nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists
Venue: Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
Year: 2007

Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is the dominant statistical approach in biology, although it has many, frequently unappreciated, problems. Most importantly, NHST does not provide us with two crucial pieces of information: (1) the magnitude of an effect of interest, and (2) the precision of the estimate of the magnitude of that effect. All biologists should be ultimately interested in biological importance, which may be assessed using the magnitude of an effect, but not its statistical significance. Therefore, we advocate presentation of measures of the magnitude of effects (i.e. effect size statistics) and their confidence intervals (CIs) in all biological journals. Combined use of an effect size and its CIs enables one to assess the relationships within data more effectively than the use of p values, regardless of statistical significance. In addition, routine presentation of effect sizes will encourage researchers to view their results in the context of previous research and facilitate the incorporation of results into future meta analysis, which has been increasingly used as the standard method of quantitative review in biology. In this article, we extensively discuss two dimensionless (and thus standardised) classes of effect size statistics: d statistics (standardised mean difference) and r statistics (correlation coefficient) because these can be calculated from almost all study designs and also because their calculations are essential for meta analysis. However, our focus on these standardised effect size statistics does not mean unstandardised effect size statistics (e.g. mean difference and regression coefficient) are less important. We provide potential solutions for four main technical problems researchers may encounter when calculating effect size and CIs: (1) when covariates exist, (2) when bias in estimating effect size is possible, (3) when data have non normal error structure and/or variances, and (4) when data are non independent. Although interpretations of effect sizes are often difficult, we provide some pointers to help researchers. This paper serves both as a beginner's instruction manual and a stimulus for changing statistical practice for the better in the biological sciences.
Exploring English Teachers' Perceptions About Peer Coaching as a Professional Development Activity of Knowledge Construction
Year: 2017

Teachers' knowledge and how they construct it is an area that deserves attention when it comes to producing fruitful professional development practices. This small scale action research aims at identifying the perceptions of three teachers in a private language center about peer coaching and their actual construction of knowledge in a peer coaching activity. Data were collected through two narratives and the transcription of recorded conversations among participants after the observation of their classes. The results suggest that before peer coaching teachers held three types of perceptions towards observation and feedback: a cautious approach, an identity tension approach, and a celebratory approach. After peer coaching one sees that two perceptions emerged: observation and feedback entail, on the one hand, high anxiety about teachers' self image; and on the other, observation and feedback show a deep sense of their selves.
1 1 e 2 dppe 3 NC 5 H 5 closo 1 2 RhSB 9 H 8 conformational lability and reactivity with H 2 upon protonation
Year: 2018

protonation+ Ana C. Mateo,a Beatriz Calvo,a,b Ramon Macias,*a Maria Jose Artigas,a Fernando J. Lahoza and Luis A. Oro*a,b a Instituto de Sintesis Quimica y Catalisis Homogenea (ISQCH) Universidad de ZaragozaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. E mail: oro@unizar.es, rmacias@unizar.es; Tel: +34 976 761143 b Center of Research Excellence in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia +Dedicated to the memory of Professor Ken Wade, a pattern maker in cluster chemistry.
A systematic review on Asian's farmers' adaptation practices towards climate change.
Venue: The Science of the total environment
Year: 2018

Climate change in Asia is affecting farmers' daily routines. Much of the focus surrounding climate change has targeted the economic and environmental repercussions on farming. Few systematic reviews have been carried out on the social impacts of climate change among farmers in Asia. The present article set out to analyse the existing literature on Asian farmers' adaptation practices towards the impacts of climate change. Guided by the PRISMA Statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses) review method, a systematic review of the Scopus and Web of Science databases identified 38 related studies. Further review of these articles resulted in six main themes crop management, irrigation and water management, farm management, financial management, physical infrastructure management and social activities. These six themes further produced a total of 35 sub themes. Several recommendations are highlighted related to conducting more qualitative studies, to have specific and a standard systematic review method for guide research synthesis in context of climate change adaptation and to practice complimentary searching techniques such as citation tracking, reference searching, snowballing and contacting experts.
NATO Territorial Ballistic Missile Defense and its Implications for Arms Control
Year: 2015

Since 2002, NATO's territorial missile defense has evoked continuous debates between NATO states and the Russian Federation. Thirteen years have passed without reaching a common denominator. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical background of the debate and the technical details of the missile defense system, highlighting its shortcomings and the state of its deployment process. It also contrasts the military technical and political arguments of both sides, before addressing the applicable norms of international law to highlight violations and the effect of this noncompliance on existing arms control measures.
Access to Information on Family Planning and Use of Modern Contraceptives Among Married Igbo Women in Southeast, Nigeria
Venue: International quarterly of community health education
Year: 2019

This study was conducted among married Igbo women in Nigeria who have the lowest median birth interval coupled with a culture of sex preference and low use of modern contraceptives. We examined the relationship between access to information on family planning and sex preference on the use of modern contraceptive (MC) The 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data were used. The data of 1,661 women of reproductive age were analyzed in this study. Access to information on family planning was low, and almost half (48.6% of the women had a score of zero. Controlling for possible confounding variables, the data show that women who have good (odds ratio [OR] 3.92; CI [2.28, 6.75] p .001) and poor (OR 2.56; CI [1.85, 3.56] p .001) access to information on family planning were more likely to use MC than those with no access to information on family planning. Sex preference showed no relationship with the use of MC. Families where husbands want more children than their wives inhibit (OR 0.62, CI [0.42, 0.90] p .05) the use of MC compared with those families where husbands and wives fertility desire is the same. Public health programs by government and donors should intensify interventions to increase access to family planning information to promote the use of MC among married Igbo women.
Despre tensiunea local global in economia mondiala contemporana
Year: 2013

Under the circumstances of an accelerated world economy globalization during the last decades, the local global tensions occur, with various intensity, in all significant aspects of human life: social, politic, economic, cultural, religious. The study tries, in a holistic approach, to identify the main transmitting vectors of tensions and the possible ways to avoid their degeneration into irreversible conflict situations. A synthetic matrix is presented in the end, summarizing the local global tensions and pointing out adverse local effects with global reverse.
Sustainable business model: A review and framework development
Venue: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
Year: 2020

Integrating sustainability into business functions of organisations is a challenge faced by practitioners. They need to understand what aspects must be considered to achieve effective sustainability implementation. Few studies review current sustainable business models and reveal essential aspects that must be possessed by these models. This study aims to discuss the available sustainable business models and identify the main features of the models. Conceptual research is applied in this study to synthesise the current sustainable business models in the literature. The study reveals nine main aspects to consider, including sustainability, information technology, circular economy, value chain, core values, value creation, organisational values, performance management, and stakeholder engagement. The proposed framework would help the practitioners to capture important aspects of the sustainability implementation. These aspects would guide them to effectively embed sustainability into an organisation's business functions and fulfil stakeholder expectations.
Carbon Lock Out: Advancing Renewable Energy Policy in Europe
Year: 2012

As part of its climate strategy, the EU aims at increasing the share of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES E) in overall electricity generation. Attaining this target poses a considerable challenge as the electricity sector is "locked" into a carbon intensive system, which hampers the adoption of RES E technologies. Electricity generation, transmission and distribution grids as well as storage and demand response are subject to important path dependences, which put existing, non renewable energy sources at an advantage. This paper examines how an EU framework for RES E support policies should be designed to facilitate a carbon lock out. For this purpose, we specify the major technological, economic and institutional barriers to RES E. For each of the barriers, a policy review is carried out which assesses the performance of existing policy instruments and identifies needs for reform. The review reveals several shortcomings: while policies targeting generation are widely in place, measures to address barriers associated with electricity grids, storage and demand are still in their infancy and have to be extended. Moreover, the implementation of policies has been fragmented across EU Member States. In this respect, national policies should be embedded into an integrated EU wide planning of the RES E system with overarching energy scenarios and partially harmonized policy rules.
COVID 19: Is it time to revisit the research on calcium channel drug targets?
Year: 2020

As the COVID 19 outbreak continues to endanger global health and hamper the world economy, there are concerns and reconsiderations for medication taken by patients with cardiometabolic disorders as they are more vulnerable to COVID 19. While several articles and perspectives have dealt with the concern and safe continuation of antihypertensive drugs, there is paucity of information on calcium channel blockers (CCB) Despite the biology of calcium channel involvement in virus entry and replication, the beneficial effect of CCB is somewhat speculative and only preclinically evident. This commentary focusses on the clinical research on CCB in the context of COVID 19.
Corporate Governance And Directors' Remuneration In Malaysian Public Listed Companies
Year: 2016

Over the past decade, the issue of compensation for top executives has been the subject of empirical research due to agency problems that might be manifested as a result of separation of ownership and control. Research into how executives are rewarded caught wide public interest in the Western countries and now has also captured the attention of Malaysians. This is more apparent particularly after a series of financial crises.
Rational functionalization of molecular magnetic materials towards liquid crystalline phases, improved solubility and modulation of physical properties
Year: 2014

Ce travail de these a ete dedie a l'elaboration et l'etude de nouveaux materiaux hybrides obtenus par la fonctionnalisation de molecule aimants (en anglais single molecule magnets, SMMs) et de complexes a transfert d'electron. Le premier chapitre fait un etat de l'art des deux classes de composes magnetiques utilisees dans ce travail les molecule aimants et les systemes a transfert d'electrons. Une breve description des systemes magnetiques hybrides presents dans la litterature est ensuite presentee dans le but d'illustrer les motivations qui ont conduit a ce travail. Le chapitre II decrit la fonctionnalisation des molecule aimants de type [Mn12] dans le but d'obtenir des systemes cristaux liquides hybrides. Deux approches ont ete etudiees (a) la fonctionnalisation des ligands peripheriques avec des groupements fortement lipophiles (longues chaines alkyle) ou (b) le greffage de promoteurs mesogenes par l'intermediaire d'espaceurs aliphatiques flexibles. Les chapitres III a V presentent les etudes sur des carres moleculaires a ponts cyanure {Fe2Co2} qui montrent un transfert d'electron thermo et photo induit. Le chapitre III discute de la possibilite de moduler le processus de transfert d'electron de ces carres moleculaires via le changement du contre anion. La fonctionnalisation du carre moleculaire {Fe2Co2} avec de chaines aliphatiques et son impact induit sur les proprietes physiques a l'etat solide et en solutions sont decrits dans le chapitre IV. Le chapitre V discute de l'effet de la fonctionnalisation avec des groupements fortement electrodonneurs, tels que les groupements methoxy, sur le processus de transfert d'electron des carres moleculaires {Fe2Co2}
Uji efek ekstrak etanol daun tapak liman (Elephantopus Scaber Linn. terhadap aktivitas dan kapasitas fagositosis sel makrofag dan persentase sel leukosit pada mencit putih jantan
Year: 2018

Sistem imun memiliki peran penting dalam melindungi tubuh dari benda benda yang berasal dari lingkungan, seperti mikroba dan senyawa kimia. Sistem imun dalam melakukan fungsinya melibatkan berbagai macam sel seperti makrofag, leukosit, limfosit dan sel fagosit lainnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol daun Elephantopus scaber Linn terhadap sistem imun berdasarkan pengaruhnya terhadap aktivitas, kapasitas fagositosis sel makrofag, persentase sel leukosit dan jumlah sel leukosit total. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 20 ekor mencit yang dibagi kedalam empat kelompok. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol diberikan Na CMC 0,5% kelompok II, III, dan IV diberikan ekstrak etanol daun E.scaber dengan dosis 10, 30 and 100 mg/kgBB selama tujuh hari berturut turut secara oral. Pada hari ke 8, aktivitas dan kapasitas fagositosis sel makrofag dihitung setelah sel leukosit dihitung dan suspensi Staphylococcus aureus diinjeksikan secara intraperitoneal. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun E.scaber dapat meningkatkan aktivitas, kapasitas fagositosis sel makrofag dan jumlah sel leukosit total pada mencit putih jantan. Berdasarkan uji ANOVA pemberian ekstrak etanol daun E.scaber mempengaruhi aktivitas dan kapasitas fagositosis sel makrofag, persentase sel neutrofil segmen, persentase sel monosit dan jumlah sel leukosit total secara bermakna (p 0,05) Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun E.scaber dapat mempengaruhi sistem imun.  Fagositosis, sel makrofag, daun tapak liman, Elephantopus Scaber Linn.
A survey of research on text simplification
Year: 2014

Text simplification, defined narrowly, is the process of reducing the linguistic complexity of a text, while still retaining the original information and meaning. More broadly, text simplification encompasses other operations; for example, conceptual simplification to simplify content as well as form, elaborative modification, where redundancy and explicitness are used to emphasise key points, and text summarisation to omit peripheral or inappropriate information. There is substantial evidence that manual text simplification is an effective intervention for many readers, but automatic simplification has only recently become an established research field. There have been several recent papers on the topic, however, which bring to the table a multitude of methodologies, each with their strengths and weaknesses. The goal of this paper is to summarise the large interdisciplinary body of work on text simplification and highlight the most promising research directions to move the field forward.
STAPP: Spatiotemporal analysis of plantar pressure measurements using statistical parametric mapping.
Venue: Gait posture
Year: 2018

Pedobarography produces large sets of plantar pressure samples that are routinely subsampled (e.g. using regions of interest) or aggregated (e.g. center of pressure trajectories, peak pressure images) in order to simplify statistical analysis and provide intuitive clinical measures.  We hypothesize that these data reductions discard gait information that can be used to differentiate between groups or conditions.  To test the hypothesis of null information loss, we created an implementation of statistical parametric mapping (SPM) for dynamic plantar pressure datasets (i.e. plantar pressure videos) Our SPM software framework brings all plantar pressure videos into anatomical and temporal correspondence, then performs statistical tests at each sampling location in space and time. Novelly, we introduce non linear temporal registration into the framework in order to normalize for timing differences within the stance phase. We refer to our software framework as STAPP: spatiotemporal analysis of plantar pressure measurements. Using STAPP, we tested our hypothesis on plantar pressure videos from 33 healthy subjects walking at different speeds.  As walking speed increased, STAPP was able to identify significant decreases in plantar pressure at mid stance from the heel through the lateral forefoot. The extent of these plantar pressure decreases has not previously been observed using existing plantar pressure analysis techniques.  We therefore conclude that the subsampling of plantar pressure videos a task which led to the discarding of gait information in our study can be avoided using STAPP.
ECG based heartbeat classification for arrhythmia detection: A survey
Venue: Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.
Year: 2016

An electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the electric activity of the heart and has been widely used for detecting heart diseases due to its simplicity and non invasive nature. By analyzing the electrical signal of each heartbeat, i.e. the combination of action impulse waveforms produced by different specialized cardiac tissues found in the heart, it is possible to detect some of its abnormalities. In the last decades, several works were developed to produce automatic ECG based heartbeat classification methods. In this work, we survey the current state of the art methods of ECG based automated abnormalities heartbeat classification by presenting the ECG signal preprocessing, the heartbeat segmentation techniques, the feature description methods and the learning algorithms used. In addition, we describe some of the databases used for evaluation of methods indicated by a well known standard developed by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and described in ANSI/AAMI EC57:1998/(R)2008 (ANSI/AAMI, 2008) Finally, we discuss limitations and drawbacks of the methods in the literature presenting concluding remarks and future challenges, and also we propose an evaluation process workflow to guide authors in future works.
Synthesis, in Vitro and in Silico Studies of Azo Based Calix[4]arenes as Antibacterial Agent and Neuraminidase Inhibitor: A New Look Into an Old Scaffold
Venue: Front. Chem.
Year: 2018

Calixarene derivatives are reported as potential therapeutic agents. Azo derivatives of calixarenes have not been given much consideration to explore their biomedical applications. In the present study, some azo based derivatives of calix[4]arene were synthesized and characterized and their antibacterial and antiviral potentials were studied. The mono azo products of sulphanilamide, sulfaguanidine and 2 methyl 4 aminobenzoic acid showed good activity against bacterial strains with minimum inhibition concentration values ranging from 0.97 to 62.5 mg/mL. For mono azo products, the diazotized salt was applied as a limiting reagent. The use of calix[4]arene and sodium acetate trihydrate in 1:3 (molar ratio) helped in partial substitution. Molecular docking was performed to see the interaction of the designed compounds with two bacterial and one viral (neuraminidase) receptor. Some of the derivatives showed good interaction with the active site of bacterial and neuraminidase enzymes through hydrogen, hydrophobic and pi pi interactions, and could inhibit the activity of the selected enzymes.
A Tale of Two Water Supplies in China: Finding Practical Solutions to Urban and Rural Water Supply Problems.
Venue: Accounts of chemical research
Year: 2019

Access to safe drinking water is among the 17 United Nations sustainable development goals. As the largest developing country, China has confronted large challenges to providing safe and sufficient drinking water to its population of 1.4 billion under the conditions of limited water sources and ubiquitous water contamination. This Account outlines these challenges as well as the practical solutions implemented by Chinese water professionals. We first provide a general introduction of the water supply in China. Next, we describe the main challenges of water source shortages and source water contamination. The practical solutions developed by Chinese water professionals are the core part of this Account, to which we have devoted ourselves to and contributed in some issues and cases. The water supply in China is a binary system that reflects the gap between urban and rural communities. Both urban and rural water supplies have been subject to water source shortages and contamination. Water shortages are mainly solved by long distance water transportation projects. Urban water utilities generally pay attention to organic matter, ammonia, algae, and chemical spills in source water while also focusing on micro organisms and disinfection byproducts in tap water. Micro organisms are a widespread concern for rural water supplies, whereas arsenic, fluoride, and ammonia are an endemic concern in some rural communities. Investment in updating of treatment processes significantly benefits urban water supplies, and advanced treatment of ozonation and biologically activated carbon processes are now commonly used to ensure that strict drinking water quality standards are met. However, this is not the case for rural water supplies, where expensive advanced treatment is not affordable. Thus, improving rural water supplies requires approaches such as searching for sources with better water quality, using automated ultrafiltration instruments, or connecting to urban water supply distribution systems. For rural areas with high concentrations of arsenic or fluoride in source water, specific adsorbents are a practical way to help farmers. Similar challenges will be encountered elsewhere in the world; therefore, the practical solutions applied in China will be useful to other countries in different stages of development.