Extremal black holes as exact string solutions.
We show that the leading order solution describing an extremal electrically charged black hole in string theory is, in fact, an exact solution to all orders in [alpha][prime] when interpreted in a Kaluza-Klein fashion. This follows from the observation that it can be obtained via dimensional reduction from a five-dimensional background which is proved to be an exact string solution.

title: Origin of gauge invariance in string theory.
abstract: We present a first quantization of the space-time embedding X/sup ..mu../ and the world-sheet metric rho of the open bosonic string. The world-sheet metric rho decouples from S-matrix elements in 26 dimensions. This formulation of the theory naturally includes 26-dimensional gauge transformations. The gauge invariance of S-matrix elements is a direct consequence of the decoupling of rho. Second quantization leads to a string field Phichemically bondX/sup ..mu../,rhochemically bond with a gauge-covariant equation of motion.

title: Photoemission “experiments” on holographic superconductors
abstract: We study the effects of a superconducting condensate on holographic Fermi surfaces. With a suitable coupling between the fermion and the condensate, there are stable quasiparticles with a gap. We find some similarities with the phenomenology of the cuprates: in systems whose normal state is a non-Fermi liquid with no stable quasiparticles, a stable quasiparticle peak appears in the condensed phase.

title: Pair creation of extremal black holes and Kaluza-Klein monopoles.
abstract: Classical solutions describing charged dilaton black holes accelerating in a background magnetic field have recently been found. They include the Ernst metric of the Einstein-Maxwell theory as a special case. We study the extremal limit of these solutions in detail, both at the classical and quantum levels. It is shown that near the event horizon the extremal solutions reduce precisely to the static extremal black hole solutions. For a particular value of the dilaton coupling, these extremal black holes are five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein monopoles. The Euclidean sections of these solutions can be interpreted as instantons describing the pair creation of extremal black holes and/or Kaluza-Klein monopoles in a magnetic field. The action of these instantons is calculated and found to agree with the Schwinger result in the weak-field limit. For the Euclidean Ernst solution, the action for the extremal solution differs from that of the previously discussed wormhole instanton by the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. However, in many cases quantum corrections become large in the vicinity of the black hole, and the precise description of the creation process is unknown.

title: Where is the information stored in black holes
abstract: It is shown that many modes of the gravitational field exist only inside the horizon of an extreme black hole in string theory. At least in certain cases, the number of such modes is sufficient to account for the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. These modes are associated with sources which carry Ramond-Ramond charge, and so may be viewed as the strong coupling limit of D-branes. Although these sources naturally live at the singularity, they are well defined and generate modes which extend out to the horizon. This suggests that the information in an extreme black hole is not localized near the singularity or the horizon, but extends between them.

title: Microstates of a neutral black hole in M theory.
abstract: We consider vacuum solutions in M theory of the form of a five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein black hole cross T6. In a certain limit, these include the five-dimensional neutral rotating black hole (cross T6). From a type-IIA standpoint, these solutions carry D0 and D6 charges. We show that there is a simple D-brane description which precisely reproduces the Hawking-Bekenstein entropy in the extremal limit, even though supersymmetry is completely broken.

title: Role of heavy-meson exchange in pion production near threshold.
abstract: Recent calculations of s-wave pion production have severely underestimated the accurately known pp → pp� 0 total cross section near threshold. In these calculations, only the single-nucleon axial-charge operator is considered. We have calculated, in addition to the one-body term, the two-body contributions to this reaction that arise from the exchange of mesons. We find that the inclusion of the scalar �-meson exchange current (and lesser contributions from other mesons) increases the cross section by about a factor of five, and leads to excellent agreement with the data. The results are neither very sensitive to changes in the distorting potential that generates the NN wave function, nor to different choices for the meson-nucleon form factors. We argue that pp → pp� 0 data provide direct experimental evidence for meson

title: Resolution of the magnetic moment problem in relativistic theories.
abstract: A Landau-Migdal approach to relativistic mean field theory of nuclear matter is used to define the single particle isoscalar current. By virtue of the near cancellation of scalar and vector potentials, this current is very close to the standard nonrelativistic isoscalar current; and hence the single particle isoscalar magnetic moment operator gives results in agreement with the nonrelativistic shell model. Calculations of magnetic moments for closed shell plus (or minus) one nucleon using this effective current operator recover the Schmidt values, thus resolving a longstanding problem with relativistic models of nuclear structure.

title: Isospin-violating meson-nucleon vertices as an alternate mechanism of charge-symmetry breaking.
abstract: We compute isospin-violating meson-nucleon coupling constants and their consequent charge-symmetry-breaking (CSB) nucleon-nucleon potentials. The couplings result from evaluating matrix elements of quark currents between nucleon states in a nonrelativistic constituent quark model; the isospin violations arise from the difference in the up and down constituent quark masses. We find, in particular, that isospin violation in the omega-meson{endash}nucleon vertex dominates the class IV CSB potential obtained from these considerations. We evaluate the resulting spin-singlet{endash}triplet mixing angles, the quantities germane to the difference of neutron and proton analyzing powers measured in elastic {ital n}{searrow}-{ital p}{searrow} scattering, and find them commensurate to those computed originally using the on-shell value of the {rho}-{omega} mixing amplitude. The use of the on-shell {rho}-{omega} mixing amplitude at {ital q}{sup 2}=0 has been called into question; rather, the amplitude is zero in a wide class of models. Our model possesses no contribution from {rho}-{omega} mixing at {ital q}{sup 2}=0, and we find that omega-meson exchange suffices to explain the measured {ital n}-{ital p} analyzing power difference at 183 MeV. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.

title: Hadron structure in a simple model of quark/nuclear matter.
abstract: We study a simple model for one-dimensional hadron matter with many of the essential features needed for examining the transition from nuclear to quark matter and the limitations of models based upon hadron rather than quark degrees of freedom. The dynamics are generated entirely by the quark confining force and exchange symmetry. Using Monte Carlo techniques, the ground-state energy, single-quark momentum distribution, and quark correlation function are calculated for uniform matter as a function of density. The quark confinement scale in the medium increases substantially with increasing density. This change is evident in the correlation function and momentum distribution, in qualitative agreement with the changes observed in deep-inelastic lepton scattering. Nevertheless, the ground-state energy is smooth throughout the transition to quark matter and is described remarkably well by an effective hadron theory based on a phenomenological hadron-hadron potential.

title: Density dependence of nuclear neutrino-pair production.
abstract: Nuclear decay via neutrino-pair production is found to have a large density dependence because of intermediate electromagnetic couplings to electrons. These are calculated in a relativistic random phase approximation. The decay rate for vector (Fermi) transitions producing electron type neutrino pairs can be enhanced by 10{sup 5} or more at densities relevant for stellar collapse. Axial-vector (Gamow-Teller) transitions are not enhanced.