nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Patriarchy, The State and its Effect on the Implementation of the Domestic Violence Act in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia
Year: 2019

This paper explores the pressing issue of domestic violence in Malaysia, specifically the implementation of the Domestic Violence Act that was enacted in 1994. Due to strong patriarchal structures that are still prominent in societies, the issue of domestic violence is not seen as a public problem, but as a private issue that should be resolved between partners. This ideology has trickled down to the way authorities like the Police, Social Welfare and Hospitals respond to survivors of domestic violence. Using a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, the Domestic Violence Act (DVA) and its amendments, interviews with non governmental organisations and survivors of domestic violence were analysed to investigate the effect of patriarchal structures and its influence on how the Act is implemented. A cohesive mix of theories were used during the analysis, namely using a feminist and intersectional approach, masculinities and the study of patriarchy and the theocratization of the State and religion. This paper has identified three patterns that have influenced the way the DVA is implemented Patriarchal Structures, Power and Control of Authorities and The Relationship between the State, Religion and Patriarchy. Through these themes, the extent of which patriarchal structures has played in influencing the implementation of the DVA is prominent. With the theories employed, research conducted and analysis, the questions that this paper has posed has been explored in detail and addressed.
Runs Test: Theory
Year: 2014

Given a sequence of two or more types of symbols, a run is defined as a succession of one or more identical symbols that are followed and preceded by a different symbol (or by no symbol at all) Runs tests are based on the length of the longest run or on the total number of runs. They figure among the oldest nonparametric procedures, and can be used in various setups. We review the different definitions of runs, their development over the last 100 years, describe the domains of application of runs tests, and discuss their extension to the multivariate case.  distribution freeness; multi sample problems; quality control; robustness; runs; tests of randomness; tests of symmetry; time series
Arret cardiorespiratoire extrahospitalier, interet de la prise en charge initiale sur la survie etude retrospective entre 2014 et 2017 sur le territoire d'activite du SMUR de Caen
Year: 2018

Contexte. L'arret cardio respiratoire extrahospitalier (ACRE) est un enjeu majeur de sante public, le concept de chaine de survie et l'installation de defibrillateurs automatiques externes (DAE) ont permis d'ameliorer la survie. Qu'en est il de la survie des ACRE a Caen, et quels sont les facteurs de prise en charge initiale influencant cette survie Materiel et methode. Nous avons realise une etude retrospective des ACRE sur le territoire d'activite du SMUR de Caen entre janvier 2014 et decembre 2017. Une etude statistique a ensuite ete realisee sur les ACRE d'etiologie presumees cardiaques afin de determiner la survie a 1 mois et d'analyser les facteurs de bon ou mauvais pronostic. Resultats. Sur 4 ans, 742 ACRE ont ete recueillis dont 422 etaient d'etiologie presumees cardiaques. Les victimes etaient a 73% des hommes avec un age median de 70 ans. La survie a 1 mois etait de 9% Les facteurs influencant la survie etaient la survenue d'un ACRE dans un lieu public, la realisation d'un massage cardiaque externe dans les 5 premieres minutes (OR 3,75) et la delivrance d'un choc par le DAE (OR 18,41) Quand ce dernier est utilise il delivre un choc dans 65% des cas.  La survie d'un ACRE reste faible. Une meilleure formation de la population permettrait d'ameliorer la prise en charge initiale des ACRE et ainsi la survie. L'apport des nouvelles technologies permettrait egalement d'ameliorer les pratiques.
MULAN: Multitask Universal Lesion Analysis Network for Joint Lesion Detection, Tagging, and Segmentation
Venue: MICCAI
Year: 2019

When reading medical images such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, radiologists generally search across the image to find lesions, characterize and measure them, and then describe them in the radiological report. To automate this process, we propose a multitask universal lesion analysis network (MULAN) for joint detection, tagging, and segmentation of lesions in a variety of body parts, which greatly extends existing work of single task lesion analysis on specific body parts. MULAN is based on an improved Mask R CNN framework with three head branches and a 3D feature fusion strategy. It achieves the state of the art accuracy in the detection and tagging tasks on the DeepLesion dataset, which contains 32K lesions in the whole body. We also analyze the relationship between the three tasks and show that tag predictions can improve detection accuracy via a score refinement layer.
Determinants of bank profitability: Islamic versus conventional banks
Year: 2018

This research analyzes the determinants of bank profitability by investigating the internal factors that affect the profitability of Islamic banks and conventional banks. It then compares the results from the two types in order to understand how they differ from each other. As previous researchers focus on either Islamic or conventional banks, this research will analyze both by comparing how they are each influenced by profitability factors. Few researches have attempted to compare the profitability of Islamic and conventional banks using a relatively small sample. This research uses a fixed effect panel data analysis on a large sample of 68 banks (42 Islamic and 26 conventional banks) from 13 MENA countries, covering the period of 2006 until 2016. Using several variables, including bank size, equities to assets, loans to assets, deposits to assets, cash to assets and securities to assets, the results show that bank size, equities to assets and deposits to assets have a significant positive effect on Islamic banks' profitability, while they have a significant negative effect on conventional banks' profitability; loans to assets and cash to assets have no effect on bank profitability for either Islamic or conventional banks; and securities to assets has a significant negative effect on Islamic banks' profitability, while it has a significant positive effect on conventional banks' profitability. The results also show that bank size, equities to assets, deposits to assets and cash to assets contribute more to Islamic banks' profitability compared to conventional banks, while loans to assets and securities to assets contribute more to conventional banks' profitability compared to Islamic banks. Tariq Alzoubi (Jordan) BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES LLC "SPS "Business Perspectives" Hryhorii Skovoroda lane, 10, Sumy, 40022, Ukraine www.businessperspectives.org Determinants of bank profitability: Islamic versus
Oceanus: A High Science Return Uranus Orbiter with a Low Cost Instrument Suite
Year: 2018

Ice giant sized planets are the most common type of observed exoplanet, yet the two ice giants in our own solar system (Uranus and Neptune) are the least explored class of planet, having only been observed through ground based observations and a single flyby each by Voyager 2 approximately 30 years ago. These single flybys were unable to characterize the spatial and temporal variability in ice giant magnetospheres, some of the most odd and intriguing magnetospheres in the solar system. They also offered only limited constraints on the internal structure of ice giants; understanding the internal structure of a planet is important for understanding its formation and evolution. The most recent planetary science Decadal Survey by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, "Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013 2022," identified the ice giant Uranus as the third highest priority for a Flagship mission in the decade 2013 2022. However, in the event that NASA or another space agency is unable to fly a Flagship class mission to an ice giant in the next decade, this paper presents a mission concept for a focused, lower cost Uranus orbiter called OCEANUS (Origins and Composition of the Exoplanet Analog Uranus System) OCEANUS would increase our understanding of the interior structure of Uranus, its magnetosphere, and how its magnetic field is generated. These goals could be achieved with just a magnetometer and the spacecraft's radio system. This study shows that several of the objectives outlined by the Decadal Survey, including one of the two identified as highest priority, are within reach for a New Frontiers class mission.
Self regulation at work.
Venue: Annual review of psychology
Year: 2010

Self regulation at work is conceived in terms of within person processes that occur over time. These processes are proposed to occur within a hierarchical framework of negative feedback systems that operate at different levels of abstraction and with different time cycles. Negative feedback systems respond to discrepancies in a manner that reduces deviations from standards (i.e. goals) This is in contrast to positive feedback systems in which discrepancies are created, which can lead to instability. We organize our discussion around four hierarchical levels self, achievement task, lower level task action, and knowledge/working memory. We theorize that these levels are loosely connected by multiple constraints and that both automatic and more conscious processes are essential to self regulation. Within and cross level affective and cognitive processes interact within this system to motivate goal related behaviors while also accessing needed knowledge and protecting current intentions from interference. Complications common in the work setting (as well as other complex, real life settings) such as the simultaneous pursuit of multiple goals, the importance of knowledge access and expertise, and team and multiperson processes are also discussed. Finally, we highlight the usefulness of newer research methodologies and data analytic techniques for examining such hierarchical, dynamic, within person processes.
In situ behavioural response and ecological stoichiometry adjustment of macroalgae (Characeae, Charophyceae) to iron overload: Implications for lake restoration.
Venue: Water research
Year: 2020

Eutrophication of water bodies markedly reduces their recreational and economic use, which in turn compels those interested to pursuing prompt and effective restoration. This also applies to waters with a moderate pool of biogenic resources which, following temporarily increased nutrient alimentation from the catchment area may become eutrophic. The in situ experiment tested the impact of chemical restoration on benthic macroalgae (Chara hispida L. found in meso eutrophic waters. Commonly used doses of iron sulphate were applied, defined as Low 10.8 g Fe m 2 and High 21.6 g Fe m 2. It was presumed that the sudden shift of abiotic conditions of the environment will disturb growth and stoichiometry of the species. Analyses encompassed physicochemical water parameters (e.g. nutrient concentration, light availability) morphological features and elemental composition of the charophytes. Application of the coagulant caused shading of the plants and elimination of bioavailable phosphates from the water. This induced changes of behavioural ecology of the species, manifesting in elongation of the main axis and increase of the assimilation area (growth of branchlets and side axes) as well as stoichiometric changes. It was found that shortage of phosphates in the water resulted in decreased phosphorus concentration in the thalli due to biological dilution. The increase of assimilation area and phosphorus dilution in the thalli have not been previously reported for charophytes. In this study, the qualitative transformation of the environment following application of iron as part of chemical lake restoration was evinced in significant ecological changes that adversely affected macrophytobenthos. The findings of the experiment can therefore be taken into account while planning restoration procedures, so as to preclude the risk of a negative trend of ecological changes.
Evaluation of reference genes for real time quantitative PCR studies in Candida glabrata following azole treatment
Venue: BMC Molecular Biology
Year: 2011

BackgroundThe selection of stable and suitable reference genes for real time quantitative PCR (RT qPCR) is a crucial prerequisite for reliable gene expression analysis under different experimental conditions. The present study aimed to identify reference genes as internal controls for gene expression studies by RT qPCR in azole stimulated Candida glabrata.ResultsThe expression stability of 16 reference genes under fluconazole stress was evaluated using fold change and standard deviation computations with the hkgFinder tool. Our data revealed that the mRNA expression levels of three ribosomal RNAs (RDN5.8, RDN18, and RDN25) remained stable in response to fluconazole, while PGK1, UBC7, and UBC13 mRNAs showed only approximately 2.9 3.0 and 2.5 fold induction by azole, respectively. By contrast, mRNA levels of the other 10 reference genes (ACT1, EF1a, GAPDH, PPIA, RPL2A, RPL10, RPL13A, SDHA, TUB1, and UBC4) were dramatically increased in C. glabrata following antifungal treatment, exhibiting changes ranging from 4.5 to 32.7 fold. We also assessed the expression stability of these reference genes using the 2 DDCT method and three other software packages. The stability rankings of the reference genes by geNorm and the 2 DDCT method were identical to those by hkgFinder, whereas the stability rankings by BestKeeper and NormFinder were notably different. We then validated the suitability of six candidate reference genes (ACT1, PGK1, RDN5.8, RDN18, UBC7, and UBC13) as internal controls for ten target genes in this system using the comparative CT method. Our validation experiments passed for all six reference genes analyzed except RDN18, where the amplification efficiency of RDN18 was different from that of the ten target genes. Finally, we demonstrated that the relative quantification of target gene expression varied according to the endogenous control used, highlighting the importance of the choice of internal controls in such experiments.ConclusionsWe recommend the use of RDN5.8, UBC13, and PGK1 alone or the combination of RDN5.8 plus UBC13 or PGK1 as reference genes for RT qPCR analysis of gene expression in C. glabrata following azole treatment. In contrast, we show that ACT1 and other commonly used reference genes (GAPDH, PPIA, RPL13A, TUB1, etc. were not validated as good internal controls in the current model.
Modeling Aquifer Flow Behavior in Low Dip Edge Water Drive Gas Reservoirs
Venue: Natural Resources Research
Year: 2020

Water encroachment from aquifers into hydrocarbon reservoirs plays a crucial role in water production and, consequently, in prediction of hydrocarbon field performance. In this regard, several analytical and numerical models have been introduced to calculate water influx. While many studies have been conducted on water influx calculations in hydrocarbon reservoirs, the authors were unable to find any previous study describing aquifer behavior in relation to low dip reservoirs. In this study, we investigated aquifer behavior in this specific reservoir type from two perspectives: First, water encroachment mechanisms from an aquifer into a low dip reservoir were assessed, using a numerical gridded approach. Second, we evaluated the validity of analytical and numerical models used in commercial reservoir simulators for low dip, edge water drive (LDEWD) reservoirs. We applied the findings of this study to a LDEWD in a heterogeneous carbonate gas reservoir in the Middle East. This was the first study to identify that the major water influx was from the outer corner of the reservoir in the low dip, edge water aquifer. We have referred to this phenomenon as outer corner water encroachment (OCWE) We also showed that commonly available analytical and numerical models could not capture either a precise water movement profile or the water influx volume for LDEWD aquifers. The simulation results from prediction models used with actual field data showed that lateral water movement from the outer corner of the reservoir (OCWE movement) was the main contributor to water encroachment and production and that the vertical water coning phenomenon was not significant in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs.
PLEASE: A POLITENESS FORMULA VIEWED IN A TRANSLATION PERSPECTIVE
Year: 2009

Many languages have a marker of politeness such as please associated with the making of a request (e.g. German bitte, French s'il vous plait) Swedish on the other hand does not have a routinised politeness marker corresponding to please. The present paper studies the correspondences of please in Swedish in order to get a closer picture of its different functions in English and its translation correspondences. It is shown on the basis of translations that please is used both
Facial Expression Analysis using Active Shape Model
Year: 2015

Facial expressions analysis is a vital part of the research in human machine interaction. This chapter introduces an automatic recognition system for facial expression from a front view human face image. Obtaining an effective facial representation from initial face images is an essential phase for strong and efficient facial expression system. In this chapter we have developed a facial expression analysis system. Firstly we have tried to evaluate facial analysis base on Active shape model (ASM) In order to detect the face images, Adaboost classifier and Haar Like feature has been adopted to achieve face detection and tracking. The ASM then has been automatically initiated in the detected face image. Then, discriminates and reliable facial feature points has been extracted applying ASM fitting technique. The geometric displacement among the projected ASM feature points coordinates and the mean shape of ASM were used to evaluate facial expression. Using support vector machine (SVM) classifier, the obtained results has reached a recognition rate of 93
Halal Food, Market Access and Exception to WTO Law: New Aspects Learned from Indonesia Chicken Products
Year: 2018

Halal is the dietary law for Muslims. Complying with its rules, which are based on Islamic religious texts, is required for practicing Muslims all over the world in the context of consuming food and other consumer products. Halal measures can have an effect on trade for halal related concerns. Halal certification is required as a condition for the importation of certain food products into some countries. These measures can be inconsistent with the World Trade Organization (hereinafter "WTO" as shown in Indonesia Chicken Products (2017) However, the extent to which WTO Member States are given leeway in implementing their halal measures in order for the exceptions under the WTO vis a vis Article XX of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (hereinafter "GATT" to apply needs to be examined. Based on these premises, this paper seeks to discuss the legal issues in the GATT/WTO context arising from the halal measures. The measures will be conceptualised before the application of GATT/WTO rules to such measures is assessed. The interplay between Article XX of GATT and halal measures will be explored. This will be followed by an analysis of the decision of the WTO Panel in the Indonesia Chicken Products case.
An efficient object detection framework with modified dense connections for small objects optimizations
Venue: CF
Year: 2020

Object detection frameworks for small objects are increasingly demanded in some specific fields such as high speed object tracking and remote sensing image recognition. In this paper, we propose an efficient object detection framework with modified dense connections for small objects. In order to improve both the detection accuracy and speed for small objects, the proposed framework constructs a convolutional neural network by using modified dense and residual cross layer connections between multi scale convolutional layers to extract deep features effectively. Based on the modified dense structure, a hybrid scale feature fusion method is proposed to concatenate the multi channel high dimensional features and performs cross entropy calculation and regression prediction. By using this method, this framework not only improves the detection accuracy for small objects significantly, but also improves the overall detection accuracy and optimizes the network parameters to reduce the detection time greatly. The experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves 90.6% mAP for small objects on a public ship dataset which is 25.2% more than SSD VGGNet. Due to the detection efficiency for small objects, it improves the overall detection accuracy and detection speed by 9% and 40% respectively while about 70% network parameters are reduced.
Model Advantage Optimization for Model Based Reinforcement Learning
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2021

Model based Reinforcement Learning (MBRL) algorithms have been traditionally designed with the goal of learning accurate dynamics of the environment. This introduces a mismatch between the objectives of model learning and the overall learning problem of finding an optimal policy. Value aware model learning, an alternative model learning paradigm to maximum likelihood, proposes to inform model learning through the value function of the learnt policy. While this paradigm is theoretically sound, it does not scale beyond toy settings. In this work, we propose a novel value aware objective that is an upper bound on the absolute performance difference of a policy across two models. Further, we propose a general purpose algorithm that modifies the standard MBRL pipeline enabling learning with value aware objectives. Our proposed objective, in conjunction with this algorithm, is the first successful instantiation of value aware MBRL on challenging continuous control environments, outperforming previous value aware objectives and with competitive performance w.r.t. MLE based MBRL approaches.
Reversible and Quantum Circuit Synthesis
Year: 2014

This thesis presents five major tools for the synthesis of reversible and quantum circuits. Quantum computation has the ability to solve several important problems significantly faster than its classical counterpart. Because of this promise, much research effort has been dedicated to discovering new quantum algorithms and technologies. Quantum mechanics postulates that the time evolution of quantum states is reversible. Thus, reversibility is a necessary condition for quantum computing. Hence, we propose an effective method and tool, called RMDDS, for synthesizing reversible circuits. Since the evolution of quantum states is determined by some primitive physical operations, quantum computers implemented in different physical systems have different cost. Therefore, we propose an optimized quantum gate library, called QGLVP, for various physical machine descriptions. To enhance synthesis efficiency, we introduce QLib, a quantum module library, which contains scripts to generate quantum modules for many well known quantum algorithms. Since a quantum system inevitably interacts with the environment, this leads to error and consequent failure of computation. To address this problem, we propose FTQLS, a tool that synthesizes and optimizes fault tolerant quantum circuits by using logic identity rules for various physical machine descriptions. Finally, we present a tool, called PAQCS, for physical design aware fault tolerant quantum circuit synthesis. It effectively synthesizes quantum logic circuits into quantum physical circuits, targeting different physical machine descriptions and quantum error correction codes.