally via the intervening Cambrian clastics. The fluxes and possible geothermal anomalies during injection of basin-external fluids appear to have been low. Also, tectonically induced fluid flow appears to have been rather limited laterally, extending perhaps only 100–200 km into the foreland basins.
Petrology and Geochemistry of the Crust–Mantle Boundary in a Nascent Arc, Massif du Sud Ophiolite, New Caledonia, SW Pacific

The Massif du Sud ophiolite, New Caledonia, SW Pacific, is one of the largest exposed ultramafic bodies on Earth. The ophiolite consists of a mantle section of ultra-depleted tectonite harzburgite, overlain by a large dunite zone, which is separated by a transition zone from the gabbros at the top of the massif. Profiles through the stratigraphy of the mantle section show complex geochemical and petrological variations. The harzburgites are characterized by a high degree of partial melting and document a complex evolution from mantle exhumation towards a supra-subduction zone environment. Olivine and spinel compositions suggest that the harzburgites are residual after boninite-like melt extraction at 5–10 kbar. The lower dunite zone is analogous to the replacive dunite channels in the harzburgite, in that it is formed by pyroxene consumption. In contrast, the upper dunite zone has chemical and textural characteristics of cumulus olivine crystallized from primitive mafic melts. The upper dunite zone grades into a transition zone with pyroxenite cumulates that are intruded by gabbro sills. The crystallization sequence and mineral compositions indicate that pyroxenites and gabbros formed from hydrous, oxidized primitive basaltic magmas at ∼1250°C and 2–4 kbar. Their geochemistry indicates that these parental melts are transitional between boninites and primitive arc magmas and carry a fore-arc basalt signature. The Massif du Sud therefore represents a crust–mantle section in a nascent arc. The cryptic transition between residual mantle rocks and crustal cumulates highlights the difficulty of estimating the thickness and average composition of an arc crust by seismic methods.