Small-scale magnetic elements in Solar Cycle 23
With the unique database from Michelson Doppler Imager aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory in an interval embodying solar cycle 23, the cyclic behavior of solar small-scale magnetic elements is studied. More than 13 million small-scale magnetic elements are selected, and the following results are unclosed. (1) The quiet regions dominated the Sun\textsf{'}s magnetic flux for about 8 years in the 12.25 year duration of Cycle 23. They contributed (0.94 -- 1.44) $\times 10^{23}$ Mx flux to the Sun from the solar minimum to maximum. The monthly average magnetic flux of the quiet regions is 1.12 times that of active regions in the cycle. (2) The ratio of quiet region flux to that of the total Sun equally characterizes the course of a solar cycle. The 6-month running-average flux ratio of quiet region had been larger than 90.0% for 28 continuous months from July 2007 to October 2009, which characterizes very well the grand solar minima of Cycles 23-24. (3) From the small to large end of the flux spectrum, the variations of numbers and total flux of the network elements show no-correlation, anti-correlation, and correlation with sunspots, respectively. The anti-correlated elements, covering the flux of (2.9 - 32.0)$\times 10^{18}$ Mx, occupies 77.2% of total element number and 37.4% of quiet Sun flux. These results provide insight into reason for anti-correlated variations of small-scale magnetic activity during the solar cycle.

title: Ionized ultraviolet and soft X-ray absorption in the low-redshift active galactic nucleus PG 1126−041
abstract: We present here the analysis of ultraviolet spectra from IUE and an X-ray spectrum from ROSAT PSPC observations of the X-ray-weak, far-infrared-loud AGN, PG 1126−041 (Mrk 1298). The first UV spectra taken in 1992 June, simultaneously with ROSAT, show strong absorption lines of N v, C iv and Si iv, extending over a velocity range from −1000 to −5000 km s−1 with respect to the corresponding line centre. Our analysis shows that the broad emission-line region (BELR) is, at least partially, covered by the material causing these absorption lines. In the IUE spectrum taken in 1995 January, the continuum was a factor of 2 brighter and the UV absorption lines are found to be considerably weaker than in 1992, but little variation in the emission-line fluxes is found. With UV spectral indices of αUV≃1.82 and 1.46 for the 1992 and 1995 data, the far-UV spectrum is steep. Based on the emission-line ratios and the broad-band spectral energy distribution, we argue that the steepness of the UV spectrum is unlikely to be caused by reddening. 
 
 
 
The soft X-ray emission in the ROSAT band is weak. A simple power-law model yields a very poor fit with a UV-to-X-ray spectral index αUVX=2.3. Highly ionized (warm) absorption is suggested by the ROSAT data. After correcting for a warm absorber, the optical to X-ray spectral slope is close to the average of αUVX≃1.67 for radio-quiet quasars. 
 
 
 
From photoionization calculations we find the following results. (1) A single-zone absorption model cannot explain simultaneously the UV absorption lines and the ionized X-ray absorption if metal abundances are solar. Furthermore, in order to be consistent with the equivalent width of the observed Lyα absorption line, the turbulent velocity of the warm absorber must be less than 190 km s−1, which imposes serious constraints on a disc wind model. (2) The UV absorption lines and their variability cannot be explained by a single-zone model with solar abundances and the large variability in the absorption lines suggests that C iv and N v absorption lines are not severely saturated. (3) The absorption of the ionizing continuum by warm material strongly affects the emission-line spectrum.

title: Two-Current-Sheet Reconnection Model of Interdependent Flare and Coronal Mass Ejection
abstract: Time-dependent resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations are carried out to study a flux rope eruption caused by magnetic reconnection with implication in coexistent flare-CME (coronal mass ejection) events. An early result obtained in a recent analysis of double catastrophe of a flux rope system is used as the initial condition, in which an isolated flux rope coexists with two current sheets: a vertical one below and a transverse one above the flux rope. The flux rope erupts when reconnection takes place in the current sheets, and the flux rope dynamics depends on the reconnection sequence in the two current sheets. Three cases are discussed: reconnection occurs (1) simultaneously in the two current sheets, (2) first in the transverse one and then in the vertical one, and (3) in an order opposite that of case 2. Such a two-current-sheet reconnection exhibits characteristics of both magnetic breakout for CME initiation and the standard flare model. We argue that both breakout-like and tether-cutting reconnections could be important for CME eruptions and associated surface activities.

title: The X-Ray Absorber in Broad Absorption Line Quasars
abstract: Recent observations of Broad Absorption Line (BAL) quasars demonstrated that the soft X-ray emission of these objects is extremely weak, and convincing evidence for very strong absorption by a high column density (~1023.5 cm-2) was obtained for PG 1411+442, even though it is one of the few BAL QSOs strongly detected in soft X-rays. This paper examines the ionization status and geometry of the X-ray absorber by combining the properties of the UV lines with the X-ray continuum absorption. We show that the gas has to have large column densities in ions of major UV absorption lines, such as C IV, N V, O VI, and Ne VIII, in order to have sufficient opacity around 0.2-0.35 keV. The UV absorption lines have to be saturated if the X-ray absorber intersects the line of sight to the UV continuum emission region. A uniformly covering UV and X-ray absorption model can be constructed for PG 1411+442, but in some other soft X-ray-detected BAL QSOs, such as PG 1001+054, the observed line optical depth is much lower than expected from the X-ray-absorbing material. We propose a scheme in which a substantial fraction of the line of sight to the continuum source may be covered by either an optically thick flow or clouds in a narrow velocity range, but in which the total covering factor of either the whole flow or all clouds is close to unity. The absorber can contribute significantly to the extremely highly ionized emission lines, such as O VI λλ1032/1037 and Ne VIII λλ770/780, if it covers a substantial fraction of solid angle and if the density is higher than 108 cm-3. However, it has very little impact on the medium- and low-ionization UV lines such as N V and C IV. The profiles of Ne VIII and O VI lines may be indicators for the kinematics of the X-ray absorber in QSOs. The observed Ne VIII line profiles in QSOs suggest that the velocity of the gas projected onto our line of sight is similar to that seen in the outflows of the UV BALs.

title: Measurement of CC interactions produced by ${}^8$B solar neutrinos at SNO

title: How Saturated Are Absorption Lines in the Broad Absorption Line Quasar PG 1411+442?
abstract: Recently, convincing evidence was found for extremely large X-ray absorption by column densities greater than 1023 cm-2 in broad absorption line quasars. One consequence of this is that any soft X-ray emission from these QSOs would be the scattered light or leaked light from partially covering absorbing material. A detection of the unabsorbed soft X-ray and absorbed hard X-ray component will allow us to determine the total column density as well as the effective covering factor of the absorbing material, which are difficult to obtain from the UV absorption lines. Brinkmann et al. recently showed that both the unabsorbed and absorbed components are detected in the nearby very bright broad absorption line quasar PG 1411+442. In this Letter, we make a further analysis of the broadband X-ray spectrum and the UV spectrum from the Hubble Space Telescope and demonstrate that broad absorption lines are completely saturated at the bottom of absorption troughs.

title: CS 5-4 survey toward nearby IR bright galaxies
abstract: With the observations of the CS 5-4 line toward a sample of 24 infrared bright galaxies using HHSMT, we detected CS 5-4 emission in 14 galaxies, including 12 ULIRGs/LIRGs and 2 nearby normal galaxies. As a good dense gas tracer, which has been well used for studying star formation in the Milky Way, CS 5-4 can trace the active star forming gas in galaxies. The correlation between CS 5-4 luminosity, which is estimated with detected CS 5-4 line emission, and infrared luminosity in these 14 galaxies is fitted with correlation coefficient of 0.939 and the slope close to unity. This correlation confirmed that dense gas, which is closely linked to star formation, is very important for understanding star formation in galaxies.

title: The Properties of Horizontal Magnetic Elements in Quiet Solar Intranetwork
abstract: Using the data observed by the Solar Optical Telescope/Spectropolarimeter aboard the Hinode satellite, the horizontal and vertical fields are derived from the wavelength-integrated measures of Zeeman-induced linear and circular polarizations. The quiet intranetwork regions are pervaded by horizontal magnetic elements. We categorize the horizontal intranetwork magnetic elements into two types: one is the nonisolated element which is accompanied by the vertical magnetic elements during its evolution; another is the isolated element which is not accompanied by the vertical magnetic elements. Their properties, such as lifetime, size, and magnetic flux density, are studied, and the relationships among various magnetic parameters are investigated. We identify 446 horizontal intranetwork magnetic elements among them 87 elements are isolated and 359 are nonisolated. Quantitative measurements reveal that the isolated elements have relatively weaker horizontal magnetic fields, almost equal size, and shorter lifetime compared with the nonisolated elements. Most nonisolated horizontal intranetwork magnetic elements are identified to associate with the emergence of {omega}-shaped flux loops. A few nonisolated elements seem to indicate scenarios of submergence of {omega} loops or emergence of U-like loops. There is a positive correlation between the lifetime and the size for both the isolated and nonisolated horizontal intranetwork field elements (HIFs). Positivemore » correlation between the lifetime and the magnetic flux density for nonisolated HIFs is also found, but no correlation for isolated HIFs. Even though the horizontal elements show lower magnetic flux density, they could carry the total magnetic flux in the order of magnitude close to 10{sup 25} Mx to the solar surface each day.« less

title: VECTOR MAGNETIC FIELDS OF SOLAR GRANULATION
abstract: Observations of the quiet Sun from the Solar Optical Telescope/Spectro-Polarimeter aboard the Hinode spacecraft reveal the magnetic characteristics of the solar photosphere. By making use of the deep-mode observations of three quiet regions, we have statistically studied the vector magnetic fields of solar granulation. More than 2000 normal granules are manually selected to form a sample. It is recognized that some granules are even darker than the mean photosphere in intensity, and there is a linear correlation between intensity and Doppler velocity in the granules. The distributions of longitudinal and transverse apparent magnetic flux densities, Doppler velocity, and continuum intensity of granules are obtained, and their unsigned magnetic flux measured. Two approaches are used in this study. First, we obtained the magnetic properties of granulation by averaging the measurements for all the sampling granules. Second, we reconstructed an average granular cell based on a subsample, and obtained the detailed distribution of apparent magnetic flux density within the model granular cell. All the results have been compared with those for intergranular lanes and a few typical abnormal granules. Our statistical analysis reveals the following results. (1) The unsigned magnetic flux of individual granules spans the range from 1.1 × 1015 Mx to 3.3 × 1018 Mx with a peak distribution at 1.6 × 1016 Mx. (2) The unsigned longitudinal apparent flux density of granules ranges from almost 0 to 212 Mx cm–2 with a mean longitudinal apparent flux density of 12 Mx cm–2, while the transverse apparent flux density of granules ranges from 4 to 218 Mx cm–2 with a mean transverse apparent flux density of 79 Mx cm–2. The longitudinal and transverse apparent magnetic flux densities of granules are positively correlated, and the longitudinal apparent flux density of granules is weaker than the corresponding transverse apparent flux density. (3) The magnetic inclination of granules with respect to the surface that is perpendicular to the line of sight falls in the range of 4.8-76.7 degrees with a peak distribution at 25 degrees. On average, the magnetic vectors in granules are more vertical than those in the intergranular lanes. (4) There is a strong preference that both the vertical and horizontal fields on the quiet Sun reside in the intergranular lanes. (5) The detailed distributions of apparent flux density, Doppler velocity, and continuum intensity within an average granular cell are presented. These distributions can be empirically formulated well.

title: Performance Study of the CMS Barrel Resistive Plate Chambers with Cosmic Rays
abstract: In October and November 2008, the CMS collaboration conducted a programme of cosmic ray data taking, which has recorded about 270 million events. The Resistive Plate Chamber system, which is part of the CMS muon detection system, was successfully operated in the full barrel. More than 98% of the channels were operational during the exercise with typical detection efficiency of 90%. In this paper, the performance of the detector during these dedicated runs is reported.

title: Damped and detuned accelerator structures
abstract: This paper reports continuing work on accelerator structures for future TeV linear colliders. These structures, in addition to having to operate at high gradients, must minimize the effects of wakefield modes which are induced by e{sup {plus minus}} bunch trains. Two types of modified disk-loaded waveguides are under investigation: damped structures in which the wakefield power is coupled out to lossy regions through radial slots in the disks and/or azimuthal rectangular waveguides, whereby the external Q of the undesirable HEM{sub 11} mode is lowered to values below 20, and detuned structures in which the frequencies of these modes are modified from one end to the other of each section by {approximately}10%, thereby scrambling their effects on the beam. Beam dynamics calculations indicate that these two approaches are roughly equivalent. MAFIA, ARGUS and URMEL codes have been used extensively in conjunction with low-power tests on S- and X-band models to identify mode patterns, dispersion curves and Q values, and to demonstrate damping or detuning of the HEM modes. Results of calculations and measurements on the various structures are presented and evaluated.