nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
"Objects Long Preserved" Reading and Writing the Shop Window in

In 1893, Moses King noted the appeal of New York City’s famous Ladies’ Mile shopping district from Broadway to Madison Square, “made up of the splendid temptations of the shop windows, and the groups of charming people who linger about them spell-bound.” Warning of the ill-fate awaiting “the rural or provincial purse whose owner ventures before these attractive windows,” King describes their contents as “a perfect kaleidoscope of silks and velvets, laces and jewels, rich books and music, paintings and statuary, rifl es and racquets, confections and amber-like bottles, cloisonnee and cut-glass, everything imaginable for use or luxury, massed in perfect affl uence, and displayed in the most attractive way possible” (843). The passage emphasizes the connections that were being made between consumer spectacle and the shoppers captivated by it. The charming and the urbane are the only ones who dare look, the passage implies, 1 and by looking, they become part of the retail display. The year before King’s book was published, Edith Wharton wrote “Bunner Sisters,” a novella in which shop window displays are equated to human lives and relationships. Like The Age of Innocence (1920), the novella is set in the 1870s, “when society applauded Christine Nilsson at the Academy of Music” and the landscapes of the Hudson River School artists were in vogue (309). Within this Gilded Age setting, Wharton evokes the spectacles and meanings of New York’s retail districts, which had signifi cant cultural infl uence by the end of the century. Retailing practices were tending toward greater diversifi cation of goods in the 1860s and ‘70s, in both Europe and the United States, and “[b]y 1877 Macy’s was a full-fl edged department store” in New York City (Hower 141). By the last decade of the century, when Wharton wrote her story, large department
Geographical Sciences Versus Geography: How and Why?

The National Research Council report, Understanding the Changing Planet: Strategic Directions for the Geographi- cal Sciences, is thought-provoking, particularly for professional geographers who must position their discipline and themselves with respect to a potentially new, transdisciplinary field, referred to in the report as geographical sciences. This commentary discusses in some detail (1) implied distinctions between geographical sciences and geography, (2) the implications of framing societal and scientific questions driving geographical sciences in “how to” terms, and (3) the need to draw on the experiences of other disciplines to confront current and potential obstacles for geographical sciences.
The ‘family wage’ as a class-rational strategy

This paper re-examines the debate about the class rationality of the working-class demand for a family wage and argues that this issue cannot be resolved without considering the feasibility of alternative strategies. Existing accounts are criticized for their unrealistic treatment of these alternatives and the constraints upon them and particularly for their neglect of the influence of the policies of employers and the state upon working-class strategies. The argument is supported by discussion of the economic and political context of the family wage demand in Britain up to the First World War and concludes that the strategy was more rational than many writers have suggested.
Lonically Conductive Polymers

In 1834 Michael Faraday reported that when lead fluoride (PbF2) was heated red hot, it conducted an electric current and so did the metallic vessel it was heated in. This was a startling observation, since most simple salts are electronic insulators. The high conductivity that Faraday observed is now known to be due to ionic conductivity, and not electronic conductivity. At elevated temperatures (500-700°C) the fluoride anion possesses high ionic conductivity and can easily be transported through the lead fluoride lattice. This was the first report of a high ionic conductivity solid electrolyte. Until the mid-1970s all research on solid ionic conductors had centered on inorganic compounds (primarily ceramics, such as the various phases of alumina, stabilized zirconia, etc.). With the discovery of new ionic conducting polymers by Wright,21,22 Armand,2,3 and others, and the numerous advantages that ionic conducting polymers have over ceramics in device fabrication and operating temperature range, it is not surprising that fast ionic conduction in polymers is currently an area of great interest. This interest is a result of a desire both to understand the ionic conduction mechanism in polymers and to use these polymers in applications such as high-energy-density batteries, electrochronic displays, specific-ion sensors, and other electrochemical devices that capitalize on the unique electronic, ionic, and mechanical properties of ionic conducting polymers.
How to draw a group?

A map is at the same time a group. To represent a map (that is, a graph drawn on the sphere or on another surface) we usually use a pair of permutations on the set of the ‘ends’ of edges. These permutations generate a group which we call a cartographic group . The main motivation for the study of the cartographic group is the so-called theory of “dessins d'enfants’ of Grothendieck, which relates the theory of maps to Galois theory [24]. In the present paper we address the questions of identifying the cartographic group for a given map, and of constructing the maps with a given cartographic group.
Local Autonomy in Danish Banking: Historical Roots — Persistence and Change

The central role of small and medium-sized enterprises located outside the national capital of Copenhagen has been increasingly seen as essential to understanding the nature of the Danish business system (Kristensen, 1995). These firms exist alongside and in relation to the large international Danish companies headquartered in Copenhagen. The Danish financial system has historically reflected a similar tension between locally based banks with close connections to local communities and the large national banks headquartered in Copenhagen with their close links to large firms. However, unlike in other countries, processes of concentration and merger in the banking industry and the impact of deregulation do not appear to have destroyed local branch autonomy. Rather, the nature of local autonomy has changed. No longer is autonomy secured by ownership independence; it now relies on two factors, first, the devolution of powers from the centre, and second, the active maintenance by bank branch staff of close relations with the local community.
Intelligent Design Creationism and the Mechanisms of Postmodernity

This article provides a critical reading of Intelligent Design proponents' attempt to create a wedge in secular society to reinsert a theistic worldview. It argues they assert their wedge via the mechanisms of postmodernity: following Frederic Jameson, those informational elements of mass culture that allow them to present their ideas as an alternate to that posed by evolutionary biology. It centres on a representation (by the philosopher of science Robert Pennock) of Intelligent Design advocate, Philip E. Johnson as a postmodern thinker. This article revises Pennock, claiming that while Johnson does attack modern science in his project to champion Intelligent Design, Johnson is not a representative of many precepts of postmodernity. In particular, this chapter reads Johnson as clearly supporting a Christian metanarrative. Moreover, Johnson is a representative of a strategy formulated by the conservative organization, The Discovery Institute, and their campaign called the Wedge Strategy. Exempli...
Symbolic protocol analysis for monoidal equational theories

We are interested in the design of automated procedures for analyzing the (in)security of cryptographic protocols in the Dolev-Yao model for a bounded number of sessions when we take into account some algebraic properties satisfied by the operators involved in the protocol. This leads to a more realistic model in comparison to what we get under the perfect cryptography assumption, but it implies that protocol analysis deals with terms modulo some equational theory instead of terms in a free algebra. The main goal of this paper is to setup a general approach that works for a whole class of monoidal theories which contains many of the specific cases that have been considered so far in an ad-hoc way (e.g. exclusive or, Abelian groups, exclusive or in combination with the homomorphism axiom). We follow a classical schema for cryptographic protocol analysis which proves first a locality result and then reduces the insecurity problem to a symbolic constraint solving problem. This approach strongly relies on the correspondence between a monoidal theory E and a semiring S"E which we use to deal with the symbolic constraints. We show that the well-defined symbolic constraints that are generated by reasonable protocols can be solved provided that unification in the monoidal theory satisfies some additional properties. The resolution process boils down to solving particular quadratic Diophantine equations that are reduced to linear Diophantine equations, thanks to linear algebra results and the well-definedness of the problem. Examples of theories that do not satisfy our additional properties appear to be undecidable, which suggests that our characterization is reasonably tight.
Технологія управління якістю підготовки майбутніх інженерів-педагогів в умовах магістратури технічного університету

Зміни у розвитку українського суспільства, освіти і науки зумовили значне зростання нової інформації, прискорили інтеграційні і комунікативні процеси. Ці тенденції є особливо характерними для освіти, у якій протягом останніх десятиліть від­буваються принципові зміни у методології, змісті, методичному забезпеченні тощо. Попри їх значущість, вони все-таки зосереджені на проблемах управління якістю підготовки
Variance synthesis in engineering design

In a brief historical review, it is shown that although variance synthesis in engineering design is, today, an innovative concept, it is by no means new. The underlying statistical principle has been available for half a century. The engineering application was proposed forty years ago but was neglected until it was taken up in America in the 1980s. As yet, there is no known application in the UK, though it has been employed in Germany with dramatic success. (2 pages)
A novel monolithic three-dimensional graphene-based composite with enhanced electrochemical performance

Monolithic 3D porous graphene with a small pore size of ∼250 nm was obtained by a chemical vapor deposition method, using dealloyed nanoporous Ni as a substrate. Monolithic nanocomposites of CoO or PdCo nanoparticles decorated on the 3D porous graphene were facilely synthesized and used as an advanced anode material for lithium ion batteries or as an electrocatalyst in fuel cells, respectively. The synthesized CoO or PdCo alloy nanoparticles with narrow diameter distributions are uniformly anchored on the porous graphene inner surface. The CoO/porous graphene nanocomposite displayed a high performance in lithium ion batteries with a large reversible capacity, excellent cycling stability, and good rate performance. The PdCo/porous graphene exhibited an enhanced catalytic activity for the oxidation of ethanol compared with both Pd/porous graphene and commercial Pd/C, highlighting the importance of monolithic porous graphene in enhancing the electrochemical performance of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.
Relativistic applications of symbolic mathematical computation

The formulation of problems in relativistic mechanics requires a vast amount of tedious algebraic manipulation and symbolic differentiation. Such problems are well suited to symbolic mathematical computation, using one of the computer languages designed for this purpose. A method is described whereby a digital computer can be used to derive the field equations and the equations of the geodesics that describe the trajectories of bodies in space. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by using it to derive the field equations and the equations of the trajectory of a body which is moving in a spherically symmetric static field. It should be understood, however, that the method is not restricted to the study of gravitational models of this type. Indeed, the full advantage of the method will only be realized in applications to more complex cosmological situations.
The Effects of Policy Uncertainty on the Choice and Timing of Foreign Direct Investment : An Exploratory Firm-Level Assessment

Foreign investors tend to be skeptical about the durability of economic reforms being undertaken in a number of developing countries on the one hand, and physical capital is partly or fully irreversible on the other. As such, even if investors are risk-neutral, they tend to favor a ‘wait-and-see’ attitude in the early stages of the reforms. This paper is an exploratory attempt at providing a simple unifying framework that makes explicit and clarifies thinking on the inter-linkages between policy uncertainty, option value and the choice and timing of FDI at the firm-level. The model is used as the basis for the derivation of a generalized reduced form relationship between FDI at a micro-level and its influencing variables.
The Relationship between Phase Reactions and Dimensional Changes on the Sintering Process of Iron and Tin Mixed Powder Compacts

The effect of tin additions on the sintering process of iron powder compact was investigated by means of dilatometric and microscopic examinations, X-ray diffraction and EPMA. The results were summarized as follows:(1) The first expansion of dilatometric curves from 633 to 773K was caused by penetrating in between iron particles of molten Sn and was analogous to "Copper Growth" in Fe-Cu mixed powder compact.(2) The second expansion from 1013 to 1173K was caused by disappearing of intermetallic compounds and preferentially diffusing of Sn element in iron matrix.(3) Compounds (FeSn2, FeSn, and Fe5Sn3) were formed and disappeared correspondingly with the phase diagram. When heated up to 1223K, Sn element was uniformaly dissolved in the iron matrix.(4) The compact containing larger amount of Sn expanded largely in the first and second expansion region, but shrinked largely at temperatures of 1173K and above because the sinterig was more accelerated in aFe phase than in TFe phase.
On the interaction of mesoscopic quantum systems with gravity

We review the different aspects of the interaction of mesoscopic quantum systems with gravitational fields. We first discuss briefly the foundations of general relativity and quantum mechanics. Then, we consider the non-relativistic expansions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations in the post-Newtonian approximation. After a short overview of classical gravitational waves, we discuss two proposed interaction mechanisms: (i) the use of quantum fluids as generator and/or detector of gravitational waves in the laboratory, and (ii) the inclusion of gravitomagnetic fields in the study of the properties of rotating superconductors. The foundations of the proposed experiments are explained and evaluated.
Knowledge Representation Concepts for Automated SLA Management

Outsourcing of complex IT infrastructure to IT service providers has increased substantially during the past years. IT service providers must be able to fulfil their service-quality commitments based upon predefined Service Level Agreements (SLAs) with the service customer. They need to manage, execute and maintain thousands of SLAs for different customers and different types of services, which needs new levels of flexibility and automation not available with the current technology. The complexity of contractual logic in SLAs requires new forms of knowledge representation to automatically draw inferences and execute contractual agreements. A logic-based approach provides several advantages including automated rule chaining allowing for compact knowledge representation as well as flexibility to adapt to rapidly changing business requirements. We suggest adequate logical formalisms for representation and enforcement of SLA rules and describe a proof-of-concept implementation. The article describes selected formalisms of the ContractLog KR and their adequacy for automated SLA management and presents results of experiments to demonstrate flexibility and scalability of the approach.
Population aging and the transmission of monetary policy to consumption

Previous work has documented that housing and refinancing decisions play an important role in shaping the aggregate and cross-sectional consumption elasticities to interest rate shocks. New home purchases and refinances can then affect durable and non-durable consumption through the associated fluctuations in disposable income and the complementarity between housing and consumption. In this paper, we examine the transmission of monetary policy through housing debt. Specifically, we use detailed micro data to study the mortgage channel that links monetary policy with household borrowing and consumption expenditure. Specifically, we quantify the heterogeneity across borrowers and state-dependency in the pass-through of interest rate shocks to consumption over the Federal Reserve Bankâ€™s interest rate cycle.
Half a Century of Historical Geography in North America

This article recounts the development of historical geography in the North America over the last halfcentury by dividing it into three periods that account for both the richness of the field and its persistent marginality. In the 1950s and 60s, human and historical geographers studied places, giving discipline a strong cohesion. The distinctiveness of historical geography lay with its attention to the past. In the 19 0s, the discipline turned towards spatial patterns and laws. While some historical geographers changed with the current, other remained a bastion of tradition. In the last couple decades, human geographers have turned to social processes, and historical geographers have followed them, albeit more slowly. At the same time, geography has generally become much more attuned to history. Ironically, geographic works with a historical focus have become more fragmented than ever. For this reason, despite its current vitality, many historical geographers continue to feel marginal to the discipline.
Catalytic effects of Murchison Material: Prebiotic Synthesis and Degradation of RNA Precursors

Mineral components of the Murchison meteorite were investigated in terms of potential catalytic effects on synthetic and hydrolytic reactions related to ribonucleic acid. We found that the mineral surfaces catalyzed condensation reactions of formamide to form carboxylic acids, amino acids, nucleobases and sugar precursors. These results suggest that formamide condensation reactions in the parent bodies of carbonaceous meteorites could give rise to multiple organic compounds thought to be required for the emergence of life. Previous studies have demonstrated similar catalytic effects for mineral assemblies likely to have been present in the early Earth environment. The minerals had little or no effect in promoting hydrolysis of RNA (24mer of polyadenylic acid) at 80°C over a pH range from 4.2 to 9.3. RNA was most stable in the neutral pH range, with a half-life ~5 h, but at higher and lower pH ranges the half-life decreased to ~1 h. These results suggest that if RNA was somehow incorporated into a primitive form of RNA-based thermophilic life, either it must be protected from random hydrolytic events, or the rate of synthesis must exceed the rate of hydrolysis.
The evidence of things not photographed: Slavery and historical memory in the British West Indies

Slavery and apprenticeship came to an end in the British West Indies in 1838, the year photography was developed as a fixed representational process. No photographs of slavery in the region exist or have been found. Despite this visual lacuna, some recent historical accounts of slavery reproduce photographs that seem to present the period in photographic form. Typically these images date to the late nineteenth century. Rather than see such uses of photography as flawed, or the absence of a photographic archive as prohibitive to the historical construction of slavery, both circumstances generate new understandings of slavery and its connection to post-emancipation economies, of history and its relationship to photography, and of archival absence and its representational possibilities.
Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities

1  Some Background Basics Part 1 Themes and Fundamentals of Human Geography 2 Roots and Meaning of Culture 3 Spatial Interaction and Spatial Behavior 4 Population: World Patterns, Regional Trends Part 2 Patterns of Diversity and Unity 5 Language and Religion: Mosaics of Culture 6 Ethnic Geography: Threads of Diversity 7 Folk and Popular Culture: Diversity and Uniformity Part 3 Dynamic Patterns of the Space Economy 8 Livelihood and Economy: Primary Activities 9 Livelihood and Economy: From Blue Collar to Gold Collar 10 Patterns of Development and Change Part 4 Landscapes of Functional Organization 11 Urban Systems and Urban Structures 12 The Political Ordering of Space Part 5 Human Actions and Environmental Impacts 13 Human Impacts on Natural Systems
A Complete Integrated NLG System Using AI and NLU Tools

A standard architecture for an NLG system has been defined in (Reiter and Dale, 2000). Their work describes the modularization of an NLG system and the tasks of each module. However, they do not indicate what kind of tools can be used by each module. Nevertheless, we believe that certain tools widely used by the AI or NLU community are appropriate for NLG tasks. This paper presents a complete integrated NLG system which uses a Description logic for the content determination module, Segmented Discourse Representation Theory for the document structuring module and a lexicalized formalism for the tactical component. The NLG system, which takes into account a user model, is illustrated with a generator which produces texts explaining the steps taken by a proof assistant.