Cosmography: Supernovae Union2, Baryon Acoustic Oscillation, Observational Hubble Data and Gamma Ray Bursts
In this Letter, a parametrization describing the kinematical state of the universe via cosmographic approach is considered, where the minimum input is the assumption of the cosmological principle, i.e. the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric. A distinguished feature is that the result does not depend on any gravity theory and dark energy models. As a result, a series of cosmographic parameters (deceleration parameter q 0 , jerk parameter j 0 and snap parameter s 0 ) are constrained from the cosmic observations which include type Ia supernovae (SN) Union2, the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO), the observational Hubble data (OHD), the high redshift Gamma ray bursts (GRBs). By using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, we find the best fit values of cosmographic parameters in 1σ regions: H 0 = 74.299 − 4.287 + 4.932 , q 0 = − 0.386 − 0.618 + 0.655 , j 0 = − 4.925 − 7.297 + 6.658 and s 0 = − 26.404 − 9.097 + 20.964 which are improved remarkably. The values of q 0 and j 0 are consistent with flat ΛCDM model in 1σ region. But the value of s 0 of flat ΛCDM model will go beyond the 1σ region.

title: Reconstructing dark energy potentials from parameterized deceleration parameters
abstract: In this paper, the properties of dark energy are investigated according to the parameterized deceleration parameter q(z), which is used to describe the extent of the accelerating expansion of the universe. The potential of dark energy V() and the cosmological parameters, such as the dimensionless energy density ωo, Ωm, and the state parameter w, are connected to it. Concretely, by giving two kinds of parameterized deceleration parameters q(z) = a + bz/(1 + z) and q(z) = 1/2 + (az + b)/(1 + z)2, the evolution of these parameters and the reconstructed potentials V() are plotted and analysed. It is found that the potentials run away with the evolution of universe.

title: DIMENSION EMERGENCE, HOLOGRAPHY AND QUANTUM GRAVITY
abstract: In this paper, we try to give an alternative interpretation of the holography principle. We argue that the space or time may be regarded as emerging from quantum mechanics as an evolutive parameter. The lower D-dimensional theory is related to a corresponding (D+1)-theory by a mysterious quantum system. Then from the higher-dimensional theory, under a new dimension reduction mechanism we obtain the corresponding results. We also try to incorporate the gauge field into the reduction, roughly identifying Aμ with Nμ which is the shift vector in the ADM-like decomposition of space–time metric. In the end, we extend to the gravitational field, and obtain a relation $\tilde{M}^3 = \kappa M_{\rm Pl}^2$ with a cutoff factor κ, from a different view.

title: Current observational constraints to the holographic dark energy model with a new infrared cutoff via the Markov chain Monte Carlo method
abstract: In this paper, the holographic dark energy models with the new infrared cutoff for both the flat case and the nonflat case are confronted with the combined constraints of current cosmological observations: type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, current cosmic microwave background, and the observational Hubble data. By utilizing the Markov chain Monte Carlo method, we obtain the best fit values of the parameters with $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$, $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ errors in the flat model: ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{b}{h}^{2}={0.0233}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0009\ensuremath{-}0.0014}^{+0.0009+0.0013}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}={0.8502}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0875\ensuremath{-}0.1064}^{+0.0984+0.1299}$, $\ensuremath{\beta}={0.4817}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0773\ensuremath{-}0.0955}^{+0.0842+0.1176}$, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{de}0}={0.7287}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0294\ensuremath{-}0.0429}^{+0.0296+0.0432}$, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{m0}={0.2713}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0296\ensuremath{-}0.0432}^{+0.0294+0.0429}$, ${H}_{0}={66.35}_{\ensuremath{-}2.14\ensuremath{-}3.07}^{+2.38+3.35}$. In the nonflat model, the constraint results are found in $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$, $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ regions: ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{b}{h}^{2}={0.0228}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0010\ensuremath{-}0.0014}^{+0.0010+0.0014}$, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{k}={0.0305}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0134\ensuremath{-}0.0176}^{+0.0092+0.0140}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}={0.8824}_{\ensuremath{-}0.1163\ensuremath{-}0.1378}^{+0.2180+0.2213}$, $\ensuremath{\beta}={0.5016}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0871\ensuremath{-}0.1102}^{+0.0973+0.1247}$, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{de}0}={0.6934}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0304\ensuremath{-}0.0413}^{+0.0364+0.0495}$, ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{m0}={0.2762}_{\ensuremath{-}0.0302\ensuremath{-}0.0412}^{+0.0278+0.0402}$, ${H}_{0}={70.20}_{\ensuremath{-}3.17\ensuremath{-}4.00}^{+3.03+3.58}$. In the best fit holographic dark energy models, the equation of state of dark energy and the deceleration parameter at present are characterized by ${w}_{\mathrm{de}0}=\ensuremath{-}1.1414\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0608$, ${q}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}0.7476\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0466$ (flat case) and ${w}_{\mathrm{de}0}=\ensuremath{-}1.0653\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0661$, ${q}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}0.6231\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0569$ (nonflat case). Compared to the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$ model, it is found the current combined data sets do not favor the holographic dark energy model over the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$ model.

title: Revisiting generalized Chaplygin gas as a unified dark matter and dark energy model
abstract: In this paper, we revisit the generalized Chaplygin gas (GCG) model as a unified dark matter and dark energy model. The energy density of GCG model is given as ρGCG/ρGCG0=[Bs+(1−Bs)a−3(1+α)]1/(1+α), where α and Bs are two model parameters which will be constrained by type Ia supernova as standard candles, baryon acoustic oscillation as standard rulers and the seventh year full WMAP data points. In this paper, we will not separate GCG into dark matter and dark energy parts any more as adopted in the literature. By using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, we find the results $\alpha=0.00126_{-0.00126- 0.00126}^{+ 0.000970+ 0.00268}$ and $B_{s}= 0.775_{-0.0161- 0.0338}^{+ 0.0161+ 0.0307}$.

title: GEM technical design report

title: KamLAND: A Liquid scintillator anti-neutrino detector at the Kamioka site
abstract: We present the initial design of a very large kton liquid scintillator detector to be installed in the underground cavity where Kamiokande used to be The ex periment is optimized to detect low energy anti neutrinos and it will perform unique measurements in the elds of neutrino physics geophysics and astrophysics One of the initial goals will be to perform a very long baseline oscillation experiment using a large number of nuclear reactors Such an experiment will be sensitive to neutrino masses as low as m eV attacking for the rst time with a laboratory measurement some of the possible solutions to the solar neutrino anomaly This can be considered the ultimate neutrino mass test using the oscillation technique The observation of neutrinos from the Earth supernovae atmosphere and nucleon decay will also be part of a very rich initial program while in a later stage the ob servation of solar neutrinos and other channels requiring ultra low background will become the main focus KamLAND is conceived as a scalable detector that will be able to start in a very short time to deliver results on a number of essential physics issues that only require present day technology This rst running period will also establish backgrounds and detector requirements for a second ultra low background running phase

title: Kinematic Evolution of a Slow CME in Corona Viewed by STEREO-B on 8 October 2007
abstract: We studied the kinematic evolution of the 8 October 2007 CME in the corona based on observations from Sun – Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) onboard satellite B of Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO). The observational results show that this CME obviously deflected to a lower latitude region of about 30° at the beginning. After this, the CME propagated radially. We also analyze the influence of the background magnetic field on the deflection of this CME. We find that the deflection of this CME at an early stage may be caused by a nonuniform distribution of the background magnetic-field energy density and that the CME tended to propagate to the region with lower magnetic-energy density. In addition, we found that the velocity profile of this gradual CME shows multiphased evolution during its propagation in the COR1-B FOV. The CME velocity first remained constant: 23.1 km s−1. Then it accelerated continuously with a positive acceleration of ≈7.6 m s−2.

title: Probing dark energy using its density instead of its equation of state
abstract: The variation of dark energy density with redshift, ρ X ( z ) , provides a critical clue to the nature of dark energy. Since ρ X ( z ) depends on the dark energy equation of state w X ( z ) through an integral, ρ X ( z ) can be constrained more tightly than w X ( z ) given the same observational data. We demonstrate this explicitly using current type Ia supernova (SN Ia) data [the Tonry/Barris sample], together with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) shift parameter from CMB data (WMAP, CBI, and ACBAR), and the large scale structure (LSS) growth factor from 2dF galaxy survey data. We assume a flat universe, and use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique in our analysis. We find that, while w X ( z ) extracted from current data is consistent with a cosmological constant at 68% C.L., ρ X ( z ) (which has far smaller uncertainties) is not. Our results clearly show the advantage of using ρ X ( z ) , instead of w X ( z ) , to probe the variation of dark energy.

title: Model-Independent Distance Measurements from Gamma-Ray Bursts and Constraints on Dark Energy
abstract: Gamma-ray bursts (GRB) are the most energetic events in the Universe and provide a complementary probe of dark energy by allowing the measurement of cosmic expansion history that extends to redshifts greater than 6. Unlike type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), GRBs must be calibrated for each cosmological model considered, because of the lack of a nearby sample of GRBs for model-independent calibration. For a flat universe with a cosmological constant, we find {omega}{sub m}=0.25{sub -0.11}{sup +0.12} from 69 GRBs alone. We show that the current GRB data can be summarized by a set of model-independent distance measurements, with negligible loss of information. We constrain a dark energy equation of state linear in the cosmic scale factor using these distance measurements from GRBs, together with the ''Union'' compilation of SNe Ia, WMAP five-year observations, and the SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey) baryon acoustic oscillation scale measurement. We find that a cosmological constant is consistent with current data at 68% confidence level for a flat universe. Our results provide a simple and robust method to incorporate GRB data in a joint analysis of cosmological data to constrain dark energy.

title: Results from the Palo Verde neutrino oscillation experiment
abstract: The {nu}(bar sign){sub e} flux and spectrum have been measured at a distance of about 800 m from the reactors of the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station using a segmented Gd-loaded liquid scintillator detector. Correlated positron-neutron events from the reaction {nu}(bar sign){sub e}p{yields}e{sup +}n were recorded for a period of 200 d including 55 d with one of the three reactors off for refueling. Backgrounds were accounted for by making use of the reactor-on and reactor-off cycles, and also with a novel technique based on the difference between signal and background under reversal of the e{sup +} and n portions of the events. A detailed description of the detector calibration, background subtraction, and data analysis is presented here. Results from the experiment show no evidence for neutrino oscillations. {nu}(bar sign){sub e}{yields}{nu}(bar sign){sub x} oscillations were excluded at 90% C.L. for {delta}m{sup 2}>1.12x10{sup -3} eV{sup 2} for full mixing and sin{sup 2}2{theta}>0.21 for large {delta}m{sup 2}. These results support the conclusion that the observed atmospheric neutrino oscillations do not involve {nu}{sub e}.