nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Few Shot Visual Learning Without Forgetting
Venue: 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Year: 2018

The human visual system has the remarkably ability to be able to effortlessly learn novel concepts from only a few examples. Mimicking the same behavior on machine learning vision systems is an interesting and very challenging research problem with many practical advantages on real world vision applications. In this context, the goal of our work is to devise a few shot visual learning system that during test time it will be able to efficiently learn novel categories from only a few training data while at the same time it will not forget the initial categories on which it was trained (here called base categories) To achieve that goal we propose (a) to extend an object recognition system with an attention based few shot classification weight generator, and (b) to redesign the classifier of a ConvNet model as the cosine similarity function between feature representations and classification weight vectors. The latter, apart from unifying the recognition of both novel and base categories, it also leads to feature representations that generalize better on "unseen" categories. We extensively evaluate our approach on Mini ImageNet where we manage to improve the prior state of the art on few shot recognition (i.e. we achieve 56.20% and 73.00% on the 1 shot and 5 shot settings respectively) while at the same time we do not sacrifice any accuracy on the base categories, which is a characteristic that most prior approaches lack. Finally, we apply our approach on the recently introduced few shot benchmark of Bharath and Girshick  where we also achieve state of the art results.
Nanoelectromechanical systems based on low dimensional nanomaterials: Beyond carbon nanotube and graphene nanomechanical resonators a brief review
Venue: 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE NANO)
Year: 2016

Recent experimental efforts in investigating low dimensional nanomaterials have spanned significantly beyond carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene, which are often considered hallmarks of one and two dimensional (1&2D) nanostructures. Emerging layered nanomaterials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) and black phosphorus (P) have enabled new device functions and potential applications thanks to their intriguing material properties unavailable in CNT and graphene. In particular, nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) based on these new nanostructures exhibit new and interesting device properties. This paper describes the recent progresses in exploring and engineering atomically thin semiconducting crystals into a new class of two dimensional nanoelectromechanical systems, which hold promises for building novel nanoscale transducers. Exploration of resonant NEMS based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) reveals in these new nanoscale systems very broad dynamic range, rich nonlinear dynamics, and outstanding electrical tunability. Further, recent investigations show that black P NEMS offer the unique opportunity for harnessing the strong mechanical anisotropy in this nanocrystal composed of corrugated atomic sheets, demonstrating potential towards new device functions and applications that are unavailable to CNT and graphene based devices and systems.
Design of Power and Area Efficient Approximate Multipliers
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Year: 2017

Approximate computing can decrease the design complexity with an increase in performance and power efficiency for error resilient applications. This brief deals with a new design approach for approximation of multipliers. The partial products of the multiplier are altered to introduce varying probability terms. Logic complexity of approximation is varied for the accumulation of altered partial products based on their probability. The proposed approximation is utilized in two variants of 16 bit multipliers. Synthesis results reveal that two proposed multipliers achieve power savings of 72% and 38% respectively, compared to an exact multiplier. They have better precision when compared to existing approximate multipliers. Mean relative error figures are as low as 7.6% and 0.02% for the proposed approximate multipliers, which are better than the previous works. Performance of the proposed multipliers is evaluated with an image processing application, where one of the proposed models achieves the highest peak signal to noise ratio.
Brexit: efectos en UK y en Espana
Year: 2017

British voters decided in a referendum of June 23, 2016, they wanted the United Kingdom leave the European Union (EU) producing the Brexit. The result of the referendum represents a critical turning point for the United Kingdom both for the EU and the member countries, generating effects on these. As a matter of fact, the main objective of this research study is to know the impact of the result of the call of the Brexit on the Spanish economy. The analysis will cover the following areas: trade, foreign direct investment, tourism, immigration, uncertainly index and real estate assets. Also, included a microeconomic view on the impact of Brexit on tourism in Barcelona and on the general elections of Spain in 2016.  Los resultados obtenidos fueron la no permanencia del Reino Unido en la Union Europea con el 51'9% de los votos totales frente al 48'1% de los que apoyaron continuar en Europa (Financial Times, 2016) De modo que se trata del primer caso de salida de un pais de la Union Europea y esto resulta muy novedoso y digno de objeto estudio, asi como las preocupaciones y la manera que repercute en la UE, paises integrantes y Espana. Para realzar su relevancia, si realizamos una busqueda en Google Trends, el termino "Referendum sobre el Brexit" obtiene la mayor puntuacion (100) en niveles de busquedas en Espana, muy por encima de "Elecciones generales de Espana de 2016" y las "Elecciones presidenciales de EEUU de 2016" como se muestra a continuacion. Analisis comparativo busquedas mas populares en la red Grafico 1. Fuente: elaboracion propia El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar que impacto y consecuencias tiene el resultado del referendum para la economia espanola. El trabajo se estructura de la siguiente forma: a modo de introduccion del tema central, se define que es el Brexit y que papel juega el Reino Unido en la Union Europea. Una vez puesto en contexto, ESCSE Adriana Tornos Brexit: Efectos en UK y en Espana 4 el trabajo se estructurara en cuatro partes diferenciadas. La primera hara referencia a los efectos mas visibles del Brexit mediante un analisis macroeconomico en el que se hara una comparativa del antes y despues del referendum y se hara una desagregacion por los sectores mas sensibles de algunos de ellos. En la segunda parte, se llevara a cabo un analisis de series temporales (X11) con el que se realizaran predicciones con el fin de observar algun patron en los efectos a corto plazo. La tercera parte, corresponde a un analisis del impacto des del punto de vista microeconomico, concretamente el impacto del resultado sobre el gasto del turista en la provincia de Barcelona. En el ultimo apartado, se realizara un estudio del impacto del Brexit sobre las elecciones generales de Espana de 2016. Palabras clave: Brexit, Reino Unido, Espana, efectos, flujo comercial, Union Europea, inversion extranjera directa, turismo, activos inmuebles, sector automovilistico, inmigracion.
A Historical Excursus on the Statistical Validation Parameters for QSAR Models: A Clarification Concerning Metrics and Terminology
Venue: J. Chem. Inf. Model.
Year: 2016

In the last years, external validation of QSAR models was the subject of intensive debate in the scientific literature. Different groups have proposed different metrics to find "the best" parameter to characterize the external predictivity of a QSAR model. This editorial summarizes the history of parameter development for the external QSAR model validation and suggests, once again, the concurrent use of several different metrics to assess the real predictive capability of QSAR models.
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Year: 2017

The Arab Spring protest marked the beginning of a new era in the Syrian Arab Republic in 2011. Minor public protests began almost immediately after the initial protests in Cairo in January 2011. The first large demonstrations began two months later in March, and the following months saw a process of escalation as demonstrations spread and increased in size within the country. By the summer of 2011, the armed conflict was already unfolding. Now in its sixth year, the Syrian conflict remains active and is bringing much pain and tragedy on a daily basis. This study provides an assessment of the conflict's impact on economic and social outcomes in Syria as of early 2017. Conflicts destroy tangible and intangible assets and leave deep marks on a country's social fabric, culture, and collective memories. The Syrian conflict has quickly become a particularly harsh example of this.
Self Medication and its Determinants in Women of Reproductive Age in Gorgan city in 2018 2019
Year: 2020

1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2. Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran 3. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Correspondence: Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan,  Email:
Adaptation and validation of receptive expressive emergent Language Test 3: Evidence from Hindi speaking children with cochlear implant.
Venue: International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology
Year: 2020

Selection of an effective tool for assessment of language learning outcomes in post cochlear implantation is always an important but challenging task. Receptive expressive emergent language test 3rd Eds.  is one of the comprehensive language assessment tools used in India. In case of administration of REELT 3, which is standardized in English speaking typically developing western population, to another language speaking population with post cochlear implant condition, the test outcome may get compromised owing to linguistics and population variability. The objective of the study is to test and validate REELT 3 in Hindi speaking children with cochlear implantation.  Ninety six typically developing children (22.3 6.9 months, 48 boys and 48 girls) and 96 children with cochlear implantation (25.8 9.2 months, 57 boys and 39 girls) participated in this study. As per the eligibility criteria of REELT 3, infants and toddlers with cochlear implant of age below 36 months participated in this study. Criterion, content and construct validity were tested using correlation based statistical analysis.  High content validity was established by obtaining very low correlation coefficient r 0.16 across two distinct population of typically developing children and children with cochlear implantation. Similarly, correlation coefficient of r 0.84 revealed high criterion validity across REELT 3 in English and Hindi speaking conditions. Finally, correlation coefficient of r 0.87was obtained between language raw score and chronological age to establish construct validity. Chronbach alpha coefficient (Chronbach a 0.85) and interclass correlation coefficient 0.87was observed for REELT 3 which suggests good internal consistency and test retest reliability, respectively. Receiver Operating Characteristics curve analysis of the REELT 3 suggested that area under curve 0.95 (95% CI 0.89 0.99, p 0.001) is excellent. The cut off Language Ability Score (LAS) was determined as 74.5 with the sensitivity of 87.9% and specificity of 84.1% infer high sensitivity and specificity.  These results validate that REELT 3 can be used in assessment of language outcome in Hindi speaking children with post cochlear implantation. Clinical assessment of receptive and expressive language will be beneficial in effective evaluation as well as in therapeutic planning.
7 bit phase shifter using SiGe BiCMOS technology for X band phased array applications
Year: 2017

Phase array T/R modules achieve high performance with III V technologies. However, the cost of III V technologies is high. Recent developments in SiGe BiCMOS technology show us that III V technology can be replaced with SiGe BiCMOS. Moreover, thanks to the integration of the CMOS, digitally controlled T/R modules can be realized with that technology. Power dissipation, area, and integration complexity can be reduced with SiGe BiCMOS technology. Also, the number of radiating elements and the cost of T/R module can be reduced with phase shifters with high phase resolution. In the light of these trends, this thesis presents a 7 bit low insertion loss SiGe X band (8 12 GHz) passive phase shifter, realized in IHP 0.25 m SiGe BiCMOS process. The phase shifter is based on high pass/low pass lter topology with a new proposed switching technique. This technique decreases the number of series switch by dividing each phase into 4 arms instead of two arms. Also, in this technique, instead of using two single pole switches consecutively, multiple pole switches are realized. Thanks to the IHP SiGe BiCMOS technology, isolated NMOSs are used which improve insertion loss of the phase shifter. The overall phase shifter is composed of BALUN, SP4T, DP4T, 4P4Ts, and phase blocks to create a phase shift for achieving 7 bit phase resolution. The return loss of each state is better than 10 dB and the phase shifter has an average of 14.5 dB insertion loss. Minimum 1 RMS phase error is obtained at 10 GHz. RMS phase error is better than 6 at 9 11 GHz band. The phase shifter occupies an area of 6 mm2 and it has no DC power consumption. The thesis also summarizes the work that was contributed as part of the complete TR Module generation. These include active and passive gain equalizers that are utilized in the Module to generate desired slope in the receiver transmitter chain.
Linking brain and culture: Universalism and differentialism
Venue: European Psychiatry
Year: 2011

In 2009, Joan Y. Chiao, one of the leading experts in Cultural Neuroscience, labeled the research field as ,a once and future discipline" Ten years ago neuroscientists began to study cultural phenomena applying functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Since then the number of publications and research grants related to this topic has tremendously increased. This was reason enough to examine the concepts of culture implicated, but rarely explicitly discussed, in these studies. Therefore we analyzed 42 English language manuscripts of original fMRI studies spanning from the advent of Cultural Neuroscience in the year 2000 to 2010 published in peer reviewed journals (indexed in large databases [MEDLINE, PsychInfo, PubMed) Common to all of them were cultural comparisons between divided groups and communities, as e.g. black vs. white, easterners vs. westerners, Asian vs. Caucasian, Americans vs. Turks. We reviewed the manuscripts with regard to the following aspects: type of comparison, the conveyed concept of culture using the classification by Reckwitz [normative, totality oriented, differentiation theoretical and the meaning and knowledge oriented] implicit valuation of the comparisons, and the artifact of the comparison. We extracted two main lines of reasoning: 1) Universal models for the interaction between cultures and2) investigations pursuing a differentiation of divided cultural groups. Both lines tend to simplify culture as an inflexible set of traits, specificities or biological diversities. We argue against the rigid understanding of culture, point out its disguised valuation and risks considering the Hackingian 'looping effect'
The evolution of educational leadership preparation programmes
Year: 2019

This article offers a review of extant literature specific to educational leadership preparation programmes. The author explains how leadership development and preparation programmes have evolved over time. Highlighted are: (1) historical contexts of educational leadership, (2) challenges faced when implementing quality graduate programmes in educational leadership, (3) a brief international perspective of educational leadership, and (4) reform efforts aimed at creating a new kind of graduate education in educational leadership. The authors conclude with final reflections.
Politeness Transfer: A Tag and Generate Approach
Venue: ACL
Year: 2020

This paper introduces a new task of politeness transfer which involves converting non polite sentences to polite sentences while preserving the meaning. We also provide a dataset of more than 1.39 instances automatically labeled for politeness to encourage benchmark evaluations on this new task. We design a tag and generate pipeline that identifies stylistic attributes and subsequently generates a sentence in the target style while preserving most of the source content. For politeness as well as five other transfer tasks, our model outperforms the state of the art methods on automatic metrics for content preservation, with a comparable or better performance on style transfer accuracy. Additionally, our model surpasses existing methods on human evaluations for grammaticality, meaning preservation and transfer accuracy across all the six style transfer tasks. The data and code is located at https:/github.com/tag and generate.
Survey on SAP and its application in public key cryptography
Venue: J. Math. Cryptol.
Year: 2020

The concept of the semigroup action problem (SAP) was first introduced by Monico in 2002. Monico explained in his paper that the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) can be generalized to SAP. After defining the action problem in a semigroup, the concept was extended using different mathematical structures. In this paper, we discuss the concept of SAP and present a detailed survey of the work which has been done using it in public key cryptography.
The Soviet Famine of 1931 1934: Genocide, a Result of Poor Harvests, or the Outcome of a Conflict Between the State and the Peasants?
Venue: Europe Asia Studies
Year: 2019

Interpretation of the Soviet famine of 1931 1934 (mainly in 1933) has long given rise to controversy. Publication of a Russian monograph by the leading spokesman for Russia in the international debates on the famine provides an opportunity both to analyse this Russian interpretation and to sum up the present state of knowledge about the famine and its causes.
Digital technology adoption in livestock production with a special focus on ruminant farming
Venue: Animal an international journal of animal bioscience
Year: 2020

Digitalisation is an integral part of modern agriculture. Several digital technologies are available for different animal species and form the basis for precision livestock farming. However, there is a lack of clarity as to which digital technologies are currently used in agricultural practice. Thus, this work aims to present for the first time the status quo in Swiss livestock farming as an example of a highly developed, small scale and diverse structured agriculture. In this context, the article focuses on the adoption of electronic sensors and measuring devices, electronic controls and electronic data processing options and the usage of robotics in ruminant farming, namely, for dairy cattle, dairy goats, suckler cows, beef cattle and meat sheep. Furthermore, the use of electronic ear tags for pigs and the smartphone usage for barn monitoring on poultry farms was assessed. To better understand the adoption process, farm and farmer's characteristics associated with the adoption of (1) implemented and (2) new digital technologies in ruminant farming were assessed using regression analyses, which is classified at a 10% adoption hurdle. The results showed clear differences in the adoption rates between different agricultural enterprises, with both types of digital technologies tending to be used the most in dairy farming. Easy to use sensors and measuring devices such as those integrated in the milking parlour were more widespread than data processing technologies such as those used for disease detection. The husbandry system further determined the use of digital technologies, with the result that farmers with tie stall barns were less likely to use digital technologies than farmers with loose housing systems. Additional studies of farmers' determinants and prospects of implementation can help identify barriers in the adoption of digital technologies.
Pay What You Want as a Marketing Strategy in Monopolistic and Competitive Markets
Venue: Manag. Sci.
Year: 2015

Pay what you want PWYW can be an attractive marketing strategy to price discriminate between fair minded and selfish customers, to fully penetrate a market without giving away the product for free, and to undercut competitors that use posted prices. We report on laboratory experiments that identify causal factors determining the willingness of buyers to pay voluntarily under PWYW. Furthermore, to see how competition affects the viability of PWYW, we implement markets in which a PWYW seller competes with a traditional seller. Finally, we endogenize the market structure and let sellers choose their pricing strategy. The experimental results show that outcome based social preferences and strategic considerations to keep the seller in the market can explain why and how much buyers pay voluntarily to a PWYW seller. We find that PWYW can be viable on a monopolistic market, but it is less successful as a competitive strategy because it does not drive traditional posted price sellers out of the market. Instead, the existence of a posted price competitor reduces buyers' payments and prevents the PWYW seller from fully penetrating the market. When given the choice, most sellers opt for setting a posted price rather than a PWYW pricing strategy. We discuss the implications of these results for the use of PWYW as a marketing strategy. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1946 This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Venue: Journal of NeuroVirology
Year: 2011

The world was shocked in early 2003 when a pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was imminent. The outbreak of this novel disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (the SARS coronavirus) hit hardest in the Asian Pacific region, though eventually it spread to five continents. The speed of the spread of the SARS epidemic was unprecedented due to the highly efficient intercontinental transportation. An international collaborative effort through the World Health Organization (WHO) has helped to identify the aetiological agent about 1 month after the onset of the epidemic. The power of molecular biology and bioinformatics has enabled the complete decoding of the viral genome within weeks. Over 1000 publications on the phylogeny, epidemiology, genomics, laboratory diagnostics, antiviral, immunization, pathogenesis, clinical disease, and management accumulated within just 1 year. Although the exact animal reservoir of virus and how it evolved into a human pathogen are still obscure, accurate diagnosis and epidemiological control of the disease are now possible. This article reviews what is currently known about the virus and the disease.