nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Never Hold a Pencil: Rhetoric and Relations in the Concept of “Preliteracy”

The category of preliterate has been applied to cultures in which reading and writing practices are said to be nonexistent or restricted. This article argues that preliterate can be understood as a rhetoric or a socially constructive narrative (a) that devalues the cultures and peoples to whom it is applied by situating them within a 19th-century narrative of primitiveness and (b) that mystifies understandings of how literacy develops by representing the absence of literacy as an expression of inherent cultural values rather than an outcome of relationships among cultures of unequal power. This article considers the case of the Hmong of Laos, a people commonly described as preliterate, to illustrate that the widespread absence of written language in Hmong culture is not an expression of cultural values but an outcome of Hmong relationships with the Chinese, French, and Laotian governments and the United States Central Intelligence Agency during the Vietnam War.
Impact of Oxidation State on Reactivity and Selectivity Differences between Nickel(III) and Nickel(IV) Alkyl Complexes.

Described is a systematic comparison of factors impacting the relative rates and selectivities of C(sp3 )-C and C(sp3 )-O bond-forming reactions at high-valent Ni as a function of oxidation state. Two Ni complexes are compared: a cationic octahedral NiIV complex ligated by tris(pyrazolyl)borate and a cationic octahedral NiIII complex ligated by tris(pyrazolyl)methane. Key features of reactivity/selectivity are revealed: 1) C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bond-forming reductive elimination occurs from both centers, but the NiIII complex reacts up to 300-fold faster than the NiIV , depending on the reaction conditions. The relative reactivity is proposed to derive from ligand dissociation kinetics, which vary as a function of oxidation state and the presence/absence of visible light. 2) Upon the addition of acetate (AcO- ), the NiIV complex exclusively undergoes C(sp3 )-OAc bond formation, while the NiIII analogue forms the C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) coupled product selectively. This difference is rationalized based on the electrophilicity of the respective M-C(sp3 ) bonds, and thus their relative reactivity towards outer-sphere SN 2-type bond-forming reactions.
Binding of molecular dioxygen to Co(II) complexes in aqueous solutions

The reaction of dioxygen addition to Co(II) complexes in aqueous solution and the possible further evolution of dioxygen adducts are taken into consideration. A short survey is given of the thermodynamic features shown by the reactions of the formation of superoxo and peroxo compounds corresponding to Co(II) complexes with simple and superstructured ligands. Two topics are then developed. In the first one, the connections between the structure of the ligand bonded to Co(II) and the type and the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the dioxygenjadducts formed are discussed. Open-chain and cyclic tetraazotate saturated amines with nitrogens connected by ethylenic or propylenic bridges different in number and in their order are discussed. In the second, the state of the art concerning the dioxygen adducts corresponding to Co(II) complexes with binucleating ligands is summarized. Attention is focused on the behaviour towards molecular oxygen shown, in aqueous solutions, by Co(II) complexes with saturated open-chain or cyclic amines containing 9 or 10 nitrogens connected by ethylenic chains over a large range of R (= C L 0 C Co 0 ) and pH values.
Renewal and dead souls: the changing Soviet Central Committee

For a Soviet General Secretary presumably committed to the collectivist principles of Marxism-Leninism, Mikhail Gorbachev has been peculiarly insistent upon the decisive importance of individual leadership. In speech after speech it was not only the socioeconomic order that Gorbachev held to be the source of the Soviet Union's problems: the quality and style of its political leadership were also crucial factors.
The Impact of Cross-Border Banking on Financial Stability

This paper focuses on the stability aspects of cross-border banking. We first argue that cross-border banking brings about various benefits and costs for financial stability. Based on this, we draw conclusions for the desirability of cross-border banking in the EU, and derive implications for its optimal form. Next, we derive metrics that allow quantifying whether cross-border banking in a country (or region) takes a desirable form and apply these metrics to the EU countries. Our results suggest that the countries with the largest banking centers, UK and Germany, are well diversified. By contrast, the New Member States (NMS) are highly dependent on a few West-European banks and thus vulnerable to contagion effects. The Nordic and Baltic regions are also much interwoven without much diversification. At the system-wide level, the EU banking system is weakly diversified, with an overexposure to the US and an underexposure to Japan and China. This explains why the recent US originated financial crisis had such a large impact on European banks.
Urban Governance and Finance in India

Over 330 million people live in India's cities; 35 cities have a population of over a million and three (Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata) of the 10 largest metropolises in the world are in India. India's cities are large, economically important, and growing. However, neither urban infrastructure nor the level of urban public services is adequate for current needs, let alone to meet growing demands. Dealing with this problem is a formidable challenge. Not only must adequate finance for the provision of services be found but it is critical to ensure that the money spent results in desired outputs and outcomes. To do so, local governance structures also need to be reformed and strengthened. This paper attempts to point the way towards some possible solutions by analysing urban governance and finance in India in the context of lessons drawn from fiscal federalism theory and experiences of governance institutions and financing systems both in India and around the world. No one system of urban governance is likely to work equally well for all urban local bodies. However, the paper identifies some key reforms required to realise both the constitutional intent to encourage citizen participation in urban governance and the economic and politically desirable goal of ensuring greater accountability of urban governments. For example, the paper draws attention to existing ambiguities in the assignment system and underlines the need to undertake activity mapping to ensure clarity as well as to make independent agencies significantly accountable to elected governments in urban areas. The paper also discusses a variety of ways of augmenting the resources of the municipal bodies in the country including essential reforms in the property tax system and adequate exploitation of user charges and fees for various services delivered as well as ways of strengthening and improving Central and State transfers to urban local governments. With respect to financing urban infrastructure, development charges should be used more effectively. More should also be done to utilise public lands more effectively. In addition, to a considerable extent capital expenditure requirements will have to be financed through borrowing so further development of the municipal bond market is important, as is more and more effective use of public private partnerships in some areas.
Managers and leaders: are they different?

The traditional view of management, back in 1977 when Abraham Zaleznik wrote this article, centered on organizational structure and processes. Managerial development at the time focused exclusively on building competence, control, and the appropriate balance of power. That view, Zaleznik argued, omitted the essential leadership elements of inspiration, vision, and human passion which drive corporate success. The difference between managers and leaders, he wrote, lies in the conceptions they hold, deep in their psyches, of chaos and order. Managers embrace process, seek stability and control, and instinctively try to resolve problems quickly--sometimes before they fully understand a problems significance. Leaders, in contrast, tolerate chaos and lack of structure and are willing to delay closure to understand the issues more fully. In this way, Zaleznik argued, business leaders have much more in common with artists, scientists, and other creative thinkers than they do with managers. Organizations need both managers and leaders to succeed, but developing both requires a reduced focus on logic and strategic exercises in favor of an environment where creativity and imagination are permitted to flourish.
Crustal structure and tectonics of the northeast Honshu arc, Japan, revealed from detailed gravity anomalies and late Cenozoic caldera distribution

Fig. 2. Short wavelength components(<125 km) of Bouguer gravity anomalies over the northeast Honshu arc . The topograph ic dens i t y i s assumed to be 2.67 g/cm . The contour interval is 5 mgal. 3 Active faults, Quaternary volcanoes, Seismicity, and GPS strain rate fields... We here report that the distribution of the gravity depressions is, however, strongly corresponding to the distribution of the late Cenozoic large calderas. The caldera structure is a geographical feature with collapsed structure surrounded by a ringfault. They are usually underlaid by plutonic body under cooling that often reaches 10 km or more in the diameter (Yoshida, 2001). Therefore the density structure of these calderas might be a major factor of the gravity undulations of this region. Although the number of the known caldera structures exceeds 80 in the northeast Honshu arc (Yoshida , 1999), Oyagi (2000) was supposed that many calderas still exists under the overlying volcanic rocks of the Quaternary volcanoes. We have examined the detailed map of Bouguer anomaly of the northeast Honshu arc with special attention to caldera structures with related subsurface plutons. The results show that some unexposed calderas may located under the overlying young strata. et al.
Creating Economic Value Through Social Values: Introducing a Culturally Informed Resource-Based View

The resource-based view (RBV) has historically privileged the firm's internal resources and capabilities, often at the exclusion of its institutional context. In this paper, we introduce a culturally informed RBV that explains how cultural elements in the firm's institutional context shape the economic value associated with a firm's strategy. We posit that a firm's institutional context may create or destroy economic value. If the strategy inadvertently becomes associated with a social issue, it poses a risk for the firm. Firms that recognize the dynamic interplay between their resources and their institutional context in the face of social issues can engage in important cultural work, and thereby preserve their strategy's economic value.
Morphological investigation and magnetic properties of nickel zinc ferrite 1D nanostructures synthesized via thermal decomposition method

Spinel nickel zinc ferrite nanowires were successfully prepared in mesoporous silica SBA-15 as a host matrix. The powder was annealed at a range of temperatures (500–900 °C) with heating rate 0.5 °C/min. The required NiZnFe2O4 phase was obtained at 700 °C. The specific surface area SBET data revealed that the surface area of the mesoporous silica after annealing was decreased from 821 to 90 m2/g which indicated that the spinal ferrite fills the channels of mesoporous materials. The one-dimensional spinel nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and transmission electron microscopy before and after a selective removal of the silica template in aqueous solution of NaOH or HF. The presence of SBA-15 lowers the formation temperature of nickel zinc ferrite nanowires compared to the corresponding bulk material. The magnetic properties revealed a high saturation magnetization level (~43 emu/g) for the Ni–Zn nanowires at 900 °C.
Diplomacy As Theatre: Staging the Bandung Conference of 1955

As a significant ‘moment’ in twentieth-century international diplomacy, the rise of post-colonial Afro-Asia at the Bandung Conference of 1955 is replete with symbolic meanings. This paper proposes a conceptual approach to understanding the symbolic dimension of international diplomacy, and does so by ruminating on the newly unearthed Indonesian material on the Bandung Conference. To this end, ‘diplomacy as theatre’ is introduced as an interpretive framework to re-cast the conference as a theatrical performance, in which actors performed on the stage to audiences. Focusing on the city of Bandung, this paper reconstructs some examples of the ‘performative’ dimensions of international diplomacy, and elaborates on the notion of ‘staging’ the city and the role played by the people of Bandung, including the significance of conference venues, as well as the impromptu creation of a ritual citation that contributed to an iconic ‘performative act’ during the conference. Sukarno, Nehru, Zhou Enlai and Nasser all understood the importance as performers in their role as new international statesmen, representing the esprit de corps of the newly emergent post-colonial world. In deconstructing the symbolic, it will become evident that the role played by Indonesia significantly influenced the underlying script of the diplomatic theatre which unfolded at Bandung.
Supplementary (abuse) cards for the family relations test

The Bene–Anthony Family Relations Test is a potentially valuable clinical technique in the assessment of young children suspected of having been abused. Fourteen supplementary cards have been developed which offer the possibility of a narrow investigative focus, as their content points more directly to abusive behaviour. Used carefully, it is considered that these cards, within the context of the Family Relations Test, provide a young child with a non-threatening, non-directive and age-appropriate context within which to relate their experiences.
An independent validation of vulnerability discovery models

The vulnerability discovery process normally refers to the post-release stage where people identify and report security flaws of a released software. Vulnerability discovery models (VDM) operate on the known vulnerability data to estimate the total number of vulnerabilities present in the software. Successful models can be useful hints for both software vendors and users in allocating resources to handle potential breaches, and tentative patch update. For example, we do not exactly know the day of major snow falls but cities expect it to fall in winter and therefore plan resources for road clearing in that period. The effective planning is important because security bugs are different than "normal" bugs. A normal bugs might be filed and be scheduled for fixing in the next release. Meanwhile a security vulnerability might required an urgent patch to be shipped to customers lest their browser be subject to rogue campaigns. Major shifts in browser usage are often attributed to (real or perceived) "more" security. Understanding the security trend is therefore important.
Adam Smith's Conceptualization of Power, Markets, and Politics

This paper argues that Adam Smith is a/the "founding father figure" of modern social/political economy as well as economics. Smith wrote extensively and insightfully on the subject of power , and thereby class and stratafication in society. This paper explicates four main types of power relations in Smith's analysis, notably drawing on the Wealth of Nations : wealth power, monopoly power, employer power, and political power. Smith's focus on power helps to differentiate his broader vision and rich discourse from that of many contemporary neoclassical writers and sharpens our appreciation for his contributions to social and political economy.
GESTÃO PARA A SUSTENTABILIDADE EM EMPRESAS DO SETOR MINERAL Management for Sustainability in the Mineral Sector Enterprises

Business competitiveness is increasingly linked to a management oriented to sustainability. The study aimed to analyze the adoption of management practices for sustainability in the mining sector companies from the perspective of institutional theory. The research is characterized as qualitative and was developed through exploratory interviews with three companies in the mining sector. The results showed that, in the analyzed companies, the integration of sustainability with the strategy it is still a concern recently and oriented primarily to meet the legal requirements. Thus indicating a greater targeting of companies analyzed in relation to the adoption of social management practices. The environmental management practices seek to basically meet the legal requirements and marketing requirements.
Institutional Transitions and Strategic Choices

How do organizations make strategic choices during the time of fundamental institutional transitions such as those sweeping numerous emerging economies? To answer this question, a two-phase model of institutional transitions is developed in this article. I focus on the longitudinal process to move from a relationship-based, personalized transaction structure calling for a network-centered strategy to a rule-based, impersonal exchange regime suggesting a market-centered strategy. I then identify the points of inflection; predict strategic choices for incumbent, entrepreneurial, and foreign firms; and delineate their performance implications.
[International scientific output on the International Classification for Nursing Practice].

The International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) is a classification system that aims at an universal standardized language for nursing. This article aims to discuss the results of studies addressing ICNP. This is a review of the literature in the database of the Virtual Health Library, by the term "ICNP" with coverage until 2009. 124 articles were found; 65 were analyzed and their contents were grouped in nine categories: general approaches; applicability in practice; assessment ratings; experiments with computational resources; development and inclusion of terms; approach to classification systems; use to anchor the building of nursing statements; translations; and others. It was found that few studies present projects or evaluate the practical applications of ICNP. The majority discusses conceptual issues or compare ICNP with other classification systems. Several studies conclude about the appropriateness and relevance of ICNP, despite pointing a need for improvement.
Extending the compositional limit of combustion-synthesized B4C-TiB2 composites by field activation

Composites of B4C-TiB2 with molar ratios B4C/TiB2 of up to 8 were synthesized by field activated combustion. The combustion wave velocity depended on this ratio and increased approximately linearly with the applied field. The effect of the field was analyzed and its contribution to the combustion temperature was calculated. X-ray and microscopic analyses showed the synthesis to be a two-step process. Titanium boride forms at or near the leading edge of the combustion zone and B4C forms at or near the trailing edge.
Tracking deep ancient crustal components by xenocrystic/inherited zircons of Palaeozoic felsic igneous rocks from the Altai–East Junggar terrane and adjacent regions, western Central Asian Orogenic Belt and its tectonic significance

ABSTRACTThe deep crustal continental components and architecture of the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) have long been a matter of debate. This article presents an integrated study of published geochronological and Hf-in-zircon isotopic data for inherited zircons from the Palaeozoic granitoid rocks and associated felsic volcanic rocks of the Chinese Altai, East Junggar, and nearby regions. The aim is to trace the age spatial distribution of deep old crustal components. Our data set comprises 463 published age data obtained by SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS from felsic igneous rocks in these areas. Among these samples, zircon xenocrysts were observed in 69 granitic rocks and 15 felsic volcanic rocks from the Chinese Altai and 30 granitoid rocks and five felsic volcanic rocks in the East Junggar, respectively.Three major zircon xenocrysts provinces are defined based on the distribution of these inherited zircon ages, combined with Hf-in-zircon isotopes. Province I, mainly situated in the eastern part of th...
Patterns to Analyze Requirements of a Decisional Information System

The domain of analysis and conception of Decisional Information System (DIS) is, highly, applying new techniques and methods to succeed the process of the decision and minimizing the time of conception. Our objective in this paper is to define a group of patterns to ensure a systematic reuse of our approach to analyse a DIS’s business requirements. We seek, through this work, to guide the discovery of an organization's business requirements, expressed as goals by introducing the notion of context, to promote good processes design for a DIS, to capitalize the process and models proposed in our approach and systematize reuse steps of this approach to analyze similar projects or adapt them as needed. The patterns are at the same time the process’s patterns and product's patterns as they capitalize models and their associated processes. These patterns are represented according to the P-SIGMA formalism.
Third International Workshop on Model-Driven Product Line Engineering (MDPLE 2011)

MDPLE workshop series focuses on exploring the present and the future of Model-Driven Software Product Line Engineering techniques. The main goal of MDPLE is to bring together researchers and industrial participants in order to discuss current research in Model-Driven Product Line Engineering and to identify emerging research topics. The workshop aims to foster the discussion between experts with background in model-driven engineering and experts from software product line domain. 
 
The third edition of MDPLE is held in conjunction with the Seventh European Conference on Modeling Foundations and Applications (6-9th of June, 2011, Birmingham, UK).
Rare-earth elements in some Egyptian metavolcanics

Ten samples from Egyptian metavolcanic formations (Qena-Quseir area, central Eastern Desert) have been analyzed for rare-earth elements (REE). The studied rock types include metabasalt, metaandesite and metadacite. On the basis of REE data, it is suggested that these volcanic rocks represent at least two magma types, a tholeiitic and a calc-alkaline magma.
EXPLOITING THE RENT CAP: THE THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF USING ILLEGAL APPRAISAL SCHEMES TO ENCOURAGE GENTRIFICATION IN NEW ORLEANS

This paper examines the theoretical significance of fixing property appraisals as a means of encouraging a change in urban land (gentrification). After a narrative describes the use of bribery and fraud to obtain loans and to enable potential homebuyers to enter the housing market the practice is interpreted as a method of exploiting rent gaps. This method entails the encroachment of an independent, entrepreneurial faction of capital (speculator-developers) upon the turf of another, more established and conservative faction. The role of state actors in the incidents described is seen as having favored the more entrenched and conservative interests in this conflict, and as having mystified the crucial role of speculation in bringing about land-use change. In addition, an important connection between the schemes' perpetrators and a local gay community suggests that the development and subsequent exploitation of rent gaps has a great deal to do with forces on the demand side that have their origins outside o...