nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Diverse subaerial and sublacustrine hot spring settings of the Cerro Negro epithermal system (Jurassic, Deseado Massif), Patagonia, Argentina

The Late Jurassic (~ 150 Ma) Cerro Negro volcanic–epithermal–geothermal system (~ 15 km 2 area), Deseado Massif, Patagonia, Argentina, includes two inferred volcanic emission centers characterized by rhyolitic domes linked along NW–SE regional faults that are associated with deeper level Au/Ag mineralization to the NW, and with shallow epithermal quartz veins and mainly travertine surface hot spring manifestations to the SE. Some travertines are silica-replaced, and siliceous and mixed silica–carbonate geothermal deposits also are found. Five hot spring-related facies associations were mapped in detail, which show morphological and textural similarities to Pleistocene–Recent geothermal deposits at Yellowstone National Park (U.S.A.), the Kenya Rift Valley, and elsewhere. They are interpreted to represent subaerial travertine fissure ridge/mound deposits (low-flow spring discharge) and apron terraces (high-flow spring discharge), as well as mixed silica–carbonate lake margin and shallow lake terrace vent-conduit tubes, stromatolitic mounds, and volcano-shaped cones. The nearly 200 mapped fossil vent-associated deposits at Cerro Negro are on a geographical and numerical scale comparable with subaerial and sublacustrine hydrothermal vents at Mammoth Hot Springs, and affiliated with Yellowstone Lake, respectively. Overall, the Cerro Negro geothermal system yields paleoenvironmentally significant textural details of variable quality, owing to both the differential preservation potential of particular subaerial versus subaqueous facies, as well as to the timing and extent of carbonate diagenesis and silica replacement of some deposits. For example, the western fault associated with the Eureka epithermal quartz vein facilitated early silicification of the travertine deposits in the SE volcanic emission center, thereby preserving high-quality, microbial macro- and micro-textures of this silica-replaced “pseudosinter.” Cerro Negro provides an opportunity to reconstruct paleogeographic, paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental associations in a well-exposed, extensive and diverse fossil geothermal system. This Late Jurassic hydrothermal deposit will likely contribute to a better understanding of the impact of depositional and post-depositional history on the development and long-term preservation potential of Lagerstatte in epithermal settings and, more generally, in extreme environments of the geological record.
Cardiovascular risk factor assessment after pre-eclampsia in primary care

BackgroundPre-eclampsia is associated with an increased risk of development of cardiovascular disease later in life. It is not known how general practitioners in the Netherlands care for these women after delivery with respect to cardiovascular risk factor management.MethodsReview of medical records of 1196 women in four primary health care centres, who were registered from January 2000 until July 2007 with an International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) code indicating pregnancy. Records were searched for indicators of pre-eclampsia. Of those who experienced pre-eclampsia and of a random sample of 150 women who did not, the following information on cardiovascular risk factor management after pregnancy was extracted from the records: frequency and timing of blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose measurements - and vascular diagnoses. Additionally the sensitivity and specificity of ICPC coding for pre-eclampsia were determined.Results35 women experienced pre-eclampsia. Blood pressure was more often checked after pregnancy in these women than in controls (57.1% vs. 12.0%, p < 0.001). In 50% of the cases blood pressure was measured within 3 months after delivery with no further follow-up visit. A check for glucose and cholesterol levels was rare, and equally frequent in PE and control women. 20% of the previously normotensive women in the PE group had hypertension at one or more occasions after three months post partum versus none in the control group. The ICPC coding for pre-eclampsia showed a sensitivity of 51.4% and a specificity of 100.0%.ConclusionDespite the evidence of increased risk of future cardiovascular disease in women with a history of pre-eclampsia, follow-up of these women is insufficient and undeveloped in primary care in the Netherlands.
Energy dissipation in head-on collisions of spheres

Collisions between spheres are a common ingredient in a variety of scientific problems, and the coefficient of restitution (COR) is a key parameter to describe their outcome. We present a new collision model that treats adhesion and viscoelasticity self-consistently, while energy losses arising from plastic deformation are assumed to be additive. Results show that viscoelasticity can significantly increase the energy that is dissipated in a collision, enhancing the sticking velocity. Furthermore, collisions well above the sticking velocity remain dissipative. We systemically compare the model to a large and unbiased set of published laboratory experiments to show its general applicability. The model is well capable of reproducing the important relation between impact velocity and COR as measured in the experiments, covering a wide range of materials, particle sizes, and collision velocities. Furthermore, the fitting parameters from those curves provide physical parameters such as the surface energy, yield strength, and characteristic viscous relaxation time. Our results show that all three aspects?adhesion, viscoelastic dissipation and plastic deformation?are required for a proper description of the kinetic energy losses in sphere collisions.
Interaction Between ZrB2–MoSi2 Cermets and Oxide Melts

Contact interaction of ZrB2–MoSi2 materials with oxide melts is studied. The oxide melts are formed during combustion of low-reaction coals containing 30–49% oxides. It is established that ZrB2–MoSi2 composites are wetted by oxide melts (contact angles being 21–5° depending on material composition) at 1600–1700°C in wetting conditions as well as during interaction for 6 h. A thin layer (~5–15 μm) forms in the contact zone, SiO2 and ZrO2 being its main phases. There are a great number of MoO3, CaO, and Fe2O3 oxides at the boundary of these phases. The contact layer serves as a film protecting the composite against further corrosion in oxide melts. The optimum composition of ZrB2–MoSi2 ceramics, which is resistant to corrosion in oxide melts, is determined.
The Mass of the 0 in selfdual QCD

The QCD gauge eld is modeled as an ensemble of statistically independent selfdual and antiselfdual regions. This model is motivated from instanton physics. The scale anomaly then allows to relate the topological susceptibility to the gluon condensate. With the help of Wittens formula for m 0 and an estimate of the suppression of the gluon condensate due to light quarks the mass of the 0 can be related to f and the physical gluon condensate. We get the quite satisfactory value m 0 = 884116 MeV. Using the physical 0 mass as an input it is in princple possible to get information about the interaction between instantons and anti-instantons.
Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase-driven free radical modifications: copper- and carbonate radical anion-initiated protein radical chemistry.

The understanding of the mechanism, oxidant(s) involved and how and what protein radicals are produced during the reaction of wild-type SOD1 (Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase) with H2O2 and their fate is incomplete, but a better understanding of the role of this reaction is needed. We have used immuno-spin trapping and MS analysis to study the protein oxidations driven by human (h) and bovine (b) SOD1 when reacting with H2O2 using HSA (human serum albumin) and mBH (mouse brain homogenate) as target models. In order to gain mechanistic information about this reaction, we considered both copper- and CO3(*-) (carbonate radical anion)-initiated protein oxidation. We chose experimental conditions that clearly separated SOD1-driven oxidation via CO(*-) from that initiated by copper released from the SOD1 active site. In the absence of (bi)carbonate, site-specific radical-mediated fragmentation is produced by SOD1 active-site copper. In the presence of (bi)carbonate and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid) (to suppress copper chemistry), CO(*-) produced distinct radical sites in both SOD1 and HSA, which caused protein aggregation without causing protein fragmentation. The CO(*-) produced by the reaction of hSOD1 with H2O2 also produced distinctive DMPO (5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide) nitrone adduct-positive protein bands in the mBH. Finally, we propose a biochemical mechanism to explain CO(*-) production from CO2, enhanced protein radical formation and protection by (bi)carbonate against H2O2-induced fragmentation of the SOD1 active site. Our present study is important for establishing experimental conditions for studying the molecular mechanism and targets of oxidation during the reverse reaction of SOD1 with H2O2; these results are the first step in analysing the critical targets of SOD1-driven oxidation during pathological processes such as neuroinflammation.
Ibis for mobility: solving challenges of mobile computing using grid techniques

Mobility is an increasingly important part of today's computing landscape. There is currently an incredible growth in the deployment of "SmartPhone" devices, mobile computers with a variety of networking and sensor technologies. In addition, the growth of wireless networks such as WiFi have untethered users from the wall bringing mobility to traditional laptop computers. The challenges that the mobility of these devices create for networked computing are analogous to many of the problems faced in the area of Grid Computing.
 In this paper we outline parallel challenges in these two areas and argue that solutions to the problems in the Grid Computing space are applicable to the problems faced by these new platforms. We demonstrate how the Ibis platform, developed to address challenges in the area of Grid Computing, is ideally suited for building distributed applications for mobile devices and detail our work to bring Ibis to the Android Smartphone platform. We demonstrate that the use of this system gives mobile devices the computing power of the Grid, integrating the two areas and solving issues with limited compute power on mobile devices. We also explain how Ibis provides a unique API for building distributed applications on mobile devices enabling truly distributed computing on this new platform.
Boron-doped diamond electrooxidation of ethyl paraben: The effect of electrolyte on by-products distribution and mechanisms.

Ethyl paraben (EP), a representative emerging pollutant of the parabens family, was subject to electrochemical oxidation over a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. Experiments were carried out in a single-compartment cell at 10-70 mA cm-2 current density, 200-600 μg L-1 EP concentration, initial solution pH 3-9 and 0.1 M electrolyte concentration. The degradation rate is favored at increased current densities and in the presence of NaCl as the supporting electrolyte, while the pH effect is inconsiderable. For instance, the first order rate constant for the degradation of 200 μg L-1 EP at 30 mA cm-2 was 0.25, 0.1 and 0.07 min-1 with NaCl, Na2SO4 and HClO4, respectively. Degradation in secondary treated wastewater was faster than in pure water presumably due to the action of chloride ions present in the effluent. Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) was employed to determine major transformation by-products (TBPs). The route of EP degradation with Na2SO4 involves hydroxylation and demethylation reactions, signifying the role of electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals in the process. Twenty one TBPs were identified with NaCl as the electrolyte, including several chlorinated and non-chlorinated dimers and trimers; these findings suggest that indirect oxidation mediated by chlorine radicals and other chlorine active species also takes place. In this view, the role of the supporting electrolyte is crucial since it can influence both reaction kinetics and pathways.
Development Problems of the North Caucasus Recreational and Tourist Cluster in Russia

The purpose of this contribution is to identify factors that impede the development of the recreational and tourist cluster of the North Caucasus in Russia. In recent years, the direction of tourist flows has changed significantly both from Russia and to Russia. The international tourism of Russians is declining with the simultaneous increase in the flow of domestic tourism. There is a need to expand the network of recreational and tourism facilities, to increase the range of services provided and improve their quality. The following results were obtained during the study: 1. The North Caucasus region of Russia is the most promising in the country for the development of recreation and tourism due to unique natural conditions, extensive experience in providing spa services and a sufficiently developed infrastructure. 2. The first development problem of the recreational and tourist cluster in the North Caucasus is the unresolved issue with the financing of the project. The existing programs for the regional development stipulate that 75% of the funding will be provided from regional budgets. Depressive regions, such as the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, are not able to provide the level of financing necessary for a large-scale development of recreational and tourist zones. 3. The second development problem is complex confidential relations and the moral climate in the clustered association. The efficiency of a clustered association is based on decency and trust between cluster members, which is possible only when all participants can receive real economic benefits from integration. No one will develop other companies to the detriment of own interests. 4. The third development problem is a weak methodological reinforcement of new association activities. 5. The fourth development problem is the pronounced seasonal character of tourist activity characteristic for the given region of the country. The “dead” seasons of the North Caucasian resorts do not allow fully using the opportunities of the already created infrastructure, and lead to uneven employment of the population and are the cause of the unsustainable financial condition of resort organizations. A possible way to solve existing development problems is to develop a specialized state corporation for the Development of Recreational and Tourist Resorts in the North Caucasus, which must be provided with a state package of benefits and preferences. A number of privileges are offered, which are advisable to be provided by a new state corporation.
George Fort Milton and the Art of History.

HISTORIOGRAPHY is an often exciting branch of the discipline of history. The many splendid articles or books that have reviewed either a large body of work on a topic, a period, or say, even the works of one historian are not, at their best, either derivative scholarship or mere laundry lists of titles or ideas. Rather they have brought new understandings and insights as well as suggesting new paths of scholarship that only wide reading and seasoned thought could produce. Nevertheless, though historians discoursed endlessly in writing at the numerous professional meetings on each other's articles and books, only in recent years has there been sustained interest in how historians go about their daily task of teaching, an activity immensely enjoyed by most and one that supports the scholarly life of most historians wherever they work and live. But equally fascinating is how different historians actually practice the art of history and their thoughts about the difficult problems of writing good history. Talk to any colleague who has done so, or read the autobiography or biographies of great historians, and listen to the different techniques, styles, and tricks of the trade that come tumbling out, as well as insight into the interaction of the artist with the art.
Structural phase change in Co2.25Fe0.75O4 spinel oxide by vacuum annealing and role of coexisting CoO phase on magnetic properties

The spinel oxide Co 2.25 Fe 0.75 O 4 has been prepared by co-precipitation route. The as prepared material has been annealed at 800 °C under vacuum. Properties of the samples annealed under vacuum have been compared with the sample annealed in air. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy have been used for structural phase characterization. The cubic spinel structure in air annealed sample has been splitted into Co and Fe rich phases. The Co rich spinel phase has transformed into Cobalt monoxide (CoO) after vacuum annealing. This has resulted an increase of Fe:Co ratio in the Fe rich spinel phase. Raman spectra indicated a transformation of the distribution of Co and Fe ions from normal spinel like structure for the sample annealed in air to mixed spinel structure for the samples annealed under vacuum. The existence tetravalent Fe 4+ ion has been confirmed in all the samples and it is new information for Co doped spinel ferrite system. All the samples exhibited ferrimagnetic behavior and exchange bias effect. The focus point is that vacuum annealing has been used as an effective route of material processing to control the structural phase and also, enhancement of magnetic properties in Co rich ferrite.
On the Issue of Material Non-Monetary Work Incentives

The documents of the Twenty-sixth Congress of the CPSU repeatedly emphasized the need to make better use of material and moral incentives in order to play a more effective role in increasing the efficiency of production and labor productivity. In a report published to mark the 165th anniversary of the birth and 100th anniversary of the death of Karl Marx, Iu. V. Andropov noted that: "We have been employing a system of material and moral incentives for a long time. This system has served us well in the past in our struggle to achieve socialism and communism. However, today both the system itself and its forms and practices require further improvement.
Selected Topics on Complex Systems Informatics: Editorial Introduction to Issue 12 of CSIMQ

Modeling is an important contribution to dealing with complexity in development and engineering processes. A model is a generalized representation of a piece of reality, with only those real‐world properties included which are relevant to the purpose of modelling. Models don’t remove the complexity of the real world but help to understand it and to design and develop solutions. All articles in this issue are in some respect concerned with models or modelling. The articles in this issue also reflect recent trends in industry and society, such as digitization and industry 4.0, and show that these trends will not necessarily reduce complexity in systems but rather require the combination of proven approaches, such as modelling, and new methods for managing this complexity.
Properties of CuInSe2 and Mo thin films produced by pulsed d.c magnetron sputtering for solar cell fabrication

Copper indium diselenide (CIS) is one of the most promising semiconducting thin film materials used in the solar cell industry. A typical CIS based solar cell comprises a Mo/CuInSe2/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO heterojunction. This work describes the use of pulsed d.c magnetron sputtering (PDMS) to produce CIS and molybdenum thin film layers from powdered targets. This is a widely accepted method for the deposition of dielectric materials and for reactive sputtering but has not generally been applied to solar cell fabrication. CuInSe2 films form the absorbing layer of the cell. Growth of stoichiometric p-type CuInSe2 with the desired properties has always been a challenge. This technique offers a single step process for depositing CIS films. Films were deposited at room temperature from polycrystalline powders with various starting compositional ratios. The deposited films were found to be nearly stoichiometric for a wide range of powder compositions. They were p-type and pin hole free. Molybdenum layers, used as the back contact, were found to have low resistivity, were also pinhole free and adhered well to the glass substrate. The physical, structural and electrical properties of these films were analysed using SEM, AFM, EDX, XRD, four point probe and hot probe methods.
Dressed to Kill

Technology is often defined in terms of tools or machines but, in this article, it is treated as the human capacity to make. The author focuses on clothing as an instance of making in war. Specific attention is paid to the junction between the power to make (or unmake) and the social and ritual capacities for regulation through which making is governed. In this sense, the study is intended as a contribution to a revived interest in the incomplete Durkheimian project on elementary forms of technique, and techniques of the body in particular. The case-study material derives from the civil war in Sierra Leone (1991—2002) in which dress was as important an aspect of making war as weaponry. Various functions and social and material entailments of battle dress are described and differentiated, and the central role of magic for understanding clothing (and technology more generally) is underlined.
Sensor Selection and Power Allocation Strategies for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of jointly selecting a predefined number of energy-harvesting (EH) sensors and computing the optimal power allocation. The ultimate goal is to minimize the reconstruction distortion at the fusion center. This optimization problem is, unfortunately, non-convex. To circumvent that, we propose two suboptimal strategies: 1) a joint sensor selection and power allocation (JSS-EH) scheme that, we prove, is capable of iteratively finding a stationary solution of the original problem from a sequence of surrogate convex problems and 2) a separate sensor selection and power allocation (SS-EH) scheme, on which basis we can identify a sensible sensor selection and analytically find a power allocation policy by solving a convex problem. We also discuss the interplay between the two strategies. Performance in terms of reconstruction distortion, impact of initialization, actual subsets of selected sensors, and computed power allocation policies is assessed by means of computer simulations. To that aim, an EH-agnostic sensor selection strategy, a lower bound on distortion, and an online version of the SS-EH and JSS-EH schemes are derived and used for benchmarking.
Access to and Use of Bank Services in Nigeria: Micro-Econometric Evidence

This study examined the access to, and use of bank services in Nigeria using data from the World Bank Household Survey (2011) on financial inclusion. A framework was developed to situate the decision of individuals towards financial services in Nigeria. We examined three dependent variables – use of bank services, use of the account to save and frequency of bank withdrawals. Our results show that the attributes, income level, age and ICT inclination of individuals have an effect on the access to and use of bank services in Nigeria.