nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel 'Dilute and Shoot' Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Screening of Antihypertensive Drugs in Urine.
Venue: Journal of analytical toxicology
Year: 2016

Arterial hypertension is one of the most preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality with resistant hypertension reported to be present in 5 30% of the total hypertensive population. Despite the poor prognosis, as many as 53% of those with resistant hypertension are reported to be nonadherent to their prescribed medication. An objective test of adherence, which is easy to administer, quick, inexpensive and reliable, is therefore needed to identify patients with true resistance to antihypertensive drugs to optimize their treatment. We have developed a novel LC MS MS method for the detection of 23 commonly prescribed antihypertensive medications in urine. The validated method was subsequently applied to the analysis of urine from a cohort of 49 individuals who were taking at least one antihypertensive agent in the screening profile to determine their adherence. The screening method was found to be reproducible, sensitive and specific with the limit of detection ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 ug/L. Sample preparation is rapid (30 s) and simple, with a total analysis time of 11 min. The assay successfully identified the majority of drugs our cohort had admitted to taking (88% with drugs not detected in urine, potentially indicating nonadherence to prescribed medication. The performance of this simple, robust LC MS MS procedure is suitable for screening urine for the presence of commonly prescribed antihypertensive medications. The assay, which can easily be implemented in other laboratories, has the potential to significantly improve investigation and management of resistant hypertension.
The Lynx Mission Concept Study Interim Report.
Year: 2018

Lynx is the next generation observatory which will provide unprecedented X ray vision into the otherwise invisible Universe to gain understanding of origins and physics of the cosmos. Lynx will see the dawn of black holes, reveal what drives galaxy formation and evolution, and unveil the energetic side of stellar evolution and stellar ecosystems. Lynx science payload will enables radical advances and leaps in capability over NASA's existing flagship Chandra and the ESA's planned Athena mission: 100 fold increase in sensitivity via coupling superb angular resolution with high throughput; 16 times larger field of view (FOV) for sub arcsecond imaging; and 10 20 times higher spectral resolution for both point like and extended sources. The Lynx Design Reference Mission has been designed to meet the science objectives of the future while capitalizing where appropriate on decades of experience, and especially from efficient, flight proven approaches, design choices, and mission operations software and procedures developed for Chandra. While the science program outlined for Lynx in this report is already very broad, the observatory is designed such that there will be ample resources to execute many other programs, even those not anticipated today. Virtually all astronomers will be able to use Lynx for their own particular science.
Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete with Starch Admixture
Year: 2015

This paper examines some properties of concrete, such as strength, oxygen permeability and sorptivity using starch [cassava (CA) and maize (MS) as admixtures. Concrete cubes containing different percentages of the CA and MS by weight of cement (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 were cast. Compressive strength tests were carried out after 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, 90, 180, 270 and 365 days of curing. Oxygen permeability and sorptivity tests were carried out on another set of concrete specimens with the same percentages of starch at 7, 28, 90, 180, 270 and 365 days. Oxygen permeability and sorptivity tests data obtained were subjected to Kruskal Wallis one way analysis of variance by ranks. The strength increase after 1 year over the control for CA 0.5 and CA 1.0 are 2.7 and 3.8 respectively, while MS 0.5 and MS 1.0 gave 1.5 increase over control. These results showed a decrease in oxygen permeability and rates of sorptivity, with concretes containing starch as admixtures giving better performance than the control concretes.
Prediction of Ultimate Shear Capacity of FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups Using Neural Networks
Year: 2015

This paper explores the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with feed forward back propagation in constructing a model for predicting the ultimate shear capacity of slender beams reinforced longitudinally with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars as the ANNs techniques have shown promise for modeling complex relationships. The ANN model was trained and tested using experimental results of 166 beams under concentrated loads without shear reinforcement. The input layer of the ANN model comprised beam geometry, concrete and FRP reinforcement properties. The output layer of the model contained one parameter representing the ultimate shear strength of the beam. The ANN model successfully predicted the ultimate shear strength of FRP reinforced concrete beams within the range of the considered input shear parameters. The mean and the standard deviation of the experimental to the predicted shear strength (Vexp/Vpred) were 1.01 and 0.18 for the training data and 1.02 and 0.13 for the testing data, respectively. The close correlation between predicted and experimental shear strength shows that the ANN based modeling is a very reasonable method for predicting the ultimate shear capacity of FRP reinforced beams. The predicted shear strength capacities were also compared with the predictions of ACI 440 06, BISE 99, CSA S806 02, JSCE 97 guidelines and a proposed method. The comparison showed that the ANN model has a higher potential in predicting the ultimate shear strength of FRP reinforced concrete beams within the range of input shear parameters. Also the shear strength ratio (Vexp/Vpred) of the constructed ANN model, When compared with the other design methods, provides a uniform level of safety across the entire range of the input shear parameters of the testing data followed by the proposed method. The trained ANN model was also used to perform parametric studies to evaluate the effect of different input shear parameters on the ultimate shear capacity of FRP reinforced concrete beams. One of the interesting finding was that the normalized shear strength decreases with increasing beam depth which agrees well with the test results and the theoretical size effect analysis.
Multiple ROI Image Coding Method Using Maxshift over Low Bandwidth
Year: 2006

In this paper, we propose an enhanced ROI (Region of Interest) of image compression algorithm to transmit over communication link with low bandwidth. The proposed algorithm compress image that includes multiple ROI using Maxshift method in Part 1 of JPEG2000. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method with different bit rate. Simulation results show that the proposed method increases PSNR vs. compression ratio performance above the Maxshift method.
Sex specific effects of sitting vs standing on upper body muscle activity during text typing.
Venue: Applied ergonomics
Year: 2019

Standing computer work is increasingly popular. However, despite the higher rates of computer work related disorders in women, no studies have compared how standing work affects men and women. Twelve males and 12 females completed 90 min typing tasks in each posture while electromyography (EMG) data was recorded from eight muscles of the upper body. Results show that females had significantly higher EMG root mean squared (RMS) values in the anterior deltoid than males when seated, but higher EMG RMS in the medial trapezius than males when standing (SBC 0.05) In standing, they also had lower values than males in the erector spinae. Overall, standing elicited less activity in the upper trapezius, wrist extensors and erector spinae than sitting. Results suggest that the standing posture is generally less muscularly demanding than the seated one, although men and women's neck/shoulder musculature responds differently to the same task performed while seated or standing.
ROI based robust and secure image watermarking using DWT and Arnold map
Year: 2016

Three main requirements of any watermarking scheme are imperceptibility, robustness and security. In this paper, a new robust blind image watermarking scheme based on Region of Interest (ROI) using Arnold scrambling is proposed. The proposed scheme satisfies the requirements via using a watermark generated from the host image, the used embedding strategy and Arnold scrambling. In this paper, the ROI of the host image is used as the watermark image. First level DWT is applied to the watermark and approximation coefficients are chosen as information to be embedded. Each approximation coefficient is embedded into the low frequency sub band of a selected block of the host image in the wavelet domain. Before embedding, Arnold scrambling is performed on the approximation coefficients of the watermark as well as the blocks of the host image. This makes the scheme more robust and secure. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves high degree of security, imperceptibility and robustness against the variety of attacks.
ImageNet Auto Annotation with Segmentation Propagation
Venue: International Journal of Computer Vision
Year: 2014

ImageNet is a large scale hierarchical database of object classes with millions of images.We propose to automatically populate it with pixelwise object background segmentations, by leveraging existing manual annotations in the form of class labels and bounding boxes. The key idea is to recursively exploit images segmented so far to guide the segmentation of new images. At each stage this propagation process expands into the images which are easiest to segment at that point in time, e.g. by moving to the semantically most related classes to those segmented so far. The propagation of segmentation occurs both (a) at the image level, by transferring existing segmentations to estimate the probability of a pixel to be foreground, and (b) at the class level, by jointly segmenting images of the same class and by importing the appearance models of classes that are already segmented. Through experiments on 577 classes and 500k images we show that our technique (i) annotates a wide range of classes with accurate segmentations; (ii) effectively exploits the hierarchical structure of ImageNet; (iii) scales efficiently, especially when implemented on superpixels; (iv) outperforms a baseline GrabCut (Rother et al. 2004) initialized on the image center, as well as segmentation transfer from a fixed source pool and run independently on each target image (Kuettel and Ferrari 2012) Moreover, our method also delivers state of the art results on the recent iCoseg dataset for co segmentation.
Hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide: towards a more sustainable hydrogen economy
Year: 2019

The decomposition of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with simultaneous hydrogen (H2) generation offers a sustainable energy production option and an environmental pollution abatement strategy. H2S is both naturally occurring and human made. In the future, H2S production is expected to increase due to increased heavy oil refining. Currently, H2S is largely converted to sulfur and water using industrial processes such as the Claus process, however, it would be more useful and economical to convert H2S to sulfur and H2 instead. H2 currently comes from the steam reforming of natural gas, which is an energy intensive process. Because H2 is a valued commodity and global consumption is expected to increase, alternative sources of H2 and hydrogen conservation have become topics of active research. Alberta is an especially large consumer of H2 due to its oil sands processing. H2 from petroleum based H2S sources could be reused in petroleum upgrading, as a partial replacement of steam methane reforming. This review paper highlights some of the methods of H2S utilization, such as partial oxidation, reformation and decomposition techniques and approaches that convert H2S to sulfur, water and, more importantly, H2. To date, almost no technologies exist that are suitable for converting H2S to sulfur and H2 for industrial scale applications. Here, we survey the literature to identify the most promising approach.
Genesis revisited
Venue: Journal of periodontal implant science
Year: 2010

December 2 of this year became a memorable day in human history when NASA held a press conference to declare an epoch making finding. Felisa Wolfe Simon, a NASA astrobiologist at the US Geological Survey, led a team investigating a bacterium that can sustain its growth by replacing phosphorus with arsenic, an element generally harmful to living organisms. Her report was published online in the journal Science on the same day. Although the general public lost interest after the initial attention, if this finding holds up to scrutiny, it deserves to be recognized as a major discovery in the field of life science. The golden rule for the basis of life is that living organisms are composed of six essential elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. There has been no exception to this rule known among the organisms of the earth before the second day of December, 2010. To confirm the possibility of chemical replacement in the building blocks of life, these scientists collected the bacterium from the bottom of Mono Lake in California, USA. Marvelously, they found that a strain from the Halomonadaceae family of Gammaproteobacteira, GFAJ 1, gradually swapped out the element of phosphorus in its own body for the atom of arsenic which was notably included in its internal proteins and nucleic acids. They dubbed this discovery an exchange of one of the major bio elements and claimed that their finding may have profound evolutionary and geochemical significance. Although this bacterium seemed to be adapted
Effect of herb clover mixes of plantain and chicory on yearling lamb production in the early spring period
Year: 2015

Lamb production was evaluated in three herbage treatments (Pasture mix, Plantain mix and Chicory mix) in two consecutive early spring periods. The hypothesis was that the Plantain and Chicory mixes would produce greater weaned lamb liveweight gains than the Pasture mix. The lambs were rotationally grazed weekly in the herbage treatments and weighed fortnightly and carcass data collected at slaughter. Both Plantain and Chicory mixes produced heavier (P 0.05) carcasses at slaughter (21.1 0.11, 21.8 0.11 and 22.3 0.38 in Experiment 1 followed by 18.1 0.17, 20.3 0.17 and 19.7 0.17 in Experiment 2 for the Pasture, Plantain and Chicory mixes, respectively) Lambs had greater (P 0.05) liveweight gains and dressing out percentages in Experiment 2 (39.5 0.29, 41.4 0.29 and 41.3 0.29 for the Pasture, Plantain and Chicory mixes, respectively) than the Pasture mix in the early spring period. Therefore, these herb clover mixes could be an alternative feed source in the early spring period compared with ryegrass/white clover pastures for finishing lambs.
The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly
Year: 2009

Part 1 The genesis of the state: the shadow theatre of ethnicity the unequal state "little men" and "big men" the bourgeois illusion the opportunity state. Part 2 Scenarios in the pursuit of hegemony: conservative modernization or social revolution? the extreme scenarios the reciprocal assimilation of elites the hypothesis of an intermediate scenario the formation of an historic postcolonial bloc. Part 3 Political action: entrepreneurs, factions and political networks the politics of the belly.
Mean Age and Gender Distribution of Patients with Mental Disorders in Randomized Controlled Studies
Year: 2019

The mean age and gender distribution of patients seeking help for mental disorders have not yet been investigated systematically. Epidemiological surveys can provide data on gender distribution of disorders and an age range in which a disorder is most frequent, but do not offer data on the average help seeking patient, and they are usually conducted by lay interviewers with non clinical subjects. However, this information on age and gender can be simply extracted from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in which consecutive clinical patients are included. As it can be assumed that the average patient tends to participate in a clinical trial when her/his illness severity has reached its highpoint, the mean age of patients in RCTs is a good estimator of the peak severity of a disorder. In RCTs, diagnoses are made by psychiatrists and only clinical patients fulfilling a minimum degree of severity are included. From 10.465 records found by electronic and hand search, 832 eligible RCTs with 151,336 patients with the 19 most relevant mental disorders have been extracted. A table with the mean age, standard deviation and gender distributions of all major mental disorders is provided. These results can be used in scientific articles and educational materials and can help health care providers or researchers planning treatment programs. Patients can be informed about the natural course of the disorder. By determining the reasons why some disorders occur predominantly in a certain age or have an unbalanced gender distribution information the aetiology of these disorders may further be elucidated.
The heterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty acids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel
Year: 2008

Biodiesel produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils (VOs) has recently become more attractive on account of its environmental and economical benefits. In this work, a heterogeneous catalyst system was developed for the production of biodiesel from used VOs using a continuous process. The free fatty acids (FFA) contained in the used VOs, which cause several severe problems in transesterification catalysis, were converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) before the main biodiesel production process. The activities of several heterogeneous catalysts on the conversion of FFA were tested, with a WO 3 /ZrO 2 catalyst finally being selected. A method for preparing pellet type catalysts was also developed. The pellet type WO 3 /ZrO 2 catalyst showed highly active and durable catalytic activities in the continuous flow process. The steady state conversion of ca. 70% was obtained in a 140 h durability test. The acidic property and catalytic activity of WO 3 /ZrO 2 were attributed to the oxidation state of tungsten.
Coupling mechanism of activated carbon mixed with dust for flue gas desulfurization and denitrification.
Venue: Journal of environmental sciences
Year: 2020

To clarify the effect of coking dust, sintering dust and fly ash on the activity of activated carbon for various industrial flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, the coupling mechanism of the mixed activated carbon and dust was investigated to provide theoretical reference for the stable operation. The results show that coking dust had 34% desulfurization efficiency and 10% denitrification efficiency; correspondingly, sintering dust and fly ash had no obvious desulfurization and denitrification activities. For the mixture of activated carbon and dust, the coking dust reduced the desulfurization and denitrification efficiencies by blocking the pores of activated carbon, and its inhibiting effect on activated carbon was larger than its own desulfurization and denitrification activity. The sintering dust also reduced the desulfurization efficiency on the activated carbon while enhancing the denitrification efficiency. Fly ash blocked the pores of activated carbon and reduced its reaction activity. The reaction activity of coking dust mainly came from the surface functional groups, similar to that of activated carbon. The reaction activity of sintering dust mainly came from the oxidative property of Fe2O3, which oxidized NO to NO2 and promoted the fast selectively catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO to form N2. Sintering dust was activated by the joint action of activated carbon, and both had a coupling function. Sintering dust enhanced the adsorption and oxidation of NO, and activated carbon further promoted the reduction of NOx by NH3; thus, the denitrification efficiency increased by 5% 7% on the activated carbon.
A prediction correction based primal dual hybrid gradient method for linearly constrained convex minimization
Venue: Numerical Algorithms
Year: 2018

The primal dual hybrid gradient (PDHG) method has been widely used for solving saddle point problems emerged in imaging processing. In particular, PDHG can be used to solve convex problems with linear constraints. Recently, it was shown that without further assumptions, the original PDHG may fail to converge. In this paper, we modify the original PDHG to obtain a convergent method. The method is in a prediction correction fashion: the predictor is generated by PDHG and the correction is completed by two minor computations. The requirement of the step size parameters in our method is rs>14ATA$rs>\frac {1}{4}|A^{T}A\ which differs from some existing PDHG variants that require rs ATA, and hence allows for larger step sizes. We prove the global convergence and establish the O(1/t) nonergodic convergence rate result for the method (t represents the iteration number) Numerical results show that our method with larger step sizes needs less iterations than existing efficient methods to achieve the same accuracy.
Comparison of vertical breast displacement between two different sports bra designs
Year: 2014

Breast pain during exercise could come from the strain on the breast due to large repetitive breast motion. Proper sports bra should provide not only a support but also reduce breast movement. Since movement in each sport is different, several sport bras are presently designed for each particular sport motion such as walking, jogging and running. However, breast displacement of these sport bra designs has not been investigated particularly in Thailand. The purpose of this study was to compare vertical breast displacement between 3 conditions: no bra (NB) compression bra (CB) and encapsulation (EB) Thirty female collegiate athletes (meanage 22.33 2.7 yrs, meanwt 57.3 5.9 Kg,  cup size B75 C70 were volunteered in the study. All subjects were required to walk (3 km/hr) jog (6 km/hr) and run (9 km/hr) on the treadmill for 5 minutes under 3 bra conditions. The order of both bra conditions and activities were randomly assigned. Four retro reflective markers were placed on both nipples and on clavicles directly above nipple lines. Eight 100 Hz cameras were used to collect kinematic data. The results showed that no statistically significant differences of vertical breast displacement during walking and jogging between two types of sports bra. However, vertical breast displacement of EB during running was significantly greater than CB. Nevertheless, the displacement between the left and right sides was slightly different on EB while CB was almost symmetrical. In conclusion, CB provides greater support and reduction of vertical breast displacement. However, this design does not provide breast motion independently.