Made-to-measure galaxy models – III. Modelling with Milky Way observations
We demonstrate how the Syer and Tremaine made-to-measure method of stellar dynamical modelling can be adapted to model a rotating galactic bar. We validate our made-to-measure changes using observations constructed from the existing Shen et al. N-body model of the Milky Way bar, together with kinematic observations of the Milky Way bulge and bar taken by the Bulge Radial Velocity Assay. Our results for a combined determination of the bar angle and bar pattern speed (approximate to 30 degrees and approximate to 40 km s(-1) kpc(-1)) are consistent with those determined by the N-body model. Whilst the made-to-measure techniques we have developed are applied using a particular N-body model and observational data set, they are in fact general and could be applied to other Milky Way modelling scenarios utilizing different N-body models and data sets. Additionally, we use the exercise as a vehicle for illustrating how N-body and made-to-measure methods might be combined into a more effective method.

title: SELF-CONSISTENT MODELS OF TRIAXIAL GALAXIES IN MOND GRAVITY
abstract: The Bekenstein-Milgrom gravity theory with a modified Poisson equation is tested here for the existence of triaxial equilibrium solutions. Using the nonnegative least-square method, we show that self-consistent triaxial galaxies exist for baryonic models with a mild density cusp, -->ρ ~ Σ/r. Self-consistency is achieved for a wide range of central concentrations, -->Σ ~ 10-1000 M☉ pc−2, representing low to high surface brightness galaxies. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the orbit superposition technique is fruitful for constructing galaxy models beyond Newtonian gravity, and triaxial cuspy galaxies might exist without the help of cold dark matter.

title: Effects of correlation between merging steps on the global halo formation
abstract: The excursion set theory of halo formation is modified by adopting the fractional Brownian motion, to account for possible correlation between merging steps. We worked out analytically the conditional mass function, halo merging rate and formation time distribution in the spherical collapse model. We also developed an approximation for the ellipsoidal collapse model and applied it to the calculation of the conditional mass function and the halo formation time distribution. For models in which the steps are positively correlated, the halo merger rate is enhanced when the accreted mass is less than similar to 25M*, while for the negatively correlated case this rate is reduced. Compared with the standard model in which the steps are uncorrelated, the models with positively correlated steps produce more aged population in small mass haloes and more younger population in large mass haloes, while for the models with negatively correlated steps the opposite is true. An examination of simulation results shows that a weakly positive correlation between successive merging steps appears to fit best. We have also found a systematic effect in the measured mass function due to the finite volume of simulations. In future work, this will be included in the halo model to accurately predict the three-point correlation function estimated from simulations.

title: SYSTEMATIC ERRORS IN THE DETERMINATION OF HUBBLE CONSTANT DUE TO THE ASPHERICITY AND NONISOTHERMALITY OF CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES
abstract: We present statistical studies on the systematic errors in the determination of the Hubble constant H0 from joint analyses of X-ray and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect of clusters of galaxies. We focus on the effects of their triaxiality and nonisothermality. From the triaxial model of dark matter halos obtained from numerical simulations, we derive the distribution of the intracluster gas under the assumption of the hydrodynamic equilibrium. Both the isothermal and the polytropic gases are investigated. We run Monte Carlo simulations to generate samples of clusters according to the distributions of their masses, axial ratios, concentration parameters, and line-of-sight directions. The estimation of H0 is done by fitting X-ray and SZ profiles of a triaxial cluster with the isothermal and spherical β model. We find that for a sample of clusters with M = 1014 h-1 M☉ and z = 0.1, the estimated H0 is positively biased with H(estimated) ≈ 1.05H0(true) and H(estimated) ≈ 1.05H0(true) for the isothermal case. For the polytropic case with γ = 1.15, the bias is large with H(estimated) ≈ 1.35H0(true) and H(estimated) ≈ 3H0(true). For a mass-limited sample of clusters with Mlim = 1013 h-1 M☉, the results are similar. On the other hand, such a large overestimation has not been seen in real observations. It is noticed that the β-value for observed clusters is within the range of 0.5-0.8. Considering only the subsample in Monte Carlo simulations with β in the range of 0.5-0.8, we have H(estimated) = 1.002H0(true) and H(estimated) = 0.994H0(true) for the isothermal and polytropic cases, respectively. We further find that the value of β is more sensitive to the intrinsic asphericity of clusters than the axial ratio of two-dimensional X-ray images η is. Limiting to clusters with β ≥ 0.5 essentially excludes highly aspherical clusters from the sample. From this subsample of clusters, we can get a fair estimate on H0.

title: The Bulge Radial Velocity Assay (BRAVA). II. Complete Sample And Data Release
abstract: We present new radial velocity measurements from the Bulge Radial Velocity Assay, a large-scale spectroscopic survey of M-type giants in the Galactic bulge/bar region. The sample of ~4500 new radial velocities, mostly in the region –10° < l < +10° and b ≈ –6°, more than doubles the existent published data set. Our new data extend our rotation curve and velocity dispersion profile to +20°, which is ~2.8 kpc from the Galactic center. The new data confirm the cylindrical rotation observed at –6° and –8° and are an excellent fit to the Shen et al. N-body bar model. We measure the strength of the TiOe molecular band as a first step toward a metallicity ranking of the stellar sample, from which we confirm the presence of a vertical abundance gradient. Our survey finds no strong evidence of previously unknown kinematic streams. We also publish our complete catalog of radial velocities, photometry, TiO band strengths, and spectra, which is available at the Infrared Science Archive as well as at UCLA.

title: DISTRIBUTION OF SATELLITE GALAXIES IN HIGH-REDSHIFT GROUPS
abstract: We use galaxy groups at redshifts between 0.4 and 1.0 selected from the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey to study the color-morphological properties of satellite galaxies and investigate possible alignment between the distribution of the satellites and the orientation of their central galaxy. We confirm the bimodal color and morphological-type distribution for satellite galaxies at this redshift range: the red and blue classes correspond to the early and late morphological types, respectively, and the early-type satellites are on average brighter than the late-type ones. Furthermore, there is a morphological conformity between the central and satellite galaxies: the fraction of early-type satellites in groups with an early-type central is higher than those with a late-type central galaxy. This effect is stronger at smaller separations from the central galaxy. We find a marginally significant signal of alignment between the major axis of the early-type central galaxy and its satellite system, while for the late-type centrals no significant alignment signal is found. We discuss the alignment signal in the context of shape evolution of groups.

title: Observational constraints to Ricci dark energy model by using: SN, BAO, OHD, fgas data sets
abstract: We perform a global constraint on the Ricci dark energy model with both the flat case and the non-flat case, using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and the combined observational data from the cluster X-ray gas mass fraction, Supernovae of type Ia (397), baryon acoustic oscillations, current Cosmic Microwave Background, and the observational Hubble function. In the flat model, we obtain the best fit values of the parameters in 1σ,2σ regions: Ωm0 = 0.2927+0.0420+0.0542−0.0323−0.0388, α = 0.3823+0.0331+0.0415−0.0418−0.0541, Age/Gyr = 13.48+0.13+0.17−0.16−0.21, H0 = 69.09+2.56+3.09−2.37−3.39. In the non-flat model, the best fit parameters are found in 1σ,2σ regions:Ωm0 = 0.3003+0.0367+0.0429−0.0371−0.0423, α = 0.3845+0.0386+0.0521−0.0474−0.0523, Ωk = 0.0240+0.0109+0.0133−0.0130−0.0153, Age/Gyr = 12.54+0.51+0.65−0.37−0.49, H0 = 72.89+3.31+3.88−3.05−3.72. Compared to the constraint results in the ΛCDM model by using the same datasets, it is shown that the current combined datasets prefer the ΛCDM model to the Ricci dark energy model.

title: Measurement of $\chi_{cJ}$ decaying into $p\bar{n}\pi^{-}$ and $p\bar{n}\pi^{-}\pi^{0}$
abstract: Using a data sample of $1.06 \times 10^{8}$ $\psip$ events collected with the BESIII detector in 2009, the branching fractions of $\chi_{cJ}\to p\bar{n}\pi^{-}$ and $ p\bar{n}\pi^{-}\pi^{0}$ ($J$=0,1,2) are measured{Throughout the text, inclusion of charge conjugate modes is implied if not stated otherwise.}. The results for $\chi_{c0}\to p\bar{n}\pi^{-}$ and $\chi_{c2}\to p\bar{n}\pi^{-}$ are consistent with, but much more precise than those of previous measurements. The decays of $\chi_{c1}\to p\bar{n}\pi^{-}$ and $ p\bar{n}\pi^{-}\pi^{0}$ are observed for the first time.

title: HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL COMPUTER FROM COMMODITY PC COMPONENTS

title: Probing dark energy using its density instead of its equation of state
abstract: The variation of dark energy density with redshift, ρ X ( z ) , provides a critical clue to the nature of dark energy. Since ρ X ( z ) depends on the dark energy equation of state w X ( z ) through an integral, ρ X ( z ) can be constrained more tightly than w X ( z ) given the same observational data. We demonstrate this explicitly using current type Ia supernova (SN Ia) data [the Tonry/Barris sample], together with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) shift parameter from CMB data (WMAP, CBI, and ACBAR), and the large scale structure (LSS) growth factor from 2dF galaxy survey data. We assume a flat universe, and use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique in our analysis. We find that, while w X ( z ) extracted from current data is consistent with a cosmological constant at 68% C.L., ρ X ( z ) (which has far smaller uncertainties) is not. Our results clearly show the advantage of using ρ X ( z ) , instead of w X ( z ) , to probe the variation of dark energy.

title: BEAM DYNAMICS IN THE LASER-ELECTRON STORAGE RING FOR A COMPTON X-RAY SOURCE
abstract: We present the lattice analysis and simulation study of the beam dynamics in the pulse mode of the laser-electron storage ring. Compton Scattering (CS), Intra-beam Scattering (IBS) with non-Gaussian beam and Synchrotron Radiation (SR) are taken into consideration. Emittance growth, energy spread and phase space of the electron beam, as well as spatial and temporal distribution of the scattered photon are studied in this paper.  The idea of utilizing a Laser-Electron Storage Ring (LESR) for the purpose of increasing frequency and luminosity of x-ray by means of Compton Scattering was proposed by Huang and Ruth in 1998 . There are two main operation mode proposed for this scheme: the steady mode and the pulse mode. In this paper, we focus on the pulse mode of the LESR, in which electron beams are injected and dumped at the frequency of 50Hz. We will present the lattice design, simulation method and simulation results in this paper.