nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Globalization, Unreason and the Dilemmas of American Military Strategy:

This article traces the appropriation of globalization concepts by American military strategists. It argues that the world views developed by the American military are ethnocentric, and draw heavily from a repackaging of modernization theory. This article draws on the professional military literature - speeches and articles by top military officers, articles in professional military journals, and military and other government reports - to map the strategy debates around globalization. By examining the role played by notions of globalization within American strategic debates, we can better understand how sociological concepts become appropriated and transformed by policy-makers, and how they act to frame policy debates. With the end of the Cold War, the US military was cast adrift, suffering from an extreme case of goal deprivation. With the Soviet Union no longer around to fulfill the role of arch-enemy, this massive bureaucracy needed a new definition of the principal threat. Of the various contending wo...
Efficient Wait-Free Implementation of a Concurrent Priority Queue

We present an efficient wait-free implementation of a concurrent priorityqueue in the asynchronous shared memory computational model. In this model each process runs at different speed and might be subject to arbitrarily long delays. The new implementation is based on the heap data structure in which the Insert and DeleteMin operations are long — they take more than one atomic instruction to complete and they leave the heap inconsistent until completed. The previous implementation requires copying the entire data-structure by each processes every time it tries to perform an operation. Consequently its space and time complexity are linear in the number of processes — p and in the size of the data-structure — n. In the new implementation all processes operate directly on the shared copy of the data structure. Its time complexity is O(p log n) and its space complexity is O(n). Moreover, the new implementation is effectively parallel, meaning that all processes can operate effectively on the object, such that the throughput increases as the number of processes increases.
Video : NanoEx Application Example : Talos and NanoEx

The ability to perform compositional analysis for in situ elemental characterization of nanomaterials, both at room temperature and during heating, provides important insight to structural and compositional changes. In this use case, we demonstrate the use of NanoEx-i/v in the dynamic inter-diffusion process of Silicon through an Aluminum oxide interlayer which results in the growth of large crystalline grains of Silicon, used to design solar cells and transistors. To understand the compositional and structural changes induced by the applied heating, the Al and Si elemental live maps were acquired at every temperature.
An unacknowledged founding of molecular biology: H. J. Muller's contributions to gene theory, 1910–1936

The origins of molecular biology are numerous and diverse. Three major routes, however, stand out in having attracted its contemporary practitioners. These may be characterized as the genetic, the structural, and the philosophic origins of molecular biology.' In 1953 all these approaches were united in a single world-view through the double helix model of DNA.2 Genetics, like the later founding of molecular biology, also cannot be associated with a single origin. The nineteenth-century history of genetics consisted of the independent activities of plant breeders, cytologists, and evolutionists, and it was not until 1915 that the theory of the gene (then called the factorial
Toward A Unified Field Of SE Research And Practice

Ebert suggests that SE can and should mature in a way comparable with other engineering disciplines, by navigating between craft and science. Underlying this idea is that the management of complexity and the application of sound quantitative approaches comprise the right road to maturity for SEas in other engineering disciplmes. But software differs from the objects of other engineering disciplines. According to Fred Brooks, the complexity of software is an essential property-unlike the (accidental) complexity of other engineering and science fields. In his famous 1986 " No Silver Bullet " article,' Brooks analyzes SE and software by identifymg the accidental and the essential properties of the field. Accidental difficulties can be solved by means of new tools and methods, whereas essential difficulties do not lend themselves to technical or methodological solutions. I agree with Brooks. The essential complexity of software has two important aspects: + the accelerating development of information technology, and + the sociocultural constitution of software. Although the impact of the maelstrom-like development of IT seems to be overestimated these days, it is important to note how fast dungs are chanpg; for example, the drop in the price/performance ratio of computer hardware radically exceeds that experienced in other fields. This contributes to software complexity, because basic software elements have no time to stabilize before the next innovation and new areas of application come into play. The bit tends to be the only stable unit of analysis in software. This situation also prolubits SE evolving as a craft, because the necessary software knowledge is constantly changing and thus cannot crystallize into the kind of traditions that are the backbone of traditional crafts.
Is Space Created?: Reflections on Śaṇkara's Philosophy and Philosophy of Physics

Here the concept of "space" is discussed from two different streams of thought: (1) the view held by Advaita Vedānta, as expounded by Śaṇkara, and (2) the view that emerges from the ongoing debates in modern philosophy of physics. The emphasis is on addressing the following question: is space created or not? To set the necessary backdrop for a better appreciation of the debate that evolved within the Indian tradition, we first examine how the Vaiśeṣika and Sāṃkhya schools of thought unfold the concept of ākāśa in relation to their metaphysics. We then carefully analyze a section of Śaṇkara's Brahmasūtrabhāṣya (BSB II.3.1–7), wherein the creation of ākāśa is discussed at great length. The second part of this essay attempts to highlight the ongoing struggle among physicists to arrive at an understanding of the nature and origin of space, with reference to the general theory of relativity and quantum field theory. It ends with a critical reflection on parallels and differences that come forth from the study of Advaita Vedānta and modern physics.
A practical decision procedure for Propositional Projection Temporal Logic with infinite models

This paper presents a practical decision procedure for Propositional Projection Temporal Logic with infinite models. First, a set Prop l of labels l i , 0 ≤ i ≤ n ? N 0 , is used to mark nodes of an LNFG of a formula, and a node with l i is treated as an accepting state as in an automaton. Further, the generalized Buchi accepting condition for automata is employed to identify a path (resulting a word) in an LNFG as a model of the formula. In addition, the implementation details of the decision procedure and relevant algorithms including pre-processing, LNFG, circle finding algorithms are presented; as a matter of fact, all algorithms are implemented by C++ programs.
Quantifier elimination, valuation property and preparation theorem in quasianalytic geometry via transformation to normal crossings

This paper investigates the geometry of the expansion RQ of the real field R by restricted quasianalytic functions. The main purpose is to establish quantifier elimination, description of definable functions by terms, the valuation property and preparation theorem (in the sense of Parusinski–Lion–Rolin). To this end, we study non-standard models R of the universal diagram T of RQ in the language L augmented by the names of rational powers. Our approach makes no appeal to the Weierstrass preparation theorem, upon which the majority of fundamental results in analytic geometry rely, but which is unavailable in the general quasianalytic geometry. The basic tools applied here are transformation to normal crossings and decomposition into special cubes. The latter method, developed in our article [32], combines modifications by blowing up with a suitable partitioning. Via an analysis of L-terms and infinitesimals, we prove the valuation property for functions given by L-terms, and next the exchange property for substructures of a given model R. Our proofs are based on the concepts of analytically independent as well as active and non-active infinitesimals, introduced in this article. Further, quantifier elimination for T is established through model-theoretic compactness. The universal theory T is thus complete and o-minimal, andRQ is its prime model. Under the circumstances, every definable function is given piecewise by L-terms, and therefore the previous results concerning L-terms generalize immediately to definable functions. In this fashion, we obtain the valuation property and preparation theorem for quasi-subanalytic functions. Finally, a quasi-subanalytic version of Puiseux’s theorem with parameter is demonstrated.
Theatrum Scientiarum - English Edition, Volume 2, Instruments in Art and Science: On the Architectonics of Cultural Boundaries in the 17th Century

This volume presents a collection of original papers at the intersection of philosophy, the history of science, cultural and theatrical studies. Based on a series of case studies on the 17th century, it contributes to an understanding of the role played by instruments at the interface of science and art.The papers pursue the hypothesis that the development and construction of instruments make a substantive contribution to the opening up of new fields of knowledge and to the development of new cultural practices, but also to the delineation of particular genres, methods, and disciplines.
Study of the diamond deposition on cemented carbides containing 10 wt.% Co with a tungsten intermediate layer

CVD diamond coatings are expected to increase significantly the lifetime of cemented carbide tools. The preparation of such coatings is, however, hindered by the presence of the Co binder phase. Because of its catalyst function, Co promotes the formation of a poorly adhering non-diamond phase at the interface between the diamond and the hard metal substrate. Different methods have been used to solve this problem, such as selective Co etching of the substrate or deposition of intermediate layers. In the present study, intermediate W layers were sputter deposited on 10 wt.% Co-containing cemented carbide prior to the deposition of the diamond layer, to act as a buffer layer for Co diffusion. Diamond films have been deposited by microwave plasma-enhanced CVD. The thickness of the W layer has been varied to influence the amount of Co which diffuses to the surface. The phase transformation at the diamond-intermediate layer interface has been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy, secondary-ion mass spectroscopy and glancing-angle X-ray diffraction. The results with the intermediate layer have been compared with the results obtained with Co etching of the surface.
Discussion on the situation and development of Chinese liquor industry

In the development process, Chinese liquor industry has accumulated some contradictions and problems, such as excess capacity, low degree of internationalization, excessive marketing, product homogenization, food safety, talent shortage, lack of innovation, and so on. These factors have been seriously restricting the whole industry's development. With the change of market situation, public opinion environment, consumption concept and social culture, the development of liquor industry is facing much more challenges. By analyzing the problems of liquor industry, this paper indicates the way of liquor industry's development.
Experiments On Risk Perception And Investment Decisions Of Economic Actors

In a simple simulated experiment we compare the risk perception and risk taking of participants to the concept of coherent risk measures. Using a sample of 50 participants the aim of our preliminary research is to test the defined experimental environment and define the further directions of its development. Using simulated financial positive homogeneity, subadditivity and monotonicity are perceived by the participants. Translation invariance is applied only by half of the sample. Capital allocation between risky and risk free asset highly correlates with price changes in the most risk averse group of participants. The most risk taking part of the sample followed a strategy to reallocate their gains from risky asset to the risk free one and reorganized their portfolio less frequently but by larger amounts. The behavior of medium risk taker/risk averse participants has to be tested in a more detailed research.
Environmental Information Provisions and Response of the Market: Empirical Analysis of PRTRs in Japan

To explore how information gives firms an incentive to improve environmental performance, we test: (1) whether the financial market values the disclosure of information about the release and transfer of toxic chemical substances; (2) whether market valuation affects an incentive of the firms to reduce their risk and (3) whether the firms with higher releases and transfers have an incentive to reduce their risk even without the market valuation. We find that the Japanese financial market does not value the risk but that, even without market valuation, the firms have an incentive to reduce it.
The Theater of Politics: Hannah Arendt, Political Science, and Higher Education

Chapter 1 Acknowledgements Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 3 Acting in Politics Chapter 4 The Theater of Politics and the Space of Appearance Chapter 5 A Mode of Being Alone: Reporting Truth in Political Science Chapter 6 Making an Example Out of Eichmann Chapter 7 The University As a Theater of Politics Chapter 8 Action and the Founding of the European Community Chapter 9 The Acting Class Chapter 10 Participation and Judgement in the University Community Chapter 11 The Drama of the Space of Appearance Chapter 12 References Chapter 13 Index
Practice Patterns of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Underweight, Critically Ill Patients with Neurologic Injury

PurposeVenous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in underweight patients with neurologic injury remains unaddressed by guidelines and primary literature. This study aimed to describe VTE prophylaxis strategies employed in this population and compare the impact of underweight and non-obese patients on thrombotic and bleeding events.MethodsA retrospective review of adults admitted with a diagnosis of neurologic injury to a neurology/neurosurgery intensive care unit (ICU) over 6 years. Patients admitted ≥72 h with an order for VTE prophylaxis during admission, and a body mass index (BMI) <30 kg/m2 were included. Patients were stratified to underweight (BMI ≤18.5 kg/m2 or weight ≤50.0 kg) or non-obese (BMI 18.6–29.9 kg/m2) groups and matched, 2:1, on age, diagnosis, and disease severity.ResultsThe most common regimen in the underweight (n = 107) and non-obese (n = 214) group was unfractionated heparin (UFH) 5000 units subcutaneously Q12 h (69.1 vs. 83.6%; p = 0.003). Only underweight patients received UFH 2500 units subcutaneously Q12 h (17.8 vs. 0.0%; p < 0.0001). The proportion of overall bleeding and thrombotic events while receiving VTE prophylaxis was not significantly different. The proportion of underweight patients developing intracranial hematoma expansion while receiving prophylaxis versus non-obese patients (45.5 vs. 8.3%; p = 0.017) was significant. Patients receiving >150 units/kg/day of UFH displayed a trend toward increased risk of bleeding (9.7 vs. 4.2%; p = 0.064).ConclusionsCurrent practice does not reflect dose reductions for neurologically injured, underweight patients. Caution should be considered when using increased doses of UFH in neurologically injured patients that are underweight and/or may be exposed to >150 units/kg/day of UFH. Continued assessment of VTE prophylaxis is needed to confirm these findings.
A distributed architecture to check global properties for post-silicon debug

Post-silicon validation and debug, or ensuring that software executes correctly on the silicon of a multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSOC) is complicated, as it involves checking global properties that are distributed on the chip. In this paper we define an architecture to non-intrusively observe global properties at run time using distributed monitors. The architecture enables to perform actions when a property holds, such as stopping (part of) the system for inspection. We apply this architecture to the problem of software races that result in incorrect communication between concurrent tasks on different processors. In a case study, where we implemented monitors, event distribution, and instruments to stop communication between intellectual property (IP) blocks, we demonstrate that these races can be detected and classified as timing violations or as FIFO protocol violations.
So Callous as a Nation

Haitians are so far down on their luck that if a world prize existed for the most hapless people they would be edged out on a technicality perhaps only by the Chadians or Bangladeshis. During June in Haiti a tree called le flamboyant blossoms crimson-orange, covering the mountain slopes down to the seashores, scattered among the African-style thatched huts of the barefooted, miserable people. For most of the population Haiti is a prison farm guarded against sea escape by the U.S. Navy and guarded from within by constant military-police surveillance. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists and Other Essays. Louis Althusser

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Italian managers: fidelity or performance

Is there a link between Italy’s disappointing productivity growth and the way Italian firms select and develop managerial talent? We collect extensive information on the characteristics of Italian managers and of the firms that employ them. In particular, we analyze the incentive structure that managers face, their career profile, and their use of time. Our data indicate that a fraction of firms – especially non‐family firms and multinationals – adopt a performance model, whereby managers are hired through formal channels (business contacts, head‐hunters, ads), they are assessed regularly and rewarded, promoted and dismissed on the basis on the assessment results. Other firms – especially family firms and firms that operate on the national market only – instead adopt a fidelity model of managerial talent development: they hire managers on the basis of personal or family contacts, they do not assess their performance formally, and they reward them based on the quality of their relationship with the firm’s owners.
The Social Reason for Making Science

As it has been shown (see Chapter 13), there are different competing theoretical orientations within a scientific community. Each of them develops itself, due to the competition with the others, according to the principle of dialectical correspondence. This is why the basic question is what criterion points out which of the rival theoretical orientations starts with the image of the essential structure that is basically similar to the structure itself. If this orientation is called a proper one, then the question can be formulated as follows: which of the competing theoretical orientations is the proper one?
Financial Strength and Product Market Behaviors: The Real Effects of Corporate Cash Holdings

This paper shows that large cash reserves lead to systematic future market share gains at the expense of industry rivals. Using shifts in import tariffs to identify exogenous intensification of competition, difference-in-difference estimations support the causal impact of cash on product market performance. Moreover, the analysis reveals that the "competitive" effect of cash is markedly distinct from the strategic effect of debt on product market outcomes. This effect is stronger when rivals face tighter financing constraints and when the number of interactions between competitors is large. Overall, the results suggest that cash policy encompasses a substantial strategic dimension.
Quadratic Goldreich-Levin Theorems

Decomposition theorems in classical Fourier analysis enable us to express a bounded function in terms of few linear phases with large Fourier coefficients plus a part that is pseudorandom with respect to linear phases. The Gold Reich-Levin algorithm can be viewed as an algorithmic analogue of such a decomposition as it gives a way to efficiently find the linear phases associated with large Fourier coefficients. In the study of & quot; quadratic Fourier analysis & quot;, higher-degree analogues of such decompositions have been developed in which the pseudorandomness property is stronger but the structured part correspondingly weaker. For example, it has previously been shown that it is possible to express a bounded function as a sum of a few quadratic phases plus a part that is small in the $U^3$ norm, defined by Gowers for the purpose of counting arithmetic progressions of length 4. We give a polynomial time algorithm for computing such a decomposition. A key part of the algorithm is a local self-correction procedure for Reed-Muller codes of order 2 (over $\F_2^n$) for a function at distance $1/2-\epsilon$ from a codeword. Given a function $f:\F_2^n \to \{-1,1\}$ at fractional Hamming distance $1/2-\epsilon$ from a quadratic phase (which is a codeword of Reed-Muller code of order 2), we give an algorithm that runs in time polynomial in $n$ and finds a codeword at distance at most $1/2-\eta$ for $\eta = \eta(\epsilon)$. This is an algorithmic analogue of Samorodnitsky's result, which gave a tester for the above problem. To our knowledge, it represents the first instance of a correction procedure for any class of codes, beyond the list-decoding radius. In the process, we give algorithmic versions of results from additive combinatorics used in Samorodnitsky's proof and a refined version of the inverse theorem for the Gowers $U^3$ norm over $\F_2^n$ or a function at distance 1/2 -- episilon from a codeword. Given a function f : $\F_2^n$ right arrow { -- 1, 1} at fractional Hamming distance 1/2 -- epsilon " from a quadratic phase (which is a codeword of Reed-Muller code of order 2), we give an algorithm that runs in time polynomial in n and finds a codeword at distance at most 1.2 -- n for n = n (epsilon). This is an algorithmic analogue of Samorodnitsky's result , which gave a tester for the above problem. To our knowledge, it represents the first instance of a correction procedure for any class of codes, beyond the list-decoding radius..