nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of zirconium on grain growth and mechanical properties of a ball-milled nanocrystalline FeNi alloy

Grain growth of ball-milled pure Fe, Fe 92 Ni 8 , and Fe 91 Ni 8 Zr 1 alloys has been studied using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mechanical properties with respect to compositional changes and annealing temperatures have been investigated using microhardness and shear punch tests. We found the rate of grain growth of the Fe 91 Ni 8 Zr 1 alloy to be much less than that of pure Fe and the Fe 92 Ni 8 alloy at elevated temperatures. The microstructure of the ternary Fe 91 Ni 8 Zr 1 alloy remains nanoscale up to 700 °C where only a few grains grow abnormally whereas annealing of pure iron and the Fe 92 Ni 8 alloy leads to extensive grain growth. The grain growth of the ternary alloy at high annealing temperatures is coupled with precipitation of Fe 2 Zr. A fine dispersion of precipitated second phase is found to promote the microstructural stability at high annealing temperatures and to increase the hardness and ultimate shear strength of ternary Fe 91 Ni 8 Zr 1 alloy drastically when the grain size is above nanoscale.
Appendices for "reflections on teaching computer ethics"

The appendices that follow were inadvertently left out of the September 1983 issu e of the Bulletin and are printed at this time with apologies to the author.  A-Organization of the Cours e This course was offered for the first time as a Special Topics course during sprin g quarter, 1982. Students were informed about the course through an "advertising campaign " that included passing out a brief course description to students in Computer Scienc e before they registered for spring quarter. The class was limited to seniors in Compute r Science though later a few graduate students also were admitted. The class size wa s initially set at 20, though, for various reasons, 26 were allowed to register. Fiv e students dropped the course before the "drop deadline" and the other 21 received a grade. Of the five who dropped the course, three said it was because they did not hav e enough time and the other two because they did not want to write a research paper. Ther e was not any perceived difference in the activity (or grade) between the underegraduat e and graduate students. Certainly, the graduate students did not dominate the class. The course met on Monday evenings each week for three hours. A break of 20 minute s was scheduled in the middlle. This format was chosen in order to optimize clas s discussion by having larger "chunks" of time and to allow students working during the da y a chance to take a course in the evening. This format worked well and, in evaluation b y the students , Course Outline no-one suggested changing it. Week 1 (1) Introductio n (2) Discussion of Ethics-Students assigned Ethics Paper to rea d Week 2 (1) Discussion of Ethics Pape r (2) Review of Ethical Guidelines proposed by various professional societie s Week 3 (1) Case Studies involving conflict over obligations and implicit contractua l arrangements Disputed Rights to Product s Week 4 (1) (2) Discuss proposed Student Research Projects (individually) Week 5 (1) Confidentiality of Sensitive Data and Invasion of Privac y (2) Personal Morality and Organizational Loyalt y Week 6 (1) Responsibility for Computer Applications with Unknown or Controversia l Consequences Responsibility for Dissemination of Complete an d (2) Week 7 (1) Accurate Information to decision-makers or the Publi c Another look at Ethical Guideline s (2) Exam Weeks 8-10 Oral Presentations of …
Solid oxide fuel cell comprising nano-structure composite cathode and fabrication method thereof

A solid oxide fuel cell is provided to overcome a difference of thermal expansion coefficient with an electrolytic material and to improve structural stability at SOFC operation temperature by forming a nanostructured electrolyte-air electrode composite thin layer with high catalytic activity which is mixed to molecular size by using a thin film deposition.  A solid oxide fuel cell comprises a fuel electrode support, a solid electrolyte layer (10) formed on the fuel electrode support, and a nano structure composite air electrode layer(20) formed on the solid electrolyte layer. The nanostructured composite air electrode layer comprises an electrode material and an electrolyte material which are mixed to a molecular size but does not forms a single phase by the materials being not reacted or solved to each other. The ratio of the electrode material and the electrolyte material in the nanostructured composite air electrode layer is 2:8-8:2. A particle size of the composite air electrode layer is 100 nm or less.
Has the Shift to Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Promoted Technology Transfer, FDI, and Industrial Development?

This article reviews recent research conducted by the authors that finds that intellectual property right reform increases technology transfers, foreign direct investment inflows, and industrial development. It also places the findings of this work in the broader context of the literature. Has the global shift to stronger intellectual property rights been associated with positive effects? Even today, more than fifteen years after the ratification of the TRIPs Agreement, opinions about the impact of stronger IPR are varied and continue to reflect issues that arose when TRIPs was debated. Opponents of strong IPR typically raise concerns that stronger IPR raises the costs of protected goods and reduces the accessibility of innovations. Proponents suggest that IPR protection fosters innovation in reforming countries. Proponents also argue that stronger IPR facilitates transfers of technology to reforming countries, increases foreign direct investment (FDI), and spurs industrial development. This essay reviews recent research performed by the authors on the effects related to technology transfers, FDI, and industrial development, and it places the findings of this work in the broader context of the literature. Before turning to the effects of stronger IPR on technology transfer, FDI, and industrial development, it is useful to review some findings about other effects that have been discussed and examined. Many representatives of developing country governments argue that stronger IPR has worked against the interests of developing countries. The reasons for this negative view of
Intelligent gradient-based search of incompletely defined design spaces

Gradient-based numerical optimization of complex engineering designs offers the promise of rapidly producing better designs. However, such methods generally assume that the objective function and constraint functions are continuous, smooth, and defined everywhere. Unfortunately, realistic simulators tend to violate these assumptions. We present a rule-based technique for intelligently computing gradients in the presence of such pathologies in the simulators, and show how this gradient computation method can be used as part of a gradient-based numerical optimization system. We tested the resulting system in the domain of conceptual design of supersonic transport aircraft, and found that using rule-based gradients can decrease the cost of design space search by one or more orders of magnitude.
How much do innovation strategies differ across firms, industries and countries? ∗

Our aim is to quantify innovation strategies of firms based on evidence from the CIS data. Using exploratory factor analysis on micro data from CIS3 in 13 countries, we identify four factors that that can be interpreted as re-search-based, user-driven, extensive and social responsibility innovation strate-gies. Since it has been put forward that diversity in the way how firms innovate can be explained by differences across sectors and/or countries, we explore to what extent the innovation strategy of a firm is influenced by this context. We use cross-classified mixed-effects model to partition the variation of innovation strategies into components identified by sectors, countries, and idiosyncrasies at the firm level. The analysis shows that sectors and countries matter to a certain extent, but most of the variance (from 80 to 95%) is given by heterogeneity among firms.  Heterogeneity, innovation strategy, innovation system, factor analysis, mixed-effects model.
Punk Rock, Thatcher, and the Elsewhere of Northern Ireland: Rethinking the Politics of Popular Music

This essay focuses on the political efficacy of popular music to critique dominant ideologies concerning nationhood and personal identity. During Margaret Thatcher’s tenure as prime minister of Britain, punk rock and post-punk music flourished as a mode of expression to challenge the ways in which Thatcher’s conservative agenda affected British social life. This study examines the theoretical possibility that punk rock can serve as a mode of critique and addresses how punk rock music in Northern Ireland attempted to disrupt the Thatcherite position on the conflict in Northern Ireland (also known as The Troubles).
Perioperative care of patients with cardiac disease.

Patients with cardiovascular disease commonly present with problems requiring surgical treatment. They are more vulnerable than patients without cardiovascular disease to the cardiovascular stresses associated with general anesthesia and surgery--hypotension, hypoxemia, sepsis, and thromboembolism. Their risk of morbidity and mortality is higher. Certain clinical factors have a profound impact on the patient's likelihood of serious cardiac complications or death: Overt heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias are the most worrisome. A careful clinical evaluation and formal assessment of the patient's risk dictate better perioperative monitoring and treatment. Early hospital admission provides time for control of other health problems. Prophylaxis with heparin and antimicrobial agents minimizes problems of thromboembolism and sepsis, respectively. Overaggressive treatment of hypertension is avoided, and withdrawal of propranolol or clonidine is carefully supervised. The use of digoxin is restricted to patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias or heart failure. Hemodynamic monitoring via a Swan-Ganz catheter or temporary transvenous pacing may be necessary for selected high-risk patients. Such careful evaluation, monitoring, and treatment are the clinician's methods for improving the chance for patients with heart disease to benefit from surgery.
High heat producing radioactive granites of malani igneous suite at northeast of Jodhpur, northwestern India

The Malani igneous suite, a terrain showing crustal formation as late as in Neoproterozoic, shows some pink and grey granites in the northeast of the desert city of Jodhpur, in northwestern, India. The average heat generation value of 15.925 HGU for these granites that is much higher than the average known value (3.8 HGU) for the continental crust has been reported here. The concentration of uranium determined is four times higher than the average continental crust. Thorium is still higher than U and K. The radioelement concentration (Ur) varies from 15.58 to 73.48 in the granites with an average of 45.671, clearly indicates a ‘hot crust’. Hence it is favourable for the formation of mineralization of HFS elements like, Nb, Ce, REE and U and Th, which need to be explored in the terrain as an economic deposit.
Stratigraphy and Succession of the Rocks of the Sierra Nevada of California

General Character of the Sierra Rocks .—The great mass of the Sierra Nevada consists of crystalline rocks (granites) and highly metamorphosed, tilted and dislocated sedimentary and eruptive rocks. There are less metamorphosed strata of later age (Cretaceous and Tertiary) on the western flank at and near the foot of the range, and Tertiary and Quaternary lavas and sediments deposited by streams occur on the slopes and even on crests and peaks, especially of the northern half of the range. But the great mass of the range is made up of granites and of sedimentary and eruptive rocks so highly metamorphosed as to be quite generally designated as the metamorphic rocks of the Sierra. J. D. Whitney showed in his report on the geology of California, and added confirmation in his work on the auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada, that a portion of these metamorphic rocks are of Mesozoic . . .
A volcanogenic interpretation for massive sulfide origin, West Shasta District, California

The Devonian massive sulfide ore deposits of the West Shasta district, California, have produced copper, zinc, gold, silver, and sulfur since 1897. An island-are setting is suggested for the volcanic host-rock sequence beginning with submarine lavas of the Copley Greenstone and succeeded by a thick and elongate accumulation of Balaklala Rhyolite. The rhyolites show a general compositional evolution through time with quartz phenocrysts increasing from zero to 4 mm during the latest stage. Midway through the rhyolite succession, crustal extension occurred along the north-northeasterly volcanic axis, lowering the crust, and generating fracture zones and sea-floor grabens, such as the Eureka system. These depressions exhibit orientations of N 15 degrees -20 degrees E and N 40 degrees -65 degrees E. Numerous massive sulfide ore and pyrite deposits formed along the > 13-km volcanic ridge at sites where submarine hot spring brines precipitated and formed massive sulfide lenses within structural depressions near the top of the lower unit rhyolitic lavas and domes which were altered by heated seawater circulation. Postore rhyolite crystal tuffs of the upper unit of the Balaklala Rhyolite were extruded over the district and thick cumulo domes probably breached sea level and escaped further seawater alteration. Devonian Kennett Formation shales and limestones then lapped onto the flanks of the volcanic pile either in the form of fringing sediments and reefs or as deposits resulting from slumping from a higher elevation as suggested by the black shale association. Folding is moderately severe in the southern part of the district, especially adjacent to the trondhjemitic Mule Mountain stock. However, fold effects are minimal in the northern two-thirds of the district. Postore faulting has progressively downdropped the crust to the north where more stratigraphic section is preserved. A volcanogenic origin for the generation of the massive sulfide deposits is preferred and supportive evidence for this model has come from studies in the West Keystone, Balaklala, and Shasta King mine areas. The similarities with other deposits within the district argue for all of the West Shasta ore deposits sharing a common volcanogenic ancestry.
Why Do Restaurant Firms Initiate Dividends

The U.S restaurant industry has experienced strong growth since 1970 (National Restaurant Association, n.d.). Publicly traded restaurant firms tend to initiate dividends soon after they go public, quite often even in the same year. This study tests hypotheses based upon four dividend initiation theories: signaling, life-cycle, agency costs and catering. The results reveal that only the signaling theory is significant. Since most restaurant firms initiate dividends at the growth stage, they tend to have little free cash flow, high investment opportunities, and low dividend premiums (which are less favorable to investors).
Integrating Model Theoretic and Proof Theoretic Interpretation of Logic Programs

We present an Interpretation algorithm for pure logic programs, in the sense of a many-sorted Horn logic, which combines both model and proof theoretic evaluation of goals. While proof theoretic goal evaluation is the Standard deductive mechanism of proving a goal from a set of Horn clauses, the model theoretic aspect goes back to searching a model for a Solution of the given goal. Since modeis of logic programs tend to be infinite and we want to store our modeis in a relational database, we can consider only finite excerpts of modeis, called views in our discussion. The idea of the integrated truth checking algorithm is to solve a goal by first Consulting the database for a possible Solution and to initiate a deduction process in case no such immediate Solutions can be found. We prove that this evaluation strategy is correct but — in general — not complete.
Holistic case study approach to Ada based software engineering training

The award of the Combat Submarine (BSY-2) contract to GE has challenged the Government Electronic Systems Division (GESD) in terms of involvement in the single largest Ada oriented project development to date in the world. The total project is faced with a development effort exceeding 2,500,000 lines of Ada code to be implemented by a community of software engineers totaling 900. The Government Electronic Systems Division at Moorestown, NJ, with its current staff of approximately 200 software engineers involved with on-going projects, is faced with significant numbers of additional engineers to hire that need to be integrated into the existing software engineering staff. The combined new staff is challenged with new methodologies, design, standards and Ada.
The training campaign is critical as a strategic element in the successful Ada software engineering effort of this fixed price contract. This paper will detail a fundamentally different approach in the training of engineers and engineering managers into a significantly new environment.
Les représentations sociales de la jeunesse à la télévision française. Les années soixante.

In the 1960's, the family was one of the recurring themes on French public television. Within this context, the young were a topic of considerable interest, in other words, a subject that was taken into account in program scheduling. Two types of television program with their own distinctive functions stood out: the documentary magazine and series, which covered the organization and outlining of family developments and lifestyles; news magazines, which informed viewers about underlying social movements. Those programs conveyed attitudes that demonstrate the multiple functions of television, how it plays a part in the production of standards that contribute to individual and family regulatory processes, how it supports and anticipates the evolution of custom and behaviour and how it reflects social discontent.
Distributing Forth

A Familiar Problem There is a controversy over how best to distribute Forth. Should it be in assembly language or in Forth (i.e. "metacompiled")? Lately, e-forth has been offered as the solution .for repopularizing Forth. It is the modern approach, usmg assembly language, offered to replace the out of date Fig Forth, so much easier to understand than a metacompiled Forth, uses MASM [8086 macroassembler] on a PC, which everybody has, how universal, etc. I feel that metacompilation has been getting a bum rap. Let's look more closely at how e-forth is distributed: (1) executable form already customized for a particular processor/operating system, or (2) IBM PC MASM source code that needs to be ported to your processor.
Medieval Greek Commentaries on the Nicomachean Ethics

Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations Classical Scholarschip in Twelfth-Century Byzantium The Literary, Cultural and Political Context for the Twelfth-Century Commentary on the Nicomacheau Ethics Aritotelian Ethics in Byzantium Neoplatonic Source-Material in Eustratios of Nicaea's Commentary on Book VI of the Nicomacheau Ethics Eustratios of Nicaea's 'Definition of being' Revisited Eustratios of Nicaea on the Separation of Art and Theology The Anonymous Commentary on Nicomacheau Ethics VII: Language, Style and Implications Michael of Ephesus on the Empirical Man, the Scientist and the Educated Man (In Ethica Nicomachea X and In de Partibus Animalium I) Some Observations on Michael of Ephesus' Comments on Nicomacheau Ethics X Bibliography Index
Exploring the Use of Enterprise 2.0 and Its Impact on Social Capital within a Large Organisation

Despite the rampant adoption of Enterprise 2.0, there is lack of empirical evidence of how Enterprise 2.0 is aptly supporting the business objectives. Social capital theory will be used as a theoretical lens to understand the impact and implications of individual use of Enterprise 2.0. To ascertain the impact from the use of Enterprise 2.0 on the various dimensions of social capital, a single in-depth qualitative case study was conducted with a large professional services organisation. The findings unfold the different areas of impacts based on actual individual use and experience. The research concludes with a framework delineating the intertwined relationship between each social capital dimensions.
Volume independence in large Nc QCD-like gauge theories

Volume independence in large $\Nc$ gauge theories may be viewed as a generalized orbifold equivalence. The reduction to zero volume (or Eguchi-Kawai reduction) is a special case of this equivalence. So is temperature independence in confining phases. In pure Yang-Mills theory, the failure of volume independence for sufficiently small volumes (at weak coupling) due to spontaneous breaking of center symmetry, together with its validity above a critical size, nicely illustrate the symmetry realization conditions which are both necessary and sufficient for large $\Nc$ orbifold equivalence. The existence of a minimal size below which volume independence fails also applies to Yang-Mills theory with antisymmetric representation fermions [QCD(AS)]. However, in Yang-Mills theory with adjoint representation fermions [QCD(Adj)], endowed with periodic boundary conditions, volume independence remains valid down to arbitrarily small size. In sufficiently large volumes, QCD(Adj) and QCD(AS) have a large $\Nc$ ``orientifold'' equivalence, provided charge conjugation symmetry is unbroken in the latter theory. Therefore, via a combined orbifold-orientifold mapping, a well-defined large $\Nc$ equivalence exists between QCD(AS) in large, or infinite, volume and QCD(Adj) in arbitrarily small volume. Since asymptotically free gauge theories, such as QCD(Adj), are much easier to study (analytically or numerically) in small volume, this equivalence should allow greater understanding of large $\Nc$ QCD in infinite volume.
A Time to Grow and a Time to Die: Growth and Mortality of Credit Unions in New York City, 1914–1990

One vision of organizational evolution suggests that old and large organizations become increasingly dominant over their environment. A second suggests that as organizations age they become less able to respond to new challenges. In this article the authors investigate which of these visions best characterizes the evolution of state-chartered credit unions in New York City from 1914 through 1990 by analyzing the effects of organizational age, size, and population density on rates of organizational failure and growth. The authors find evidence that old and small institutions are more likely to fail, while young and small organizations have the highest growth rates.