FABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES OF THE HIGH GRADIENT ACCELERATOR STRUCTURES AT 100MV/m RANGE
A CERN-SLAC-KEK collaboration on high gradient X-band structure research has been established in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the CLIC baseline design for the main linac stably operating at more than 100 MV/m loaded accelerating gradient. Several prototype CLIC structures were successfully fabricated and high power tested. They operated at 105 MV/m with a breakdown rate that meets the CLIC linear collider specifications of < 5 x 10{sup -7}/pulse/m. This paper summarizes the fabrication technologies including the mechanical design, precision machining, chemical cleaning, diffusion bonding as well as vacuum baking and all related assembly technologies. Also, the tolerances control, tuning and RF characterization will be discussed.

title: Some aspects in accelerator structure studies at SLAC
abstract: Recent progress in the accelerator structure studies at SLAC is reported. This paper covers the room temperature accelerator structures for the ILC e+/e− sources; RF structures for some photon science projects including RF deflectors and the LCLS RF gun; the high gradient accelerator R&D in a global CLIC collaboration for the future multi-TeV linear colliders.

title: RF Design of X-Band RF Deflector for Femtosecond Diagnostics of LCLS Electron Beam
abstract: We designed a successful constant impedance traveling wave X-band rf deflector for electron beam diagnostics at the 14 GeV SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). This is the first practical deflector built with a waveguide coupler. The 1-meter rf deflector produces 24 MeV peak transverse kick when powered with 20 MW of 11.424 GHz rf. The design is based on our experience with high gradient X-band accelerating structures. Several deflectors of this design have been built at SLAC and are currently in use. Here we describe the design and distinguishing features of this device.

title: Advances in X-Band TW Accelerator Structures Operating in the 100 MV/M Regime
abstract: A CERN-SLAC-KEK collaboration on high gradient X-band accelerator structure development for CLIC has been ongoing for three years. The major outcome has been the demonstration of stable 100 MV/m gradient operation of a number of CLIC prototype structures. These structures were fabricated using the technology developed from 1994 to 2004 for the GLC/NLC linear collider initiative. One of the goals has been to refine the essential parameters and fabrication procedures needed to realize such a high gradient routinely. Another goal has been to develop structures with stronger dipole mode damping than those for GLC/NLC. The latter requires that the surface temperature rise during the pulse be higher, which may increase the breakdown rate. One structure with heavy damping has been RF processed and another is nearly finished. The breakdown rates of these structures were found to be higher by two orders of magnitude compared to those with equivalent acceleration mode parameters but without the damping features. This paper presents these results together with some of the earlier results from non-damped structures.

title: Performance of a 1.3 GHz Normal-Conducting 5-Cell Standing-Wave Cavity
abstract: A 5-cell, normal-conducting, 1.3 GHz, standing-wave (SW) cavity was built as a prototype capture accelerator for the ILC positron source. Although the ILC uses predominantly superconducting cavities, the capture cavity location in both a high radiation environment and a solenoidal magnetic field requires it to be normal conducting. With the relatively high duty ILC beam pulses (1 msec at 5 Hz) and the high gradient required for efficient positron capture (15 MV/m), achieving adequate cavity cooling to prevent significant detuning is challenging. This paper presents the operational performance of this cavity including the processing history, characteristics of the breakdown events and the acceleration gradient witnessed by a single bunch at different injection times for different rf pulse lengths.

title: 500 MW X-BAND RF SYSTEM OF A 0.25 GEV ELECTRON LINAC FOR ADVANCED COMPTON SCATTERING SOURCE APPLICATION
abstract: A Mono-Energetic Gamma-Ray (MEGa-Ray) Compton scattering light source is being developed at LLNL in collaboration with SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The electron beam for the Compton scattering interaction will be generated by a X-band RF gun and a X-band LINAC at the frequency of 11.424 GHz. High power RF in excess of 500 MW is needed to accelerate the electrons to energy of 250 MeV or greater for the interaction. Two high power klystron amplifiers, each capable of generating 50 MW, 1.5 msec pulses, will be the main high power RF sources for the system. These klystrons will be powered by state of the art solid-state high voltage modulators. A RF pulse compressor, similar to the SLED II pulse compressor, will compress the klystron output pulse with a power gain factor of five. For compactness consideration, we are looking at a folded waveguide setup. This will give us 500 MW at output of the compressor. The compressed pulse will then be distributed to the RF gun and to six traveling wave accelerator sections. Phase and amplitude control are located at the RF gun input and additional control points along the LINAC to allow for parameter control during operation. This high power RF system is being designed and constructed. In this paper, we will present the design, layout, and status of this RF system.

title: PROTOPLANETARY DISK EVOLUTION AROUND THE TRIGGERED STAR-FORMING REGION CEPHEUS B
abstract: The Cepheus B (Cep B) molecular cloud and a portion of the nearby Cep OB3b OB association, one of the most active regions of star formation within 1 kpc, have been observed with the Infrared Array Camera detector on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. The goals are to study protoplanetary disk evolution and processes of sequential triggered star formation in the region. Out of ~400 pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars selected with an earlier Chandra X-ray Observatory observation, ~95% are identified with mid-infrared sources and most of these are classified as diskless or disk-bearing stars. The discovery of the additional >200 IR-excess low-mass members gives a combined Chandra+Spitzer PMS sample that is almost complete down to 0.5 M ? outside of the cloud, and somewhat above 1 M ? in the cloud. Analyses of the nearly disk-unbiased combined Chandra and Spitzer-selected stellar sample give several results. Our major finding is a spatio-temporal gradient of young stars from the hot molecular core toward the primary ionizing O star HD 217086. This strongly supports the radiation-driven implosion (RDI) model of triggered star formation in the region. The empirical estimate for the shock velocity of ~1 km s?1 is very similar to theoretical models of RDI in shocked molecular clouds. The initial mass function (IMF) of the lightly obscured triggered population exhibits a standard Galactic field IMF shape. The unusually high apparent value of 70% star formation efficiency inferred from the ratio of star mass to current molecular gas mass indicates that most of the Cep B molecular cloud has been already ablated or transformed to stars. Contrary to the current RDI simulations, our findings indicate that star formation triggering by H II region shocks is not restricted to a single episode but can continue for millions of years. Other results include: (1) agreement of the disk fractions, their mass dependency, and fractions of transition disks with other clusters; (2) confirmation of the youthfulness of the embedded Cep B cluster; (3) confirmation of the effect of suppression of time-integrated X-ray emission in disk-bearing versus diskless systems.

title: The new model of fitting the spectral energy distributions of Mrk 421 and Mrk 501
abstract: The spectral energy distribution (SED) of TeV blazars has a double-humped shape that is usually interpreted as a Synchrotron Self Compton (SSC) model. The one zone SSC model is used broadly but cannot fit the high energy tail of SED very well. It needs a bulk Lorentz factor which is in conflict with the observation. Furthermore, a one zone SSC model cannot explain the entire spectrum. We propose a new model where the high energy emission is produced by the accelerated protons in the blob with a small size and high magnetic field, and the low energy radiation comes from the electrons in the expanded blob. Because the high and low energy photons are not produced at the same time, the requirement of a large Doppler factor from pair production is relaxed. We present the fitting results of the SEDs for Mrk 501 during April 1997 and Mrk 421 during March 2001.

title: RF processing of X band accelerator structures at the NLCTA
abstract: During the initial phase of operation, the linacs of the Next Linear Collider (NLC) will contain roughly 5,000 X-Band accelerator structures that will accelerate beams of electrons and positrons to 250 GeV. These structures will nominally operate at an unloaded gradient of 72 MV/m. As part of the NLC R and D program, several prototype structures have been built and operated at the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) at SLAC. Here, the effect of high gradient operation on the structure performance has been studied. Significant progress was made during the past year after the NLCTA power sources were upgraded to reliably produce the required NLC power levels and beyond. This paper describes the structures, the processing methodology and the observed effects of high gradient operation.

title: The Connection between jets, accretion disks, and black hole mass in blazars
abstract: The properties of relativistic radio jets are thought to be closely connected with the properties of accretion disks in active galactic nuclei. We explore this issue using a sample of 35 blazars with very long baseline observations, for which we can estimate the kinetic powers of their relativistic jets, the bolometric luminosity of their accretion disks, and the masses of their black holes. Contrary to previous claims, we find that the jet kinetic power is significantly correlated with the disk luminosity. This supports the notion that the disk is somehow coupled to the jet, even on parsec scales. Moreover, we show that the correlation improves by including the black hole mass as a second parameter. The dominance of the jet, parameterized as the ratio of the jet kinetic power to the disk luminosity, is largely controlled by and is inversely correlated with the Eddington ratio of the accretion disk. This empirical relation should serve as a useful guide for theoretical models for jet formation.

title: High gradient experiments on NLCTA accelerator structures
abstract: This paper presents new results of high-gradient studies performed on a 1.8 m traveling-wave accelerator section with detuned high-order deflecting modes. This structure was designed initially for studies of detuned structures and will be installed in the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA). The paper describes the test set-up in the Accelerator Structure Test Area (ASTA) including electron gun, prebuncher, pre-accelerator, spectrometer, Faraday cups, 200 MW SLED-II power compression system, Magic-T type phase shifters and attenuators. Rf processing, detailed dark current analysis, radiation problems, and beam acceleration measurements are discussed.