nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Helmut Landsberg and the evolution of 20th century American climatology: envisioning a climatological renaissance

After World War II, German-American climatologist Helmut Landsberg sought to realize his war-time vision for an American ‘climatological renaissance.’ Given the dramatic degradation of European science during the war, he believed that the United States offered the best hope to strengthen and reformulate what he considered to be the stale tradition of conceiving climatology as a geographical discipline. Inhabiting high-level positions within the American geophysical establishment after the war, his primary goal was to develop the tools and resources to analyze and interpret the overwhelming amounts of data that had been amassed over the centuries while, simultaneously, making climatology relevant to American life. However, there were limits. As someone who had invested his professional life in making climatology a useful discipline, Landsberg grew increasingly concerned that public debates about climate threatened his vision for a climatological renaissance. During the last two decades of his life, he became fixated on maintaining his ideal that climatology was not a glamorous discipline, and objected vehemently to those who sought to counter what he considered to be its true character. 
 
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A Desk Supporting Computer-Based Interaction with Paper Documents

Before the advent of the personal workstation, office work practice revolved around the paper document. Today the electronic medium offers a number of advantages over paper, but it has not eradicated paper from the office. A growing problem for those who work primarily with paper is lack of direct access to the wide variety of interactive functions available on personal workstations. This paper describes a desk with a computer-controlled projector and camera above it. The result is a system that enables people to interact with ordinary paper documents in ways normally possible only with electronic documents on workstation screens. After discussing the motivation for this work, this paper describes the system and two sample applications that can benefit from this style of interaction: a desk calculator and a French to English translation system. We describe the design and implementation of the system, report on some user tests, and conclude with some general reflections on interacting with computers in this way.
Understanding Academic Journal Market Failure: The Case of Austrian Economics

Heterodox schools of economic thought often claim that discrimination takes place in the market for academic articles. Biases exist that prevent heterodox ideas from appearing in mainstream journals. We assess the claim in the context of Austrian economics. First, we document that the research topics pursued in Austrian journals differ significantly from mainstream journals. Austrians pursue different questions. Second, we argue that Austrian articles do not suffer from discrimination based on lack of formalism or ideology. Rather, the lack of Austrian articles in mainstream journals results from the lack of testable hypotheses in their arguments.
Reducing plastic bag consumption: A community approach to social marketing

Traditionally, CSR discourse has focused on multinational corporations. However, the present work’s starting point was the following question: can consumer-leaders and responsible SMEs help foster societal change toward sustainable consumption? By drawing on the literature about ethical consumption and community-based social marketing, we suggest community leaders and small organizations can play a major role in this process. Through the use of news articles, broadcasts, websites, and documentaries, we compiled the Modbury case. Modbury, an iconic ‘plastic bag-free’ English town, is used as an exemplar of how a consumer activist alongside small firms can change communities, and encourage environmentally-friendly consumer behavior.
Seven Faces: Brazilian Poetry Since Modernism

Brazil, perhaps more than any other nation of the Americas, has placed poetry at the forefront of dialogue and debate about the limits and uses of art, the social duties of artists, and the nature of nationalism and national identity. In "Seven Faces", Charles A. Perrone charts the course of Brazilian poetry in the contemporary period through the principal currents, multiple tendencies, and aesthetic tensions that have made the Brazilian lyric so creatively diverse. Perrone introduces the most important poetic themes of the second half of this century with a look back at Brazilian modernism and the avant-garde legacy of poets of the 1920s and 30s. Brazilian poets, the author reveals, have long drawn inspiration from the other arts, experimenting with the inclusion of music, graphic arts, and other non-traditional elements within lyric forms. Relating aesthetic concerns to cultural issues, Perrone elucidates the major poetic movements in Brazil since modernismo: concretism and vanguard poetry, politically committed verse of the 60s, youth poetry of the 70s, the lyricism of Brazil's renowned popular music, and the rethinking of poetry through postmodernism in the final decades of this century. Providing a window on the ways in which poetry reflects a national spirit and offers a measure of the status of culture in a consumer society, "Seven Faces" is the only book-length study in English of contemporary Brazilian poetry. It will be welcomed by students and scholars of Latin American literature, as well as by general readers interested in poetry and its influence on culture and society.
Recovery of nickel and cobalt from organic acid complexes: adsorption mechanisms of metal-organic complexes onto aminophosphonate chelating resin.

This study examined the recovery of nickel and cobalt from organic acid complexes using a chelating aminophosphonate Purolite S950 resin. These metal complexes are generated by bioleaching nickel laterite ores, a commercial nickel and cobalt mineral oxide, with heterotrophic organism and their metabolites or organic acid products. Equilibrium adsorption tests were conducted as a function of Ni and Co concentrations (15-2000 mg/L), solution pH (0.01 and 0.1 M acids) and three metabolic complexing agents (citrate, malate and lactate). It was shown that the adsorption of the various Ni- and Co-complexes on Purolite were quite low, 16-18 and 5.4-9 mg/g of resin, respectively, in comparison to the smaller nickel ions and nickel sulfate. This was attributed to the bulky organic ligands which promoted crowding effect or steric hindrance. The adsorption of these complexes was further hampered by the strong affinity of the resin to H+ ions under acidic conditions. Mechanisms of adsorption, as inferred from the fitted empirical Langmuir and Freundlich models, were correlated to the proposed steric hindrance and competitive adsorption effects. Nickel and cobalt elution from the resin were found be effective and were independent of the type of metal complexes and metal concentrations. This study demonstrated the relative challenges involved in recovering nickel and cobalt from bioleaching solutions.
Manuscripts in the Hatton and e Musaeo Collections, Bodleian Library, Oxford

The Hatton and e Musaeo manuscript collections are important donations given to the Bodleian Library during its formative years in the seventeenth century. The Hatton collection, assembled by Christopher, first Baron Hatton, was largely acquired by the Bodleian Library in 1671. Among its Middle English prose manuscripts are religious texts, including Nicholas Love's Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ, commentaries by Richard Rolle on the psalms and ten commandments, chronicles such as the Brut and an assortment of manuscripts ranging from political prophecies and grammar treatises to compendia of medical recipes. The e Musaeo collection, so called because it was originally an eclectic group of manuscripts stored in the librarian's study, also contains a variety of significant Middle English texts. They range from the religious and devotional: a Wycliffite New Testament, Love's Mirror, and Heinrich Suso's treatise The Seven Points of True Love and Everlasting Wisdom); to the scientific and medicinal: Chaucer's Astrolabe, Henry Daniel's Liber Uricrisiarum; and to the historical, notably the Brut and Mandeville's Travels. Patrick J. Horner, FSC (a De LaSalle Christian Brother) is Professor of English at Manhattan College.
Design and crime : and other diatribes

"In the first half of this compelling collection of essays Hal Foster surveys our new "political economy of design," exploring the marketing of culture and the branding of identity, the development of spectacle-architecture and the rise of global cities. In the second series of texts, he examines the historical relations of modern art and the modern museum, the conceptual vicissitudes of art history and visual studies, the recent travails of art criticism, and the double aftermath of modernism and postmodernism." - p.  of cover.
Essays and English Traits

grounds. But they give a voice to the class who, at the moment, take the lead; and they have an instinct for finding where the power now lies, which is eternally shifting its banks. Sympa­ thizing with and speaking for the class that rules the hour, yet being apprised of every ground-swell, every Chartist resolution, every Church squabble, every strike in the mills, they detect the first tremblings of change. They watch the hard and bitter struggles of the authors of each liberal movement, year by year,—watching them only to taunt and obstruct them,—until, at last, when they see that these have established their fact, that power is on the point of passing to them,—they strike in, with the voice of a monarch, astonish those whom they succor, as much as those whom they desert, and make victory sure. O f course, the aspirants see that the "Times" is one of the goods of fortune, not to be won but by winning their cause. "Punch" is equally an expression of English good sense, as the "London Times ." It is the comic version of the same sense. Many of its caricatures are equal to the best pamphlets, and will convey to the eye in an instant the popular view which was taken of each turn of public affairs. Its sketches are usually made by masterly hands, and sometimes with genius; the delight of every class, because uniformly guided by that taste which is tyrannical in England. It is a new trait of the nineteenth century that the wit and humor of England, as in Punch, so in the humorists, Jerrold, Dickens, Thack­ eray, Hood, have taken the direction of humanity and freedom. T h e "Times ," like every important institution, shows the way to a better. It is a l iving index of the colossal British power. Its existence honors the people who dare to print all they know, dare to know all the facts, and do not wish to be flattered by hiding the extent of the public disaster. There is always safety in valor. I wish I could add that this journal aspired to deserve the power it wields, by guidance of the public sentiment to the right. It is usually pretended, in Parliament and elsewhere, that the English press has a high tone, —which it has not. It has an imperial tone as of a powerful and independent nation. But as with other empires, its tone is prone to be official, and even officinal. T h e " T i m e s " shares all the limitadons of the governing classes, and wishes never to be in a minority.
Information Technology Outsourcing and the Bottom Line

Outsourcing of information technology has substantially increased in the last two decades but doubts about the business success of such arrangements persist. This paper examines whether a difference in business performance can be determined between firms that outsourced information technology in a given period and those that did not. We compare four performance key figures before and after outsourcing. The data cover deals executed in Germany from 2000 to 2006 and key figures from 1997 to 2008. The results show that a significant difference can be observed for only two out of four key measures. However, while the cost savings of firms that outsourced information technology are not impressive compared to other firms on average, they often show a superior financial performance indicating that they seem to enjoy strategic benefits from the move.
Military keynote: military-based virtual systems engineering

This paper discusses how the military can and should move into the world of virtual systems engineering. In the past engineering designs were first done on paper, reviewed using scale models, and finalized in the full scale products. In the future all aspects of product design, manufacture, and repair will be done in virtual space. The ability to make changes "on-the-fly" and without "cutting metal" can save money and time, and will result in better designs. Online collaboration, rapid access to a broad range of tools and experts, and realization of the results into a format that can be quickly and easily understood will enable a decision maker to more fully understand the implications of a particular decision. These tools have broad application in both industrial and military decision making.
A Compositional Trace Logic for Behavioural Interface Specifications

We describe a compositional trace logic for behavioural interface specifications and corresponding proof rules for compositional reasoning. The trace logic is defined in terms of axioms in higher-order logic. This trace logic is applicable to any object-oriented programming language. We treat object creation without observing the explicit act of creation.We prove a soundness result of this approach using the theory of Galois connections. We show the correctness of a specification of the Sieve of Eratosthenes using the proposed method. This notion of compositionality allows the verification of systems during the early stages of a design.
Low Energy Consequences of Loop Quantum Gravity

As the loop quantum gravity is based on polymer quantization, we will argue that the polymer length (like string length) can be several orders larger than the Planck length, and this can have low energy consequences. We will demonstrate that a short distance modification of a quantum system by polymer quantization and by string theoretical considerations can produce similar behavior. Moreover, it will be demonstrated that a family of different deformed Heisenberg algebras can produce similar low energy effects. We will analyze such polymer correction to a degenerate Fermi gases in a harmonic trap, and its polymer corrected thermodynamics.
Catalytic Decomposition of NO by Cationic Platinum Oxide Cluster Pt3O4.

The catalytic decomposition of NO by cationic platinum oxide cluster Pt3O4+ was investigated by mass spectrometry and thermal desorption spectrometry. Upon reaction with two NO molecules, molecular oxygen desorbed from the cluster at room temperature to form Pt3O4N2+. Then, at temperatures above 400 K, desorption of N2 from Pt3O4N2+ was observed. These processes were confirmed by isotope-labeling experiments, and the energetics of O2 and N2 release were determined by density functional calculations. The combination of these elementary steps resulted in the catalytic decomposition of NO by Pt3O4+.
Effective dimension of the Universe and violation of the Pauli principle

We discuss a Modified Field theory (MOFT) in which the number of fields can vary. It is shown that in MOFT at very large distances the effective number of spatial dimensions is D ≈ 2 which corresponds to the observed fractal distribution of galaxies and the logarithmic behavior of the Newton's potential for a point source. It is also shown that in MOFT fermions obey the so-called parastatistics and at large scales can violate the Pauli principle. The Modified Field Theory (MOFT) was suggested in Ref.  to account for spacetime foam effects and as it was recently demonstrated in Ref.  MOFT provides a reasonable alternative to the dark matter paradigm. It was shown that in some range of scales r min < r < r max the Newton's and Coulomb's energies of interaction between point particles in MOFT show essentially logarithmic (instead of 1/r) behavior. From the dynamical standpoint this looks as if every point source is surrounded with a halo of dark matter and dark charge. In addition to logarithmic potentials MOFT seems to require that the Universe has a fractal structure in the same range of scales with dimension D ≈ 2 , which is supported by the observed fractal distribution of galaxies (e.g., see Refs. . It is natural to expect that these two facts (logarithmic potentials and the fractal distribution) have a common pure geometrical origin. In the present paper we show that it is really the case. It turns out that in the range of scales r min < r < r max there takes place some kind of a dimensional reduction of space, i.e., in this range an effective number of dimensions of the Universe is D ≈ 2. This, however, requires that fermionic and bosonic fields in MOFT have to be considered on an equal footing. Indeed, the basic idea of MOFT (e.g., see Ref. ) is the fact that nontrivial topology of space displays itself in the multivalued nature of all observable fields, i.e., the number of fields represents an additional dynamical variable. Moreover, the number of fields was shown to depend on the position in the momentum space [1, 2]. The topological origin of this additional variable means that the number of fields N (k) should represent a specific function of wave numbers k which is common for all types of fields and serves as a geometric characteristic of …
Поэзия английского романтизма в России: традиции и переводы

The article is devoted to the comprehension of the way the English romantic poetry is taken in Russia. The actuality of the investigation is stipulated by the necessity of examination of numerous facts of reception of English romantic poetry in Russia, done by the foregoing investigators, and by the necessity of revealing the typological affinity of the writers, their works, and acquisition of material in order to fully reconstruct the history of the Russian poetry.  The analysis was done on the basis of the works of the following English romantic poets G. Byron, T. Moore, W. Scott, R. Southey, S. Coleridge, W. Wordsworth and their Russian renderings of the 19 th and early 20 th century together with the works of Russian literature critics and publicists. There have been used the methods of culture and historic analysis, historic and genetic, and historic typological analyses.  In view of the above stated problems, three important aspects have been highlighted and analyzed, they are as follows: traditionally narrow minded perception of the English writer’s heritage both in Russian literature and in Russian literary criticism; great popularity of many works of the English writer in Russia in a short period of time and the transformation of the perception of his works due to the growth of his popularity in Russia of some other kind than in his homeland.  As a result of the analysis some regulations have been found out concerning Russian perception of the English romanticism depending on the artistic preferences of the author in accordance with the specific social and literary trends that were growing in Russia at that time.
Paul Ricoeur on the Specificity of Religious Language

This essay arises out of an initial curiosity on my part regarding references in some of Paul Ricoeur's recent essays to the "specificity" of religious language. In particular, I was puzzled why he did not use the more familiar terminology of the "nature" or "essence" of religious language. In what follows, I shall attempt to account for this change in terminology and to indicate its significance both for Ricoeur's own work in hermeneutics and for reflection on religion in general. As we shall see, what Ricoeur has to say about the specificity of religious language reveals much about the general direction and development of his current work on hermeneutics while raising several interesting yet difficult questions about how his insights may be appropriated and expanded beyond his own particular concerns. I shall begin by briefly summarizing how and why the problem of the specificity of religious language arises in Ricoeur's philosophy. Then I shall present his position concerning this problem as it is currently available to us. On this basis, we can attain a solid enough footing to assess his contribution to making sense of religious language and to understanding that language. The first point to be noted is that Ricoeur's concern for religious language-or discourse (see below)-must be seen as a part of his broader concern for the philosophy of language in general, a concern which he himself has indicated has come to occupy a more and more central place in his thinking. This recognition of the importance of language as a philosophical issue, of course, first appears in his work as related to the question of how to introduce the dimension of evil into a reflective approach to the structure of the will, a phenom-
Object-orientation in Java for scientific programmers

Scientific programmers have traditionally programmed in entirely sequential languages such as Fortran, C or Pascal and it could be argued that object-orientation is not a concept that they would need. Yet computer science departments that give courses to scientists and engineers would like to consider teaching them in Java, rather than in one of the older languages. This paper addresses the dual issues of how Java can best supply everything that the older languages do, and then what it can meaningfully give in added value, especially in the networking and parallel area. Experience with developing solutions in Java to some fifty typical numerical problems has led to a coherent object-oriented approach and a couple of essential support classes for teaching and production work.
Preparation and microwave absorbing properties of hollow glass microspheres/Fe3O4/Ag composites with core–shell structure

The low-density, conductive and magnetic hollow glass microspheres (HGM)/Fe3O4/Ag composites have been successfully synthesized via co-precipitation and chemical plating method. The morphology, composition, microstructure, magnetic and microwave absorbing properties of the composites were investigated based on the analyses of the results using scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer and vector network analyzer. The results showed that the HGM/Fe3O4 composites were successfully prepared, and the coating layers on the surface of HGM are compact and continuous. Moreover, the final composites were completely covered with Ag nanoparticles. With the addition of Ag nanoparticles, the saturation magnetization of the HGM/Fe3O4 composites reduces from 32.08 to 14.77 emu/g, whereas its conductivity increases to 0.48 S/cm. The reflection loss (R) of HGM/Fe3O4/Ag composites is lower than −10 dB at 8.2–8.7, 9.6–10.8 and 11.4–11.9 GHz, and the minimum loss value is −19.1 dB at 9.9 GHz.
Prophylaxis against thromboembolism in patients with traumatic brain injury: a survey of UK practice.

Venous thromboembolism is a major complication associated with traumatic brain injury and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. There has been a general reluctance over the years to use anticoagulant prophylaxis for patients with head injury who have suffered intracranial bleeding or for whom intracranial surgery is needed. We conducted a postal questionnaire survey of all neurosurgical centres in the United Kingdom, enquiring about the use of thromboprophylactic methods in the management of patients with traumatic brain injury. A diversity of practice and opinion in the use of such methods was evident from the replies received. The survey highlighted concern about the failure to implement even the most simple means of prophylaxis. The evidence for the use of the various methods of prophylaxis is reviewed.