nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Formal Verification of Blockchain Byzantine Fault Tolerance
Year: 2019

To implement a blockchain, the trend is now to integrate a non trivial Byzantine fault tolerant consensus algorithm instead of the seminal idea of waiting to receive blocks to decide upon the longest branch. After a decade of existence, blockchains trade now large amounts of valuable assets and a simple disagreement could lead to disastrous losses. Unfortunately, Byzantine consensus solutions used in blockchains are at best proved correct "by hand" as we are not aware of any of them having been formally verified. In this paper, we propose two contributions: (i) we illustrate the severity of the problem by listing six vulnerabilities of blockchain consensus including two new counter examples; (ii) we then formally verify two Byzantine fault tolerant components of Red Belly Blockchain using the ByMC model checker. First, we specify a simple broadcast primitive in 116 lines of code that is verified in 40 seconds on a 2 core Intel machine. Then, we specify a blockchain consensus algorithm in 276 lines of code that is verified in 17 minutes on a 64 core AMD machine using MPI. To conclude, we argue that it has now become both relatively simple and crucial to formally verify the correctness of blockchain consensus protocols.
Decreased Morbidity of Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy Compared With Open Distal Gastrectomy for Stage I Gastric Cancer: Short term Outcomes From a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (KLASS 01)
Venue: Annals of surgery
Year: 2016

To determine the safety of laparoscopy assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) compared with open distal gastrectomy (ODG) in patients with clinical stage I gastric cancer in Korea.  There is still a lack of large scale, multicenter randomized trials regarding the safety of LADG.  A large scale, phase 3, multicenter, prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted. The primary end point was 5 year overall survival. Morbidity within 30 postoperative days and surgical mortality were compared to evaluate the safety of LADG as a secondary end point RESULTS A total of 1416 patients were randomly assigned to the LADG group (n 705) or the ODG group (n 711) between February 1, 2006, and August 31, 2010, and 1384 patients were analyzed for modified intention to treat analysis (ITT) and 1256 were eligible for per protocol (PP) analysis (644 and 612, respectively) In the PP analysis, 6 patients (0.9% needed open conversion in the LADG group. The overall complication rate was significantly lower in the LADG group (LADG vs ODG; 13.0% vs 19.9% P 0.001) In detail, the wound complication rate of the LADG group was significantly lower than that of the ODG group (3.1% vs 7.7% P 0.001) The major intra abdominal complication (7.6% vs 10.3% P 0.095) and mortality rates (0.6% vs 0.3% P 0.687) were similar between the 2 groups. Modified ITT analysis showed similar results with PP analysis.  LADG for patients with clinical stage I gastric cancer is safe and has a benefit of lower occurrence of wound complication compared with conventional ODG.
Skeletal muscle function during the progression of cancer cachexia in the male ApcMin/ mouse.
Venue: Journal of applied physiology
Year: 2018

While cancer induced skeletal muscle wasting has been widely investigated, the drivers of cancer induced muscle functional decrements are only beginning to be understood. Decreased muscle function impacts cancer patient quality of life and health status, and several potential therapeutics have failed in clinical trials due to a lack of functional improvement. Furthermore, systemic inflammation and intrinsic inflammatory signaling's role in the cachectic disruption of muscle function requires further investigation. We examined skeletal muscle functional properties during cancer cachexia and determined their relationship to systemic and intrinsic cachexia indices. Male ApcMin/ (MIN) mice were stratified by percent body weight loss into weight stable (WS; <5% loss) or cachectic (CX; >5% loss) Age matched C57BL/6 littermates served as controls. Tibialis anterior (TA) twitch properties, tetanic force, and fatigability were examined in situ. TA protein and mRNA expression were examined in the nonstimulated leg. CX decreased muscle mass, tetanic force (Po) and specific tetanic force (sPo) Whole body and muscle fatigability were increased in WS and CX. CX had slower contraction rates, +dP/d t and dP/d t, which were inversely associated with muscle signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 STAT3) and p65 activation. STAT3 and p65 activation were also inversely associated with Po. However, STAT3 was not related to sPo or fatigue. Muscle suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 mRNA expression was negatively associated with TA weight, Po, and sPo but not fatigue. Our study demonstrates that multiple functional deficits that occur with cancer cachexia are associated with increased muscle inflammatory signaling. Notably, muscle fatigability is increased in the MIN mouse before cachexia development. NEW NOTEWORTHY Recent studies have identified decrements in skeletal muscle function during cachexia. We have extended these studies by directly relating decrements in muscle function to established cachexia indices. Our results demonstrate that a slow fatigable contractile phenotype is developed during the progression of cachexia that coincides with increased muscle inflammatory signaling. Furthermore, regression analysis identified predictors of cancer induced muscle dysfunction. Last, we report the novel finding that whole body and muscle fatigability were increased before cachexia development.
Photo Fenton degradation of phenol by CdS/rGO/Fe2+ at natural pH with in situ generated H2O2
Venue: Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
Year: 2019

The application of photo Fenton process is restricted by the acidic pH and additional hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) In order to overcome these drawbacks, a photo Fenton system of CdS/rGO/Fe2+ which can perform at natural pH with in situ generated H2O2 has been successfully developed. Highly efficient photo Fenton degradation of phenol was achieved under the visible light irradiation via the CdS/rGO/Fe2+ system. Experimental results showed that phenol could be degraded completely in 1 h at natural pH. The plentiful in situ generation of H2O2 was further proved to act as an important role in phenol degradation with the addition of Fe2+ The advantages of degradation at natural pH with in situ generated H2O2 can provide a new prospective to the environmental friendly Fenton process.
kenabian sebelum beliau. Shalat merupakan kewajiban yang harus dipenuhi oleh setiap orang yang telah mengikrarkan dirinya muslim. Dan pekerjaan seseorang yang pertama kali dihisab adalah shalat, tidak heran jika kemudian Allah memberikan penilaian tersendiri dan istimewa terhadap shalat. Dalam pemba
Year: 2017

Ibadah shalat merupakan dasar dan tiang agama yaitu pekerjaan yang menghubungkan antaraseorang hamba dengan rabbnya sebagai ungkapan rasa syukur kepada zat yang telah menghidupi dan memeliharanya. Hal ini hanya dapat dirasakan oleh seorang mukmin yang mengerjakan shalat denga khusyu' tuma'ninah serta bersikap pasrah. Ibadah shalat adalah ibadah yang langsung diperintahkan oleh Allah melalui rasulnya yaitu nabi Muhammad saw. Untuk disampaikan kepada kaum muslimin ketika beliau melakukan mi'raj pada malam hari. Perintah seperti ini belum pernah terjadi pada masa kenabian sebelum beliau. Shalat merupakan kewajiban yang harus dipenuhi oleh setiap orang yang telah mengikrarkan dirinya muslim. Dan pekerjaan seseorang yang pertama kali dihisab adalah shalat, tidak heran jika kemudian Allah memberikan penilaian tersendiri dan istimewa terhadap shalat. Dalam pembahasan ini masalah yang akan dibahas adalah 1) Bagaimana kedudukan shalat? 2) Bagaimana pengaruh shalat dalam hidup manusia? Dalam pembahasan ini menggunakan metode komparasi, metode induksi dan metode deduksi. Metode komparasi yaitu mengkomparasikan suatu fakta fakta yang ada kemudian di tarik suatu kesimpulan. Metode induksi yaitu berangkat dari fakta fakta yang khusus, peristiwa peristiwa yang kongkrit, kemudian dari fakta fakta atau peristiwa peristiwa yang kongkrit itu ditarik generalisasi yang mempunyai sifat umum. Metode deduksi yaitu suatu metode penalaran yang bersumber dari pengetahuan yang umum kemudian di tarik suatu kesimpulan yang khusus. Dari pembahasan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa shalat sebagai bentuk pendekatan diri kepada Allah swt, mempunyai kedudukan yaitu shalat adalah tiang agama, shalat adalah fardhu yang mula mula difardhukan, shalat adalah akhir wasiat nabi Muhammad saw, shalat merupakan amal yang dihisap di akhirat, dan shalat merupakan seutama syi'ar islam dan sekuat kuat tali perhubungan antara hamba dengan Allah swt. Perintah shalat mempunyai pengaruh yaitu mencegah perbuatan keji dan munkar, menciptakan ketenangan jiwa, membina aqidah seorang muslim, membentuk pribadi yang disiplin dan shalat merupakan pendidikan kebersihan dan kesehatan.
Tensor Product Model based Robust Flutter Control Design for the FLEXOP Aircraft
Year: 2019

This paper presents a flutter suppression control design methodology for the aircraft designed within the European research project, FLEXOP. The aim of the flutter suppression controller is to stabilize the aeroelastic modes and to extend the aircraft's flutter free envelope. The first step is to develop a low order control oriented linear parameter varying (LPV) model of the aircraft. This is based on the "bottom up" modeling approach. The key idea is to reduce the order of the subsystems that form the nonlinear aeroservoelastic model. A critical requirement of the low order model is to capture the flutter modes accurately. The second step is the control design, which is based on polytopic LPV representation. The Tensor Product (TP) type polytopic model of the aircraft is obtained with TP model transformation. TP model transformation in a numerical method based on the higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) It can generate various types of convex representations for LPV systems and offers a trade off between the accuracy and the complexity of the resulting TP model. The control structure is a parameter varying state feedback and observer. The control design specifications include asymptotic stability, robustness against parameter variations influencing the flutter modes and constraint on the control values in order to keep the control signals low. The developed control system is validated by simulation using the high fidelity, nonlinear model.
Brand name fluency and perceptions of water purity and taste
Year: 2019

Extending the logic of processing fluency into the domain of food and beverage perceptions, this study explores whether the fluency of brand names can influence consumer perceptions of bottled water attributes such as purity, taste, and mineral contents. Forty four participants, who were presented with twelve unknown foreign brand names of bottled water, indicated their perceptions of water based solely on the brand names. The results revealed that perceptions of water purity and taste changed depending on whether the brand name was easy or difficult to process. Bottled water was more frequently perceived to be very pure when the foreign brand name was short and easy to pronounce. Bottled water was also more frequently perceived to taste "better than average" when the brand name was more fluent. Perceptions of mineral contents in the water were not influenced by the brand name fluency. This study expands our knowledge about various extrinsic cue effects on product perceptions by demonstrating the influence of brand name fluency on consumer perceptions of water attributes.
Can Procalcitonin in Cerebrospinal Fluid be a Diagnostic Tool for Meningitis?
Venue: Journal of clinical laboratory analysis
Year: 2015

To study the levels of procalcitonin (PCT) in patients with meningitis and control group and compare them with established markers of infection such as C reactive protein (CRP) high sensitivity CRP, and WBC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and assess the possible discriminative role of PCT in the differential diagnosis of meningitis from other noninfectious diseases.
DEEP NEURAL NETWORK MODELS FOR ACOUSTIC SOURCE LOCALIZATION
Year: 2020

The localization of acoustic sources using acoustic imaging methods such as acoustic beamforming can be limited by the Rayleigh resolution limit at relatively low frequencies and the output of these methods may also produce spatial aliasing images referred to as sidelobes, particularly at high frequencies. To date, there are very few Deep Neural Network (DNN) applications for acoustic imaging to help alleviate some of these issues. In this study, we developed several DNN models using DenseNet 201 with a training strategy specifically designed for an acoustic imaging task. The DNN method is able to recognize the pattern behind microphone array signals for different source positions, by using the real component of the cross spectral matrix of the received pressure vectors at the microphone positions. DNN models with both a fixed and random number of input sources are simulated for a range of specific frequencies. The DNN model with a random number of input sources is tested against conventional beamforming, CLEAN SC and DAMAS, revealing a far improved source localization and source strength estimation. These DNN models represent a very promising proof of concept for the use of DNN models in the field of acoustic imaging.
JOB EMBEDDEDNESS: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
Year: 2017

Job embeddedness (JE) is an emerging concept in the field of employee turnover research and suggests some novel and stimulating ways to think about employee retention globally. Although research implications of JE are encouraging, there is a paucity of research on the topic domestically, which limits the practical efficacy of the same. Indian organizations, therefore, being bitten by high attrition rate, need a better understanding of the concept of JE. The present paper, based on the literature review, thus discusses the following aspects related to job embeddedness specifically: the concept of job embeddedness, dimensions and measurement of job embeddedness, the predictive validity of job embeddedness and promising expansions of the same across nations and organizations. At the end, we embed our suggestions as to how organizations can implement a sound retention management program incorporating job embeddedness.
Impact of Climate Change on the Apple Economy of Himachal Pradesh: A Case Study of Kotgarh Village
Year: 2015

In Himachal Pradesh agro climatic conditions are suitable for the cultivation of variety of fruit crops. The development of these crops has greatly fulfilled the needs and objectives of socio economic growth in the state. Among various fruit crops grown in the state apple dominate in area as well as production. Himachal Pradesh is the second largest producer of apple in India. But due to environmental change some areas are experiencing decline in the productivity of apple in the state. The present study is an attempt to analyze the changes in the growth of apple orchards in terms of space and time in response to changing environment. The study will be based on primary as well as secondary data. One time Himachal Pradesh was known for best quality apple in the country but now in many parts of the state apple has become uneconomical, nonviable, less profitable and even unproductive. Over the years, fruit growers in the study area have observed significant variations in climate. This awareness of climate change is based mainly on the associated impacts on the apple crop especially on blossoming, fruit setting, yield and increased incidences of pests and diseases. Over all the climate is described as being much warmer and people perceive a definite reduction in snowfall over time. Not only has the actual amount of snowfall decreased but changes in timing of snowfall have also been noticed. Snowfall in December and January has become rare and the period of snowfall now extends through the months of February March. As a result to maintain an apple orchard has been become an uphill task. New trees simply don't survive and older ones are dying fast and the farmers have switched over to other fruits and vegetables.
Investigations on the sound field between waveguide and counterpart induced by high intensity focused ultrasound in thin polymer films
Year: 2018

The use of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to heat polymer films is getting more in focus of interest in the industry due to some advantages e.g. low damages of thin polymer films during film processing or cost reduction of the processing tool. The capability to heat thin polymer films using a solid waveguide transducer was already reported in the literature. However, some significant hurdles persist: the physical principles responsible for the heating of thin polymer films are not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the sound field occurring in thin polymer films between a solid waveguide transducer (having a resonance frequency of 1.1 MHz) and a solid counterpart and compared it to the sound field in mm thick polymer sample. An analogy between the sound field measured in water and the sound field inside polymer films during the heating process is done. The sound field between counterpart and solid waveguide is analyzed by means of membrane hydrophone sound field measurements and finite element simulations. The impact of the transducer counterpart gap size is studied. This investigation reveals that the behavior and characteristics of the sound field in water in a transducer counterpart gap differ considerably from each other depending on the gap size. When the gap is smaller than a wavelength, the sound cannot be focused within the waveguide counterpart gap and complex interferences occur inside the small gap. Furthermore, the investigation showed that similarities occur between the sound field measured in water and the sound field calculated in polymer. These findings are relevant for the understanding of HIFU based processes involving thin polymer films.
Study on Torpedo Anti countermeasure Capability Evaluation Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process
Year: 2007

Anti countermeasure capability of torpedo is an important part of it's operational capability.The devisers and users pay much attention to this problem.The operation principle of underwater acoustic countermeasure equipment and influence on the performance of torpedo are analyzed.The index system for evaluation anti countermeasure capability of torpedo is established.Then the capability is evaluated by using analytic hierarchy process and the evaluation model is presented.It is helpful for the study and usage of the technique of torpedo anti countermeasure.
SUBWORD LANGUAGE MODELING WITH NEURAL NETWORKS
Year: 2011

We explore the performance of several types of language mode ls on the word level and the character level language modelin g tasks. This includes two recently proposed recurrent neural netwo rk architectures, a feedforward neural network model, a maximum ent ropy model and the usual smoothed n gram models. We then propose a simple technique for learning sub word level units from th e data, and show that it combines advantages of both character and wo rdlevel models. Finally, we show that neural network based lan gu ge models can be order of magnitude smaller than compressed n g ram models, at the same level of performance when applied to a Bro dcast news RT04 speech recognition task. By using sub word un its, the size can be reduced even more.
Beam characterization and feasibility study for a small animal irradiation platform at clinical proton therapy facilities.
Venue: Physics in medicine and biology
Year: 2020

A deeper understanding of biological mechanisms to promote more efficient treatment strategies in proton therapy demands advances in preclinical radiation research. However this is often limited by insufficient availability of adequate infrastructures for precision image guided small animal proton irradiation. The project SIRMIO aims at filling this gap by developing a portable image guided research platform for small animal irradiation, to be used at clinical facilities and allowing for a precision similar to a clinical treatment, when scaled down to the small animal size. This work investigates the achievable dosimetric properties of different lowest energy clinical proton therapy beams, manipulated by a dedicated portable beamline including active focusing after initial beam energy degradation and collimation. By measuring the lateral beam size in air close to the beam nozzle exit and the laterally integrated depth dose in water, an analytical beam model based on the beam parameters of the clinical beam at the Rinecker Proton Therapy Center was created for the lowest available clinical beam energy. The same approach was then applied to estimate the lowest energy beam model of different proton therapy facilities, Paul Scherrer Institute, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Trento Proton Therapy Centre and the Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, based on their available beam commissioning data. This comparison indicated similar beam properties for all investigated sites, with emittance values of a few tens of mm*mrad. Finally, starting from these beam models, we simulated propagation through a novel beamline designed to manipulate the beam energy and size for precise small animal irradiation, and evaluated the resulting dosimetric properties in water. For all investigated initial clinical beams, similar dosimetric results suitable for small animal irradiation were found. This work supports the feasibility of the proposed SIRMIO beamline, promising suitable beam characteristics to allow for precise preclinical irradiation at clinical treatment facilities.
Output Feedback Reinforcement Learning Control for the Continuous Time Linear Quadratic Regulator Problem
Venue: 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC)
Year: 2018

In this paper, we present an output feedback reinforcement learning scheme to solve the LQR problem for continuous time linear systems. The problem consists of finding the optimal feedback gain to achieve asymptotic stability without the knowledge of system dynamics and the information of the full state. An output feedback policy iteration algorithm is proposed that iteratively solves the ADP Bellman equation to find the optimal control parameters. Unlike the existing methods, the proposed scheme does not require any discrete approximation, and is not affected by the excitation noise bias. As a result, the need of a discounting factor, which has been a bottleneck in the past in achieving stability guarantee, is eliminated. The learned control parameters are optimal and match exactly the solution of the LQR Riccati equation. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Improving Self supervised Pre training via a Fully Explored Masked Language Model
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2020

Masked Language Model (MLM) framework has been widely adopted for self supervised language pre training. In this paper, we argue that randomly sampled masks in MLM would lead to undesirably large gradient variance. Thus, we theoretically quantify the gradient variance via correlating the gradient covariance with the Hamming distance between two different masks (given a certain text sequence) To reduce the variance due to the sampling of masks, we propose a fully explored masking strategy, where a text sequence is divided into a certain number of non overlapping segments. Thereafter, the tokens within one segment are masked for training. We prove, from a theoretical perspective, that the gradients derived from this new masking schema have a smaller variance and can lead to more efficient self supervised training. We conduct extensive experiments on both continual pre training and general pre training from scratch. Empirical results confirm that this new masking strategy can consistently outperform standard random masking. Detailed efficiency analysis and ablation studies further validate the advantages of our fully explored masking strategy under the MLM framework.