Posthepatitis aplastic anaemia presenting only with bilateral vision loss.
Aplastic anaemia is pancytopenia with marrow hypocellularity. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia is a varient or aplastic anaemia that follows an acute attack of seronegative hepatitis. Here a case of hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia presenting with sudden onset of severe simultaneous bilateral vision loss and without any other usual presenting signs is reported. Partial recovery of blood cell count occurred following immunosuppressive therapy. Posterior hyalodotmy helped rapid resolution of premacular subhyaloid haemorrhage. Although bilateral vision loss may rarely be the initial presentation of aplastic anaemia, no such report is known in hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia. Posthepatitis vision loss needs careful investigation to exclude an underlying haematological disorder.

title: Diagnostic accuracy in retinoblastoma.
abstract: This study was done to ascertain the accuracy of diagnosis and possible risk of misdiagnosis in suspected retinoblastoma cases by different pre-operative diagnostic procedures like fundoscopy, ultrasonography, computerised tomography, and aqueous cytology study. Twenty-four eyes excised with diagnosis of suspected retinoblastoma were included in the study. Final diagnosis was reached by histopathological examination of excised eyes and compared with pre-operative diagnosis by different diagnostic procedures and accuracy of each procedure was calculated. Twenty-two cases were finally diagnosed as retinoblastoma and 2 cases (8.33%) as other than retinoblastoma. Computerised tomography and aqueous humour cytology were two most specific (100%) tests. Computerised tomography was the most sensitive (95.4%) test. Aqueous cytology was poorly sensitive (9.09%). Both ultrasonography and fundoscopy demonstrated sensitivity over 90% but with low specificity (50%). When test results of fundoscopy and ultrasonography were combined, specificity of this combination was 100% and sensitivity was 95.4%, which match exactly the values of computerised tomography. Combination of fundoscopy and ultrasonography has accuracy as high as that of computerised tomography. In patients with clear media this combination can be used as an effective alternative to computerised tomography to reach a diagnosis with comparable accuracy.

title: Correlation of macular thickness and posterior hyaloid change following bevacizumab and triamcinolone in diffuse diabetic macular edema in middle-aged patients
abstract: To compare changes in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and triamcinolone in diffuse diabetic macular edema in middle-aged type 2 diabetes patients and to correlate this change with change in central macular thickness (CMT).  Fifteen consecutive patients treated by intravitreal bevacizumab (group A) and ten patients treated by intravitreal triamcinolone (group B). Institutional study carried out by retrospective analysis of patient registers including serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) images at baseline, and after 1 and 4 months. A central macular thickness (CMT) and vitreomacular relationship was noted on OCT. PVD was graded on a linear scale (0–4). Change in grade of PVD was correlated with change in CMT at each follow-up. At month 4, the decrease in mean CMT from baseline was 51.2 μ (P = 0.000) and 45 μ (P = 0.022) in group A and group B, respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.874). A change in grades of PVD from baseline to month 4 was significant in both group A (P = 0.001) and group B (P = 0.004) with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.906). A significant correlation between change in PVD and reduction of CMT was observed in group A (P = 0.011) but not in group B (P = 0.315). Both bevacizumab and triamcinolone caused a significant reduction in macular thickness and a significant change in grade of PVD. Change in PVD played an influential role in the reduction of macular thickness following bevacizumab.

title: Epithelial ingrowth following surgery of recurrent pterygium
abstract: Epithelial ingrowth is a rare but devastating condition of the eye, known to complicate incisional ocular procedures. We report a case of secondary glaucoma due to epithelial ingrowth following limbal conjunctival autograft in a case of recurrent pterygium. To prevent such devastating conditions from occurring dissection of recurrent pterygium demands special care to avoid anterior chamber penetration.

title: Evaluation of Registered Visually Disabled Individuals in a District of West Bengal, India
abstract: To identify the sociodemographic characteristics, degree and cause of visual disability among certified visually disabled individuals in a rural district of West Bengal, India and to identify possible lacunae, if any, in the existing certification system.  A cross-sectional study by secondary data analysis of medical records of 155 visually disabled individuals and their 310 eyes. Demographical features, diagnosis, percentage of visual disability and work activity status of each individual were analyzed.  One hundred and thirty one (84.52%) individuals had 100% disability. The number of males was significantly higher than that of females. Fifty eight (37.42%) individuals were below 21 years of age. Phthisis bulbi was the most common cause followed by microphthalmos. Further, 81.29% patients had the same lesion bilaterally.  Patients with higher grades of disability have attended certification boards. A large number of disabled individuals comprised children and young adults. Male gender bias demands concern.

title: Awareness of diabetic retinopathy among physicians and optometrists in a district of West Bengal.
abstract: A cross sectional study was done to ascertain the current knowledge among physicians and optometrists regarding diabetic retinopathy in a district of West Bengal. We obtained response from 242 physicians and 36 optometrists working in government health units. The questionnaire comprised of three sections covering magnitude of problem, risk factors and management. The responses were analysed and graded. In different sections, knowledge of 74 - 78% physicians and 83 - 86% optometrists was graded as not acceptable. Existing lack of knowledge among physicians and optometrists regarding diabetic retinopathy needs correction.

title: T- cell prolymphocytic leukemia - a rare case.
abstract: T- cell Prolymhocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare mature post-thymic T-cell malignancy that is usually reported in the elderly and follows an aggressive course. A 68 year old male presented with a history of weakness and weight loss of two months duration. Clinical examination revealed pallor, enlarged cervical and axillary lymph nodes and splenomegaly. He also had a maculo- papular skin rash. There was marked leucocytosis, anemia and thrombocytopenia (WBC 445 x 103 sub/ml, Hb 8.5 gm/dl, Platelet 25 x 103 sub/microl) with 60% prolymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Bone marrow was hypercellular with an excess of prolymphocytes. Flow cytometric analysis of the bone marrow showed positivity for CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5 and CD 7. T- PLL is a rare T cell disorder with characteristic clinical and laboratory features. Currently, no optimal treatment exists although there has been some success with 2'- deoxycoformycin or Campath-1H.

title: Clearance of acanthosis nigricans associated with insulinoma following surgical resection.
abstract: Acanthosis nigricans is said to be a marker of insulin resistance. It is known to occur in patients with insulinoma where there is marked hyperinsulinaemia. We report a case wherein the acanthosis disappeared following surgical resection of insulinoma and this strengthens the hypothesis that hyperinsulinaemia is responsible for acanthosis.

title: Constrained photophysics of partially and fully encapsulated charge transfer probe (E)-3-(4-Methylaminophenyl) acrylic acid methyl ester inside cyclodextrin nano-cavities: evidence of cyclodextrins cavity dependent complex stoichiometry.
abstract: The polarity sensitive intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT) emission from (E)-3-(4-Methylaminophenyl) acrylic acid methyl ester (MAPAME) is found to show distinct changes once introduced into the nano-cavities of cyclodextrins in aqueous environment. Movement of the molecule from the more polar aqueous environment to the less polar, hydrophobic cyclodextrin interior is marked by the blue shift of the CT emission band with simultaneous fluorescence intensity enhancement. The emission spectral changes on complexation with the α- and β-CD show different stoichiometries as observed from the Benesi-Hildebrand plots. Fluorescence anisotropy and lifetime measurements were performed to probe the different behaviors of MAPAME in aqueous α- and β-CD solutions.

title: Both avian and mammalian embryonic myoblasts are intrinsically heterogeneous
abstract: Adult skeletal muscles are composed of different fibre types. What initiates the distinctive muscle fibre type-specific specialization in a developing embryo is still controversial. In vitro studies of avian muscles have shown the expression of one of the slow myosin heavy chains, SM2, in only some myotubes. In this report we demonstrate the expression of another slow myosin heavy chain, SM1, restricted to only some chicken myotubes (presumptive slow) in vitro. We also demonstrate that as is the case for avian species, distinct fast and slow myogenic cells are detectable in mammalian species, human and rat, during in vitro development in the absence of innervation. While antibodies to fast myosin heavy chains stained all myotubes dark in these muscle cell cultures, antibodies to slow myosin heavy chains stained only a proportion of the myotubes (presumptive slow). The other myotubes were either unstained or only weakly stained with slow myosin heavy c hain antibodies. The muscle cell cultures prepared from different developmental stages of rat skeletal muscles showed a reduction in the number of slow myosin heavy chain-positive myotubes with advancing foetal growth. It is concluded that embryonic myogenic cells that are likely to form distinct fast or slow muscle fibre types are intrinsically heterogeneous, not only in avian but also in mammalian species, although extrinsic factors reinforce and modify such commitment throughout subsequent development.

title: Evidence for the porcine origin of equine rotavirus strain H-1.
abstract: Equine group A rotavirus (RVA) strain H-1 (RVA/Horse-tc/GBR/H-1/1975/G5P9[7]) was found to have VP4, VP6-7, NSP1 and NSP4 genes of porcine origin. In order to obtain conclusive information on the exact origin and evolution of this unusual equine strain, the remaining six genes (VP1-3, NSP2-3 and NSP5 genes) of strain H-1 were analyzed in the present study. By whole genomic analysis, strain H-1 exhibited a porcine RVA-like genotype constellation (G5-P[7]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1), different from those of typical equine RVA strains. The VP2-3 and NSP2-3 genes of strain H-1 were found to originate from porcine RVAs. On the other hand, it was difficult to pinpoint the exact origin of the VP1 and NSP5 genes of strain H-1, though phylogenetically, these genes appeared to be possibly derived from porcine or Wa-like human strains. Taken together, at least nine (VP2-4, VP6-7 and NSP1-4 genes) of the 11 gene segments of strain H-1 were found to be of porcine origin, revealing a porcine RVA-like genetic backbone. Therefore, strain H-1 is likely a porcine RVA strain that was transmitted to horses.