nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The web of system properties: a general view of systems

This paper considers why informed computer predictions are so often wrong. A limited perspective seems to be a factor. It is proposed that a general understanding of the nature of systems is necessary to predict and create the future of information systems. Based on a general definition, a set of system properties is proposed which can be applied equally to human-created and natural systems, i.e. to hardware and software as well as organisms and societies. Assigning values to each property allows a system "web" to be drawn representing its overall performance. The model predicts that Windows will displace DOS, but that electronic mail will not displace paper communication. It is suggested that a balanced view of system properties will not only allow better prediction of future information systems trends, but allow design of information systems which avoid the "revenge" effects common with new technologies.
Do low-dose corticosteroids improve mortality or shock reversal in patients with septic shock? A systematic review and position statement prepared for the American Academy of Emergency Medicine.

The management of septic shock has undergone a significant evolution in the past decade. A number of trials have been published to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose corticosteroid administration in patients with septic shock.



The Sepsis Sub-committee of the American Academy of Emergency Medicine Clinical Practice Committee performed an extensive search of the contemporary literature and identified seven relevant trials.



Six of the seven trials reported a mortality outcome of patients in septic shock. Analysis of the data revealed that the relative risk (RR) of 28-day all-cause mortality in septic shock patients who received low-dose corticosteroids was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.07). All seven trials reported data concerning shock reversal or the withdrawal of vasopressors. Pooled results revealed that the RR of shock reversal is 1.17 (95% CI 1.07-1.28), which suggests that there may be significant improvement in shock reversal after corticosteroid administration. It is important to understand that two of the seven studies reviewed were disproportionately represented and accounted for 799 of 1005 patients (80%) considered for this recommendation.



The evidence suggests that low-dose corticosteroids may reverse shock faster; however, mortality is not improved for the overall population.
Structure and Reactivity of (PPh 4 ) 3 [W(CN) 5 O] ⋅ 7H 2 O. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction with Molecular Oxygen

The (PPh4)3 W(CN)5O 7H2O has been synthesised and structurally characterised by X-ray diffraction. In the solid state and in ethanol-acetone mixture, the salt reacts with molecular oxygen giving (PPh4)2 W(CN)4O(O2) . The progress of the solid state reaction was followed by measuring infrared spectra. The integrated intensities of the W=O, O–O and C N bands changed with time according to the pseudo first-order kinetics. In solution, the kinetic measurements indicate that the rate law is of the form –d complex /dt = k complex O2 . The k value is equal to 5.78 ( 0.26) mol –1 dm3 s–1 at 298 K. The activation parameters, H‡ (k) and S‡ (k), are 55 ( 3) kJ mol–1 and –46 ( 8) J K–1 mol–1, respectively. A reaction mechanism is proposed.
Revision and Competing Voices in D. H. Lawrence's Collaborations

Scholars of literary collaboration have often focused on creative partnerships between writers of the same gender to the exclusion of those between men and women. They have also celebrated texts in which the writers' voices seem to blend harmoniously and indistinguishably together over those that highlight collaborative disagreement. These tendencies have obscured how many modernist writers viewed collaboration between men and women and the spirited conflict it frequently produced as important elements of their larger project to revitalize art. This essay traces the development of D. H. Lawrence's collaborative aesthetic as a case study, focusing on his working relationships with his one-time fiancfe Louie Burrows on the short story "Goose Fair", his adolescent sweetheart Jessie Chambers on Sons and Lovers, and the Australian novelist Mollie Skinner on The Boy in the Bush. The vibrant interplay of male and female voices that animates many of the drafts, fragments, and published versions of these works reveals Lawrence's desire to preserve his disagreements with women by letting their contributions stand in unresolved dialogue with his own. I also examine some uses and limitations of the Cambridge Edition of the Works of D. H. Lawrence, which too often misrepresents Lawrence's literary-cultural contexts of production by codifying works he wrote with others as products of his genius alone, even though he repeatedly invited and often depended on women to help shape the texts "he would have wished to see printed".
Evolution of the House Mouse: Contributors

List of contributors Foreword: mice and (wo)men: an evolving relationship R. J. Berry Preface 1. The house mouse and its relatives: systematics and taxonomy Jean-Christophe Auffray and Janice Britton-Davidian 2. Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Mus in Eurasia Hitoshi Suzuki and Ken P. Aplin 3. On the origin of the house mouse synanthropy and dispersal in the Near East and Europe: zooarchaeological review and perspectives Thomas Cucchi, Jean-Christophe Auffray and Jean-Denis Vigne 4. Origin and genetic status of Mus musculus molossinus: a typical example of reticulate evolution in the genus Mus Hiromichi Yonekawa, Jun J. Sato, Hitoshi Suzuki and Kazuo Moriwaki 5. The complex social environment of female house mice (Mus domesticus) Barbara Konig and Anna K. Lindholm 6. Development of the mouse mandible: a model system for complex morphological structures Christian Peter Klingenberg and Nicolas Navarro 7. Recognition of subspecies status mediated by androgen-binding protein (ABP) in the evolution of incipient reinforcement on the European house mouse hybrid zone Christina M. Laukaitis and Robert C. Karn 8. Mechanisms of chemical communication Pavel Stopka, Romana Stopkova and Katerina Janotova 9. The evolution of MHC diversity in house mice Dustin J. Penn and Kerstin Musolf 10. Ultrasonic vocalizations in house mice: a cryptic mode of acoustic communication Kerstin Musolf and Dustin J. Penn 11. House mouse phylogeography Francois Bonhomme and Jeremy B. Searle 12. The mouse t-haplotype: a selfish chromosome - genetics, molecular mechanism and evolution Bernhard G. Herrmann and Hermann Bauer 13. Tracing recent adaptations in natural populations of the house mouse Meike Teschke, Anna Buntge and Diethard Tautz 14. What can the Mus musculus musculus/M. m. domesticus hybrid zone tell us about speciation? Stuart J. E. Baird and Milos Macholan 15. Behaviour, ecology and speciation in the house mouse Guila Ganem 16. Chromosomal hybrid zones in the house mouse Heidi C. Hauffe, Mabel D. Gimenez and Jeremy B. Searle 17. The role of the X chromosome in house mouse speciation Ayako Oka and Toshihiko Shiroishi 18. New insights into parasitism in the house mouse hybrid zone Joelle Gouy de Bellocq, Alexis Ribas and Stuart J. E. Baird 19. Hybrid male sterility genes in the mouse subspecific crosses Jiri Forejt, Jaroslav Pialek and Zdenek Trachtulec 20. Linkage disequilibrium approaches for detecting hybrid zone movement: a study of the house mouse hybrid zone in southern Bavaria Priscilla K. Tucker, Liuyang Wang, Ken Luzynski and Katherine Teeter Index.
Multiple open services: a new approach to service provision in open hypermedia systems

Over the past decade, hypermedia systems have become increasingly open, distributed, and modular. As a direct result of this, open hypermedia systems have been increasingly successful in providing middleware services such as linking to a large set of clients. This paper presents a new approach to service provision in open hypermedia systems based on the concept of multiple open services. The overall idea with multiple open services is to rethink the way in which services are provided to clients. The goal is to split up services into components, each of which provides a general, scalable, and functionally independent (orthogonal) service. This results in a highly flexible architectural framework that can serve as a vehicle to further investigate many of the open issues relating to open hypermedia systems. The approach can be viewed as a natural next step in the evolution towards more open, distributed, and modular hypermedia systems. The concept of multiple open services is described in detail, and a proof of concept implementation called Construct is presented.
THE YOUNG HISTORIANS OR CHRONICLES OF HOMES: LILY PERRY'S ?????? ??????? (THE EXECUTIONER'S VISIT)

Daniel, the thirteen year old boy who is "too clever for his age but is afraid and anxious as befits his age," is the protagonist of Lily Perry's novel The Executioner's Visit . Instead of writing about the destruction of the First Temple, The First House, for his history class, Daniel chooses to write the chronicles of his dysfunctional family. The history assignment lends its discursive structure to Daniel's account of his parents' divorce and the subsequent suicidal depression of his mother. His narrative is constructed around what he perceives to be an accurate, objective, and well-researched historical account. His anger at the mother who wants to die, his oedipal rivalry with his father, and his cries for help are all delivered within the paradigms of "professional and scientific" chronicles. Through Daniel's mimcry of history telling, Perry's novel examines the discourse of the family as a paradigm and historiography as an objective discipline. The novel turns around the conventional power relations between the two: instead of appropriating the family to serve the ends of the historical discourse, it uses the historiographical discourse to represent the family. Consequently, the presumed priority of historiography is questioned and undermined. Perry's novel introduces a new perspective to the literary representations of the hegemonic/marginalized relationship by shifting the focus to the discursive. Daniel's mimicry of history writing empties it from its conventional content (international relations, wars, etc.) thus laying bare its hierarchical principles, which marginalize and trivialize the power relations that constitute the family. Furthermore, this reversal of appropriating processes suggests that gender politics govern not only family constitution but also the historical discourse.
Inductive Types in Homotopy Type Theory

Homotopy type theory is an interpretation of Martin-LÃ¶f's constructive type theory into abstract homotopy theory. There results a link between constructive mathematics and algebraic topology, providing topological semantics for intensional systems of type theory as well as a computational approach to algebraic topology via type theory-based proof assistants such as Coq. The present work investigates inductive types in this setting. Modified rules for inductive types, including types of well-founded trees, or W-types, are presented, and the basic homotopical semantics of such types are determined. Proofs of all results have been formally verified by the Coq proof assistant, and the proof scripts for this verification form an essential component of this research.
Proof Planning: A Fresh Start?

Planning is a technique for automated (and interactive) theorem proving that searches for proof plans at the level of abstract methods. Proof methods consist of a chunk of mathematically motivated, recurring patterns of calculus level inferences with additional preand post-conditions that model their applicability conditions. Despite its partial success, proof planning has various shortcomings. In this paper we discuss some shortcomings of proof planning in the mega system. They result mainly from the strong coupling of the search for a proof plan at the method level with the underlying logic-calculus level. We present some ideas to overcome these shortcomings by separating the plan level and the calculus level completely.
Making business sense of the Internet.

For managers in large, well-established businesses, the Internet is a tough nut to crack. It is very simple to set up a Web presence and very difficult to create a Web-based business model. Established businesses that over decades have carefully built brands and physical distribution relationships risk damaging all they have created when they pursue commerce through the Net. Still, managers can't avoid the impact of electronic commerce on their businesses. They need to understand the opportunities available to them and recognize how their companies may be vulnerable if rivals seize those opportunities first. Broadly speaking, the Internet presents four distinct types of opportunities. First, it links companies directly to customers, suppliers, and other interested parties. Second, it lets companies bypass other players in an industry's value chain. Third, it is a tool for developing and delivering new products and services to new customers. Fourth, it will enable certain companies to dominate the electronic channel of an entire industry or segment, control access to customers, and set business rules. As he elaborates on these four points, the author gives established companies a systematic way to sort through the risks and rewards of doing business in cyberspace.
The Old City of Al Zubair. The Emergence and Physical Reality (1571-1882 Iraq)

The natural advantages of the site of the city of Al Zubair contributed to its becoming a stable settlement for the tribes migrating from Najd and Hejaz during the last four centuries. These features gave the city a fundamental stability and constant growth, turning it, later, into one of the main cities in the region and an important commercial centre. This research study aims to examine the historical dimensions of Al Zubair’s emergence, as well as the physical housing reality within the boundaries of the walled city (which represents the first phase of the city’s development), and to identify the role of people adapting the local conditions of the place in ways that made it a suitable environment for human habitation. The morphological method has been used in this study of the physical reality of the city. This sequential historical method grants geography an important third dimension: time. Al Zubair is, in terms of its architecture, a history written in the form of buildings, streets, and various other facilities; it is an historic compound that cannot be comprehended without an understanding of and insight into its historical development.
YouTube - a political advertising tool? A case study of the use of YouTube in the campaign for the European Parliament elections 2009

Political campaigns are made to attract the attention from citizens. The beginning of its adaption is linked to the appearance of the social media and user-generated content. Since the number of users of social network sites in Europe constantly grows, 2009 was the first time that these websites were used in political marketing purposes for the European Parliament elections. This is an exploratory study of the nature and extent of video-based social media, studied through the content analysis of YouTube videos created for the electoral campaign for the 2009 European Parliament elections by 13 political parties from four EU states. Results have shown the specificities of political advertising on the YouTube, a raising interest in social media among citizens in Europe, and the development of this way of campaigning.
Reactions of transition-metal cations with [Re6Te 8(CN)6]4- (see abstract)

The compounds [Zn(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 [Re 6 Te 8 (CN) 6 ] (1) , [{Co(NH 3 ) 5 } 2 Re 6 Te 8 (CN) 6 ] · 4H 2 O (2) , and [ 5 } 2 Re 6 Te 8 (CN) 6 ] · 4H 2 O (3) have been synthesized by the diffusion of an ammonia solution of Cs 4 [Re 6 Te 8 (CN) 6 ] · 2H 2 O into a glycerol solution of ZnCl 2 (for 1 ), CoCl 2  · 6H 2 O (for 2 ), or NiCl 2  · 6H 2 O (for 3 ). Compound 1 crystallizes in the trigonal space group with one formula in a unit cell of dimensions a =10.3776(8) A, c =10.4322(11) A, and V =972.97(15) A 3 ( T =153 K). Compounds 2 and 3 crystallize with four formula units in space group C 2/ c with cells of dimensions a =20.808(2) A, b =22.027(3) A, c =10.3708(11) A, β =110.958(2)°, and V =4438.9(8) A 3 ( T =153 K) (for 2 ); a =20.7617(15) A, b =22.0521(16) A, c =10.3526(8) A, β =110.692(1)°, and V =4434.1(6) A 3 ( T =153 K) (for 3 ). Compound 1 is ionic whereas compounds 2 and 3 , which are isostructural, are molecular comprising two M(NH 3 ) 5 groups (M=Co, Ni) bonded in a trans fashion to the Re 6 Te 8 (CN) 6 cluster through M–N(cyanide) bonds.
Identities and Interactions.

In the authors' own words, the enterprise of this volume is: (1) "to elaborate a theory of human conduct" and (2) "to explain the Who, What, When, and Where of social interaction in terms of this characteristic 'social conflict' in which all a person's acts are 'anticipated, checked, inhibited, or modified by the gestures and intentions of his fellows.' " The scope of the book is further characterized by a description on the cover that reads "an examination of human associations in everyday life." The content of the book is presented in nine chapters and an epilogue. The chapters range from considerations such as "The Philosophy of Conduct" to "The Career of a Relationship," and revolve around the various aspects of assuming roles, perceiving the roles of others, and a person's alteration of his own behavior when interacting with others. The authors are sociologists, and the
Non-Minimal Coupling Efiects of the Ultra-Light Particles on Photons Velocities in the Radiation Dominated Era of the Universe

The efiect of the ultra-light masses of the order of the Hubble constant, implemented in Einstein's fleld equations from non-minimal coupling and supergravities arguments, on photons velocities in the radiation dominated epoch of the Universe within the framework of non-minimal interaction of electromagnetic flelds with gravity is developed and discussed in details.
Bose-einstein condensation and spatial correlations in 4He

A new Monte Carlo method for calculating ground-state properties of liquid 4He is described. It is shown that Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) implies delocalization of the wave function. It is shown that there is no general connection between the static structure factor and BEC. It is suggested that the observed connection in liquid 4He is due to the creation of spaces in the liquid structure, which are required so that the wave function can delocalize, in the presence of the hard-core interactions. It is shown that this suggestion is quantitatively consistent with observations on liquid 4He.
Non-Vascular Plants

Plants are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms with chlorophylls a and b, xanthophylls and carotenoids. they have cell walls with cellulose, and store food as starch localized in plastids. As is found in the charophycean green algae, cytokinesis is accomplished by means of a phragmoplast. As we learn more about the green algae and the plants, it is becoming clear that plants are a phylogenetic group within the green algae which have colonized the land.
Competition When Consumers Value Firm Scope

I model multimarket competition when consumers value firm scope across markets. Such competition is surprisingly common – consumers in many industries prefer firms that operate in more geographic and/or product markets. I show that these preferences permit firms of differing scopes to coexist in equilibrium. Within markets, firms of greater scope have higher prices and market shares. I turn to the commercial banking industry for the empirical implementation. Structural estimation of the model firmly supports the assumptions on consumer preferences, and empirical predictions specific to the model hold in the data. The results suggest that theoretical model is empirically relevant.
The Great Conflation

In response to the religious fanaticism spawned by the attempt to marry political philosophy and political theology, Mark Lilla admonishes us to return to the "wisdom" of Thomas Hobbes. The author of the "Great Separation" laid the ground for a humane political project by keeping separate the realms of God and man. In this article, I question the viability of Lilla's enterprise on Lilla's own terms. Hobbes, after all, did not set out to refute revelation. The author of Leviathan is the great "subject changer" who reorients human thinking toward a materialistic science of politics. However, if we are to contend with the challenges of political theology as Lilla understands them, we cannot in principle rule out the capacity of reason to speak to the claims of divine ascent. I propose a return to classical political rationalism as a better way of coming to terms with the "theological-political problem."
An open-label pilot study to identify the usefulness of adjuvant homoeopathic medicines in the treatment of cerebral stroke patients

Stroke, the third leading cause for neurological morbidity and mortality has a global annual incidence of 0.2–2.5/1000 population. The clinical sequelae of stroke are often devastating with hemiparesis, depression, walking difficulties and aphasia. It is essential to take measures halting the progression of stroke. Homoeopathic literature mentions many medicines for stroke. Till a pilot study was undertaken to study the usefulness of Homoeopathy as an adjuvant therapy to standard conventional care in stroke patients.  An open-label pilot study was conducted at Princess Durru Shehvar Children's and General Hospital, Hyderabad, in coordination with Extension Clinical Research Unit of Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy. Fifty patients presenting with episodes of cerebral stroke of the different period were assessed by the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) Score, prior homoeopathic treatment and after 6 months of treatment.  Of 50 patients, 10 patients had stroke more than 1 year and suffering with sequelae, 27 patients had stroke episode between 1 month and 1 year and 13 patients had a stroke episode within 4 weeks. The reduction in NIHSS score after 6 months of treatment was statistically significant in all three groups. The useful medicines found were Causticum ( n = 11), Arnica montana ( n = 7), Nux vomica ( n = 6), Lycopodium ( n = 6) and Lachesis ( n = 3). Neither patient had worsening signs nor any new infarcts during the study.  This pilot study showed encouraging results. Further randomised control trials are suggested to evaluate the efficacy of homoeopathic medicines in stroke.