nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Calculating Power by Bootstrap, with an Application to Cluster Randomized Trials
Venue: EGEMS
Year: 2016

A key requirement for a useful power calculation is that the calculation mimic the data analysis that will be performed on the actual data, once that data is observed. Close approximations may be difficult to achieve using analytic solutions, however, and thus Monte Carlo approaches, including both simulation and bootstrap resampling, are often attractive. One setting in which this is particularly true is cluster randomized trial designs. However, Monte Carlo approaches are useful in many additional settings as well. Calculating power for cluster randomized trials using analytic or simulation based methods is frequently unsatisfactory due to the complexity of the data analysis methods to be employed and to the sparseness of data to inform the choice of important parameters in these methods.  We propose that among Monte Carlo methods, bootstrap approaches are most likely to generate data similar to the observed data. In bootstrap approaches, real data are resampled to build complete data sets based on real data that resemble the data for the intended analyses. In contrast, simulation methods would use the real data to estimate parameters for the data, and would then simulate data using these parameters. We describe means of implementing bootstrap power calculation.  We demonstrate bootstrap power calculation for a cluster randomized trial with a censored survival outcome and a baseline observation period.  Bootstrap power calculation is a natural application of resampling methods. It provides a relatively simple solution to power calculation that is likely to be more accurate than analytic solutions or simulation based calculations, in the sense that the bootstrap approach does not rely on the assumptions inherent in analytic calculations. This method of calculation has several important strengths. Notably, it is simple to achieve great fidelity to the proposed data analysis method and there is no requirement for parameter estimates, or estimates of their variability, from outside settings. So, for example, for cluster randomized trials, power calculations need not depend on intracluster correlation coefficient estimates from outside studies. In contrast, bootstrap power calculation requires initial data that resemble data that are to be used in the planned study. We are not aware of bootstrap power calculation being previously proposed or explored for cluster randomized trials, but it can also be applied for other study designs. We show with a simulation study that bootstrap power calculation can replicate analytic power in cases where analytic power can be accurately calculated. We also demonstrate power calculations for correlated censored survival outcomes in a cluster randomized trial setting, for which we are unaware of an analytic alternative. The method can easily be used when preliminary data are available, as is likely to be the case when research is performed in health delivery systems or other settings where electronic medical records can be obtained.
Challenges, Benefits, and Opportunities in Installing and Operating Cabled Ocean Observatories: Perspectives From NEPTUNE Canada
Venue: IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
Year: 2013

The first cabled ocean observatories demonstrate the challenges, benefits, and opportunities for ocean science and commercial applications. NEPTUNE Canada's 800 km subsea infrastructure and 130 diverse instruments established the world's first regional cabled ocean observatory, northeast Pacific Ocean, off Canada's coast. Introducing abundant power and high bandwidth communications into coastal to abyssal environments allows discrimination between short and long term events, interactive experiments, real time data and imagery, and multidisciplinary teams interrogating a vast database over 25 years. The principal scientific themes addressed through the NEPTUNE Canada infrastructure are: plate tectonic processes and earthquake dynamics; dynamic processes of seabed fluid fluxes and gas hydrates; regional ocean/climate dynamics and effects on marine biota; deep sea ecosystem dynamics; and engineering and computational research. Resulting data can be applied to important science issues such as ocean/climate change, ocean acidification, natural hazards, and nonrenewable and renewable natural resources. Socioeconomic benefits include many applications in sovereignty, security, transportation, data services, and public policy. The Data Management and Archive System has largely been developed internally. It controls the observatory network and gives transparent access using interoperability techniques within a Web 2.0 environment. The principal challenges encountered during design, installation, and operations involve technical innovations, enlarging the user base, management, securing funding, maximizing educational/outreach, and commercialization opportunities. Cabled ocean observatories are progressively wiring the oceans. Expandable in footprint, nodes, instruments, and scientific questions, they provide testing technology facilities and generate new research opportunities and socioeconomic benefits.
Design of Input Output Pad ESD Protection in TFT LCD Drive Chip
Year: 2009

This paper describes the layout of TFT LCD drive chip ESD protection.It mainly analyzes and designs ESD protection for Input Output pin in TFT LCD drive chip.Triangle shaped arrangement in two line ESD circuit is adopted to make the electric current pass equably.In the Input protected circuit,two level protection circuits are used.The first circuit absorbs main electric current,and the secondary circuit absorbs remaining ESD charge.Grid Coupling ensures linear fingers trigger.In the Output protected circuit,CMOS structure is used.NP point separating resolve the problem of instant lead. ESD protected circuit include input and output pad ESD protected circuit structure.
Trabecular like Ti 6Al 4V scaffolds for orthopedic: fabrication by selective laser melting and in vitro biocompatibility
Venue: Journal of Materials Science Technology
Year: 2019

Porous metal scaffolds play an important role in the orthopedic field, due to their wide applications in prostheses implantation. Some previous studies showed that the scaffolds with trabecular bone structure reconstructed via computed tomography had satisfactory biocompatibility. However, the reverse modeling scaffolds were inflexible for customized design. Therefore, a top down designing biomimetic bone scaffold with favorable mechanical performances and cytocompatibility is urgently demanded for orthopedic implants. An emerging additive manufacturing technique, selective laser melting, was employed to fabricate the trabecular like porous Ti 6Al 4 V scaffolds with varying irregularities (0.05 0.5) and porosities (48.83% 74.28% designed through a novel Voronoi Tessellation based method. Micro computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the scaffolds' morphology. Quasi static compression tests were performed to evaluate the scaffolds' mechanical properties. The MG63 cells culture in vitro experiments, including adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, were conducted to study the cytocompatibility of scaffolds. Compressive tests of scaffolds revealed an apparent elastic modulus range of 1.93 5.24 GPa and an ultimate strength ranging within 44.9 237.5 MPa, which were influenced by irregularity and porosity, and improved by heat treatment. Furthermore, the in vitro assay suggested that the original surface of the SLM fabricated scaffolds was favorable for osteoblasts adhesion and migration because of micro scale pores and ravines. The trabecular like porous scaffolds with full irregularity and higher porosity exhibited enhanced cells proliferation and osteoblast differentiation at earlier time, due to their preferable combination of small and large pores with various shapes. This study suggested that selective laser melting derived Ti 6Al 4 V scaffold with the trabecular like porous structure designed through Voronoi Tessellation method, favorable mechanical performance, and good cytocompatibility was a potential biomaterial for orthopedic implants.
The Application of Simulation Technology in Distribution Center
Year: 2017

Considering the complexity of workflow in distribution center and the ability of simulation for analysis and optimization of such systems, the application of simulation technology in distribution center is researched in this paper. Taking the distribution center of J mall for example, the third distribution mode of the mall is studied, which procures goods from many suppliers and stores in its own warehouse, then delivers them to the customers according to the different orders. Through the analysis of the Flexsim simulation software, the problems existing in the distribution center are found. And according to the analysis, the improvement suggestions are given and verified by simulation. By comparing the simulation results, it can be concluded that the waiting wastes in receiving area, temporary storage and dispatch area are decreased, and the average utilization rates of the stations become more appropriate. Finally, the output quantities of dispatch area are increased and the efficiency of distribution center is improved.
The Republicans Are the Nation? Thomas Jefferson, William Duane, and the Evolution of the Republican Coalition, 1809 1815
Year: 2013

This essay explores Thomas Jefferson's early retirement political activity and binary vision of Federalism/Republicanism within the context of the broader political economic forces of the early nineteenth century. It shows that his notions of unity and legitimacy, so rooted in the life and death struggles of 1790s state building, increasingly no longer were relevant. His participation in a minor affair illuminates this point quite well. In the spring of 1811, Jefferson played a central role in a battle over loyalty, editorial prerogative, and the maintenance of party unity. It began when William Duane, book publisher, editor of the Philadelphia Aurora and long time power broker within the coalition, sought Jefferson's help in securing funding from Virginia Republicans. Duane was facing a financial meltdown, and he hoped that the "sage of Monticello" might provide him a way out. Jefferson ultimately rejected the request in the name of party harmony, the irony of which is that Duane's "schism" reflected more of the future of the Republican movement than the harmonious nation Jefferson was hoping to preserve.
Features Identification and Classification of Discussion Threads in Coursera MOOC Forums
Year: 2020

In this chapter, the discussion threads of six MOOCs courses offered from August 2013 to April 2014 via the Coursera forums were analysed. The purpose of this study is to identify important features that may have an impact on supervised classification analysis in predicting discussion threads that require instructors' intervention. This study worked on data from the anonymised Coursera MOOC forums with 45,303 threads to gain an insight into the forums. The important features related to thread structures, social network, and popularity are identified using Univariate Feature Selection. Classification analyses using neural networks, decision trees, and naive Bayes algorithms were applied to generate the predictive models. The results show that the developed predictive model is performing well, and the decision trees algorithm outperformed other algorithms with excellent performance measures based on the level of accuracy, precision, recall, and f measure.
A new Fourier shape descriptor using smallest rectangle distance
Venue: 2012 2nd International eConference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE)
Year: 2012

Shape is one of the main features in content based image retrieval (CBIR) This paper proposes a novel CBIR technique based on shape feature. This technique uses the distances between the boundary points of a shape and the smallest rectangle that covers it. The proposed technique is a Fourier based technique and it is invariant to translation, scaling and rotation. The retrieval performance between some commonly used Fourier based signatures and our Smallest Rectangle Distance (SRD) signature has been tested using MPEG 7 database. Experimental results are shown that the SRD signature has better performance compared with many of those signatures.
Assessment of Botulinum Toxin Aesthetic Outcomes: Clinical Study vs Real World Practice.
Venue: JAMA dermatology
Year: 2015

Thirty years ago, few of us could have envisioned today's practice of aesthetic medicine. Led by botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) innovation in facial injectables has revolutionized our practices. New technologies are poised to further expand aesthetic treatment opportunities in the near future. To fuel continued progress, regulatory bodies must accurately reflect the knowledge and best practices shaped from the research and experience of the past 3 decades. Aesthetic medicine is unique; clinical success is inextricably linked to patient perception and preference. Whereas eradication of acne lesions or squamous cell carcinomas is easily quantified in medical dermatology, optimal outcomes in aesthetic medicine are not as objectively defined. Early usage of aesthetic BoNTA focused on immobilizing the muscles responsible for hyperdynamic lines. This approach dramatically reduced targeted lines yet precipitated a host of poor aesthetic outcomes, most notably the compromise of facial expressiveness. Contemporary aesthetic treatment approaches are more refined, and our dosing recommendations have trended downward to retain a balanced, natural look while diminishing unwanted lines. In August 2014, The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued the draft guidance Upper Facial Lines: Developing Botulinum Toxin Drug  Although we applaud this document as a good initial step in establishing high standards for aesthetic BoNTA development, aspects of the guidance highlight fundamental misunderstandings of best practices in aesthetic medicine. Specifically, the Efficacy Endpoints section states, in part: "Measurements at maximum contraction should be used to assess the efficacy of botulinum toxin drug products to demonstrate the paralytic effect. "1(p7) "Success should be defined as a two grade improvement from the baseline, on both the IA [investigator's assessment] and the SSA [subject's self assessment] scales concurrently, to ensure clinical significance.) Taken at face value, these measures may seem to be clear cut methods of evaluating efficacy. In reality, these requirements can foster an approach that increases the risk for overtreatment and poorly reflects contemporary aesthetic practice. The guidance seems to presume that all muscle action associated with facial lines is undesirable. Yet, although muscular contraction creates lines that patients want diminished, it also enables the facial expressions they wish to keep. Facial appearance and emotive ability have important social implications and lay the foundation for social judgments about age and personality characteristics.2 Each facial feature uniquely contributes to the whole, and no single treatment or assessment approach should be applied universally.
IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL CHARACTERISTICS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL SCALE FOOD VENDORS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Year: 2016

Small Scale Enterprises (SSEs) are vital in developing the Nigerian economy because of their role in local employment creation, balanced resources utilization, income generation, utilization of local technology and raw materials. However, the entrepreneurial characteristics affecting the performance of SSEs especially small scale food vendors have not been adequately researched. This study is an attempt to examine the effects of the characteristics of food vendors on the performance of the enterprise. This study used descriptive research design and survey approach to gather data. Therefore, using a logistic regression model, this study found out that there is a statistically significant relationship between entrepreneurial characteristics and the performance of small scale food vendors in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Equally, this study found that business location is the single major contributor to the performance of small scale food vendors in Kaduna State, Nigeria. In addition, this study found out that petty theft is single major challenge facing small scale food vendors in Kaduna State, Nigeria. This study recommends that small scale food vendors should take into consideration the issue of business location when attempting to site their business enterprise, and small scale food vendors should as matter of priority ensure that they employ only trust worthy employees in order to guard against petty theft.
The role of emotions on consumer responses to preferential treatment
Year: 2020

This research examines the role of perceived harm to others as an antecedent of consumers response to preferential treatment. In three experiments, we show that harm associated with preferential treatment may elicit either shame, embarrassment, or guilt depending on context. In study 1, we show that feelings of shame, not embarrassment or guilt, mediates the effect of harm on behavioural intentions. Conversely, study 2 provides support that embarrassment, not shame or guilt, mediates the effect of harm on consumer judgments in an unearned preferential treatment context. In study 3, we examine the role of attribution of harm and moral identity centrality as moderators of moral emotion's mediation effect on consumer judgments. In particular, we demonstrate that advantaged consumers feel guilt, rather than shame or embarrassment, more intensely when harm to others is attributed to the self than when it is attributed to othe!rs, particularly for consumer high in moral identity centrality.
Overview of Fusion Techniques in Multimodal Biometrics
Year: 2018

Security means restricting unauthorized persons from some data. Biometric recognition is automated recognition of individual based on the physiological and behavioral characteristics. Unimodal biometrics are facing problems like noisy data, intra class variation, inter class variation, spoofing attack etc. These limitations can be solved by using multimodal biometrics. Comparing to unimodal multimodal biometric systems are performing better. A multimodal biometric system is a combination of two more biometric traits to increase the security. In this paper two unimodal biometrics iris and fingerprint are used as multimodal biometrics. Comparing to other biometrics, iris recognition is having low false acceptance rate. We discuss various fusion techniques of iris and fingerprint with advantages and limitations. An effective fusion scheme is necessary for combining information from various sources. Fusion at the rank level is the new approach. The fuzzy fusion is based on match score and rank information.  Wordsbiometrics; fusion; fuzzy.
Industry 5.0 A Human Centric Solution
Venue: Sustainability
Year: 2019

Staying at the top is getting tougher and more challenging due to the fast growing and changing digital technologies and AI based solutions. The world of technology, mass customization, and advanced manufacturing is experiencing a rapid transformation. Robots are becoming even more important as they can now be coupled with the human mind by means of brain machine interface and advances in artificial intelligence. A strong necessity to increase productivity while not removing human workers from the manufacturing industry is imposing punishing challenges on the global economy. To counter these challenges, this article introduces the concept of Industry 5.0, where robots are intertwined with the human brain and work as collaborator instead of competitor. This article also outlines a number of key features and concerns that every manufacturer may have about Industry 5.0. In addition, it presents several developments achieved by researchers for use in Industry 5.0 applications and environments. Finally, the impact of Industry 5.0 on the manufacturing industry and overall economy is discussed from an economic and productivity point of view, where it is argued that Industry 5.0 will create more jobs than it will take away.
Blockchain Enabled Traceability Securing Process Quality in Manufacturing Chains in the Age of Autonomous Driving
Venue: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Technology Management, Operations and Decisions (ICTMOD)
Year: 2018

Autonomous driving (AD) promises to disrupt current process management practices in the automotive industry, as processes now have to fulfill increasing requirements for safety, quality and liability. This paradigm change especially manifests itself among electrical system suppliers, as the electrical components transmit the vehicle's energy and communication flow, determining safety critical functions in the vehicle such as steering and braking. In this research, we conducted a multiple embedded case study in the electrical supplier industry in order to derive current challenges as well as future requirements for production processes of safety critical products in the age of autonomous driving. Our data suggest, that the established manufacturing process and practices are unable to fulfill the increasing need for digital continuity, transparency and documentation. To overcome those barriers, we propose a blockchain (BC) and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled traceability system. Through the application of BC, processes can be interconnected, tracked and audited, achieving higher security, liability and quality. This is the first paper, which investigates manufacturing of electrical systems for self driving vehicles as a suitable use case for BC application.
Relation Shape Convolutional Neural Network for Point Cloud Analysis
Venue: 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
Year: 2019

Point cloud analysis is very challenging, as the shape implied in irregular points is difficult to capture. In this paper, we propose RS CNN, namely, Relation Shape Convolutional Neural Network, which extends regular grid CNN to irregular configuration for point cloud analysis. The key to RS CNN is learning from relation, i.e. the geometric topology constraint among points. Specifically, the convolutional weight for local point set is forced to learn a high level relation expression from predefined geometric priors, between a sampled point from this point set and the others. In this way, an inductive local representation with explicit reasoning about the spatial layout of points can be obtained, which leads to much shape awareness and robustness. With this convolution as a basic operator, RS CNN, a hierarchical architecture can be developed to achieve contextual shape aware learning for point cloud analysis. Extensive experiments on challenging benchmarks across three tasks verify RS CNN achieves the state of the arts.