DESIGN OF THE JLC/NLC RDDS STRUCTURE USING PARALLEL EIGENSOLVER Omega3P
The complexity of the Round Damped Detuned Structure (RDDS) for the JLC/NLC main linac is driven by the considerations of rf efficiency and dipole wakefield suppression. As a time and cost saving measure for the JLC/NLC, the dimensions of the 3D RDDS cell are being determined through computer modeling to within fabrication precision so that no tuning may be needed once the structures are assembled. The tolerances on the frequency errors for the RDDS structure are about one MHz for the fundamental mode and a few MHz for the dipole modes. At the X-band frequency, these correspond to errors of a micron level on the major cell dimensions. Such a level of resolution requires highly accurate field solvers and vast amount of computer resources. A parallel finite-element eigensolver Omega3P was developed at SLAC that runs on massively parallel computers such as the Cray T3E at NERSC. The code was applied in the design of the RDDS cell dimensions that are accurate to within fabrication precision. We will present the numerical approach of using these codes to determine the RDDS dimensions and compare the numerical predictions with the cold test measurements on RDDS prototypes that are diamond-turned using these dimensions.

title: Modeling and design of an X-band rf photoinjector
abstract: A design for an X-band rf photoinjector that was developed jointly by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is presented. The photoinjector is based around a 5.59 cell rf gun that has state-of-the-art features including: elliptical contoured irises; improved mode separation; an optimized initial half cell length; a racetrack input coupler; and coupling that balances pulsed heating with cavity fill time. Radio-frequency and beam dynamics modeling have been done using a combination of codes including PARMELA, HFSS, IMPACT-T, ASTRA, and the ACE3P suite of codes developed at SLAC. The impact of lower gradient operation, magnet misalignment, solenoid multipole errors, beam offset, mode beating, wakefields, and beam line symmetry have been analyzed and are described. Fabrication and testing plans at both LLNL and SLAC are discussed.

title: Measurements of Ultimate Accelerating Gradients in the SLAC Disk-Loaded Structure
abstract: The work reported here describes measurements made to study the maximum attainable accelerating gradients in a conventional SLAC disk-loaded accelerator section of the constant-gradient type running at 2856 MHz. The objective was to reach an accelerating gradient of at least 100 MV/m. The accelerating gradient at which the SLAC disk-loaded waveguide runs routinely is approx. 9 MV/m (36 MW tubes without SLED) and approx. 12 MV/m with SLED I (2.5 ..mu..sec pulse). To reach 100 MV/m in a conventional 3 m constant-gradient section, one would need a klystron with a peak power output of 900 MW. since such a tube is not available, we decided to use a short standing-wave section in which the resonant fields would be allowed to build up. The design criteria for this section, the fabrication, matching and tuning, the experimental set-up and the results are described below.

title: RF POWER SOURCES FOR LINEAR COLLIDERS
abstract: The next generation of linear colliders requires peak power sources of over 200 MW per meter at frequencies above 10 GHz at pulse widths of less than 100 nsec. Several power sources are under active development, including a conventional klystron with rf pulse compression, a relativistic klystron (RK) and a crossed-field amplifier. Power from one of these has energized a 0.5 meter two- section High Gradient Accelerator (HGA) and accelerated a beam at over 80 MeV meter. Results of tests with these experimental devices are presented here.

title: 50 MW X-BAND RF SYSTEM FOR A PHOTOINJECTOR TEST STATION AT LLNL
abstract: In support of X-band photoinjector development efforts at LLNL, a 50 MW test station is being constructed to investigate structure and photocathode optimization for future upgrades. A SLAC XL-4 klystron capable of generating 50 MW, 1.5 microsecond pulses will be the high power RF source for the system. Timing of the laser pulse on the photocathode with the applied RF field places very stringent requirements on phase jitter and drift. To achieve these requirements, the klystron will be powered by a state of the art, solid-state, high voltage modulator. The 50 MW will be divided between the photoinjector and a traveling wave accelerator section. A high power phase shifter is located between the photoinjector and accelerator section to adjust the phasing of the electron bunches with respect to the accelerating field. A variable attenuator is included on the input of the photoinjector. The distribution system including the various x-band components is being designed and constructed. In this paper, we will present the design, layout, and status of the RF system.

title: FIELD EMISSION AND RF BREAKDOWN IN COPPER LINAC STRUCTURES
abstract: This paper presents a status report on rf field emission and high-gradient breakdown studies in linac structures at SLAC. The motivation behind these studies, begun in 1984, is to determine the maximum accelerating field gradients that could be used safely in future e/sup /plus minus// colliders, to contribute to the basic understanding of the rf breakdown mechanism, and to discover if special surface treatments might make it possible to shorten the time needed for rf processing and to supersede the field limits presently reachable in room temperature copper structures. Both theoretical ideas and experimental results are discussed. 8 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.

title: Cosmological Evolution of the Duty Cycle of Quasars
abstract: Quasars are powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes, but the problem of the duty cycle related to the episodic activity of the black holes remains one of the major questions of the cosmological evolution of quasars. In this Letter, we obtain quasar duty cycles based on analyses of a large sample composed of 10,979 quasars with redshifts z ≤ 2.1 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 3 (DR3). We estimate the masses of the quasar black holes and obtain their mass function (MF) in the present sample. We then get the duty cycle (z) = 10-3 ~ 1 based on Soltan's argument, implying that black holes are undergoing multiple episodic activity. We find that the duty cycle has a strong evolution. By comparison, we show that the evolution of the duty cycle follows the history of the cosmic star formation rate (SFR) density in the universe, providing intriguing evidence of a natural connection between star formation and the triggering of black hole activity. Feedback on star formation from black hole activity is briefly discussed.

title: FABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES OF THE HIGH GRADIENT ACCELERATOR STRUCTURES AT 100MV/m RANGE
abstract: A CERN-SLAC-KEK collaboration on high gradient X-band structure research has been established in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the CLIC baseline design for the main linac stably operating at more than 100 MV/m loaded accelerating gradient. Several prototype CLIC structures were successfully fabricated and high power tested. They operated at 105 MV/m with a breakdown rate that meets the CLIC linear collider specifications of < 5 x 10{sup -7}/pulse/m. This paper summarizes the fabrication technologies including the mechanical design, precision machining, chemical cleaning, diffusion bonding as well as vacuum baking and all related assembly technologies. Also, the tolerances control, tuning and RF characterization will be discussed.

title: Search for $B^0_s \to \mu^+ \mu^-$ and $B^0 \to \mu^+ \mu^-$ decays
abstract: A search for the rare decays B_s to mu+ mu- and B^0 to mu^+ mu^- is performed in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 inverse femtobarns collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. In both decays, the number of events observed after all selection requirements is consistent with the expectation from background plus standard model signal predictions. The resulting upper limits on the branching fractions are Br(B_s to mu^+ mu^-) < 7.7E-9 and Br(B^0 to mu^+ mu^-) < 1.8E-9 at 95% confidence level.

title: B∗ production in Z decays at LEP
abstract: The production of B ∗ mesons in Z decays has been measured at LEP with the L3 detector. A sample of Z → b b events was obtained by tagging muons in 1.6 million hadronic Z decays collected in 1991, 1992 and 1993. A signal with a peak value of E γ = 46.3 ± 1.9 (stat) MeV in the B rest frame energy spectrum was interpreted to come from the decay B ∗ → γB. The inclusive production ratio of B ∗ mesons relative to B mesons was determined from a fit to the spectrum to be N B ∗ (N B ∗ + N B ) = 0.76 ± 0.08 ± 0.06 , where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic.

title: Advances in X-Band TW Accelerator Structures Operating in the 100 MV/M Regime
abstract: A CERN-SLAC-KEK collaboration on high gradient X-band accelerator structure development for CLIC has been ongoing for three years. The major outcome has been the demonstration of stable 100 MV/m gradient operation of a number of CLIC prototype structures. These structures were fabricated using the technology developed from 1994 to 2004 for the GLC/NLC linear collider initiative. One of the goals has been to refine the essential parameters and fabrication procedures needed to realize such a high gradient routinely. Another goal has been to develop structures with stronger dipole mode damping than those for GLC/NLC. The latter requires that the surface temperature rise during the pulse be higher, which may increase the breakdown rate. One structure with heavy damping has been RF processed and another is nearly finished. The breakdown rates of these structures were found to be higher by two orders of magnitude compared to those with equivalent acceleration mode parameters but without the damping features. This paper presents these results together with some of the earlier results from non-damped structures.