Proton decay and related processes in unified models with gauged baryon number.
In unification models based on SU(15) or SU(16), baryon number is part of the gauge symmetry, broken spontaneously. In such models we discuss various scenarios of important baryon-number-violating processes such as proton decay and neutron-antineutron oscillation. Our analysis depends on the effective operator method, and covers many variations of symmetry breaking, including different intermediate groups and different Higgs-boson content. We discuss processes mediated by gauge bosons and Higgs bosons in parallel. We show how accidental global or discrete symmetries present in the full gauge invariant Lagrangian restrict baryon-number-violating processes in these models. In all cases we find that baryon-number-violating interactions are sufficiently suppressed to allow grand unification at energies much lower than the usual 10[sup 16] GeV.

title: Neutrino dark energy in grand unified theories
abstract: We studied a left-right symmetric model that can accommodate the neutrino dark energy (νDE) proposal. The type-III seesaw mechanism is implemented to give masses to the neutrinos. After explaining the model, we study the consistency of the model by minimizing the scalar potential and obtaining the conditions for the required vacuum expectation values of the different scalar fields. This model is then embedded in an SO(10) grand unified theory and the allowed symmetry breaking scales are determined by the condition of the gauge coupling unification. Although SU(2) R breaking is required to be high, its Abelian subgroup U(1) R is broken in the TeV range, which can then give the required neutrino masses and predicts new gauge bosons that could be detected at LHC. The neutrino masses are studied in detail in this model, which shows that at least 3 singlet fermions are required.

title: ANOMALY FOR MODEL BUILDING
abstract: A simple algorithm to calculate the group theory factor entering in anomalies at four and six dimensions for SU(N) and SO(N) groups in terms of the Casimir invariants of their subgroups is presented. Explicit examples of some of the lower dimensional representations of SU(n), n ≤ 5 and SO(10) groups are presented, which could be used for model building in four and six dimensions.

title: Superunified model with naturally ultralight dirac neutrinos
abstract: The recently proposed mechanism to naturally generate one ultralight Dirac neutrino per fermion family is implemented by construction of a globally supersymmetric SO(10) GUT superpotential featuring geometric hierarchy. A step forward is thus taken towards providing a firm theoretical basis for the relation m ν = O (m 3 2 )M SUSY /M GUT .

title: Magnetic moments and the structure function of the proton
abstract: The EMC collaboration have reported a measurement of the proton structure function which has been interpreted to mean that the spin of the proton is not predominantly that of the quarks (ΔΣ=Δμ+Δd+Δs=0.13±0.19). We show that the magnetic moments of the baryons are independent of this measurement and are given (within 10-20%) for a range of ΔΣ including the valence model value ΔΣ=1. The magnetic moments of the quarks can only be fixed if the quantity ΔΣ is determined very accurately.

title: Degenerate Dirac neutrinos
abstract: A simple extension of the standard model is proposed in which all the three generations of neutrinos are Dirac particles and are naturally light. We then assume that the neutrino mass matrix is diagonal and degenerate, with a few eV mass to solve the dark matter problem. The self-energy radiative corrections, however, remove this degeneracy and allow mixing of these neutrinos. The electroweak radiative corrections then predict a lower bound on the ν μ -ν e mass difference which solves the solar neutrino problem through the MSW mechanism and also predict a lower bound on the ν τ -ν μ mass difference which is just enough to explain the atmospheric neutrino problem as reported by Super-Kamiokande.

title: Rapidity distribution of photons emitted from a hadronizing quark-gluon plasma.
abstract: The rapidity distribution of thermal photons emitted from a hadronizing quark-gluon plasma is obtained with initial conditions locally determined from the hadronic rapidity density and assuming a longitudinal scaling expansion as in Bjorken hydrodynamics. The corresponding results for direct (QCD) photons and for decay photons are also obtained. The rapidity distributions of the three types of photons are found to be quite different and may help identify the most favorable window in the momentum space for identification for the quark-gluon plasma

title: No crisis for big bang nucleosynthesis.
abstract: Contrary to a recent claim, the inferred primordial abundances of the light elements are quite consistent with the expectations from standard big bang nucleosynthesis when attention is restricted to direct observations rather than results from chemical evolution models. The number of light neutrino (or equivalent particle) species (N�) can be as high as 4.53 if the nucleon-tophoton ratio (�) is at its lower limit of 1.65 × 10 −10 , as constrained by the upper bound on the deuterium abundance in high redshift quasar absorption systems. Alternatively, with N� = 3, � can be as high as 8.90 × 10 −10 if the deuterium abundance is bounded from below by its interstellar value.