Optimization of an X-ray SASE-FEL
The most important characteristics of an X-ray SASE-FEL are determined by the electron beam energy, transverse and longitudinal emittance, and by choice of the undulator period, field, and gap. Among them are the gain and saturation length, the amount and spectral characteristics of the spontaneous radiation, the wake fields due to the vacuum pipe. The spontaneous radiation intensity is very large in all X-ray SASE-FELs now being designed, and it contributes to the final electron beam energy spread, thus affecting the gain. It also produces a large background for the beam and radiation diagnostics instrumentation. The wake fields due to the resistivity and roughness of the beam pipe through the undulator, also affects the beam 6-dimensional phase space volume, and thus the gain and the line width. In this paper, we discuss ways to optimize the FEL when considering all these effects. In particular we consider and discuss the use of a hybrid iron-permanent magnet helical undulator to minimize some of these effects, and thus optimize the FEL design.

title: Long-range persistence of femtosecond modulations on laser-plasma-accelerated electron beams.
abstract: Laser plasma accelerators have produced femtosecond electron bunches with a relative energy spread ranging from 100% to a few percent. Simulations indicate that the measured energy spread can be dominated by a correlated spread, with the slice spread significantly lower. Measurements of coherent optical transition radiation are presented for broad-energy-spread beams with laser-induced density and momentum modulations. The long-range (meter-scale) observation of coherent optical transition radiation indicates that the slice energy spread is below the percent level to preserve the modulations.

title: High Quality Electron Bunches up to 1 GeV from Laser Wakefield Acceleration at LBNL
abstract: Experiments at the LOASIS laboratory of LBNL have demonstrated production of 100 MeV to 1 GeV electron bunches with low energy spread and low divergence from laser wakefield acceleration. The radiation pressure of a 10 TW laser pulse, guided over 10 diffraction ranges by a few‐mm long plasma density channel, was used to drive an intense plasma wave (wakefield), producing electron bunches with energies on the order of 100 MeV and acceleration gradients on the order of 100 GV/m. Beam energy was increased from 100 MeV to 1 GeV by using a few‐cm long guiding channel at lower density, driven by a 40 TW laser, demonstrating the anticipated scaling to higher beam energies. Particle simulations indicate that the low energy spread beams were produced from self‐trapped electrons through the interplay of trapping, loading, and dephasing. Other experiments and simulations are also underway to control injection of particles into the wake, and hence improve beam quality and stability further.

title: Design considerations for a laser‐plasma linear collider
abstract: Design considerations for a next‐generation electron‐positron linear collider based on laser‐plasma‐accelerators are discussed. Several of the advantages and challenges of laser‐plasma‐based accelerator technology are addressed. An example of the parameters for a 1 TeV laser‐plasma‐based collider is presented.

title: Generation of single pulse particle beams in a plasma channel by laser injection in laser wakefield accelerators
abstract: A laser injection mechanism that generates a single pulse, high quality beam is described. In the past, different all-optical injection schemes for the generation of ultrashort electron bunches were proposed. A very promising scheme proposed by E. Esarey [E. Esarey, R.F. Hubbard, W.P. Leemans A. Ting and P. Sprangle,"  (1997)] uses the collision of two counterpropagation laser pulses to inject particles. However, the results of ours 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have shown that in addition to the bunch created by pulse collision, a train of pulses is also generated by a different mechanism. In this paper we show that is possible to achieve a single pulse, high quality beam if the generation of the plasma wakefield takes place in a channel and particles are injected by a phase-kick mechanism [J. Cary at this conference]. We have performed 2D PIC simulations of our proposed injection scheme using the code VORPAL [C. Nieter at this conference]. We have obtained a high quality 11 MeV., 6 fs. single electron bunch with energy spread of 4% and emittance of 0.01/spl pi/ - mm - mrad.

title: Mono-Energetic Beams from Laser Plasma Interactions
abstract: A laser driven wakefield accelerator has been tuned to produce high energy electron bunches with low emittance and energy spread by extending the interaction length using a plasma channel. Wakefield accelerators support gradients thousands of times those achievable in RF accelerators, but short acceleration distance, limited by diffraction, has resulted in low energy beams with 100% electron energy spread. In the present experiments on the L’OASIS laser, the relativistically intense drive pulse was guided over 10 diffraction ranges by a plasma channel. At a drive pulse power of 9 TW, electrons were trapped from the plasma and beams of percent energy spread containing > 200 pC charge above 80 MeV and with normalized emittance estimated at < 2 π-mm-mrad were produced. Data and simulations (VORPAL code) show the high quality bunch was formed when beam loading turned off injection after initial trapping, and when the particles were extracted as they dephased from the wake. Up to 4 TW was guided without trapping, potentially providing a platform for controlled injection. The plasma channel technique forms the basis of a new class of accelerators, with high gradients and high beam quality.

title: Equation of state in ( 2+1 )-flavor QCD
abstract: We present results for the equation of state in (2 + 1)-flavor QCD using the highly improved staggered quark action and lattices with temporal extent N tau = 6, 8, 10, and 12. We show that these data can be reliably extrapolated to the continuum limit and obtain a number of thermodynamic quantities and the speed of sound in the temperature range 130-400 MeV. We compare our results with previous calculations and provide an analytic parameterization of the pressure, from which other thermodynamic quantities can be calculated, for use in phenomenology. We show that the energy density in the crossover region, 145 MeV <= T <= 163 MeV, defined by the chiral transition, is epsilon(c) = (0.18-0.5) GeV/fm(3), i.e., (1.2-3.1) epsilon(nuclear). At high temperatures, we compare our results with resummed and dimensionally reduced perturbation theory calculations. As a byproduct of our analyses, we obtain the values of the scale parameters r(0) from the static quark potential and w(0) from the gradient flow.

title: New Higgs physics from the lattice
abstract: We report the first results from our comprehensive lattice to ol set to explore non-perturbative aspects of Higgs physics in the Standard Model. We demonstrate in Higgs-Yukawa models that Higgs mass lower bounds and upper bounds can be determined in lattice simulations when triviality requires the necessity of a finite cutoff to maintain n on-zero interactions. The vacuum instability problem is investigated and the lattice approa ch is compared with the traditional renormalization group procedure which sets similar goals to corr elate lower and upper Higgs mass bounds with the scale of new physics. A novel feature of our lattice simulations is the use of Ginsparg-Wilson fermions to represent the effects of Top quark loops in Higgs dynamics. The need for chiral lattice fermions is discussed and the approa ch is extended to full Top-Higgs-QCD dynamics. We also report results from our large NF analysis of Top-Higgs Yukawa models to gain analytic insight and to verify our new lattice tool set which is deployed in the simulations. The role of non-perturbative lattice studies to investigate he avy Higgs particle scenarios is illustrated in extensions of the Standard Model.

title: Lattice QCD thermodynamics in the presence of the charm quark
abstract: We present an update on the 2 + 1 flavor QCD equation of state of the Wuppertal–Budapest Collaboration, extending our previous studies to finer lattice spacings and providing a continuum extrapolation of the trace anomaly. A Symanzik improved gauge and a stout-link improved staggered fermion action is utilized. We also present preliminary results for the fully dynamical charmed equation of state.

title: Chiral symmetry breaking in nearly conformal gauge theories
abstract: We present new results on chiral symmetry breaking in nearly conformal gauge theories with fermions in the fundamental representation of the SU(3) color gauge group. The number of fermion flavors is varied in an extended range below the conformal window with chiral symmetry breaking ($\chi{\rm SB}$) for all flavors between $N_f=4$ and $N_f=12$. To identify $\chi{\rm SB}$ we apply several methods which include, within the framework of chiral perturbation theory, the analysis of the Goldstone spectrum in the p-regime and the spectrum of the fermion Dirac operator with eigenvalue distributions of random matrix theory in the $\eps$-regime. Chiral condensate enhancement is observed with increasing $N_f$ when the electroweak symmetry breaking scale $F$ is held fixed in technicolor language. Important finite-volume consistency checks from the theoretical understanding of the $SU(N_f)$ rotator spectrum of the $\delta$-regime are discussed. We also consider these gauge theories at $N_f=16$ inside the conformal window. The importance of understanding finite volume, zero momentum gauge field dynamics inside the conformal window is pointed out. Staggered lattice fermions with supressed taste breaking are used throughout the simulations.

title: Nearly conformal gauge theories in finite volume
abstract: We report new results on nearly conformal gauge theories with fermions in the fundamental representation of the SU ( 3 ) color gauge group as the number of fermion flavors is varied in the N f = 4 – 16 range. To unambiguously identify the chirally broken phase below the conformal window we apply a comprehensive lattice tool set in finite volumes which includes the test of Goldstone pion dynamics, the spectrum of the fermion Dirac operator, and eigenvalue distributions of random matrix theory. We also discuss the theory inside the conformal window and present our first results on the running of the renormalized gauge coupling and the renormalization group beta function. The importance of understanding finite volume zero momentum gauge field dynamics inside the conformal window is illustrated. Staggered lattice fermions are used throughout the calculations.