nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphology of the vertical structure of precipitation over India and adjoining oceans based on long term measurements of TRMM PR
Year: 2014

The spatial and seasonal variability of the vertical structure of precipitation has been studied using 15 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR) version 7 data over India and adjoining oceans. Special emphasis has been put on six different climatic rain regimes and on different types of precipitation including the virga rain. The distribution of reflectivity factor (Z) above the freezing level height is broader in northwest India (NWI) and narrower over the Arabian Sea and west coast of India (ASWC) than in other selected regions, due to dominance of deep and shallow convective rain, respectively, in those regions. The height variation of contours in normalized distributions for Z indicates that evaporation of raindrops (low level hydrometeor growth) could be significant in NWI (ASWC and Bay of Bengal) All the above features show clear seasonal variation and are observed predominantly during the southwest monsoon. The occurrence of virga rain clearly shows land ocean contrast (less over the oceans) and seasonal variation (preponderant during premonsoon) Among different rain categories, the stratiform (convective) rain had highest (lowest) fraction of virga rain of >15 30% <10% over land regions. 1. The storm height (SH) vertical distributions show a peak in the vicinity of bright band (BB) in all regions, except for those regions and seasons, where convective precipitation is dominant. The well defined BB feature and SH exhibit significant seasonal and regional variations, which are linked to variations in the occurrence of stratiform rain and height of BB. The spatial and seasonal variations of mean SH and the occurrence of deep and overshooting convective rain show good correspondence with the spatial variation of convective available potential energy.
Network Offloading Policies for Cloud Robotics: a Learning based Approach
Venue: Robotics: Science and Systems
Year: 2019

Today's robotic systems are increasingly turning to computationally expensive models such as deep neural networks (DNNs) for tasks like localization, perception, planning, and object detection. However, resource constrained robots, like low power drones, often have insufficient on board compute resources or power reserves to scalably run the most accurate, state of the art neural network compute models. Cloud robotics allows mobile robots the benefit of offloading compute to centralized servers if they are uncertain locally or want to run more accurate, compute intensive models. However, cloud robotics comes with a key, often understated cost: communicating with the cloud over congested wireless networks may result in latency or loss of data. In fact, sending high data rate video or LIDAR from multiple robots over congested networks can lead to prohibitive delay for real time applications, which we measure experimentally. In this paper, we formulate a novel Robot Offloading Problem how and when should robots offload sensing tasks, especially if they are uncertain, to improve accuracy while minimizing the cost of cloud communication? We formulate offloading as a sequential decision making problem for robots, and propose a solution using deep reinforcement learning. In both simulations and hardware experiments using state of the art vision DNNs, our offloading strategy improves vision task performance by between 1.3 2.6x of benchmark offloading strategies, allowing robots the potential to significantly transcend their on board sensing accuracy but with limited cost of cloud communication.
www.ssoar.info Governance and accountability in community policing
Year: 2020

Community policing presents its own distinct governance and accountability challenges. Local community police officers, for example, can find themselves stretched between the accountability demands of the local community and those flowing from professional, managerial and central government sources. Drawing on the results of a recent ethnographic study on neighbourhood police officers in rural and urban areas in the Netherlands, this article probes the nature and extent of these tensions and the coping strategies deployed by the officers in question and the police organisation as a whole. It finds that a regular strategy is to neutralise or marginalise the voice of the local community in shaping police priorities and strategies. Local democratic control of the police is often smothered by the competing professional, managerial, cultural and central government forces. This, in turn, has the effect of putting distance between police offices and citizens, and even creating a demand for the engagement of private sector patrol officers who are more responsive to the needs and wishes of the local community.
APPROXIMATING EMBEDDINGS OF POLYHEDRA IN CODIMENSION THREE J
Year: 2010

Let F be a p dimensional polyhedron and let C be a PL qmanifold without boundary. (Neither is necessarily compact. The purpose of this paper is to prove that, if q p 3, then any topological embedding of P into Q can be pointwise approximated by PL embeddin gs. The proof of this theorem uses the analogous result for embeddings of one PL manifold into another obtained by Cernavskii and Miller.  Recently Cernavskii and Miller have shown that any topological embedding of a PL zzz manifold M into a PL o manifold Q can be approximated by PL embeddings provided q m 3(See   and [10] In this paper we use this fact to prove that a topological embedding of an arbitrary p dimensional polyhedron into Q (fl p 3) can be approximated by PL embeddings. This generalizes the results of Berkowitz [2] and Weber [13]Our theorem can be stated as follows. Theorem 1. Suppose that P is a (not necessarily compact) p dimensional polyhedron, that 0 is a PL q manifold without boundary (q p 3) and that f: P Q is a topological embedding. Then for each continuous function c P (0, 00) there exists a PL embedding g; P >0 such that d(f(x),g(x) e(x) for each x PS P. Moreover, if R is a subpolyhedron of P on which f\R is PL, then we may choose g so that g\R=f\R. The "moreover" part of Theorem 1 is simply an application of an isotopy theorem proved by Connelly [8] and we shall make no further reference to it. Definitions and notations. By a polyhedron we mean the underlying space of a locally finite simplicial complex embedded as a closed subset of some euclidean space (or manifold) We use the standard definition of piecewise linear (PL) map and PL manifold. When we say that R is a subpolyhedron of a polyhedron P, we shall always assume that R is a closed subset of P. If P 0 is a PL map, Received by the editors November 18, 1970. AMS 1970 subject classifications.
Multi User Shared Access for Internet of Things
Venue: 2016 IEEE 83rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)
Year: 2016

Internet of things (IoT) is widely expected to be an important scenario in the fifth generation (5G) wireless network. Major challenges of IoT include the low cost of devices, low energy consumption, low latency and the ability to support a large number of simultaneous connections. In this article, a new type of non orthogonal multiple access scheme called multi user shared access (MUSA) is proposed to support IoT. MUSA adopts a grant free access strategy to simplify the access procedure significantly and utilizes advanced code domain non orthogonal complex spreading to accommodate massive number of users in the same radio resources. A family of complex sequences with short length is chosen as spreading sequence for its ability to enable simple and robust successive interference cancellation at the base station side and cope with high user load. Simulation results show that MUSA can achieve significant gain in user overloading performance compared to orthogonal systems, while incurring much lower control overhead.
High resolution differential laser interferometry for the VLTI (Very Large Telescope Interferometer)
Year: 2006

One method for locating extrasolar planets is to observe the lateral movement of a star in the sky caused by a planet in orbit around it. In order to detect this displacement, the angular position of the star has to be measured with high accuracy. is technique is called astrometry.  In order to allow the detection of extrasolar planets, the astrometric measurement has to be performed with micro arcsecond accuracy. In astrometric mode the PRIMA instrument observes two targets at the same time: the object of scientific interest, and a bright reference star. e angular position of the science object relative to the reference star is obtained by monitoring the differential optical path travelled by the light of each object in two separate white light interferometers. e aim of this work was to develop a high resolution laser metrology based on superheterodyne interferometry, with an accuracy of 5 nm over a differential optical path of 100mm. Moreover the laser source had to be stabilised on an absolute frequency reference, in order to ensure the long term stability and calibration required to achieve the target performance. Superheterodyne interferometry allowed the direct measurement of the differential optical path using two heterodyne interferometers working with two different frequency shifts. e differential phase measurement between the two interferometers was obtained by electronic mixing of the two heterodyne signals, leading to the differential optical path needed for the astrometric measurement.
It's Too Complicated: How the Internet Upends Katz, Smith, and Electronic Surveillance Law
Year: 2016

For more than forty years, electronic surveillance law in the United States developed under constitutional and statutory regimes that, given the technology of the day, distinguished content from metadata with ease and certainty. The stability of these legal regimes and the distinctions they facilitated was enabled by the relative stability of these types of data in the traditional telephone network and their obviousness to users. But what happens to these legal frameworks when they confront the Internet? The Internet's complex architecture creates a communication environment where any given individual unit of data may change its status from content to non content or visa versa as it progresses Internet's layered network stack while traveling from sender to recipient. The unstable, transient status of data traversing the Internet is compounded by the fact that the content or non content status of any individual unit of data may also depend upon where in the network that unit resides when the question is asked. In this IP based communications environment, the once stable legal distinction between content and non content has steadily eroded to the point of collapse, destroying in its wake any meaningful application of the third party doctrine. Simply put, the world of Katz and Smith and the corresponding statutes that codify the content/non content distinction and the third party doctrine are no longer capable of accounting for and regulating law enforcement access to data in an IP mediated communications environment. Building on a deep technical analysis of the Internet architecture, we define new terms, communicative content, architectural content, and architectural metadata, that better reflect the structure of the Internet, and use them to explain why and how we now find ourselves bereft of the once reliable support these foundational legal structures provided. Ultimately, we demonstrate the urgent need for development of new rules and principles capable of regulating law enforcement access to IP based communications data.
Micro hydraulic structure for high performance bio mimetic air flow sensor arrays
Venue: 2011 International Electron Devices Meeting
Year: 2011

Here we introduce a novel micro hydraulic structure that can significantly improve performance of many MEMS devices. Using this structure we fabricate and test a new type of low power, accurate and robust flow sensor in which a hair like appendage is used to translate flow into hydraulic pressure. This pressure is hydraulically amplified and sensed with a capacitance that is integrated with the micro hydraulic system. The air flow sensor can detect flow speeds ranging from zero to 10 m.s 1 with a resolution of 1 cm.s 1 in the low flow regime and a predicted minimum detectable flow of 3 mm.s 1.
Program chairs' introduction to the first international workshop on stochastic image grammars (SIG 09) in conjunction with IEEE CVPR 2009
Venue: CVPR 2009
Year: 2009

The major theme of the program is to identify challenges facing the work toward a unifying theoretical foundation of stochastic image grammars. The program has research topics that deals with stochastic image grammars. The topics include learning vocabularies of visual primitives and parts; hierarchical models of events, activities, and scenes; taxonomies and ontologies for activities; inference algorithm for image grammars; use of grammars for image parsing, and generating sentences of image interpretation; and image datasets and evaluating stochastic image grammars.
CNN for saliency detection with low level feature integration
Venue: Neurocomputing
Year: 2017

Feature matters. In this paper, a novel deep neural network framework integrated with low level features for salient object detection is proposed for complex images. We utilise the advantage of convolutional neural networks to automatically learn the high level features that capture the structured information and semantic context in the image. In order to better adapt a CNN model into the saliency task, we redesign the network architecture based on typical saliency datasets, which is relatively small scale compared to ImageNet. Several low level features are extracted, which can effectively capture contrast and spatial information in the salient regions, and incorporated to compensate with the learned high level features at the output of the very last fully connected layer. The concatenated feature vector is further fed into a hinge loss SVM detector in a joint discriminative learning manner and the final saliency score of each region within the bounding box is obtained by the linear combination of the detector's weights. Experiments on three challenging benchmarks demonstrate our algorithm to be effective and superior than most low level oriented state of the arts in terms of precision recall curves, F measure and mean absolute errors. Moreover, a series of ablation studies are conducted to verify our algorithm's simplicity and efficiency from different aspects. Propose a novel deep neural network framework embedded with low level features (LCNN) for salient object detection in complex images.Utilise the advantage of convolutional neural networks to automatically learn the high level features that capture the structured information and semantic context in the image.Experiments on three challenging benchmarks demonstrate our algorithm to be effective and superior than most low level oriented state of the arts in terms of precision recall curves, F measure and mean absolute errors.
JETP VOLUEM 36 9 NUMBER 3 SEPTEMBER 1959 THE ROLE OF GROUP VELOCITY OF LIGHT EMITTED IN A REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
Year: 2015

THE Vavilov Cerenkov effect has been extensively used recently in research in nuclear physics, particularly the physics of high energy particles. At the present time one observes in the experiments either radiation from individual charged particles that move in a refractive medium or the total incoherent radiation produced by many charges that move independently of each other. However, this immediately raises the question of radiation by a moving system of particles. A system of particles may have a natural frequency of oscillation. Therefore, an examination of the behavior of a radiator of arbitrary natural frequency moving in a medium may be not merely of fundamental but also of practical interest. The purpose of this article is to clarify the role of the group velocity of light in radiation from such a source, moving uniformly in a refractive isotropic medium that is transparent to the radiated light. It is known that the radiation from a moving source of light depends substantially on the ratio of the radiator velocity to the phase velocity of light at the radiated frequency. Thus, a particle producing a time invariant electromagnetic field (electric charge, fixed magnetic dipole, etc. i.e. a particle with a zero natural frequency, is subject to the Vavilov Cerenkov effect if its velocity of motion reaches or exceeds the phase velocity of the light. Here the connection between the direction of the emission of light and the radiated frequency we is determined by the ratio of the velocity of motion v to the phase velocity of the light u c/n (we for this frequency, namely
Harmony Search Algorithm with Dynamic Adjustment of PAR Values for Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem
Venue: ACIIDS
Year: 2020

This paper describes an improvement to the Harmony Search algorithm, which has been adjusted to effectively solve a problem with indisputable practical significance, i.e. Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem (ATSP) We modify the technique structure, enabling the value of PAR parameter to be changed dynamically, which has an impact on the frequency of greedy movements during the construction of another harmony. The article demonstrates the effectiveness of the described approach and presents a comparative study of three sets of characteristic PAR values used during the method execution. The research was conducted on a 'test bed' consisting of nineteen instances of the ATSP.
Research on Enterprise Cloud Accounting and Effectiveness Management System under Big Data and Internet Environment
Year: 2019

Emerging technologies and hardware devices based on the Internet have led to a gradual jump in accounting work to the level of cloud accounting based on big data. In the implementation and application process of cloud accounting, it faces two difficulties in the absence of data standards and security problems. The article puts forward the methods to solve the dilemma of data standards from the three principles of data standard formulation, formulation ideas and specific recommendations. From the seven aspects of technical means and management methods, the paper puts forward the idea of solving security dilemmas.
Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) A State of the Art Review
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Year: 2013

Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) is the extraction of vehicle license plate information from an image or a sequence of images. The extracted information can be used with or without a database in many applications, such as electronic payment systems (toll payment, parking fee payment) and freeway and arterial monitoring systems for traffic surveillance. The ALPR uses either a color, black and white, or infrared camera to take images. The quality of the acquired images is a major factor in the success of the ALPR. ALPR as a real life application has to quickly and successfully process license plates under different environmental conditions, such as indoors, outdoors, day or night time. It should also be generalized to process license plates from different nations, provinces, or states. These plates usually contain different colors, are written in different languages, and use different fonts; some plates may have a single color background and others have background images. The license plates can be partially occluded by dirt, lighting, and towing accessories on the car. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the state of the art techniques for ALPR. We categorize different ALPR techniques according to the features they used for each stage, and compare them in terms of pros, cons, recognition accuracy, and processing speed. Future forecasts of ALPR are given at the end.
Orthopedic History in Iran: Ancient, Contemporary and Modern Times.
Venue: The archives of bone and joint surgery
Year: 2017

Ancient Iran Signs of pierced skulls and healed broken bones have been found in the archaeological site of "Shahr e Sukhte" (the Burnt City) a large Bronze Age urban habitation located in Sistan and Baluchistan Province at the southeastern part of Iran, going back to over 4000 years ago. The treatment of patients in ancient Iran was mostly carried out by the spiritualist clergymen1. Abu Bakr Mohammad Zakaria Razi, Razes, (854 925) has described joint sprains, fractures, and bone anomalies in his "The Kitab al Hawi Fi Tebb" He was the first to use plaster casts for fracture immobilization. Later, Avicenna (980 1037) used tractions and splints for fracture management. He also used plaster casts, mummies and bitumen to support and protect fractures1. Rashid al Din Fazlullah Hamedani (1247 1318) the powerful vizier of Ghazan, established and endowed " Thereafter, medicine was long declined in Iran, and there was no other place in the name of hospital where patients could be treated2.
The Interaction between the Skin and the Mind: The case of body dysmorphic disorder
Year: 2018

This review explores the dynamic interaction between the mind and the skin and how this relationship can be insightful for psychiatrists and other clinicians. Our analysis mainly highlights the connection between a primary psychiatric disorders and dermatological symptoms. It focuses on body dysmorphic disorder and the major challenges in terms of both diagnosis and treatment to achieve the best outcome for patients' physical ailments while treating psychiatric problems.
Compulsive Health Related Internet Use and Cyberchondria
Venue: European Addiction Research
Year: 2020

Cyberchondria denotes excessive and repeated online health related searches associated with an increase in health anxiety. Such searches persist in those with cyberchondria, despite the negative consequences, resembling a pattern of compulsive Internet use.  The aim of the present study was to assess compulsive health related Internet use in relation to cyberchondria while controlling for related variables.  Adult participants (N 749) were recruited from an online platform. They completed questionnaires assessing the severity of cyberchondria (via the Cyberchondria Severity Scale [CSS] compulsive Internet use adapted for online health related seeking (via the adapted Compulsive Internet Use Scale [CIUS] and levels of intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety, as well as depressive, somatic, and obsessive compulsive symptoms. A logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify predictors of scores above a cutoff value on the CIUS, indicating compulsive health related Internet use.  The regression output showed that only the CSS total score and sex made a unique, statistically significant contribution to the model, leading to the correct classification of 78.6% of the cases. Of the CSS subscales, compulsion and distress were the most strongly associated with compulsive health related Internet use.  The finding that the adapted CIUS scores are associated with cyberchondria indicates that cyberchondria has a compulsive component, at least in terms of health related Internet use. It also suggests that compulsive health related Internet use persists despite the distress associated with this activity. Males may engage in cyberchondria more compulsively than females. These findings have implications for research and clinical practice.