Development of characterization techniques for X-band accelerator structures
The recent effort to develop accelerator structures for the Next Linear Collider (NLC), requires an accompanying development of accurate and efficient techniques to characterize these structures at different phases of development. At SLAC, we have been developing different microwave techniques to verify predictions from computer simulations in the design phase, to insure that the machined cells are within the design tolerances, and finally, to confirm overall RF performance of the completed structure. For this final test, a semi-automated system was built to implement the bead-pulling technique under traveling-wave conditions. This technique maps the phase and amplitude of the axial electric field along the structure.

title: Measurements of Ultimate Accelerating Gradients in the SLAC Disk-Loaded Structure
abstract: The work reported here describes measurements made to study the maximum attainable accelerating gradients in a conventional SLAC disk-loaded accelerator section of the constant-gradient type running at 2856 MHz. The objective was to reach an accelerating gradient of at least 100 MV/m. The accelerating gradient at which the SLAC disk-loaded waveguide runs routinely is approx. 9 MV/m (36 MW tubes without SLED) and approx. 12 MV/m with SLED I (2.5 ..mu..sec pulse). To reach 100 MV/m in a conventional 3 m constant-gradient section, one would need a klystron with a peak power output of 900 MW. since such a tube is not available, we decided to use a short standing-wave section in which the resonant fields would be allowed to build up. The design criteria for this section, the fabrication, matching and tuning, the experimental set-up and the results are described below.

title: Modeling and design of an X-band rf photoinjector
abstract: A design for an X-band rf photoinjector that was developed jointly by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is presented. The photoinjector is based around a 5.59 cell rf gun that has state-of-the-art features including: elliptical contoured irises; improved mode separation; an optimized initial half cell length; a racetrack input coupler; and coupling that balances pulsed heating with cavity fill time. Radio-frequency and beam dynamics modeling have been done using a combination of codes including PARMELA, HFSS, IMPACT-T, ASTRA, and the ACE3P suite of codes developed at SLAC. The impact of lower gradient operation, magnet misalignment, solenoid multipole errors, beam offset, mode beating, wakefields, and beam line symmetry have been analyzed and are described. Fabrication and testing plans at both LLNL and SLAC are discussed.

title: RF POWER SOURCES FOR LINEAR COLLIDERS
abstract: The next generation of linear colliders requires peak power sources of over 200 MW per meter at frequencies above 10 GHz at pulse widths of less than 100 nsec. Several power sources are under active development, including a conventional klystron with rf pulse compression, a relativistic klystron (RK) and a crossed-field amplifier. Power from one of these has energized a 0.5 meter two- section High Gradient Accelerator (HGA) and accelerated a beam at over 80 MeV meter. Results of tests with these experimental devices are presented here.

title: MANIFOLD DAMPING OF WAKEFIELDS IN HIGH PHASE ADVANCE LINACS FOR THE NLC
abstract: Earlier RDDS (Rounded Damped Detuned Structures) , designed, fabricated and tested at SLAC, in collaboration with KEK, have been shown to damp wakefields successfully. However, electrical breakdown has been found to occur in these structures and this makes them inoperable at the desired gradient. Recent results  indicate that lowering the group velocity of the accelerating mode reduces electrical breakdown events. In order to preserve the filling time of each structure a high synchronous phase advance (150 degrees as opposed to 120 used in previous NLC designs) has been chosen. Here, damping of the wakefield is analyzed. Manifold damping and interleaving of structure cell frequencies is discussed. These wakefields impose alignment tolerances on the cells and on the structure as a whole. Tolerance calculations are performed and these are compared with analytic estimations.

title: 50 MW X-BAND RF SYSTEM FOR A PHOTOINJECTOR TEST STATION AT LLNL
abstract: In support of X-band photoinjector development efforts at LLNL, a 50 MW test station is being constructed to investigate structure and photocathode optimization for future upgrades. A SLAC XL-4 klystron capable of generating 50 MW, 1.5 microsecond pulses will be the high power RF source for the system. Timing of the laser pulse on the photocathode with the applied RF field places very stringent requirements on phase jitter and drift. To achieve these requirements, the klystron will be powered by a state of the art, solid-state, high voltage modulator. The 50 MW will be divided between the photoinjector and a traveling wave accelerator section. A high power phase shifter is located between the photoinjector and accelerator section to adjust the phasing of the electron bunches with respect to the accelerating field. A variable attenuator is included on the input of the photoinjector. The distribution system including the various x-band components is being designed and constructed. In this paper, we will present the design, layout, and status of the RF system.

title: Observation of $B^+_c \rightarrow J/\psi D_s^+$ and $B^+_c \rightarrow J/\psi D_s^{*+}$ decays
abstract: The decays $B^+_c \rightarrow J/\psi D_s^+$ and $B^+_c \rightarrow J/\psi D_s^{*+}$ are observed for the first time using a dataset, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3$fb^{-1}$, collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of $\sqrt{s}$=7 and 8 TeV. The statistical significance for both signals is in excess of 9 standard deviations. The following ratios of branching fractions are measured to be $BR(B^+_c \rightarrow J/\psi D_s^+)/BR(B^+_c \rightarrow J/\psi \pi+) = 2.90 \pm 0.57 \pm 0.24$, $BR(B^+_c \rightarrow J/\psi D_s^{*+}) / BR (B^+_c \rightarrow J/\psi D_s^+) = 2.37 \pm 0.56 \pm 0.10$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The mass of the \Bc meson is measured to be $m_{B^+_c} = 6276.28 \pm 1.44 (stat) \pm 0.36(syst) MeV/c^2$, using the $B^+_c \rightarrow J/\psi D_s^+$ decay mode.

title: Direct evidence for neutrino flavor transformation from neutral-current interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory.
abstract: Observations of neutral-current nu interactions on deuterium in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are reported. Using the neutral current (NC), elastic scattering, and charged current reactions and assuming the standard 8B shape, the nu(e) component of the 8B solar flux is phis(e) = 1.76(+0.05)(-0.05)(stat)(+0.09)(-0.09)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1) for a kinetic energy threshold of 5 MeV. The non-nu(e) component is phi(mu)(tau) = 3.41(+0.45)(-0.45)(stat)(+0.48)(-0.45)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1), 5.3sigma greater than zero, providing strong evidence for solar nu(e) flavor transformation. The total flux measured with the NC reaction is phi(NC) = 5.09(+0.44)(-0.43)(stat)(+0.46)(-0.43)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1), consistent with solar models.

title: X-ray Constraints on the Lyman-Alpha Escape Fraction
abstract: We have coadded X-ray flux of all known Lyman Alpha Emitters (LAEs) in the 4 Msec Chandra Deep Field South (CDF-S) region, to place sensitive upper limits on the average unobscured star-formation rate (SFR_X) in these galaxies. A very small fraction of Lyman-Alpha galaxies in the field are individually detected in the X-rays, implying a low fraction of AGN activity. After excluding the few X-ray detected LAEs, we stack the undetected LAEs located in the 4 Ms CDF-S data and 250 ks Extended CDF-S (ECDFS) data, and compute a 1-\sigma upper limit on SFR_X 14% (84 % confidence level, 1-\sigma lower limit) for LAEs at redshift z ~ 2.1 and z ~ 3.1-3.2. At z > 4, the current LAE samples are not of sufficient size to constrain SFR_X well. By averaging all the LAEs at z> 2, the X-ray non-detection constrains f(Lyman-Alpha Escape) > 17% (84 % confidence level, 1-\sigma lower limit), and rejects f(Lyman-Alpha Escape) < 5.7% at the 99.87% confidence level from 2.1 < z < 6.5.

title: AUTOMATED MICROWAVE LOW POWER TESTING TECHNIQUES FOR
abstract: As part of the Next Linear Collider (NLC) collaboration, the NLC structures group at Fermilab has started an R&D program to fabricate NLC accelerator structures in cooperation with commercial companies in order to prepare for mass production of RF structures. To build the Next Linear Collider, thousands accelerator structures containing a million cells are needed. Our primary goal is to explore the feasibility of making these structures in an industrial environment. On the other hand the structure mass production requires industrialized microwave quality control techniques to characterize these structures at different stages of production as efficiently as possible. We developed several automated set-ups based on different RF techniques that are mutually complementary address this problem.

title: Accelerator Structure Development for NLC / GLC *
abstract: The NLC (Next Linear Collider) and GLC (Global Linear Collider)  are e e linear collider proposals based on room-temperature accelerator technology – so called “warm machines” in comparison with the TESLA “cold machine” that is based on superconducting accelerator technology. There have been two major challenges in developing X-band (11.4 GHz) accelerator structures for the GLC/NLC. The first is to demonstrate stable, long-term operation at the high gradient (65 MV/m) that is required to optimize the machine cost. The second is to strongly suppress the beam induced long-range wakefields, which is required to achieve high luminosity. The development of high gradient structures has been a high priority in recent years. Nearly thirty X-band structures with various rf parameters, cavity shapes and coupler types have been fabricated and tested since 2000. This program has been a successful collaborative effort among groups at SLAC, KEK, FNAL and other labs. A summary of the main achievements and experiences are presented in this paper as well as a status report on the structure design, high power performance, manufacturing techniques, and other structure related issues.