nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mujadalah dalam Al Qur'an kajian tafsir tematik mengenai ayat ayat yang berisi perdebatan orang kafir terhadap Allah dan ayat ayatnya
Year: 2014

Al Qur'an adalah kalam Allah yang didalamnya tersimpan makna makna yang berharga dan tersembunyi yang mesti dijadikan sebagai tuntunan dan pedoman hidup bagi manusia semesta alam. Oleh sebab itu, maka diperlukan suatu media untuk dapat memahami maknanya. Dalam hal ini penafsiran terhadap ayat Al Qur'an yang dilakukan oleh para ulama mufassirin merupakan salah satu cara untuk memahaminya, sehingga isi dari Al Qur'an itu dapat dipahami dan diamalkan oleh umat manusia. Penelitian ini mengambil judul, Mujadalah Orang Kafir Dalam Al Qur'an (Kajian Tafsir Tematik Mengenai ayat ayat yang berisi perdebatan orang kafir terhadap Allah dan ayat ayatNya) Permasalahan ini menarik untuk diangkat, kerena selama ini tidak sedikit orang orang yang kebablasan menggunakan rasionya dalam melakukan perdebatan sehingga muncul permusuhan di antara sesama. Perdebatan niscayanya adalah fitrah manusia, namun perlu diingat bahwa perdebatan terbagi menjadi dua macam yaitu terpuji dan tercela. Hal yang akan dibahas nantinya adalah ayat ayat yang berkenaan dengan perdebatan orang kafir terhadap Al Qur'an yang ditegaskan dengan ayat tentang orang yang suka memperdebatkan Al Qur'an adalah orang kafir. Dengan menyertakan ayat ayat yang berisi kehancuran kaum terdahulu akibat kegemaran mereka memperdebatkan Allah dan ayat ayatNya, maka diharapkan akan ada kesadaran diri untuk merenungi apakah perdebatan yang dilakukan selama ini oleh sebagian kaum muslimin tidak akan membawa mereka ke lembah kehancuran. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa ayat ayat yang berisi perdebatan orang kafir terhadap Allah dan ayat ayatNya. Penelitian ini bersifat kepustakaan murni (Library Reseach) dan metode yang digunakan adalah metode maudu'i (tematik) kemudian menganalisanya. Sebagai sumber primer adalah Al Qur'an dan hadis. Sedangkan buku buku dan artikel artikel yang berhubungan dengan pembahasan tersebut dijadikan sebagai sumber sekunder. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan informasi, bahwa Alquran menggunakan kata debat dengan berbagai macam bentuk kata dalam bahasa arab, diantaranya adalah kata hujjah, Jadala, dan Khasama yang setelah ditelusuri terdapat 36 kali penyebutan dari kata kata tersebut. kata yang bersinonim itu secara otomatis akan melahirkan makna yang banyak sesuai dengan kontek historis dan hubungan dengan kata kata sebelumnya, sehingga penulis membatasi pembahasan hanya pada kata Jadala saja yang disebutkan sebanyak 22kali dalam Al Qur'an. Namun untuk mempermudah pembahasan, penulis menggunakan 16 ayat sebagai sample untuk pengerjaan tugas akhir ini
Semi physical simulation of AUV pipeline tracking
Year: 2012

Before the task of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) was implemented actually, its semi physical simulation system of pipeline tracking had been designed. This semi physical simulation system was used to test the software logic, hardware architecture, data interface and reliability of the control system. To implement this system, the whole system plan, including interface computer and the methods of pipeline tracking, was described. Compared to numerical simulation, the semi physical simulation was used to test the real software and hardware more veritably. In the semi physical simulation system, tracking experiments of both straight lines and polygonal lines were carried out, considering the influence of ocean current and the situation of buried pipeline. The experimental results indicate that the AUV can do pipeline tracking task, when angles of pipeline are 15deg, 30deg, 45deg and 60deg. In the ocean current of 2 knots, AUV could track buried pipeline.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Comunidad Autonoma del Pais Vasco: informe Ejecutivo 2018 2019
Year: 2019

La actividad emprendedora ha generado un creciente interes en las ultimas decadas debido al reconocimiento de su papel como una de las fuerzas que contribuye a la competitividad del territorio. En la Comunidad Autonoma del Pais Vasco (CAPV) tal interes ha motivado la dedicacion de esfuerzos notables, tanto a nivel publico como privado, para impulsar la creacion y desarrollo de nuevos negocios. Evidencia de ello es el abanico de ayudas y subvenciones, espacios de incubacion, eventos y premios, programas formativos y de aceleracion, servicios especializados, fuentes de financiacion, etc. que han emergido para apoyar a las personas que deciden emprender en nuestro territorio. Junto al apoyo directo que recibe la actividad emprendedora, desde el ano 2004 se viene desarrollando el informe Global Entrepreneurship Monitor CAPV, que este ano cumple su decimoquinta edicion. Con la conviccion de que para mejorar es necesario medir y monitorizar, este informe ofrece una radiografia anual de la actividad emprendedora de la CAPV. Asi, en los ultimos quince anos hemos podido conocer no solo los niveles de emprendimiento de la poblacion vasca, sino tambien como son las personas que emprenden y que caracteristicas presentan sus negocios, ademas de distinguir cuales son las condiciones del entorno que estan impulsando y obstaculizando la actividad emprendedora. El informe GEM forma parte de un proyecto de investigacion internacional que recoge datos de caracter anual, bajo una metodologia armonizada que hace posible comparar los resultados de la CAPV con los de otros territorios. De esta manera, el informe pretende ayudar a identificar los factores que explican las diferencias con respecto a otros entornos, con el fin de informar a los decisores de politicas que desarrollan iniciativas para impulsar la mejora del emprendimiento.
A (1 6) Branched (1 4) b d Glucan from Grifola frondosa Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide Induced Cytokine Production in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Binding to TLR2 Rather than Dectin 1 or CR3 Receptors.
Venue: Journal of natural products
Year: 2020

Mushroom polysaccharides including b glucans possess various health promoting properties and are known to be the major bioactive constituents of Grifola frondosa (GF) which is a popular edible and medicinal mushroom. Dectin 1, a pattern recognition receptor, is responsible for recognizing b glucans. In this study, parental RAW264.7 macrophages and Dectin 1 expressing RAW264.7 macrophages were used to investigate the anti inflammatory activity and receptor involvement of the water soluble polysaccharides from GF. Results indicated that the high molecular weight fraction of GF (GF70 F1; 1260 kDa) inhibited TNF a and IL 6 production as well as NF kB activation in lipopolysaccharide induced macrophages. Chemical and enzymatic linkage analyses indicated that GF70 F1 mainly contained the known (1 3)(1 6) b d glucan and a polysaccharide not previously isolated from GF, a nondigestible glucan with a b (1 4) linked backbone and b (1 6) linked branches. The ability of GF70 F1 to inhibit cytokine production was not affected by the expression level of Dectin 1 in cells, and a similar inhibitory activity was observed after removing the (1 3)(1 6) b d glucan from GF70 F1. Blockade of Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) but not Dectin 1 or complement receptor 3 (CR3) attenuated the inhibitory activity of GF70 F1. The nondigestible (1 6) branched (1 4) b d glucan in GF70 F1 may contribute to the anti inflammatory activity via interacting with TLR2 rather than Dectin 1 or CR3 receptors.
The Library Screen Scene
Year: 2019

Throughout life, people use film, videos, and media for entertainment and learning. In an increasing number of school, public, and academic libraries, people get opportunities to screen and discuss movies, make short animations, learn to edit videos, and develop a sense of community and civic engagement through shared media experiences. Through innovative programs, services, and collections, libraries are helping people acquire film and media literacy competencies. This book reveals five core practices used by librarians who care about film and media: viewing, creating, learning, collecting, and connecting. With examples from more than 170 school, public, and academic libraries in 15 states, the book shows how film and media literacy education programs and services in libraries advance the lifelong learning competencies of patrons and learners from all walks of life. How does it happen? Film screening and discussion programs deepen people's appreciation for the art of film. Creating media in libraries advances literacy competencies, builds collaboration skills, and promotes community empowerment. In schools and universities, librarians help people critically analyze moving image media as they learn from it. Librarians make important choices in how they select and access film and media now that streaming media, social media, and other digital technologies are transforming access. Through partnerships, librarians help bring film and media education into communities, aware that opportunities for people to both consume and create moving image media help connect generations, cultures, and communities with important issues and ideas.
Construction of typhoon disaster knowledge graph based on graph database Neo4j
Venue: 2020 Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC)
Year: 2020

The typhoon knowledge graph can correlate various kinds of information in the typhoon data, conduct overall and related analysis, and finally provide effective assistance for typhoon prevention and post disaster protection. The data of typhoon landing in China from 2000 to 2015 were selected to build a typhoon knowledge graph based on Neo4j graph database platform. The typhoon knowledge graph can be used to understand the occurrence of historical typhoons and obtain the distribution of typhoon data in time and space.
Incorporation of Pb(ii) into hematite during ferrihydrite transformation
Year: 2020

Ferrihydrite is ubiquitous in natural environments, and its transformation significantly influences the fate of heavy metals. Although Pb(II) adsorption on iron oxides has been extensively studied, there is still a knowledge gap on the fate of Pb during the dynamic processes of iron oxide transformation. In this study, a set of wet chemistry experiments, spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs STEM) integrated with energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDS) X ray diffraction (XRD) and X ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) were used to unravel Pb interactions with iron oxides during ferrihydrite transformation processes under abiotic conditions. Wet chemistry experiments, STEM EDS elemental mapping and line scans, and quantitative analysis suggested that Pb penetrated into hematite nanoparticles during the transformation processes. STEM analysis at sub nanoscales, XRD fine scans, and XAS analysis provided evidence of Pb incorporation into the crystal structures of hematite nanoparticles, in which Pb distributed along the zone axis and enlarged the lattice distance of hematite. These results advanced our understanding of the dynamic interactions of Pb with iron oxides by offering new perspectives about the critical roles of chemical speciation, nano scale spatial distribution, and atomic coordination environments in controlling the geochemical dynamics of heavy metals.
Orthodontic Treatment Combined with Temporary Anchorage Device for Cases of Class II with Progressive Condylar Resorption
Year: 2012

Progressive condylar resorption (PCR) is sometimes observed in Class II patients with mandiblar retrusion. Although orthognathic surgery is usually recommended for Class II dentofacial deformity with receding mandible, surgical mandibular advancement might be the contraindicated method for Class II patients with PCR. Mandibular advancement and rapid change of mandibular position may result in further condylar resoption. Recently, temporary anchorage device (TAD) has been developed in the orthodontic field. The major applications for TAD in the orthodontic treatment are intrusion and distal movement of the upper molars. For this reason, treatment with TAD has become a new strategy for certain Class II cases. To correct Class II with PCR, we have applied this method for controlling the maxillary molars and gradual change of mandibular position. In this presentation, we introduced two cases of Class II with PCR. The first case was skeletal Class II open bite with Class III molar relationship, because of the congenital absence of lower lateral incisors. The mandibular condylar erosions were recognized on the CT. The upper first premolars were extracted and plate type TADs were placed bilaterally at the base of the zygomatic arch for intruding the upper molars. The second case was also Class II and had condylar erosion. The occlusion was unstable with RCP ICP difference and Class II molar relation was more severe at RCP. Four premolars were extracted and TADs were placed for distal movement of the upper molars. At the completion of the treatment, ideal occlusion was given on both cases. Even two years after the treatment, the stable occlusion has been maintained. In conclusion, the orthodontic treatment with TAD is one of the potent devices to provide the suitable occlusion for the patient with PCR.
Design of an Automated Power Generation Unit using Biomass
Venue: 2019 International Conference on Automation, Computational and Technology Management (ICACTM)
Year: 2019

Power industry plays a crucial role in our society. It advances nation's economic growth and prosperity, it is a robust industry that contributes to the growth of society. However, with increase in population the demand for electricity is intensified. Present rate at which non renewable resources are used for production is harmful to environment. Therefore, to generate electricity and to protect environment, energy extraction from renewable sources began to rise. Biomass Cow urine being a renewable source of energy is used to generate electricity without impairing the environment. To generate electricity from cow urine copper and zinc electrodes are used as cathode and anode respectively, Cow urine that contains uric acid and water undergoes electrolysis and generate voltage. From one liter of cow urine 1V is generated. A system using 10 plastic containers, called cells, containing 1 liter cow urine each, was connected in series to generate 10V. The system is automated to discharge and refill the system with fresh cow urine periodically.
TES Based X ray Microcalorimeter Performances Under AC Bias and FDM for Athena
Year: 2016

Athena is a European X ray observatory, scheduled for launch in \sim ~2028. Athena will employ a high resolution imaging spectrometer called X ray integral field unit (X IFU) consisting of an array of \sim ~4000 transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter pixels. For the readout of X IFU, we are developing frequency domain multiplexing, which is the baseline readout system. In this paper, we report on the performance of a TES X ray calorimeter array fabricated at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) at MHz frequencies for the baseline of X IFU detector. During single pixel AC bias characterization, we measured X ray energy resolutions (at 6 keV) of about 2.9 eV at both 2.3 and 3.7 MHz. Furthermore, in the multiplexing mode, we measured X ray energy resolutions of about 2.9 eV at 1.3 and 1.7 MHz.
Making sense of palaeoclimate sensitivity
Venue: Nature
Year: 2012

Many palaeoclimate studies have quantified pre anthropogenic climate change to calculate climate sensitivity (equilibrium temperature change in response to radiative forcing change) but a lack of consistent methodologies produces a wide range of estimates and hinders comparability of results. Here we present a stricter approach, to improve intercomparison of palaeoclimate sensitivity estimates in a manner compatible with equilibrium projections for future climate change. Over the past 65 million years, this reveals a climate sensitivity (in K W 1 m2) of 0.3 1.9 or 0.6 1.3 at 95% or 68% probability, respectively. The latter implies a warming of 2.2 4.8 K per doubling of atmospheric CO2, which agrees with IPCC estimates.
Knowledge discovery out of text data: a systematic review via text mining
Venue: J. Knowl. Manag.
Year: 2018

The aim of this work is to increase awareness of the potential of the technique of text mining to discover knowledge and further promote research collaboration between knowledge management and the information technology communities. Since its emergence, text mining has involved multidisciplinary studies, focused primarily on database technology, Web based collaborative writing, text analysis, machine learning and knowledge discovery. However, owing to the large amount of research in this field, it is becoming increasingly difficult to identify existing studies and therefore suggest new topics.  This article offers a systematic review of 85 academic outputs (articles and books) focused on knowledge discovery derived from the text mining technique. The systematic review is conducted by applying "text mining at the term level, in which knowledge discovery takes place on a more focused collection of words and phrases that are extracted from and label each document" (Feldman et al. 1998, p. 1) Findings The results revealed that the keywords extracted to be associated with the main labels, id est, knowledge discovery and text mining, can be categorized in two periods: from 1998 to 2009, the term knowledge and text were always used. From 2010 to 2017 in addition to these terms, sentiment analysis, review manipulation, microblogging data and knowledgeable users were the other terms frequently used. Besides this, it is possible to notice the technical, engineering nature of each term present in the first decade. Whereas, a diverse range of fields such as business, marketing and finance emerged from 2010 to 2017 owing to a greater interest in the online environment.  This is a first comprehensive systematic review on knowledge discovery and text mining through the use of a text mining technique at term level, which offers to reduce redundant research and to avoid the possibility of missing relevant publications.
Ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer Where do we stand?
Venue: Molecular metabolism
Year: 2019

Cancer is one of the greatest public health challenges worldwide, and we still lack complementary approaches to significantly enhance the efficacy of standard anticancer therapies. The ketogenic diet, a high fat, low carbohydrate diet with adequate amounts of protein, appears to sensitize most cancers to standard treatment by exploiting the reprogramed metabolism of cancer cells, making the diet a promising candidate as an adjuvant cancer therapy. Scope of review To critically evaluate available preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the ketogenic diet in the context of cancer therapy. Furthermore, we highlight important mechanisms that could explain the potential antitumor effects of the ketogenic diet. Major conclusions The ketogenic diet probably creates an unfavorable metabolic environment for cancer cells and thus can be regarded as a promising adjuvant as a patient specific multifactorial therapy. The majority of preclinical and several clinical studies argue for the use of the ketogenic diet in combination with standard therapies based on its potential to enhance the antitumor effects of classic chemo and radiotherapy, its overall good safety and tolerability and increase in quality of life. However, to further elucidate the mechanisms of the ketogenic diet as a therapy and evaluate its application in clinical practice, more molecular studies as well as uniformly controlled clinical trials are needed.
Dynamics of Stochastic Gradient Algorithms
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2015

Stochastic gradient algorithms (SGA) are increasingly popular in machine learning applications and have become "the algorithm" for extremely large scale problems. Although there are some convergence results, little is known about their dynamics. In this paper, We propose the method of stochastic modified equations (SME) to analyze the dynamics of the SGA. Using this technique, we can give precise characterizations for both the initial convergence speed and the eventual oscillations, at least in some special cases. Furthermore, the SME formalism allows us to characterize various speed up techniques, such as introducing momentum, adjusting the learning rate and the mini batch sizes. Previously, these techniques relied mostly on heuristics. Besides introducing simple examples to illustrate the SME formalism, we also apply the framework to improve the relaxed randomized Kaczmarz method for solving linear equations. The SME framework is a precise and unifying approach to understanding and improving the SGA, and has the potential to be applied to many more stochastic algorithms.
A single stage solar PV power fed Open End Winding Induction Motor pump drive with MPPT
Venue: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES)
Year: 2014

In this paper a single stage solar Photo Voltaic (PV) system feeding the power to an Open End Winding Induction Motor (OEWIM) via a dual inverter is presented. The OEWIM is coupled to a centrifugal pump for water pumping application. The dual inverter fed OEWIM is chosen, as it requires low debus voltage which helps in optimal arrangement of PV modules, which could avoid large strings. In the proposed system a single PV source is connected to both the inverters, which results in zero sequence current and hence the harmonics in the system. So as to nullify the zero sequence current in the average sense Sample Averaged Zero sequence Elimination (SAZE) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is adopted. This algorithm ensures the clamping of one of the inverter when the other is being switched; this reduces the switching losses and efficiency may increase which is important factor to be considered in PV system. Also the above algorithm reduces the current ripple at higher modulation indices. The modulation index is tuned by using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm for the variations in the insolation and ambient temperature. The detailed explanation of the control algorithm for the proposed system and its simulation results under different environmental conditions are presented.
Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence
Year: 2007

A Note to ReadersAcronyms Introduction Prologue I Ocalan, Kurds, and the PKK's Start1 The Origins of the PKK, 1949 1976 2 Abdullah Ocalan, Leader, 1975 1980 3 The Flight to Survive, 1980 1982 4 On the Road to War, 1982 1984 II The PKK Consolidates Power5 Loyalty and Violence, 1985 19906 The Struggle to Succeed, 1985 1990 7 The Deluge, 1988 1991 III PKK Militants Fight for Control8 War in the Streets, 1991 1992 9 Fueling the War, 1992 1993 10 Mixing War and Politics, 1991 1993 11 Change in Fortunes, 1993 1997vIV Ocalan's Capture and After12 The Decline, 1995 1998 23913 Searching for a New Way, 1995 1998 14 Ocalan, Caught by Surprise, 1998 1999 15 The PKK Saves Itself, 1999 2007  Timeline Notes Bibliography Index About the Author
Collingridge's dilemma in technology assessment
Year: 2012

Collingridge's Dilemma is a very famous problem in technology assessment.This paper first analyzes three dimensions of it: time,knowledge and power,and points out that the theory base of the dilemma is the traditional positivism view of science and technology.Then reexplains and modifies the meanings of its three dimensions from the technoscience perspective which developed from STS in the 1980s and overturned the traditional positivism view of science and technology.Such a technoscience perspective totally solves the dilemma and brings some new and helpful inspirations to our technology assessment work.