Production of high-energy muons in extensive air showers from primary el rays
The primary mechanism for the production of high-energy muons (E/sub / > 5 TeV) in extensive air showers from primary el rays is the production of muon pairs by shower photons in the field of a nucleus.

title: Nonplanar dual model with arbitrary intercept $alpha$(0)

title: A possible description of the quantum numbers in a hadronic string model
abstract: Institute of Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of Stockholm, Box 6730S-113 85 Stockholm,  We consider a critical composite superconformalstring model to desribe hadronic interactions. We present a newapproach of introducing hadronic quantum numbers in the scat-tering amplitudes. The physical states carry the quantum num-bers and form a common system of eigenfunctions of the opera-tors in this string model. We give explicit constructions of thequantum number operators.

title: Quasi-stable states in the physical spectrum of the Neveu-Schwarz dual model
abstract: A certain class of states, comprising most of the spectrum for large mass M, is distinguished in the spectum of physical states predicted by the Neveu-Schwarz dual model with intercepts ..cap alpha../sub rho/(0) =1 and ..cap alpha../sub ..pi../(0) =1/2. The massive particles with large spins in this class are quasi-stable. Their couplings with all the other states are of order M/sup -1/ in comparison with the ordinary vertices. For the critical dimensions D=10 these states coincide with the zero-norm spurions. For the anomalous dimensions D=9 some of the quasi-stable states become new zero-norm spurion states.

title: Interaction amplitudes of hadrons treated as composite superconformal strings

title: Fermion dominated composite superstring model and unified description of hadron and lepton degrees of freedom in it
abstract: New string dynamics is formulated on the basis of the extended set of supergauge constraints including not only supergauge Virasoro conditions but also nilpotent supercurrent constraints . This approach arises from a natural generalization of the classical operator many-string vertices. The formulation of this model leads to three two-dimensional surfaces for description of hadron strings. It gives some dynamical generalization of Chan-Paton factor for string amplitudes in terms of operator vertices. Supersymmetry on the 2-d world surface is present but ten-dimensional supersymmetry is absent. In this approach two-dimensional fermion string fields make it possible to give a unified description of hadron and lepton degrees of freedom and of its dynamics. This model allows to solve the problem of elimination of the most part of parity twins in the baryon spectrum. One-loop (and many-loops perhaps) amplitudes in this model are finite due to the extended set of supergauge constraints and to the significant excess of the total number of fermion two-dimensional fields over the number of boson 2-d fields.

title: Muon pair production by muons and narrow muon bundles underground
abstract: We consider the process of muon pair production by high-energy muons and its consequences for the characteristics of muon flux underground. It is shown that the accounting of this process in the muon propagation through the rock results in an additional flux of narrow double- and triple-muon events which is comparable to the conventional flux of narrow muon bundles with low multiplicity.

title: Radioactive background in a cryogenic dark matter experiment
abstract: New generation dark matter experiments aim at exploring the 10 −9  − 10 −10 pb cross-section region for WIMP-nucleon scalar interactions. Neutrons and gamma-rays, due to radioactive processes, are produced in the detector components and are one of the main factors that can limit detector sensitivity. Estimation of the background from this source then becomes a crucial task for designing future large-scale detectors. Radioactive background event rates from some detector components (such as copper and stainless steel), as well as from rock and concrete (lab walls), were estimated in this work for a hypothetical cryogenic dark matter detector (for instance EURECA) with a target mass of 100–1000 kg. Different shielding configurations (water, lead, polyethylene, plexiglass) were considered. Neutrons and photons were propagated to the detector using GEANT4. Some requirements for the radio-purity of the materials were deduced from the results of these simulations. Thickness of shielding in different configurations and the required gamma discrimination factor were investigated.

title: Background studies for the EDELWEISS dark matter experiment
abstract: The EDELWEISS-II collaboration has completed a direct search for WIMP dark matter using cryogenic Ge detectors (400 g each) and 384 kg×days of effective exposure. A cross-section of 4.4 × 10 8 pb is excluded at 90% C. L. for a WIMP mass of 85 GeV. The next phase, EDELWEISS-III, aims to probe spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-sections down to a few ×10 9 pb. We present here the study of gamma and neutron background coming from radioactive decays in the set-up and shielding materials. We have carried out Monte Carlo simulations for the completed EDELWEISS-II setup with GEANT4 and normalised the expected background rates to the measured radioactivity levels (or their upper limits) of all materials and components. The expected gamma-ray event rate in EDELWEISSII at 20-200 keV agrees with the observed rate of 82 events/kg/day within the uncertainties in the measured concentrations. The calculated neutron rate from radioactivity of 1.0-3.1 events (90% C. L.) at 20-200 keV in the EDELWEISS-II data together with the expected upper limit on the misidentified gamma-ray events (� 0.9), surface betas (� 0.3), and muon-induced neutrons (� 0.7), do not contradict 5 observed events in nuclear recoil band. We have then extended the simulation framework to the EDELWEISS-III configuration with 800 g crystals, better material purity and additional neutron shielding inside the cryostat. The gamma-ray and neutron backgrounds in 24 kg fiducial mass of EDELWEISS-III have been calculated as 14-44 events/kg/day and 0.7-1.4 events per year, respectively. The results of the background studies performed in the present work have helped to select better purity components and improve shielding in EDELWEISS-III to further reduce the expected

title: A three-dimensional code for muon propagation through the rock: MUSIC
abstract: We present a new three-dimensional Monte-Carlo code MUSIC (MUon SImulation Code) for muon propagation through the rock. All processes of muon interaction with matter with high energy loss (including the knock-on electron production) are treated as stochastic processes. The angular deviation and lateral displacement of muons due to multiple scattering, as well as bremsstrahlung, pair production and inelastic scattering are taken into account. The code has been applied to obtain the energy distribution and angular and lateral deviations of single muons at different depths underground. The muon multiplicity distributions obtained with MUSIC and CORSIKA (Extensive Air Shower simulation code) are also presented. We discuss the systematic uncertainties of the results due to different muon bremsstrahlung cross-sections.

title: Working Group Report: Neutrinos