nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The history, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of carbon based fuels and their emissions. Part 3: diesel and gasoline.
Venue: Mutation research. Reviews in mutation research
Year: 2015

Within this review the genotoxicity of diesel and gasoline fuels and emissions is placed in an historical context. New technologies have changed the composition of transportation methods considerably, reducing emissions of many of the components of health concern. The similarity of modern diesel and gasoline fuels and emissions to other carbonaceous fuels and emissions is striking. Recently an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group concluded that there was sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust (Group 1) In addition, the Working Group found that diesel exhaust has "a positive association (limited evidence) with an increased risk of bladder cancer." Like most other carbonaceous fuel emissions, diesel and gasoline exhausts contain toxic levels of respirable particles (PM <2.5mm) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. However, the level of toxic components in exhausts from diesel and gasoline emissions has declined in certain regions over time because of changes in engine design, the development of better aftertreatment devices (e.g. catalysts) increased fuel economy, changes in the fuels and additives used, and greater regulation. Additional research and better exposure assessments are needed so that decision makers and the public can decide to what extent diesel and gasoline engines should be replaced.
Abstractive summarization of long texts by representing multiple compositionalities with temporal hierarchical pointer generator network
Venue: Neural Networks
Year: 2020

In order to tackle the problem of abstractive summarization of long multi sentence texts, it is critical to construct an efficient model, which can learn and represent multiple compositionalities better. In this paper, we introduce a temporal hierarchical pointer generator network that can represent multiple compositionalities in order to handle longer sequences of texts with a deep structure. We demonstrate how a multilayer gated recurrent neural network organizes itself with the help of an adaptive timescale in order to represent the compositions. The temporal hierarchical network is implemented with a multiple timescale architecture where the timescale of each layer is also learned during the training process through error backpropagation through time. We evaluate our proposed model using an Introduction Abstract summarization dataset from scientific articles and the CNN/Daily Mail summarization benchmark dataset. The results illustrate that, we successfully implement a summary generation system for long texts by using the multiple timescale with adaptation concept. We also show that we have improved the summary generation system with our proposed model on the benchmark dataset.
Survival and Complications of Single Dental Implants in the Edentulous Mandible Following Immediate or Delayed Loading: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Venue: Journal of dental research
Year: 2018

It was the aim of this 24 mo randomized controlled clinical trial to investigate whether the survival of a single median implant placed in the edentulous mandible to retain a complete denture is not compromised by immediate loading. Secondary outcomes were differences in prosthetic complications between the loading principles. Each of the 158 patients who received an implant was randomly assigned to the immediate loading group (n 81) or the delayed loading group (n 77) Recall visits were performed 1 mo after implant placement (for only the delayed loading group) and 1, 4, 12, and 24 mo after implant loading. Nine implants failed in the immediate loading group, all within the first 3 mo of implant loading, and 1 implant failed in the delayed loading group prior to loading. Noninferiority of implant survival of the immediate loading group, as compared with the delayed loading group, could not be shown (P 0.81) Consistent with this result, a secondary analysis with Fisher exact test revealed that the observed difference in implant survival between the treatment groups was indeed statistically significant (P 0.019) The most frequent prosthetic complications and maintenance interventions in the mandible were retention adjustments, denture fractures, pressure sores, and matrix exchanges. There was only 1 statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the parameter "fracture of the denture base in the ball attachment area" (P 0.007) The results indicate that immediate loading of a single implant in the edentulous mandible reveals inferior survival than that of delayed loading and therefore should be considered only in exceptional cases (German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00003730)
Design and methods of Shape Up Under 5: Integration of systems science and community engaged research to prevent early childhood obesity
Venue: PloS one
Year: 2019

Shape Up Under 5 (SUU5) was a two year early childhood obesity prevention pilot study in Somerville, Massachusetts (2015 2017) designed to test a novel conceptual framework called Stakeholder driven Community Diffusion. For whole of community interventions, this framework posits that diffusion of stakeholders' knowledge about and engagement with childhood obesity prevention efforts through their social networks will improve the implementation of health promoting policy and practice changes intended to reduce obesity risk. SUU5 used systems science methods (agent based modeling, group model building, social network analysis) to design, facilitate, and evaluate the work of 16 multisector stakeholders 'the Committee' In this paper, we describe the design and methods of SUU5 using the conceptual framework: the approach to data collection, and methods and rationale for study inputs, activities and evaluation, which together may further our understanding of the hypothesized processes within Stakeholder driven Community Diffusion. We also present a generalizable conceptual framework for addressing childhood obesity and similar complex public health issues through whole of community interventions.
Drama counts: uncovering Channel 4's history with quantitative research methods
Year: 2009

Quantitative research methods have largely been used in sociological approaches of television studies, but less so to uncover institutional or textual histories. This paper attempts to extend the use of quantitative research methods for television studies by introducing readers to a database collected about television drama shown on British terrestrial television between 1970 and 2000. It argues that quantitative research methods can falsify existing hypotheses as well as reveal relationships that have previously been overlooked. In particular, this paper investigates Channel 4's history in regards to American imports and argues that we need to understand Channel 4's increased reliance on imports countering the hypothesis that new broadcasters decreasingly import programming when they become established by investigating its particular history. This history shows several overlaps with the American network NBC in regard to target audiences which made NBC comedy particularly interesting to Channel 4 in the 1980s and 1990s.
Uber Verschworungstheorien und ihre Anhanger
Venue: Forum der Psychoanalyse
Year: 2020

In der aktuellen, intensiv gefuhrten Debatte um die Corona Pandemie und ihre Folgen haben sich zahlreiche Burger zu Wort gemeldet, die den Ausserungen der Politiker und Wissenschaftler misstrauen und behaupten, das Virus sei von boswilligen Personen oder feindlichen Machten absichtlich und aus egoistischen Interessen verbreitet worden. Derartige Verschworungstheorien verbreiten sich immer dann, wenn Menschen uberraschende und angstigende Ereignisse zu verarbeiten haben. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Uberblick zur Geschichte der Verschworungstheorien und geht der Frage nach, welche Personen aus welchen Grunden zu Verschworungstheorien neigen. Aus einer psychodynamischen Perspektive handelt es sich um Menschen, die aus teilweise unbewussten Motiven dazu neigen, anderen feindselige Absichten zu unterstellen, gegen die sie sich auch mit Gewalt zur Wehr setzen mussen. Aus einigen Parallelen zu konflikthaften psychotherapeutischen Beziehungssituationen lassen sich erste Vorschlage ableiten, fur einen konstruktiven Umgang mit Anhangern einer Verschworungstheorie in padagogischen oder politischen Kontexten.
[Determination of acetanilide herbicide residues in tea by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with two different ionization techniques]
Venue: Se pu Chinese journal of chromatography
Year: 2007

An analytical method of solid phase extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry with two different ionization techniques was established for simultaneous determination of 12 acetanilide herbicide residues in tea leaves. Herbicides were extracted from tea leaf samples with ethyl acetate. The extract was cleaned up on an active carbon SPE column connected to a Florisil SPE column. Analytical screening was determined by the technique of gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometry (MS) in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with either electron impact ionization (EI) or negative chemical ionization (NCI) It is reliable and stable that the recoveries of all herbicides were in the range from 50% to 110% at three spiked levels, 10 microg/kg, 20 microg/kg and 40 microg/kg, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were no more than 10.9% The two different ionization techniques are complementary as more ion fragmentation information can be obtained from the EI mode while more molecular ion information from the NCI mode. By comparison of the two techniques, the selectivity of NCI SIM was much better than that of EI SIM method. The sensitivities of the both techniques were high, the limit of quantitative (LOQ) for each herbicide was no more than 2.0 microg/kg, and the limit of detection (LOD) with NCI SIM technique was much lower than that of EI SIM when analyzing herbicides with several halogen atoms in the molecule.
Influence of design modification of control rod assembly for Prototype Generation IV Sodium cooled Fast Reactor on drop performance
Venue: Nuclear Engineering and Technology
Year: 2019

This paper presents the drop performance test of the control rod assembly which is one of the main components strongly related to the safety of the prototype generation IV sodium cooled fast reactor. To investigate the drop performance, a real sized control rod assembly that was recently modified based on the drop analysis results was newly fabricated, and several free drop tests under different flow rate conditions were carried out. Then the results were compared with those obtained from the previous tests conducted on the conceptually designed control rod assembly to demonstrate the improvement in performance. Moreover, the drop performance tests under several types and magnitudes of seismic loadings were also conducted to investigate the effect of the seismic loading on the drop performance of the modified control rod assembly. The results showed that the effects of the type and magnitude of the seismic loading on the drop performance of the modified control rod assembly were not significant. Also, the drop time requirement was successfully satisfied, even under the seismic loading conditions.
A Self Evolving Fuzzy System Which Learns Dynamic Threshold Parameter by Itself
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
Year: 2019

This paper proposes an online learning algorithm for data streams, namely self evolving fuzzy system (SEFS) Unlike the fixed control parameters commonly used in evolving fuzzy systems, the SEFS uses online training errors, which measure the quality of an identified model in presenting the dynamics of the data stream, to set a dynamic threshold automatically for rule generation. This self tuning parameter, which controls the speed and coverage for fuzzy rule generation, helps the SEFS properly deal with the underfitting/overfitting problems relying on two facts: 1) Large training errors present an underfitted model, which is too coarse to represent the highly complicated and rapidly dynamic (e.g. highly nonlinear, nonstationary) behavior of the data segment. Then, finer rules need to be added; and 2) tiny training errors reflect an overfitted model, which can ideally represent any slight dynamic behavior of the data stream. In this case, coarse rule base should be used. Besides, an $L^{2} distance based geometric similarity measure is proposed in the rule merging phase. With this similarity measure, the SEFS computes the similarity between Gaussian membership functions accurately without making an approximation of the Gaussian membership function beforehand. In addition, a weighted recursive least squares algorithm with a variable forgetting factor, which minimizes the mean square of the noise free posterior error signal, is applied to learn the consequent parameters. Several benchmark examples across both artificial and real life datasets verify that the SEFS has the ability to give better performance compared with many state of the art algorithms.
Key Topics in Molecular Docking for Drug Design
Venue: International journal of molecular sciences
Year: 2019

Molecular docking has been widely employed as a fast and inexpensive technique in the past decades, both in academic and industrial settings. Although this discipline has now had enough time to consolidate, many aspects remain challenging and there is still not a straightforward and accurate route to readily pinpoint true ligands among a set of molecules, nor to identify with precision the correct ligand conformation within the binding pocket of a given target molecule. Nevertheless, new approaches continue to be developed and the volume of published works grows at a rapid pace. In this review, we present an overview of the method and attempt to summarise recent developments regarding four main aspects of molecular docking approaches: (i) the available benchmarking sets, highlighting their advantages and caveats, (ii) the advances in consensus methods, (iii) recent algorithms and applications using fragment based approaches, and (iv) the use of machine learning algorithms in molecular docking. These recent developments incrementally contribute to an increase in accuracy and are expected, given time, and together with advances in computing power and hardware capability, to eventually accomplish the full potential of this area.
Comparison of tumor response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and modified RECIST in patients treated with sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma
Venue: Cancer
Year: 2012

A significant improvement in overall survival (OS) was demonstrated in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who received sorafenib (Sor) in the Sorafenib HCC Assessment Randomized Protocol (SHARP) study, in contrast to a response rate (RR) of 2% assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) Modified RECIST (mRECIST) were developed to assess the response in patients with HCC, based on measurement of viable tumor with arterial enhancement on a computed tomography (CT) scan. In the current study, mRECIST were evaluated and were compared with RECIST in patients who received Sor for advanced HCC.
Stability of Stochastic Gradient Descent on Nonsmooth Convex Losses
Venue: NeurIPS
Year: 2020

Uniform stability is a notion of algorithmic stability that bounds the worst case change in the model output by the algorithm when a single data point in the dataset is replaced. An influential work of Hardt et al. (2016) provides strong upper bounds on the uniform stability of the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm on sufficiently smooth convex losses. These results led to important progress in understanding of the generalization properties of SGD and several applications to differentially private convex optimization for smooth losses. Our work is the first to address uniform stability of SGD on \em nonsmooth} convex losses. Specifically, we provide sharp upper and lower bounds for several forms of SGD and full batch GD on arbitrary Lipschitz nonsmooth convex losses. Our lower bounds show that, in the nonsmooth case, (S)GD can be inherently less stable than in the smooth case. On the other hand, our upper bounds show that (S)GD is sufficiently stable for deriving new and useful bounds on generalization error. Most notably, we obtain the first dimension independent generalization bounds for multi pass SGD in the nonsmooth case. In addition, our bounds allow us to derive a new algorithm for differentially private nonsmooth stochastic convex optimization with optimal excess population risk. Our algorithm is simpler and more efficient than the best known algorithm for the nonsmooth case Feldman et al. (2020)
Development and implementation of online Dutch L2 courses in adult education: educators' and providers' perceptions of constraints and critical success factors
Year: 2019

This study examines educators' and providers' perceptions of constraints and critical success factors of the development and implementation of online L2 learning. The focus is on Dutch L2 learning in adult education in Flanders. Semi structured interviews with seven educators (shaping pedagogies/curricula) and six providers (organizing/offering language programmes) were conducted. Consequently, a focus group consisting of 12 teachers of Dutch (L2) and teacher trainers was run. The findings show that the main perceived constraints of the design and implementation of an online curriculum are negative beliefs about the effectiveness of online language learning, costs, a lack of technical and pedagogical support and insufficient teacher ICT skills. The perceived major critical success factors are course design, technological facilities, (technical, financial and pedagogical) support, learner skills and attitudes, and competencies of instructional designers. Although many literature references were found concerning the importance of assessment, teacher skills and the role of the faculties, these were hardly mentioned during the interviews. The findings of this study call for a better financial framework, more collaboration among different stakeholders in the field, a focus on online teacher skills, adequate pedagogical and technical support and for a framework for quality assurance in online language learning.
Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality for Human Robot Interaction (VAM HRI)
Venue: 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction (HRI)
Year: 2019

The 2 nd International Workshop on Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality for Human Robot Interactions (VAM HRI) will bring together HRI, Robotics, and Mixed Reality researchers to identify challenges in mixed reality interactions between humans and robots. Topics relevant to the workshop include development of robots that can interact with humans in mixed reality, use of virtual reality for developing interactive robots, the design of new augmented reality interfaces that mediate communication between humans and robots, comparisons of the capabilities and perceptions of robots and virtual agents, and best design practices. VAM HRI was held for the first time at HRI 2018, where it served as the first workshop of its kind at an academic AI or Robotics conference, and served as a timely call to arms to the academic community in response to the growing promise of this emerging field. VAM HRI 2019 will follow on the success of VAM HRI 2018, and present new opportunities for expanding this nascent research community. Website http:/vam
The changing environment and neighbourhood satisfaction in socialist high rise panel housing estates: The time comparative perceptions of elderly residents in Prague
Year: 2014

Population aging represents a significant trend in shaping contemporary urban areas, and research investigating various aspects of age friendly cities and neighbourhoods has enjoyed increasing attention from urban scholars and practitioners. The neighbourhood transformations that have been taking place in socialist high rise panel housing estates in the last 20 years raise concerns as to how they are experienced by local elderly populations. Although a number of studies have addressed recent developments in high rise panel estates in countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) little is known about the self perceived residential quality of elderly inhabitants. This paper investigates the neighbourhood satisfaction of the elderly living in housing estates in Prague, the Czech Republic. The focus of this study is on their perceptions of the opportunities and barriers presented by the changing residential environments in relation to their daily independence. The paper takes a time comparative approach based on face to face interviews with elderly adults from three different study areas. The findings suggest that neighbourhood satisfaction is influenced, among other factors, by the "life stage" of the housing estate, by the individual circumstances of moving to the neighbourhood and by the time to adapt to the new environment. Although the elderly evaluate housing estates as convenient places to live, the risks related to demographic aging and the deterioration of local facilities must be taken seriously.
Digital protocol for reference based guided surgery and immediate loading: a prospective clinical study.
Venue: The International journal of oral maxillofacial implants
Year: 2012

To evaluate the performance of a computer aided three dimensional planning protocol in combination with previously inserted reference mini implants and CAD/CAM technology to restore completely edentulous patients. The study evaluated implant and superstructure survival in a prospective clinical trial.  The plan protocol called for treatment of 35 patients who were edentulous in either arch. Mini implants were used to establish a platform for computed tomography and fixation of the surgical template. The planning software based on three dimensional simulation was used to plan ideal implant placement, digitally integrating the future prosthetic and anatomical situations to design the definitive superstructure.  A total of 35 patients, 20 with edentulous maxillae, 10 with edentulous mandibles, and 5 patients with edentulism in both arches were treated. All patients received definitive prostheses on the day of surgery. The majority of patients treated in maxilla underwent a sinus graft procedure to achieve sufficient bone to place implants. A total of 40 superstructures were inserted and immediately loaded. Of the 240 inserted implants, 229 (95.4% survived, with 146 (93.6% and 83 (98.8% implants in the maxillary and mandibular arches, respectively. Of the 10 implants that failed in the maxilla, 9 occurred in patients with an augmented sinus. All definitive restorations demonstrated clinically acceptable fit.  When evaluating implant and superstructure survival, reference based guided surgery seems to be a reliable treatment option for edentulous patients. The CAD/CAM superstructure, inserted and loaded immediately after guided implant insertion, demonstrated acceptable fit to the underlying implants.