SPACE: the spectroscopic all-sky cosmic explorer
We describe the scientific motivations, the mission concept and the instrumentation of SPACE, a class-M mission proposed for concept study at the first call of the ESA Cosmic-Vision 2015–2025 planning cycle. SPACE aims to produce the largest three-dimensional evolutionary map of the Universe over the past 10 billion years by taking near-IR spectra and measuring redshifts for more than half a billion galaxies at 0 < z < 2 down to AB~23 over 3π sr of the sky. In addition, SPACE will also target a smaller sky field, performing a deep spectroscopic survey of millions of galaxies to AB~26 and at 2 < z < 10 +. These goals are unreachable with ground-based observations due to the ≈500 times higher sky background (see e.g. Aldering, LBNL report number LBNL-51157, 2001). To achieve the main science objectives, SPACE will use a 1.5 m diameter Ritchey-Chretien telescope equipped with a set of arrays of Digital Micro-mirror Devices covering a total field of view of 0.4 deg2, and will perform large-multiplexing multi-object spectroscopy (e.g. ≈6000 targets per pointing) at a spectral resolution of R~400 as well as diffraction-limited imaging with continuous coverage from 0.8 to 1.8 μm. Owing to the depth, redshift range, volume coverage and quality of its spectra, SPACE will reveal with unique sensitivity most of the fundamental cosmological signatures, including the power spectrum of density fluctuations and its turnover. SPACE will also place high accuracy constraints on the dark energy equation of state parameter and its evolution by measuring the baryonic acoustic oscillations imprinted when matter and radiation decoupled, the distance-luminosity relation of cosmological supernovae, the evolution of the cosmic expansion rate, the growth rate of cosmic large-scale structure, and high-z galaxy clusters. The datasets from the SPACE mission will represent a long lasting legacy for the whole astronomical community whose data will be mined for many years to come.

title: Energetic electrons associated with magnetic reconnection in the magnetic cloud boundary layer.
abstract: Here is reported in situ observation of energetic electrons (∼100-500 keV) associated with magnetic reconnection in the solar wind by the ACE and Wind spacecraft. The properties of this magnetic cloud driving reconnection and the associated energetic electron acceleration problem are discussed. Further analyses indicate that the electric field acceleration and Fermi-type mechanism are two fundamental elements in the electron acceleration processes and the trapping effect of the specific magnetic field configuration maintains the acceleration status that increases the totally gained energy.

title: Dipole and spin-dipole resonances in charge-exchange reactions on 12C.
abstract: The [sup 12]C([ital n],[ital p])[sup 12]B reaction was studied using the white neutron source at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility/Weapon Neutron Research Center with a continuous incident neutron energy from 60 to 260 MeV. Double differential cross sections were measured in the angular range 11[degree][le][theta][sub lab][le]37[degree]. Using the neutron time-of-flight facility at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility, we also studied the [sup 12]C([ital p],[ital n])[sup 12]N reaction at [ital E][sub [ital p]]=186 MeV and the [sup 12]C([ital [rvec p]],[ital [rvec n]])[sup 12]N reaction at [ital E][sub [ital [rvec p]]]=160 and 186 MeV. Double differential cross sections were measured between [theta][sub lab]=0[degree] and [theta][sub lab]=50[degree] in 5[degree] steps. Spin observables [ital D][sub [ital N][ital N]], [ital A][sub [ital Y]], and [ital P] were measured at [theta][sub lab]=5[degree],9[degree],13[degree] with [ital E][sub [ital [rvec p]]]=160 MeV and [theta][sub lab]=15[degree],20[degree] with [ital E][sub [ital [rvec p]]]=186 MeV. Angular distributions of differential cross section and spin observables for low-lying transitions in the residual nuclei are compared with disorted-wave impulse approximation (DWIA) calculations. A multipole decomposition analysis was performed to study the giant dipole and giant spin-dipole resonances. The contributions of the quasifree reaction in the giant resonance region was subtracted. The empirical results ofmore » energy distributions for dipole ([Delta][ital L]=1) transition are compared with DWIA calculations using nuclear structure information obtained with a conventional shell model and also with a random phase approximation.« less

title: Experimental results of the betatron sum resonance
abstract: The experimental observations of motion near the betatron sum resonance, /spl nusub x/+2/spl nusub z/=13, are presented. A fast quadrupole (Panofsky-style ferrite picture-frame magnet with 8 pulsed power supplies) producing a betatron tune shift of the order of 0.03 at rise time of 1 /spl mu/s was used. This quadrupole was used to produce betatron tunes which jumped past and then crossed back through a betatron sum resonance line. The beam response as function of initial betatron amplitudes were recorded turn by turn. The correlated growth of the action variables, J/sub x/ and J/sub z/, was observed. The phase space plots in the resonance frame reveal the features of particle motion near the nonlinear sum resonance region.<<ETX>>

title: Crystallization in the Thin and Ultrathin Films of Poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) and Linear Low-Density Polyethylene
abstract: The crystallization of poly(ethylene−vinyl acetate) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) films spun-cast from the polymer/toluene solutions with as-cast thickness from 460 to 10 nm was studied. The lamellar thickness was measured using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and found to increase from 14 to 21 nm for films thinner than 100 nm. The morphology of LLDPE measured by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) showed an edge-on lamellae for the films thicker than 30 nm and flat-on lamellae for the films thinner than 15 nm. A pseudo-“shish-kebab” tiny crystal structure was observed in between the larger lamellae. Crystallinity was confirmed using attenuated total reflectance−Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The shear modulation force microscopy technique (SMFM) was used to measure the melting point, Tm, which was found to decrease for films thinner than 100 nm. The rate of decrease was a function of the annealing pr...

title: Clarification of the three-body decay of 12C (12.71 MeV).
abstract: Using beta decays of a clean source of 12N produced at the IGISOL facility, we have measured the breakup of the 12C (12.71 MeV) state into three alpha particles with a segmented particle detector setup. The high quality of the data permits solving the question of the breakup mechanism of the 12.71 MeV state, a longstanding problem in few-body nuclear physics. Among existing models, a modified sequential model fits the data best, but systematic deviations indicate that a three-body description is needed.

title: Robust Dark Energy Constraints from Supernovae, Galaxy Clustering, and 3 yr Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Observations
abstract: Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), galaxy clustering, and cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy data provide complementary constraints on the nature of the dark energy in the universe. We find that the 3 yr Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations give a CMB shift parameter of R ≡ 1/2 dz'/H(z') = 1.70 ± 0.03. Using this new measured value of the CMB shift parameter, together with the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurement from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and SN Ia data from the HST/GOODS program and the first-year Supernova Legacy Survey, we derive model-independent constraints on the dark energy density ρX(z) and the cosmic expansion rate H(z). We also derive constraints on the dark energy equation of state wX(z) = w0 + w'z (with cutoff at z = 2) and wX(a) = w0 + (1 - a)wa. We find that current data provide slightly tighter constraints on ρX(z) and H(z) as free functions in redshift and roughly a factor of 2 improvement in constraining wX(z). A cosmological constant remains consistent with the data; however, uncertainties remain large for model-independent constraints of dark energy. A significant increase in the number of observed SNe Ia between redshifts of 1 and 2, complemented by improved BAO and weak-lensing cosmography measurements (as expected from the JEDI mission concept for the Joint Dark Energy Mission), will be required to dramatically tighten model-independent dark energy constraints.

title: The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
abstract: ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs. ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors. The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries. Its overall dimensions are 161626 m3 with a total weight of approximately 10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC. This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons, and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation, with the exception of parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010. This paper describes in detail the detector components as installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.

title: Towards more realistic forecasting of dark energy constraints from galaxy redshift surveys
abstract: Galaxy redshift surveys are becoming increasingly important as a dark energy probe. We 
improve the forecasting of dark energy constraints from galaxy redshift surveys by using the 
‘dewiggled’ galaxy power spectrum, P_(dw)(k), in the Fisher matrix calculations. Since P_(dw)(k) is 
a good fit to real galaxy clustering data over most of the scale range of interest, our approach is 
more realistic compared to previous work in forecasting dark energy constraints from galaxy 
redshift surveys. We find that our new approach gives results in excellent agreement when 
compared to the results from the actual data analysis of the clustering of the Sloan Digital 
Sky Survey Data Release 7 luminous red galaxies. We provide forecasts of the dark energy 
constraints from a plausible Stage IV galaxy redshift survey.

title: Galaxy clustering and dark energy
abstract: We study the evolution of galaxy clustering in various cosmological models with quintessence. We investigate how the analytical predictions vary with the change of the dark energy equation of state wX. Comparing these predictions against available data, we discuss to what extent the problems of galaxy biasing can be modelled. This will be key in constraining the dark energy equation of state with future galaxy surveys. We use a compilation of various surveys to study the number density and amplitude of galaxy clustering from observations of the local universe at z∼ 0 to that of the Lyman-break galaxies and Ly α emitters at z∼ 4.9. We find that there is a degeneracy between the dark energy equation of state and the way galaxies populate dark matter haloes; objects are more biased in models with more negative values of dark energy equation of state wX. 
 
 
 
We conclude that, while future all-sky cosmic microwave background observations will determine cosmological parameters with unprecedented precision, and cross-correlation of weak lensing experiments and galaxy surveys will provide a cleaner and more accurate picture of bias associated with collapsed objects, the rate of growth of large-scale structure in such surveys can potentially constrain the equation of state of dark energy and the potential of the scalar field associated with quintessence. In particular, we show that the abundance and spatial distribution of galaxy clusters at intermediate redshifts strongly depend on the dark energy equation of state. When accurate measurement of galaxy clustering at high redshift becomes possible, it will provide constraints on dark energy that are independent and complementary to Type Ia supernova studies.

title: Observational Constraints on Dark Energy and Cosmic Curvature
abstract: Current observational bounds on dark energy depend on our assumptions about the curvature of the universe. We present a simple and efficient method for incorporating constraints from cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy data and use it to derive constraints on cosmic curvature and dark energy density as a free function of cosmic time using current CMB, Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), and baryon acoustic oscillation data. We show that there are two CMB shift parameters, R{identical_to}{radical}({omega}{sub m}H{sub 0}{sup 2})r(z{sub CMB}) (the scaled distance to recombination) and l{sub a}{identical_to}{pi}r(z{sub CMB})/r{sub s}(z{sub CMB}) (the angular scale of the sound horizon at recombination), with measured values that are nearly uncorrelated with each other. Allowing nonzero cosmic curvature, the three-year WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) data give R=1.71{+-}0.03, l{sub a}=302.5{+-}1.2, and {omega}{sub b}h{sup 2}=0.02173{+-}0.00082, independent of the dark energy model. The corresponding bounds for a flat universe are R=1.70{+-}0.03, l{sub a}=302.2{+-}1.2, and {omega}{sub b}h{sup 2}=0.022{+-}0.00082. We give the covariance matrix of (R,l{sub a},{omega}{sub b}h{sup 2}) from the three-year WMAP data. We find that (R,l{sub a},{omega}{sub b}h{sup 2}) provide an efficient and intuitive summary of CMB data as far as dark energy constraints are concerned. Assuming the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) prior of H{sub 0}=72{+-}8more » (km/s) Mpc{sup -1}, using 182 SNe Ia (from the HST/GOODS program, the first year Supernova Legacy Survey, and nearby SN Ia surveys), (R,l{sub a},{omega}{sub b}h{sup 2}) from WMAP three-year data, and SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey) measurement of the baryon acoustic oscillation scale, we find that dark energy density is consistent with a constant in cosmic time, with marginal deviations from a cosmological constant that may reflect current systematic uncertainties or true evolution in dark energy. A flat universe is allowed by current data: {omega}{sub k}=-0.006{sub -0.012-0.025}{sup +0.013+0.025} for assuming that the dark energy equation of state w{sub X}(z) is constant, and {omega}{sub k}=-0.002{sub -0.018-0.032}{sup +0.018+0.041} for w{sub X}(z)=w{sub 0}+w{sub a}(1-a) (68% and 95% confidence levels). The bounds on cosmic curvature are less stringent if dark energy density is allowed to be a free function of cosmic time, and are also dependent on the assumption about the early time property of dark energy. We demonstrate this by studying two examples. Significant improvement in dark energy and cosmic curvature constraints is expected as a result of future dark energy and CMB experiments.« less