Distributed file system support for virtual machines in grid computing
This paper presents a data management solution which allows fast virtual machine (VM) instantiation and efficient run-time execution to support VMs as execution environments in grid computing. It is based on novel distributed file system virtualization techniques and is unique in that: 1) it provides on-demand access to VM state for unmodified VM monitors; 2) it supports user-level and write-back disk caches, per-application caching policies and middleware-driven consistency models; and 3) it supports the use of meta-data associated with files to expedite data transfers. The paper reports on its performance in a WAN setup using VMware-based VMs. Results show that the solution delivers performance over 30% better than native NFS and can bring application-perceived overheads below 10% relatively to a local disk setup. The solution also allows a VM with 1.6GB virtual disk and 320MB virtual memory to be cloned within 160 seconds when it is first instantiated (and within 25 seconds for subsequent clones).

title: A user-level secure grid file system
abstract: A grid-wide distributed file system provides convenient data access interfaces that facilitate fine-grained cross-domain data sharing and collaboration. However, existing widely-adopted distributed file systems do not meet the security requirements for grid systems. This paper presents a Secure Grid File System (SGFS) which supports GSI-based authentication and access control, end-to-end message privacy, and integrity. It employs user-level virtualization of NFS to provide transparent grid data access leveraging existing, unmodified clients and servers. It supports user and application-tailored security customization per SGFS session, and leverages secure management services to control and configure the sessions. The system conforms to the GSI grid security infrastructure and allows for seamless integration with other grid middleware. A SGFS prototype is evaluated with both file system benchmarks and typical applications, which demonstrates that it can achieve strong security with an acceptable overhead, and substantially outperform native NFS in wide-area environments by using disk caching.

title: On the Use of Virtualization and Service Technologies to Enable Grid-Computing
abstract: The In-VIGO approach to Grid-computing relies on the dynamic establishment of virtual grids on which application services are instantiated. In-VIGO was conceived to enable computational science to take place In Virtual Information Grid Organizations. Having its first version deployed on July of 2003, In-VIGO middleware is currently used by scientists from various disciplines, a noteworthy example being the computational nanoelectronics research community (http://www.nanohub.org). All components of an In-VIGO-generated virtual grid – machines, networks, applications and data – are themselves virtual and services are provided for their dynamic creation. This article reviews the In-VIGO approach to Grid-computing and overviews the associated middleware techniques and architectures for virtualizing Grid components, using services for creation of virtual grids and automatically Grid-enabling unmodified applications. The In-VIGO approach to the implementation of virtual networks and virtual application services are discussed as examples of Grid-motivated approaches to resource virtualization and Web-service creation.

title: Autonomic resource management in virtualized data centers using fuzzy logic-based approaches
abstract: Data centers, as resource providers, are expected to deliver on performance guarantees while optimizing resource utilization to reduce cost. Virtualization techniques provide the opportunity of consolidating multiple separately managed containers of virtual resources on underutilized physical servers. A key challenge that comes with virtualization is the simultaneous on-demand provisioning of shared physical resources to virtual containers and the management of their capacities to meet service-quality targets at the least cost. This paper proposes a two-level resource management system to dynamically allocate resources to individual virtual containers. It uses local controllers at the virtual-container level and a global controller at the resource-pool level. An important advantage of this two-level control architecture is that it allows independent controller designs for separately optimizing the performance of applications and the use of resources. Autonomic resource allocation is realized through the interaction of the local and global controllers. A novelty of the local controller designs is their use of fuzzy logic-based approaches to efficiently and robustly deal with the complexity and uncertainties of dynamically changing workloads and resource usage. The global controller determines the resource allocation based on a proposed profit model, with the goal of maximizing the total profit of the data center. Experimental results obtained through a prototype implementation demonstrate that, for the scenarios under consideration, the proposed resource management system can significantly reduce resource consumption while still achieving application performance targets.

title: Supporting application-tailored grid file system sessions with WSRF-based services
abstract: This paper presents novel service-based grid data management middleware that leverages standards defined by WSRF specifications to create and manage dynamic grid file system sessions. A unique aspect of the service is that the sessions it creates can be customized to address application data transfer needs. Application-tailored configurations enable selection of both performance-related features (block-based partial file transfers and/or whole-file transfers, cache parameters and consistency models) and reliability features (file system copy-on-write checkpointing to aid recovery of client-side failures; replication, autonomous failure detection and data access redirection for server-side failures). These enhancements, in addition to cross-domain user identity mapping and encrypted communication, are implemented via user level proxies managed by the service, requiring no changes to existing kernels. Sessions established using the service is mounted as distributed file systems and can be used transparently by unmodified binary applications. The paper analyzes the use of the service to support virtual machine based grid systems and workflow execution, and also reports on the performance and reliability of service managed wide-area file system sessions with experiments based on scientific applications (NanoMOS/Matlab, CHID, GAUSS and SPECseis).

title: Application-Tailored Cache Consistency for Wide-Area File Systems
abstract: The inability to perform optimizations based on application-specific information presents a hurdle to the deployment of pervasive LAN file systems across WAN environments. This paper proposes a novel approach addressing this problem through application-tailored caching and consistency in widearea file systems. It leverages widely available Network File System (NFS) deployments without any modifications to kernels nor applications, and employs middleware to dynamically establish Grid-wide Virtual File System (GVFS) sessions with application-tailored cache consistency. Two consistency models are discussed in this paper: a relaxed model based on invalidation polling, and a stronger model based on delegation and callback. Experimental evaluation based on microbenchmarks and scientific applications show that with application-tailored cache consistency, GVFS is able to both improve application runtimes and reduce server load significantly, compared to kernel-level NFS in WAN.

title: A computational method for outage probability exploiting spatial diversity without channel state information at transmitter
abstract: We consider a source-destination pair assisted by multiple decode-and-forward relays without channel state information at transmitter (CSIT). We investigate three schemes exploiting spatial diversity including multiple-relay cooperation (MR-Coop), conventional multiple-relay relaying (MR-Relay), and multiple-input-single-output (MISO). The total power is equally allocated to transmission partners without the knowledge of CSIT. Moreover it is practical for relays to decide whether or not to assist transmission with the knowledge of channel state information at receiver (CSIR). We then deal with a typical path loss exponent of 3, present the corresponding computational methods for outage probability. This method is based on characteristic coefficient, which is simpler than the existing methods which are based on calculating probability density function. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the validity of our analysis, and also show the cooperative scheme can effectively exploit multiple-channel diversity and path loss saving to combat the fading.

title: SNCC: A Selective Network-Coded Cooperation Scheme in Wireless Networks
abstract: Network-coded cooperation is a new communication paradigm that exploits spatial diversity by pooling distributed "communication" (relay) and also the distributed "computation" resources (coding) of different nodes in a network so as to increase wireless networks system performance. In this paper, we develop a selective network-coded cooperation (SNCC) scheme suitable for multiple unicast transmission pairs in a single-cell wireless network. The relay node performs network coding on received information from multiple sources before forwarding the network-coded data towards the corresponding destinations, which can decode their desired data from the network-coded data and the data they overhear from the other sources. The performance analysis and evaluation in terms of the single-pair outage probability and diversity-multiplexing tradeoff show that under SNCC any transmission pair achieves a full diversity order of M+1 (M is the number of available relays) while holding a better diversity-multiplexing tradeoff performance than existing cooperative cooperation schemes. Moreover, due to the mechanism that the relay adapts the data on which to perform network coding according to the observed source-to-relay channel quality, SNCC smartly avoids error propagation due to incorporating erroneous data into network-coded data, which is verified by numerical results of the single-pair outage probability.

title: Efficient Transmission Schemes for Multiuser MIMO-OFDM Downlink Systems in Time-Varying Channels
abstract: The performance of multiuser MIMO-OFDM downlink systems with block diagonalization (BD) depends on the accuracy of the channel state information (CSI) available at the transmitter (CSIT) to a great extent. In time-varying channels, the CSIT is always outdated due to an inherent time delay between the uplink channel estimation and the downlink data transmission in TDD systems. This will lead to drastic degradation in system capacity. In this paper, based on the analysis of the effect of the outdated CSIT on multiuser MIMO- OFDM downlink systems with BD method, two linear processing methods, BD with user selection at the transmitter and total MMSE decoder at the receiver (TBDUS-RTMMSE) and BD at the transmitter and partial MMSE decoder at the receiver (TBD-RPMMSE), are proposed to mitigate the effect. To fulfill them, a new pilot-sending architecture is introduced. Analysis and simulation results show that the two proposed methods can effectively reduce the impairment of the outdated CSIT and improve the system sum capacity in suitable time delay regions of the CSIT.

title: On the achievable outage probability of opportunistic relaying with decode-and-forward
abstract: Based on decode-and-forward strategy, we investigate the achievable outage probability of opportunistic relaying, in which there is a single source-destination transmission pair with the help of one of multiple relays. In two-hop scenario, based on adaptive decode-and forward strategy, the achievable diversity-multiplexing tradeoff with the knowledge of channel state amplitudes is analyzed. We show that opportunistic relaying has the same diversity-multiplexing tradeoff as the relaying with distributed space-time coding. We then present the expression in a closed form and find a suboptimal power allocation for the achievable outage probability of opportunistic relaying with decode-and-forward. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the validity of our analysis and the applicability of the optimum results to select a single ‘good’ relay.

title: Iterative Turbo Channel Estimation for OFDM System over Rapid Dispersive Fading Channel
abstract: Coherent OFDM detection requires accurate channel state information (CSI). Mobile radio channels are both time and frequency dispersive, especially at high vehicular speeds, which makes channel estimation a challenging problem in system design. Conventional preamble-based and pilot-aided channel estimation require numerous reference signals, which significantly compromises the system throughput. This paper proposes a novel low complexity iterative turbo channel estimation technique which makes use of preamble, pilots and soft decoded data information in an iterative fashion to improve the system performance over the time and frequency selective fading channel while maintaining the system throughput. The numerical and analytical results show that the proposed technique can approach the performance of systems with perfect CSI with much fewer preamble and pilots symbols compared to existing channel estimation methods.