Epithelial ingrowth following surgery of recurrent pterygium
Epithelial ingrowth is a rare but devastating condition of the eye, known to complicate incisional ocular procedures. We report a case of secondary glaucoma due to epithelial ingrowth following limbal conjunctival autograft in a case of recurrent pterygium. To prevent such devastating conditions from occurring dissection of recurrent pterygium demands special care to avoid anterior chamber penetration.

title: Correlation of macular thickness and posterior hyaloid change following bevacizumab and triamcinolone in diffuse diabetic macular edema in middle-aged patients
abstract: To compare changes in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and triamcinolone in diffuse diabetic macular edema in middle-aged type 2 diabetes patients and to correlate this change with change in central macular thickness (CMT).  Fifteen consecutive patients treated by intravitreal bevacizumab (group A) and ten patients treated by intravitreal triamcinolone (group B). Institutional study carried out by retrospective analysis of patient registers including serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) images at baseline, and after 1 and 4 months. A central macular thickness (CMT) and vitreomacular relationship was noted on OCT. PVD was graded on a linear scale (0–4). Change in grade of PVD was correlated with change in CMT at each follow-up. At month 4, the decrease in mean CMT from baseline was 51.2 μ (P = 0.000) and 45 μ (P = 0.022) in group A and group B, respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.874). A change in grades of PVD from baseline to month 4 was significant in both group A (P = 0.001) and group B (P = 0.004) with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.906). A significant correlation between change in PVD and reduction of CMT was observed in group A (P = 0.011) but not in group B (P = 0.315). Both bevacizumab and triamcinolone caused a significant reduction in macular thickness and a significant change in grade of PVD. Change in PVD played an influential role in the reduction of macular thickness following bevacizumab.

title: Awareness of diabetic retinopathy among physicians and optometrists in a district of West Bengal.
abstract: A cross sectional study was done to ascertain the current knowledge among physicians and optometrists regarding diabetic retinopathy in a district of West Bengal. We obtained response from 242 physicians and 36 optometrists working in government health units. The questionnaire comprised of three sections covering magnitude of problem, risk factors and management. The responses were analysed and graded. In different sections, knowledge of 74 - 78% physicians and 83 - 86% optometrists was graded as not acceptable. Existing lack of knowledge among physicians and optometrists regarding diabetic retinopathy needs correction.

title: Cloning of the human cholesteryl ester hydrolase promoter: identification of functional peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor responsive elements.
abstract: Cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) is responsible for hydrolysis of stored cholesterol esters in macrophage foam cells and release of free cholesterol for high-density lipoprotein-mediated efflux. PCR-based screening of human genomic libraries with human macrophage CEH specific primers resulted in amplification and cloning of 1.7 kb promoter sequence. Analysis of the sequence revealed a lack of consensus TATA-box but presence of a GC-rich proximal sequence, a CAAT box and several binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1. Three putative response elements for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPRE) were identified at position -176, -779, and -1316. Down-regulation of promoter activity was observed in the presence of either PPARalpha- or PPARgamma-specific ligands and introduction of a 4-point transverse mutation in the PPRE at -176 completely abolished the effect of PPAR ligands on the promoter activity. Analogous to other genes involved in macrophage cholesterol homeostasis, human CEH may also be regulated by PPAR.

title: Report of a new syndrome: focus on differential diagnosis and review of Ellis-van Creveld, Curry-Hall, acrofacial dysostosis, and orofacial digital syndromes.
abstract: Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) and Curry-Hall (CH) syndromes are rare syndromes that occur due to mutations of genes mapped to the chromosome 4p16 region. Hence, they both have few features that are common. The dental literature describing the oral manifestations and etiology of both syndromes is scarce. We report a case of a 7-year-old girl who appeared with features that are common to both syndromes, as well as with other features such as reduced cranial base flexure and toes of equal length with skeletal changes that have not been mentioned or described in earlier reports. The patient possibly represents a new syndromic entity that has not been reported until now. Further, we present a review of various other similar syndromes, such as various types of orofacial digital (OFD) syndrome and acrofacial dysostosis.

title: Cytoarchitecture of sensorimotor areas in the cat cerebral cortex.
abstract: The organization of multiple motor areas in the cerebral cortex has been investigated frequently in primates but rarely in nonprimate species. To compare sensorimotor areas in cats and primates, the cytoarchitecture of frontal and parietal areas of the cat cerebral cortex was described and mapped from coronal sections stained with cresyl violet or thionine. Multiple subdivisions of areas 4 and 6 were recognized; of these, the cytoarchitecture of area 4 gamma is similar to that of area 4 described in other carnivores and in primates and is characterized by giant pyramidal cells in multiple rows or clusters in lamina V. In other subdivisions of area 4 (4 delta, 4sfu, and 4fu), giant pyramidal cells are few or absent in lamina V, and these subdivisions resemble area 6 of primates. Area 6 of the cat cortex is heterogeneous, and differences in laminar appearance and size of pyramidal cells in lamina V distinguish its four subdivisions (6a alpha, 6a beta, 6a gamma, and 6iffu). The adjoining prefrontal areas are distinguishable from area 6 by the presence of a thin internal granular lamina (lamina IV) and the reduced size of pyramidal cells in lamina V. Laminae are poorly differentiated in the cingulate areas, where a rostral and caudal subdivision can be distinguished on the basis of the absence or presence of lamina IV. Area 3a is characterized by a thin lamina IV and is located between frontal agranular and parietal granular (well-defined lamina IV) fields (3b, 1, 2, 2pri, 5, and 7). Insular cortex can be subdivided into granular and agranular fields.

title: Abnormal radiological features in a multiple myeloma patient: a case report and radiological review of myelomas.
abstract: Multiple myeloma is the prototype of malignant monoclonal gammopathies. The most common skeletal sites are pelvis, skull, spine, ribs and femoral and humeral shafts. The classic radiographic presentation of multiple myeloma is lytic skeletal lesions. Other types of presentation include sclerotic and porotic changes. Primary sclerotic manifestations are rare and occur in only 3% of cases. Although exceptional, multiple myeloma must be borne in mind in the presence of bone sclerosis. This report presents a patient with multiple myeloma with a sunburst/hair-on-end pattern on the radiograph and sclerotic skeletal lesions.

title: Efficient control of pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus infection with intravenous zanamivir despite the lack of immune function.
abstract: A teenager who acquired 2009 H1N1 influenza A lower respiratory tract infection during total bone marrow and lymphoid aplasia, in the setting of human leukocyte antigen-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, was successfully treated with intravenous zanamivir. This case demonstrates efficient control of pandemic influenza infection by intravenous zanamivir in the absence of any functional immune system, thus suggesting profound antiviral activity.