Energy dispersion compensation and beam loading in X-band linacs for the JLC/NLC
The shape of an RF pulse is distorted upon propagating through an X-band accelerator structure due to dispersive effects. This distortion together with beam loading introduce energy spread between 192 bunches. In order to minimize this energy spread we modify the input RF pulse shape. The pulse propagation, energy gain, and beam loading are modelled with a mode-matching computer code and a circuit model. A 2D model and a circuit model of a complete 60 cm structure, consisting of 55 cells and input and output couplers is analyzed. This structure operates with a 5/spl pi//6 phase advance per cell. Dispersive effects for this structure are more significant than for previously studied 2/spl pi//3 phase advance accelerating structures. Experimental results are compared with the theoretical model and excellent agreement is obtained for the propagation of an RF pulse through the structure.

title: RF POWER SOURCES FOR LINEAR COLLIDERS
abstract: The next generation of linear colliders requires peak power sources of over 200 MW per meter at frequencies above 10 GHz at pulse widths of less than 100 nsec. Several power sources are under active development, including a conventional klystron with rf pulse compression, a relativistic klystron (RK) and a crossed-field amplifier. Power from one of these has energized a 0.5 meter two- section High Gradient Accelerator (HGA) and accelerated a beam at over 80 MeV meter. Results of tests with these experimental devices are presented here.

title: 50 MW X-BAND RF SYSTEM FOR A PHOTOINJECTOR TEST STATION AT LLNL
abstract: In support of X-band photoinjector development efforts at LLNL, a 50 MW test station is being constructed to investigate structure and photocathode optimization for future upgrades. A SLAC XL-4 klystron capable of generating 50 MW, 1.5 microsecond pulses will be the high power RF source for the system. Timing of the laser pulse on the photocathode with the applied RF field places very stringent requirements on phase jitter and drift. To achieve these requirements, the klystron will be powered by a state of the art, solid-state, high voltage modulator. The 50 MW will be divided between the photoinjector and a traveling wave accelerator section. A high power phase shifter is located between the photoinjector and accelerator section to adjust the phasing of the electron bunches with respect to the accelerating field. A variable attenuator is included on the input of the photoinjector. The distribution system including the various x-band components is being designed and constructed. In this paper, we will present the design, layout, and status of the RF system.

title: Measurements of Ultimate Accelerating Gradients in the SLAC Disk-Loaded Structure
abstract: The work reported here describes measurements made to study the maximum attainable accelerating gradients in a conventional SLAC disk-loaded accelerator section of the constant-gradient type running at 2856 MHz. The objective was to reach an accelerating gradient of at least 100 MV/m. The accelerating gradient at which the SLAC disk-loaded waveguide runs routinely is approx. 9 MV/m (36 MW tubes without SLED) and approx. 12 MV/m with SLED I (2.5 ..mu..sec pulse). To reach 100 MV/m in a conventional 3 m constant-gradient section, one would need a klystron with a peak power output of 900 MW. since such a tube is not available, we decided to use a short standing-wave section in which the resonant fields would be allowed to build up. The design criteria for this section, the fabrication, matching and tuning, the experimental set-up and the results are described below.

title: MANIFOLD DAMPING OF WAKEFIELDS IN HIGH PHASE ADVANCE LINACS FOR THE NLC
abstract: Earlier RDDS (Rounded Damped Detuned Structures) , designed, fabricated and tested at SLAC, in collaboration with KEK, have been shown to damp wakefields successfully. However, electrical breakdown has been found to occur in these structures and this makes them inoperable at the desired gradient. Recent results  indicate that lowering the group velocity of the accelerating mode reduces electrical breakdown events. In order to preserve the filling time of each structure a high synchronous phase advance (150 degrees as opposed to 120 used in previous NLC designs) has been chosen. Here, damping of the wakefield is analyzed. Manifold damping and interleaving of structure cell frequencies is discussed. These wakefields impose alignment tolerances on the cells and on the structure as a whole. Tolerance calculations are performed and these are compared with analytic estimations.

title: Modeling and design of an X-band rf photoinjector
abstract: A design for an X-band rf photoinjector that was developed jointly by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is presented. The photoinjector is based around a 5.59 cell rf gun that has state-of-the-art features including: elliptical contoured irises; improved mode separation; an optimized initial half cell length; a racetrack input coupler; and coupling that balances pulsed heating with cavity fill time. Radio-frequency and beam dynamics modeling have been done using a combination of codes including PARMELA, HFSS, IMPACT-T, ASTRA, and the ACE3P suite of codes developed at SLAC. The impact of lower gradient operation, magnet misalignment, solenoid multipole errors, beam offset, mode beating, wakefields, and beam line symmetry have been analyzed and are described. Fabrication and testing plans at both LLNL and SLAC are discussed.

title: Influence of synchrotron self-absorption on 21-cm experiments
abstract: The presence of spectral curvature resulting from the synchrotron self-absorption of extragalactic radio sources could break down the spectral smoothness feature. This leads to the premise that the bright radio foreground can be successfully removed in 21-cm experiments that search for the epoch of reionization (EoR). We present a quantitative estimate of the effect of the spectral curvature resulting from the synchrotron self-absorption of extragalactic radio sources on the measurement of the angular power spectrum of the low-frequency sky. We incorporate a phenomenological model, which is characterized by the fraction (f) of radio sources with turnover frequencies in the range of 100–1000 MHz and by a broken power law for the spectral transition around the turnover frequencies νm, into simulated radio sources over a small sky area of 10° × 10°. We compare statistically the changes in their residual maps with and without the inclusion of the synchrotron self-absorption of extragalactic radio sources after the bright sources of  mJy are excised. Furthermore, the best-fitting polynomials in the frequency domain on each pixel are subtracted. It has been shown that the effect of synchrotron self-absorption on the detection of the EoR depends sensitively on the spectral profiles of the radio sources around the turnover frequencies νm. A hard transition model, described by the broken power law with the turnover of spectral index at νm, would leave pronounced imprints on the residual background and would therefore cause serious confusion with the cosmic EoR signal. However, the spectral signatures on the angular power spectrum of the extragalactic foreground, generated by a soft transition model in which the rising and falling power laws of the spectral distribution around νm are connected through a smooth transition spanning ≥200 MHz in a characteristic width, can be fitted and consequently subtracted by the use of polynomials to an acceptable degree (δT < 1 mK). As this latter scenario seems to be favoured in both theoretical expectations and radio spectral observations, we conclude that the contamination of extragalactic radio sources by synchrotron self-absorption in 21-cm experiments is probably very minor.

title: Search for neutralinos in Z decays
abstract: We have searched for neutralinos produced via the reactions e + e − → χχ′ and e + e − → χ′χ′, where the next-to lightest neutralino, χ′, decays into the lightest neutralino, χ, and either a photon or a fermion pair. Based on 1.8 × 10 6 hadronic Z decays collected with the L3 detector at LEP, no signal has been observed. We present upper limits of a few times 10 −5 on the branching ratios Z → χχ′ and Z → χ′χ′. In the framework of the Minimial Supersymmetric Standard Model, we exclude a lightest χ with m χ less than 18 GeV, if either tan β > 2 or the gluino mass m ≈ g > 100 GeV.

title: RF Design of X-Band RF Deflector for Femtosecond Diagnostics of LCLS Electron Beam
abstract: We designed a successful constant impedance traveling wave X-band rf deflector for electron beam diagnostics at the 14 GeV SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). This is the first practical deflector built with a waveguide coupler. The 1-meter rf deflector produces 24 MeV peak transverse kick when powered with 20 MW of 11.424 GHz rf. The design is based on our experience with high gradient X-band accelerating structures. Several deflectors of this design have been built at SLAC and are currently in use. Here we describe the design and distinguishing features of this device.

title: Beam loading compensation in the NLCTA
abstract: In the design of the Next Linear Collider (NLC), multibunch operation is employed to improve efficiency at the cost of substantial beam loading. The RF pulse that powers the accelerator structures will be shaped to compensate for the effect of the transient loading along the bunch train. This scheme has been implemented in the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA), a facility built to test the key accelerator technology of the NLC. In this paper we describe the compensation method, the techniques used to measure the energy variation along the bunch train, and results from tests with NLC-like beam currents.

title: INTEGRAL AND SWIFT OBSERVATIONS OF THE Be X-RAY BINARY 4U 1036-56 (RX J1037.5-5647) AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATION WITH gamma-RAY TRANSIENTS
abstract: We present timing, spectral, and long-term temporal analysis of the high-mass X-ray binary 4U 1036-56 using INTEGRAL and Swift observations. We show that it is a weak hard X-ray source spending a major fraction of the time in quiescence and only occasionally characterized by X-ray outbursts. The outburst activity we report here lasts several days, with a dynamic range spanned by the luminosity in quiescence and in outburst as high as similar to 30. We report the detection of pulse period at 854.75 +/- 4.39 s during an outburst, which is consistent with previous measurements. Finally, we analyze the possibility of the association of 4U 1036-56 with the unidentified transient gamma-ray sources AGL J1037-5708 and GRO J1036-55, as prompted by its positional correlation.