Measurement and QCD Analysis of Neutral and Charged Current Cross Sections at HERA
The inclusive e(+)p single and double differential cross sections for neutral and charged current processes axe measured with the H1 detector at HERA. The data were taken in 1999 and 2000 at a centre-of-mass energy of roots = 319 GeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 65.2 pb(-1). The cross sections are measured in the range of four-momentum transfer squared Q(2) between 100 and 30 000 GeV2 and Bjorken x between 0.0013 and 0.65. The neutral current analysis for the new e(+)p data and the earlier e-p data taken in 1998 and 1999 is extended to small energies of the scattered electron and therefore to higher values of inelasticity y, allowing a determination of the longitudinal structure function F-L at high Q(2) (110 - 700 GeV2). A new measurement of the structure function x (F) over tilde (3) is obtained using the new e(+)p and previously published e p neutral current cross section data at high Q(2). These data together with H1 low Q(2) precision data are further used to perform new next-to-leading order QCD analyses in the framework of the Standard Model to extract flavour separated parton distributions in the proton.

title: Diffractive Jet Production in Deep-Inelastic $e^{+}p$ Collisions at HERA
abstract: A measurement is presented of dijet and 3-jet cross sections in low-\(|t|\) diffractive deep-inelastic scattering interactions of the type \(ep \rightarrow eXY\), where the system X is separated by a large rapidity gap from a low-mass baryonic system Y. Data taken with the H1 detector at HERA, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 18.0 pb\(^{-1}\), are used to measure hadron level single and double differential cross sections for \(4 4 \rm GeV\). The energy flow not attributed to jets is also investigated. The measurements are consistent with a factorising diffractive exchange with trajectory intercept close to 1.2 and tightly constrain the dominating diffractive gluon distribution. Viewed in terms of the diffractive scattering of partonic fluctuations of the photon, the data require the dominance of \(q\overline{q}g\) over \(q\overline{q}\) states. Soft colour neutralisation models in their present form cannot simultaneously reproduce the shapes and the normalisations of the differential cross sections. Models based on 2-gluon exchange are able to reproduce the shapes of the cross sections at low \(x_\mathbb{P}\) values.

title: Three-jet production in deep-inelastic scattering at HERA
abstract: Three-jet production is studied for the first time in deep-inelastic positron–proton scattering. The measurement carried out with the H1 detector at HERA covers a large range of four-momentum transfer squared 5 2 000 GeV 2 and invariant three-jet masses 25 3 jet ≲140 GeV . Jets are defined by the inclusive k ⊥ algorithm in the Breit frame. The size of the three-jet cross section and the ratio of the three-jet to the dijet cross section R 3/2 are described over the whole phase space by the predictions of perturbative QCD in next-to-leading order. The shapes of angular jet distributions deviate significantly from a uniform population of the available phase space but are well described by the QCD calculation.

title: Inelastic photoproduction of J/psi mesons at HERA
abstract: An analysis of inelastic photoproduction of \(J/\psi\) mesons is presented using data collected at the ep collider HERA corresponding to an integrated luminosity of above 80 pb-1. Differential and double differential cross sections are measured in a wide kinematic region: \(60 < W_{\gamma p} < 260\) GeV,\(1 < p_{t, \psi}^2 < 60 {\rm GeV}^2\) and 0.05<z<0.9, where z is the fraction of the energy of the exchanged photon transferred to the \(J/\psi\) meson in the rest frame of the target proton. Cross sections at \(z\lesssim 0.3\) are presented for the first time. Theoretical calculations within the Colour Singlet Model at NLO for direct photon processes are shown to give a good description of the data in the medium z region (0.3<z<0.9) up to the highest \(p_{t, \psi}^2\) values. A calculation using a kt factorisation approach in LO in the Colour Singlet Model is also able to describe these data. The data in the full z range are also compared to LO calculations within a non-relativistic QCD framework including colour octet and colour singlet contributions for direct and resolved photons. It seems possible to reconcile data and theory with modest contributions from colour octet processes. The polarisation of the \(J/\psi\) meson is measured as a function of z and \(p_{t, \psi}\) and is reasonably described by the theoretical predictions.

title: Search for excited neutrinos at HERA
abstract: We present a search for excited neutrinos using ep data taken by the H1 experiment at HERA at a center-of-mass energy of 318 GeV with an integrated luminosity of 15 pb1. No evidence for excited neutrino production is found. Mass dependent exclusion limits are determined for the ratio of the coupling to the compositeness scale, f/, independently of the relative couplings to the SU(2) and U(1) gauge bosons. These limits extend the excluded region to higher masses than has been possible in previous searches at other colliders.

title: Search for leptoquark bosons in ep collisions at HERA
abstract: A search for scalar and vector leptoquarks coupling to first generation fermions is performed using the e(+) p and e(-) p scattering data collected by the H1 experiment between 1994 and 2000. The data correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 117 pb(-1). No evidence for the direct or indirect production of such particles is found in data samples with a large transverse momentum final state electron or with large missing transverse momentum. Constraints on leptoquark models are established. For leptoquark couplings of electromagnetic strength, leptoquarks with masses up to 275-325 GeV are ruled out at 95% confidence level. These limits improve and supercede earlier H1 limits based on subsamples of the data used here.

title: Effects of neutrino degeneracy in supernova models

title: Neutrinos from SN 1987A - Implications for cooling of the nascent neutron star and the mass of the electron antineutrino
abstract: Data on neutrinos from SN 1987A are compared here with parameterized models of the neutrino emission using a consistent and straightforward statistical methodology. The empirically measured detector background spectra are included in the analysis, and the data are compared with a much wider variety of neutrino emission models than was explored previously. It is shown that the inferred neutrino emission model parameters are strongly correlated. The analysis confirms that simple models of the neutrino cooling of the nascent neutron star formed by the SN adequately explain the data. The inferred radius and binding energy of the neutron star are in excellent agreement with model calculations based on a wide range of equations of state. The results also raise the upper limit of the electron antineutrino rest mass to roughly 25 eV at the 95 percent confidence level, roughly 1.5-5 times higher than found previously.

title: Bayesian analysis of neutrinos observed from supernova SN-1987A
abstract: We present a Bayesian analysis of the energies and arrival times of the neutrinos from supernova SN 1987A detected by the Kamiokande II, IMB, and Baksan detectors, and find strong evidence for two components in the neutrino signal: a long time scale component from thermal Kelvin-Helmholtz cooling of the nascent neutron star, and a brief $(\ensuremath{\sim}1 \mathrm{s}),$ softer component similar to that expected from emission by accreting material in the delayed supernova scenario. In the context of this model, we show that the data constrain the electron antineutrino rest mass to be less than 5.7 eV with 95% probability. Our analysis takes advantage of significant advances that have occurred in the years since the detections in both our understanding of the supernova mechanism and our ability to analyze sparse data. This has led to significant improvement over previous studies in two important respects. First, our comparison of the data with parametrized models of the neutrino emission uses a consistent and straightforward Bayesian statistical methodology. This methodology helps us distinguish the complementary tasks of parameter estimation and model assessment, and fully accounts for the strong, nonlinear correlations between inferred values of neutrino emission model parameters. It also clarifies and improves the derivation of the likelihood function (the probability for the data), improving on earlier derivations in two ways: more consistent accounting for the energy-dependent efficiencies of the detectors; and inclusion of the empirically measured detector background spectra. These improvements lead to significant differences between our inferences and those found in earlier studies. Inclusion of detector background spectra proves crucial for proper analysis of the Baksan data and for demonstrating its consistency with data from other detectors. Second, we compare the data with a much wider variety of neutrino emission models than was explored previously, several of them inspired by recent numerical calculations of collapse and explosion based on the delayed supernova mechanism. This allows us to compare predictions of both the prompt and delayed mechanisms with the data, and ensures that our conclusions are robust. We find that two-component models for the neutrino signal are $\ensuremath{\sim}100$ times more probable than single-component models. Moreover, single-component models imply a radius and binding energy for the nascent neutron star significantly larger than those implied by even the stiffest acceptable equations of state for neutron star matter. In contrast, the radius and binding energy implied by two-component models are in agreement with predictions. Taking this agreement with prior expectations into account increases the odds in favor of two-component models by more than an order of magnitude. The inferred characteristics of the neutrino emission are in spectacular agreement with the salient features of the theory of stellar collapse and neutron star formation that had developed over several decades in the absence of direct observational data. We compare our work with previous work that used more conventional ``frequentist'' methods (including our own previous maximum likelihood analysis). We identify several methodological and technical weaknesses in earlier analyses, and show how these are overcome in our Bayesian analysis.

title: HETE-2 observations of the X-ray flash XRF 040916
abstract: A long X-ray flash was detected and localized by instruments aboard the High Energy Transient Explorer II (HETE-2) at 00:03:30 UT on 2004 September 16. The position was reported to the GRB Coordinates Network (GCN) approximately 2 hours after the burst. This burst consisted of two peaks separated by ? 200 s, with durations of about 110 s and 60 s. We analyzed the energy spectra of the 1st and 2nd peaks observed with the Wide Field X-Ray Monitor (WXM) and the French Gamma Telescope (FREGATE). We discuss the origin of the 2nd peak in terms of the flux variabilities and timescales. We find that it is most likely to be part of prompt emission, and is explained by a long-acting engine model. This feature is similar to some bright X-ray flares detected in the early afterglow phase of bursts observed by the Swift satellite.

title: The fourth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
abstract: This paper describes the Fourth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), including all survey-quality data taken through 2004 June. The data release includes five-band photometric data for 180 million objects selected over 6670 deg2 and 673,280 spectra of galaxies, quasars, and stars selected from 4783 deg2 of those imaging data using the standard SDSS target selection algorithms. These numbers represent a roughly 27% increment over those of the Third Data Release; all the data from previous data releases are included in the present release. The Fourth Data Release also includes an additional 131,840 spectra of objects selected using a variety of alternative algorithms, to address scientific issues ranging from the kinematics of stars in the Milky Way thick disk to populations of faint galaxies and quasars.