nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth

This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two 'quasi-natural experiments' in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the world by European powers starting in the fifteenth century. We then develop the basic outline of a framework for thinking about why economic institutions differ across countries. Economic institutions determine the incentives of and the constraints on economic actors, and shape economic outcomes. As such, they are social decisions, chosen for their consequences. Because different groups and individuals typically benefit from different economic institutions, there is generally a conflict over these social choices, ultimately resolved in favor of groups with greater political power. The distribution of political power in society is in turn determined by political institutions and the distribution of resources. Political institutions allocate de jure political power, while groups with greater economic might typically possess greater de facto political power. We therefore view the appropriate theoretical framework as a dynamic one with political institutions and the distribution of resources as the state variables. These variables themselves change over time because prevailing economic institutions affect the distribution of resources, and because groups with de facto political power today strive to change political institutions in order to increase their de jure political power in the future. Economic institutions encouraging economic growth emerge when political institutions allocate power to groups with interests in broad-based property rights enforcement, when they create effective constraints on power-holders, and when there are relatively few rents to be captured by power-holders. We illustrate the assumptions, the workings and the implications of this framework using a number of historical examples.
Roman Ingarden’s Aesthetics

While Roman Ingarden remains best known among English-speaking philosophers and literary theorists for his work in aesthetics, and primarily for his study of the literary work of art, his studies in aesthetics and art belong in fact to the comprehensive program of phenomenological research in ontology and metaphysics that occupied him for his entire career. In this article I briefly describe this program of phenomenological research, then I discuss some of the major features of Ingarden’s analyses of works of art and the aesthetic experience.
„Fremde Körperwelten”. Russische Anthropologie und Medizin im kolonialen Diskurs des ausgehenden Zarenreiches

„Exotic Bodies”: Russian Anthropology and Medicine in the Colonial Discours of Late Imperial Russia. In the nineteenth century Russian anthropologists adopted Western theories on the biological superiority of the white man in order to justify Russian colonization at the Asiatic periphery. After the Great Reforms the imperial process of acculturation was discussed in the context of modernization that also touched the institutionalization of colonial medicine. Whereas Russian armchair anthropologists were operating with racial idioms, physicians as practitioners on the colonial spot were not receptive to the ideology of “white man's burden”. From experience with the socioeconomic backwardness of Russia's Asiatic periphery physicians stood up for the vital rights of the indigenous population in the colonial Public Health. With deep respect for indigenous medicine Russian physicians were not advocates of Russian colonial expansion and racial discrimination that made them different to their Western colleagues. On the basis of Russian nineteenth century medical literature and Siberian archival sources this paper outlines the critical reflections of Russian physicians on Tsarist colonialism
Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland

Within the neovolcanic zones of Iceland many volcanoes grew upward through icecaps that have subsequently melted. These steep-walled and flat-topped basaltic subglacial volcanoes, called tuyas, are composed of a lower sequence of subaqueously erupted, pillowed lavas overlain by breccias and hyaloclastites produced by phreatomagmatic explosions in shallow water, capped by a subaerially erupted lava plateau. Glass and whole-rock analyses of samples collected from six tuyas indicate systematic variations in major elements showing that the individual volcanoes are monogenetic, and that commonly the tholeiitic magmas differentiated and became more evolved through the course of the eruption that built the tuya. At Herdubreid, the most extensively studies tuya, the upward change in composition indicates that more than 50 wt.% of the first erupted lavas need crystallize over a range of 60°C to produce the last erupted lavas. The S content of glass commonly decreases upward in the tuyas from an average of about 0.08 wt.% at the base to
The Role of Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs) in the U.S. Medical Industry Supply Chain

A group purchasing organization (GPO) is an intermediary in the supply chain for pharmaceuticals and medical equipment. Hospitals and clinics join GPOs in order to aggregate purchases and thereby extract lower prices from suppliers. In the United States, GPOs currently account for more than $25 billion of hospital procurement. Though supporters of GPOs claim they save hospitals and clinics considerable sums, several recent studies have found that lower prices can often be obtained outside of the GPO.This paper argues that GPOs have turned the market for medical products in the U.S. into a bilateral oligopoly. Congressional hearings in 2002 and 2003 revealed that several GPOs had been engaged in non-competitive practices, such as receiving excessive rebates and providing executives with stock options in supplier companies. Faced with possible anti-trust suits and greater Federal government oversight, GPOs have begun to modify their behavior. All this means a solid gap between theory and practice.
Grain growth and morphology of In2O3:Pd nanocomposite films

Thin film nanocomposites based on semiconducting oxides and palladium have been systematically studied using combinatorial chemistry techniques to optimize their thermoelectric properties. These nanocomposites have considerable potential for energy harvesting applications in harsh environments and were prepared by embedding palladium nanoparticles into an indium oxide matrix via co-sputtering from metal and ceramic targets. The as-deposited films were largely amorphous and thus were subsequently heat treated in nitrogen ambients to produce crystalline nanocomposites. These nanocomposite films were screened for their thermoelectric properties at room temperature as a function of composition, and the resulting films exhibited thermoelectric power factors that were significantly greater than the semiconducting oxides deposited directly from ceramic targets. Based on these rapid screening protocols employing hundreds of micro-thermocouples, the most promising nanocomposite films in terms of thermoelectric power factor were down-selected. Transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were then used to study the microstructural changes in these films as a function of temperature. When thermally cycled to 800 °C, an abrupt transition from normal, equiaxed grain growth to abnormal (spherulitic growth) was observed at a threshold palladium loading which was also optimal for thermoelectric energy harvesting.
concerning possible effects of air pollution on climate: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Environment and the Atmosphere of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, 13–14 November 1975

A summary is given of testimony before the subcommittee on Environment and the Atmosphere in the House of Representatives. The testimony is a response to questions in six areas: threats, response characteristics, ambiguities of prediction, ambiguities of measurement, research needs and comments on setting standards. Included is a table of some of the pollutants (all of which are emitted as an inadvertent by-product in the course of achieving a desirable goal) and briefly describes their importance. All act to disturb either the radiation balance or the precipitation mechanisms, two processes having a fundamental impact in determining the climate.
Towards a Reverse Newman’s Theorem in Interactive Information Complexity

Newman’s theorem states that we can take any public-coin communication protocol and convert it into one that uses only private randomness with but a little increase in communication complexity. We consider a reversed scenario in the context of information complexity: can we take a protocol that uses private randomness and convert it into one that only uses public randomness while preserving the information revealed to each player? We prove that the answer is yes, at least for protocols that use a bounded number of rounds. As an application, we prove new direct-sum theorems through the compression of interactive communication in the bounded-round setting. To obtain this application, we prove a new one-shot variant of the Slepian–Wolf coding theorem, interesting in its own right. Furthermore, we show that if a Reverse Newman’s Theorem can be proven in full generality, then full compression of interactive communication and fully-general direct-sum theorems will result.
Análisis estadístico de datos geoquímicos de volcanitas jurásicas del Macizo del Deseado, provincia de Santa Cruz Statistical analysis of geochemical data from Jurassic volcanic rocks of the Deseado Massif, province of Santa Cruz

Statistical analysis of geochemical data from Jurassic volcanic rocks of the Deseado Massif, province of Santa Cruz. During the detailed mapping of the central zone of the Deseado Massif, a group of Jurassic volcanic units consisting of lavas and ignimbrites of andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic composition was identified. A statistical analysis of major oxides SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, FeO (total), MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O y P2O5 from 73 samples originated from eight volcanic units was conducted. The total geochemical composition of each sample constitutes a closed set of data (or set of compositional data) as the sum of each sample's part is 100%. To analyze the relationships between oxides, between volcanic units, and to identify the existence of subsets, compositional biplots were used as an exploratory tool. In addition, cluster analysis of the samples and statistical inference were performed. The results allowed for: (a) Verification of the existence of two groups of volcanic units, a first group of mostly rhyolitic and a second group of mostly andestic and dacitic. Although the first group includes volcanic units that could be included in the Chon Aike Formation, the volcanic units of the second group do not fit in any of the formations units defining the Jurassic volcanism of the region. (b) Definition of samples subsets that closely match well known volcanic units, indicating a defined relationship between the samples and their respective chemical compositions. (c) Confirmation of the absence of a compositional gap shown by the TAS and AFM diagrams. (d) Recognize that the detailed mapping of lithologic units and/or lithofacies is more representative than that of the formations, as it allows for a better representation of the volcanic evolution of the region.
The Culture of Criticism and the Criticism of Culture

This important new work is at once a provocative defence of the kind of moral reflection once associated in America with the writings of Lionel Trilling and Edmund Wilson and an acknowledgement that this pragmatic legacy must be revaluated in the light of challenges posed by structuralist and post-structuralist theory. Gunn challenges the assumptions of modern criticism with a revised interpretation of pragmatism and its critical legacy.
Constructive Logics. Part II: Linear Logic and Proof Nets

The purpose of this paper is to give an exposition of material dealing with constructive logics, typed -calculi, and linear logic. The first part of this paper gives an exposition of background material (with the exception of the Girard-translation of classical logic into intuitionistic logic, which is new). This second part is devoted to linear logic and proof nets. Particular attention is given to the algebraic semantics (in Girard’s terminology, phase semantics) of linear logic. We show how phase spaces arise as an instance of a Galois connection. We also give a direct proof of the correctness of the Danos-Regnier criterion for proof nets. This proof is based on a purely graph-theoretic decomposition lemma. As a corollary, we give anO(n2)-time algorithm for testing whether a proof net is correct. Although the existence of such an algorithm has been announced by Girard, our algorithm appears to be original.
Quantum Gauge Theory of Gravity

The quantum gravity is formulated based on principle of local gauge invariance. The model discussed in this paper has local gravitational gauge symmetry and gravitational field is represented by gauge field. In leading order approximation, it gives out classical Newton’s theory of gravity. It can also give out an Einstein-like field equation with cosmological constant. For classical tests, it gives out the same theoretical predictions as those of general relativity. This quantum gauge theory of gravity is a renormalizable quantum theory.
Department of Historical Studies (History) Special Topic Plague, Politics and Society: England 1348-1400

Unit Description The Black Death killed around 40% of the population of England in 1348-9, and the return of plague at intervals over the following decades prevented a recovery from this demographic calamity. What were the immediate and longer term consequence of this sudden catastrophe for the survivors? This unit attempts to answer this question with reference to different elements of English society – peasants, towndwellers, clergy, landed nobility, and the crown itself. All had to adapt to massive economic change and the social consequences that flowed therefrom. As the appearance of heresy in the shape of the Lollards, of popular unrest in the form of the Peasants’ Revolt, and of political fracture in the form of the deposition of Richard II demonstrated, such adaptation in late fourteenth-century England was traumatic. And always there was war with France and Scotland: rarely has England experienced a more turbulent, formative half-century in its long history.
Effect of synthesis parameters and ion exchange on crystallinity and morphology of EU-1 zeolite

The effect of aging time, synthesis temperature and synthesis time on crystallinity and morphology of Na–EU-1 has been studied. Hexamethonium bromide was used as a template to synthesize Na–EU-1 zeolite with Si/Al of 25. In addition, the effect of modification using ion exchange with (NH 4 + , Ca 2 + , Li + and Ni + ) nitrates to replace Na + was also studied. X-ray diffraction was used to study the phases and the crystallinity of zeolite crystals. Morphology of EU-1 crystals was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prolonged aging time up to 12 h favored pure phase and crystalline EU-1. It has been found that the optimum synthesis temperature to obtain highly crystalline EU-1 is 190 °C. The shortest synthesis time to obtain crystalline EU-1 at 190 °C is 72 h. Ion exchange reduced the crystallinity of EU-1 crystals. We anticipate that the metal-modified EU-1 is a potential catalyst in numerous reactions such as isomerization and methanol-to-hydrocarbon.
Knowledge service model for business process design

Business processes are key corporate assets both generating and requiring knowledge. During business process modeling phase in order to create an accurate and realistic process model a business process analyst requires existing business process knowledge embedded in internal organizational resources such as documentation and other software artifacts as well as in external resources such as legal documents repositories, standards, regulations and business process frameworks. The aim of this research is to design a service model that will identify and extract knowledge related to business processes from existing external and internal sources and store it as ontology enabling extracted knowledge to be represented in a machine readable format. This research is in the initial analysis phase of the first year of the doctoral studies.
BIO+TERROR: SCIENCE, SECURITY, SIMULATION

The United States government has spent more than $125 billion since 2001 to prepare the nation for bioterrorism. This dissertation examines the emergence of bioterrorism as a credible threat in the contemporary moment, considering how the preparedness practices of the security state constitute new biopolitical formations. To explore how changing ways of knowing disease and risk are reshaping communities, this multi-sited study investigates the material outcomes of biosecurity in people’s lives. It shows how complex histories of disease and terror are remade in the modern age to bring about new spaces and forms of biological citizenship. Through interview, observation and detailed historical research, this research considers three sites where bioterrorism is reshaping public life. At Montana’s Rocky Mountain Laboratory, the community protest of the first high-security Biosafety Level-4 facility built in the 21st century exemplifies how public fear of microbes reshapes laboratory spaces and constructs environmental geographies around new conceptions of life, risk, and disease. The creation and implementation of new biopreparedness programs at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta show how the alliance of
Conditions for Establishing a System of Fairness: Comment on Brosnan (2006)

Brosnan (2006) proposed that animal responses to inequity mirror human response tendencies that are summarized as inequity aversion. In this comment two issues are raised. The first issue deals with the assumption of continuity between humans and nonhuman species in reference to cooperative behaviour. The second issue focuses on the idea that the state of inequity aversion may motivate intervention processes.
Constructing memorable asymmetric information diagrams in three dimensions

This paper presents a model for presenting relational information as a graph in three dimensions, where the emphasis is on the location of nodes by recognition of their locality in the drawing rather than the tracing of paths through the graph. The approach exploits the potential of 3D to present graphs with a high number of nodes specific to an individual user, such as a graph of web-page bookmarks. The key element is the creation of a memorable structure that contains a variety of sub-structures which act as reference points for the viewer as they manipulate their own viewpoint within the three dimensional virtual space of the graph layout. The layout algorithm used here challenges the need for an aesthetic of symmetry in graph drawing within 3D and exploits the user’s ability to recall sub-structures within a drawing to replace edge-tracing as the means for locating nodes in the drawing.
Type-theoretic logic with an operational account of intensionality

We formulate a Curry-typed logic with fine-grained intensionality within Turner’s typed predicate logic. This allows for an elegant presentation of a theory that corresponds to Fox and Lappin’s property theory with curry typing, but without the need for a federation of languages. We then consider how the fine-grained intensionality of this theory can be given an operational interpretation. This interpretation suggests itself as expressions in the theory can be viewed as terms in the untyped lambda-calculus, which provides a model of computation.
Engineering education: A perspective and some current problems

Many forces contribute to the rapid changes that have taken place in engineering education; among the current forces are the continuing electronics revolution and the new energy revolution. The most dramatic of the changes since World War II has been the shift from an undergraduate enterprise to one with equal emphasis on graduate study. Of the many problems facing engineering education, it is suggested that special attention be given to the curriculum, to the graduate degrees be given, and to interdisciplinary programs.
The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents 1896-1939

This volume provides a comprehensive documentary history of Russian and Soviet cinema. It provokes a major reassessment of conventional Western understanding of Soviet cinema. Based on extensive research and in original translation, the documents selected illustrate both the aesthetic and political development of Russian and Soviet cinema, from its beginnings as a fairground novelty in 1896 to its emergence as a mass medium of entertainment and propaganda on the eve of World War II.
Practical metaprogramming

Metaprogramming is the process of specifying generic software source templates from which classes of software components, or parts thereof, can be automatically instantiated to produce new software components. Metaprograms are specified in an annotated by-example style accessible to ordinary programmers of the source language. Annotations are in the form of Prolog-like predicates that specify the conditions under which different parts of the source template are to be instantiated. Instantiation of a source component is done by specifying facts about the new application in a database, from which the appropriate instance of the metaprogram is automatically inferred using Prolog-style deduction.This paper describes a practical metaprogramming system being developed as part of the ITRC Software Life Cycle Technology project, which utilizes source transformation to implement all phases of the metaprogramming process. Metaprograms are automatically transformed into TXL (Tree Transformation Language) source transformation tasks that automatically implement the instantiation process using TXL. Examples are shown of the use of metaprogramming in automatically deriving C language glue routines that allow Prolog programs to access the GL graphics library.