nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Algorithm for Use of Melatonin in Patients With COVID 19
Venue: Frontiers in Medicine
Year: 2020

The coronavirus, COVID 19, has infected hundreds of thousands and killed tens of thousands of individuals worldwide. This highly infectious condition continues to ravage the world population and has yet to reach it peak infective rate in some countries. Many conventional drugs including hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, lopinavir, remdesivir, etc. have been repurposed as treatments for this often deadly disease, but there is no specifically designed effective drug available; also, the drugs mentioned have significant side effects and their efficacy is unknown. New drugs and vaccines are being designed as COVID 19 treatment, but their development and testing will require months to years. Time is not a luxury that this crisis has. Thus, there is a serious unmet need for the identification of currently available and safe molecules which can be used to slow or treat COVID 19 disease. Here, we suggest melatonin be given consideration for prophylactic use or treatment alone or in combination with other drugs. Melatonin's multiple actions as an anti inflammatory, anti oxidant, and anti viral (against other viruses) make it a reasonable choice for use. Melatonin is readily available, can be easily synthesized in large quantities, is inexpensive, has a very high safety profile and can be easily self administered. Melatonin is endogenously produced molecule in small amounts with its production diminishing with increased age. Under the current critical conditions, large doses of melatonin alone or in combination with currently recommended drugs, e.g. hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, to resist COVID 19 infection would seem judicious.
Childhood Trauma Is Associated With Severity of Hallucinations and Delusions in Psychotic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis
Venue: Schizophrenia bulletin
Year: 2018

Childhood trauma is a risk factor for the development of psychosis. Furthermore, a number of theories propose specific mechanisms by which childhood trauma may contribute to more severe positive and negative psychotic symptoms, some of which are supported empirically. The robustness of this empirical evidence is unclear due to mixed results and methodological limitations of individual studies. A systematic review and meta analysis of the evidence for associations between childhood trauma and severity of hallucinations, delusions, and negative psychotic symptoms in clinical populations with a diagnosed psychotic disorder is needed.  A systematic search was conducted. Reference lists of relevant review articles were hand searched, and authors contacted for data and additional unpublished studies. Study reporting bias and quality was assessed.  In total, 6667 studies were identified and of these 41 studies met inclusion criteria. Of these, 29 studies (4680 participants) were meta analyzed. Among individuals with psychosis, childhood trauma was significantly correlated with severity of hallucinations (r .199, P .001) and delusions (r .172, P .001) but contrary to our hypothesis, not correlated with severity of negative symptoms (r .049, P .095) Severity of childhood neglect was correlated with negative symptoms (r .142, P .005)  The results lend support for cognitive and biological theories that traumas in childhood may lead to hallucinations and delusions within psychotic disorders and have important implications for clinical practice.
Industrial policy and technology in Italy
Year: 2016

After the crisis started in 2008 Italy's industry has lost close to one quarter of its industrial production. The article documents the decline of Italy's industry and technology, setting it in the context of the demise of post war government intervention and of the current European debate on industrial policies. An analysis of the current tools used in Italy's industrial and innovation policy is carried out, showing its 'horizontal' approach, limited resources and fragmented measures. Current initiatives appear unable to support a revival of production and investment and to reduce Italy's gap in technological activities. The conclusions argue that the possibility to reconstruct the country's production capacity largely depends on the development of a new industrial policy combining Italian and European initiatives.
Are tibial angles measured with inertial sensors useful surrogates for frontal plane projection angles measured using 2 dimensional video analysis during single leg squat tasks? A reliability and agreement study in elite football (soccer) players.
Venue: Journal of electromyography and kinesiology official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology
Year: 2019

During single leg squats (SLS) tibial angle (TA) quantification using inertial measurement units (IMU) may offer a practical alternative to frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) measurement using 2 dimensional (2D) video analysis.  Within session reliability for all measurements varied across days (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) range 0.27 0.83, standard error of measurement (SEM) range 2.12 6.23deg, minimal detectable change (MDC) range 5.87 17.26deg) Between sessions, ATA reliability was good for both systems (ICCs 0.70 0.74, SEMs 1.64 7.53deg, MDCs 4.55 7.01deg) while IMU RTA and 2D FPPA reliability ranged from poor to good (ICCs 0.39 0.72, SEMs 2.60 5.99deg, MDCs 7.20 16.61deg) All limits of agreement exceeded a 5deg acceptability threshold. Both systems were reliable for between session ATA, although agreement was poor. IMU RTA and 2D video FPPA reliability was variable. For SLS assessment, IMU derived TAs are not useful surrogates for 2D video FPPA measures in this population.
Learning Where to Look: Data Driven Viewpoint Set Selection for 3D Scenes
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2017

The use of rendered images, whether from completely synthetic datasets or from 3D reconstructions, is increasingly prevalent in vision tasks. However, little attention has been given to how the selection of viewpoints affects the performance of rendered training sets. In this paper, we propose a data driven approach to view set selection. Given a set of example images, we extract statistics describing their contents and generate a set of views matching the distribution of those statistics. Motivated by semantic segmentation tasks, we model the spatial distribution of each semantic object category within an image view volume. We provide a search algorithm that generates a sampling of likely candidate views according to the example distribution, and a set selection algorithm that chooses a subset of the candidates that jointly cover the example distribution. Results of experiments with these algorithms on SUNCG indicate that they are indeed able to produce view distributions similar to an example set from NYUDv2 according to the earth mover's distance. Furthermore, the selected views improve performance on semantic segmentation compared to alternative view selection algorithms.
Novelty detection based approach for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment diagnosis from EEG.
Venue: Medical biological engineering computing
Year: 2021

Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed via means of daily activity assessment. The EEG recording evaluation is a supporting tool that can assist the practitioner to recognize the illness, especially in the early stages. This paper presents a new approach for detecting Alzheimer's disease and potentially mild cognitive impairment according to the measured EEG records. The proposed method evaluates the amount of novelty in the EEG signal as a feature for EEG record classification. The novelty is measured from the parameters of EEG signal adaptive filtration. A linear neuron with gradient descent adaptation was used as the filter in predictive settings. The extracted feature (novelty measure) is later classified to obtain Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. The proposed approach was cross validated on a dataset containing EEG records of 59 patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease; seven patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 102 controls. The results of cross validation yield 90.73% specificity and 89.51% sensitivity. The proposed method of feature extraction from EEG is completely new and can be used with any classifier for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease from EEG records.
Dissolving the Fermi Paradox
Year: 2018

The Fermi paradox is the conflict between an expectation of a high \em ex ante} probability of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe and the apparently lifeless universe we in fact observe. The expectation that the universe should be teeming with intelligent life is linked to models like the Drake equation, which suggest that even if the probability of intelligent life developing at a given site is small, the sheer multitude of possible sites should nonetheless yield a large number of potentially observable civilizations. We show that this conflict arises from the use of Drake like equations, which implicitly assume certainty regarding highly uncertain parameters. We examine these parameters, incorporating models of chemical and genetic transitions on paths to the origin of life, and show that extant scientific knowledge corresponds to uncertainties that span multiple orders of magnitude. This makes a stark difference. When the model is recast to represent realistic distributions of uncertainty, we find a substantial \em ex ante} probability of there being no other intelligent life in our observable universe, and thus that there should be little surprise when we fail to detect any signs of it. This result dissolves the Fermi paradox, and in doing so removes any need to invoke speculative mechanisms by which civilizations would inevitably fail to have observable effects upon the universe.
Naproxen With Cyclobenzaprine, Oxycodone/Acetaminophen, or Placebo for Treating Acute Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Venue: JAMA
Year: 2015

IMPORTANCE Low back pain (LBP) is responsible for more than 2.5 million visits to US emergency departments (EDs) annually. These patients are usually treated with nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, opioids, or skeletal muscle relaxants, often in combination.  To compare functional outcomes and pain at 1 week and 3 months after an ED visit for acute LBP among patients randomized to a 10 day course of (1) naproxen placebo; (2) naproxen cyclobenzaprine; or (3) naproxen oxycodone/acetaminophen.  This randomized, double blind, 3 group study was conducted at one urban ED in the Bronx, New York City. Patients who presented with nontraumatic, nonradicular LBP of 2 weeks' duration or less were eligible for enrollment upon ED discharge if they had a score greater than 5 on the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) The RMDQ is a 24 item questionnaire commonly used to measure LBP and related functional impairment on which 0 indicates no functional impairment and 24 indicates maximum impairment. Beginning in April 2012, a total of 2588 patients were approached for enrollment. Of the 323 deemed eligible for participation, 107 were randomized to receive placebo and 108 each to cyclobenzaprine and to oxycodone/acetaminophen. Follow up was completed in December 2014.  All participants were given 20 tablets of naproxen, 500 mg, to be taken twice a day. They were randomized to receive either 60 tablets of placebo; cyclobenzaprine, 5 mg; or oxycodone, 5 mg/acetaminophen, 325 mg. Participants were instructed to take 1 or 2 of these tablets every 8 hours, as needed for LBP. They also received a standardized 10 minute LBP educational session prior to discharge.  The primary outcome was improvement in RMDQ between ED discharge and 1 week later.  Demographic characteristics were comparable among the 3 groups. At baseline, median RMDQ score in the placebo group was 20 (interquartile range [IQR],17 21) in the cyclobenzaprine group 19 (IQR,17 21) and in the oxycodone/acetaminophen group 20 (IQR,17 22) At 1 week follow up, the mean RMDQ improvement was 9.8 in the placebo group, 10.1 in the cyclobenzaprine group, and 11.1 in the oxycodone/acetaminophen group. Between group difference in mean RMDQ improvement for cyclobenzaprine vs placebo was 0.3 (98.3% CI, 2.6 to 3.2; P .77) for oxycodone/acetaminophen vs placebo, 1.3 (98.3% CI, 1.5 to 4.1; P .28) and for oxycodone/acetaminophen vs cyclobenzaprine, 0.9 (98.3% CI, 2.1 to 3.9; P .45)  Among patients with acute, nontraumatic, nonradicular LBP presenting to the ED, adding cyclobenzaprine or oxycodone/acetaminophen to naproxen alone did not improve functional outcomes or pain at 1 week follow up. These findings do not support use of these additional medications in this setting.
Reversion and non reversion mechanisms of resistance to PARP inhibitor or platinum chemotherapy in BRCA1/2 mutant metastatic breast cancer
Year: 2019

Little is known about mechanisms of resistance to PARP inhibitors and platinum chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer and BRCA1/2 mutations. Further investigation of resistance in clinical cohorts may point to strategies to prevent or overcome treatment failure.  We obtained tumor biopsies from metastatic breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2 deficiency before and after acquired resistance to PARP inhibitor or platinum chemotherapy. Whole exome sequencing was performed on each tumor, germline DNA, and circulating tumor DNA. Tumors underwent RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemical staining for RAD51 foci on tumor sections was performed for functional assessment of intact homologous recombination.  Pre and post resistance tumor samples were sequenced from 8 patients (4 with BRCA1 and 4 with BRCA2 mutation; 4 treated with PARP inhibitor and 4 with platinum) Following disease progression on DNA damaging therapy, four patients (50% acquired at least one somatic reversion alteration likely to result in functional BRCA1/2 protein detected by tumor or circulating tumor DNA sequencing. Two patients with germline BRCA1 deficiency acquired genomic alterations anticipated to restore homologous recombination through increased DNA end resection: loss of TP53BP1 in one patient and amplification of MRE11A in another. RAD51 foci were acquired post resistance in all patients with genomic reversion, consistent with reconstitution of homologous recombination. All patients whose tumors demonstrated RAD51 foci post resistance were intrinsically resistant to subsequent lines of DNA damaging therapy.  Genomic reversion in BRCA1/2 was the most commonly observed mechanism of resistance, occurring in 4 of 8 patients. Novel sequence alterations leading to increased DNA end resection were seen in two patients, and may be targetable for therapeutic benefit. The presence of RAD51 foci by immunohistochemistry was consistent with BRCA1/2 protein functional status from genomic data and predicted response to later DNA damaging therapy, supporting RAD51 focus formation as a clinically useful biomarker.
Genome resources for climate resilient cowpea, an essential crop for food security
Venue: The Plant journal for cell and molecular biology
Year: 2017

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. is a legume crop that is resilient to hot and drought prone climates, and a primary source of protein in sub Saharan Africa and other parts of the developing world. However, genome resources for cowpea have lagged behind most other major crops. Here we describe foundational genome resources and their application to the analysis of germplasm currently in use in West African breeding programs. Resources developed from the African cultivar IT97K 499 35 include a whole genome shotgun (WGS) assembly, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) physical map, and assembled sequences from 4355 BACs. These resources and WGS sequences of an additional 36 diverse cowpea accessions supported the development of a genotyping assay for 51 128 SNPs, which was then applied to five bi parental RIL populations to produce a consensus genetic map containing 37 372 SNPs. This genetic map enabled the anchoring of 100 Mb of WGS and 420 Mb of BAC sequences, an exploration of genetic diversity along each linkage group, and clarification of macrosynteny between cowpea and common bean. The SNP assay enabled a diversity analysis of materials from West African breeding programs. Two major subpopulations exist within those materials, one of which has significant parentage from South and East Africa and more diversity. There are genomic regions of high differentiation between subpopulations, one of which coincides with a cluster of nodulin genes. The new resources and knowledge help to define goals and accelerate the breeding of improved varieties to address food security issues related to limited input small holder farming and climate stress.
Electronic versus conventional spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) fetal echocardiography: a direct comparison.
Venue: The journal of maternal fetal neonatal medicine the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians
Year: 2020

Recent advances in Spatial Temporal Image Correlation (STIC) 4 D fetal echocardiography include the application of eSTIC based on electronic probe image acquisition. We aimed to directly compare the performance of conventional STIC versus eSTIC technique (B Mode and color Doppler imaging) during off line reconstruction of STIC/eSTIC fetal heart volume pairs. Pairs of B Mode and Color Doppler STIC volumes were acquired sequentially by firstly conventional (STIC) followed by electronic (eSTIC) probes during 33 consecutive obstetric scans at median 23 (range 13 31) gestational weeks. The resulting 66 fetal heart volume pairs were assessed blindly off line by a fetal cardiologist who documented feasibility of reconstruction, presence of motion artifacts, subjective image quality on a 4 level scale: 1 best to 4 non diagnostic and morphological diagnosis, to enable a paired comparison of STIC and eSTIC in the same fetus under similar scanning conditions. eSTIC volumes had higher temporal resolution (37 vs. 24 frames per second, p .001) less motion during acquisition (12 vs. 20 cases, O.R. 7.0, p .002) and better average image quality (1.9 vs. 2.2, p .006) compared to STIC volumes. More diagnostic reconstructions were achieved by eSTIC (n 55, 86% than STIC (n 52, 78.8% p .001) in a comparable analysis time (mean 4.96 vs. 4.94 min) During a comparison of image quality of the original acquisition (A) and reconstructed planes (B and C planes) e STIC was superior in 22 (33% 39 (59% and 21 (38% volumes, respectively, with the remaining cases being of similar quality <10% in each plane in favor of STIC) Imaging mode and gestational age had a similar impact on both eSTIC and STIC performance: diagnostically acceptable studies in 49 (75.8% vs. 48 (72.2% by B Mode, 60 (90.9% vs. 56 (84.8% by Color Doppler Mode, 8 (62.5% vs. 10 (50% in early scans, 38 (95% vs. 38 (95% in mid gestation scans, and 7 (70% vs. 6 (60% in third trimester scans. Eight obstetric scans identified a fetus with a cardiac variant or structural abnormality. Diagnostic concordance of the two STIC approaches was comparable (40/48 concordant interpretations, kappa 0.657) all confirmed by fetal and/or postnatal echocardiography. eSTIC was associated with more effective 4 D fetal heart reconstruction due to reduced motion artifacts and superior image quality in all planes, when compared to STIC. Early gestation reconstructions were not generally successful using either technology. Further study is needed to define the cost effectiveness and diagnostic impact of eSTIC over conventional STIC and their role over, or in addition to, screening 2 D fetal echocardiography by appropriately trained sonographers.
Self attention convolutional neural network with time series imaging based feature extraction for transmission line fault detection and classification
Year: 2020

This paper introduces a novel self attention convolutional neural network (SAT CNN) model for detection and classification (FDC) of transmission line faults. The transmission lines continuously experience the number of shunt faults and its effect in the practical system rises the instability, line restoration cost and damages the load. Therefore, a robust and precise model is needed to detect and classify the faults for the rapid restoration of faulty phases. In this paper, we propose a SAT CNN framework with time series imaging based feature extraction model for FDC of a transmission line. To ensure the noise immunity performance, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been used to denoise the faulty voltage and current signals. The effectiveness of the proposed SAT CNN framework is tested by varying the input signals namely voltage, current, and combined voltage and current signal, under the various sampling frequencies. The robustness of the proposed model is verified by adding the noises to the input data. Results show that the proposed model is capable to perform precise classification and detection of transmission line faults with high accuracy. A comparison between the proposed and other state of the art FDC model is also studied to show the superiority of the proposed SAT CNN model.
Integral Knowledge Distillation for Multi Person Pose Estimation
Venue: IEEE Signal Processing Letters
Year: 2020

Both accuracy and efficiency are of equal importance to the human pose estimation. Most of the existing methods simply pursue excellent performance, sacrificing massive computing resources and memory. Out of this consideration, we present a novel compact and lightweight framework to train more efficient estimators using knowledge distillation. Three distillation mechanisms are proposed in our method from different perspectives, including logit distillation, feature distillation and structure distillation. Concretely, the logit distillation regards the output of teacher model as soft target to stimulate the student model. The feature distillation distills the high level features of the teacher model to assist the student. Unlike the above strategies, the structure distillation considers the problem in a global view, aiming at ensuring the student prediction contains quite abundant structure knowledge like the teacher. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our methods on two multi person pose estimation datasets (COCO and MPII) Specifically, our model can achieve competitive performance with the most state of the art methods and consume only \text{35} model parameters and GFLOPs of our baseline (SimpleBaseline ResNet 50) on the COCO dataset.
Liquidity and market efficiency in cryptocurrencies
Year: 2018

We examine the liquidity of 456 different cryptocurrencies, and show that return predictability diminishes in cryptocurrencies with high market liquidity. We show that whilst Bitcoin returns are showing signs of efficiency, numerous cryptocurrencies still exhibit signs of autocorrelation and non independence. Our findings also show a strong relationship between the Hurst exponent and liquidity on a cross sectional basis. Therefore, we conclude that liquidity plays a significant role in market efficiency and return predictability of new cryptocurrencies.