nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire
Year: 2016

SELIM DERINGIL, Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire (Cambridge, UK:  2012) In his most recent book, Selim Deringil cogently elucidates the tangled web of Ottoman state concerns, local tensions, diplomatic intrigue and interests, and the issues of modernization, nationalism, citizenship, and religious identity within the late Ottoman Empire's Tanzimat and Abdulhamid II periods. Specifically, conversion and apostasy among Ottoman subjects, both Muslim and Christian, act as his lens into this above mentioned tangled web particularly related to how the central Ottoman state's view of conversion and apostasy transformed in the nineteenth century. Building upon the arguments of his own Well protected Domains and Ussama Makdisi's Artillery of Heaven and The Culture of Sectarianism, Deringil argues that as nationalism spread within the Ottoman Empire, the importance of religion and religious identity within the context of conversion and apostasy did not fade over time, but became inextricably connected to national identity. This was most apparent in many of the Balkan nationalist wars for independence wherein national and religious identities were synonymous. In fact, conversion from Islam to Christianity and vice versa constituted a major catastrophe and embarrassment for the empire in terms of imperial interests and international diplomatic relations. So much so, Deringil claims that for the empire, its diverse communities, and international powers, conversion and apostasy came to represent a form of "de nationalization," which he defines as "the loss of a soul and a body from an increasingly 'nationally imagined' community. This loss was also seen as a symbolic rape of the community's honor.[3]" Deringil provides four fascinating case studies to illustrate this phenomenon.The first two cases deal with so called crypto Christians. Since, one's national identity, and consequently citizenship and potential loyalty, could not be disentangled from one's religion, with the proclamation of the Tanzimat and the promise of equal protection under the law regardless of religious affiliation, it now became imperative for the Ottoman state to define, test, and maintain its diverse population's religious identities so as not to upset the tenuous domestic and international obsessions with the empire's diverse populations and potential nationalist aspirations. Long lived crypto Christian communities, such as the Kromlides and Stavriotes, now came under intense state scrutiny. These two communities had lived openly for centuries as Christians, but claimed Muslim identity. With the declaration of the new religious freedoms, they wanted to be officially recognized as Christians once again. Yet, the central state desperately feared that to allow such "reversion" would cause an avalanche of "reconversions," thus undermining Ottoman Islamic identity and facilitating further Great Power interference with the empire's internal sovereignty.The other two cases deal with the opposite flow of conversion, i.
FROM SPONTANEOUS GENERATION TO COSMIC ABIOGENESIS. AN ATTEMPT AT SYSTEMATIZATION OF BIOGENESIS THEORIES
Year: 2020

The question of the origin of life interested people for centuries. All existing views on this subject can be classified into different areas of our knowledge of the world: natural sciences, philosophy, and theology. Some theories (perhaps the majority) contain more or less explicit elements from all of these areas. Thus, it is helpful to take a closer look at them and to classify all the typical groups of theories about the origins of life. We can in this way stress their mutual connections and clarify their own nature. Nowadays, driving forces of pre biological chemical evolution and the explanation of the transition from "non life into life" present a great variety of solutions. The differences between the theories, however, as well as the current controversies in the scientific community (e.g. what was "in the beginning" where did prebiotic evolution take place? etc. will be shown to be of secondary importance in comparison with several much more profound philosophical assumptions underlying the origin of life studies. The attempt to organize and classify different types of theories on the genesis of life allows to take into account different kinds of perspectives (theistic, philosophical and scientific) and to compare them to each other. The most general division between theories is based on a distinction between metaphysical conceptions and scientific ones. Some theories answer the question of the emergence of life in general, whereas others tackle the question of the origin of life on Earth only. Interestingly, two traditional ideas concerning the problem of the origin of life (i.e. spontaneous generation and panspermia) are still at play in contemporary scientific research, albeit in a modified form. In the perspective of contemporary scientific research on the origin of life it seems interesting that two main ideas concerning the problem of the origin of life, spontaneous generation and panspermia, are still present as presuppositions of certain theories but have been modified. Moreover, it is evident that the theistic view of the origin of life (creation) does not have to fall into conflict with contemporary scientific theories. Rather, they are complementary. This article is an extension, explanation and refinement of the proposed scheme of the main types of theories on the origin of life. An attempt to classify various biogenesis theories is also proposed. One of the most important questions that will be addressed concerns the philosophical presumptions of biogenetics still informing current research as well as scientific explanations of the origin of life.
Amendment of the Japanese Consensus Guidelines for Autoimmune Pancreatitis, 2013 I. Concept and diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis
Venue: Journal of Gastroenterology
Year: 2014

BackgroundIn response to the proposal of the international consensus diagnostic criteria (ICDC) for autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and the Japanese diagnostic criteria in 2011, the 2009 Japanese consensus guidelines for managing AIP required revision.MethodsThree committees [the professional committee for making clinical questions (CQs) and statements by Japanese specialists, the expert panelist committee for rating statements by the modified Delphi method, and the evaluating committee by moderators] were organized. Fifteen specialists for AIP extracted the specific clinical statements from 1,843 articles published between 1963 and 2012 (obtained from Pub Med and a secondary database, and developed the CQs and statements. The expert panel individually rated the clinical statements using a modified Delphi approach, in which a clinical statement receiving a median score greater than seven on a nine point scale from the panel was regarded as valid.ResultsThe professional committee created 13 CQs and statements for the current concept and diagnosis of AIP, 6 for extra pancreatic lesions, 6 for differential diagnosis, and 11 for treatment.ConclusionAfter evaluation by the moderators, amendments to the Japanese consensus guidelines for AIP have been proposed for 2013.
Cross modal Common Representation Learning by Hybrid Transfer Network
Venue: IJCAI
Year: 2017

DNN based cross modal retrieval is a research hotspot to retrieve across different modalities as image and text, but existing methods often face the challenge of insufficient cross modal training data. In single modal scenario, similar problem is usually relieved by transferring knowledge from large scale auxiliary datasets (as ImageNet) Knowledge from such single modal datasets is also very useful for cross modal retrieval, which can provide rich general semantic information that can be shared across different modalities. However, it is challenging to transfer useful knowledge from single modal (as image) source domain to cross modal (as image/text) target domain. Knowledge in source domain cannot be directly transferred to both two different modalities in target domain, and the inherent cross modal correlation contained in target domain provides key hints for cross modal retrieval which should be preserved during transfer process. This paper proposes Cross modal Hybrid Transfer Network (CHTN) with two subnetworks: Modal sharing transfer subnetwork utilizes the modality in both source and target domains as a bridge, for transferring knowledge to both two modalities simultaneously; Layer sharing correlation subnetwork preserves the inherent cross modal semantic correlation to further adapt to cross modal retrieval task. Cross modal data can be converted to common representation by CHTN for retrieval, and comprehensive experiment on 3 datasets shows its effectiveness.
Effects of low carbohydrate compared with low fat diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review including GRADE assessments.
Venue: The American journal of clinical nutrition
Year: 2018

It remains uncertain which diet is best for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) Objective We compared the effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction with fat restriction on markers of metabolic syndrome and quality of life in people with T2D. Design This systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) compares the effects of a low carbohydrate =40% of energy diet with those of a low fat =30% diet over a period of =4 wk in patients with T2D. Two investigators independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence. Pooled mean differences (MDs) and 95% CIs were calculated with the use of a random effects model.  Thirty three RCTs and 3 CCTs (n 2161) were included. Glycated hemoglobin declined more in people who consumed low carbohydrate food than in those who consumed low fat food in the short term (MD: 1.38% 95% CI: 2.64% 0.11% very low certainty evidence) At 1 y, the MD was reduced to 0.36% (95% CI: 0.58% 0.14% low certainty evidence) at 2 y, the difference had disappeared. There is low to high (majority moderate) certainty for small improvements of unclear clinical importance in plasma glucose, triglycerides, and HDL concentrations favoring low carbohydrate food at half of the prespecified time points. There was little to no difference in LDL concentration or any of the secondary outcomes (body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, quality of life) in response to either of the diets (very low to high certainty evidence) Conclusions Currently available data provide low to moderate certainty evidence that dietary carbohydrate restriction to a maximum of 40% yields slightly better metabolic control of uncertain clinical importance than reduction in fat to a maximum of 30% in people with T2D. This systematic review is registered at http:/www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017052467 as CRD42017052467.
Trajectory Tracking Control of Robotic System via Proximal Policy Optimization
Venue: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems (CIS) and IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics (RAM)
Year: 2019

This paper aims to solve the trajectory tracking problem of manipulator and mobile robot by using proximal policy optimization (PPO) with generalized advantage estimation (GAE) We adopt a distributed framework of PPO to improve the speed of sample collection and reduce the correlation of transitions when updating the networks. Random reference state initialization is used during the training process to enable the robot to learn effectively from the reference trajectory. Additionaly, we introduce Long Short term Memory (LSTM) to represent the actor and critic, and buffers to store the cell state and hidden state of LSTM for the initialization of each episode, which helps solve the problem of inaccurate inital LSTM states. Distributed PPO with fully connected neural networks and LSTM is utilized to train the manipulator and mobile robot with an exponential reward function to track the given trajectories. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. It can be seen that distributed PPO with LSTM can improve the tracking performance.
The digital twin of an industrial production line within the industry 4.0 concept
Venue: 2017 21st International Conference on Process Control (PC)
Year: 2017

This article presents the digital twin concept, which is an augmented manufacturing project created in close collaboration by SOVA Digital and the Institute of Automation, Measurement and Applied Informatics (UAMAI) of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava with the support of SIEMENS. The project is a technological concept focusing on the continuous optimization of production processes, proactive maintenance, and continuous processing of process data. This project is the basis for further work to promote the concept of Industry 4.0. for the needs of the industry subjects within Slovakia. Its basic goal is to support the existing production structures within the automotive industry and the most efficient use of resources by augmented production and planning strategies, such as the digital twin presented here.
Case Studies: Resolving cross cultural issues in doing Business in China.
Year: 2015

The impact of international business in domestic markets compels us to ask a question: "How can we survive in this global playing field, and what can we do to run our businesses more effectively?" Nowadays, businesses of all sizes search for suppliers and customers on a global level. International competition, foreign clients and suppliers may become bit cautious, but they may also create huge opportunities in developing our business. The increasingly global business environment requires managers to approach the negotiation process from the global business person's point of view. This approach may not be relevant in domestic negotiations. Some of the components of a cross cultural negotiation process are more complex and difficult, but will surely help in overcoming barriers and failures in the international business arena. When doing business internationally, we need to consider (Salacuse, 1991) The negotiating environment Cultural and sub cultural differences Ideological differences Foreign bureaucracy Foreign laws and governments Financial insecurity due to international monetary factors Political instability and economic changes If we consider the fact that negotiating with our fellow citizen is not an easy task due to many individual differences, it would be reasonable to suggest that negotiating with foreigners may be even more difficult. The way we perceive and create our own reality may be completely different to our counterpart's way of thinking, behaving and feeling. Unfortunately, knowledge of any foreign language is not enough to face and solve the problem. Language is a cluster of codes used in communication which, if not shared effectively, can act as a barrier to establish credibility and trust. We need more effective tools, and the most important is knowledge of all factors that can influence the proceedings. Nations tend to have a national character that influences the type of goals and process the society pursues in negotiations. This is why specifying and understanding cultural differences is vital in order to perform successfully in inter cultural communication (Schuster Copeland 1996, 33) As we better understand that our partners may see things differently, we will be less likely to make negative assumptions and more likely to make progress when negotiating. "When crossing Cultures, it is essentials that the source of the Communication think of the product in terms of the culture to which the communication will be directed rather than the home culture"(Cateora and Keavency, 1987)
Studying the Local Magnetic Field and Anisotropy of Magnetic Turbulence by Synchrotron Polarization Derivative
Year: 2020

Due to the inevitable accumulation of the observed information in the direction of the line of sight, it is difficult to measure the local magnetic field of MHD turbulence. However, the correct understanding of the local magnetic field is a prerequisite for reconstructing the Galactic 3D magnetic field. We study how to reveal the local magnetic field direction and the eddy anisotropy on the basis of the statistics of synchrotron polarization derivative with respect to the squared wavelength $dP/d\lambda^2$ In the low frequency and strong Faraday rotation regime, we implement numerical simulations in the combination of multiple statistic techniques, such as structure function, quadrupole ratio modulus, spectral correlation function, correlation function anisotropy and spatial gradient techniques. We find that (1) statistic analysis of $dP/d\lambda^2$ indeed reveals the anisotropy of underlying MHD turbulence, the degree of which increases with the increase of the radiation frequency; (2) the synergy of both correlation function anisotropy and gradient calculation of $dP/d\lambda^2$ enables the measurement of the local magnetic field direction.
A Stackelberg Game for DSTC Based Cognitive Radio Networks with Multiple Cooperative Relays
Venue: 2016 International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (INCoS)
Year: 2016

The spectrum utility can be improved when cooperative communication technology is incorporated into cognitive radio network, and both the licensed users and secondary users can benefit from cooperating. In this cooperative cognitive radio network, a primary user and multiple secondary users cooperate with each other adopting space time coding relay scheme to benefit win win cooperation. Considering the primary user owns the spectrum and both the primary user and secondary users are selfish and reasonable, this cooperative cognitive network is formulated as a Stackelberg game. Based on utility maximizing, this paper studies the spectrum allocation and relay selection problem. A spectrum allocation algorithm is derived under given number of secondary users, and a low complexity relay selection strategy is proposed to maximize the utility of the primary user while guaranteeing the data rate of the primary user and the fairness among the secondary users. Numerical results show the feasibility and validity of the proposed relay selection scheme.
Twitter as a Corpus for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
Year: 2016

Sentiment Analysis (SA) and summarization has recently become the focus of many researchers, because analysis of online text is beneficial and demanded in many different applications. One such application is productbased sentiment summarization of multi documents with the purpose of informing users about pros and cons of various products. This paper introduces a novel solution to target oriented sentiment summarization and SA of short informal texts with a main focus on Twitter posts known as "tweets" We compare different algorithms and methods for SA polarity detection and sentiment summarization. We show that our hybrid polarity detection system not only outperforms the unigram state of the art baseline, but also could be an advantage over other methods when used as a part of a sentiment summarization system. Additionally, we illustrate that our SA and summarization system exhibits a high performance with various useful functionalities and features. Sentiment classification aims to automatically predict sentiment polarity (e.g. positive or negative) of users publishing sentiment data (e.g. reviews, blogs) Although traditional classification algorithms can be used to train sentiment classifiers from manually labeled text data, the labeling work can be time consuming and ex pensive. Meanwhile, users often use some different words when they express sentiment in different domains. If we directly apply a classifier trained in one domain to other domains, the performance will be very low due to the differences between these domains. In this work, we develop a general solution to sentiment classification when we do not have any labels in a target domain but have some labeled data in a different domain, regarded as source domain.
ResNeSt: Split Attention Networks
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2020

While image classification models have recently continued to advance, most downstream applications such as object detection and semantic segmentation still employ ResNet variants as the backbone network due to their simple and modular structure. We present a simple and modular Split Attention block that enables attention across feature map groups. By stacking these Split Attention blocks ResNet style, we obtain a new ResNet variant which we call ResNeSt. Our network preserves the overall ResNet structure to be used in downstream tasks straightforwardly without introducing additional computational costs. ResNeSt models outperform other networks with similar model complexities. For example, ResNeSt 50 achieves 81.13% top 1 accuracy on ImageNet using a single crop size of 224x224, outperforming previous best ResNet variant by more than 1% accuracy. This improvement also helps downstream tasks including object detection, instance segmentation and semantic segmentation. For example, by simply replace the ResNet 50 backbone with ResNeSt 50, we improve the mAP of Faster RCNN on MS COCO from 39.3% to 42.3% and the mIoU for DeeplabV3 on ADE20K from 42.1% to 45.1%
Physiological Perspectives of Ashti Dhatu and Role of Basti Chikitsa towards the Health Restoration of Ashti Dhatu
Year: 2020

Asthi is one of the important Dhatu amongst the many other Dhatus of body which mainly involve in Sharira dharana function, it provide shape and physical built up of body and protect internal organs from external shock. The equilibrium of Asthi dhatus helps to restore normal health status while disturbed functioning of Asthi dhatus leads pathological states. The disturbance in Asthi dhatus may be Vriddhi or Kshaya that further leads many other bone disorders. The ayurveda described various approaches to restore physiological health of Asthi dhatus and Basti chikitsa is one of them. Considering thus present article summarizes physiological aspects of Asthi dhatus and role of Basti chikitsa towards the management of pathological disturbances related to the Asthi dhatus.
THE IMPACT OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ON EMPLOYEE JOB ENRICHMENT IN THE KANO ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY
Year: 2020

Training and development strengthen those skills, competencies and capabilities that an employee needs to improve his performance. Well articulated training and development programs help the employees to achieve job enrichment and employer to attain improved organizational performance. This study assesses the extent to which training and development improves employees' performance in the Kano Electricity Distribution Company (KEDCO) The study adopts a mixed research method. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used; primary data were through the administration of 331questionnaires and interview. A 331sample size of respondents was used; interviews were also conducted to 20 management staff of the KEDCO headquarter and regional offices in Kano, Katsina and Jigwawa states. The secondary data used in this study include publications, such as annual reports, journals, conference papers, gazettes, circulars and unpublished dissertations as well as textbooks. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in presenting and analyzing the data for the study. The study found a significant relationship between training and development and employee job satisfaction in Kano Electricity Distribution Company. The study recommends that a concerted effort should be made by the management of Kano Electricity Distribution Company to ensure that training needs analysis are observed when selecting employees for training in the Kano Electricity Distribution Company.