nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Review of Cloud Computing Evolution Individual and Business Perspective
Year: 2012

As times gone by, computing in particular, the cloud computing development shows its major progression. In this paper, we reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing, what opportunities and weaknesses cloud computing brings to the business, and technological prospects. The computing industry is witnessing a paradigm shift in the way computing is performed worldwide. There is a growing awareness among consumers and enterprises to access their information technology (IT) resources extensively through a "utility" model known as "cloud computing." Cloud computing was initially rooted in distributed grid based computing. It has become a significant technology trend and expect that cloud computing will reshape IT processes and the IT marketplace.
Is literary language a development of ordinary language
Year: 2010

Contemporary literary linguistics is guided by the 'Development Hypothesis' which says that literary language is formed and regulated by developing only the elements, rules and constraints of ordinary language. Six ways of differentiating literary language from ordinary language are tested against the Development Hypothesis, as are various kinds of superadded constraint including metre, rhyme and alliteration and parallelism. Literary language differs formally, but is unlikely to differ semantically, from ordinary language. The article concludes by asking why the Development Hypothesis might hold.
Quantized Epoch SGD for Communication Efficient Distributed Learning
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2019

Due to its efficiency and ease to implement, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has been widely used in machine learning. In particular, SGD is one of the most popular optimization methods for distributed learning. Recently, quantized SGD (QSGD) which adopts quantization to reduce the communication cost in SGD based distributed learning, has attracted much attention. Although several QSGD methods have been proposed, some of them are heuristic without theoretical guarantee, and others have high quantization variance which makes the convergence become slow. In this paper, we propose a new method, called Quantized Epoch SGD (QESGD) for communication efficient distributed learning. QESGD compresses (quantizes) the parameter with variance reduction, so that it can get almost the same performance as that of SGD with less communication cost. QESGD is implemented on the Parameter Server framework, and empirical results on distributed deep learning show that QESGD can outperform other state of the art quantization methods to achieve the best performance.
Early Detection of Heart Failure Using Electronic Health Records: Practical Implications for Time Before Diagnosis, Data Diversity, Data Quantity, and Data Density
Venue: Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes
Year: 2016

Using electronic health records data to predict events and onset of diseases is increasingly common. Relatively little is known, although, about the tradeoffs between data requirements and model utility.  We examined the performance of machine learning models trained to detect prediagnostic heart failure in primary care patients using longitudinal electronic health records data. Model performance was assessed in relation to data requirements defined by the prediction window length (time before clinical diagnosis) the observation window length (duration of observation before prediction window) the number of different data domains (data diversity) the number of patient records in the training data set (data quantity) and the density of patient encounters (data density) A total of 1684 incident heart failure cases and 13 525 sex, age category, and clinic matched controls were used for modeling. Model performance improved as (1) the prediction window length decreases, especially when <2 years; (2) the observation window length increases but then levels off after 2 years; (3) the training data set size increases but then levels off after 4000 patients; (4) more diverse data types are used, but, in order, the combination of diagnosis, medication order, and hospitalization data was most important; and (5) data were confined to patients who had =10 phone or face to face encounters in 2 years.  These empirical findings suggest possible guidelines for the minimum amount and type of data needed to train effective disease onset predictive models using longitudinal electronic health records data.
The Archaeology of the Convict Probation System: The Labor Landscapes of Port Arthur and the Cascades Probation Station, 1839 55
Year: 2020

In the British colony of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania, Australia) the period 1839 53 witnessed an irrevocable change in the way in which prisoners (convicts) were managed. Known as the "probation system" its introduction saw convicts newly transported from the corners of the Empire sequestered in government run stations across the colony's length and breadth. At these places, rigorous and uncompromising discipline, classificatory regimes, religious inculcation and trades training would see the convict molded into working stock for the colony. In reality, such ideologies were to be undone by reactive planning, miscommunication and chronic under resourcing, as well as helplessly undermined by unforeseen economic and political circumstances. Condemned as a failure, probation has nonetheless left an indelible mark on Tasmania's landscape. A system only implemented in Van Diemen's Land and Norfolk Island, it can rightfully claim a significance that extends well beyond these islands' shores, playing a critical role in Britain's globe spanning penological enterprise. In this paper, we chart the course of probation, simultaneously outlining a framework for engaging with these landscapes where penology and labor was so closely intertwined. It will be illustrated with two examples drawn from the Tasman Peninsula: the Port Arthur penal station (1830 77) and Cascades probation station (1842 55) Using archeological and historical enquiry, the different impacts that probation had upon the penological and labor management of these places are examined, providing examples of how the significant landscapes of the probation era can be examined.
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in COPD: A potential novel mechanism for host damage in acute exacerbations
Year: 2015

Neutrophilic inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are bacteriocidal but may cause significant host damage. NETs have been implicated in the pathology of inflammatory lung disease 1 but their role in COPD is unknown. We aimed to determine if NET formation was altered in COPD both when stable and during an acute exacerbation (AE COPD) compared to healthy controls (HC) NET production was measured in peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from age matched patients with AE COPD (n=8) stable COPD (n=10) and HC (n=10) in response to inflammatory stimuli. AE COPD NET formation was quantified upon hospital admission (Day 1) and Days 7 and 14. Cell free DNA (cfDNA) was quantified in plasma from AE COPD (n=20 at day 1, 7 and 14) stable COPD (n=20) and HC (n=20) AE COPD NET formation was reduced in the basal state (p=0.02) and IL8 (p=0.03) compared to stable patients and was reduced to IL8 (p=0.02) compared to HC. This reduction resolved by 14 days post admission (IL8: p=0.04) cfDNA was increased during the initial phase of exacerbation vs stable COPD (p= 2 =0.63; p=0.03) but not at subsequent time points (day 7: p=0.85, day 14: p=0.22) During AE COPD, NET formation is transiently suppressed while cfDNA remains elevated. We propose that lower NET production may inhibit bacterial clearance while high remaining circulatory cfDNA might add to systemic host damage by curtailing inflammatory resolution. 1 Saffarzadeh et al PLoS one, 2013. 7(2) e32366.
Hierarchical Nearest Neighbor Gaussian Process Models for Large Geostatistical Datasets
Venue: Journal of the American Statistical Association
Year: 2016

Spatial process models for analyzing geostatistical data entail computations that become prohibitive as the number of spatial locations become large. This article develops a class of highly scalable nearest neighbor Gaussian process (NNGP) models to provide fully model based inference for large geostatistical datasets. We establish that the NNGP is a well defined spatial process providing legitimate finite dimensional Gaussian densities with sparse precision matrices. We embed the NNGP as a sparsity inducing prior within a rich hierarchical modeling framework and outline how computationally efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms can be executed without storing or decomposing large matrices. The floating point operations (flops) per iteration of this algorithm is linear in the number of spatial locations, thereby rendering substantial scalability. We illustrate the computational and inferential benefits of the NNGP over competing methods using simulation studies and also analyze forest biomass from a massive U.S. Forest Inventory dataset at a scale that precludes alternative dimension reducing methods.
Covid19 pandemic as a further driver of water scarcity in Africa
Venue: GeoJournal
Year: 2020

Population growth, even if coupled to economic growth, and resources, were already on a collision course, especially in Africa. The 2019 United Nations World Water Development Report provided a dramatic status of world water, however without questioning the main drivers of an imminent water crisis, that were unbounded, unequal, economic, and population growth, within the context of reducing resources in a finite world. Despite the report was a small step forward in awareness, still, it was not proposing satisfactory remedies. With business as usual, without acting on the drivers of water scarcity, regional water crises were inevitable in the next 3 decades, starting from Africa. Constrained by political, financial, and energy burdens, the technological improvements that have helped humanity to deal with the increased demand for water, food, and energy over the last 70 years, were likely not enough to avoid the water crisis. On top of forecast is the Covid19 pandemic. Coronavirus cases are (August 4, 2020) 18,446,065 and fatalities are 697,202 worldwide, and still growing. The containment measures enforced for Covid19 infection following the examples in the United Kingdom have already produced significant damage to the world economy. This will limit social expenditures in general, and the expenditures for the water issue in particular. The water crisis will consequently become worse in the next months, with consequences still difficult to predict. This will be true especially for Africa, where the main problem has always been poverty. There is the opportunity of significant health, food, and water crisis, especially in Africa. While the concepts of washing hands and social distancing that are difficult to apply haven't produce so far major issues with the Covid19 outbreak in Africa, borders closure, restrictions on movement, and more poverty will translate in a lack of food and water potentially much more worrying than the virus spreading.
Academic English as a Component of Curriculum For ESL Students (Foreign Experience)
Venue: Comparative Professional Pedagogy
Year: 2019

It has been substantiated that Academic English must be an integral component of ESL students' study at foreign languages departments to achieve success as professionals and be ready to realize themselves in a demanding world of today. We have defined the main problem on the way to it, namely the insufficient provision of the Academic English discipline in curricula of foreign language departments or its absence. The necessity to elaborate a syllabus for Academic English discipline being taught throughout all the course of study has been substantiated. Educational programs of Academic English in a number of foreign educational establishments of Great Britain, the USA, Canada and Australia have been analyzed and their defining features have been outlined. Strategies and conditions for effective teaching of Academic English have been characterized. It has been defined that in general, in spite of slight differences in the topics covered by different EAP programs, all of them are aimed at: developing strategies and vocabulary for reading and understanding academic texts; finding, understanding, describing and evaluating information for academic purposes; developing active listening and effective note taking skills; building on language skills to describe problems and cause and effect; gathering a range of information, using the skills learned, to integrate it into a written report; engaging in peer to peer feedback before finalising one's piece of academic work. Requirements for students' achievements at the end of the course have been determined. As a basis for Academic English syllabus elaboration has been chosen a course by M. Hewings and C. Thaine (upper intermediate and advanced levels) On its basis we have defined units to be covered by the course as well as skills to be developed. Recommendations as to better and more efficient teaching of the discipline have been outlined.
Money, Commodification and the Corrosion of Value: An Examination of the Sacred and Intrinsic Value
Year: 2008

When, in the first volume of Capital Karl Marx thunders 'Everything becomes saleable and buyable Not even the bones of saints, and still less are more delicate res sacrosanctae, extra commercium hominum are able to withstand this alchemy',2 he is tapping into a venerable tradition that regards money as destructive or corrosive of the sacred. Money is the oil of the profane machinery of the reproduction of human life and ought to be kept separate from the realm of the sacred. There are some things that ought not be sold because of their sacred nature.
Cooperative Inverse Reinforcement Learning
Venue: NIPS
Year: 2016

For an autonomous system to be helpful to humans and to pose no unwarranted risks, it needs to align its values with those of the humans in its environment in such a way that its actions contribute to the maximization of value for the humans. We propose a formal definition of the value alignment problem as cooperative inverse reinforcement learning (CIRL) A CIRL problem is a cooperative, partial information game with two agents, human and robot; both are rewarded according to the human's reward function, but the robot does not initially know what this is. In contrast to classical IRL, where the human is assumed to act optimally in isolation, optimal CIRL solutions produce behaviors such as active teaching, active learning, and communicative actions that are more effective in achieving value alignment. We show that computing optimal joint policies in CIRL games can be reduced to solving a POMDP, prove that optimality in isolation is suboptimal in CIRL, and derive an approximate CIRL algorithm.
Manipulation and Control Complexity of Schulze Voting
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2012

Schulze voting is a recently introduced voting system enjoying unusual popularity and a high degree of real world use, with users including the Wikimedia foundation, several branches of the Pirate Party, and MTV. It is a Condorcet voting system that determines the winners of an election using information about paths in a graph representation of the election. We resolve the complexity of many electoral control cases for Schulze voting. We find that it falls short of the best known voting systems in terms of control resistance, demonstrating vulnerabilities of concern to some prospective users of the system.
Final Report of the Impacts of the National Math Science Initiative's (NMSI's) College Readiness Program on High School Students' Outcomes.
Year: 2017

The National Math Science Initiative's (NMSI's) College Readiness Program (CRP) is an established program whose goal is to promote science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education in high schools to improve students' readiness for college. It provides teacher, student, and school supports to promote high school students' success in mathematics, science, and English Advanced Placement (AP) courses, with a focus on students who are traditionally underrepresented in the targeted AP courses. Through a federal Investing in Innovation Fund (i3) validation grant awarded to NMSI in 2011, CRP was implemented in a total of 58 high schools in two states Colorado and Indiana beginning in the 2012 13 school year. American Institutes for Research (AIR) conducted an independent evaluation of the impacts of CRP on students' AP outcomes in these schools for the three cohorts of schools that adopted the program in sequential years, using a comparative interrupted time series (CITS) design that matched comparison schools to program schools in the two states. Overall, schools implementing CRP demonstrated significantly larger increases in the share of students taking and passing AP tests in targeted areas relative to comparison schools in each of the three cohorts of schools, and the gains in CRP schools were sustained over time. Fidelity of program implementation was evaluated using a fidelity matrix approach required as part of the National Evaluation of the i3 program, which showed that not all elements of the program were implemented with high fidelity. Teachers and students were not always able to attend all meetings, and schools did not always meet negotiated enrollment targets. Teacher survey data indicated that teachers found the professional development activities provided by CRP to be the most helpful support they received under CRP, and students reported that the tutoring and special study sessions were the most helpful. Although the program provided financial incentives to both teachers and students that were tied to student performance on AP tests, these incentives were considered the least important element of the program by both teachers and students.
Media Pembelajaran Video Tutorial Interaktif Berbasis Adobe Flash Pada Mata Kuliah Pemrograman Dasar
Year: 2019

feasible to be applied as learning media for C Basic Programming,and knowing the feasibility of interactive video tutorial learning media to be applied as basic programming learning media for the University Hamzanwadi Program Study Education Informatics. This research is a research and development. The development model used is the ADDIE development model. The type of data used is quantitative and data collection techniques using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique in this research is quantitative descriptive. The results showed that the results of interactive tutorial video learning media products stated that it was appropriate to be used according to material experts with a percentage of 85% while according to media experts it was declared very feasible with a percentage of 89% and the results of user responses were stated to be Very High with a percentage of 83% Thus the interactive video tutorial learning media is very feasible to be used as a learning media.
Call Attention to Stances: Detect Rumor with a Stance Attention Network
Year: 2020

With the advent of web2.0 era, social media such as microblogging platforms have become important information distribution channels. Considering the amount of users on microblogging platforms, the rumor spreading on microblogging platform could have a negative effect on individuals, groups and the whole society. Hence, automatic rumor detection method is required. Stance features are a crucial for rumor detection, because users discussing rumors tend to express more querying and denying stances. However, different user stances have different importance. Motivated by this inspiration, in this paper, we propose a Rumor Detection Model with a Stance Attention Network (RDM SAN) The RDM SAN consists of three modules: stance module, rumor module and integrate module. The first module is a stance module, in which recurrent neural network and convolutional neural network are used to capture grammatical and event related information released by individual users respectively. Then attention mechanism is leveraged to make sure that the most valuable information is contained in the event stance latent representation. The second module is a rumor module in which the content features and temporal features of a microblogging event are captured. The third module is an integrate module in which stance representations and rumor representations are concatenated together to detect rumors. Experiments on a real world dataset from Weibo platform demonstrate that our proposed model RDM SAN improves the performance of rumor detection in terms of both efficiency and accuracy compared to other methods, and the accuracy of our model achieves 94.6%
Reciprocal relations between autonomous motivation from self determination theory and social cognition constructs from the theory of planned behavior: A cross lagged panel design in sport injury prevention
Year: 2020

The present study examined reciprocal relations between autonomous motivation from self determination theory (SDT) and constructs from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in a sport injury context.  The study adopted a three wave longitudinal cross lagged panel design. Physical education students in China (N 4414; Mage 14.42, SD 1.75) completed self report measures of autonomous motivation, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control with respect to sport injury prevention at baseline (T1) and at two follow up occasions one (T2) and three (T3) months later. Proposed reciprocal relations between autonomous motivation and the TPB constructs controlling for construct stability over time were tested using structural equation modeling.  Three cross lagged SEMs for effects of constructs measured at T1 on constructs measured at T2 and T3, and effects of constructs measured at T2 on constructs measured at T3 met goodness of fit criteria (CFI 0.95, TLI 0.94, RMSEA 0.03, SRMR 0.05) with consistent patterns of effects. Across the three models, autonomous motivation predicted the prospectively measured TPB constructs with small to medium effect sizes (b range 0.17 to 0.32, ps Conclusions Findings provide initial support for the temporal ordering of the constructs in the integrated model of SDT and TPB in a sport injury context. Autonomous motivation from SDT is likely to be an antecedent of the constructs from the TPB.
The LBSAA Leadership Model
Year: 2018

Onukwuba discusses the leadership model of the Lagos Business School Alumni Association (LBSAA) its governance structure at class, zonal and national levels. The chapter examines the composition of the LBSAA executive and governing councils, the manner of election and appointment into these councils and the tenure of the respective offices. Onukwuba identifies the factors responsible for the apparent success of the LBSAA, which include quality of leadership of the alumni body and the selfless service of the long succession of leaders. The chapter further discusses the quality of the alumni directors of the School from inception as evidence of how much the School has regarded the alumni association as critical to the attainment of its mission.