nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Extended Lambek calculi and first-order linear logic

First-order multiplicative intuitionistic linear logic (MILL1) can be seen as an extension of the Lambek calculus. In addition to the fragment of MILL1 which corresponds to the Lambek calculus (of Moot & Piazza 2001), I will show fragments of MILL1 which generate the multiple context-free languages and which correspond to the Displacement calculus of Morrilll e.a.
Population, Poverty and Environment in Africa

The African continent consists of four sub-regions, namely Eastern, Middle (also known as Central), Northern and Southern, which vary considerably in demographic, economic, developmental and environmental profiles. Generally, Northern Africa is excluded from analyses of Africa because of its geographic and socio-cultural affinities with the Middle East, thereby restricting focus to Sub-Sahara Africa which characterises the African region in many respects. In keeping with this tradition, This Chapter analyses the region's population, poverty and environment as entities in themselves and in terms of their interrelationships in ensuring or undermining sustainable development.
Interaction of the surface of ribbons of amorphous soft-magnetic alloys with vapor during isothermal holding upon heat treatment

The effect of in-air heat treatment in combination with water vapor on the magnetization distribution and magnetic properties has been investigated based on the example of ribbons of amorphous soft-magnetic alloys Fe77Ni1Si9B13 and Fe81B13Si4C2 with positive magnetostriction. The results of the investigation showed the temperature lag of the dependence of the maximum magnetic permeability and of relative volume of domains with orthogonal magnetization on the isothermal-holding temperature. This effect can be associated with the inhibition of processes of surface crystallization by hydrogen and oxygen atoms introduced into the ribbon surface. Distinctive features of the heat treatment with and without vapor on the magnetization distribution in the ribbon plane that are explained within the theory of directed ordering with allowance for the processes of crystallization at the cooling stage have been found. This demonstrates the importance of the contribution of diffusion processes at this stage of treatment to the formation of the level of magnetic properties. It has been shown that the interaction of the ribbon surface with water vapor is not physical adsorption. Interaction with atmospheric gases is carried out by dispersion forces and exerts an influence on the magnetization distribution in the ribbon plane and maximum magnetic permeability.
Asthma/COPD drugs reflecting disease prevalence, patient adherence and persistence.

The aim of this review is to discuss the methodological issues involved in using pharmacy-record databases of drug sales in pharmacoepidemiology and to illustrate the usefulness of such data in estimating disease prevalence, patient adherence and persistence to therapy. Recent studies show that asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence increases with age. The volume of acquired asthma/COPD drugs per patient also increases with age and was approximately 2.5-times higher for patients aged 60-69 years compared with patients aged 20-29 years. Despite this, there is a comparatively low interest in asthma/COPD research involving elderly individuals.  Only approximately a tenth of the patients acquired steroids or steroid combinations, corresponding to one daily defined dose per day over a 5-year treatment period. It is probable that asthma/COPD is undertreated in all age groups.
Theophylline therapy in bronchiolitis. A retrospective study.

Since bronchiolitis has clinical and pathophysiologic similarities to asthma, the use of bronchodilator drugs has been suggested; however, their effectiveness remains unproven. We reviewed the outcome of treatment in 64 children less than 18 months of age hospitalized for the first time with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis or wheezing. Thirty one of the patients received theophylline therapy and sometimes steroids and/or inhaled sympathomimetic drugs, and 34 received no such therapy. Although the theophylline-treated children were older (9.4 vs 4.9 months of age), there were no other differences in the histories, clinical findings, laboratory assessments, or outcome between theophylline-treated and untreated groups. The results suggest that theophylline and steroid therapies had not beneficial effects on the resolution of acute bronchiolitis or wheezing in the majority of infants and small children.
Beyond takeovers: politics comes to corporate control.

In the 1990s, politics will replace takeovers as the defining tool for corporate governance challenges, and a marketplace of ideas will replace the frenzied activity that once dominated the financial marketplace in the 1980s. In the transaction-driven market of the past, corporate raiders used junk bonds and other financial tools to take control of their targets. In the new marketplace of ideas, debate will replace debt as active shareholders press specific operating policies for their target corporations in a new politicized market for corporate control. John Pound, associate professor of public policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, reports that investors are already using shadow management committees, independent director slates, and outside experts to influence management policy. Pound cites Carl Icahn's battle for control of USX as an example of the emerging trend. What began as a hostile takeover ended with a negotiated solution in which many constituencies ultimately played a role in the restructuring of the company. This political approach to governance gives management a chance to embrace a bargain that is in its long-term interest. By promoting politically based tactics, managers can generate political capital with their major investors. Managers in companies as diverse as Avon and Lockheed now meet regularly with investors, seeking their input on both financial and strategic decisions. In the new politicized market for corporate control, striking a bargain with long-term investors is ultimately in the best interest of the corporation.
Modulation spectroscopy of semiconductors: bulk/thin film, microstructures, surfaces/interfaces and devices

Modulation spectroscopy is a powerful method for the study and characterization of a large number of semiconductor configurations, including bulk/thin film, microstructures (heterojunctions, quantum wells, superlattices, quantum dots), surfaces/interfaces and actual device structures in addition to semiconductor growth/processing. Furthermore, the influence of external perturbations such as temperature, electric fields, hydrostatic pressure, uniaxial stress, etc. can be investigated. This optical technique utilizes a very general principle of experimental physics, in which a periodically applied perturbation (either to the sample or probe) leads to sharp, derivative-like spectral features in the optical response of the system. Because of the richness of the derivative-like spectra, the information in the lineshape fits, room temperature performance and relative simplicity of operation this method is becoming increasingly more important as a tool to study these materials and structures. This article will review developments in the field during the last decade.
Leonardo Bruni and Biography: The "Vita Aristotelis"

This article presents the "Vita Aristotelis" (1429) as an extension of Bruni's campaign to win acceptance for his new view of Aristotle as an independently valid guide to the secular life. The dynamics and structure of the "Vita" are traced to Bruni's attempt to counter the impact of the imminent publication of the "Lives" of Diogenes Laertius in a Latin translation by Ambrogio Traversari. In refuting the negative aspects of the portrait offered by Diogenes, Bruni developed and defended a selective, rhetorically based approach to biography that was novel in relation to classical and medieval interpretations of the genre.
Tree Schemata and Fair Termination

We present a new representation for possibly infinite sets of possibly infinite trees. This representation makes extensive use of sharing to achieve efficiency. As much as possible, equivalent substructures are stored in the same place. The new representation is based on a first approximation of the sets which has this uniqueness property. This approximation is then refined using powerful representations of possibly infinite relations. The result is a representation which can be used for practical analysis using abstract interpretation techniques. It is more powerful than traditional techniques, and deals well with approximation strategies. We show on a simple example, fair termination, how the expressiveness of the representation can be used to obtain very simple and intuitive analysis.
Objective adherence monitoring in multiple sclerosis: initial validation and association with self-report.

Poor adherence to medication is commonplace and contributes to poor health outcomes among numerous patient populations. Studies that have examined treatment adherence in multiple sclerosis focus exclusively on retrospective self-reports and/or imprecise measures of treatment discontinuation. To help address these methodological limitations, the present longitudinal study compared adherence outcomes for patients with multiple sclerosis using retrospective self-reports, adherence diaries, and a novel electronic monitoring device. Sixty-seven patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis were followed for a period of eight weeks during which they used a medication diary and a sharps container that captured electronically the time and date of each needle disposal. The patients also reported at the outset and conclusion of the study how frequently they missed doses. All measures of adherence were highly correlated. Patients reported better adherence than was indicated by medication diaries and electronic monitoring of needle disposals. Nearly one-fifth of the sample exhibited poor adherence, missing more than 20% of their prescribed medication. The results support the validity of electronic monitoring of needle disposal as an effective means of measuring adherence to disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. In contrast, studies employing only self-report may underestimate poor adherence. Larger scale studies that employ prospective objective methods are necessary to gain a better understanding of adherence patterns in multiple sclerosis.
Groundwater Assessment and Modelling

Groundwater development has shown phenomenal progress during past few decades. There has been vast improvement in the perception, outlook and significance of groundwater resource. The unplanned groundwater development may result in fall of water levels, failure of wells, and salinity ingress in coastal areas. The development and over-exploitation of groundwater resources in many parts of the world have raised the concern and need for judicious and scientific resource management and conservation. This book “Groundwater Assessment and Modelling” is intended to provide a comprehensive treatise on assessment and modelling of groundwater. It presents the related aspects on assessment of groundwater potential, groundwater data requirement and analysis, basic concepts and guidelines for groundwater modelling, groundwater modelling software, modelling of unsaturated flow, modelling of sea water intrusion, and impact of climate change on groundwater resources. The book is expected to be quite useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students (water resources engineering), field engineers and researchers working in the area of assessment, development and management of groundwater resources.
High Temperature Chemistry of Fibers and Composites

High temperature chemical reactions can decisively affect the preparation and performance of glass and ceramic fibers and composites. Fiber tensile strength can be limited by critical defects resulting from process chemistry and processing of ceramic composites made difficult, if not impossible, by unwanted high temperature reactions. In some cases, however, advantage can be taken of high temperature reactions to form in situ composites. The foregoing points are discussed and illustrated with examples from the author's research and from the literature.
The supplier development within supply chain management

This study from the research background and literature review discussion to find out about the main research aim; “What is the supplier development between Taiwanese and Chinese suppliers within supply chain management in China?”. From the main research aim to divide three research questions. The questions one what is the buyer and supplier relationship within supply chain management. The second one how can the buyer manage their suppliers. The third one what is supplier-supplier association within supply chain management. The fieldwork takes Taiwanese buyer and their Chinese and Taiwanese suppliers for this study. This is very important for Chinese suppliers to allow them to respond to their Taiwanese buyers and suppliers. When Chinese suppliers know how to operate their internal processes within supply chain management, they can work more effectively with Taiwanese buyers and suppliers. From here, it is can to be the example for the other business firms who want to invest in China. Furthermore, they know more Chinese suppliers development in China. That can help them to have an effortlessly supply chain management. The presentation of these findings is expected to be of benefit to business firms who wish to invest or do the business in China. On the other hand, the results may have limited value for other counties, as it is indicative of how Taiwanese companies undertake supply chain management in China.
The Corporatist Political Economies: From Industrial Corporatism to the Social Investment State in the Knowledge Intensive Service Economy

In this paper, we discuss the role of the state in corporatist economies and its ongoing transformation in a globalizing economy. In these small open economies, the postwar state developed a distinctive supply-side Keynesianism model for growth and employment creation. Based on this model, the state lowered labor cost by coordinating centralized wage bargaining, lowered investment cost through favorable lending policies, and reduced workers’ risk-aversion towards skill training through generous social compensation. Since the 1980s, growing fiscal burden and capital liberalization led to a new supply-side model, focused instead on fiscal encouragements for investment in human capital and R&D. This strategy continues to prove successful for growth (in high tech market niches) and employment (in knowledge-intensive discretionary learning industries). Although the state reconfigured much of its supply-side function during the transition from the postwar to the early 21 century model, the exercise of wage restraint through tripartite bargaining remains a central pillar throughout.
Improving relevance feedback-based query expansion by the use of a weighted word pairs approach

In this article, the use of a new term extraction method for query expansion (QE) in text retrieval is investigated. The new method expands the initial query with a structured representation made of weighted word pairs (WWP) extracted from a set of training documents (relevance feedback). Standard text retrieval systems can handle a WWP structure through custom Boolean weighted models. We experimented with both the explicit and pseudorelevance feedback schemas and compared the proposed term extraction method with others in the literature, such as KLD and RM3. Evaluations have been conducted on a number of test collections (Text REtrivel Conference [TREC]-6, -7, -8, -9, and -10). Results demonstrated that the QE method based on this new structure outperforms the baseline.
MASTAC: new curriculum for master and doctoral studies in critical software and computing

The paper presents the on-going EC-funded Tempus project "MSc and PhD studies in Aerospace Critical Computing" executed by the National Aerospace University, Kharkiv, Ukraine with the support of Newcastle University and City University of London, UK and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. The state-of-the-art, completed work as well as the next steps of the development of master and doctoral courses for the specialty in critical software engineering, computer systems and networks are described. The inputs from each of the European consortium members are presented.
Polymer Nanocomposites: The “Nano” Effect on Mechanical Properties

Polymer nanocomposites offer significant potential in the development of advanced materials for numerous applications. These novel materials benefit from the synergy between filler particles and polymer chains that are on similar length scales and the large quantity of interfacial area relative to the volume of the material. Although enhanced properties of these materials have been demonstrated by numerous researchers, our fundamental knowledge of the “nano” effect in terms of mechanical properties is not fully developed. In this article, we discuss the important properties of three components in a general polymer nanocomposite: the polymer matrix, the nanoscale filler, and the interfacial region. We highlight theory and experimental observations from several different fields to help guide the future research and development of understanding in this critical field.
Financial Risk-taking as a Sociological Gamble: Notes on the Development of a New Social Perspective

This article attempts to bring into focus a sociological aspect of financialization that has evaded theoretical attention. Integrating the findings of a growing body of literature on the sociology of finance, it assembles evidence that financial markets entail a particular awareness of, and perspective on, the social. This perspective is characterized by three attributes: a ‘reflexive social distancing’ whereby financial actors observe social processes in the market in a socially attentive but self-detached way and through which they recognize financial market prices as socially constituted; a ‘social forgetting’ inherent in stochastic configurations and engagement with financial chance; and ‘social dissociation’ with regard to the outcomes and implications of financial decisions. Taken as a whole, these elements constitute ‘financial risk-taking’ as a type of ‘sociological gamble’. The article discusses the importance of studying the social perspective inherent in financialization as a means of furtherin...
Parity-violating gravitational coupling of electromagnetic fields

A manifestly gauge-invariant formulation of the coupling of the Maxwell theory with an Einstein-Cartan geometry is given, where the spacetime torsion originates from a massless Kalb-Ramond field augmented by suitable U(1) Chern-Simons terms. We focus on the situation where the torsion violates parity, and relate it to earlier proposals for gravitational parity violation.
Future imperfect: versions of science in the theme park

Offering another reminder of the history of science's confrontations with popular experience, this article looks at the ways in which carnival sites draw upon a powerfully charged synthesis of the imaginative and rational. In the nicely ordered world exemplified by the Disney theme park, 'science' connotes the most progressive form of 'modernity' and 'futurity'. This latter itself connotes the ideal of the clean and proper bourgeois life. The article argues that the popularisation of science as progress has always, since the nineteenth century of Prince Albert’s 1851 Crystal Palace Great Exhibition, found itself a fertile ground in the purlieus of the theme park. Here, public pleasures in thrills have been harnessed to a particular view of science as benevolent in the company of capitalist commerce presented as utopic.
Magnetite (Fe3O4)-filled carbon nanofibers as electro-conducting/superparamagnetic nanohybrids and their multifunctional polymer composites

A mild-temperature, nonchemical technique is used to produce a nanohybrid multifunctional (electro-conducting and magnetic) powder material by intercalating iron oxide nanoparticles in large aspect ratio, open-ended, hollow-core carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Single-crystal, superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (10 nm average diameter) filled the CNF internal cavity (diameter <100 nm) after successive steps starting with dispersion of CNFs and magnetite nanoparticles in aqueous or organic solvents, sequencing or combining sonication-assisted capillary imbibition and concentration-driven diffusion, and finally drying at mild temperatures. The influence of several process parameters—such as sonication type and duration, concentration of solids dispersed in solvent, CNF-to-nanoparticle mass ratio, and drying temperature—on intercalation efficiency (evaluated in terms of particle packing in the CNF cavity) was studied using electron microscopy. The magnetic CNF powder was used as a low-concentration filler in poly(methyl methacrylate) to demonstrate thin free-standing polymer films with simultaneous magnetic and electro-conducting properties. Such films could be implemented in sensors, optoelectromagnetic devices, or electromagnetic interference shields.
Electricity Market Reform in Turkey: Developments and Lessons Learned from 2001 to 2013

Turkey made a radical decision in 2001 to liberalize its electricity sector, establishing a competitive market under the regulation and monitoring of an independent regulatory agency (EMRA). Currently, the electricity market operates within the legal framework established by the Electricity Market Law No. 6446 (Law No. 6446). The main market law was Electricity Market Law No. 4628 (Law No. 4628) from March 2001 to March 2013. The Turkish Grand National Parliament introduced a new market law in March 2013 and the Law No. 4628 became an organizational law of EMRA. The main purpose of the Law No. 6446 is to unbundle and liberalize electricity market activities, privatize state owned enterprises, and establish a competitive market. Unlike other countries, the liberalization, privatization, and regulation processes have been carried out together in Turkey and still continue to be carried out in the market. Regarding unbundling of network utilities, initially dense regulations, rather than gradual implementation, were put into effect. The liberalization process in Turkish electricity market, which started in 2001, is still continuing. With the privatization of state owned generation assets, the final stage will be reached in the process of establishing a competitive electricity market envisioned in the Law No. 6446. Among other things, the key lesson learned from 12 year regulation is that reform process in the electricity market needs continuous effort. Moreover, it has to be better implemented gradually and can only be succeeded via public support.
METAPREDICATIVE AND EXPLICIT MAHLO: A PROOF-THEORETIC PERSPECTIVE

After briefly discussing the concepts of predicativity, metapredicativity and impredicativity, we turn to the notion of Mahloness as it is treated in various contexts. Afterwards the appropriate Mahlo axioms for the framework of explicit mathematics are presented. The article concludes with relating explicit Mahlo to certain nonmonotone inductive definitions. §