nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Time and the Evolution of States in Relativistic Classical and Quantum Mechanics

A consistent classical and quantum relativistic mechanics can be constructed if Einstein's covariant time is considered as a dynamical variable. The evolution of a system is then parametrized by a universal invariant identified with Newton's time. This theory, originating in the work of Stueckelberg in 1941, contains many questions of interpretation, reaching deeply into the notions of time, localizability, and causality. Some of the basic ideas are discussed here, and as an example, the solution of the two body problem with invariant action-at-a-distance potential is given. A proper generalization of the Maxwell theory of electromagnetic interaction, implied by the Stueckelberg-Schrodinger dynamical evolution equation and its physical implications are also discussed. It is also shown that a similar construction occurs, applying similar ideas, in the theory of gravitation.
Bose-Einstein-condensed gases with arbitrary strong interactions

Bose-condensed gases are considered with an effective interaction strength varying in the whole range of the values between zero and infinity. The consideration is based on the usage of a representative statistical ensemble for Bose systems with broken global gauge symmetry. Practical calculations are illustrated for a uniform Bose gas at zero temperature, employing a self-consistent mean-field theory, which is both conserving and gapless.
Structural characterization and investigation of iron(III) complexes with nitrogen and phosphorus based ligands in atom transfer radical addition (ATRA)

The solid state molecular structures of Fe III Cl 3 complexes with 2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane were reported. Most complexes adopted a distorted octahedral geometry, often incorporating coordinated solvent molecules (acetonitrile, methanol or water). Rearrangement involving ligand and/or halide exchange was also observed resulting in the formation of complexes in which the anion commonly contained [Fe III Cl 4 ] − . The isolated iron(III) complexes showed moderate activity in the ATRA of carbon tetrachloride to α-olefins in the presence of free-radical diazo initiator (AIBN) and were largely inactive for styrene and methyl acrylate. Furthermore, the activity was relatively independent on the nature and denticity of complexing ligand, and similar to Fe III Cl 3 in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of tetrabutylammonium chloride. Kinetic results coupled with cyclic voltammetry suggested that [Fe III Cl 4 ] − anions could be responsible for catalytic activity in these systems.
Sr{sub 1.98}Eu{sub 0.02}SiO{sub 4} luminescence whisker based on vapor-phase deposition: Facile synthesis, uniform morphology and enhanced luminescence properties

• For the first time, it is possible to obtain Sr{sub 1.98}Eu{sub 0.02}SiO{sub 4} whisker. • The whiskers are smooth and uniform with L/D ratio over 50. • Durability and thermal stability of the whisker are enhanced.  A high performance strontium silicate phosphor has been successfully synthesized though a facile vapor-phase deposition method. The product consists of single crystal whiskers which are smooth and uniform, and with a sectional equivalent diameter of around 5 μm; the aspect ratio is over 50 and no agglomeration can be observed. X-ray diffraction result confirmed that the crystal structure of the whisker was α’-Sr{sub 2}SiO{sub 4}. The exact chemical composition was Sr{sub 1.98}Eu{sub 0.02}SiO{sub 4} which was analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. The whisker shows broad green emission with peak at 523 nm ranging from 470 to 600 nm (excited at 370 nm). Compared with traditional Sr{sub 2}SiO{sub 4}:Eu phosphor, durability (at 85% humidity and 85 °C) and thermal stability of the whisker are obviously improved. Moreover, growth mechanism of the Sr{sub 1.98}Eu{sub 0.02}SiO{sub 4} whiskers is Vapor–Liquid–Solid. On a macro-scale, the product is still powder which makes it suitable for the current packaging process ofmore » WLEDs.« less
On personalizing Web search using social network analysis

Most of the existing Web search solutions are built for satisfying broad set of users regardless whether naive or professionals. Further, with the emergence of high speed internet applications and advanced Web 2.0 based Rich Internet Applications (i.e. blogs, wikis, etc.), it has become much easier for users to publish data over the Web. This brings a challenge for Web search solutions to let individual users find the right information as per their preferences. Different users of the Web may have different preferences. Search results for the same query from different users may differ in priority for individual users. In this paper, we describe our approach of enabling personalized Web search for users based on their preferences. It is a challenge in itself to have the preferences of the users known to and considered by search engines. We have designed and developed our unique approach of finding the preferences of users from the relevant parts of their social networks and communities. We believe that the information related to the queries posed by users may have strong correlation with relevant information in their social networks. In order to find out the personal interests and the social-contexts, we find out (1) activities of users in their social-networks, and (2) relevant information from user's social networks, based on our proposed trust and relevance matrices. We have developed a mechanism that extracts information from a user's social network and uses it to re-rank the results from a search engine. We have also discussed the implementation and evaluation of our proposed solution by emphasizing how it improves the Web search.
Marine Pollution Prevention in Bangladesh: A Way Forward for Implement Comprehensive National Legal Framework

After the permanent demarcation of maritime boundary with Myanmar and India, the Bangladesh government has emphasized on development of marine resources for enhancing its economy. However, Bangladesh faces several challenges in achieving blue growth, of which protecting marine environment from coastal and marine pollution is important. Without appropriate control measures, coastal and marine ecosystem are largely unprotected due to land-based and sea-based pollution sources that includes sewage pollution, industrial pollution, coastal development, habitat destruction etc. which collectively create microbial pollution. The oceanic parts of this country are rich in marine resources including diversity of fishes but pollution has devastating impacts on marine biota including human health. At present, Bangladesh has no ocean governance or policy to protect the resources from pollution. In this context, this paper provides a comprehensive policy framework for marine pollution control in Bangladesh with analysis of national and international legislation. A case study also illustrated to understand the present status of shipbreaking pollution in this region.
The ‘Good Youth Leader’: Constructions of Professionalism in English Youth Work, 1939–45

This article explores the development of professional training for youth leaders (now, youth workers) in England and Wales between 1939 and 1945. The article identifies the state's construction of young people as a problematic social category at a time of national crisis and its mobilization of youth leadership as part of the war effort. The Board of Education supported, sometimes tacitly, the development of courses in some universities and voluntary organizations for youth leaders. By 1942 full-time courses of training existed at five universities and university colleges and one voluntary organization and were recognized by the Board under Circular 1598. This article explores tensions between the discourse of voluntarism, in which youth leadership had traditionally been set, and the newly developing discourse of professionalism. The article suggests that these discourses are fundamentally ethical and tensions lay in contested definitions of the ‘good youth leader’. Little consensus existed on what counte...
Application of Confidence Intervals to the Autonomous Acquisition of High-level Spatial Knowledge

Objects in the world usually appear in context, participating in spatial relationships and interactions that are predictable and expected. Knowledge of these contexts can be used in the task of using a mobile camera to search for a specified object in a room. We call this the object search task. This paper is concerned with representing this knowledge in a manner facilitating its application to object search while at the same time lending itself to autonomous learning by a robot. The ability for the robot to learn such knowledge without supervision is crucial due to the vast number of possible relationships that can exist for any given set of objects. Moreover, since a robot will not have an infinite amount of time to learn, it must be able to determine an order in which to look for possible relationships so as to maximize the rate at which new knowledge is gained. In effect, there must be a "focus of interest" operator that allows the robot to choose which examples are likely to convey the most new information and should be examined first. This paper demonstrates how a representation based on statistical confidence intervals allows the construction of a system that achieves the above goals. An algorithm, based on the Highest Impact First heuristic, is presented as a means for providing a "focus of interest" with which to control the learning process, and examples are given.
Under Criticism: Essays for William H. Pritchard

American literary life has been enriched over the past generation by habits of criticism practiced at Amherst College during the tenure of William H. Pritchard. These essays, which were commissioned as a tribute to Pritchard, celebrate his fortieth year at Amherst and demonstrate the breadth of his influence in the fields of theory, criticism, and pedagogy. The occasion of forty years of teaching at Amherst by William H. Pritchard, the renowned critic of Frost, Jarrell, and many others, has generated a remarkable collection of essays by former students, colleagues, and friends. The essays themselves are a spectrum of contemporary criticism, ranging from classroom memoirs to analytic essay in criticism to assessment of the state of academic letters today. These contributions, a tribute, by reason of their very range, are a salute to the breadth of William Pritchard's circle of literary acquaintance. Under Criticism demonstrates the fine persistence in certain manners of approach and habits of focus that go, among that circle, under the name of criticism. Drawing foremost on their engagement with the literature before them, Christopher Ricks, Helen Vendler, Patricia Meyer Spacks, Neil Hertz, David Ferry, Paul Alpers, Joseph Epstein, and Frank Lentricchia-as well as fifteen other critics and men and women of letters-reinforce Professor Pritchard's prescription that in order to have a hearing, the critic needs to keep listening.
Hume, Hegel, and human nature

This is both a modest and a presumptuous work. It is presumptuous because, given the vast literature on just one of its themes, it attempts to discuss not only the philosophies of both Hume and Hegel but also something of their intellectual milieu. Moreover, though the study has a delimiting perspective in the relation ship between a theory of human nature and an account of the various aspects that make up social experience, this itself is so central and protean that it has necessitated a discussion of, amongst others, theories of history, language, aesthetics, law and politics. Yet it is a modest work in that, although I do think I have some fresh things to say, the study does not propose any revolutionary new reading of the material. I am not here interested in the relative validity of the theories put forward - I do not 'take sides'. Nevertheless it is part of the modest intent that recourse to Hume and Hegel in arguments pertaining to human nature will be better inform ed and more discriminating as a consequence of this study. Additionally, some distinctions herein made also shed light on some assumptions made in contem porary debates in the philosophy of social science, especially those concerning the understanding of alien belief-systems."
The U.S. ESRDC advances power system research for shipboard systems

In an effort to advance the research and development capabilities related to shipboard power systems, the U.S. Office of Naval Research created the Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium. This group of seven U.S. universities is working to develop near term and far term research solutions for ship power systems on the all-electric ship. This paper provides an overview of the ESRDC, its successes, resources, and activities related to education and research efforts.
21st Century Realism: The Past Is in Our Present

Fear of Enemies and Collective Action. By Ioannis D. Evrigenis. ).

The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal War and the Crisis of Global Order. Edited by Louiza Odysseos, Fabio Petito.  Routledge, 2007. 258 pp., $41.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0415474771).

Realist Strategies of Republican Peace: Neibuhr, Morgenthau, and the Politics of Patriotic Dissent. By Vibeke Schou Tjalve.  Palgrave, 2008. 174 pp., $74.95 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0230602175).

“The past is never dead. It's not even the past”– Requiem for a Nun , by William Faulkner, 1951, act I, scene iii.

A couple of years ago I wrote about what I termed “reflexive realism,” which I defined as “the attempt to restore classical realist principles of agency, prudence and the recognition of limitations as part of an attempt to provide a practical-ethical view of international politics” (Steele 2007: 273). At the time, however, I was not sure whether this recent trend in IR scholarship was more intellectual history or theory on its own accord. After reading these three impressive books, I would argue that whatever we term them, the recent vibrant re-engagements with realist theory are both, and exist in the space between intellectual history and theory. When one reads these accounts, we are re-reading the historical contexts in which various realist thinkers produced their work, but we recognize how their conditions speak to an unsettled present context, and thus also realize the leverage their wise lessons have upon our contemporary circumstances.

All three of these books can be considered contributions to the development of realist thought in International Relations theory. All return to some of the seminal authors of the realist tradition of political thought, but with an eye toward resurrecting some critical elements found in the works of authors who were once considered to be the foundation for otherwise conventional concepts in realist IR theory (survival, fear, anarchy, etc.). And all three helpfully provide an ontology of the present by going into our past: the rereading of seminal texts to “decode” a past which speaks to our present in ways in which the traditional readings of those texts cannot (see also Lebow 2003).

The books together provide IR scholars a dilemma, however. How are we …
Symptoms In Bangladeshi Patients with Incurable Cancers: Implications for Interventions

The poor state of palliative care in low- and middle-income countries has been termed a global crisis by the Lancet Commission on Palliative Care. The investigators previously reported on a cross-sectional study of symptoms in 640 Bangladeshi adults with incurable cancers. Usual levels of pain were high. The not-reported details of pain and other symptoms offered an opportunity to consider explanations and implications for interventions to lessen these symptoms.



At one visit, 640 Bangladeshi patients completed a symptom questionnaire. The distributions of 12 symptom level scores and the correlations between pain and different symptom scores were determined.



The population had significantly high and functionally compromising average usual pain scores, but low percentages of patients with very high and low pain scores. The distributions of scores for multiple symptoms were all skewed to higher mid-scale levels and modestly high (≥0.6) correlations of pain with nausea, anxiety, lack of appetite, constipation, and sleep quality were seen.



While the types and direct effects of the cancers, the young age distribution, and the true symptomatic status of this Bangladeshi population studied may explain the described characteristics, the observations deserve exploration of other causes with specific therapeutic implications. These patients appear to have been partially treated for pain, and in particular, environmental factors such as extreme heat and its consequences appear more likely causes of moderate levels of multiple symptoms, which collectively magnified patients' suffering. Greater attention to gastrointestinal symptoms and sleep disturbance, in particular, seems indicated.
Submarine geomorphology of northeast Baffin Bay and its implications for local paleo-ice sheet dynamics

High-resolution bathymetric data from close to the northwest Greenland coast in northern Melville Bay, northeast Baffin Bay, reveal a range of glacial and nonglacial landforms. The glacial landforms include crag-and-tails, mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGL), rock drumlins, and roche moutonnees that indicate paleo-ice sheet dynamics. The nonglacial landforms include steep ridges that are interpreted as volcanic dykes (Neoproterozoic Thule dyke swarms and Paleoproterozoic Melville Bugt dyke swarms). These dykes are glacially overprinted and may have channeled ice and subglacial meltwater flow through narrow subglacial cavities. Some of the glacial landforms eroded into bedrock indicate a southward paleo-ice stream orientation; while other glacial landforms, including the sedimentary depositional landforms, indicate a westward paleo-ice stream orientation. The glacial landforms were likely produced during at least two epochs and under changing thickness of the ice streams. The glacial landforms eroded into the bedrock are likely older than the sedimentary glacial landforms and were likely produced by a thin south/southeastward ice stream that allowed cavity formation. The westward-oriented glacial landforms were likely produced by a thick ice stream that was probably active during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The different orientations of the glacial landforms indicate a reorganization of the ice streams that may have occurred during retreat and subsequent readvance. This reorganization likely coincided with a migration of the ice divide from south to north.
Product Market Competition and Corporate Demand for Insurance 1

This article shows through a simple model that there is a monotonic relationship between the competitiveness of the product market and firms’ demand for insurance. The more competitive the product market is, the more likely firms competing in the market will acquire insurance or purchase full coverage. This holds true no matter whether firms exhibit risk aversion or not in their preferences. Investment in risk management prior to competition is used as a strategic commitment device in the product market competition. Firms optimize their risk management investment by balancing the strategic commitment benefit and the cost of insurance. Therefore, the “outside the box factors” such as the industry characteristics, the market environment and the competitive pressure are important ones shaping firms’ risk management strategies. This provides clear empirical implications for firm’s investment in risk management and its relationship with the product market environment. By focusing on primary insurers’ reinsurance purchases, we provide strong empirical support for the theoretical predictions.
Social representations of the psychologist for young students

Essa pesquisa objetivou analisar as Representacoes Sociais (RS) de psicologo para estudantes do ensino medio. Foi desenvolvida em duas etapas: 1) sob a perspectiva estrutural, aplicacao de questionario a 61 estudantes (42 meninas e 19 meninos) com o termo indutor “ psicologo” ; 2) sob a perspectiva processual, realizacao de Grupos Focais (GF) com 9 estudantes (8 meninas e 1 menino). Analisou-se as questoes de evocacao pelo software EVOC e as demais, por analise tematica. O elemento ajuda constituiu o possivel nucleo central da estrutura das RS, enquanto os GF indicaram o processo de constituicao de novos saberes sobre psicologo e concomitantemente confirmaram a importância do elemento ajuda. Enfatiza-se a importância das interacoes sociais, sentimentos e afetos na construcao das RS. Palavras-chave: Representacao social, Psicologos, Jovens, Atuacao Do Psicologo, Estudantes.  This research studied the Social Representations (SR) of the psychologist for high school students. It consisted in two phases: The first stage was carried out under the structural perspective, where a questionnaire was administrated to 61 students (42 girls and 19 boys) with the inductive term “psychologist”. The second stage used the processual perspective. Focal groups of 9 students (8 girls and 1 boy) were conducted. The evocation questions were processed by EVOC software, whereas the other questions were addressed by the use of Thematic Analysis. The data analysis has demonstrated the term help as the central core of the representation. The focal groups evidenced new perceptions about the psychologist, and the help element was confirmed. It was emphasized the importance of affective interactions, feelings and affections in the construction of SR.  Social Representations, Psychologists, Young People, Students, Psychologist’s Work, Performance of the Psychologist. Resumen Este trabajo investigo las Representaciones Sociales (RS) de psicologo a estudiantes de educacion secundaria. Se desarrollo en dos etapas: in la perspectiva estructural, la aplicacion del cuestionario a 61 estudiantes (42 chicas/19 chicos) con el termino inductor “ psicologo ”; in la perspectiva procesal, la realizacion de Grupos Focales (GF) con 9 estudiantes (8 chicas/1 chico). Las preguntas de evocacion fueron tratadas con el software EVOC y, las demas, sometidas al Analisis Tematico. Los datos mostraron el elemento ayuda como nucleo central da estructura de la RS. Los GF indican la aparicion de nuevos saberes sobre psicologo al mismo tiempo que corroboran el elemento ayuda. Se enfatiza la importancia de las interacciones sociales, sentimientos y afectos en la construccion de las RS. Palabras clave: Representacion Social, Psicologos, Jovenes, Actuacion de Psicologo, Estudiantes.
Design and implementation of software to automate reuse in component-based system engineering

The goal of this thesis is to develop software under the SpecTRM software package for the partial automation of tasks associated with reusing SpecTRM-RL component models. The automation software is designed to aid the application of component-based system engineering in SpecTRM, mainly by reducing the amount of manual work necessary in setting up component models for simulation. My thesis will examine the properties of component models, and the common tasks associated with component-based system engineering, so as to identify areas where automation is possible, and then present the user interfaces and algorithms necessary to achieve automation. The automation software will be implemented in Java under the Eclipse platform, in order to be seamlessly integrated into the SpecTRM software package.  Nancy G. Leveson Title: Professor