nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in three dimensional multicellular spheroid culture for biomedical research
Year: 2008

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Indication of reactor n(e) disappearance in the Double Chooz experiment.
Venue: Physical review letters
Year: 2012

The Double Chooz experiment presents an indication of reactor electron antineutrino disappearance consistent with neutrino oscillations. An observed to predicted ratio of events of 0.944+ 0.016(stat) 0.040(syst) was obtained in 101 days of running at the Chooz nuclear power plant in France, with two 4.25 GW(th) reactors. The results were obtained from a single 10 m(3) fiducial volume detector located 1050 m from the two reactor cores. The reactor antineutrino flux prediction used the Bugey4 flux measurement after correction for differences in core composition. The deficit can be interpreted as an indication of a nonzero value of the still unmeasured neutrino mixing parameter sin(2)2th(13) Analyzing both the rate of the prompt positrons and their energy spectrum, we find sin(2)2th(13)=0.086+ 0.041(stat) 0.030(syst) or, at 90% C.L.
Utilidad de los valores de susceptibilidad magnetica para el analisis petrografico de muestras del basamento de la corteza de intemperismo
Year: 2018

Este articulo expone el poder resolutivo de las mediciones de la susceptibilidad magnetica en muestras de minerales del basamento del perfil de meteorizacion lateritica, como un elemento de analisis complementario en la caracterizacion petrografica de las rocas y de utilidad en el mapeado de las heterogeneidades magneticas del basamento. La comparacion de los datos de la susceptibilidad magnetica con los datos petrograficos de diferentes muestras revelo que aun en muestras que corresponden a litotipos homogeneos se pueden manifestar grandes heterogeneidades y diferencias desde el punto de vista fisico mineralogico. De modo general, se observo una alta concordancia entre la intensidad de los procesos de intemperismo en las muestras de rocas y los valores de la susceptibilidad magnetica de tales muestras. Los resultados sustentan la posibilidad de extrapolar la informacion de composicion a muestras con mediciones de susceptibilidad magnetica y sin estudios petrograficos.
Apparent permeability variation of underground water aquifer induced by an earthquake: A case of the Zhouzhi well and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake
Year: 2011

Taking the M2 wave as calibration signals, we extract the phase shifts of the water level relative to the Earth tide in the Zhouzhi well by utilizing the cross correlation function. And we further obtain the apparent permeability variation in the aquifer of the Zhouzhi well in 2008. Comparison with the commonly used tidal analysis software Baytap G shows that phase shifts obtained by cross correlation function are more stable. The resulting apparent permeability of the Zhouzhi well aquifer fluctuates with time, indicating it is a dynamically controlled parameter. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake caused the apparent permeability increasing drastically, which is interpreted as the combination effects of effective stress changes and the barriers removing in the flow channel due to seismic wave pressure pulse. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the effective stress began to recover and the impurities deposited gradually, causing the apparent permeability to decrease a month later and almost recover to the pre earthquake level in six months.
The public's perception of run of the river hydropower across Europe
Year: 2020

A large share of future European hydropower projects will be run of the river schemes. To understand the potential for RoR hydropower development and modernization of the technology as an opportunity for sustainable decentralization, we use the Q methodology to compare public values about RoR hydropower in German, Portuguese and Swedish case studies. Four perspectives on the importance of RoR hydropower emerged from our analysis: (i) maintain regional control, (ii) fight climate change, (iii) promote citizen well being and (iv) protect natural ecosystems. Strong preferences for regional control imply RoR should be managed as distributed generation rather than viewed as part of a centralized, national system like traditional large scale reservoir hydropower. Based on the importance of citizen well being and ecological measures, operators could adopt strategies such as river widening and the reconstruction of secondary channels, which help control floods, create recreational opportunities as well as enhance ecological habilitation and biodiversity. Additionally, policymakers could support rigorous monitoring programs to assess the ecological impact of RoR.
Tian Jia AgYuan Su Dui Cu Zr AlFei Jing Zhi He Jin Re Xing Zhi Yu Ji Jie Xing Zhi Zhi Ying Xiang
Year: 2014

Since the development of amorphous alloys, most scholars using Au, Pd and other more expensive metal elements as the substrate. In order to reduce costs and improve usability, scholars began to develop the Cu based amorphous alloys, with lower cost and good mechanical properties, especially for Cu Zr based amorphous alloy with a deep eutectic point in Cu50Zr50 alloy system, it can easily formed an amorphous alloy in the low temperature. Therefore, Cu50Zr43Al7 alloy with high glass forming ability were be used at the base alloy in this experiment. Replace Cu elements by Ag element. Pure Ag element are selected to partially substitute Cu element to form Cu50 xZr43Al7Agx (x=0, 3, 4, 5, 6) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) in this research. According to the literature, the adding of Ag elements can effectively enhance the thermal properties and the mechanical properties of amorphous alloys. The BMG specimens were be prepared by the use of arc melting and injection casting process. The effect of Ag addition on the vitrification, thermal and mechanical properties of Cu Zr Al Ag amorphous alloys were studied here. BMG specimens were examined by X ray diffractometer (XRD) differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) Vickers hardness tester, material test system (MTS) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The results revealed that the Cu50 xZr43Al7Agx alloy systems were formed in amorphous state in this study. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and the liquidus temperature (Tl) of Cu Zr Al alloy decreased with adding of Ag. Hence the supercooled liquid region (Tx) and =Tx/(Tg+Tl) Cu45Zr43Al7Ag5 alloy increased to 76K and 0.425, respectively. It means that the enhancement of the thermal stability and glass forming ability of Cu Zr Al Ag BMG alloys with adding of Ag. The result of room temperature compressive fracture strength and strain measured from Cu47Zr43Al7Ag3 was of about 2191 MPa and 2.0% Dense dispersion of vein pattern on the fracture surface of Cu47Zr43Al7Ag3 BMG specimen via compressive test was be observed, indicating a typical ductile fracture behavior and the improved of plasticity of alloys with minor addition of Ag. In the Cu47Zr43Al7Ag3 alloy, there were 4~10 nm nanocrystalline phase uniformly distributed in the substrate. This is the reason that the strength and plastic strain of the alloy to be enhanced here.
Cosine transform based chaotic system for image encryption
Venue: Inf. Sci.
Year: 2019

Chaos is known as a natural candidate for cryptography applications owing to its properties such as unpredictability and initial state sensitivity. However, certain chaos based cryptosystems have been proven to exhibit various security defects because their used chaotic maps do not have complex dynamical behaviors. To address this problem, this paper introduces a cosine transform based chaotic system (CTBCS) Using two chaotic maps as seed maps, the CTBCS can produce chaotic maps with complex dynamical behaviors. For illustration, we produce three chaotic maps using the CTBCS and analyze their chaos complexity. Using one of the generated chaotic maps, we further propose an image encryption scheme. The encryption scheme uses high efficiency scrambling to separate adjacent pixels and employs random order substitution to spread a small change in the plain image to all pixels of the cipher image. The performance evaluation demonstrates that the chaotic maps generated by the CTBCS exhibit substantially more complicated chaotic behaviors than the existing ones. The simulation results indicate the reliability of the proposed image encryption scheme. Moreover, the security analysis demonstrates that the proposed image encryption scheme provides a higher level of security than several advanced image encryption schemes.
Neue NDRC Regeln fur chinesische Outbound Investitionen
Year: 2018

Der rechtliche Rahmen fur die Uberprufung chinesischer Outbound Investitionen durch die ,National Development and Reform Commission der VR China" (NDRC) hat sich verandert: Am 1. Marz 2018 traten neue Verfahrensregeln der NDRC in Kraft und losten die aus 2014 stammenden Vorgangerregelungen ab. Mit den neuen Regeln gehen mit Blick auf den Anwendungsbereich der NDRC Verfahren vor allem zahlreiche Klarstellungen aber auch Erweiterung einher. Gleichzeitig fuhrt die jungste Reform den eingeschlagenen Weg der Verfahrensokonomisierung weg vom Genehmigungsvorbehalt hin zu einer Uberwachung wahrend und nach der Investition, jedenfalls fur bestimmte Outbound Investitionen, klar fort. Diese Entwicklungen nimmt der Aufsatz zum Anlass, ausgehend von den vormaligen Regelungen, den neu gestalteten Anwendungsbereich und die einschlagigen Verfahren nah am chinesischen Originaltext im Detail zu beleuchten und die voraussichtlichen Auswirkungen auf die Anwendungspraxis zu skizzieren.
Adversarial examples for replay attacks against CNN based face recognition with anti spoofing capability
Venue: Comput. Vis. Image Underst.
Year: 2020

In the race of arms between attackers, trying to build more and more realistic face replay attacks, and defenders, deploying spoof detection modules with ever increasing capabilities, CNN based methods have shown outstanding detection performance thus raising the bar for the construction of realistic replay attacks against face based authentication systems. Rather than trying to rebroadcast even more realistic faces, we show that attackers can successfully fool a face authentication system equipped with a deep learning spoof detection module, by exploiting the vulnerabilities of CNNs to adversarial perturbations. We first show that mounting such an attack is not a trivial task due to the unique features of spoofing detection modules. Then, we propose a method to craft adversarial images that can be successfully exploited to build an effective replay attack. Experiments conducted on the REPLAY MOBILE database demonstrate that our attacked images achieve good performance against a face recognition system equipped with CNN based anti spoofing, in that they are able to pass the face detection, spoof detection and face recognition modules of the authentication chain.
Digitalization of financial sphere: challenger banks efficiency estimation
Venue: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Year: 2019

In the last few years digital transformation affects entire sectors of the world economic system. One of the main drivers of digital economy development is the financial sector which takes the second place after telecommunication companies by investments into innovative informational and communicational technologies. An innovative form of the financial institution is analyzed in the article challenger bank, which presupposes doing bank business only in the form of remote approach, with the help of mobile communication channels. This for of the financial institution has appeared not long ago and, therefore, it is insufficiently investigated, for which reason the analysis of a corresponding credit organization is of vital importance. One of the main tasks, when exploring innovation projects, is presented by evaluation of economic efficiency of their activity. As a challenger bank is, in fact, a financial institution which can be presented in the form of an information communication system, that's why methods of estimating IT projects can be applied to it which will make it possible to evaluate its efficiency from the point of view of making investments into information system. On the basis of this supposition, a model of estimating efficiency of this form of a credit organization as an IT project has been suggested, where dependency of the net present value on the number of clients growth of the digital financial institution and the number of operations performed by them has been explored. Simulation has demonstrated that it will be efficient for a challenger bank if the number of its clients in the first year of its existence will exceed two hundred thousand people.
Bionic reconstruction to restore hand function after brachial plexus injury: a case series of three patients
Venue: The Lancet
Year: 2015

Brachial plexus injuries can permanently impair hand function, yet present surgical reconstruction provides only poor results. Here, we present for the first time bionic reconstruction; a combined technique of selective nerve and muscle transfers, elective amputation, and prosthetic rehabilitation to regain hand function.  Between April 2011, and May 2014, three patients with global brachial plexus injury including lower root avulsions underwent bionic reconstruction. Treatment occurred in two stages; first, to identify and create useful electromyographic signals for prosthetic control, and second, to amputate the hand and replace it with a mechatronic prosthesis. Before amputation, the patients had a specifically tailored rehabilitation programme to enhance electromyographic signals and cognitive control of the prosthesis. Final prosthetic fitting was applied as early as 6 weeks after amputation.  Bionic reconstruction successfully enabled prosthetic hand use in all three patients. After 3 months, mean Action Research Arm Test score increased from 5*3 (SD 4*73) to 30*7 (14*0) Mean Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure score improved from 9*3 (SD 1*5) to 65*3 (SD 19*4) Mean Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score improved from 46*5 (SD 18*7) to 11*7 (SD 8*42) INTERPRETATION For patients with global brachial plexus injury with lower root avulsions, who have no alternative treatment, bionic reconstruction offers a means to restore hand function.
Conceptual Framework of Impulse Self Gifting Behavior
Year: 2019

As self gifting behavior has been increasing, the study on self gifting is regarded as important. Self gifting is characterized by emotion driven so is impulse buying. The study is to construct conceptual framework for studying antecedents and consequences of impulse self gifting in the light of the empirical approach. Based on Stimulus Organism Response (S O R) the proposed conceptual framework indicates that internal (i.e. hedonic motive and impulsivity) and external antecedents (i.e. retail environment and marketing promotions) affect consumers' emotional responses, which in turn influence impulse self gifting behavior. Furthermore, moderating effects of self control may attenuate the effects of emotional responses on impulse self gifting behavior. The findings of the study will offer beneficial insights for marketers to understand consumers' internal motivations and external marketing and retail features that may ultimately influence impulse self gifting behavior.
Development of low cost ammonia gas sensors and data analysis algorithms to implement a monitoring grid of urban environmental pollutants.
Venue: Journal of environmental monitoring JEM
Year: 2012

The present study is focused on the implementation of a novel, low cost, urban grid of nanostructured chemresistor gas sensors for ammonia concentration [NH(3) monitoring, with NH(3) being one of the main precursors of secondary fine particulate. Low cost chemresistor gas sensors based on carbon nanotubes have been developed, their response to [NH(3) in the 0.17 5.0 ppm range has been tested, and the devices have been properly calibrated under different relative humidity conditions in the 33 63% range. In order to improve the chemresistor selectivity towards [NH(3) an Expert System, based on fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms, has been developed to extract the atmospheric [NH(3) (with a sensitivity of a few ppb) from the output signal of a model chemresistor gas sensor exposed to an NO(2) NO(X) and O(3) gas mixture. The concentration of these pollutants that are known to be the most significant interfering compounds during ammonia detection with carbon nanotube gas sensors has been tracked by the ARPA monitoring network in the city of Milan and the historical dataset collected over one year has been used to train the Expert System.
OPINIAO PUBLICA SOBRE A PENA DE MORTE
Year: 2015

A teoria nos indica que existem muitas influencias sobre a avaliacao das pessoas acerca da pena de morte (MENIN, 2005; LARANJEIRAS, 2007) Autores reconhecem que os meios de comunicacao instigam a populacao a desejar vinganca, como se isso resolvesse o problema da violencia (MELLO, 1999) Outros acreditam existir uma serie de questoes que precisam ser transformadas para que pensemos numa pena de morte, como: a seguranca publica, o desemprego, o sistema prisional e as formas alternativas de punicao (CRITSNELIS, 2009) tambem e possivel encontrar autores que veem positivamente o emprego da pena de morte e seus argumentos tem carater religioso, humanista, judicial e social (BARRETO, 1983) Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar, ainda que em pequena esfera, o que as pessoas em Campos pensam sobre a pena de morte. Inicialmente uma pesquisa bibliografica foi realizada. Elaborou se um questionario objetivo composto de 3 perguntas. O publico alvo foi Homens e Mulheres maiores de 18 anos, abordados nas imediacoes do ISECENSA, sendo um total de 40 pessoas. Posteriormente os dados foram tabulados gerando as informacoes da pesquisa. Perguntamos aos participantes se eles concordavam que e possivel haver a reabilitacao do ser humano e obtivemos que 75% concordavam que e possivel. Aproximadamente 20% discordavam, nao plenamente, mas acreditavam que raras vezes era possivel a reabilitacao. O restante nao tinha uma opiniao sobre a questao. 60% (a maioria) das pessoas concordaram que a reforma das leis resolveria o problema da violencia, outros 15% nao chegaram a uma conclusao sobre a determinada pergunta e 25% dos entrevistados discordam. Cerca de 30% concordaram com a pena de morte, aproximadamente 20% nao tinham pensado no assunto e os 45% maioria, discordaram que a pena de morte e uma lei necessaria no Brasil. Como dado mais expressivo, ressaltamos que a maior parte das pessoas abordadas acreditam que e possivel uma reabilitacao do criminoso e que se novas leis fossem reformadas o problema da violencia poderia ser resolvido. Concluimos que, dentro desse tema varias outras pesquisas poderiam ser feitas como a questao da maioridade penal e pesquisas sobre paises que tem a pena de morte como uma de suas leis. Palavras Chave: pena de morte, opiniao publica, pesquisa, psicologia
Preparation and activities of selenium polysaccharide from plant such as Grifola frondosa.
Venue: Carbohydrate polymers
Year: 2020

Selenium polysaccharide is an organic selenium compound formed by the combination of polysaccharide and selenium. The biological activity of selenium polysaccharide from plant such as Grifola frondosa is generally higher than that of selenium and polysaccharide, and it is more easily absorbed and utilized by human body. Therefore, selenium polysaccharide has a wide range of applications in immune regulation, anti tumor, anti oxidation, anti aging and so on. Due to the unique pharmacological activity of selenium polysaccharide, the research of selenium polysaccharide has gradually become a hot spot. At present, there are few kinds of selenium polysaccharide, but its structure is very complex. The chemical structure and mechanism of selenium polysaccharide in vivo are not completely clear and need further study. Herein, the preparation and biological activities of selenium polysaccharides were introduced systematically, which provided theoretical basis for further research and application of selenium polysaccharides.
Do We Need Zero Training Loss After Achieving Zero Training Error?
Venue: ICML
Year: 2020

Overparameterized deep networks have the capacity to memorize training data with zero training error. Even after memorization, the training loss continues to approach zero, making the model overconfident and the test performance degraded. Since existing regularizers do not directly aim to avoid zero training loss, they often fail to maintain a moderate level of training loss, ending up with a too small or too large loss. We propose a direct solution called flooding that intentionally prevents further reduction of the training loss when it reaches a reasonably small value, which we call the flooding level. Our approach makes the loss float around the flooding level by doing mini batched gradient descent as usual but gradient ascent if the training loss is below the flooding level. This can be implemented with one line of code, and is compatible with any stochastic optimizer and other regularizers. With flooding, the model will continue to "random walk" with the same non zero training loss, and we expect it to drift into an area with a flat loss landscape that leads to better generalization. We experimentally show that flooding improves performance and as a byproduct, induces a double descent curve of the test loss.