nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating language models for the retrieval and categorization of lexical collocations
Venue: EACL
Year: 2021

Lexical collocations are idiosyncratic combinations of two syntactically bound lexical items (e.g. "heavy rain" or "take a step" Understanding their degree of compositionality and idiosyncrasy, as well their underlying semantics, is crucial for language learners, lexicographers and downstream NLP applications. In this paper, we perform an exhaustive analysis of current language models for collocation understanding. We first construct a dataset of apparitions of lexical collocations in context, categorized into 17 representative semantic categories. Then, we perform two experiments: (1) unsupervised collocate retrieval using BERT, and (2) supervised collocation classification in context. We find that most models perform well in distinguishing light verb constructions, especially if the collocation's first argument acts as subject, but often fail to distinguish, first, different syntactic structures within the same semantic category, and second, fine grained semantic categories which restrict the use of small sets of valid collocates for a given base.
A Research on Influencing Factors of Consumer Purchasing Behaviors in Cyberspace
Year: 2011

Based on theoretical studies of domestic and foreign scholars on influencing factors of online consumer purchasing behaviors, in this paper the author analyzes factors influencing consumers' online purchasing behaviors. By means of questionnaire survey and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) the author performs an empirical analysis of the hierarchy model of influencing factors of online shopping which is built by domestic scholars, and gets the relative importance of these influencing factors. The results show that: security of online shopping, prices, and commercial credits are primary factors influencing consumers' purchasing behaviors, and genders education levels of consumers, and designs of store are the secondary ones. Accordingly, the author puts forward some suggestions for online retailers.
Standard essential patents and incentives for innovation
Year: 2020

Patent holders whose patents are essential to a standard are usually required to license their patents under fair, reasonable, and non discriminatory (FRAND) terms. This requirement is often interpreted as a price cap such that royalties for the patents do not exceed their pre standardisation incremental values. Using a theoretical model of innovators with interacting technologies, I consider the problem of choosing the incentive scheme to induce welfare maximising research investments under the condition that it only uses the values created by the innovators, and analyse the prevalent interpretation of FRAND compared to the optimal scheme. It shows that in some cases, this incremental value rule does not lead to the efficient level of innovation investment.
Izmir'de yapilan adli otopsilerde kadin olumlerinin ozelliklerinin incelenmesi ve kadina yonelik siddetin arastirilmasi
Year: 2017

Amac: Kadina yonelik siddet, kronik saglik sorunlarina ve olume neden olabilen oncelikli bir saglik sorunudur. Aile icinde siddete ugrayan kadinlarin cok ciddi saglik sorunlari olmadikca saglik kuruluslarina basvurmadiklari, siddetin surup gittigi ve kadinin tum yasamini etkileyerek saglikli yasayabilecegi yillarini azalttigi belirtilmektedir. Ciddi saglik sonuclari olmasina karsin dillendirilmeyen bu siddetin onlenebilmesi icin sorunun boyutunun ortaya konabilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu calismanin amaci; kadin olgularin adli otopsi verilerinden sosyodemografik ozellikleri, olum nedenleri ve orijinlerinin incelenerek kadina yonelik siddetin arastirilmasidir. Gerec ve yontem: Calismamizda 01.01.2011 31.12.2015 tarihleri arasinda Adli Tip Kurumu Izmir Grup Baskanligi'nda otopsisi yapilan ve karara baglanan 18 yas ve ustu kadin olgularin adli olu muayene tutanagi ve adli otopsi raporlarindaki bilgiler incelendi. Elde edilen veriler hazirlamis oldugumuz veri kayit formlarina islendi, SPSS 22.0 programina yuklendi ve bu programda istatistiksel yonden degerlendirildi. Istatistiksel analiz icin gruplar arasinda karsilastirmada Pearson Chi Square testi ve Fisher's Exact test kullanildi ve p<0,05 degeri anlamli kabul edildi.  2011 2015 yillari arasinda Adli Tip Kurumu Izmir Grup Baskanligi'nda adli otopsileri yapilan 18 yas ve uzeri 1358 kadin olumu oldugu gozlendi. Olgularin yas ortalamasinin 53,9 20,7 oldugu goruldu. Olum orijinleri incelendiginde en sik dogal, sonra sirasiyla kaza, intihar ve cinayet oldugu gozlendi. Dogal orijinli olumlerde en sik dolasim sistemi hastaliklari, kaza orijinli olumlerde trafik kazalari, intihar orijinli olumlerde asi oldugu, cinayet orijinli olumlerde atesli silah yaralanmalari ve kesici delici alet yaralanmalarinin esit oranda ve ilk sirada yer aldiklari tespit edildi. Olgularin evli olmalarinin intihar ve cinayet orijinli olumlerin, psikiyatrik hastaliklarinin bulunmasinin intihar orijinli olumlerin, calisiyor olmalarinin cinayet orijinli olumlerin, fiziksel veya zihinsel engelli olmalarinin ise kaza orijinli olumlerin sikligini arttirdigi belirlendi.  Calismamizda incelenen adli olu muayene tutanagi ve adli otopsi raporlarinda kadinlarin siddete maruz kalma oykuleri ile ilgili yeterli bilgi bulunmadigi gozlendi. Ozellikle kadin intihar ve cinayetlerinde savciliklarca kullanilmak uzere standart sorusturma sorularinin ve otopsilerde kullanilmak uzere standart formlarin olusturulmasinin sorunun gercek boyutlarinin ortaya konmasina katki saglayacagi ve cozume yonelik calismalarda yol gosterici olabilecegi dusunuldu.
The Impact of the Director's Personality on Television Work
Year: 2019

The study aimed at identifying the role of the director in crystallizing aesthetic values and explaining the role he plays and his relationship with the working team in addition to the role he plays in directing television programs in a way that suits all societies. The researcher discusses the effects of television output, method, means and general rules. The researcher tried to shed light on the role of the director and his qualifications and tasks in addition to the elements to influence the viewer. The study was based on descriptive statistical analytical method to provide data on the problem of the study, analysis and scientific interpretation. The study reached several results, the most prominent of which are the following: The work of the director is the basis of the information process and therefore the effort of the team depends on the achievement. The art of directing a self standing science depends on the personality of the director and type of material produced. The art of directing is considered the spirit of the TV product and the last portal in the media work system. The most important recommended by the researcher: The director must be comprehensive and briefed on all sections of television work and the importance of the team working with him and his ideas. There must be a separation between television and radio director and journalist to give each director his distinctive characteristic in the field of specialization The Sudanese director should keep pace with the developments in the media and work on the personal industry that he wishes to provide and continue the training and not only the studies he has received.
Self organised urban space without profit: Four Examples in Berlin
Year: 2017

The following article explores the interdependency between urban crisis as a pre condition for self organised responses to it and self organised projects that try to provide solutions for problems caused by the respective crisis. Berlin is taken as specific field of investigation as self organisation is very much linked to its recent history and it therefore seems to be a very relevant case for this topic. The example of the International Building Exhibition 1984/1987 in Berlin (IBA 84/87) is studied as a historic reference to provide a framework for comparing more recent processes with a long term experience since the late 1980' Four recent examples of self organised projects that aim to provide spaces without profit are presented with the focus on their creation processes. The article further explores the specific relationship between Berlins' actual housing crisis and various forms of self organised reactions to it. Finally, the research tries to explore possible impacts these projects might have on formal local planning structures in a long term perspective.
Physically based landslide prediction over a large region: Scaling low resolution hydrological model results for high resolution slope stability assessment
Venue: Environ. Model. Softw.
Year: 2020

Rainfall triggered shallow landslides are widespread natural hazards around the world, causing many damages to human lives and property. In this study, we focused on predicting landslides in a large region by coupling a 1 km resolution hydrological model and a 90 m resolution slope stability model, where a downscaling method for soil moisture via topographic wetness index was applied. The modeled hydrological processes show generally good agreements with the observed discharges: relative biases and correlation coefficients at three validation stations are all 0.60, respectively. The derived scaling law for soil moisture allows for near conservative downscaling of the original 1 km soil moisture to 90 m resolution for slope stability assessment. For landslide prediction, the global accuracy and true positive rate are 97.2% and 66.9% respectively. This study provides an effective and computationally efficient coupling method to predict landslides over large regions in which fine scale topographical information is incorporated.
An Effective COVID 19 Treatment by Mindfulness for Quarantine People
Year: 2020

Currently COVID 19 pandemic had been rapidly spreading around the world which be affected to the physical health and mental health of individual people. Social distancing is the method to reduce spreading this pandemic. It is to inform all people cooperating to do such as working at home, reducing going out from home, staying at least 1 metre space if we must stay in group, using multimedia i.e. conference call or video call instead of face to face communication. However, the person who be at risk infection must be quarantined at home (home quarantine) or any area where isolated by government (state quarantine or local quarantine) for 14 days to observe yourself, while the people who be infected COVID 19 must be stayed at the hospital to cure by medicine and seriously take care under doctor's treatment. These 14 days are very crucial period to get the body better, importantly to make our mind to be stronger and stronger in order to release all the pain and psychological symptoms such as stress, anxiety, fear and any negative emotion. Mindfulness is one way to get our mental health better from inside and can let us know how to stay during 14 days quarantine for happiness, peaceful mind and physical well being. Objective is to study the mindfulness practices for self quarantine people during COVID 19 situation. Method is documentary study and in depth interview of self quarantine people were used for data collection. Buddhist principles were used for the framework of data analysis. The result of mindfulness practices of this study composes of 7 compositions 1) Consciousness 2) Loving kindness 3) Patience 4) Equanimity 5) Meditation 6) Self passion 7) Self effort which used as the effective of COVID 19 treatment for quarantine people.
A review of the applications of phase change materials in cooling, heating and power generation in different temperature ranges
Year: 2018

Latent heat thermal energy storage is an attractive technique as it can provide higher energy storage density than conventional heat energy storage systems and has the capability to store heat of fusion at a constant (or a near constant) temperature corresponding to the phase transition temperature of the phase change material (PCM) This paper provides a state of the art review on phase change materials (PCMs) and their applications for heating, cooling and electricity generation according to their working temperature ranges from 20 degC to +200 degC) Four working temperature ranges are considered in this review: (1) the low temperature range from 20 degC to +5 degC) where the PCMs are typically used for domestic and commercial refrigeration; (2) the medium low temperature range from +5 degC to +40 degC) where the PCMs are typically applied for heating and cooling applications in buildings; (3) the medium temperature range for solar based heating, hot water and electronic applications from +40 degC to +80 degC) and (4) the high temperature range from +80 degC to +200 degC) for absorption cooling, waste heat recovery and electricity generation. Different types of phase change materials applied to each temperature range are reviewed and discussed, in terms of the performance, heat transfer enhancement technique, environmental impact and economic analysis. The review shows that, energy saving of up to 12% can be achieved and a reduction of cooling load of up to 80% can be obtained by PCMs in the low to medium low temperature range. PCM storage for heating applications can improve operation efficiency from 26% to 66% depending on specific applications. Solar thermal direct steam generation (DSG) is the most common electricity generation application coupled with PCM storage systems in the high temperature range, due to the capability of PCMs to store and deliver energy at a given constant temperature. The recommendations for future research are also presented which provide insights about where the current research is heading and highlights the challenges that remain to be resolved.
Method for manufacturing metal led circuit board integrating power and light sources
Year: 2017

A method for manufacturing a metal LED circuit board integrating power and light sources. The method comprises: performing a surface treatment on a metal board; coating a thermally conductive adhesive; covering with copper foil and laminating; board cutting, drilling tooling holes, and performing a pre treatment; forming a circuit pattern; performing etching and coating removal; punching tooling registration holes and performing circuit continuity testing; coating a white solder resist ink; exposing; developing; performing character printing and curing; punching; performing V cutting; and performing an anti oxidation treatment. The thermally conductive adhesive is coated using a curtain formed by air knives to spray and coat the thermally conductive adhesive, or by overlaying a thermally conductive insulation film onto the metal board. The circuit pattern is formed by using a printing process or an exposing process. The method can be used to mass produce a metal circuit board having integrated power and light sources, and the produced LED and power supply have good heat dissipation.
Social media celebrity and the institutionalization of YouTube
Year: 2019

This study explores the industrial underpinning and the cultural logic of social media celebrity. Social media visibility may be considered as an alternative way to fame as it bypasses the gatekeeper role played by the entertainment and mass media industries. However, the institutionalization of social media platforms like YouTube and the professionalization of amateur content creation may lead to social media becoming a new locale for industrialized celebrity manufacturing. Taking YouTube beauty vloggers as an example, this study shows that being a celebrity on social media is economically embedded in an industrial structure constituted by the platform's business model, technical affordances, the advertising market, and commercial cultural intermediaries. Social media celebrity's status is achieved not only through a set of affiliative, representational, and celebrification techniques, but also by engaging in meticulous entrepreneurial calculation considering the abovementioned industrial factors. This emerging industrial structure is associated with a new cultural logic of celebrity that distinguishes the fame native to social media from that on the silver screen and television. This study shows that social media celebrity is characterized by staged authenticity, managed connectedness with audience, the abundance of celebrity figures, and the cultural preoccupation with self sufficient uniqueness.
Programmed cell death 1 protein and programmed death ligand 1 inhibitors in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer: A systematic review
Year: 2020

Immunotherapy using programmed cell death 1 protein (PD 1) or programmed death ligand 1 (PD L1) inhibitors has been increasingly reported in a variety of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs)  To analyze the evidence of PD 1 and PD L1 inhibitors in the treatment of NMSC.  A primary literature search was conducted with the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases through October 28, 2018, to include studies on the use of PD 1 or PD L1 inhibitors in patients for NMSC. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and critical appraisal.  This systematic review included 51 articles. The most robust evidence was in the treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, as supported by phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. Treatment of basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous sarcoma, sebaceous carcinoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor also showed benefit with PD 1/PD L1 inhibitors, but data are limited. There does not appear to be efficacy for PD 1/PD L1 inhibitors in cutaneous lymphomas.  More investigation is needed to determine the efficacy, tumor responsiveness, and the safety profile of PD 1 and PD L1 inhibitors in NMSC.  PD 1 and PD L1 inhibitors exhibit treatment efficacy in a variety of NMSCs.
Affirming Diversity, Difference, and the Basic Human Rights of Those With Whom We Disagree: A Difficult Task but Worth the Challenge A Reply to Bolen and Dessel
Year: 2014

My work in the area of spirituality and religion builds on our profession's proud history of expanding diversity to include previously marginalized groups. Each iteration of diversity, however, has been met with critiques implicitly designed to affirm the status quo. In this article, I respond to criticisms that have been leveled against my attempts to foster a more inclusive profession. Topics addressed include underrepresentation, methodological rigor, institutional discrimination, and the challenge of respecting people with whom we differ. I conclude by noting that most social workers are invested in the creation of an inclusive society and highlight the need for a new conversational model that affirms diversity, difference, and the basic human rights of those with whom we disagree.
Daycare Center Attendance Buffers the Effects of Maternal Authoritarian Parenting Style on Physical Aggression in Children
Venue: Front. Psychol.
Year: 2017

A maternal authoritarian style has been related to the development of physical aggression during childhood and later future social problems; however, not too many studies have detected other than individual or family factors that may buffer this maternal effect. This work examines whether daycare center attendance may moderate the relationships between a mother authoritarian style and physical aggression. The study sample was 72 (40 girls) kindergarten children from Spain. Parents were asked to complete two questionnaires focused on individual family characteristics and parenting styles. At age 5, children physical aggression was assessed by direct observation at playtime; aggression scores at 6 was obtained by a peer rated questionnaire. A least squared multiple regression was performed after controlling for children's level of physical aggression at 5, child sex and siblings. A positive contribution of maternal authoritarian style on physical aggression was detected. Daycare center attendance appears to attenuate the effect of the mother's authoritarian style on physical aggression, only in boys.
Dense HfB2 ceramics fabricated by high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering
Year: 2021

The effects of high energy ball milling (HEBM) on the sintering ability and microstructure of hafnium diboride (HfB2) ultrahigh temperature ceramics (UHTCs) were investigated. After HEBM, the average particle size range of the HfB2 ceramics decreased to 10 20 nm with a slight alteration in the crystal structure. The microscopic grains of the sintered samples were homogeneous and fine in size. WC removed oxide impurities on the surface of the HfB2 particles by reacting with the oxide impurities, which further improved the sintering ability of the HfB2 ceramics. The densification mechanism of the HfB2 ceramics was also investigated, and nearly fully dense HfB2 (99.1% was fabricated by reactive spark plasma sintering (R SPS) at 2100 degC for 35 min under a pressure of 40 MPa. HEBM increased the surface energy of the fine particles, which provided a sufficient driving force to improve the sintering ability and significantly increase the densification of HfB2.
FedED: Federated Learning via Ensemble Distillation for Medical Relation Extraction
Venue: EMNLP
Year: 2020

Unlike other domains, medical texts are inevitably accompanied by private information, so sharing or copying these texts is strictly restricted. However, training a medical relation extraction model requires collecting these privacy sensitive texts and storing them on one machine, which comes in conflict with privacy protection. In this paper, we propose a privacy preserving medical relation extraction model based on federated learning, which enables training a central model with no single piece of private local data being shared or exchanged. Though federated learning has distinct advantages in privacy protection, it suffers from the communication bottleneck, which is mainly caused by the need to upload cumbersome local parameters. To overcome this bottleneck, we leverage a strategy based on knowledge distillation. Such a strategy uses the uploaded predictions of ensemble local models to train the central model without requiring uploading local parameters. Experiments on three publicly available medical relation extraction datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.