nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pneumococcal Vaccination Rates in VHA Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory condition of the digestive tract not caused by infectious agents. Symptoms of IBD, such as diarrhea and pain, diminish one's quality of life. Underlying immune dysregulation may put IBD patients at risk for severe infectious disease making preventative vaccination highly recommended. Therefore, this study sought to assess rates of pneumococcal vaccination in patients with IBD.A cross-sectional observational study was employed utilizing administrative data extracts from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) to identify patients diagnosed with IBD per International Classification of Diseases, Version 9, Clinical Modification codes. Their pneumococcal vaccine histories were determined from Common Procedural Terminology codes. Data were aggregated to the patient level and subjected to multivariable logistic regression to assess factors associated with receipt of the vaccination and 1-year mortality; survival analyses extended follow-up to as much as 4 years following IBD diagnosis.From October 2004 to September 2009, 49,350 patients were diagnosed with IBD in the VHA. Incidence was approximately 6000 cases/y. Patients averaged 62 years (±15, range 19-98) with 45% aged 65 or older. Approximately 6% were women, 21% were highly disabled from a military service-connected condition, 46% had hypertension, 38% dyslipidemia, and 18% diabetes. Only 20% of the cohort received pneumococcal vaccination including 5% vaccinated prior to IBD diagnosis, 2% on the date of diagnosis, and 13% subsequently. Being married, living outside the Northeast, and having more comorbidities were associated with vaccination before IBD diagnosis; models of vaccination at or after diagnosis demonstrated poor fit: little better than chance. Vaccinations before, after, and at diagnosis were protective against 1-year mortality adjusting for clinical and demographic covariates. Living in the South was an independent risk factor for death among IBD patients.While vaccination for pneumococcus is a low-cost, low-risk recommendation for persons with IBD with an apparent survival benefit, vaccination rates were low.
New product adoption and sales performance from the importer perspective

From an international business setting, this paper investigates how importers determine new product adoptions and how exporters diffuse new products to offshore markets through importers. Using the technology–environment–organization framework, we examine the effect of innovative characteristics of selected new products, importer-specific organizational capability, and exporter-specific environmental factors, on the adoption of new products by importers. Our sample included 585 new products from 152 local import firms nested in 34 foreign export firms. The results indicate that product meaningfulness, product superiority, and customer familiarity facilitate importer success in new product adoption. Importer host-market experience enhances new product adoption and moderates the relationship between adoption and sales performance. Exporter influence of market reputation in the host market and product-innovation capability is beneficial in promoting new products for enhanced sales performance. Instead of a single focus on new product adoption, we used a cross-level model to test the factors that foster new product adoption by importers.
Recent studies of the crustal structure in the Gulf of Aden

Cruise 16 of R.R.S. “Discovery” in 1967 has provided new data on the structure of the Gulf of Aden. The existence has now been demonstrated of a median valley, with associated magnetic anomaly, reaching from the Gulf of Tadjura in the west to the Owen fracture zone in the east. The valley is severely fractured and offset in the central region. New seismic refraction data have shown that throughout the Gulf of Aden, the crustal structure is similar to that found under the oceans and that at the western end, the axial zone is underlain by an anomalously low mantle velocity. A minimum separation of 260 km between the continental blocks of Arabia and Africa is indicated.
A Topological Phase in a Quantum Gravity Model

I would claim that we do not have a suitably general definition of what a topological phase is, or more importantly, any robust understanding of how to enter one even in the world of mathematical models. The latter is, of course, the more important issue and the main subject of this note. But a good definition can sharpen our thinking and a poor definition can misdirect us. I will not attempt a final answer here but merely comment on the strengths and weaknesses of possible definitions and argue for some flexibility. In particular, I describe a rather simple class of ``quantum gravity'' models which are neither lattice nor field theoretic but appear to contain strong candidates for topological phases.
ESR and optical absorption studies on the copper (II) interaction with aromatic amino acids

Electron spin resonance and optical absorption studies have been done in order to investigate the interaction between Cu2+ and aromatic amino acids in aqueous solution at 77 K and at room temperature as well. Depending on the concentration each aromatic amino acid can form two different kinds of complexes with Cu2+ which can be characterized by its ESR pattern. Additional information was obtained from optical d-d and CT transitions.
A New Approach to Simulation of Heavy Construction Operations

To support the utilization of discrete-event simulation in the analysis and planning of heavy construction operations, this research investigation has established a framework for a more simplified simulation environment. This framework is a resource operation cycle-based simulation modeling approach using an objectoriented information system to support project managers. This approach allows for reusable simulation modeling elements that build various resource (operation cycle) models. The prototype system, KMOS (Knowledge-embedded MQdularized Simulation system), provides a modularized resource model-building environment, step-by-step guidance to the user, flexibility in modeling, and easy control of complex construction operations. It includes an information system which provides guidance in the overall simulation procedure based on embedded knowledge. This paper will outline the major components of KMOS, as well as results of simulations performed using stochastic data captured from concrete paving operations.
Innovative Practical Ability Analysis and Upgrade Strategy of Advanced Academy Engineering Major

Taking the undergraduate from the School of Engineering and Technology in Tianjin Agricultural University and School of Mechanics in Tianjin Polytechnic University as the investigated object, surveying on 267 college students with questionnaire, developing situation of cultivating situation about the innovative talent with engineering major from advanced universities and academies were analyzed to form the upgrade strategy for the innovative practical ability of the undergraduate with engineering major in advanced universities.
Fröhlich's coherent excitations & the cancer problem--a retrospective overview of his guiding philosophy.

The guiding philosophy underlying Fröhlich's approach to biology from the side of theoretical physics is summarized, and illustrated, in the context of his prediction of (dynamic) coherent excitations in living systems, based on their dielectric and elastic properties, and far-from-equilibrium (nonlinear) character. His envisaged role of these coherent excitations in cell division and its control is outlined, together with the associated implications for cancer--as understood both at the time of his work and subsequently.
Characterization and Catalytic Properties of Sulfated ZrO2–TiO2Mixed Oxides

The acidity of sulfated zirconia–titania preparations was studied using NH 3 , pyridine, and benzene as the probe molecule. Temperature-programmed desorption curves of ammonia and the IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine were determined to distinguish acid sites. The Bronsted acidic strength of the surface hydroxyl groups was correlated with the red shift of the ν OH IR band induced by adsorption of benzene. The conversion of n -hexane was used as the catalytic test. The thermally effected textural and structural changes were followed by thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and surface area measurements. Sulfate and titania were found to hinder the aggregation of the metal oxide component. The weight-specific concentration of strong Lewis and Bronsted acidic sites were found higher in the zirconia-rich mixed oxides than in SO 4 −2 /ZrO 2 , but, no new kind of acidic center was detected. The strongest acidic sites are Lewis centers. The sulfate treatment of the oxides resulted in the formation of new, strong Bronsted sites. Regardless, whether the basic probe was protonated (as pyridine) or not (as benzene) the negative charge on the conjugated base of the Bronsted acid increased upon adsorption. This is indicated by the induced red shift of the ν S=O band of the surface sulfate group. This effect decreases the acid strength of the proton to an extent depending on the degree of electron donation and the volume available for delocalization of the electrons. The use of basic probes is not suggested for comparing the acid strength of catalysts much different in structure and composition.
Improving the soil sub-model of the process-based terrestrial ecosystem model to apply tropical swamp forests

We applied conventional model (Vegetation Integrative Simulator for Trace Gases; VISIT) to tropical peat forest data obtained from Palangkaraya (PDF) site in Kalimantan but it cannot simulate carbon balance accurately. Especially, ecosystem respiration (RE) showed opposite seasonal variation with observed RE because of misunderstanding of soil respiration process. Soil respiration process in conventional ecosystem model is controlled by only soil temperature and soil water content. In contrast, CO2 release from peat is regulated by not only these components but also water table. Soil respiration data obtained from PDF site shows that the response of soil respiration to wetness is also different from that in conventional model. In order to improve the response of soil respiration, we modify soil submodel of the model. Ground water level is simulated by tank model. We modify soil respiration function using the relationship between ground water level and soil respiration.
The Problem of the Philosophical Person

in this paper, take a fresh look at the philosophical and personal meta morphoses of two well-known philosophers, William James and Socrates. I also examine the philosophical person in the role of teaching philosophy students in a contemporary setting. Xenophon reports that Cicero called Socrates s philosophical muse an "immanent divine something" (Xenophon, Memorabilia) that takes up resi dence in the person. It speaks and directs, remains silent when it wants, and has, I dare say, a personality of its own. How well does it get along with the other person in whom it resides? Let us imagine the desiderata for becoming a philosopher. One knows that there is such a thing as, or imagines the concept of, a "philosopher." One acknowledges that the philosopher has attributes that make him dis tinct. Alternately, one learns of or imagines the definition of a philosopher as a distinct kind of being. In any case, the would-be philosopher aspires to become one.
Notes on the Power Structure of the International System

This article attempts to clarify what we know and do not know about the international system's power structure by first analysing some key concepts in power analysis and then summarizing some traditional ideas about international power. In Part I of the article concepts like 'the exercise of power', 'the possession of power', 'power structure', and 'power base' are discussed; it is concluded that the key difficulty in analysing international power is our scanty knowledge about power bases. Part II departs from the notion that when mapping the international power structure we should first and foremost identify the 'Great Powers', analyse the relations between these Powers, and examine the 'spheres of interest' surrounding them; it is argued that this is traditionally done in a simplistic way but that more realistic accounts of international power may become complex enough to call into question whether there really exists something that deserves to be called an international power structure.
Bag picture of the excited QCD vacuum with static Q source

The gluon excitations of the QCD vacuum are investigated in the presence of a static quark-antiquark source. It is shown that the ground state potential and the excitation spectrum of dynamical gluon degrees of freedom, as determined in our lattice simulations, agree remarkably well with model predictions based on the diaelectric properties of the confining vacuum described as a dual superconductor. The strong chromoelectric field of the static Q Q source creates a bubble (bag) in the condensed phase where weakly interacting gluon modes can be excited. Some features and predictions of the bag model are presented and the chromoelectric vortex limit at large quark-antiquark separation (string formation) is briefly discussed.
On Logic of Formal Provability and Explicit Proofs

In 1933, Gödel considered two modal approaches to describing provability. One captured formal provability and resulted in the logic GL and Solovay’s Completeness Theorem. The other was based on the modal logic S4 and led to Artemov’s Logic of Proofs LP. In this paper, we study introduced by the author logic GLA, which is a fusion of GL and LP in the union of their languages. GLA is supplied with a Kripke-style semantics and the corresponding completeness theorem. Soundness and completeness of GLA with respect to the arithmetical provability semantics is established.
Geographical Names on Mercator’s Maps of Croatia

AbstractMercator depicted Croatia on several general maps. In accordance with the level of geographical knowledge, map scales and technical possibilities of the time, Mercator provided a relatively detailed depiction of basic geographical features on these maps. His interest in mapping Croatia was probably motivated by the fact that the Venetian Republic, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire had fought over this area in the sixteenth century, contributing to the fragmentation of the medieval Croatian State, while at the same time facilitating economic, religious, linguistic, artistic and scientific communication between Central, South East and Mediterranean Europe. Mercator paid special attention to toponyms that enabled geographical objects to be identified and the decoding of cartographic contents. Research into Mercator’s maps has shown that geographical names, among other things, clearly indicate the sources of spatial data that he used. Additionally, geographical names on Mercator’s maps are ...
Where Did They Go? An Analysis of Out-Migration from Mammoth Cave National Park During Creation

The creation of national parks in the United States has often resulted in the displacement of resident populations. This is a study of out-migration from the area that would become Mammoth Cave National Park from 1926 until 1941. The purpose of this research is to underline the migration patterns of residents in this region. The 1920 census manuscript was used to determine who lived in the area, and these individuals were tracked using the 1930 and 1940 census manuscripts in order determine migration destinations. The analysis of the geography of outmigration shows a preference for areas that were close to their former homes or for larger urban areas. Consequences of this displacement are also considered. The two main migrant categories, African Americans and non-property owners, experienced higher levels of urbanization than the total displaced population. This suggests that urbanization of racial and socioeconomic groups was one of the consequences of park creation.
Joseph Urban: Architecture, Theatre, Opera, Film

This is the first biography of Joseph Urban designer of furniture, stage, opera and film sets, also interiors, decorative objects and buildings. He was a household name in his time and his reputation is now set for a revival. Born in Vienna in 1872, the multi-talented Urban was already enjoying a career in archiecture, stage design, and book illustration before he was brought to America in 1911 to do stage settings for the Boston Opera. By 1914 his highly regarded productions had caught the eye of impresario Florenz Ziegfeld, who lured him away to design nearly all of his shows and Follies on through the 1920s. His lush stagecraft soon revolutionized all of American theatre design, attracting the attention of William Randolph Hearst, who enticed Urban into becoming artistic director for his Cosmopolitan movie studio, where he designed all of the Marion Davies films. During this period he also operated a showcase on Fifth Avenue for the Wiener Werkstatte and was artistic director of the Metropolitan Opera. Many of his original opera settings continued in use well into the New York cityscape, many of which, unfortunately, have been demolished, including the original Ziegfield Theatre and Central Park Casino. However, the Hearst Building and the New School for Social Research, the city's first International Style building, remain. Several of his works in Palm Beach still stand, including his most extravagant extant construction, Mar-a-Lago, the former Post estate now owned by Donald Trump.
Frédéric Bouchard and Philippe Huneman (eds.) From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality

Life is not distributed homogeneously on Earth’s surface. Instead, life is clustered into discernible individuals, such as organisms and cells. This happened in part because, at different moments in evolutionary history, free-living individuals merged to form higher-level individuals. Multicellular organisms evolved from single cells; eukaryotic cells evolved from different types of bacteria; and the first cells evolved from self-replicating molecules (Maynard Smith and Szathmary 1995; Calcott and Sterelny 2011). A thorny issue in contemporary biology is to explain how individuals evolved from groups of lower-level individuals. Bouchard and Huneman’s book contains eleven new contributions aimed to advance this issue, written by leading scholars in both philosophy and biology. Their book is divided into three parts: the relation between the concepts of individual and organism; the role of adaptations in the evolution of individuals; and the extent to which collectives, such as beehives, are biological individuals. In what follows, I summarize the main claims made by each of these contributions, but in an order different from the one used in the book. The evolution of eusocial colonies, such as beehives from multicellular organisms, constituted a major transition in individuality. Like multicellular organisms, reproduction in eusocial colonies is controlled by a few members of the group and there is an alignment of interests between the colony and its members. Due to similarities eusocial colonies share with multicellular organisms, some authors claim that eusocial colonies are superorganisms that can bear fitness in the same manner as regular organisms (e.g., Wilson and Sober 1989). Matt Haber (Chapter 9) criticizes different accounts of superorganisms. According to him,
Mechanical and tribological properties of ceramic/metal composites: A review of phenomena spanning from the nanometer to the micrometer length scale

In the present work, the recent advances and promising potential applications of new developed ceramic (alumina, zirconia, spinel)/metal (Ni, Nb, W) micro/nanocomposites are discussed. We review the exotic properties of metal particles embedded into ceramic matrices and the effect of the percolation law, the nature of the interfaces and the size effect (micro/nano). This article discusses the material's mechanical and tribological properties, such as hardness, wear resistance and toughness.
Exploring the Interrelations Between Electronic Government and the New Public Management - A Managerial Framework for Electronic Government

This paper explores how electronic government (e-government) can be understood in the context of business administration. Our focus is on non-technical issues: we concentrate on the analysis of organizational, cultural and managerial aspects, in order to approach the possible development of e-government and its implications on the public sector at different state levels. Furthermore, we examine the relationship between the Public Management — particularly in the form of the New Public Management (NPM) — and e-government. Based on the outcomes of the analysis mentioned above, an attempt is made to identify the greatest problems that governments will have to face with respect to the introduction of e-government, and what kind of — if any — contribution the disciplines of business administration and NPM can make to resolve these problems. In order to achieve these goals, we set up a conceptual framework for e-government from the perspective of NPM and analyze its components. Our conclusion is that e-government can be interpreted as a reform element that supports the idea behind the NPM and, with its technological equipment, eases modernization as a whole.
Reconstructing Economic Theory

This book applies a critical focus on the extent to which methodological practices in mainstream economic theory impede our understanding of substantive economic phenomena as the products of human action. Economists, in general, work with a concept and representation of the human agent that is palpably unrealistic. Most do so, not out of ignorance, but rather to maintain the pretence that economics is the only true science among the social sciences because it enforces the use of rigorous and formalist methods of argument.
Electrochemical investigation of nucleic acid behaviour: Part II. a.c. polarographic investigations of methylated DNA

polarogram obtained in the case of chemically methylated Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNA is characterized by the appearance of a supplementary peak. Within the range of pH, studied this peak corresponds to a reduction in the adsorbed state without desorption of the reduced products. This peak is characteristic of the structural modifications of the DNA by methylation at the level of the guanine-cytosine base pairing.
Population dynamics in Africa: some historical notes.

The re-examination of the role of African peoples in human history and their place in modern society has become a subject of major research in the 20th century. However knowledge of the current demographic conditions of Africa is based on unsystematic analysis of data from divergent sources and periods. Understanding the demographic history of Africa confronts two basic challenges: theoretical or perspective and methodological. This essay reflects on these challenges. It begins with a description of Africa as the origin of humanity and views of African population size followed by a critical view of historical Africas place in theories of population growth. It then discusses the impact of the slave trades to Europe the Americas and the Middle East. The paper concludes that the development of a unified theory of human reproduction depends ultimately on an understanding of reproductive change in Africa. The development of such theory requires more systematic attention to the estimation of Africas population size and its evolution at the different stages of the continents long history.