Directional dependence of the local estimation of H0 and the nonperturbative effects of primordial curvature perturbations
Recent measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation have shown an apparent tension with the present value of the Hubble parameter inferred from local observations of supernovae, which look closer, i.e. brighter, than what is expected in a homogeneous model with a value of H0 equal to the one estimated from CMB observations. We examine the possibility that such a discrepancy is the consequence of the presence of a local inhomogeneity seeded by primordial curvature perturbations, finding that a negative peak of the order of less than two standard deviations could allow to fit low-redshift supernovae observations without the need of using a value of the Hubble parameter different from H0CMB. The type of inhomogeneity we consider does not modify the distance to the last scattering, making it compatible with the constraints of the PLANCK mission data. The effect on the luminosity distance is in fact localized around the region in space where the transition between different values of the curvature perturbations occurs, producing a local decrease, while the distance outside the inhomogeneity is not affected. Our calculation is fully relativistic and nonperturbative, and for this reason shows important effects which were missed in the previous investigations using relativistic perturbations or Newtonian approximations, because the structures seeded by primordial curvature perturbations can be today highly nonlinear, and relativist Doppler terms cannot be neglected. Because of these effects the correction to the luminosity distance necessary to explain observations is associated to a compensated structure which involves both an underdense central region and an overdense outer shell, ensuring that the distance to the last scattering surface is unaffected. Comparison with studies of local structure based on galaxy surveys analysis reveals that the density profile we find could in fact be compatible with the one obtained for the same region of sky where most of the supernovae used for the local H0 estimation are located, suggesting a possible directional dependence which could be partially attributed to the presence of the Sloan Great Wall and hinting to the need of a more careful investigation, including a wider set of low-redshift supernovae in different regions of the sky.

title: LTB universes as alternatives to dark energy: does positive averaged acceleration imply positive cosmic acceleration?
abstract: We show that positive averaged acceleration obtained in LTB models through spatial averaging can require integration over a region beyond the event horizon of the central observer. We provide an example of a LTB model with positive averaged acceleration in which the luminosity distance does not contain information about the entire spatially averaged region, making the averaged acceleration unobservable. Since the cosmic acceleration is obtained from fitting the observed luminosity distance to a FRW model we conclude that in general a positive averaged acceleration in LTB models does not imply a positive FRW cosmic acceleration.

title: Mimicking the cosmological constant for more than one observable with large scale inhomogeneities
abstract: Assuming the definition of the inversion problem (IP) as the exact matching of the terms in the low redshift expansion of cosmological observables calculated for different cosmological models, we solve the IP for D L (z) and the redshift spherical shell mass density mn(z) for a central observer in a Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) space without cosmological constant and a generic ACDM model. We show that the solution of the IP is unique, corresponds to a matter density profile which is not smooth at the center, and that the same conclusions can be reached expanding self-consistently to any order all the relevant quantities. Contrary to the case of a single observable inversion problem, it is impossible to solve the IP (LTB vs ACDM) for both mn(z) and D L ( Z ) while setting one of the two functions k(r) or t b (r) to zero, even allowing nonsmooth matter profiles. Our conclusions are general, since they are exclusively based on comparing directly physical observables in redshift space, and do not depend on any special ansatz or restriction for the functions defining a LTB model.

title: Low-redshift effects of local structure on the Hubble parameter in presence of a cosmological constant
abstract: In order to estimate the effects of a local structure on the Hubble parameter we calculate the low-redshift expansion for H(z) and $$\frac{\delta H}{H}$$δHH for an observer at the center of a spherically symmetric matter distribution in the presence of a cosmological constant. We then test the accuracy of the formulas comparing them with fully relativistic non-perturbative numerical calculations for different cases for the density profile. The low-redshift expansion we obtain gives results more precise than perturbation theory since it is based on the use of an exact solution of Einstein’s field equations. For larger density contrasts the low-redshift formulas accuracy improves respect to the perturbation theory accuracy because the latter is based on the assumption of a small density contrast, while the former does not rely on such an assumption. The formulas can be used to take into account the effects on the Hubble expansion parameter due to the monopole component of the local structure. If the H(z) observations will show deviations from the $$\Lambda CDM$$ΛCDM prediction compatible with the formulas we have derived, this could be considered an independent evidence of the existence of a local inhomogeneity, and the formulas could be used to determine the characteristics of this local structure.

title: Can inhomogeneities solve the horizon problem
abstract: We show how inhomogeneous cosmological models can naturally explain the large angle correlation we observe in the CMB (cosmological microwave background) radiation without invoking any inflationary stage, but simply considering the effects of inhomogeneities on the propagation of photons from the last scattering surface.

title: Corrections to the apparent value of the cosmological constant due to local inhomogeneities
abstract: Supernovae observations strongly support the presence of a cosmological constant, but its value, which we will call apparent, is normally determined assuming that the Universe can be accurately described by a homogeneous model. Even in the presence of a cosmological constant we cannot exclude nevertheless the presence of a small local inhomogeneity which could affect the apparent value of the cosmological constant. Neglecting the presence of the inhomogeneity can in fact introduce a systematic misinterpretation of cosmological data, leading to the distinction between an apparent and true value of the cosmological constant. We establish the theoretical framework to calculate the corrections to the apparent value of the cosmological constant by modeling the local inhomogeneity with a ΛLTB solution. Our assumption to be at the center of a spherically symmetric inhomogeneous matter distribution correspond to effectively calculate the monopole contribution of the large scale inhomogeneities surrounding us, which we expect to be the dominant one, because of other observations supporting a high level of isotropy of the Universe around us. By performing a local Taylor expansion we analyze the number of independent degrees of freedom which determine the local shape of the inhomogeneity, and consider the issue of central smoothness, showing how the same correction can correspond to different inhomogeneity profiles. Contrary to previous attempts to fit data using large void models our approach is quite general. The correction to the apparent value of the cosmological constant is in fact present for local inhomogeneities of any size, and should always be taken appropriately into account both theoretically and observationally.

title: Leptonic decays and kaon identification at the NA62 experiment at CERN
abstract: A study of the radiative leptonic K\(^+\) \(\rightarrow\) e\(^+\)v\(_e\) \(\gamma\) kaon decay is reported, using a partial sample of data collected by the NA62 experiment at CERN in 2007. The signal event selection, the study of trigger efficiencies and the measurement of form factors are presented. The main systematic uncertainties associated to the analysis are discussed and preliminary results on form factor parameters are obtained: 
 
V\(_0\) = 0.0946 \(\pm\) 0.0018\(_{stat}\) \(\pm\) 0.0170\(_{syst}\) 
\(\lambda\) = 0.521 \(\pm\) 0.055\(_{stat}\) \(\pm\) 0.052\(_{syst}\) 
 
with a statistical correlation between parameters of 0.94 and ~ 100% correlation between systematic errors. 
 
The outcome of a test run performed at CERN in October 2011 for the commissioning of a Cherenkov differential counter to be used for the charged kaon identification in the near-future NA62 research programme, is reported. The counter’s ability to distinguish between kaons and pions is validated by pressure scan results. Tests of various combinations of standard and new read-out technology and electronics are presented. The time resolution of the new photon detector technology (Hamamatsu R7400-U03 PMT) to be replaced for the detector upgrade in NA62 is measured: 
 
\(\sigma\)T =(251 \(\pm\)2)ps.