nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Crisis of Russian Legal Education in Comparative Perspective
Year: 2017

In Russia, legal education has a great influence on the public sphere. Many political and public leaders are law schools graduates. As beneficiaries of a legal education, they should promote values of justice and social rights, and the rule of law. The irony is that despite being governed by lawyers for many years (for example, Alexander Kerensky in 1917, a graduate of St. Petersburg University; Vladimir Lenin from 1917 to 1924, expelled from Kazan University; Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985 to 1991, graduated from Moscow State University; Vladimir Putin from 2000 to 2008 and 2012 to present, graduated from St. Petersburg University; Dmitry Medvedev from 2008 to 2012, graduated from St. Petersburg University) Russia is still trying to ignore the rule of law. The crisis in legal education has been a subject of discussion over the past few decades in different countries and jurisdictions. In Russia, many have also begun to speak about this crisis and since the late 1990s, this dialogue still continues. It affects both the education of and the practice of law. But one must consider the situation alongside universal tendencies: Are these problems really only Russian, or are there similar difficulties elsewhere? Legal education in the United States also seems to undergo reform every ten to fifteen years.1 Recently, and even earlier, the American media dazzled with headlines about problems in the lawyer training system. A typical article on this subject in The New York Times begins with the words "American legal education is in crisis."2 President Barack Obama, who taught for more than ten years at the University of Chicago Law School, and who understands the
Bundle Adjustment for Monocular Visual Odometry Based on Detected Traffic Sign Features
Venue: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)
Year: 2019

Monocular visual odometry (VO) which is a subset of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) used to determine the position and orientation of a moving object by analyzing the associated monocular camera image sequences, is a critical part in the vision system of autonomous driving. However, based on the frame by frame pose estimation, drift error can be incrementally accumulated. Bundle adjustment (BA) is thus introduced to deal with the error drift problem through correlating several image frames together to optimize camera poses and extracted 3D map points simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a joint BA framework which takes into account additional constraints from the detected road traffic signs. This framework can be effectively integrated into existing VO systems, as evidenced by the improved vehicular localization accuracy in experimental performance when compared with the state of the art baseline VO method.
Is It Risky to Use Kidneys from CDC Increased Risk Donors?
Venue: American journal of transplantation official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
Year: 2007

The risk of transmitting infectious agents by blood and tissue to patients remains one of the great fears surrounding solid organ transplantation (2) Indeed, one commonly cited reason for organ discard is the risk of infectious disease transmission by such organs (1) Agents at risk for transmission include hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis B virus (HBV) cytomegalovirus (CMV) West Nile virus, Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and others. However, it was the recognition that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) could be transmitted that has largely driven public policy regarding the screening of blood and tissue donors for transmissible infections. In fact, the FDA, which regulates blood and tissue donation in the United States, has taken the stance that any transmission of HIV, HCV, or HBV is unacceptable and that no amount of money is too much to protect the nation's blood supply. While this may be true of the nation's blood supply, the acceptable risks with life saving solid organ transplants are different (3)
Pengaruh Lama Pemanasan terhadap Vitamin C, Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Sifat Sensoris Sirup Kersen (Muntingia Calabura L.
Year: 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama pemanasan (perebusan) terhadap kadar vitamin C, aktivitas antioksidan, gula reduksi, pH dan sifat sensoris (rasa dan aroma) sirup kersen (Muntingia calabura L. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan satu faktor yaitu lama pemanasan (perebusan) yang terdiri dari lima perlakuan, meliputi; P1 (20 menit) P2 (30 menit) P3 (40 menit) P4 (50 menit) P5 (60 menit) Parameter yang diamati meliputi vitamin C, aktivitas antioksidan, gula reduksi, pH dan sifat sensoris rasa dan aroma (metode hedonik dan scoring) sirup kersen. Data hasil pengamatan diuji dengan analisis keragaman pada taraf nyata 5 menggunakan software Co Stat. Apabila hasil pengamatan terdapat perbedaan yang nyata, maka diuji lanjut menggunakan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan lama perebusan memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata (signifikan) terhadap pH, vitamin C, aktivitas antioksidan dan gula reduksi namun memberikan pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata (non signifikan) terhadap sifat sensoris rasa dan aroma (uji hedonik dan scoring) sirup kersen. Perlakuan terbaik adalah lama perebusan 20 menit karena menghasilkan sirup kersen dengan vitamin C tertinggi (28,09 mg/100 g bahan) dan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi (51,79% gula reduksi 7,95% pH 4,28, rasa agak manis dan aroma agak khas kersen.
Achieving breakthrough performance caused by optimized metal foam flow field in fuel cells
Venue: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Year: 2019

Enhanced mass transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is required for achieving high performance because concentration losses dominate cell performance. In particular, the flow field is crucial for mass transport. Recently, metal foam has been proposed as an alternative flow field owing to its three dimensional pores, high porosity, and enhanced electrical conductivity. Here, we inspect the microstructure of various copper foams and investigate its effect as a flow field on PEMFCs. The PEMFCs with the optimized foam flow field deliver the highest performance reported to date. A large contact area and small ribs of the optimized foam flow field are advantageous for mass transfer and ohmic resistance. In addition, the internally generated pressure increases the partial pressure of the reactant, which leads to increased performance. This foam flow field has a significant potential for achieving high cell performance by enhancing the electrochemical reaction of the catalyst.
The Moderating Effect of Competitive Business Strategy on Corporate Environmental Performance and Corporate Carbon Emission Disclosure Towards Corporate Financial Performance
Venue: Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development
Year: 2019

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of corporate environmental performance and corporate carbon emission disclosure toward corporate financial performance with competitive business strategy as moderating variable. The research design is quantitative methods using secondary data, which is data from the sustainability report of 18 go public companies listed on the Indonesia stock exchange from 2015 to 2017, with 54 units of analysis for the period of 2015 2017. The data analysis used in this research was multiple linear regression with data panel, which is processed by using SPSS. The results show that: (i) corporate environmental performance has a positive and significant effect towards the corporate financial performance; (ii) corporate carbon emission disclosure has not a significant effect towards the corporate financial performance; (iii) competitive business strategy strengthens the effect of corporate environmental performance towards the corporate financial performance; (iv) competitive business strategy has not effect of corporate carbon emission disclosure towards the corporate financial performance. This research contributes to provide the corporate environmental performance literature, corporate carbon emission disclosure literature, and corporate financial performance literature. The results of this study can contribute to making consideration for go public companies to consider whether corporate carbon emission disclosure are needed or not in the direction of the corporate financial performance.  Competitive Business Strategy, Corporate Environmental Performance, Corporate Carbon Emission Disclosure, Corporate Financial Performance. DOI 10.7176/JESD/10 6 13 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
Stabilization of Clayey Soil using Cement Kiln Waste
Year: 2013

Day by day increasing demand of cement results in intense collection of kiln dust from cement plants. The disposal of this fine dust becomes an environmental threat. In order to overcome this problem, research is being carried out in different parts of the world to find out the economical and efficient means of using cement kiln dust (CKD) various applications like soil stabilization, cement production, pavements, waste product stabilization, and agriculture and cement products, etc. Keeping in mind the need for bulk use of these solid wastes in India, it was thought expedient to test these materials and to develop specifications to enhance the use of these industrial wastes in soil stabilization. In the course of the study, this research has been able to establish the reactions between soil and cement. It has been established that the chemical compounds found in soil; quartz, feldspar, dolomite, calcite, montmorillonite, kaolinite etc. react with the chemical constituents found in different identified chemical stabilizers. The purpose of using CKD, and the other additives, is to improve the texture, increase the strength and reduce the swell characteristics of the various soils. This paper represents the stabilization of clayey soil using cement kiln waste. The soil taken from Ravendrapadu in Andhra Pradesh containing different properties in various percentages is mixed with CKD in different proportions and parameters like dry density and moisture content are found out. By examining the values obtained ideal values are obtained at 50% proportional mix of CKD in total percentage.
Classification of aerosol generating procedures: a rapid systematic review
Venue: BMJ open respiratory research
Year: 2020

In the context of covid 19, aerosol generating procedures have been highlighted as requiring a higher grade of personal protective equipment. We investigated how official guidance documents and academic publications have classified procedures in terms of whether or not they are aerosol generating. We performed a rapid systematic review using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyses standards. Guidelines, policy documents and academic papers published in english or french offering guidance on aerosol generating procedures were eligible. We systematically searched two medical databases (medline, cochrane central) and one public search engine (google) in march and april 2020. Data on how each procedure was classified by each source were extracted. We determined the level of agreement across different guidelines for each procedure group, in terms of its classification as aerosol generating, possibly aerosol generating, or nonaerosol generating. 128 documents met our inclusion criteria; they contained 1248 mentions of procedures that we categorised into 39 procedure groups. Procedures classified as aerosol generating or possibly aerosol generating by =90% of documents included autopsy, surgery/postmortem procedures with high speed devices, intubation and extubation procedures, bronchoscopy, sputum induction, manual ventilation, airway suctioning, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, tracheostomy and tracheostomy procedures, non invasive ventilation, high flow oxygen therapy, breaking closed ventilation systems, nebulised or aerosol therapy, and high frequency oscillatory ventilation. Disagreements existed between sources on some procedure groups, including oral and dental procedures, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, thoracic surgery and procedures, and nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabbing. There is sufficient evidence of agreement across different international guidelines to classify certain procedure groups as aerosol generating. However, some clinically relevant procedures received surprisingly little mention in our source documents. To reduce dissent on the remainder, we recommend that (a) clinicians define procedures more clearly and specifically, breaking them down into their constituent components where possible; (b) researchers undertake further studies of aerosolisation during these procedures; and (c) guideline making and policy making bodies address a wider range of procedures.
Sphingolipids in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic disease.
Venue: Handbook of experimental pharmacology
Year: 2013

Metabolic disease, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, constitutes a major emerging health crisis in Western nations. Although the symptoms and clinical pathology and physiology of these conditions are well understood, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease process have largely remained obscure. Sphingolipids, a lipid class with both signaling and structural properties, have recently emerged as key players in most major tissues affected by diabetes and are required components in the molecular etiology of this disease. Indeed, sphingolipids have been shown to mediate loss of insulin sensitivity, to promote the characteristic diabetic proinflammatory state, and to induce cell death and dysfunction in important organs such as the pancreas and heart. Furthermore, plasma sphingolipid levels are emerging as potential biomarkers for the decompensation of insulin resistance to frank type 2 diabetes. Despite these discoveries, the roles of specific sphingolipid species and sphingolipid metabolic pathways remain obscure, and newly developed experimental approaches must be employed to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanisms necessary for rational drug development and other clinical applications.
Change in Poland but what change Assumptions of Law and Justice party foreign policy
Year: 2016

The deep reform of the state announced by Law and Justice party (PiS) and its unquestioned leader, Jaroslaw Kaczynski, and presented as the "Good Change" to a great extent also influences foreign, especially European, policy. Though PiS's political project has been usually analysed in terms of its relation to the post 1989, so called 3rd Republic institutional political model and the results of the socio economic transformation of the last 25 years, there is no doubt that in its alternative concept for Poland, the perception of the world, Europe and Poland's place in it, plays a vital role. The "Good Change" concept implies the most far reaching reorientation in foreign policy in the last quarter of a century, which, at the level of policy declarations made by representatives of the government circles and their intellectual supporters implies the abandonment of a number of key assumptions that shaped not only policy but also the imagination of the Polish political elite and broad society as a whole after 1989.
From Micro to Nanometric Grain Size CVD Diamond Tools
Year: 2009

CVD diamond coated tools are developed for applications as different as turning of cemented carbides and bone drilling. The diamond films are deposited by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition (HFCVD) with grain sizes varying from conventional micrometric (12 urn) to nanometric 100 nm) and film thickness up to 50 jam. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics are chosen for the base material in order to guarantee maximal adhesion. Both the micrometric and nanometric CVD diamond grades endure the cemented carbide turning showing slight cratering, having flank wear as the main wear mode. However, nanocrystalline diamond present the best behavior regarding cutting forces <150 N) and tool wear (KM=30 urn, KT=2 um and VB=110 urn) and workpiece surface finishing (Ra=0.2 um) In the case of the dental drilling experiments, a polymeric laminated test block is used to simulate the human mandible and maxilla. The temperature rise during drilling is monitored to prevent overheating above 42 47 degC that is known to cause tissue death and implant failure. It is possible to drill with a CVD diamond SisN4 coated tool with significantly lower forces (fourfold smaller) lower rise in temperature (4degC less) lower spindle speeds (100 rpm) and higher infeed rates (30 mm/min) when compared to the commercial steel (AISI420) drill bits.
Acaricidal Effect of Essential Oils from Lippia graveolens (Lamiales: Verbenaceae) Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) and Allium sativum (Liliales: Liliaceae) Against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)
Venue: Journal of medical entomology
Year: 2011

Acaricidal effects of three essential oils extracted from Mexican oregano leaves (Lippia graveolens Kunth) rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L. on 10 d old Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) tick larvae were evaluated by using the larval packet test bioassay. Serial dilutions of the three essential oils were tested from a starting concentration of 20 to 1.25% Results showed that both Mexican oregano and garlic essential oils had very similar activity, producing high mortality (90 100% in all tested concentrations on 10 d old R. microplus tick larvae. Rosemary essential oil produced >85% larval mortality at the higher concentrations (10 and 20% but the effect decreased noticeably to 40% at an oil concentration of 5% and mortality was absent at 2.5 and 1.25% of the essential oil concentration. Chemical composition of the essential oils was elucidated by gas chromatographymass spectrometry analyses. Mexican oregano essential oil included thymol (24.59% carvacrol (24.54% p cymene (13.6% and &ggr; terpinene (7.43% as its main compounds, whereas rosemary essential oil was rich in &agr; pinene (31.07% verbenone (15.26% and 1,8 cineol (14.2% and garlic essential oil was rich in diallyl trisulfide (33.57% diallyl disulfide (30.93% and methyl allyl trisulfide (11.28% These results suggest that Mexican oregano and garlic essential oils merit further investigation as components of alternative approaches for R. microplus tick control.
Assessment of Standard Based Learning Outcomes in Science Education: Perspectives from the German Project ESNaS
Year: 2011

The standing conference of German Ministers of Education released National Educational Standards (NES) to define expectations for regular learning outcomes at secondary schools for the three subjects of science: biology, chemistry, and physics. The NES in science explicitly focus on the development of students' competencies with respect to four areas of competence: use of content knowledge, achieving cognition, scientific communication, and evaluation and judgement. Within the project ESNaS (Evaluation of the National Educational Standards for Natural Sciences at the Lower Secondary Level) first, researchers developed a competence model to describe hierarchical levels of competence based on the formulated expectations, second, researchers and educators collabratively develop test items according to this competence model for the task development of a national assessment. 998 test items were administered in a validation study to 10 grade students from 160 schools in eight German federal states (N 6845) Data were analysed by one parameter Rasch analyses for estimating difficulty, fit, and discrimination. The validation study provides evidence for the hierarchical graduation of item difficulty with respect to complexity and cognitive processes of the test items. Data based on the validation study are presented here and future work and implications of the project are discussed.
Planeacion estrategica para el fomento de agroexportaciones a la union europea del subsector lacteo a pymes potenciales para Acopi Bogota
Year: 2018

Teniendo en cuenta en este proyecto principalmente la region de Cundinamarca el subsector lacteo es un subsector que hasta la fecha ha teniendo un crecimiento exponencial contribuyendo como actor principal en la economia nacional en enfasis del sector agroindustrial nacional, el mercado de la union europea se considera como un mercado de oportunidad para el subsector lacteo cundinamarques teniendo en cuenta que por parte de los microempresarios de este subsector se pueden aprovechar ciertos nichos de mercado en la union euro en relacion a productos como: quesos frescos, leches fermentadas y saborizadas, dulces derivados de la leche, mantequillas, leche liquida; La situacion de los microempresarios en analisis internos y externos muestra que las limitaciones de crecimiento y expansion dependen de factores como infraestructura logistica, apoyo e incentivos, baja capacitacion en procesos productivos, fuentes de financiamiento; esto teniendo en cuenta que son variables controlables; por otra parte, estan las variables no controlables que se consideran en los analisis como los fenomenos climaticos y de enfermedades que afectan de manera directa a las fuentes de extraccion de materia prima (leche) que este caso es el ganado lechero.
Cost Benefit Analysis of Educational Tourism in North Cyprus: A Qualitative Study of the Socio economic Impacts
Year: 2018

Educational tourism continually commands attention in the academic sphere around the world. In contrast to previous studies that have mostly relied on figures and numbers to assess the socio economic impacts of educational tourism, this study makes a two fold contribution to the literature. Firstly, empowered by the cost benefit theoretical framework and a qualitative research approach using semi structured interviews, this study identifies the socio economic pros and cons of this phenomenon as experienced by different entrepreneurs in Famagusta city: an educational tourism destination in North Cyprus. Secondly, the specific attribute of Famagusta, a destination that hosts a considerable number of educational tourists in comparison to the local population, has created an opportunity to see how this industry affects the economy of such a region. A total number of 24 interviewees were selected purposefully as the study sample, and the results showed that educational tourism and the economic lives of the local community are firmly tied together.
Drift Enhanced Unsupervised Learning of Handwritten Digits in Spiking Neural Network With PCM Synapses
Venue: IEEE Electron Device Letters
Year: 2018

Phase change memory (PCM) one of the most mature emerging non volatile memories, has gained considerable attention over the years for use as electronic synapses in biologically inspired neuromorphic systems. The resistance drift of PCM devices, nonetheless, has long been identified as one of the biggest challenges toward realizing many areas of applications. Although this drawback has been extensively studied for memory development and many methods were proposed to mitigate the drift effect, its impact, if any, on online learning has not been fully explored yet. In this letter, we investigate the impact of resistance drift and variations in resistance drift parameters during unsupervised online learning. We use the resistance drift characteristics measured from experiments and incorporate them into the spiking neural network (SNN) for MNIST handwritten digits classification. Our results show that resistance drift, considered as a non ideality for PCM devices, can be exploited to boost accuracy for online learning of handwritten digits in the SNN.