Explosive field emitter processing in superconducting rf cavities
Superconducting niobium radiofrequency cavities for e + e accelerators presently are limited to accelerating gradients of 25 MV/m — far less than their theoretical capability of 50 MV/m. Field emission presents the main impediment to higher gradients. In many cases, in situ high-pulsed-power processing is used to explode emission sites (rf processing), thereby improving the cavity performance. Thermometric and microscopic results summarized here are used to develop a qualitative theory of the events leading up to rf processing. It is demonstrated that the ionization of gases from the emitter is crucial to the initiation of the explosion, similar to past observations made with dc emitters. This fact is underscored by the examination of emitters processed with intentionally administered helium gas in the cavity (helium processing). Numerical simulations of rf processing, including the ionization of gases by the field emission current, illustrate the conditions required for emitter explosion, and they confirm the importance of a plasma during such events. Most importantly, the calculations demonstrate that the positive space charge of the ions enhances the field emission current, and that the production of ions is a self amplifying process. A runaway situation can ensue, which explains the submicrosecond rf processing times observed experimentally. The rapid release of monolayer surface adsorbates at the emission site, in particular, can play a critical role in initiating voltage breakdown.

title: FABRICATION , TREATMENT AND TESTING OF A 1 . 6 CELL PHOTO- INJECTOR CAVITY FOR HZB
abstract: As an amendment to a CRADA (Cooperative Research and Development Agreement) between Forschungszentrum Dresden (FZD) and JLab we have fabricated and tested after appropriate surface treatment a 1.6 cell, 1300 MHz RRR niobium photo-injector cavity to be used in a demonstration test at HZB. Following a baseline test at JLab, the cavity received a lead spot coating of ~8 mm diameter deposited with a cathode arc at the Soltan Institute on the endplate made from large grain niobium. It had been demonstrated in earlier tests with a DESY built 1.6 cell cavity – the original design – that a lead spot of this size can be a good electron source, when irradiated with a laser light of 213 nm. In the initial test with the lead spot we could measure a peak surface electric field of ~29 MV/m; after a second surface treatment, carried out to improve the cavity performance, but which was not done with sufficient precaution, the lead spot was destroyed and the cavity had to be coated a second time. This contribution reports about the experiences and results obtained with this cavity.

title: EUROFEL: Europe Tackles Key Issues of Free Electron Lasers
abstract: During the last few years Europe has made enormous progress towards free electron laser (FEL)-based research infrastructures. The FLASH facility  at DESY in Hamburg, Germany, has been in user operation since the summer of 2005; FERMI@Elettra  in Trieste, Italy, is under construction; the European XFEL  in Hamburg will start construction in summer 2008; and several other FEL projects are being prepared in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. In addition, a number of dedicated test facilities have become available, including the photo-injector test facility (PITZ)  and the cryomodule test bench (CMTB)  at DESY, the HoBiCaT facility for testing superconducting cavities [6] at BESSY, Berlin, Germany, the SPARC facility [7] at INFN-LNF in Frascati, Italy, and the ERL Prototype (ERLP)  at Daresbury Laboratory, UK. They have been strongly supported by the national stakeholders in order to prepare the design of new FEL sources.

title: First Considerations Concerning an Optimized Cavity Design for the Main Linac of BERLinPro
abstract: The Berlin Energy Recovery Linac Project (BERLinPro) is designed to develop and demonstrate CW linac technology and expertise required to drive next-generation Energy Recovery Linacs. Strongly HOM-damped multicell 1.3 GHz cavities are required for the main linac. The optimization of the cavities presented here is primarily based on the CEBAF 1.5 GHz 5-cell high-current cavity design, including HOM waveguide couplers. The cavity was scaled to 1.3 GHz and extended to 7 cells. Modifications to the end group design have also been studied. An effort was also made to reduce the ratio Epk/Eacc while still permitting HOMs to propagate.

title: First Demonstration of Electron Beam Generation and Characterization with an All Superconducting Radio-frequency (SRF) Photoinjector
abstract: In preparation for a high brightness, high average current electron source for the energy recovery linac BERLinPro an all superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) photoinjector is now in operation at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. The aim of this experiment is beam demonstration with a high brightness electron source able to generate short, few ps long pulse length electron bunches from a superconducting (SC) cathode film made of Pb coated on the backplane of a Nb SRF cavity. This paper describes the setup of the experiment, first results from beam measurements and capabilities of the source derived from beam dynamics considerations. In April 2011 the photoinjector generated and accelerated for the first time electron beam. This result marks the highlight of the project running for two years starting with project approval in May 2009.

title: CHARACTERISATION OF MICROPHONICS IN HOBICAT
abstract: The HoBiCaT test-facility at BESSY, which is designed for cryogenic testing of superconducting TESLA units has been equipped with a 9-cell TESLA-type cavity. Mechanical vibrations in the cryostat result in microphonic detuning of the cavity resonance. These microphonics have been characterized, and their sources analyzed, including the impact of operating conditions such as LHe pressure, cavity field and heater power. Furthermore, the mechanical transfer functions needed for the eventual compensation of the microphonics have been recorded.  CW operation of a superconducting, TESLA-type cavity microphonics represent the largest disturbance of the resonant frequency. In particular at a small bandwidth Δf = ω/QL, according to the equation P ∝ 1 + (δf) 2 (Δf)2 (1) the microphonics δf lead to a significant increase of the generator power P, which is required to maintain a constant cavity field. Therefore it is highly desirable to minimize the microphonics. Measurements characterizing the microphonics and their impact on the cavity operation are presented below. The perspectives on possible countermeasures are described elsewhere [1]. MICROPHONICS MEASUREMENTS Microphonics have been recorded in two different ways. In a first method, the RF-feedback signal, see Figure 1, is recorded over time. This is preferably done in open loop configuration, because obtaining a calibration factor is more straightforward here, than in closed loop configuration. A second method utilizes the sensor-actuator design of the piezo tuner to record the induced piezoelectric voltage over time. In this design, two high-voltage piezos are attached to the tuner, thus piezoelectric forces can be exercised on the cavity and measured simultaneously. The latter is only an indirect method, as the mechanical influence from cavity and tank on the frequency response does not necessarily lead to a linear relationship between cavityand piezo position. The results presented here were solely obtained from the RF-feedback signal. ∗Work funded by the European Commission in the Sixth Framework Program, contract No.

title: Comparison of moments from the valence structure function with QCD predictions
abstract: We present moments (both ordinary and Nachtmann) of the nucleon valence structure function measured in high Q 2 ν FE scattering, supplemented by data from deep inelastic eD scattering. These data seem to agree with QCD predictions for vector gluons. The QCD parameter Λ is found to be of the order 0.5 GeV.

title: Search For Neutral Higgs Bosons From Supersymmetry In Z-decays
abstract: The light scalar Higgs boson h and the pseudoscalar Higgs boson A of the minimal supersymmetric standard model have been searched for in the processes e+e−→hff and e+e−→hA using data collected by ALEPH at the LEP e+e− collider, with center of mass energies at and near the Z peak. Using a variety of signatures adapted to various mass ranges for h and A, we have excluded a large domain in the parameter space. For large values of ν2ν1, the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two Higgs fields, the whole range from 0 to 38.8 GeV is excluded for Mh and MA at 95% CL.

title: Charged-particle multiplicities inppinteractions measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
abstract: (2011) 053033 (68pp) Received 22 December 2010 Published 19 May 2011 Online at http://www.njp.org/ doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/5/053033 Measurements √ are presented from proton–proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of s = 0.9, 2.36 and 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events were collected using a single-arm minimum- bias trigger. The charged-particle multiplicity, its dependence on transverse momentum and pseudorapidity and the relationship between the mean transverse momentum and charged-particle multiplicity are measured. Measurements in different regions of phase space are shown, providing diffraction-reduced measurements as well as more inclusive ones. The observed distributions are corrected to well-defined phase-space regions, using model-independent corrections. The results are compared to each other and to various Monte Carlo (MC) models, including a new AMBT1 pythia6 tune. In all the kinematic regions considered, the particle multiplicities are higher than predicted by the MC models. The central charged-particle multiplicity per event and unit of pseudorapidity, for tracks √ with p T > 100 MeV, is measured to be 3.483 ± 0.009 (stat) (syst) at s = 0.9 TeV and 5.630 ± 0.003 (stat) ± 0.169 (syst) at s = 7 TeV. Abstract. New Journal of Physics 13 (2011) 053033  Content may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation and DOI.

title: Z production cross sections and lepton pair forward-backward asymmetries
abstract: Precise values of theZ resonance cross sections and lepton pair forward-backward asymmetries are measured from a sample of 1.3 millionZ decays into hadrons and charged leptons taken with the ALEPH detector at LEP. A silicon-tungsten luminosity calorimeter was installed in ALEPH in 1992, permitting the determination of the absolute luminosity to a systematic precision of 0.15% (experimental) and 0.25% (theoretical). This is combined with a better understanding of the hadronic event selection and an improved tau pair selection. Including the ALEPH results of the past three years one obtains σh0 =(41.60±0.16) nb, andRl=20.69±0.09. The corresponding number of light neutrino species isNv =2.983±0.034. The lepton pair forward-backward asymmetry is used to derive the ratio of vector to axial-vector couplings of leptons:gV2(MZ2)/gA2(MZ2)=0.0058 ±0.0011. An application of these results to constrain one model with extraZ bosons is presented.

title: Inclusive production of neutral vector mesons in hadronic Z decays
abstract: Data on the inclusive production of the neutral vector mesonsρ0(770),ω(782), K*0(892), andφ(1020) in hadronic Z decays recorded with the ALEPH detector at LEP are presented and compared to Monte Carlo model predictions. Bose-Einstein effects are found to be important in extracting a reliable value for theρ0 production rate. An averageρ0 multiplicity of 1.45±0.21 per event is obtained. Theω is detected via its three pion decay modeω→π+π−π0 and has a total rate of 1.07±0.14 per event. The multiplicity of the K*0 is 0.83±0.09, whilst that of theφ is 0.122±0.009, both measured using their charged decay modes. The measurements provide information on the relative production rates of vector and pseudoscalar mesons, as well as on the relative probabilities for the production of hadrons containing u, d, and s quarks.