Collisions among Clouds inside Dusty Tori in Active Galactic Nuclei: Observational Consequences
A geometrically thick dusty torus in NGC 1068 has been unambiguously resolved by an infrared interferometry telescope. This implies that clouds composing the dusty torus are undergoing supersonic collisions with each other. We show that the collisions form strong nonrelativistic shocks, which accelerate populations of relativistic electrons. The torus reprocesses emission from the accretion disk into an infrared band. We show that the energy density of the infrared photons inside the torus is much higher than that of the magnetic field in the clouds, and the seed photons of inverse Compton scattering are mainly from the infrared. The maximum energy of the relativistic electrons can reach a Lorentz factor of 105. We calculate the spectrum of the synchrotron and inverse Compton scattering radiation from the electrons in the torus. The relativistic electrons in the torus radiate nonthermal emission from radio to γ-ray, which isotropically diffuses in the region of the torus. We find that the most prominent character is a peak at ~0.5-1 GeV. We apply this model to NGC 1068 and find that the observed radio emission from the core component S1 can be explained by the synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons. We predict that there is γ-ray emission with a luminosity of 1040 ergs s-1 peaking at ~1 GeV from the torus, which could be detected by the Gamma-Ray Large-Array Space Telescope in the future. This will provide a new clue to understanding the physics in the torus. The nonthermal radiation from the dusty torus may explain the radio emission from Seyfert galaxies. The cosmological implications of the nonthermal emission to the γ-ray background radiation are also discussed.

title: Suppressed star formation in circumnuclear regions in seyfert galaxies
abstract: Feedback from black hole activity is widely believed to play a key role in regulating star formation and black hole growth. A long-standing issue is the relation between star formation and the fueling of the supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We compile a sample of 57 Seyfert galaxies to tackle this issue. We estimate the surface densities of gas and star formation rates in circumnuclear regions (CNRs). Comparing them with the well-known Kennicutt-Schmidt (K-S) law, we find that the star formation rates (SFRs) in the CNRs of most Seyfert galaxies are suppressed in this sample. Feedback is suggested to explain the suppressed SFRs.

title: EVOLUTION OF GASEOUS DISK VISCOSITY DRIVEN BY SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS IN STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT
abstract: Motivated by Genzel et al.'s observations of high-redshift star-forming galaxies, containing clumpy and turbulent rings or disks, we build a set of equations describing the dynamical evolution of gaseous disks with inclusion of star formation and its feedback. Transport of angular momentum is due to "turbulent" viscosity induced by supernova explosions in the star formation region. Analytical solutions of the equations are found for the initial cases of a gaseous ring and the integrated form for a gaseous disk, respectively. For a ring with enough low viscosity, it evolves in a slow process of gaseous diffusion and star formation near the initial radius. For a high viscosity, the ring rapidly diffuses in the early phase. The diffusion drives the ring into a region with a low viscosity and starts the second phase undergoing pile-up of gas at a radius following the decreased viscosity torque. The third is a sharply decreasing phase because of star formation consumption of gas and efficient transportation of gas inward forming a stellar disk. We apply the model to two z similar to 2 galaxies BX 482 and BzK 6004, and find that they are undergoing a decline in their star formation activity.

title: Possible hard X-ray shortages in bursts from KS 1731-260 and 4U 1705-44
abstract: A hard X-ray shortage, implying the cooling of the corona, was observed during bursts of IGR J17473-272, 4U 1636-536, Aql X-1, and GS 1826-238. Apart from these four sources, we investigate here an atoll sample, in which the number of bursts for each source is larger than 5, to explore the possible additional hard X-ray shortage during Rossi X-ray timing explorer (RXTE) era.  According to the source catalog that shows type-I bursts, we analyzed all the available pointing observations of these sources carried out by the RXTE proportional counter array. We grouped and combined the bursts according to their outburst states and searched for the possible hard X-ray shortage while bursting.  We found that the island states of KS 1731-260 and 4U 1705-44 show a hard X-ray shortage at significant levels of 4.5 and 4.7σ and a systematic time lag of 0.9 ± 2.1 s and 2.5 ± 2.0 s with respect to the soft X-rays, respectively. While in their banana branches and other sources, we did not find any consistent shortage.

title: INTEGRAL and RXTE/ASM observations on IGR J17098−3628
abstract: To probe further the possible nature of the unidentified source IGR J17098-3628, we have carried out a detailed analysis of its long-term time variability as monitored by RXTE/ASM, and of its hard X-ray properties as observed by INTEGRAL. INTEGRAL has monitored this sky region over years and significantly detected IGR J17098-3628 only when the source was in this dubbed active state. In particular, at $\ge$ 20 keV, IBIS/ISGRI caught an outburst in March 2005, lasting for $\sim$5 days with detection significance of 73$\sigma$ (20-40 keV) and with the emission at $ $20 keV) outburst by $\sim$2 days. This resembles the behavior of X-ray novae like XN 1124-683, hence it further suggests a LMXB nature for IGR  While the quality of the ASM data prevents us from drawing any definite conclusions, these discoveries are important clues that, coupled with future observations, will help to resolve the as yet unknown nature of IGR J17098-3628.

title: The afterglows of ultraluminous quasars
abstract: Quasars represent a brief phase in the life cycle of most massive galaxies, but the evolutionary connection between central black holes and their host galaxies remains unclear. While quasars are active and shining brighter than the Compton-limit luminosity, their radiation heats the surrounding medium to the Compton temperature, forming Compton spheres extending to the Stromgren radius of Fe26+/He2+. After the quasars shut off, their "afterglow" can be detected through three signatures: (1) an extended X-ray envelope, with a characteristic temperature of ~3 × 107 K, (2) Lyα and Lyβ lines and the K edge of Fe26+, and (3) nebulosity from hydrogen and helium recombination emission lines. We discuss the possibility of detecting these signatures using Chandra, the planned X-Ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy mission, and ground-based optical telescopes. The luminosity and size of quasar afterglows can be used to constrain the lifetime of quasars.

title: Sequential Decay Distortion of Goldhaber Model Widths for Spectator Fragments
abstract: The primary fragment momentum distributions from AMD-V can be described by a Gaussian shape characterized by a width σ.  The three momentum widths, σ , σ , σ , as a removed from a nucleus that originally has A0 nucleons, a nucleus consisting of K nucleons will emerge. For this fragment of K nucleons, Goldhaber  showed that the momentum width, σ, could be expressed as: σ = σ0 sqrt [K(A0 K)/(A0 – 1)], where σ0, the reduced momentum width, is related to the intrinsic Fermi motion of a single nucleon, i.e.,: σ0 = sqrt (1/5)PF. Based upon electron scattering ments of Fermi momenta, σ is expected to be ≈ 112-116 MeV/c. However, σ ≈ MeV/c . Some theoretical works  have attempted to explain this difference. However, the answers were still absent. In this work, we studied peripheral collisions of 200 MeV/nucleon Ar + Al with AMD-V model [4] and followed with the afterbuner (GEMINI) . In the AMD-V model, initial width of the nucleon momentum distribution is ~ 105 MeV/c for Ar and ~ 101 MeV/c for Al. These values are less than expected from electron scattering measurements, but are still in a reasonable range. The fragment mass numbers and the three momentum widths, σPx, σPy, σPz, are plotted

title: THE HIGHEST RESOLUTION CHANDRA VIEW OF PHOTOIONIZATION AND JET–CLOUD INTERACTION IN THE NUCLEAR REGION OF NGC 4151
abstract: We report high resolution imaging of the nucleus of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151 obtained with a 50 ks Chandra High Resolution Camera (HRC) observation. The HRC image resolves the emission on spatial scales of 05, ~30 pc, showing an extended X-ray morphology overall consistent with the narrow-line region (NLR) seen in optical line emission. Removal of the bright point-like nuclear source and image deconvolution techniques both reveal X-ray enhancements that closely match the substructures seen in the Hubble Space Telescope [O III] image and prominent knots in the radio jet. We find that most of the NLR clouds in NGC 4151 have [O III]/soft X-ray ratio ~10, despite the distance of the clouds from the nucleus. This ratio is consistent with the values observed in NLRs of some Seyfert 2 galaxies, which indicates a uniform ionization parameter even at large radii and a density decreasing as r –2 as expected for a nuclear wind scenario. The [O III]/X-ray ratios at the location of radio knots show an excess of X-ray emission, suggesting shock heating in addition to photoionization. We examine various mechanisms for the X-ray emission and find that, in contrast to jet-related X-ray emission in more powerful active galactic nucleus, the observed jet parameters in NGC 4151 are inconsistent with synchrotron emission, synchrotron self-Compton, inverse Compton of cosmic microwave background photons or galaxy optical light. Instead, our results favor thermal emission from the interaction between radio outflow and NLR gas clouds as the origin for the X-ray emission associated with the jet. This supports previous claims that frequent jet-interstellar medium interaction may explain why jets in Seyfert galaxies appear small, slow, and thermally dominated, distinct from those kpc-scale jets in the radio galaxies.

title: Emissive mechanism of radio flat spectrum on X-ray binaries
abstract: We present that the radio emission with flat spectrum in X-ray binaries comes from the synchrotron emission of relativistic electrons in the high energy tail of hot electrons in continuous conical jet. The jet is assumed to be produced by the advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) and maintains ion and electron temperatures constant in the case of adiabatic steady conical expansion. The flat spectrum is result of self-absorbed synchrotron emission by relativistic thermal electrons. We find that the critical frequency at which the radiation becomes optically thin declines along the jet. The emission observed at higher frequencies originates at smaller distance, closer to the base of the jet. The highest cut-off frequency of the flat spectrum is at the base of the jet, and is determined by the physics of the ADAF and the position of the jet formation. We assert that it is a characteristic of the ADAF in black hole X-ray binaries that a continuous steady outflow is formed and causes the observed flat spectrum in the low/hard state. The observed synchrotron emission consists of the flat spectral component from the jet and the steep spectral component from the ADAF. The flat spectral component extends from infrared to radio wavelengths, while the steep spectral component with the 2/5 spectral slope extends from infrared to shorter wavelengths, it will be dominated by the thermal emission from companion star.

title: Evidence for direct CP violation in B0-->K+pi- decays.
abstract: We report evidence for direct CP violation in the decay B0-->K+pi(-) with 253 fb(-1) of data collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB e(+)e(-) collider. Using 275x10(6) BB pairs we observe a B-->K+/-pi(-/+) signal with 2140+/-53 events. The measured CP violating asymmetry is A(CP)(K+pi(-))=-0.101+/-0.025(stat)+/-0.005(syst), corresponding to a significance of 3.9sigma including systematics. We also search for CP violation in the decays B+-->K+pi(0) and B+-->pi(+)pi(0). The measured CP violating asymmetries are A(CP)(K+pi(0))=0.04+/-0.05(stat)+/-0.02(syst) and A(CP)(pi(+)pi(0))=-0.02+/-0.10(stat)+/-0.01(syst), corresponding to the intervals -0.05

title: The Young Stellar Population in M17 Revealed by Chandra
abstract: We report here results from a Chandra ACIS observation of the stellar populations in and around the M17 H II region. The field reveals 886 sources with observed X-ray luminosities (uncorrected for absorption) between similar to 29.3 ergs s(-1) < log L(X) < 32.8 ergs s(-1), 771 of which have stellar counterparts in infrared images. In addition to comprehensive tables of X-ray source properties, several results are presented: