nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Value of Investments in Government Interoperability

Government investments in enhancing the interoperability of ICT systems have the potential to improve services and help governments respond to the diverse and often incompatible needs and interests of individual citizens, organizations, and society at large. These diverse needs and interests encompass a broad range of value propositions and demands that can seldom be met by single programs or assessed by simple metrics. The diversity of stakeholder needs and the complexity inherent in interoperable systems for connected government require an architecture that is up to the task. Such an architecture must include the reference models and components that can accommodate and integrate large portfolios of applications and support multiple kinds of performance assessments. The value propositions that underlie the architecture’s performance assessment or reference model are fundamental. The propositions must be broad enough to span the full scope of the government program’s goals, a substantial challenge. In recognition of that challenge, this chapter puts forward two perspectives for assessing the value of interoperable ICT investments, incorporating outcomes beyond financial metrics. The first is the network value approach to assessment of investments in interoperable ICT systems for government. The second is the public value framework developed by the Center for Technology in Government, which expands on the network value approach to include a broader range of public value outcomes. These approaches are illustrated in two case studies: the I-Choose project designed to produce interoperable government and private sector data about a specific agricultural market and the government of Colombia’s interoperability efforts with expanded metrics based on the expansion of interoperability networks.  10.4018/978-1-4666-1824-4.ch019
Bounded Arithmetic and Propositional Proof Complexity

This is a survey of basic facts about bounded arithmetic and about the relationships between bounded arithmetic and propositional proof complexity. We introduce the theories and of bounded arithmetic and characterize their proof theoretic strength and their provably total functions in terms of the polynomial time hierarchy. We discuss other axiomatizations of bounded arithmetic, such as minimization axioms. It is shown that the bounded arithmetic hierarchy collapses if and only if bounded arithmetic proves that the polynomial hierarchy collapses.
On Forgetting and Rediscovering the Holocaust in Scandinavia: introduction to the special issue on the histories and memories of the Holocaust in Scandinavia 2

The interest in the Holocaust – Nazi Germany's concentrated attempt to exterminate European Jewry – has become increasingly noticeable in the Scandinavian countries during the last decades, with a growing number not only of dissertations, monographs and other publications, but also public debates and controversies relating to this event. This new upsurge of interest in the Holocaust reflects the dynamics and the contested nature of collective memories of wartime Scandinavia more broadly. This article highlights, broadly speaking, the development of Holocaust historiography in Scandinavia; the changing perspectives, interpretations, debates and focus from the immediate post-war years to the present day. It argues that, despite the fact that the Holocaust was truly a European-wide phenomenon transcending national borders, Holocaust studies have mainly been produced as nation-centred histories. Only with the end of the Cold War and with a paradigmatic shift from ‘the event’ to ‘the memory’ has a new form of ...
Futures Market Approach to Understanding Equity Premium Puzzle

In this paper, another factor that affects equity risk premium is derived from a simple classical monetary model, which basically adds back labor-leisure to a simple consumption-only consumption-based asset pricing model. If every present/future good is traded at time $t=0$, just as in traditional Arrow-Debreu general equilibrium models and understanding bonds as essentially trading labor with future goods, it is inevitable that risk-free bonds have lower interest rate than ideal risk-free bonds of classical monetary models.
Logic-based methodology to help security architects in eliciting high-level network security requirements

In this paper1, we propose a security methodology that automates the process of security zone specification and high-level network security requirements elicitation. We define a set of formalized rules derived from the principles of complete mediation, least privileges and the Clark-Wilson lite formal model making our approach traceable and verifiable. We implemented the methodology in Answer Set Programming to automatically compute an optimal network security zone model considering the cost of the security solution. A use case study of an e-commerce enterprise network infrastructure illustrates our methodology.
Free-Variable Tableaux for Constant-Domain Quantified Modal Logics with Rigid and Non-rigid Designation

This paper presents a sound and complete free-variable tableau calculus for constant-domain quantified modal logics, with a propositional analytical basis, i.e. one of the systems K, D, T, K4, S4. The calculus is obtained by addition of the classical free-variable ?-rule and the "liberalized" ?+-rule  to a standard set of propositional rules. Thus, the proposed system characterizes proof-theoretically the constant-domain semantics, which cannot be captured by "standard" (non-prefixed, non-annotated) ground tableau calculi. The calculi are extended so as to deal also with non-rigid designation, by means of a simple numerical annotation on functional symbols, conveying some semantical information about the worlds where they are meant to be interpreted.
Views and Reviews

Introduction to Views and Reviews, by Jenn Stephenson Ecopus Tyrannus, by Jennifer Wise NiX: An Apocalyptic Fairytale for Adults, by Jo Ledingham From the International Space Station to Your Desktop: Performance in Orbit, by Susan Bennett Not Your Typical Prairie Carnival: Disputing Claybank Brick Plant National Historic Site, by Eric Moschopedis Maeterlinck—Meyerhold—Maxwell: the Hundred-Year Evolution of a “Cold Minting of Words&rdquo, by Sam Stedman Voyages: Revisiting Quebec's Delegation to Avignon, by Virginia Preston
A Survey of Recent Developments in the Literature of Finance and Growth

This paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of financial development and economic growth. The survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of financial development in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables. Although the positive role of finance on growth has become a stylized fact, there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies. Several key issues unresolved in the literature are highlighted. The paper also points to several directions for future research.
Abstracting the hardware/software boundary through a standard system support layer and architecture

Reconfigurable computing is often lauded as having the potential to bridge the performance gap between computational needs and computational resources. Although numerous successes exist, difficulties persist bridging the CPU/FPGA boundary due to relegating hardware and software systems as separate and inconsistent computational models. Alternatively, the work presented in this thesis proposes using parallel programming models to abstract the CPU/FPGA boundary. Computational tasks would exist either as traditional CPU bound threads or as custom hardware threads running within the FPGA. 
Achieving an abstract parallel programming model that spans the hardware/software boundary depends on: extending an existing software parallel programming model into hardware, abstracting communication between hardware and software tasks, and providing equivalent high-level language constructs for hardware tasks. This thesis demonstrates that a shared memory multi-threaded programming model with high-level language semantics may be extended to hardware, consequently abstracting the hardware/software boundary. 
The research for this thesis was conducted in three phases, and used the KU-developed Hybridthread Computational Model as its base operating system and platform. The first phase extended the semantics of a running thread to a new, independent and standard hardware system support layer known as the Hardware Thread Interface (HWTI). In this phase hardware threads are given a standard interface providing communication between the hardware thread and system. The second phase of the research extended and augmented the initial design to support a meaningful abstraction. Mechanisms in this phase include globally distributed local memory, a standard function call stack including support for recursion, high level language semantics, and a remote procedure call model. The third phase evaluated the HWTI by comparing the semantic and implementation differences between hardware and software threads, by using an adapted POSIX conformance and stress test-suite, and by demonstrating that well-known algorithms may be translated and ran as hardware threads using the HWTI. 
This thesis concludes that parallel programming models can abstract the hardware/software boundary. Creating a meaningful abstraction depends both on migrating the communication and synchronization policies to hardware, but also providing high level language semantics to each computational tasks.
From Traditional to Liberal Racism: Living Racism in the Everyday

This article examines hundreds of entries in student journals collected at a university in the Mountain West and captures a striking contradiction between an articulated understanding of racism as “a thing of the past” and the reality of a persistent and pervasive racism. This qualitative study documents everyday racist events taking place in the life of students. These events are coded into either a traditional or modern “liberal” category to demonstrate the link between past and present race projects. The authors conclude that the contemporary “colorblind” discourse of the liberal era suggests an ongoing race project centered on the maintenance of white privilege. The mediating role institutions play between individual and structural relations of inequality implicates the university in the maintenance of white privilege.
Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of

The Declaration of Independence was the first effective such document in modern times. Though not part of the Constitution nor formally adopted as national law after the Constitution, it has been imbedded in the law through tradition as well as numerous court decisions. The phrase chosen as our subject is probably the most basic and famous one in the Declaration, and it has evoked a massive body of comment in court decisions and in critical literature. While life and liberty have been largely accepted as given then and continuously ratified from the French Revolution onward, the “pursuit of happiness” has occasioned both discussion and argument.
Informal Engineering education: Lessons learned from the NASA's BEST students project

The NASA's BEST (Beginning Engineering, Science, and Technology) Students project was designed to introduce students to principles of engineering through hands-on, inquiry- and project-based lessons conducted within the framework of the Engineering Design Process. The NASA's BEST curricula have been implemented in numerous informal education settings across the United States and, more recently, internationally at the Abu Dhabi Science Festival in the United Arab Emirates. Here we explore the logistical, preparatory, and management efforts necessary to provide such educational opportunities to young learners, identify challenges to broad-scale implementation of informal STEM education programs, and examine the potential benefits to using such programs to help build strong STEM literacy skills and practices. Examples are provided of NASA's BEST content being incorporated into informal STEM education programs in the United States, and a larger-scale implementation at the 2013 Abu Dhabi Science Festival.
Software engineering for undergraduates

Software engineering has evolved, over a short period of time, into a dominant and omnipresent industry. In education we have recognized the importance of both managerial and technical aspects, but often failed to organize them in a coherent course with a relevant, if not realistic laboratory project. The problem is far-reaching, and should be dealt with accordingly. This paper presents our before and after findings, and elaborates on CPE 207, the new Software Engineering course that, in our opinion, helps in bridging the gap between university and industry.
Coding solutions for the secure biometric storage problem

The paper studies the problem of securely storing biometric passwords, such as fingerprints and irises. With the help of coding theory Juels and Wattenberg derived in 1999 a scheme where similar input strings will be accepted as the same biometric. In the same time nothing could be learned from the stored data. They called their scheme a fuzzy commitment scheme. In this paper we will revisit the solution of Juels and Wattenberg and we will provide answers to two important questions: what type of error-correcting codes should be used and what happens if biometric templates are not uniformly distributed, i.e. the biometric data come with redundancy. Answering the first question will lead us to the search for low-rate large-minimum distance error-correcting codes which come with efficient decoding algorithms up to the designed distance. In order to answer the second question we relate the rate required with a quantity connected to the “entropy” of the string, trying to estimate a sort of “capacity”, if we want to see a flavor of the converse of Shannon's noisy coding theorem. Finally we deal with side-problems arising in a practical implementation and we propose a possible solution to the main one that seems to have so far prevented in many situations real life applications of the fuzzy scheme.
Raman Spectroscopy of Amorphous Diamondlike Carbon Films Produced with a Mass-Separated Ion Beam and Pulsed Arc Discharge

Raman spectra of amorphous hydrogen-free diamondlike films prepared by two different methods, namely, by using a mass-separated carbon ion beam, and pulsed arc-discharge deposition, were investigated. For the samples prepared with both deposition methods, clear correlation between the carbon deposition energy and such parameters of the Raman spectra as the intensity ratio R=I1500/I1550 and the average slope S=(I1300-I1100)/I1100 was established. Also, the data show a reproducible dependence between the parameters S and R, and the region corresponding to the best diamondlike films is well-defined in the S-R plot. The extremes of the introduced parameters R and S indicate the optimal deposition conditions with respect to the film hardness, electrical resistance, etc. In the case of mass-separated ion-beam deposition, the data obtained provide a straightforward dependence between the sp3 fraction and the introduced numerical parameters.
Severity Adjusted Risk of Long-term Adverse Sequelae Among Children With Osteomyelitis.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the risk for long-term, adverse outcomes among children with osteomyelitis.



Children with osteomyelitis were prospectively enrolled from 2012 to 2014. Care was accomplished by a multidisciplinary team according to an institutional algorithm. Data were collected to define the severity of illness during the initial hospitalization and assess short, intermediate and long-term outcomes. Clinical examination, radiographic assessment and functional outcome survey administration were performed at a minimum of 2 year follow-up. A comparison cohort analysis was performed according to initial severity of illness score of mild (0-2), moderate (3-6) and severe (7-10).



Of 195 children enrolled, 139 (71.3%) returned for follow-up at an average of 2.4 years (range, 2.0-5.0 years). Children with severe illness were less likely to have normal radiographs (severe, 4.0%; moderate, 38.2%; mild, 53.2%, P < 0.0001), and more likely to have osteonecrosis, chondrolysis, or deformity (severe, 32.0%; moderate, 5.9%; mild, 1.3%, P < 0.0001). Functional outcome measures did not significantly differ between severity categories. By regression analysis severity of illness score, plus age less than 3 years and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus predicted severe sequelae with an area under the curve of 0.8617 and an increasing odds ratio of 1.34 per point of increase in severity score.



Long-term severe adverse outcomes among children with osteomyelitis occurred in 11 of 139 (7.9%) children and were predicted by initial severity of illness. Other risks that diminished the likelihood of complete resolution or increased the risk of severe sequelae included Methicillin-resistant Staphylcoccus aureus etiology and young age. The majority of children with osteomyelitis do not require long-term follow-up beyond the initial treatment period.
Management advice for family farms in West Africa, Role of the producers' organizations in the delivery of sustainable Agriculture Extension Services

The emergence of Management Advice for Family Farms in West Africa is closely related to the increased integration of farmers into an open market economy. This is creating a strong demand from farmers for advisory support services, focussing on management of the farm. These should go beyond the technical aspects of farming and include the organisational, economic financial and technical implications of farm management. With the gradual withdrawal of Government from extension services delivery, a stimulating context exists for reviewing approaches and systems of support delivery facilities for producers. In response to these developments, several experiments on advisory services for family farms are going on in West Africa. Beyond the variety of objectives and implementation procedures analysed in this paper, common features and a considerable degree of consensus on concepts emerge. Strengthening the producers' capacity for assessment, decision making and management of their farms is a common objective. Differences exist between procedures for delivery of advice, methods and tools used, emphasis put on different aspects of management. All experiments stress the importance of training, enhancing group dynamics and individual learning. They are all farmer and farm family targeted. Expression of farmers' objectives, needs and demands is essential. Advice is based on data gathering and assessment by the farmers themselves. Group dynamics is an important element in formulation of advice. Extension workers become advisors and facilitators. In all cases, Farmers' Organisations are involved in governing delivery services, though at different degrees. In several cases priority is given towards strengthening farmers' capacity in the management of delivery at both local and global levels. Significant improvements in farm performance have been reported. However, to reach sustainability for farmers' driven and governed advice support delivery, innovative agricultural policies and public finance are needed. (Resume d'auteur)
Nature of the Precursors of Molecular Products in the Radiation Chemistry of Water

Research on radiation chemistry of water is reviewed with respect to the precursors of molecular hydrogen. Evidence is presented that the primary reducing species is the hydrated electron, H/sub 2/O-, and that molecular hydrogen is formed by two mechanisms, the major one being recombination of H/sub 2/O- and the minor one being recombination of H atoms formed by H/sup +/ reacting with H/sub 2/O-.
Globalization in one country? The peculiarities of the British

What is the position of the UK economy in the international system? In this article we draw attention to the peculiarities of the UK case as compared to the other G7 economies. We argue that the UK represents an 'over-internationalized economy in an under-globalized world'. Far from the UK lagging behind a rapidly integrating world economy, it is way ahead of the game. The historical nature of the UK's heavy engagement with the international system is highlighted and the contemporary significance of its integration is analysed. This is done in respect to both the real and the financial sides of the economy. Finally, we ask whether it is possible to re-domesticize the UK economy - to stimulate indigenous economic activity at the expense of excessive overseas production and investment. This article draws attention to the special case of the UK in a preliminary manner without pursuing all its theoretical, empirical, or policy implications. At this stage we are concerned to highlight a series of potential iss...
On Non-Commutative Analytic Spaces Over Non-Archimedean Fields

We discuss examples of non-commutative spaces over non-archimedean fields. Those include non-commutative and quantum affinoid algebras, quantized K3 surfaces and quantized locally analytic p-adic groups. In the latter case we found a quantization of the Schneider–Teitelbaum algebra of locally analytic distributions by using the ideas of representation theory of quantized function algebras.
Cost-share induced technological change and Kaldor’s stylized facts

This paper presents a theory of induced technological change in which firms pursue a random, local, and bounded search for productivity-enhancing innovations. Firms implement profitable innovations at fixed prices, which then spread through the economy. After diffusion, all firms adjust prices and wages. The model is consistent with a variety of price-setting behaviors, which determine equilibrium positions characterized by constant cost shares and productivity growth rates. Target-return pricing yields Harrod-neutral technological change with a fixed wage share as a stable equilibrium, consistent with Kaldor’s stylized facts, while allowing for deviations from equilibrium, as observed in the longer historical record.
Two African saints in medieval Germany

After the decline and final downfall of the Roman Empire, western and southern Europe was a  Teutonic tribes such as the Goths, Lombards, and Franks invaded and ransacked the erstwhile Roman provinces, founding various kingdoms in Germany, Italy, France, and Spain, most of which were, however, rather shortlived. It was only with the ascent of the Carolingian dynasty and, in particular, the reign of Charlemagne, which culminated in his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in Rome in 800 AD., that order, unity, and safety were restored in these ravaged countries. When Charlemagne's empire was divided under his successors and new realms began to emerge in the east as well as the west-which were to become Germany and France, respectively--his imperial heritage and, by implication, that of the Romans was assumed by the German rulers. Ever since Otto I (the Great) in mid-tenth century, Germany conceived of herself as heir to the Roman Empire, as witness the elaborate appellation "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation," which came into usage during the late Middle Ages and remained the official name until 1806. Images of black saints first appear in medieval German art. I will concentrate here on two iconographic examples, one a familiar part of the Christian tradition and the other virtually unknown. First let us look at the iconography of the unknown black saint.
{\boldmath{$\operatorname{PU}(2)$} monopoles and a conjecture of Mariño, Moore, and Peradze

In this article we show that some of the recent results of Marino, Moore, and Peradze (math.DG/9812042, ) -- in particular their conjecture that all closed, smooth four-manifolds with b_2^+ > 1 (and Seiberg-Witten simple type) are of `superconformal simple type' -- can be understood using a simple mathematical argument via the PU(2)-monopole cobordism of Pidstrigach and Tyurin (dg-ga/9507004) and results of the first and third authors (dg-ga/9712005, dg-ga/9709022).