Accelerator Structure Bead Pull Measurement at SLAC
Microwave measurement and tuning of accelerator structures are important issues for the current and next generation of high energy physics machines. Application of these measurements both before and after high power processing can reveal information about the structure but may be misinterpreted if measurement conditions are not carefully controlled. For this reason extensive studies to characterize the microwave measurements have been made at SLAC. For the bead pull a reproducible measurement of less than 1 degree of phase accuracy in total phase drift is needed in order to resolve issues such as phase changes due to structure damage during high power testing. Factors contributing to measurement errors include temperature drift, mechanical vibration, and limitations of measurement equipment such as the network analyzer. Results of this continuing effort will be presented.

title: Measurements of Ultimate Accelerating Gradients in the SLAC Disk-Loaded Structure
abstract: The work reported here describes measurements made to study the maximum attainable accelerating gradients in a conventional SLAC disk-loaded accelerator section of the constant-gradient type running at 2856 MHz. The objective was to reach an accelerating gradient of at least 100 MV/m. The accelerating gradient at which the SLAC disk-loaded waveguide runs routinely is approx. 9 MV/m (36 MW tubes without SLED) and approx. 12 MV/m with SLED I (2.5 ..mu..sec pulse). To reach 100 MV/m in a conventional 3 m constant-gradient section, one would need a klystron with a peak power output of 900 MW. since such a tube is not available, we decided to use a short standing-wave section in which the resonant fields would be allowed to build up. The design criteria for this section, the fabrication, matching and tuning, the experimental set-up and the results are described below.

title: 50 MW X-BAND RF SYSTEM FOR A PHOTOINJECTOR TEST STATION AT LLNL
abstract: In support of X-band photoinjector development efforts at LLNL, a 50 MW test station is being constructed to investigate structure and photocathode optimization for future upgrades. A SLAC XL-4 klystron capable of generating 50 MW, 1.5 microsecond pulses will be the high power RF source for the system. Timing of the laser pulse on the photocathode with the applied RF field places very stringent requirements on phase jitter and drift. To achieve these requirements, the klystron will be powered by a state of the art, solid-state, high voltage modulator. The 50 MW will be divided between the photoinjector and a traveling wave accelerator section. A high power phase shifter is located between the photoinjector and accelerator section to adjust the phasing of the electron bunches with respect to the accelerating field. A variable attenuator is included on the input of the photoinjector. The distribution system including the various x-band components is being designed and constructed. In this paper, we will present the design, layout, and status of the RF system.

title: FIELD EMISSION AND RF BREAKDOWN IN COPPER LINAC STRUCTURES
abstract: This paper presents a status report on rf field emission and high-gradient breakdown studies in linac structures at SLAC. The motivation behind these studies, begun in 1984, is to determine the maximum accelerating field gradients that could be used safely in future e/sup /plus minus// colliders, to contribute to the basic understanding of the rf breakdown mechanism, and to discover if special surface treatments might make it possible to shorten the time needed for rf processing and to supersede the field limits presently reachable in room temperature copper structures. Both theoretical ideas and experimental results are discussed. 8 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.

title: RF POWER SOURCES FOR LINEAR COLLIDERS
abstract: The next generation of linear colliders requires peak power sources of over 200 MW per meter at frequencies above 10 GHz at pulse widths of less than 100 nsec. Several power sources are under active development, including a conventional klystron with rf pulse compression, a relativistic klystron (RK) and a crossed-field amplifier. Power from one of these has energized a 0.5 meter two- section High Gradient Accelerator (HGA) and accelerated a beam at over 80 MeV meter. Results of tests with these experimental devices are presented here.

title: Modeling and design of an X-band rf photoinjector
abstract: A design for an X-band rf photoinjector that was developed jointly by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is presented. The photoinjector is based around a 5.59 cell rf gun that has state-of-the-art features including: elliptical contoured irises; improved mode separation; an optimized initial half cell length; a racetrack input coupler; and coupling that balances pulsed heating with cavity fill time. Radio-frequency and beam dynamics modeling have been done using a combination of codes including PARMELA, HFSS, IMPACT-T, ASTRA, and the ACE3P suite of codes developed at SLAC. The impact of lower gradient operation, magnet misalignment, solenoid multipole errors, beam offset, mode beating, wakefields, and beam line symmetry have been analyzed and are described. Fabrication and testing plans at both LLNL and SLAC are discussed.

title: FABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES OF THE HIGH GRADIENT ACCELERATOR STRUCTURES AT 100MV/m RANGE
abstract: A CERN-SLAC-KEK collaboration on high gradient X-band structure research has been established in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the CLIC baseline design for the main linac stably operating at more than 100 MV/m loaded accelerating gradient. Several prototype CLIC structures were successfully fabricated and high power tested. They operated at 105 MV/m with a breakdown rate that meets the CLIC linear collider specifications of < 5 x 10{sup -7}/pulse/m. This paper summarizes the fabrication technologies including the mechanical design, precision machining, chemical cleaning, diffusion bonding as well as vacuum baking and all related assembly technologies. Also, the tolerances control, tuning and RF characterization will be discussed.

title: An upgraded version of the generator BCVEGPY2.0 for hadronic production of Bc meson and its excited states
abstract: An upgraded version of the package BCVEGPY2.0: [C.-H. Chang, J.-X. Wang, X.-G. Wu,  (2006) 241] is presented, which works under LINUX system and is named as BCVEGPY2.1. With the version and a GNU C compiler additionally, users may simulate the B-c-events in various experimental environments very conveniently. It has been manipulated in better modularity and code reusability (less cross communication among various modules) than BCVEGPY2.0 has. Furthermore, in the upgraded version a special execution is arranged as that the GNU command make compiles a requested code with the help of a master makefile in main code directory, and then builds an executable file with the default name run. Finally, this paper may also be considered as an erratum, i.e., typo errors in BCVEGPY2.0 and corrections accordingly have been listed.

title: Dark Current Simulation for Linear Collider Accelerator Structures
abstract: The dynamics of field-emitted electrons in the traveling wave fields of a constant gradient (tapered) disk-loaded waveguide is followed numerically. Previous simulations have been limited to constant impedance (uniform) structures for sake of simplicity since only the fields in a unit cell is needed. Using a finite element field solver on a parallel computer, the fields in the tapered structure can now be readily generated. We will obtain the characteristics of the dark current emitted from both structure types and compare the two results with and without the effect of secondary electrons. The NLC and JLC detuned structures are considered to study if dark current may pose a problem for high gradient acceleration in the next generation of Linear Colliders.

title: Isospin effect of fragmentation reactions induced by intermediate energy heavy ions and its disappearance
abstract: The fragments produced in the reaction of O-18 + Be-9 at 60 MevV/nucleon were measured experimentally. The isotopic distribution of the fragmentation reaction products was well reproduced by using a modified statistical abrasion-ablation model This model predicts that the fragment isotopic distribution at a fixed atomic number Z shifts towards the neutron rich side for the neutron-rich projectile. This isospin effect will decrease with decreasing the fragment atomic number Z and disappear when (Z(proj)-Z)/Z(proj) becomes larger than 0.5. It was shown that the disappearance of the isospin effect of fragmentation reaction is induced by the geometry effect in abrasion stage and the evaporation effect later.

title: Spectral relation between X-rays and gamma rays for blazar high-energy emission
abstract: We collect 10 active galactic nuclei with both X-ray and gamma-ray spectral data. A correlation is found between X-ray and gamma-ray spectral indices. Possible constraints on existing models for gamma-ray emission are discussed. A new model involving inverse-Compton scattering of beamed relativistic electrons in the full cross section is outlined to account for this spectral relation.