Shallow decay phase of GRB X-ray afterglows from relativistic wind bubbles
The postburst object of a GRB is likely to be a highly magnetized, rapidly rotating compact object (e.g., a millisecond magnetar), which could produce an ultrarelativistic electron-positron-pair wind. The interaction of such a wind with an outwardly expanding fireball ejected during the burst leads to a relativistic wind bubble (RWB). We investigate the properties of RWBs and use this model to explain the shallow decay phase of the early X-ray afterglows observed by Swift.  We numerically calculate the dynamics and radiative properties of RWBs.  We find that RWBs can fall into two types: forward-shock-dominated and reverse-shock-dominated bubbles. Their radiation during a period of ~$10^{2}{-}10^{5}$ s is dominated by the shocked medium and the shocked wind, respectively, based on different magnetic energy fractions of the shocked materials. For both types, the resulting light curves always have a shallow decay phase, as discovered by Swift. In addition, we provide an example fit to the X-ray afterglows of GRB 060813 and GRB 060814 and show that they could be produced by forward-shock-dominated and reverse-shock-dominated bubbles, respectively. This implies that, for some early afterglows (e.g., GRB 060814), the long-lasting reverse shock emission is strong enough to explain their shallow decay phase.

title: Effect of a strong magnetic field on the surface electric field of strange stars
abstract: We made a detailed study of the properties of the electron layer near the quark surface of strange stars with strong (${\sim}10^{14}{-}10^{17}$ G) magnetic fields. The electrostatic potential and the electric field at the quark surface were calculated as functions of the magnetic field intensity of bare strange stars. Using an ultrastrong ($B\geq 2.5\times10^{16}$ G) magnetic field, we found that the distribution of electrons becomes an exponential function of radial distance, which is quite different in a magnetic field-free case. We also calculated the variation in gap width between the strange core and the normal nuclear crust for strange stars, which is due to magnetic field effect.

title: Preliminary study of the K N interaction in a chiral constituent quark model
abstract: A preliminary investigation of $\overline{K}N$ interaction is performed within a chiral constituent quark model by solving the resonating group method (RGM) equation. The model parameters are taken from our previous work, which gave a satisfactory description of the $S$-, $P$-, $D$-, $F$-wave $\mathit{KN}$ scattering phase shifts. The channel-coupling between $\overline{K}N,\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ is considered, and the scattering phase shifts as well as the bound-state problem of $\overline{K}N$ are dynamically studied. The results show that the $S$-wave $\overline{K}N$ interaction in the isospin $I=0$ channel is attractive, and in the extended chiral SU(3) quark model such an attraction can make for a $\overline{K}N$ bound state, which appears as a $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ resonance in the coupled-channel calculation, while the chiral SU(3) quark model cannot accommodate the existence of a $\overline{K}N$ bound state. It seems that the vector meson exchanges are necessary to be introduced in the quark-quark interactions if one tries to explain the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1405)$ as a $\overline{K}N$ bound state or a $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$-$\overline{K}N$ resonance state.

title: Yields and isomeric ratio of xenon and krypton isotopes from thermal neutron fission of /sup 235/U
abstract: The experimental cumulative yields of /sup 85/Kr/sup m/, /sup 87/Kr, /sup 88/Kr, /sup 133/Xe/sup g/, /sup 135/Xe/sup m/, and /sup 135/Xe/sup g/ and the independent isomeric yield of /sup 133/Xe/sup m/ in the thermal neutron fission of /sup 235/U have been measured by the gas chromatographic method. The independent yields of /sup 133/Xe/sup g/, /sup 135/Xe/sup m/, and /sup 135/Xe/sup g/ were deduced with the aid of /sup 133/I and /sup 135/I data. The isomeric yield ratios of /sup 133/Xe and /sup 135/Xe have been computed and compared with theoretical values since they have the same high spin state J = 11/2/sup -/ and low spin ground state J = 3/2/sup +/. The influence of the shell effect on the fission isomeric yield ratio is discussed. From the measured independent yield of Xe isotopes plus the reported data, the Xe-isotopic distribution curve has been constructed. The curve is compared with the isotopic distribution curves of Xe isotopes formed in 11.5 GeV proton interactions with /sup 238/U and Cs isotopes formed in 24 GeV proton interactions with /sup 238/U. Upon fitting the yield curves we find that only those products with N/Z> or =1.48 fit a curve typical of a binarymore » fission process.« less

title: A statistical classification of the unassociated gamma-ray sources in the second Fermi Large Area Telescope Catalog
abstract: With the assistance of the identified/associated sources in the second Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) catalog, we analyze and resolve the spatial distribution and the distributions of the gamma-ray spectral and variability indices of the remaining 575 unassociated Fermi LAT sources. Consequently, it is suggested that the unassociated sources could statistically consist of Galactic supernova remnants/pulsar wind nebulae, BL Lacertae objects, flat spectrum radio quasars and other types of active galaxies with fractions of 25%, 29%, 41% and 5%, respectively.

title: A past capture event at Sagittarius A* inferred from the fluorescent X-ray emission of Sagittarius B clouds
abstract: The fluorescent X-ray emission from neutral iron in the molecular clouds [Sagittarius (Sgr) B] indicates that the clouds are being irradiated by an external X-ray source. The source is probably associated with the Galactic central black hole (Sgr A*), which triggered a bright outburst 100 yr ago. We suggest that such an outburst could be due to a partial capture of a star by Sgr A*, during which a jet was generated. Using constraints from the observed flux and the time variability (∼10 yr) of the Sgr B fluorescent emission, we find that the shock produced by the interaction of the jet with the dense interstellar medium represents a plausible candidate for the X-ray source emission.

title: A study of nucleon-nucleon spin-orbit force in quark model
abstract: Spin-orbit interactions between two quarks due to the one-gluon exchange, confinement potential, σ-exchange of the chiral field and two-gluon exchange are considered in our calculation. As a consequence, the spin-orbit energy splitting of the 1P state in the baryon spectrum and the 3 P 2 phase shifts of NN scattering can unifiedly be explained.

title: The energy of six-quark cluster system
abstract: The energies of the (OS)(6) six-quark cluster states are calculated in the chiral SU(3) quark model. The results show that some states with higher strange number have more attraction from the chiral SU(3) coupling; and this feature is interesting in discussing if there exists some narrow width six-quark states with high strangeness.

title: A Unified Description of N-N and Y-N Interactions on Quark Model*
abstract: A quark-quark interaction is derived from the Linear expression of Lagrangian which is invariant under the SU(3)(L) x SU(3)(R) infinitesimal transformation, and further used to make a unified study on the N-N and Y-N scattering processes.

title: Further study on 5q configuration states in the chiral SU(3) quark model
abstract: The structure of the 5q configuration states with strangeness S = +1 is further studied in the chiral SU(3) quark model based on our previous work. We calculate the energies of fifteen low configurations of the 5q system, four lowest configurations of J(pi) = (1)/(-)(2) with 4q partition [4]orb (0s(4)) [3 1]of, four of J(pi) (1)/(+)(2) with 4q partition [31]orb (0s(3)0p)[4](sigma f) and seven of J(pi) = (1)/(+)(2) with 4q partition [4](orb) (0s(3)0p)[31](sigma f). Some modifications are made in this further study, i.e., the orbital wave function is extended as an expansion of 4 different size harmonic oscillator forms; three various forms (quadratic, linear and error function form) of the color confinement potential are considered; the states with 4q partition [4](orb)(0s(3)0p) [31](sigma f) are added, which are unnegligible in the J(pi) = (1)/(+)(2) case and were not considered in our previous paper, further the mixing between configurations [31](orb)(0s(3)0p)[4](sigma f) and [4]orb (0s(3)0p)[31](sigma f) is also investigated. The results show that the T = 0 state is still always the lowest one for both J(pi) = (1)/(-)(2) and J(pi) = (1)/(+)(2) states, and J(pi) = (1)/(-)(2), T = 0 state is always lower than that of J(pi) = (1)/(+)(2), All of these modifications can only offer several tens to hundred MeV effect, and the theoretical value of the lowest state is still about 245 MeV higher than the experimental mass of theta(+). It seems to be difficult to get the calculated mass close to the observed one with the reasonable parameters in the framework of the chiral SU(3) quark model when the model space is chosen as a 5q cluster.

title: Dibaryon systems in chiral SU(3) quark model
abstract: The possible candidates of S-wave dibaryons with various strange numbers are studied under the chiral SU(3) quark model. It is shown that there are three types of baryon-baryon bound states. The states of the first type are called deuteron-like states. If chiral fields can provide enough attraction between interacting baryons, these systems, such as [Xi Omega - Xi*Omega]((1,1/2)), [Xi Xi]((0,1)), [N Omega]((2,1/2)) would be weakly bound. The states of the second type such as [Sigma*Delta]((0,5/2)), [Sigma*Delta]((3,1/2)), [Delta Delta](0,3) and [Delta Delta]((3,0)) are named as Delta Delta -like states. Due to the highly symmetric character in orbital space, these systems could be relatively deeply bound, but the strong decay modes of composed baryons cause the widths of the states much broader. The states of the third type are entitled as Omega Omega -like states. Due to the same symmetry character shown in the systems of the second type and the only weak decay mode of composed baryons, for instance in [Omega Omega](0,0), or at most one strong decay mode of composed baryons, for example in [Xi*Omega]((0,1/2)), these states are deeply bound states with narrow widths. The states of latter two types are most interesting new dibaryon states and should be carefully investigated both theoretically and experimentally.