nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure Inference Net: Object Detection Using Scene Level Context and Instance Level Relationships
Venue: 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Year: 2018

Context is important for accurate visual recognition. In this work we propose an object detection algorithm that not only considers object visual appearance, but also makes use of two kinds of context including scene contextual information and object relationships within a single image. Therefore, object detection is regarded as both a cognition problem and a reasoning problem when leveraging these structured information. Specifically, this paper formulates object detection as a problem of graph structure inference, where given an image the objects are treated as nodes in a graph and relationships between the objects are modeled as edges in such graph. To this end, we present a so called Structure Inference Network (SIN) a detector that incorporates into a typical detection framework (e.g. Faster R CNN) with a graphical model which aims to infer object state. Comprehensive experiments on PASCAL VOC and MS COCO datasets indicate that scene context and object relationships truly improve the performance of object detection with more desirable and reasonable outputs.
Learning Visual Dynamics Models of Rigid Objects using Relational Inductive Biases
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2019

Endowing robots with human like physical reasoning abilities remains challenging. We argue that existing methods often disregard spatio temporal relations and by using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) that incorporate a relational inductive bias, we can shift the learning process towards exploiting relations. In this work, we learn action conditional forward dynamics models of a simulated manipulation task from visual observations involving cluttered and irregularly shaped objects. We investigate two GNN approaches and empirically assess their capability to generalize to scenarios with novel and an increasing number of objects. The first, Graph Networks (GN) based approach, considers explicitly defined edge attributes and not only does it consistently underperform an auto encoder baseline that we modified to predict future states, our results indicate how different edge attributes can significantly influence the predictions. Consequently, we develop the Auto Predictor that does not rely on explicitly defined edge attributes. It outperforms the baseline and the GN based models. Overall, our results show the sensitivity of GNN based approaches to the task representation, the efficacy of relational inductive biases and advocate choosing lightweight approaches that implicitly reason about relations over ones that leave these decisions to human designers.
Power Efficiency Improvement of White Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diode with Thin Double Emitting Layers and Hole Trapping Mechanism
Year: 2011

This study is carried out to discuss how to reduce the driving voltage of blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) by using a thin double emission layer. A hole transport type host (TCTA) is inserted between the hole transport layer (TAPC) and the emitting layer (EML) constituting a buffer layer between them with the aim of improving charge carrier balance. Furthermore, in this study, we also utilize the interface between double light emitting layers of devices by codoping them with a red phosphorescent dopant [Os(bpftz)2(PPh2Me)2] An Os complex with a high lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level (trapping holes) is codoped at the interface between emitting layers and an exciton formation zone is expanded to obtain a white PHOLED with high efficiency. From the results, the optimal structure of the white device exhibits a yield of 35 cd A 1, a power efficiency of 22 lm W 1, and CIE coordinates of (0.33,0.38) at a luminance of 1000 cd m 2. Furthermore, the power efficiency can be improved to 30 lm W 1 by attaching the outcoupling enhancement film.
Reshaping the Structure of Fluidized Beds
Year: 2009

Multiphase catalytic reactors are widely used throughout the chemical process industries. Several types of reactors are available for multiphase reactions that employ solid catalyst, such as the packed bed, fl uidized bed, and slurry bubble column; many variations on these three archetypes exist. Despite their frequent application, each design suffers from drawbacks. In packed beds, relatively large (millimeter scale) particles are used to keep the pressure drop (and, thus, the energy consumption) acceptably low. This makes diffusion lengths long and leads to poor mass transfer. Moreover, packed beds are sensitive to fl ow maldistribution. This can lead to problems, such as hot spot formation and runaway. Fluidized beds and slurry reactors couple short intraparticle diffusion lengths with good heat transfer. However, they can suffer from backmixing, catalyst attrition and particle fl uid separation problems, and they are diffi cult to scale up. Increasing the gas fl owrate in a fl uidized bed typically increases the bubble size and reduces the rate of mass transfer between the bubbles and the solids, which is often the rate limiting step in a fl uidized bed  One way to overcome the disadvantages of multiphase reactors is to structure the reaction environment. This introduces additional degrees of freedom and allows decoupling of confl icting design objectives, such as high mass transfer vs. low pressure drop in a packed bed, or high gas fl owrate vs. small bubble size in a fl uidized bed. Although structuring is more straightforward in reactors with a fi xed catalyst, for instance, by installing structured packings such as those commonly used in distillation columns, it is also possible to change the hydrodynamic structure of reactors containing a mobile catalyst (or no catalyst) such as fl uidized beds, bubble columns, and slurry bubble columns. An example of this is the extension of the homogeneous regime in bubble columns to high velocities by homogeneously injecting the gas at the bottom of the column (1) There are several reasons to impose structure on fl uidized beds: It helps to limit bubble size, which leads to better mass transfer and, subsequently, higher conversion and better selectivity. A smaller bubble size reduces erosion, attrition, and elutriation. Structuring helps to fl uidize powders that are diffi cult to fl uidize because they are wet or the particles are very small. A more homogeneous gas pattern prevents channeling. Adding structure to a gas solid fl uidized bed reactor changes the system's hydrodynamics and can improve performance. J. Ruud van Ommen John Nijenhuis Delft Univ. of Technology Marc Olivier Coppens Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Delft Univ. of Technology Reshaping the Structure of Fluidized Beds
Natural Carbon By Products for Transparent Heaters: The Case of Steam Cracker Tar.
Venue: Advanced materials
Year: 2019

Steam cracker tar (SCT) is a by product of ethylene production that is in massive quantities globally >150 x 106 tons per year) With few useful applications, the production of unwanted SCT leads to the need for its costly disposal or burning at the boiler plant. The discovery of new uses for SCT would therefore bring both economic and environmental benefits, although, to date, efforts toward employing SCT in diverse applications have been limited, and progress is further hampered by a lack of understanding of the material itself. Although complex and highly heterogeneous in nature, the molecular composition of SCT has the potential to serve as a diverse and tunable feedstock for wide ranging applications. Here, a simple solution processing method for SCT that allows its conductivity and optical properties to be controlled over orders of magnitude is reported. Here, by way of example, the focus is on the production of transparent conductive thin films, which exhibit a wide range of transparencies (23 93% and sheet resistances (2.5 O 1 to 1.2 kO 1 that are tuned by a combination of solution concentration and thermal annealing. As transparent Joule heaters, even without optimization, these SCT devices show competitive performance compared to established technologies such as those based on reduced graphene oxide, and surpass the temperature stability limit of other materials. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that laser annealing can be used to process the SCT films and directly pattern transparent heaters on an arbitrary substrate. These results highlight the potential of SCT as a feedstock material for electronic applications and suggest that broader classes of either naturally occurring carbon or produced carbonaceous by products could prove useful in a range of applications.
Learning to Map Frequent Phrases to Sub Structures of Meaning Representation for Neural Semantic Parsing
Venue: AAAI
Year: 2020

Neural semantic parsers usually generate meaning representation tokens from natural language tokens via an encoder decoder model. However, there is often a vocabulary mismatch problem between natural language utterances and logical forms. That is, one word maps to several atomic logical tokens, which need to be handled as a whole, rather than individual logical tokens at multiple steps. In this paper, we propose that the vocabulary mismatch problem can be effectively resolved by leveraging appropriate logical tokens. Specifically, we exploit macro actions, which are of the same granularity of words/phrases, and allow the model to learn mappings from frequent phrases to corresponding sub structures of meaning representation. Furthermore, macro actions are compact, and therefore utilizing them can significantly reduce the search space, which brings a great benefit to weakly supervised semantic parsing. Experiments show that our method leads to substantial performance improvement on three benchmarks, in both supervised and weakly supervised settings.
Insights into the Complexity of Structural Fire Response from Repeated Heating Tests on Post Tensioned Concrete
Year: 2017

This paper extends discussion of previous research presented by the authors on post tensioned (PT) concrete flexural elements in fire. Tests on two monostrand, continuous PT concrete slabs (one with an unbonded tendon and the other bonded) exposed to constant incident heat fluxes while under sustained load are reviewed and discussed. During testing these slabs demonstrated a distinct time deflection response in heating and cooling consisting of five phases. For the first time, this paper gives the results from these unique slab tests during a second thermal cycle. The novelty of this study is that it was performed in an attempt to observe and better understand the thermal straining effects that contributed to the observed five phase deflection response under first heating illustrating many inter related mechanisms that contribute to the complexity of the observed deflection responses. The resulting discussion is provided to advance the overall understanding of the response of real concrete structures (as opposed to isolated elements) in fire, and will hopefully assist structural fire modellers to validate (or otherwise) their modelling capabilities.
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG GRANDPARENTS RAISING THEIR GRANDCHILDREN OF WORKING PARENTS IN SELECTED URBAN AREA, KALYANPUR, KANPUR
Year: 2020

Stress generally refers two things: the psychological perception of pressure, on the one hand, and body's response to it, on the other, which involves multiple systems, from metabolism to muscle to memory. The stress that grandparents experience as repeat parents is quite different from the routine kinds of stress usually associated with raising children. Many of the grandchildren have substantial unmet physical, developmental and emotional needs and share an orientation toward and a history of family crisis that is different than the world of grandparents. The objectives of the study are assessing the level of stress among grandparents rearing their grandchildren of employed parents and to associate the level of stress with their selected demographic variables. In this research study, the research approach was quantitative research approach, research design was non experimental descriptive research design. The population was grandparents who are raising their grandchildren, selected by non probability convenient sampling technique. The sample size was 40. The study setting was Kalyanpur, Kanpur. The self structured rating scale was used to collect data regarding level of stress among grandparents. The total mean of stress score 68.5. It was also proved that there was association found between level of stress and selected demographic variables like age of care givers, family income, type of residence, no. of grandchildren presently raising, previous occupation of caregivers and presence of any health issues for grandchildren.
An integral representation theorem of g expectations
Venue: Risk Decis. Anal.
Year: 2011

The notion of g expectations was first introduced by S.Peng via a class of nonlinear backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) He showed that g expectations preserve many of the basic properties of the convenient mathematical expectations and conditional expectations except linearity. He also raised the question about the integral representation of g expectation s. In this paper, we try to investigate Peng's question and give a necessary and sufficient condition under which g expectations can be represented by a Choquet integral.
Sharp Convergence Rates for Langevin Dynamics in the Nonconvex Setting
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2018

We study the problem of sampling from a distribution $p^(x) \propto \exp\left( U(x)\right) where the function $U$ is $L$ smooth everywhere and $m$ strongly convex outside a ball of radius $R$ but potentially nonconvex inside this ball. We study both overdamped and underdamped Langevin MCMC and establish upper bounds on the number of steps required to obtain a sample from a distribution that is within \epsilon$ of $p^ in $1$ Wasserstein distance. For the first order method (overdamped Langevin MCMC) the iteration complexity is \tilde{\mathcal{O}\left(e^{cLR^2}d/\epsilon^2\right) where $d$ is the dimension of the underlying space. For the second order method (underdamped Langevin MCMC) the iteration complexity is \tilde{\mathcal{O}\left(e^{cLR^2}\sqrt{d}\epsilon\right) for an explicit positive constant $c$ Surprisingly, the iteration complexity for both these algorithms is only polynomial in the dimension $d$ and the target accuracy \epsilon$ It is exponential, however, in the problem parameter $LR^2$ which is a measure of non log concavity of the target distribution.
Pendidikan Akhlak Perspektif al Imam Al Ghazali
Year: 2020

Pendidikan mempunyai pengertian yang tidak hanya terbatas pada pendidikan formal yang kebanyakan dipahami oleh masyarakat, oleh sebab itu pendidikan adalah salah satu hal yang diwajibkan oleh agama maupun negara. Pendidikan mempunyai dua pengertian, yakni pengertian pendidikan dalam arti umum dan pendidikan dalam arti khusus. Pendidikan dalam arti khusus adalah bimbingan yang dilakukan oleh orang dewasa kepada anak yang belum dewasa untuk mencapai kedewasaannya, sedangkan pendidikan dalam arti umum adalah suatu proses untuk mengembangkan semua aspek kepribadian manusia, yang mencakup kognitif, psikomotor dan afektif dalam rangka mencapai kepribadian individu yang lebih baik. Akhlak dapat diartikan sebagai budi pekerti, watak, tabiat. Dalam bahasa sehari hari ditemukan pula istilah etika ataupun moral, yang diartikan sama dengan akhlak, walaupun sebenarnya yang sama antara istilah istilah tersebut adalah pembahasannya, yaitu tentang baik dan buruk. Budi pekerti merupakan perpaduan dari hasil ratio dan rasa yang bermanifestasi pada karsa dan tingkah laku manusia. Konsep pendidikan akhlak menurut Al Ghazali yaitu meningkatkan kualitas moral serta mengatasi degradasi moral atau degradasi akhlak manusia yang semakin hari semakin menurun. Dengan adanya konsep pendidikan akhlak di era globalisasi ini, diharapkan mampu menjadi motivasi terkhusus dalam lembaga pendidikan, dan umumnya dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat sehari hari. Konsep yang berlandaskan al Qur'an dan al Hadits harus muncul sebagai kekuatan moral dan memberikan stimulus, sehingga menumbuhkan pemahaman agama yang dinamis dan kreatif bukannya pasif. Konsep pendidikan akhlak harus diberdayakan agar dapat memberikan respon terhadap globalisasi.
Biology and Integrated Management of Wheat Stem Sawfly and the Need for Continuing Research
Venue: The Canadian Entomologist
Year: 2011

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) is historically one of the most important economic insect pests in the northern Great Plains of North America. Within this geographical region, the areas subjected to greatest attack are southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, eastern and northern Montana, North Dakota, northern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. Cumulative grain yield losses and annual economic losses associated with this pest can exceed 30% and $350 million, respectively. Solid stemmed cultivars of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) tolerant of infestation, are critical for C. cinctus management, but outbreaks of this pest continue to occur even after six decades of cultivar development. Furthermore, chemical control (a primary control option for other cereal (Poaceae) insect pests) has proven ineffective; this underscores the need to integrate resistant cultivars into a comprehensive integrated pest management program. We provide overviews of wheat stem sawfly biology, recent advances in applied research, the efficacy and integration of cultural and biological management strategies, and future directions for global research activities to manage wheat stem sawfly.
Information extraction from digital social trace data with applications to social media and scholarly communication data
Venue: SIGIR Forum
Year: 2020

Information extraction (IE) aims at extracting structured data from unstructured or semi structured data. The thesis starts by identifying social media data and scholarly communication data as a special case of digital social trace data (DSTD) This identification allows us to utilize the graph structure of the data (e.g. user connected to a tweet, author connected to a paper, author connected to authors, etc. for developing new information extraction tasks. The thesis focuses on information extraction from DSTD, first, using only the text data from tweets and scholarly paper abstracts, and then using the full graph structure of Twitter and scholarly communications datasets. This thesis makes three major contributions. First, new IE tasks based on DSTD representation of the data are introduced. For scholarly communication data, methods are developed to identify article and author level novelty [Mishra and Torvik, 2016] and expertise. Furthermore, interfaces for examining the extracted information are introduced. A social communication temporal graph (SCTG) is introduced for comparing different communication data like tweets tagged with sentiment, tweets about a search query, and Facebook group posts. For social media, new text classification categories are introduced, with the aim of identifying enthusiastic and supportive users, via their tweets. Additionally, the correlation between sentiment classes and Twitter meta data in public corpora is analyzed, leading to the development of a better model for sentiment classification [Mishra and Diesner, 2018] Second, methods are introduced for extracting information from social media and scholarly data. For scholarly data, a semi automatic method is introduced for the construction of a large scale taxonomy of computer science concepts. The method relies on the Wikipedia category tree. The constructed taxonomy is used for identifying key computer science phrases in scholarly papers, and tracking their evolution over time. Similarly, for social media data, machine learning models based on human in the loop learning [Mishra et al. 2015] semi supervised learning [Mishra and Diesner, 2016] and multi task learning [Mishra, 2019] are introduced for identifying sentiment, named entities, part of speech tags, phrase chunks, and super sense tags. The machine learning models are developed with a focus on leveraging all available data. The multi task models presented here result in competitive performance against other methods, for most of the tasks, while reducing inference time computational costs. Finally, this thesis has resulted in the creation of multiple open source tools and public data sets (see URL below) which can be utilized by the research community. The thesis aims to act as a bridge between research questions and techniques used in DSTD from different domains. The methods and tools presented here can help advance work in the areas of social media and scholarly data analysis.
Aging dependent decrease in the numbers of enteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal and expression of connexin43 in various regions of gastrointestinal tract
Venue: Aging
Year: 2018

Aging is a significant risk factor for gastrointestinal dysmotility, but aging associated differences between different organs and the exact time to start degenerating have remained obscure. Here we evaluated alterations of interstitial cells of Cajal, enteric neurons and connexin43 expression in the stomach, jejunum and colon in 2 12 16 20 and 24 month old mice, as well as in aged human colon. Interstitial cells of Cajal, cholinergic and nitrergic neurons within the whole digestive tract were reduced over time, but their loss first appeared in stomach, then in intestine, helping to understand that gastric function was first impaired during aging. The decrease of connexin43 expression occurred before interstitial cells of Cajal and neurons loss, suggesting that connexin43 might be the major target influenced during senescence. Furthermore, changes in expressions of pro inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor a, interleukin 1b, interleukin 6) and apoptosis related proteins (B cell lymphoma 2, caspase 3) which indicated "inflammaging" might contribute to the loss of enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal in aged gastrointestinal tract. Our results provide possible therapeutic time window for beneficial intervention for geriatric patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders.
Two Dimensional High k Nanosheets for Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites with Ultrahigh Discharged Energy Density
Year: 2018

Flexible dielectric materials with high electrical energy densities are of crucial importance in advanced electronics and electric power systems. The conventional methods for fabricating flexible dielectric materials with high electrical energy densities are introducing zero one and three dimensional high k inorganic nanofiller into a dielectric polymer matrix while less two dimensional high k nanofillers were included. Herein, two dimensional (2D) high k titanium dioxide nanosheets prepared by a one step hydrothermal reaction were utilized to boost the energy storage performance of dielectric polymer nanocomposites. It was found that compared with the polymer matrix the nanocomposites not only exhibit an enhanced dielectric constant but also show suppressed dielectric loss, which is desirable for energy storage applications. The nanocomposite with 5 wt 2D nanosheets exhibits a superhigh discharged energy density of 13.0 J/cm3 at 570 MV/m, which is nearly four times greater than that of commercializ.