nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The spring like air compressibility effect in oscillating water column wave energy converters: Review and analyses
Venue: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Year: 2019

The oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter with air turbine has been object of extensive research and development effort, including the deployment of floating and fixed structure full sized prototypes into the sea. It consists of a hollow (fixed or floating) structure, open to the sea below the water surface. Wave action alternately compresses and decompresses the air trapped above the inner water free surface in a chamber, which forces air to flow through a turbine coupled to an electrical generator. The spring like effect of air compressibility in the chamber is related to the density pressure relationship. It is known to significantly affect the power performance of the full sized converter, and is rarely accounted for in theoretical modelling, and even more rarely in physical model testing at reduced scale, as appears from the literature review. Three theoretical models of increasing complexity are analysed and compared: (i) the incompressible air model; (ii) the isentropic process model; (iii) and the (more difficult and rarely adopted) adiabatic non isentropic process model in which losses due to the imperfectly efficient turbine are accounted for. The air is assumed as a perfect gas. The hydrodynamic modelling of wave energy absorption is based on linear water wave theory. The validity of the various simplifying assumptions, especially in the aero thermodynamic domain, is illustrated by a case study with numerical results for a fixed structure OWC equipped with a Wells turbine. Results are shown for regular and irregular waves, and for a theoretical simulation of model testing in wave tank at small scale.
Unsupervised Continual Learning and Self Taught Associative Memory Hierarchies
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2019

We first pose the Unsupervised Continual Learning (UCL) problem: learning salient representations from a non stationary stream of unlabeled data in which the number of object classes varies with time. Given limited labeled data just before inference, those representations can also be associated with specific object types to perform classification. To solve the UCL problem, we propose an architecture that involves a single module, called Self Taught Associative Memory (STAM) which loosely models the function of a cortical column in the mammalian brain. Hierarchies of STAM modules learn based on a combination of Hebbian learning, online clustering, detection of novel patterns, forgetting outliers, and top down predictions. We illustrate the operation of STAMs in the context of learning handwritten digits in a continual manner with only 3 12 labeled examples per class. STAMs suggest a promising direction to solve the UCL problem without catastrophic forgetting.
Towards Parallel Computing on the Internet: Applications, Architectures, Models and Programming Tools
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2006

The development of Internet wide resources for general purpose parallel computing poses the challenging task of matching computation and communication complexity. A number of parallel computing models exist that address this for traditional parallel architectures, and there are a number of emerging models that attempt to do this for large scale Internet based systems like computational grids. In this survey we cover the three fundamental aspects application, architecture and model, and we show how they have been developed over the last decade. We also cover programming tools that are currently being used for parallel programming in computational grids. The trend in conventional computational models are to put emphasis on efficient communication between participating nodes by adapting different types of communication to network conditions. Effects of dynamism and uncertainties that arise in large scale systems are evidently important to understand and yet there is currently little work that addresses this from a parallel computing perspective.
Structural Iron (II) of Basaltic Glass as an Energy Source for Zetaproteobacteria in an Abyssal Plain Environment, Off the Mid Atlantic Ridge
Venue: Front. Microbiol.
Year: 2016

To explore the capability of basaltic glass to support the growth of chemosynthetic microorganisms, complementary in situ and in vitro colonization experiments were performed. Microbial colonizers containing synthetic tholeitic basaltic glasses, either enriched in reduced or oxidized iron, were deployed off axis from the Mid Atlantic Ridge on surface sediments of the abyssal plain (35degN; 29degW) In situ microbial colonization was assessed by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and basaltic glass alteration was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, micro X ray Absorption Near Edge Structure at the Fe K edge and Raman microspectroscopy. The colonized surface of the reduced basaltic glass was covered by a rind of alteration made of iron oxides trapped in a palagonite like structure with thicknesses up to 150 mm. The relative abundance of the associated microbial community was dominated (39% of all reads) by a single operational taxonomic unit (OTU) that shared 92% identity with the iron oxidizer Mariprofundus ferrooxydans PV 1. Conversely, the oxidized basaltic glass showed the absence of iron oxides enriched surface deposits and correspondingly there was a lack of known iron oxidizing bacteria in the inventoried diversity. In vitro, a similar reduced basaltic glass was incubated in artificial seawater with a pure culture of the iron oxidizing M. ferrooxydans DIS 1 for 2 weeks, without any additional nutrients or minerals. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy revealed that the glass surface was covered by twisted stalks characteristic of this iron oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria. This result supported findings of the in situ experiments indicating that the Fe(II) present in the basalt was the energy source for the growth of representatives of Zetaproteobacteria in both the abyssal plain and the in vitro experiment. In accordance, the surface alteration rind observed on the reduced basaltic glass incubated in situ could at least partly result from their activity.
The Effect of Laser Pulse Widths on Laser Ag Nanoparticle Interaction: Femto to Nanosecond Lasers
Year: 2018

The effect of the laser pulse width on the production of nanoparticles by laser fragmentation was investigated. Laser pulse widths of 164 fs, 5 ps, 4 ns, 36 ns, 64 ns, and 100 ns were used. To assess the effect of the laser pulse width on the energy distribution in the nanoparticles, the energy distribution was simulated using wave optics. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles were produced by laser irradiation of an Ag target in distilled water. The wavelength of the femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond lasers used was 1070 nm, and their fluences were 0.10 0.13 mJ/cm2. Nanoparticle microstructure was visualized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the nanoparticle size distribution was evaluated using a particle size analyzer.
Use of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence to predict SARS CoV 2 infection from Full Blood Counts in a population
Venue: International Immunopharmacology
Year: 2020

Since December 2019 the novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 has been identified as the cause of the pandemic Covid 19. Early symptoms overlap with other common conditions such as common cold and Influenza, making early screening and diagnosis are crucial goals for health practitioners. The aim of the study was to use machine learning, an artificial neural network (ANN) and a simple statistical test to identify SARS CoV 2 positive patients from full blood counts without knowledge of symptoms or history of the individuals. The dataset included in the analysis and training contains anonymized full blood count results from patients seen at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, at Sao Paulo, Brazil, and who had samples collected to perform the SARS CoV 2 rt PCR test during a visit to the hospital. Patient data was anonymised by the hospital, clinical data was standardized to have a mean of zero and a unit standard deviation. This data was made public with the aim to allow researchers to develop ways to enable the hospital to rapidly predict and potentially identify SARS CoV 2 positive patients. We find that with full blood counts random forest, shallow learning and a flexible ANN model predict SARS CoV 2 patients with high accuracy between populations on regular wards (AUC 93 94% and those not admitted to hospital or in the community (AUC 80 86% Here AUC is the Area Under the receiver operating characteristics Curve and a measure for model performance. Moreover, a simple linear combination of 4 blood counts can be used to have an AUC of 85% for patients within the community. The normalised data of different blood parameters from SARS CoV 2 positive patients exhibit a decrease in platelets, leukocytes, eosinophils, basophils and lymphocytes, and an increase in monocytes. SARS CoV 2 positive patients exhibit a characteristic immune response profile pattern and changes in different parameters measured in the full blood count that are detected from simple and rapid blood tests. While symptoms at an early stage of infection are known to overlap with other common conditions, parameters of the full blood count can be analysed to distinguish the viral type at an earlier stage than current rt PCR tests for SARS CoV 2 allow at present. This new methodology has potential to greatly improve initial screening for patients where PCR based diagnostic tools are limited.
Evaluation of some Faba Bean Cultivars Yield under Chemical Control to Common Insect Pests and Fungal Diseases under El Beheira Governorate Environmental Conditions
Venue: Journal of Plant Production
Year: 2019

In order to investigate six faba bean cultivars Nubaria 1, Sakha 1, Giza 716, Giza 843, Misr 1 and Giza 40 under foliar spraying with Actara insecticide (thiamethoxam) Sumi 8 fungicide (diniconazole) and thiamethoxam diniconazole compared to control for yield and its components, some biochemicals, leaf miner (Liromiza congesta) numbers, aphid (Aphis gossypii) numbers, chocolate spot disease severity caused by Botrytis fabae Sard. and pesticides residue in green pods. The results showed that, Giza 716 cv. surpassed other cultivars in plant height, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, seed yield/plant and seed yield/plot in both seasons. Giza 40 cv. showed the highest values for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carbohydrate total protein peroxidase activity and polyphenoloxidase activity in both seasons respectively. Faba bean plants under the Actara insecticides (thiamethoxam) recorded the highest mean values for plant height, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield/plant, seed yield/plot and lowest aphid and leaf miner (Liromiza congesta) numbers in both seasons. While, the control treatment gave the highest mean values for chlorophyll a, total protein, peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity in both seasons respectively. Diniconazole and thiamethoxam diniconazole treatments showed the lowest disease severity of chocolate spot caused by Botrytis fabae. The lowest numbers of leaf miner (Liromiza congesta) in both seasons were counted in Misr 1 cv. followed by Nubaria 1 then Giza 40. In the same way, the lowest numbers of aphid were collected from Giza 40 followed by Misr 1 then Nubaria 1 in the two seasons. Also, Nubaria 1 cv. was the most resistant one to chocolate spot where it scored the lowest disease severity among all cultivars in both seasons followed by Misr 1 cv. in both seasons. With regard to residues analysis, the half life value of thiamethoxam was 3.02, 3.59, and 2.57 days of the application with degradation rate of 0.138, 0.051 and 0.269 for pods, peels and seeds, respectively.
Supporting Network Enabled Capability by extending the Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model to an interoperability maturity model
Year: 2013

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Network Enabled Capability (NNEC) addresses technical and cognitive abilities of NATO requiring technical and operational interoperability standards and targets for adaptation. Net enabled Modeling and Simulation (M&S) can support in all life cycle phases. The paper evaluates the contribution of four example technical activities of NATO conducted by different bodies of the Research and Technology Organization: net enabled M&S by the Modeling and Simulation Group, semantic interoperability by the Information Systems Technology panel, new command and control concepts by the System Analysis Studies panel, and human factors for NNEC by the Human Factors Medicine panel. The results request a framework that included technical and operational aspects as well. The technical challenges can be supported by the Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model, which is extended to an Interoperability Maturity Model. The operational challenges can be supported by the NNEC Command and Control Maturity Model. Both models are aligned to provide the necessary support to address NATO's technical and cognitive abilities by M&S services.
COVID 19 Pandemic Prediction for Hungary; A Hybrid Machine Learning Approach
Year: 2020

Several epidemiological models are being used around the world to project the number of infected individuals and the mortality rates of the COVID 19 outbreak. Advancing accurate prediction models is of utmost importance to take proper actions. Due to the lack of essential data and uncertainty, the epidemiological models have been challenged regarding the delivery of higher accuracy for long term prediction. As an alternative to the susceptible infected resistant (SIR) based models, this study proposes a hybrid machine learning approach to predict the COVID 19, and we exemplify its potential using data from Hungary. The hybrid machine learning methods of adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multi layered perceptron imperialist competitive algorithm (MLP ICA) are proposed to predict time series of infected individuals and mortality rate. The models predict that by late May, the outbreak and the total morality will drop substantially. The validation is performed for 9 days with promising results, which confirms the model accuracy. It is expected that the model maintains its accuracy as long as no significant interruption occurs. This paper provides an initial benchmarking to demonstrate the potential of machine learning for future research.
Multi step self guided pathways for shape changing metamaterials
Venue: Nature
Year: 2018

Multi step pathways which consist of a sequence of reconfigurations of a structure are central to the functionality of various natural and artificial systems. Such pathways execute autonomously in self guided processes such as protein folding1 and self assembly2 5, but have previously required external control to execute in macroscale mechanical systems, provided by, for example, actuators in robotics6 9 or manual folding in origami8,10 12. Here we demonstrate shape changing, macroscale mechanical metamaterials that undergo self guided, multi step reconfiguration in response to global uniform compression. We avoid the need for external control by using metamaterials that are made purely of passive components. The design of the metamaterials combines nonlinear mechanical elements with a multimodal architecture that enables a sequence of topological reconfigurations caused by the formation of internal self contacts between the elements of the metamaterial. We realize the metamaterials by using computer controlled water jet cutting of flexible materials, and show that the multi step pathway and final configuration can be controlled by rational design of the nonlinear mechanical elements. We also demonstrate that the self contacts suppress errors in the pathway. Finally, we create hierarchical architectures to extend the number of distinct reconfiguration steps. Our work establishes general principles for designing mechanical pathways, opening up new avenues for self folding media11,12, pluripotent materials9,13 and pliable devices14 in areas such as stretchable electronics and soft robotics15.A scheme for implementing multi step topological reorganization of a mechanical metamaterial is demonstrated, which proceeds autonomously, without the need for external control.
CSR and Stakeholder Theory: A Tale of Adam Smith
Year: 2013

This article leverages insights from the body of Adam Smith's work, including two lesser known manuscripts the Theory of Moral Sentiments and Lectures in Jurisprudence to help answer the question as to how companies should morally prioritize corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and stakeholder claims. Smith makes philosophical distinctions between justice and beneficence and perfect and imperfect rights, and we leverage those distinctions to speak to contemporary CSR and stakeholder management theories. We address the often neglected question as to how far a company should be expected to go in pursuit of CSR initiatives and we offer a fresh perspective as to the role of business in relation to stakeholders and to society as a whole. Smith's moral insights help us to propose a practical framework of legitimacy in stakeholder claims that can help managers select appropriate and responsible CSR activities.
ARMA GARCH Mo Xing Zhi Bei Shi Fen Xi
Year: 2009

Shi Jian Xu Lie Fen Xi Yi Pu Bian Di Ying Yong Yu Ge Ling Yu Qi Zhong GARCH (Bollerslev, 1986) Mo Xing Ke Yi Jie Du Jing Ji Yu Cai Wu De Shi Jian Xu Lie Zhong Chang Jian De Gao Xia Feng (Ieptokurtic) Fen Pei Yu Bo Dong Cong Ju (volatility clustering) Xian Xiang Wen Xian Zhong Zhi Chu Harvey and Shephard (1993) Ji Harvey (1994) Shi Yong Zhun Zui Da Gai Si Gu Ji GARCH Mo Xing De Can Shu So (1997) He Shephard (1994) Yi EM De Mo Ni Fang Fa Lai Gu Ji Qi Zui Da Gai Si Gu Ji Shephard (1993) Jacquier (1994) Pitt (1997) Pitt and Shephard (1999) Kim (1998) So (1998) Ze Yi Bei Shi Yan Jiu Zhong Chang Jian De Ma Ke Fu Lian Meng Di Qia Luo Fa (MCMC) Qiu De Can Shu De Jin Si Bei Shi Gu Ji Zhi Wei Liao Shi Mo Xing Neng Gou Geng Jia Fu He Zi Liao De Te Xing Mo Xing De Xuan Ze Cheng Liao Yi Ge Ling Ren Guan Zhu De Jiao Dian Chuan Tong Mo Xing Jian Ding De Fang Fa Duo Ban Shi Kao Yi Xie Xun Xi Zhun Ze Ru Akaike (1974) Ti Chu De AIC, Schwarz (1978) Ti Chu De BIC, CAIC Yu CAICF Deng Zai Bei Shi Tong Ji Fang Fa Zhu Jian Bei Zhong Duo Xue Zhe Jie Shou Yu Dian Nao Yun Suan Ji Shu De Kuai Su Fa Zhan Xia Xu Duo Ren Kai Shi Li Yong Bei Shi De Fang Shi Dui Mo Xing Jin Xing Fen Xi Green (1995) Ti Chu Ke Ni Tiao Yue Shi Ma Ke Fu Lian Meng Di Qia Luo Fa (RJMCMC),Ta Jian Gou Chu Yi Ge Ke Ni Zhuan De Ma Ke Fu Lian Ke Yi Zai Bu Tong Wei Du De Can Shu Kong Jian Yi Dong Zui Da De Te Dian Zai RJMCMC Fa Yun Xu Mo Xing Zai Bu Tong Wei Du Can Shu Kong Jian Li Jin Xing Tiao Dong Bing Zuo Gu Ji Can Shu Xu Kai Jia (2005) Chen Ya Qi (2006) He Xu Yu Qi (2007) Fen Bie Ying Yong RJMCMC Fa Dui Bu Tong De Shi Jian Xu Lie Mo Xing Jin Xing Mo Xing Xuan Ze Fen Xi Ci Lun Wen Ze Zhen Dui ARMA GARCH Mo Xing Jin Xing Yan Jiu ,Ying Yong MCMC Fa Lai Gu Ji Can Shu Bing Yi RJMCMC Fa Lai Xuan Ze Mo Xing Sui Ran Wo Men Zai Mo Ni De Zi Liao Yu Shi Li Zi Liao (Mei Guo Xi De Zhou Yuan You Jia Ge 2000 Nian 1 Yue 3 Ri Zhi 2009 Nian 6 Yue 1 Ri Zhi Kao Lu 11 Ge Mo Xing Zai Li Lun Shang Wo Men De Fang Fa Ke Yan Shen Cong Wu Qiong Duo De Mo Xing Zhong Cheng Gong Tiao Chu Zheng Que Mo Xing
Reforming proceeds of crime legislation: Political reality or pipedream?
Venue: Alternative Law Journal
Year: 2019

In recent decades, Australian states and territories have introduced a raft of legislation aimed at stripping those involved in criminal activity of their ill gotten gains. However, in doing so, this far reaching legislation has the potential to undermine legal principles and protections. We recently completed a study into proceeds of crime legislation in Western Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. From our findings it is clear that Western Australia's legislation is the most far reaching and potentially the most inequitable. In this article, we provide a critique of Western Australia's legislation informed by our research, and identify pressing areas for reform.
Contemporary habitat discontinuity and historic glacial ice drive genetic divergence in Chilean kelp
Venue: BMC Evolutionary Biology
Year: 2010

BackgroundSouth America's western coastline, extending in a near straight line across some 35 latitudinal degrees, presents an elegant setting for assessing both contemporary and historic influences on cladogenesis in the marine environment. Southern bull kelp (Durvillaea antarctica) has a broad distribution along much of the Chilean coast. This species represents an ideal model taxon for studies of coastal marine connectivity and of palaeoclimatic effects, as it grows only on exposed rocky coasts and is absent from beaches and ice affected shores. We expected that, along the central Chilean coast, D. antarctica would show considerable phylogeographic structure as a consequence of the isolating effects of distance and habitat discontinuities. In contrast, we hypothesised that further south throughout the region affected by the Patagonian Ice Sheet at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) D. antarctica would show relatively little genetic structure, reflecting postglacial recolonisation.ResultsMitochondrial (COI) and chloroplast (rbcL) DNA analyses of D. antarctica from 24 Chilean localities (164 individuals) revealed two deeply divergent (4.5 6.1% for COI, 1.4% for rbcL) clades from the centre and south of the country, with contrasting levels and patterns of genetic structure. Among populations from central Chile (32deg 44degS) substantial phylogeographic structure was evident across small spatial scales, and a significant isolation by distance effect was observed. Genetic disjunctions in this region appear to correspond to the presence of long beaches. In contrast to the genetic structure found among central Chilean populations, samples from the southern Chilean Patagonian region (49deg 56degS) were genetically homogeneous and identical to a haplotype recently found throughout the subantarctic region.ConclusionsSouthern (Patagonian) Chile has been recolonised by D. antarctica relatively recently, probably since the LGM. The inferred trans oceanic ancestry of these Patagonian populations supports the notion that D. antarctica is capable of long distance dispersal via rafting. In contrast, further north in central Chile, the correspondence of genetic disjunctions in D. antarctica with long beaches indicates that habitat discontinuity drives genetic isolation among established kelp populations. We conclude that rafting facilitates colonisation of unoccupied shores, but has limited potential to enhance gene flow among established populations. Broadly, this study demonstrates that some taxa may be considered to have either high or low dispersal potential across different temporal and geographic scales.