Systematic Investigation of Possibilities for New Physics Effects in b → s Penguin Processes
Although recent experimental results in b → s penguin process seem to be roughly consistent with the standard model predictions, there may be still large possibilities of new physics hiding in these processes. Therefore, here we investigate systematically the potential new physics effects that may appear in time-dependent CP asymmetries of B → φK 0 , B → η � K 0 and B → K 0 π 0 decay modes, by classifying the cases for the values of the mixinginduced indirect CP asymmetries, SφK0 ,S ηK0 ,S K0π0 which are compared to SJ/ψK0 .W e also show that several Bs decay modes may help to resolve the ambiguities in such an analysis. Through combining analysis with the time-dependent CP asymmetries of Bs decay modes such as Bs → φη � , Bs → η � π 0 and Bs → K 0 K 0

title: The intrinsic and oscillated astrophysical neutrino flavor ratios
abstract: The pp interactions taking place in the cosmos around us are a source of the astrophysical neutrinos of all the three flavors. In these interactions, the electron and the muon neutrinos mainly come from the production and the decay of the \pi^{\pm} mesons, whereas the tau neutrinos mainly come from the production and the decay of the D^{\pm}_{S} mesons. We estimate the three intrinsic neutrino flavor ratios for 1 GeV 10^{-10} in the presence of neutrino oscillations, where L is the distance to the astrophysical neutrino source in units of parsecs.

title: Quark-Lepton Complementarity with Renormalization Effects through Threshold Corrections
abstract: The recent experimental measurements of the solar neutrino mixing angle θ sol and the Cabibbo mixing angle θ C reveal a surprising relation, θ sol+ θ C ’ π 4 . While this empirical relation has been interpreted as a support of the idea of grand unification, it may be merely accidental in the sense that reproducing the relation at a low energy in the framework of grand unification may depend strongly on the renormalization effects whose size can vary with the choice of parameter space. We note that the lepton mixing matrix derived from quark-lepton unification can lead to a shift of the complementarity relation at low energy. While the renormalization group effects generally lead to additive contribution on top of the shift, we show that the threshold corrections which may exist in some intermediate scale new physics such as supersymmetric standard model can diminish it, so we can achieve the complementarity relation at a low energy.

title: mu- tau Symmetry and Radiatively Generated Leptogenesis
abstract: We consider a $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\tau}$ symmetry in neutrino sectors realized at the GUT scale in the context of a seesaw model. In our scenario, the exact $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\tau}$ symmetry realized in the basis where the charged lepton and heavy Majorana neutrino mass matrices are diagonal leads to vanishing lepton asymmetries. We find that, in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the seesaw model with large $\mathrm{tan}﻿\ensuremath{\beta}$, the renormalization group (RG) evolution from the GUT scale to seesaw scale can induce a successful leptogenesis even without introducing any symmetry breaking terms by hand, whereas such RG effects lead to tiny deviations of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{23}$ and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ from $\ensuremath{\pi}/4$ and zero, respectively. It is shown that the right amount of the baryon asymmetry ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{B}$ can be achieved via so-called resonant leptogenesis, which can be realized at rather low seesaw scale with large $\mathrm{tan}﻿\ensuremath{\beta}$ in our scenario so that the well-known gravitino problem is safely avoided.

title: Lepton flavor violation as a probe of quark-lepton unification
abstract: The recent measurements of the solar neutrino mixing angle {theta}{sub sol} and the Cabibbo mixing angle {theta}{sub C} reveal a surprising relation, , which has been interpreted as an evidence for quark-lepton unification. We show in realizations of quark-lepton unification that the PMNS mixing matrix can be decomposed into a CKM-like matrix and maximal mixing matrices. We explore a possibility to probe such implications by considering the relative sizes of branching ratios for the lepton flavor violating radiative decay processes, l{sub i}{yields}l{sub j}{gamma}, in the context of the supersymmetric standard model with heavy right-handed Majorana neutrinos.

title: CP violation in the semileptonic B(lepton 4) (B ---> D pi lepton neutrino) decays: multi - Higgs doublet model and scalar leptoquark models
abstract: $\mathrm{CP}$ violation from physics beyond the standard model is investigated in ${B}_{l4}$ decays: $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}D\ensuremath{\pi}l{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{l}.$ In the decay process, we include various excited states as intermediate states decaying to the final hadrons, $D+\ensuremath{\pi}$. We consider the semileptonic decay to a tau lepton family as well. $\mathrm{CP}$ violation is implemented through complex scalar-fermion couplings in the multi-Higgs-doublet model and scalar-leptoquark models beyond the standard model. With these complex couplings, we calculate the $\mathrm{CP}$-odd rate asymmetry and the optimal asymmetry. We find that for ${B}_{\ensuremath{\tau}4}$ decays the optimal asymmetry is sizable and can be detected at $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level with about ${10}^{6}\char21{}{10}^{7}B$-meson pairs, for maximally allowed values of $\mathrm{CP}$-odd parameters in those extended models.

title: Cosmological Imprint of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
abstract: We study the evolution of the universe in the presence of inflaton, matter, radiation and holographic dark energy. The time evolution of the scale factor is obtained by solving the Friedmann equation of the universe with a good approximation. We present two independent ways which determine the value of the dark energy constant d~1 from the observational data. The two ways are measuring the deceleration parameter and measuring a universal constant depending only on d. The universal constant is given by a dimensionless combination of three scale factors at the equipartition times of radiation–matter, radiation–dark energy and matter–dark energy. We also discuss that the second law of thermodynamics determines the point of time when the dark-energy-dominated era begins in the universe.

title: Bootes II: Not a Dwarf Galaxy but Possibly Shed by One
abstract: We present moderately deep V I C photometry of Boötes II, obtained using the SOAR Telescope. While identified initially as an old, metal-poor, dwarf galaxy, Boötes II appears to be a moderately metal-rich globular cluster with [Fe/H] ≈ −0.7. The slope of the red giant branch suggests that [α/Fe] ≈ 0.0, and the turn-off indicates an age of 7 to 9 Gyrs, considerably younger than most globular clusters, but similar to Palomar 12. Like that object, Boötes II lies in the direction of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy tidal stream, and, with a distance of almost 50 kpc, is probably associated with the more distant portion of the stream, as defined by Belokurov et al. (2006a).

title: Quantum gravity from noncommutative spacetime
abstract: We review a novel and authentic way to quantize gravity. This novel approach is based on the fact that Einstein gravity can be formulated in terms of a symplectic geometry rather than a Riemannian geometry in the context of emergent gravity. An essential step for emergent gravity is to realize the equivalence principle, the most important property in the theory of gravity (general relativity), from U(1) gauge theory on a symplectic or Poisson manifold. Through the realization of the equivalence principle, which is an intrinsic property in symplectic geometry known as the Darboux theorem or the Moser lemma, one can understand how diffeomorphism symmetry arises from noncommutative U(1) gauge theory; thus, gravity can emerge from the noncommutative electromagnetism, which is also an interacting theory. As a consequence, a background-independent quantum gravity in which the prior existence of any spacetime structure is not a priori assumed but is defined by using the fundamental ingredients in quantum gravity theory can be formulated. This scheme for quantum gravity can be used to resolve many notorious problems in theoretical physics, such as the cosmological constant problem, to understand the nature of dark energy, and to explain why gravity is so weak compared to other forces. In particular, it leads to a remarkable picture of what matter is. A matter field, such as leptons and quarks, simply arises as a stable localized geometry, which is a topological object in the defining algebra (noncommutative ★-algebra) of quantum gravity.

title: CP violating B decays with R -parity violation
abstract: We study CP violating B decays in the minimal supersymmetric standard model with R-parity violation. We estimate how much R-parity violation modifies the SM predictions for CP asymmetries in B decays within the present bounds. The effects of R-parity- and lepton-number-violating couplings on the ratio of the decay amplitude due to R-parity violation to that of the SM can differ by one or two orders of magnitudes depending on the models of the left-handed quark mixing. It is possible to disentangle the R-parity violating effects from those of the SM and R-parity- conserving supersymmetric models within the present bounds comparing different CP violating decay amplitudes. We also study the effects of R-parity- and baryon-number-violating couplings and find that the effects could be large.

title: The Hunt for New Physics at the Large Hadron Collider
abstract: The Large Hadron Collider presents an unprecedented opportunity to probe the realm of new physics in the TeV region and shed light on some of the core unresolved issues of particle physics. These include the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking, the origin of mass, the possible constituent of cold dark matter, new sources of CP violation needed to explain the baryon excess in the universe, the possible existence of extra gauge groups and extra matter, and importantly the path Nature chooses to resolve the hierarchy problem - is it supersymmetry or extra dimensions. Many models of new physics beyond the standard model contain a hidden sector which can be probed at the LHC. Additionally, the LHC will be a top factory and accurate measurements of the properties of the top and its rare decays will provide a window to new physics. Further, the LHC could shed light on the origin of neutralino masses if the new physics associated with their generation lies in the TeV region. Finally, the LHC is also a laboratory to test the hypothesis of TeV scale strings and D-brane models. An overview of these possibilities is presented in the spirit that it will serve as a companion to the Technical Design Reports (TDRs) by the particle detector groups ATLAS and CMS to facilitate the test of the new theoretical ideas at the LHC. Which of these ideas stands the test of the LHC data will govern the course of particle physics in the subsequent decades.