nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reinforced Mnemonic Reader for Machine Reading Comprehension

In this paper, we introduce the Reinforced Mnemonic Reader for machine reading comprehension tasks, which enhances previous attentive readers in two aspects. First, a reattention mechanism is proposed to refine current attentions by directly accessing to past attentions that are temporally memorized in a multi-round alignment architecture, so as to avoid the problems of attention redundancy and attention deficiency. Second, a new optimization approach, called dynamic-critical reinforcement learning, is introduced to extend the standard supervised method. It always encourages to predict a more acceptable answer so as to address the convergence suppression problem occurred in traditional reinforcement learning algorithms. Extensive experiments on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) show that our model achieves state-of-the-art results. Meanwhile, our model outperforms previous systems by over 6% in terms of both Exact Match and F1 metrics on two adversarial SQuAD datasets.
Classical sociology beyond methodological nationalism

List of Figures Acknowledgements List of Contributors INTRODUCTION Is Classical Sociology Still in Vogue? A Controversial Legacy, Massimo Pendenza PART I: SOCIOLOGY OF THE GLOBAL WORLD 1. Simmel on Global Society, Vittorio Cotesta 2.  A Living Legacy in the Sociology of Globalization and Globality, David Inglis 3. Vilfredo Pareto's Contribution to a Sociology of Globalization, Emanuela Susca PART II: THE 'SOCIAL' BEYOND THE 'NATIONAL' 4. Understanding the Social: Cosmopolitanism and Gabriel Tarde's Cosmo-Politics, Michael Schillmeier 5. The 'Social' as Reciprocity: Marcel Mauss and the Idea of Nation, Dario Verderame PART III: THE 'NATIONAL' BEYOND 'METHODOLOGICAL NATIONALISM' 6. "Merging the National with the Human Ideal": Emile Durkheim on Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism, Massimo Pendenza 7. Ubi Bene, Ibi Patria: Patriotism, Nationalism and Internationalism in Robert Michels' Reflection, Federico Trocini 8. Beyond Methodological Nationalism? Concepts of Nationhood in German Liberal Social Thought of the Weimar Years, Austin Harrington Index of Names
Source to sink: Statistical identification of regional variations in the mineralogy of surface sediments in the western Nordic Seas (58°N–75°N; 10°W–40°W)

The non-clay and clay mineralogies of the < 2 mm sediment fraction from 157 seafloor samples in the western Nordic Seas is calculated by quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis. Our sample coverage includes the Iceland shelf, the ice-impacted East Greenland margin, and the Greenland, Iceland, and Irminger seas. The bedrock geology of source areas includes Precambrian basement rocks, Devonian red beds and younger marine and fluvial sediments, and large outcrops of early tertiary to recent flood basalts and other volcanic facies. Sediment erosion and transport in the area are associated with ice (sea ice and icebergs), and glacial meltwater and fluvial sediment plumes. We use Principal Component Analysis, fuzzy k-means clustering, and Discriminant Function Analysis to reduce the original 31 (minerals) × 157 (sites) matrix to more manageable 5 regional coherent clusters of sites, which are well discriminated by the weight % of six minerals, namely quartz, pyroxene, illites, magnetite and maghemite, amorphous silica (e.g. glass) and muscovite. The close spatial relationship between bedrock geology and discrete cluster membership stresses the importance of this variable and indicates that far-distant sediment transport by sea ice, icebergs, or other mechanisms, although occurring does not radically change the mineral composition of present-day sea-floor sediments. Our improved knowledge of the regional mineral assemblages allows for tracking distinct Eastern Greenland and Icelandic sources.
Theoretical prediction of chemically bound compounds made of argon and hydrocarbons.

Equilibrium structures, vibrational properties, and stabilities of organo-argon compounds, HArC4H and HArC6H, are studied at the MP2=full/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory. Ab initio calculations show that the two molecules are metastable, but protected against the Ar + HY (Y = C4H or C6H) dissociation by high barriers, and these species are energetically stable with respect to the three separate fragments (H + Ar +Y). The implied kinetic stability of HArC4H and HArC6H molecules suggests that these species should very likely be candidates for experimental observation. The results may open possibilities of organic chemistry of light noble gas elements.
Revised Research Proposal or Preliminary Thesis Proposal

The broad relevance and importance of bounded arithmetic and propositional proof complexity are well appreciated; these subjects are two of three which are interconnected in various and interesting ways, the third subject being computational complexity theory. This latter area is rife with old, well-established open problems and one good way to get at them is by studying the other two, whose problems are different yet connected, and many of which may be tractable. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some possible avenues of research related to bounded arithmetic and propositional proof complexity. Some of these are specific technical open questions related closely to recent research and are placed in their context. Others are more vague general directions along with some discussion of what fruit may be borne by efforts so directed. Yet others are larger issues which are not expected to be resolved but which should be kept in mind and toward which some incremental progress may be possible. This paper is a revised version of a previous research proposal and includes a report on progress towards solving some of the stated problems, as well as some additional research possibilities. Some necessary definitions and background will be presented first although this will mostly be kept to a minimum.
Analytic and Flexible Location Determination of the Small Cell for the Heterogeneous Network

As the number of user devices growing rapidly for the current 4G communications, it is expected that the problem of energy consumption for future mobile broadband communications will be more and more seriously. Therefore, how to effectively save the energy and reduce the carbon emission are very important issues for the green communications. In this paper, an analytic and energy-efficient location determination method of the small cell access (SCA) is provided for the Heterogeneous Network. The proposed method can be applied to any kind of distribution of the users in the considered region. Combined with the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technique, the energy consumption can be further reduced. Computer simulation and outdoor field experiments are conducted to verify the performances. Results demonstrate the correctness of the derivatives and the proposed method outperforms than the compared literature methods. According to the simulation results, the proposed method with the CoMP technique can save about 70% energy for the conventional co-located antenna system architecture and 20% compared with the uniformly distributed arrangement SCA method.
Back to the Basics: Who Is Researching and Interpreting for Whom?

I have always hated questionnaires. My conscious memory of this reaction goes back to grade school standardized exams when I gave the wrong answer to the question whether one takes butter out beforehand to soften it. Never having had that form of congealed fat in my Chinese home, I simply did not know the cooled nature of that artery hardener! My answers to the JAH questionnaire, it appears, were also far from typical. What three to four books were most influential? The Bible was the hands-down winner. But for me? The writings of the Chinese Daoist philosopher Chuang Tzu, Robert Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land, and Albert Memmi's The Colonizer and the Colonizedquite a postmodern pastiche! My favorite movie about the United States? Not Gone with the Wind, the overall favorite. It was George Romero's Dawn of the Dead, where zombied Americans of all creeds and persuasions gravitate to the local indoor mall to wander  Growing up Chinese and "Oriental" in United States midwestern culture fostered a skepticism in my soul. I was born in the heartland of the U. S. of A. and yet was called a "gook." Daoist philosophy, far more than the transcendental mysticisms of the Bible, helped me weather such existential angst. When I was seeking to find my voice at the University of Wisconsin in the early seventies, only Harvey Goldberg, a radical and gay scholar who taught French history, and the faculty of Afro-American studies had any idea of what would be useful for me to read. Memmi's complex psychological analyses and W. E. B. Du Bois's double consciousness made innate sense to me, with the added dimension of my being neither white nor black but Chinese American and Asian American.2 De facto racialized as an "alien" foreigner, I could never simply narrow my concerns to a nationalist frame of mind. The survey respondents' lack of interest in,
Copolymerization of 2,4-dichlorophenol with humic substances by oxidative and photo-oxidative biomimetic catalysis

We evaluated the catalytic activity of a water-soluble iron-porphyrin in an oxidative coupling reaction to form covalent bonds between 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and humic molecules. The biomimetic catalysis in the presence of H2O2 was tested in the dark and in daylight, and changes in reaction products were revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In all conditions, iron-porphyrin was effective in promoting complete disappearance of 2,4-DCP, although catalyst activity was enhanced in daylight (with a maximum turnover number of 85.13). Further evidence of the occurred covalent coupling between 2,4-DCP and humic molecules was revealed by diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance (DOSY-NMR) spectroscopy that showed a reduced diffusivity of 2,4-DCP after the catalytic reaction. These findings indicate that iron-porphyrin is an efficient catalyst for the covalent binding of polyhalogenated phenols to humic molecules, thereby suggesting that the copolymerization reactions may become a useful technology to remediate soils and waters contaminated by halogenated phenols and their analogues.
Learning to Separate Text Content and Style for Classification

Many text documents naturally have two kinds of labels. For example, we may label web pages from universities according to their categories, such as student or faculty, or according the source universities, such as Comell or Texas. We call one kind of labels the content and the other kind the style. Given a set of documents, each with both content and style labels, we seek to effectively learn to classify a set of documents in a new style with no content labels into its content classes. Assuming that every document is generated using words drawn from a mixture of two multinomial component models, one content model and one style model, we propose a method named Cartesian EM that constructs content models and style models through Expectation Maximization and performs classification of the unknown content classes transductively. Our experiments on real-world datasets show the proposed method to be effective for style independent text content classification.
When theory meets practice: enriching the CS curriculum through industrial case studies

Most computer science departments provide their students with a mathematical foundation which enables them to master theoretic concepts. However, students often express the concern that they are applying their theoretic background to "toy" problems only. They wonder what "real" problems look like and whether or not their background will be sufficient for them when they are faced with an industrial situation. At the same time companies who are hoping to hire well prepared computer programmers, systems analysts, and other technical staff express their concern that recent graduates entering the workforce are not adequately prepared for dealing with large problems in a real world setting. The approach presented here addresses the problem of bridging the gap between theory and practice by actively seeking out industrial partners who provide academics with real problems that can be addressed by teams of students in the academic setting.
Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe.

This book is a sally into the scientific dimension of Jewish intellectual history in the early modern world, dealing with many key personalities and topics in a novel way. Included are thumbnail sketches of stoicism, iatrochemistry and pantheism, in addition to reviews of the major issues in the Jewish historiography of the period. It offers comprehensive treatment of the impact of the scientific revolution on Jewish culture in early modern Europe and should be of value not only to students of Jewish intellectual history of this period, but also more generally to anyone interested in European cultural history or the history of medicine.
TRACE ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF INARTICULATE BRACHIOPODS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCK ON THE CAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN BOUNDARY

That the contents and compositions of trace elements, especially REE in sedimentary rock and agustite originating from inarticulate brachiopods, conodont, etc. change in the vertical direction usually has a close relation with the stratigraphic boundary of important biologies. This paper systematically analyses REE and 16 trace elements such as U, Th, Sr, Ba, Co, Ni, Cr, V, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sc, Au, As in sedimentary rocks and the agustite on the standard stratified section of the Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary in Dayangcha, Huniiang, Jilin Province. Based on this, the authors investigate the REE distribution pattern and the law of the contents and compositions of trace elements changing, providing the geochemical evidence for building stratified sections of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary and discussing sedimentary environments.
A search for light scalar dark matter in the radio-frequency band with atomic spectroscopy.

Among the prominent candidates for dark matter are bosonic fields with small scalar couplings to the Standard-Model particles. Several techniques are employed to search for such couplings and the current best constraints are derived from tests of gravity or atomic probes. In experiments employing atoms, observables would arise from expected dark-matter-induced oscillations in the fundamental constants of nature. These studies are primarily sensitive to underlying particle masses below $10^{-14}$ eV. We present a method to search for fast oscillations of fundamental constants using atomic spectroscopy in cesium vapor. We demonstrate sensitivity to scalar interactions of dark matter associated with a particle mass in the range $8\cdot10^{-11}$ to $4\cdot 10^{-7}$ eV. In this range our experiment yields constraints on such interactions, which within the framework of an astronomical-size dark matter structure, are comparable with, or better than, those provided by experiments probing deviations from the law of gravity.
Utopian Views of Spanish Zarzuela

The article addresses zarzuela, a musical and theatrical genre that was very popular in Spain at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth, in which we can see plentiful examples of a "utopian impulse." In its comical way it portrayed society by satirically turning it on its head, a tradition that dates back to Swift, among others, and gave vent to social criticism against the liberal order of the mid-nineteenth century. Years later, zarzuelas trumpeted an ideal of national and social harmony, although they simultaneously warned of potentially dystopian situations caused by workers' and gender demands or breakaway tendencies in some regions.
The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson

* Preface * Success of the Acquisitive Man: Portrait of the Provincial Bourgeois * The Face of Revolution * Law and Order, Liberty and Empire * The Furies * The Captive * The Failure of Reason * The "Scape-Goat" * Exile * World's End * Epilogue * Hutchinson Genealogy * Appendix. The Losers: Notes on the Historiography of Loyalism * Note on the Hutchinson Manuscripts * Index
The Citoyenne Tallien: Women, Politics, and Portraiture during the French Revolution

Portraiture dominated visual culture in France after 1789 because it addressed the central challenge of the Revolution: how to turn subjects into citizens. Women, however, were rarely included in Revolutionary definitions of citizenship. Jean-Louis Laneuville's 1796 portrait of Theresia Cabarrus, better known as Mme Tallien, negotiates female subjectivity and political participation in radically new ways, inserting its sitter into debates about the place of women in the new republic. The ambitions and failures of Cabarrus's likeness speak to the ambitions and failures of French portraiture after 1789.
Learning how to live together: genomic insights into prokaryote–animal symbioses

Our understanding of prokaryote–eukaryote symbioses as a source of evolutionary innovation has been rapidly increased by the advent of genomics, which has made possible the biological study of uncultivable endosymbionts. Genomics is allowing the dissection of the evolutionary process that starts with host invasion then progresses from facultative to obligate symbiosis and ends with replacement by, or coexistence with, new symbionts. Moreover, genomics has provided important clues on the mechanisms driving the genome-reduction process, the functions that are retained by the endosymbionts, the role of the host, and the factors that might determine whether the association will become parasitic or mutualistic.
Resolution and the consistency of analysis

It is shown by a purely syntactic argument how the completeness of resolution in type theory implies the consistency of type theory with axioms of extensionality, descriptions, and infinity. In this system the natural numbers are defined, and Peanos Postulates proved; indeed, classical analysis and much more can be formalized here. Nevertheless, Godels results show that the completeness of resolution in type theory cannot be proved in this system. Mathematical Offprint Service classification numbers: O2B15 Higher order predicate calculus O2G99 Methodology of deductive systems 68A40 Theorem proving This research was partially supported by NSF Grant GJ-28457X. Resolution and the Consistency of Analysis Peter B. Andrews §
The Population Landscape of Xinjiang/East Turkestan

The demographic structure of East Turkestan (Xinjiang) has undergone enormous change since the 1980s. This article profiles several factors affecting demographic change including migration, social and economic issues as well as policy implementation. The regional distinctiveness of East Turkestan (North, South, and Central) is examined through the use of maps from 1991 and 1995 that tabulate data for each county in the region. The resultant population landscape of East Turkestan is the local response to Urumqi’s regional implementation of China’s national policies in the face of international forces.
Transferring formal methods technology to industry

This paper describes the panel session on Transferring Formal Methods Technology to Industry that was held at the Workshop on Industrial-Strength Formal Speci cation Techniques in October, 1998. The panel members were Patrice Godefroid from Lucent Technologies/Bell Labs, John Kelly from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Steven Miller from Rockwell Collins, and Frank Weil from Motorola.
Middle-Class Ideologies and American Respectability: Archaeology and the Irish Immigrant Experience

This study illustrates the materialization of identity shifts through refined ceramic and glass forms recovered from working class Irish immigrant and Irish-American communities. The sites used in this article were chosen because of their spatio-temporal compatibility covering dynamic periods of Irish identity in the United States. Historians argue that 1880 marks the beginning of an identity shift from Irish immigrant to Irish-American. This research attempts to provide the necessary materials to begin a discourse bringing together material and historical evidence illuminating the conflict between competing ideologies of respectability and changing conceptions of Irish identity in America.
Misplaced Applications of Economic Theory to the Middle East

Tyler Cowen in this issue proposes an application of publicchoice and game theory as a means of understanding the MiddleEast conflict and viewing the ``Road Map for Middle EastPeace''. Cowen's approach is not based on appreciation of the``hidden agendas and rules of the game'' that are present inthe Middle East. Economic theory may indeed usefullycontribute to understanding aspects of the Middle East war,but through different avenues and in different directions fromthose suggested by Cowen. In this paper I suggest a viewconsistent with the institutional characteristics of theconflict and the objectives of the participants.
Effect of salts on C-phycocyanin.

The effect of a number of inorganic anions on the quaternary structure of C-phycocyanin has been investigated by fluorescence polarization. Dissociation to monomer occurred in the order: SCN − > ClO 4 − > NO 3 − > Br − > Cl − . These results suggest that hydrophobic interactions are important in the hexamer-monomer equilibrium of C-phycocyanin.
Time Heals All Wounds: Resisting the Authority of History in the Concepts of Nation and Nationalism

Nations, in contrast with states, are generally recognized within the intellectual community as more or less artificially created entities. And while this view seems to contradict the way in which many people actually think about their own particular nations—perceiving them as natural units, somewhat like families, to which they often feel deep ties—the arguments supporting the view of nations as “invented” are compelling and long-standing. As early as 1882, for example, Ernest Renan—rejecting the claims of race, language, economic interest, religious affinities, geography and military necessity—declared in his lecture “Qu’est qu’une nation” (“What is a Nation?”), delivered at the Sorbonne, that “A nation is a soul, a spiritual principle.”  People are members of a nation, he asserted, largely because—at least in theory—they want to be; and the very existence of a nation, he stated, is “an everyday plebiscite” ([1882] 1996 : 240 & 241). 1 In La Tentation de l’Occident ( The Temptation of the West ), published in 1926, Andre Malraux expressed a similar conception of the nation: “The mind creates the idea of a nation, but what gives it its sentimental force is a community of dreams. Our brothers are those whose childhood was played out to the rhythm of the same epics and legends that dominated our own” ([1926] 1984 : 97). 2 The reality of a nation, thus, is, to a great extent—and indeed somewhat ironically—in
Liberalismo, cultura y neutralidad estatal

This essay begins with the concept of the individual that supports the problematic relation between liberalism and culture. Many liberal moral thinkers have defended the necessity of the non-perfectionist state as a means to make individuals with different views of goodness concur on a shared social project. An immediate consequence of non-perfectionism is the claim for the state’s non-intervention in the sociocultural market. The aim of this article is to demonstrate whether the liberal state is actually neutral (empirical stage) or it ought to be neutral under certain circumstances (normative stage).