NEXT LINEAR COLLIDER TEST ACCELERATOR INJECTOR DESIGN AND STATUS
The Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) being built at SLAC will integrate the new technologies of X-band accelerator structures and RF systems for the Next Linear Collider, demonstrate multibunch beam-loading energy compensation and suppression of higher-order deflecting modes, measure transverse components of the accelerating field, and measure the dark current generated by RF field emission in the accelerator Injector design and simulation results for the NLCTA injector are discussed.

title: 50 MW X-BAND RF SYSTEM FOR A PHOTOINJECTOR TEST STATION AT LLNL
abstract: In support of X-band photoinjector development efforts at LLNL, a 50 MW test station is being constructed to investigate structure and photocathode optimization for future upgrades. A SLAC XL-4 klystron capable of generating 50 MW, 1.5 microsecond pulses will be the high power RF source for the system. Timing of the laser pulse on the photocathode with the applied RF field places very stringent requirements on phase jitter and drift. To achieve these requirements, the klystron will be powered by a state of the art, solid-state, high voltage modulator. The 50 MW will be divided between the photoinjector and a traveling wave accelerator section. A high power phase shifter is located between the photoinjector and accelerator section to adjust the phasing of the electron bunches with respect to the accelerating field. A variable attenuator is included on the input of the photoinjector. The distribution system including the various x-band components is being designed and constructed. In this paper, we will present the design, layout, and status of the RF system.

title: RF POWER SOURCES FOR LINEAR COLLIDERS
abstract: The next generation of linear colliders requires peak power sources of over 200 MW per meter at frequencies above 10 GHz at pulse widths of less than 100 nsec. Several power sources are under active development, including a conventional klystron with rf pulse compression, a relativistic klystron (RK) and a crossed-field amplifier. Power from one of these has energized a 0.5 meter two- section High Gradient Accelerator (HGA) and accelerated a beam at over 80 MeV meter. Results of tests with these experimental devices are presented here.

title: Modeling and design of an X-band rf photoinjector
abstract: A design for an X-band rf photoinjector that was developed jointly by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is presented. The photoinjector is based around a 5.59 cell rf gun that has state-of-the-art features including: elliptical contoured irises; improved mode separation; an optimized initial half cell length; a racetrack input coupler; and coupling that balances pulsed heating with cavity fill time. Radio-frequency and beam dynamics modeling have been done using a combination of codes including PARMELA, HFSS, IMPACT-T, ASTRA, and the ACE3P suite of codes developed at SLAC. The impact of lower gradient operation, magnet misalignment, solenoid multipole errors, beam offset, mode beating, wakefields, and beam line symmetry have been analyzed and are described. Fabrication and testing plans at both LLNL and SLAC are discussed.

title: Measurements of Ultimate Accelerating Gradients in the SLAC Disk-Loaded Structure
abstract: The work reported here describes measurements made to study the maximum attainable accelerating gradients in a conventional SLAC disk-loaded accelerator section of the constant-gradient type running at 2856 MHz. The objective was to reach an accelerating gradient of at least 100 MV/m. The accelerating gradient at which the SLAC disk-loaded waveguide runs routinely is approx. 9 MV/m (36 MW tubes without SLED) and approx. 12 MV/m with SLED I (2.5 ..mu..sec pulse). To reach 100 MV/m in a conventional 3 m constant-gradient section, one would need a klystron with a peak power output of 900 MW. since such a tube is not available, we decided to use a short standing-wave section in which the resonant fields would be allowed to build up. The design criteria for this section, the fabrication, matching and tuning, the experimental set-up and the results are described below.

title: MANIFOLD DAMPING OF WAKEFIELDS IN HIGH PHASE ADVANCE LINACS FOR THE NLC
abstract: Earlier RDDS (Rounded Damped Detuned Structures) , designed, fabricated and tested at SLAC, in collaboration with KEK, have been shown to damp wakefields successfully. However, electrical breakdown has been found to occur in these structures and this makes them inoperable at the desired gradient. Recent results  indicate that lowering the group velocity of the accelerating mode reduces electrical breakdown events. In order to preserve the filling time of each structure a high synchronous phase advance (150 degrees as opposed to 120 used in previous NLC designs) has been chosen. Here, damping of the wakefield is analyzed. Manifold damping and interleaving of structure cell frequencies is discussed. These wakefields impose alignment tolerances on the cells and on the structure as a whole. Tolerance calculations are performed and these are compared with analytic estimations.

title: Evidence for Rapidly Spinning Black Holes in Quasars
abstract: It has long been believed that accretion onto supermassive black holes powers quasars, but there are still relatively few observational constraints on the spins of the black holes. We address this problem by estimating the average radiative efficiencies of a large sample of quasars selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, by combining their luminosity function and their black hole mass function. Over the redshift interval 0.4 < z < 2.1, we find that quasars have average radiative efficiencies of ~30%-35%, strongly suggesting that their black holes are rotating very rapidly, with specific angular momentum a ≈ 1, a value that remains roughly constant with redshift. The average radiative efficiency could be reduced by a factor of ~2, depending on the adopted zero point for the black hole mass scale. The inferred large spins and their lack of significant evolution are in agreement with the predictions of recent semianalytical models of hierarchical galaxy formation if black holes gain most of their mass through accretion.

title: Results from the CLIC X-Band Structure Test Program at NLCTA *
abstract: As part of a SLAC-CERN-KEK collaboration on high gradient X-band structure research, several prototype structures for the CLIC linear collider study have been tested using two of the high power (300 MW) X-band rf stations in the NLCTA facility at SLAC. These structures differ in terms of their fabrication (brazed disks and clamped quadrants), gradient profile (amount by which the gradient increases along the structure, which optimizes efficiency and maximizes sustainable gradient) and HOM damping (use of slots or waveguides to rapidly dissipate dipole mode energy). The CLIC goal in the next few years is to demonstrate the feasibility of a CLIC-ready baseline design and to investigate alternatives that could increase efficiency. This paper summarizes the high gradient test results from NLCTA in support of this effort.

title: Measurement of wakefields generated in accelerator test structures using the SLC
abstract: Research is underway at SLAC to develop accelerator structures for the next generation linear collider. An important feature of the design is a detuning of the dipole moddes -of the cells to suppress the long-range transverse wakefield bptwo orders of magnitude. This paper describes a facility, called ASSET, that will be incorporated into the SLAC Linear Collider (SLC) to test the long-range wakefield suppression and also to measure the other components of the wakefields generated in accelerator test structures. _- 1 INTRGDUCTION The-designs being considered at SLAC for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) employ multi-bunch operation in a high acceleration -gradient X-band linac. The limitations in this _ __ approach come in part from the transverse and longitudinal wakefields generated in the accelerator structures of the linac. A particularly troublesome problem is the long-range transverse wakefield, -which if not controlled, will produce a large growth in the transverse motion of the bunches. The .currently favored cure for this problem is to detune the dipole mode frequencies of the cells of the structures so the sum of the wakefields generated in each structure decohere (l). Since a two orders of magnitude reduction is required, and the theoretical calculations of the suppression (2) have some uncertainty, it is important that the performance of the structures be verified before they are produced for use in an accelerator. Thus far, measurements of the wakefield suppression have been made on short-length detuned structures at Argonne's Advanced Accelerator Test Facility (3). Although the results look promising, this facility currently does not have the measurement precision required for the NLC structures being developed, nor the capability of measuring the wakefields beyond a few ns compared to the few hundred ns needed. In the future, the plan is to do the measurements at SLAC with a dedicated facility called the Accelerator Structure SETup or ASSET (4). It exploits the "asset" of the-SLC in its capability to independently inject two low emittance bunches (electrons and positrons) into the linac with individual control of the bunch timing and intensity. The layout for. ASSET. is shown in figure 1. It is divided into two sect*3 that.will take the place of the first two 3

title: Determination of the Topology Skeleton of Magnetic Fields in a Solar Active Region
abstract: Magnetic topology has been a key to the understanding of magnetic energy release mechanism. Based on observed vector magnetograms, we have determined the three-dimensional (3D) topology skeleton of the magnetic fields in the active region NOAA 10720. The skeleton consists of six 3D magnetic nulls and a network of corresponding spines, fans, and null-null lines. For the first time, we have identified a spiral magnetic null in Sun's corona. The magnetic lines of force twisted around the spine of the null, forming a `magnetic wreath' with excess of free magnetic energy and resembling observed brightening structures at extra-ultraviolet (EUV) wavebands. We found clear evidence of topology eruptions which are referred to as catastrophic changes of topology skeleton associated with a coronal mass ejection (CME) and an explosive X-ray flare. These results shed new lights on the structural complexity and its role in explosive magnetic activity. The concept of flux rope has been widely used in modelling explosive magnetic activity, although their observational identity is rather obscure or, at least, lacking of necessary details up to date. We suggest that the magnetic wreath associated with the 3D spiral null is likely an important class of the physical entity of flux ropes.

title: Excitation energy as a basic variable to control nuclear disassembly

abstract: Thermodynamical features of Xe system is investigated as functions of temperature and freeze-out density in the frame of lattice gas model. The calculation shows different temperature dependence of physical observables at different freeze-out density. In this case, the critical temperature when the phase transition takes place depends on the freeze-out density. However, a unique critical excitation energy %and the same excitation reveals regardless of freeze-out density when the excitation energy is used as a variable instead of temperature. Moreover, the different behavior of other physical observables with temperature due to different ρf vanishes when excitation energy replaces temperature. It indicates that the excitation energy can be seen as a more basic quantity to control nuclear disassembly.