nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
FOSSIL EVIDENCE FOR THE DONGTUJINHE FORMATION OF YISHENJILIKE MOUNTAIN,WESTERN TIANSHAN

The lamellibranchiiiata fossils and coral fossils of Upper Carboniferous period had been discoveried in the detrital rock and carbonatite rock by the geologic survey of the area of Yishenjilike mountain.The rocks association of the strata which keep these fossil is similar to the Dongtujinhe Formation in Boluohuoluoshan minor strata area.Dongtujinhe Formation first been established in Yining minor strata area,not only have an important value in stratigraphic correlation,but also proves that the Yining basin similar as Boluohuoluoshan blok in sedimentation and evolutionary process.
A note to the definition of the ŁΠ-algebras

The ŁΠ-algebras are interesting algebraic structures. They were introduced by Esteva, Godo, and Montagna. These algebras are closely related to the well-known MV-algebras and Π-algebras. They have two sets of operations and reduct to one set is an MV-algebra and to the other one is a Π-algebra.Other important reducts of ŁΠ-algebras are so-called PŁ-algebras (an MV-algebras enriched with product connective) and Π∼-algebras (Π-algebras with additional involutive negation).The definition of ŁΠ-algebras is based on its MV-algabraic reduct and the additional identities. In this paper we present how to base this definition on the other reducts we mention above. We present minimal sets of conditions which has to be added to the defining conditions of those reducts in order to obtain ŁΠ-algebras.
Direct Digital Manufacturing Course into Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum

Direct digital manufacturing (DDM) is a newer trend in advanced manufacturing. A CAD model could be converted into a physical product seamlessly with minimal human intervention. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a major constituent of DDM. Solid Modeling, G-code and 3D printing are the major steps in AM. AM technology that nests design and manufacturing tasks together offers many benefits but also suffers some constraints. Product design principles of AM are evolving; traditional design approach of “design for cost” and “design for manufacturing” might be relevant to AM, but not sufficient enough to live up to the new capabilities of AM. AM education is essential to support its evolution and widespread adoption. Technological aspect of 3D printing is incorporated in a DDM course offered in the Mechanical Engineering Technology Program. This new course enables students to learn the theoretical aspects as well as help them understand the technological impact of DDM to the manufacturing industry. This course prepares them to deal with the newer developments and face upcoming challenges whether they will be pursuing engineering careers of product designer, 3D printing professionals. In this course students gain hands on experience in AM processes, product designing, 3D printing, and were able to analyze the technology by using product life cycle approach. This newly developed course is successful in attracting a significant number of students. The course helps us to serve the advanced manufacturing community by preparing engineers, who are better equipped with the latest knowledge and skills. The outcome of this paper might be of relevance to anyone planning to offer similar courses in their institutions. The authors believe that this course will be a foundational one for developing future courses relevant to the field of DDM.
CHR for Social Responsibility

Publicly traded corporations often operate against the public's interest, serving a very limited group of stakeholders. This is counter-intuitive, since the public as a whole owns these corporations through direct investment in the stock-market, as well as indirect investment in mutual, index, and pension funds. Interestingly, the public's role in the proxy voting process, which 
allows shareholders to influence their company's direction and decisions, is essentially ignored by individual investors. We 
speculate that a prime reason for this lack of participation is information overload, and the disproportionate efforts required for an investor to make an informed decision. In this paper we propose a CHR based model that significantly simplifies the decision making process, allowing users to set general guidelines that can be applied to every company they own to produce voting recommendations. The use of CHR here is particularly advantageous as it allows users to easily track back the most relevant data that was used to formulate the decision, without the user having to go through large amounts of irrelevant information. Finally we describe a simplified algorithm that could be used as part of this model.
Spatial and Temporal Intricacies of Natural Resource Use: Studies in Water, Forests, and Hydrocarbons

This dissertation examines spatial and temporal impacts of natural resource use. The second chapter integrates hydrological and economic systems to examine the impact of drought on these two systems and explores the spatial impact of policies aimed to mitigate the drought impact. The systems dynamics model developed for this chapter simultaneously considers the physical hydrology in the Middle Rio Grande water basin in New Mexico, the engineered water management system, and a behavioral model of residential water demand for three cities: Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, and Santa Fe, New Mexico. The simulation results showed that droughts that occur in later periods, when there are larger populations, have more substantial impacts. Later and longer drought increases per capita water consumption, reduces aquifer volume, and in general reduces river flow. However, increased public awareness can outweigh the stress on water resources due to population growth. Furthermore, increased awareness and decreased population in one city results in to decreased groundwater pumping costs in another city. The third chapter utilizes survey-based contingent evaluation data to investigate public
U.S. Fresh Produce Markets: Marketing Channels, Trade Practices, And Retail Pricing Behavior

Retail consolidation, technological change in production and marketing, and growing consumer demand for produce have altered the traditional market relationships between producers, wholesalers, and retailers. Increasingly, produce suppliers are asked to provide additional marketing services and incentives in exchange for volume purchases and other commitments by buyers. This report synthesizes the results from a multiphase project that examined the dynamics of produce marketing, the produce shipper-retailer relationship, and how changes in the produce market affect the relative market influence of producers, retailers, and consumers.
Calculations of risk: Towards an understanding of insurance as a moral and political technology

This paper is a contribution to the continuing examination of the linkages and interdependencies between politics and forms of calculation. It uses the case of life insurance in England to argue that the constitution of risk as the object of insurance is linked to a series of important transformations in the aims and means of the liberal government of the “social” domain. Insurance and its associated calculative techniques have been constituted as moral and political technologies and relied upon by a succession of governmental-administrative projects of social regulation culminating in, but not exhausted by, the construction of a state-sponsored “insurantial” apparatus.
Results for all reactions $e^+ e^- \rightarrow 4{\rm f}, 4{\rm f}\gamma$ with nonzero fermion masses

We accomplish our efforts to obtain predictions for all four–fermion final states of $e^+ e^-$–annihilation and the corresponding bremsstrahlung reactions which are possible in the framework of the Standard Model. For this purpose we have developed a program ee4f$\gamma$. Our predictions are valid for fermions of arbitrary masses and we can obtain results for total cross sections without any collinear cut. Keeping exact fermion masses is of course required for top quark production. We give a detailed phenomenological analysis of fermion mass effects and real photon radiation for all channels of four–fermion production at LEP-II and next linear collider energies.
Study of the Maturity of Information Security in Public Organizations of Ecuador

The present paper makes a study of the maturity of Information Security Management Systems of the Public Sector of Ecuador. Through a theoretical study, 5 factors were determined that make up an effective Information Security Management System: internal organizational control, information security policy, information security culture, and technical activities for the security of information and new technologies. The five factors were evaluated through a scale to determine the level of maturity of the process of information security from the perception of ICT (Information Technology and Communication) managers of public sector entities. Findings of the analysis showed that technical activities for information security was the factor with a higher level of maturity due to the implementation of technological tools by the personnel of ICT area. On the other hand, internal organizational control was the least mature factor, indicating that this area needs more attention. Despite the requirement of the international standards of information security in most public entities, the process is still at a level of maturity between repeatable and defined.
Born-Infeld black-body radiation

The problem of black-body radiation is considered in the Born-Infeld theory of electrodynamics. In particular, at 2-loop order the deviation from the Planck expression due to the self-interaction of photons is calculated. It is seen that the system of interacting photons of the theory, opposed to its non-Abelian counterpart, has higher internal energy at this order of perturbation. Possible implications of the result on the evolution of very-high-temperature systems, including various stellar media and the early universe, are briefly discussed.
A Framework for Investigating the Impact of IT Infrastructure and E-Commerce Capability on Firm Performance

In recent rapidly changing competitive environment, electric commerce plays an important role on value chain. Many firms invest IT to ensure their success on e-commerce. In the strategic management field, many scholars considered that firms should have the new ability to reconfigure IT resource and create new e-commerce capability to face the new environment. However, how affect the firm performance when using information technology in supporting organizational e-commerce activities is still a question. The purpose of the research is to assess the business value of e-commerce capability and IT infrastructure in the context of electronic business at the firm level. Grounded in the resource-based theory of the firm, we develop a research framework to analyse the relationship among IT infrastructure, e-commerce capability and firm performance. Within this theoretical framework, we propose several propositions and define three key constructs to facilitate the development of the theory. At last, the paper points out some research suggestions for the future study related to the e-commerce capability and business value research.
Comparative studies on the interaction between biogenic polyamines and bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatases: spectroscopic and theoretical approaches

In this work, the effect of two organic polyamines (spermine and spermidine) on the fluorescence intensity and activity of bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (BIALP) are investigated. The interaction of BIALP with spermine and spermidine was studied in a diethanolamine buffer with 0.5 mM magnesium chloride (pH 9.8) and at two temperatures by using the fluorescence quenching method. Furthermore, the activity of enzyme was studied using UV–Vis spectrophotometry in a diethanolamine buffer with 0.5 mM magnesium chloride, at 37 °C, in the absence and presence of different concentrations of each polyamine (0–5 mM). It was demonstrated that both polyamines quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of BIALP by the static quenching process. Based on these results, the values of the binding site for both polyamines were close to each other and decreased by increasing the temperature. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔH° < 0 and ΔS° < 0) also showed that the acting forces in the formation of the complex between BIALP and polyamines were hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces with an overall favorable Gibbs free energy change (∆G° < 0). In addition, kinetic studies revealed that these polyamines enhanced the enzyme activity of BIALP in a concentration-dependent manner. This result also indicated that spermine had more of an effect on BIALP activity in the same condition. Also, molecular docking as well as thermodynamic parameters showed that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces played an important role in the stabilization of BIALP–polyamine complexes.
Political Co-Ordination And Corporate Control Of Economic Activities By The State

In a period when the globalisation of the World is recognised by all, and systemic problems are emerging on a global scale. A search for systemic solutions is on the agenda. This paper offers a critical in depth discussion of the political co-ordination in Central and Eastern Europe before 1989 implemented through the Central Plan, and compares this with other models of regulation of economic activities and administrative intervention. It builds on public administration theory and introduces a model that describes the network of administrative actors in the socialist economies before 1989 that engaged in political and economic decision making and policy implementation at macro level. The concept of ‘political co-ordination’ of economic activities is introduced, and it is argued that it represents more adequately the co-ordination and control mechanisms within the former Centrally Planned Economies. A critical examination of the administrative links before 1989 reveals the dynamic system of negotiation and bargaining between firms and government agencies that took place in the past. The uncertainty of outcomes of these former negotiation practices is compared with other practices of public administration and management in developed market economies. The regulation by the state is interpreted as one of the main structuration factors that affects the fundamentals of transactions and institutional relations within a particular socio-economic system. The paper attempts to highlight the role of the institutional factor in co-ordination of economic activities under the Central Plan. Our critical analysis of this experience establishes foundations for the analysis of the public administration practices in developing countries and other social systems facing the challenge of industrialisation and market reform.
A data representation code for text processing systems

A brief analysis of character strings and string processing is given. Text processing is defined as the processing of character strings to control not only the sequential relations among the characters, but also spatial and form relations among the symbols used to produce a physical display of the character string. Requirements are given for a data structure by which character strings may be represented to facilitate text processing, including independent manipulation of sequential, spatial, and form relations. A Text Processing Code (TPC) meeting these requirements is presented in detail. Several other coding schemes are examined and shown to be inadequate for text processing as defined here.
An Introduction to Effectus Theory

Effectus theory is a new branch of categorical logic that aims to capture the essentials of quantum logic, with probabilistic and Boolean logic as special cases. Predicates in effectus theory are not subobjects having a Heyting algebra structure, like in topos theory, but `characteristic' functions, forming effect algebras. Such effect algebras are algebraic models of quantitative logic, in which double negation holds. Effects in quantum theory and fuzzy predicates in probability theory form examples of effect algebras. 
This text is an account of the basics of effectus theory. It includes the fundamental duality between states and effects, with the associated Born rule for validity of an effect (predicate) in a particular state. A basic result says that effectuses can be described equivalently in both `total' and `partial' form. So-called `commutative' and `Boolean' effectuses are distinguished, for probabilistic and classical models. It is shown how these Boolean effectuses are essentially extensive categories. A large part of the theory is devoted to the logical notions of comprehension and quotient, which are described abstractly as right adjoint to truth, and as left adjoint to falisity, respectively. It is illustrated how comprehension and quotients are closely related to measurement. The paper closes with a section on `non-commutative' effectus theory, where the appropriate formalisation is not entirely clear yet.
Multi-Physics of Nanoscale Thin Films and Interfaces

We present the design and fabrication of a microchip capable of performing mechanical (tensile, fracture, fatigue), electrical (conductivity and band gap) and thermal (conductivity and specific heat) characterization of materials and interfaces. The chip can study thin films and wires of any material that can be deposited on a substrate or study thin coupons if the specimen is in bulk form. The 3 mm × 3 mm size of the chip results in the unique capability of in-situ testing in analytical chambers such as the transmission electron microscope. The basic concept is to ’see’ the micro-mechanisms while ‘measuring’ the deformation and transport properties of materials and interfaces. The advantage of such simultaneous acquisition of quantitative and qualitative data is the accurate and quick physics-based modeling of materials behavior. We present preliminary studies on multi-physics, or the coupling among mechanical thermal and electrical domains in materials will be presented. These results are particularly important when the specimen dimension becomes comparable to the mean free paths of electron and phonons.
Phanerozoic continental drift

An account is given of Phanerozoic continental drift. A series of paleocontinental maps is presented for ten intervals from 600 to 25 My ago. Post-Triassic maps were reconstructed using the plate-tectonic model, based mainly on ocean-floor spreading evidence, continental edge fits and apparent polar wander (APW) paths. The middle Carboniferous-Triassic maps are less certain, lacking ocean-floor spreading evidence, but continental positions are constrained by the assumptions of minimum relative continental motions. The pre-Carboniferous maps are based on poorly-defined APW paths and minimum motions, and can only indicate probable configurations during that period. The main theme is that the late Precambrian “Pan-African” Pangea has been progressively fragmented during the Phanerozoic. Pieces broken-off in the Paleozoic have now collided with one another forming the present northern continents, which have grown at the expense of Pangea. Except for India, fragments broken-off in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are still unattached and form the present southern continents.
Axiomatic Rewriting Theory I: A Diagrammatic Standardization Theorem

By extending nondeterministic transition systems with concurrency and copy mechanisms, Axiomatic Rewriting Theory provides a uniform framework for a variety of rewriting systems, ranging from higher-order systems to Petri nets and process calculi. Despite its generality, the theory is surprisingly simple, based on a mild extension of transition systems with independence: an axiomatic rewriting system is defined as a 1-dimensional transition graph $\mathcal{G}$ equipped with 2-dimensional transitions describing the redex permutations of the system, and their orientation. In this article, we formulate a series of elementary axioms on axiomatic rewriting systems, and establish a diagrammatic standardization theorem.
Bolt-on Differential Privacy for Scalable Stochastic Gradient Descent-based Analytics

While significant progress has been made separately on analytics systems for scalable stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and private SGD, none of the major scalable analytics frameworks have incorporated differentially private SGD. There are two inter-related issues for this disconnect between research and practice: (1) low model accuracy due to added noise to guarantee privacy, and (2) high development and runtime overhead of the private algorithms. This paper takes a first step to remedy this disconnect and proposes a private SGD algorithm to address both issues in an integrated manner. In contrast to the white-box approach adopted by previous work, we revisit and use the classical technique of output perturbation to devise a novel ``bolt-on'' approach to private SGD. While our approach trivially addresses (2), it makes (1) even more challenging. We address this challenge by providing a novel analysis of the L2-sensitivity of SGD, which allows, under the same privacy guarantees, better convergence of SGD when only a constant number of passes can be made over the data. We integrate our algorithm, as well as other state-of-the-art differentially private SGD, into Bismarck, a popular scalable SGD-based analytics system on top of an RDBMS. Extensive experiments show that our algorithm can be easily integrated, incurs virtually no overhead, scales well, and most importantly, yields substantially better (up to 4X) test accuracy than the state-of-the-art algorithms on many real datasets.
los movimienTos anTigubeRnamenTales en yemen: ¿la Revolución fRusTRada?

Ever since the antigovernment demonstrations began, the so-called Youth Revolution has had to deal with several challenges. The International Community has tried to deny the movement as a trustworthy interlocutor on the grounds of its heterogeneity. The belated participation of partisan opposition and the adherence of regime’s former allies (and even former government members) have contributed to the kidnapping of the movement’s pacific character and is threatening its revolutionary idiosyncrasy. Besides, the threat of a civil war, which would bring devastating consequences for regional and international safety, has lead to an excessively indulgent position of international parties towards Saleh government and their fickleness on signing the Gulf’s Agreement. These factors threaten to frustrate the current Yemeni Revolution. There is a real chance that popular desire of transformation ends stuck in a simple power transfer that proves to be mere political continuity.
A never ending trial: Hergé and the Second World War

Herge, creator of Tintin, has attracted controversy for his political views and actions during the Nazi occupation of Belgium. The recent publication The Herge Myth (2001) re-ignited the question of Herge’s war record. This article responds to the aforementioned pamphlet by simply exploring the key facts from the period. While of course the record is not entirely perfect the article offers a more nuanced view of Herge’s war than has been offered in recent articles in the press. The article is developed from research for my biography of Herge to be published by Flammarion, Paris.