Opposite sign dimuon events produced in narrow band neutrino and antineutrino beams
On the basis of 315 dimuon events of opposite sign for which the nature (and energy) of the incident neutrino is known, and the momenta and hadronic shower energy are measured, we find a) very similar production by neutrinos and antineutrinos, and therefore confirmation of the GIM model for semileptonic weak interactions, b) energy spectra, excitation functions, angular correlations and transverse momentum distributions which are in remarkable agreement with the hypothesis of charm production and decay, c) evidence against models for which the second muon has a heavy lepton as origin, d) evidence against “bottom” quark production by antineutrinos, e) the amount and the structure function for the strange quark-antiquark sea, and f) an approximate branching ratio, of 0.15 for the muonic decay of the semistable charmed meson.

title: Charged particle pair production associated with a lepton pair in Z decays. indication of an excess in the tau channel
abstract: In a sample of 200 000 Z decays, events with two leptons and an additional pair of charged particles are studied. The 35 events found show a possible excess in the tau channel compared with the expectation from electroweak processes. The features of the events are consistent with radiation of virtual photons.

title: Studies of quantum chromodynamics with the ALEPH detector
abstract: Previously published and as yet unpublished QCD results obtained with the ALEPH detector at LEP1 are presented. The unprecedented statistics allows detailed studies of both perturbative and non-perturbative aspects of strong interactions to be carried out using hadronic Z and tau decays. The studies presented include precise determinations of the strong coupling constant, tests of its flavour independence, tests of the SU(3) gauge structure of QCD, study of coherence effects, and measurements of single-particle inclusive distributions and two-particle correlations for many identified baryons and mesons.

title: A measurement of the ratio of longitudinal and transverse structure functions in neutrino interactions between 30 and 200 GeV
abstract: A new measurement of the ratio R = σ L / σ T of longitudinal and transverse structure functions in neutrino interactions on iron between 30 and 190 GeV neutrino energy is reported. The result is given as a function of the scale parameter x and the inelasticity ν of the interaction. The average value is R = 0.10 ± 0.07 around ν ≈ 50 GeV and is in accordance with a prediction from the QCD theory.

title: Production of excited beauty states inZ decays
abstract: AbstractA data sample of about 3.0 million hadronicZ decays collected by the ALEPH experiment at LEP in the years 1991 through 1994 is used to make an inclusive selection of B hadron events. In this event sample 4227±140±252B* mesons in the decayB*→Bγ and 1944±108±161B**u,d mesons decaying into a B meson and a charged pion are reconstructed. Here and in the followingB**u,d denotes the eightL=1(bū) and (bd) states and their charge conjugate.For the well establishedB* meson the following quantities are obtained:ΔM=MB*−MB=(45.30±0.35±0.87) MeV/c2 andNB*/(NB+NB*)=(77.1±2.6±7.0)%. The angular distribution of the photons in theB* rest frame is used to measure the relative contribution of longitudinalB* polarization states to beσL/(σL+σT)=(33±6±5)%.In theM(Bπ)−M(B) mass difference resonance structure is observed at (424±4±10) MeV/c2, for which the shape and position is consistent with the expectation forB**u,d states decaying intoB(*)π±. The relative production rate is determined to be
$$\begin{gathered} \frac{{BR(Z \to b \to B_{u,d}^{ * * } )}}{{BR(Z \to b \to B_{u,d} )}} \hfill \\ = [27.9 \pm 1.6(stat) \pm 5.9(syst) {}_{ - 5.6}^{ + 3.9} (model)]\% \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
 where the third error reflects the uncertainty due to different production and decay models for the broadB**u,d states.

title: First measurement of the quark-to-photon fragmentation function
abstract: Earlier measurements at LEP of isolated hard photons in hadronic Z decays, attributed to radiation from primary quark pairs, have been extended in the ALEPH experiment to include hard photon productioninside hadron jets. Events are selected where all particles combine democratically to form hadron jets, one of which contains a photon with a fractional energyz≥0.7. After statistical subtraction of non-prompt photons, the quark-to-photon fragmentation function,D(z), is extracted directly from the measured 2-jet rate. By taking into account the perturbative contributions toD(z) obtained from anO(ααs) QCD calculation, the unknown non-perturbative component ofD(z) is then determined at highz. Provided due account is taken of hadronization effects nearz=1, a good description of the other event topologies is then found.

title: SIMULTANEOUS LONG AND SHORT ELECTRON BUNCHES IN THE BESSY II STORAGE RING
abstract: We present first ideas of a scheme to develop BESSY II into a variable electron pulse length storage ring. The final goal is, to fill BESSY II with short bunches of 1.5 ps length (rms) and long bunches of 15 ps length simultaneously in the presently applied user optics. All insertion devices are operated as usual, i.e. the helical undulators and 7 T-field insertions. Long bunches of 1.5 mA current per bunch, twice the value of the present user optics, are filled in each second bucket. The other buckets can be filled with short bunches of up to 0.8 mA. The lower current value is required to avoid increase in the bunch length and bunch energy spread, predicted by scaling laws. The total current is e.g. limited by the HOM damping capabilities of the sccavities and the machine impedances. This scheme is achievable with recent developments in sc-rf cavity technology driven by requirements of high current cw applications like for the energy recovering linacs (ERLs). These developments seem to make it feasible to install high gradient HOM damped multi-cell cavities in electron storage rings. With an appropriate choice of the cavity resonance frequencies a beating of the effective longitudinal focusing voltage at the stable fixed points can be introduced and leads to different zero current bunch lengths. Basic parameters of this scheme are presented.

title: MICROPHONICS MEASUREMENTS IN A CW-DRIVEN TESLA-TYPE CAVITY ∗
abstract: Superconducting cavities with a high quality factor exhibit a very low bandwidth in their resonant frequency, which makes their operation very sensitive to mechanical oscillations. In CW mode of operation, as it is intended for the BESSY-FEL Linac, microphonics are therefore the dominant error source for field stability. In order to compensate the detuning, it is necessary to properly characterize amplitude and frequency with respect to all involved mechanical and electrical components. Such measurements have been performed at the HoBiCaT test facility at BESSY and will be described in detail.

title: RF superconductivity for accelerators
abstract: BASICS Introductory Overview Cavity Fundamentals and Cavity Fields Superconductivity Essentials Electrodynamics of Normal and Superconductors Maximum Surface Fields PERFORMANCE OF SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITIES Cavity Fabrication and Preparation Multicell Field "Flatness" Tuning Cavity Testing Residual Resistance Multipacting Thermal Breakdown Field Emission The Quest for High Gradients Alternate Materials to Solid Niobium COUPLERS AND TUNERS Mode Excitation and Its Consequences Higher Order Mode Couplers Coupling Power to the Beam Input Power Couplers and Windows Tuners and Frequency Related Issues FRONTIER ACCELERATORS High-Current Accelerators High-Energy Accelerators Problems References Index

title: Beam breakup instability suppression in multicell superconducting rf guns
abstract: Helmholtz-Zentrum, Berlin, Germany(Received 28 November 2009; revised manuscript received 28 November 2010;  19 May 2011)In this paper, we provide an analytical description for transverse coupling impedances with dipole highorder modes (HOMs) and beam breakup (BBU) instability suppression of relativistic, high-current beamsundergoing strong acceleration, such as those typically produced by rf photoinjectors. The model adoptedis based on the accepted theory of coupling impedances extended to the case of beams characterized by afast transition due to strong acceleration, from the nonrelativistic to the relativistic regime in whicha bunch trajectory may not be rigidly directed parallel to the axis of the electric ﬁeld. The trajectoryoscillations in a dipole HOM ﬁeld in the transverse plane are effective in perturbing the bunch energy,which causes an increase of the coupling impedance up to the BBU instability. This BBU instabilityanalysis is based on equations obtained by Volkov [ (2009)]inwhich external focusing due to both the applied transverse electric (TE) HOM and the acceleratingfundamental mode as well as dipole HOM damping by external loads are investigated. This analysis isvalid in the limit in which the weak nonlinearity of applied ﬁelds near the axis may be neglected. Thesolution suggests a means of enhancing the BBU threshold current. The possibility of obtaining BBUinstability suppression in a long, integrated photoinjector and linac structure, such as the superconductingrf source at Forschungs Zentrum Dresden (FZD), are numerically examined. New designs of photo-injectors that provide BBU instability suppression of all dipole HOMs to enhance the threshold currentsare suggested.

title: THE SOURCE OF EMITTANCE DILUTION AND PHOTOEMISSION TUNNELING EFFECT IN PHOTOCATHODE RF GUNS
abstract: Experimental data on HoBiCaT SRF photoinjector give an emittance which is much larger than the predicted for the idealized setup. Modeling of photocathode RF gun beams with the different imperfections of experimental setup (alignment errors, inhomogeneity of quantum efficiency and laser power distributions on the cathode) is given. The main reason for the beam emittance dilution is photocathode field imperfections induced by field emitters that change the local electric field. Some field models of such photocathodes are tested in the simulations. The dependence of photocathode beam currents on the surface electric field was measured with the HoBiCaT SRF Photoinjector. The dependence can be explained by the tunneling effect described by Fowler-Nordheim like equation and is difficult to explain with the Schottky effect.