nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A note on the integrality gap of the configuration LP for restricted Santa Claus
Venue: Inf. Process. Lett.
Year: 2020

In the restricted Santa Claus problem we are given resources \mathcal R$ and players \mathcal P$ Every resource $j\in\mathcal R$ has a value $v_j$ and every player $i$ desires a set \mathcal R(i) of resources. We are interested in distributing the resources to players that desire them. The quality of a solution is measured by the least happy player, i.e. the lowest sum of resource values. This value should be maximized. The local search algorithm by Asadpour et al. and its connection to the configuration LP has proved itself to be a very influential technique for this and related problems. In the original proof, a local search was used to obtain a bound of $4$ for the ratio of the fractional to the integral optimum of the configuration LP (integrality gap) This bound is non constructive since the local search has not been shown to terminate in polynomial time. On the negative side, the worst instance known has an integrality gap of $2$ Although much progress was made in this area, neither bound has been improved since. We present a better analysis that shows the integrality gap is not worse than $3 5/6 \approx 3.8333$
Effect of sourdough fermentation on the quality of Chinese Northern style steamed breads
Year: 2012

The effect of spontaneous and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (LS) Lactobacillus brevis (LBr) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus (LB) strains) on the specific volume, crumb texture, volatiles profile and other aspects of steamed bread quality were studied. The addition of sourdough starter significantly decreased dough water absorption, development time and stability while increasing steam bread specific volume. The fermentation with LAB starters reached the desired pH 4 five times faster than the spontaneous starters. Steamed bread leavened with LS and LB starters had the softest crumb texture whereas LP and LBr starters produced the lowest setback viscosity. From the total of 77 compounds identified in sourdough steamed bread, ethanol and 3 methyl 1 butanol were the most abundant. All sourdough steamed breads had 22 compounds in common, which represented about 90% of the total peak area. But unique volatile compounds were present in sourdough steamed bread with different starters.
Pathological gambling and the loss of willpower: a neurocognitive perspective
Venue: Socioaffective neuroscience psychology
Year: 2013

The purpose of this review is to gain more insight on the neurocognitive processes involved in the maintenance of pathological gambling. Firstly, we describe structural factors of gambling games that could promote the repetition of gambling experiences to such an extent that some individuals may become unable to control their gambling habits. Secondly, we review findings of neurocognitive studies on pathological gambling. As a whole, poor ability to resist gambling is a product of an imbalance between any one or a combination of three key neural systems: (1) an hyperactive 'impulsive' system, which is fast, automatic, and unconscious and promotes automatic and habitual actions; (2) a hypoactive 'reflective' system, which is slow and deliberative, forecasting the future consequences of a behavior, inhibitory control, and self awareness; and (3) the interoceptive system, translating bottom up somatic signals into a subjective state of craving, which in turn potentiates the activity of the impulsive system, and/or weakens or hijacks the goal driven cognitive resources needed for the normal operation of the reflective system. Based on this theoretical background, we focus on certain clinical interventions that could reduce the risks of both gambling addiction and relapse.
Stress Induced Domain Wall Motion in a Ferroelastic Mn3+ Spin Crossover Complex
Venue: Angewandte Chemie
Year: 2020

Domain wall motion is detected for the first time during the transition to a ferroelastic and spin state ordered phase of a spin crossover complex. Single crystal X ray diffraction and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) revealed two distinct symmetry breaking phase transitions in the mononuclear Mn3+ compound [Mn(3,5 diBr sal2(323)]BPh4, 1. The first at 250 K, involves the space group change Cc Pc and is thermodynamically continuous, while the second, Pc P1 at 85 K, is discontinuous and related to spin crossover and spin state ordering. Stress induced domain wall mobility was interpreted on the basis of a steep increase in acoustic loss immediately below the the Pc P1 transition
Endogenous Group Formation via Unproductive Costs
Venue: The Review of economic studies
Year: 2013

Sacrifice is widely believed to enhance cooperation in churches, communes, gangs, clans, military units, and many other groups. We find that sacrifice can also work in the lab, apart from special ideologies, identities, or interactions. Our subjects play a modified VCM game one in which they can voluntarily join groups that provide reduced rates of return on private investment. This leads to both endogenous sorting (because free riders tend to reject the reduced rate option) and substitution (because reduced private productivity favours increased club involvement) Seemingly unproductive costs thus serve to screen out free riders, attract conditional cooperators, boost club production, and increase member welfare. The sacrifice mechanism is simple and particularly useful where monitoring difficulties impede punishment, exclusion, fees, and other more standard solutions.
Forecasting operating profitability with DuPont analysis: Further evidence
Year: 2014

The purpose of this study is to re examine the relation between changes in profit margin ?PM) and changes in return on net operating assets ?RNOA) by partitioning on the direction of the change in PM. DuPont analysis provides a means of disaggregating a firm's return on net operating assets (RNOA) into asset turnover (ATO) and profit margin (PM) components to gain insights into the underlying drivers of operating profitability. Prior research finds that changes in ATO are informative about one year ahead changes in RNOA, while changes in PM are not.  Consistent with prior research, regression analysis is used to develop a predictive model for one year ahead changes in RNOA. Results based on in sample parameter estimates are used to examine the out of sample forecasting accuracy of alternative model specifications.  The results are consistent with significant forecast improvement resulting from considering the impact on future RNOA of the direction of the ?PM.  The study contributes to the literature on the determinants of profitability ratios by providing further guidance on how financial statement information can be utilized to improve forecasts of firm performance.
Brand Identity, Adaptation, and Media Franchise Culture
Year: 2014

In spite of the noticeable practices within the field of Adaptation, Adaptation theory seems to be lagging behind whilst perpetuating various fallacies. Geoffrey Wagner's types of Adaptation and Kamilla Elliott's proposed concepts for examining adaptations have proved useful but due to their general applicability they seem to perpetuate the fallacies existing within the field of Adaptation. This article will propose a context specific concept pertaining to Media Franchise Culture for the purpose of examining Adaptations and re assessing long held debates concerning the Original, the Content/Form debate and Fidelity issues that cater to the twelve fallacies discussed by Thomas Leitch.
Tube based MPC for Actuator fault Tolerance using Set based Passive Fault Detection and Active Fault Isolation
Year: 2014

In this paper, an actuator fault tolerant control (FTC) scheme is proposed, which is based on tube based model predictive control (MPC) and set theoretic fault detection and isolation (FDI) As a robust MPC technique, tube based MPC, can effectively deal with system constraints and uncertainties with relatively low computational complexity. Set based FDI can robustly detect and isolate actuator faults. Here, fault detection (FD) is passive by invariant sets, while fault isolation (FI) is active by tubes. Using the constraint handling ability of MPC controllers, an active FI approach is implemented. A numerical example illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
PENGUKURAN PROTEIN TERLARUT AIR CUCIAN GELEMBUNG RENANG DAN KULIT IKAN TUNA MENGGUNAKAN METODE BRADFORD
Year: 2019

Salah satu tahapan pada proses ekstraksi kolagen menggunakan bahan baku gelembung renang dan kulit ikan tuna adalah pretreatment, yaitu tahapan eliminasi substansi non kolagen deproteinase menggunakan NaOH. Untuk melanjutkan proses ekstraksi bahan baku tersebut harus dinetralisasi hingga pH netral. Pada proses netralisasi inilah diduga adanya protein terlarut yang ikut terbuang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui protein terlarut dari air cucian gelembung renang dan kulit ikan tuna pada proses netralisasi pada proses ekstraksi kolagen. Pengukuran kadar protein terlarut air cucian gelembung renang dan kulit ikan tuna menggunakan metode Bradford. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui 4 tahap yaitu pembuatan BSA sebagai protein standar, pembuatan reagen Bradford, pembuatan kurva standar, dan pengukuran kadar protein yang diperoleh dari perhitungan nilai absorbansi yang dimasukkan kedalam persamaan liner. Kadar protein yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian yaitu 0,272 mg/mL dan 0,270 mg/mL pada proses netralisasi I dan II gelembung renang ikan tuna menggunakan NaOH 0,1 M dan ekstraksi asam asetat 0,2 M; 0,060 mg/mL dan 0,033 mg/mL pada proses netralisasi I dan II kulit ikan tuna menggunakan NaOH 0,2 M dan ekstraksi asam asetat 0,1 M; 0,149 mg/mL dan 0,048 mg/mL pada proses netralisasi I dan II kulit ikan tuna menggunakan NaOH 0,2 M dan ekstraksi asam asetat 0,05 M.
e Court Dutch Alternative Online Resolution of Debt Collection Claims
Venue: International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution
Year: 2019

In 2017, the Dutch alternative dispute resolution (ADR) initiative e Court handled 20,000 debt collection claims via an online arbitration procedure, and this number was expected to double in 2018. In September of that same year, the Chairman for the Council of the Judiciary, Frits Bakker, argued on the Day for the Judiciary that in the future most lawsuits can be handled automatically and that a robot judge could work fast, efficiently and cheaply. However, in January 2018, Frits Bakker seemed to have changed his mind and criticized e Court for its lack of impartiality, lack of transparency, unlawfully denying people the right to a state Court, and for being a 'robot judge' Ultimately, all criticism boiled down to one issue: that the defendant's right to a fair trial was not sufficiently protected in e Court's procedure. This accusation led to a huge media outcry, and as a result Courts were no longer willing to grant an exequatur to e Court's arbitral awards until the Supreme Court had given its approval.  Questions such as 'is arbitration desirable in the case of bulk debt collection procedures? and 'are arbitration agreements in standard terms of consumer contracts desirable? are relevant and important, but inherently political. In this article, we argue that the conclusion of the judiciary and media that e Court's procedure is in breach of the right to a fair trial is not substantiated by convincing legal arguments. Our aim is not to evaluate whether online arbitration is the best solution to the debt collection claim congestion of Courts in the Netherlands, but instead to assess e Court's procedure in the light of Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The conclusion is that e Court's procedure sufficiently guarantees the right to a fair trial and thus that the criticism expressed was of a political rather than legal nature.
Estudo da competencia de resolver problemas complexos
Year: 2019

The article presents a study of the skill called solving complex problems, It is definition as the ability to identify problems and to review information to develop and evaluate options andimplement solutions. The present study also makes ananalysis of this context in Brazil, investigating data from the educational system that show that it is producing a shortage of qualified professionals able to follow the progress of technological evolution. The data the sample reveals the complex problems that are present in the professionals' routine, but the solution presented is not always the best one. The labor market is already demanding professionals with this competence with a future projection of increasing demand in the coming years.
An Experimental Study on the Variation of COVIMEP and Ringing Intensity at Different Air Excess Coefficients in a HCCI Engine
Year: 2019

Increasing depletion of petroleum based fuels and consequently increasing cost have led researchers to develop new engines with low fuel consumption, high thermal efficiency and high performance. In addition, researchers are working intensively to reduce the pollutant effect of exhaust gases from internal combustion engines on the environment and to meet emission regulations imposed by governments  The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines are more advantageous compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines due to their high thermal efficiency, low NOx emissions and low heat transfer losses. In SI engines, when the air/fuel mixture is ignited by spark plug, high temperatures are generated in the regions where the flame front spreads, which causes high NOx emissions to occur. In order to meet emission limitations in SI engines, three way catalytic converter or EGR applications are being tried to reduce NOx emissions. In CI engines, fuel is injected into compressed high pressure air to start combustion. For this reason, soot emissions are obtained to result of the ignition of the fuel in the rich mixing zone. Moreover, high temperature combustion zones cause to NOx emissions in CI engines. In HCCI engines, the air fuel mixture is formed outside of the cylinder or fuel injected into the cylinder too early crank angle. The homogeneous mixture in the cylinder is then compressed and simultaneous self ignition occurs throughout the entire cylinder. As a result of, HCCI combustion mode is able to reduce both NOx and soot emissions simultaneously and effectively. HCCI engine can operate in lean mixtures without flame propagation. Therefore, low temperature combustion can be achieved [3 4] In addition to the current benefits of HCCI engines, problems such as ignition timing and control of combustion rate must be solved before commercial use is practically applied. It is rather difficult to come up with these two problems. First, there is no mechanism in the HCCI engine that controls ignition as a spark plug or controls the diffusion combustion phase by injecting fuel after combustion, such as direct injection. Secondly, chemical reactions due to fuel properties are more dominant in HCCI combustion. This means that low loads can cause misfiring and high loads can lead to knocking. Hence, the HCCI engine has a limited operating range. A number of
The Role of Social Media in Lifelong Informal Learning Among Members of Society
Venue: 2018 JCCO Joint International Conference on ICT in Education and Training, International Conference on Computing in Arabic, and International Conference on Geocomputing (JCCO: TICET ICCA GECO)
Year: 2018

The current study aimed at exploring the role of social media in Lifelong informal Learning among a sample of social media users through investigating the extent of their use of different types of social media and the various fields of knowledge and sciences acquired through this use. Furthermore, the study aimed at investigating the users' estimation of the both positive and negative roles in lifelong informal learning in addition to the effect of some variables. The study was administered in the summer of 2018 among 210 people chosen by using the snowball sampling method to represent different sectors of the Palestinian society. To collect the required data, an electronic questionnaire was employed. Results revealed that the social media applications were the most used which scored a high degree (87.4 chatting applications were the second which scored (83 ,the third was video sharing applications (73.6% the fourth was scored by the forums (68.3% the fifth was scored by the free sites (67.5 the last and the least was the blogs (51.2% The study also found that the three highest fields followed by the users included the religious knowledge and intellectual beliefs, education and lastly health and medicine. It was also found that the social media plays a a positive role in lifelong informal learning as revealed by 87.5% of the sample of the study while 84.8 of the sample stated that social media have a negative role in the society.
An Introduction to Machine Learning
Venue: Springer International Publishing
Year: 2017

The field of machine learning has a long history and it has been well researched but it is in recent years that it gained major acceptance as computing power has reached a peak point so to make it useful for many applications in the daily life of humans. This document discusses the basic concepts, models and formulations behind the problems of machine learning, influence maximization, and network diffusion. It also analyzes the selected algorithms that were developed to address the above problems. It offers a high level view of the requirements, assumptions and complexity associated with these interesting problems, as well as their connection with real life scenarios. For a more rigorous and in depth analysis and study the reader is referred to the literature that is cited and listed throughout this document. In particular [1] is an excellent reference for machine learning.
An Autophagic Flux Probe that Releases an Internal Control.
Venue: Molecular cell
Year: 2016

Macroautophagy is an intracellular degradation system that utilizes the autophagosome to deliver cytoplasmic components to the lysosome. Measuring autophagic activity is critically important but remains complicated and challenging. Here, we have developed GFP LC3 RFP LC3DG, a fluorescent probe to evaluate autophagic flux. This probe is cleaved by endogenous ATG4 proteases into equimolar amounts of GFP LC3 and RFP LC3DG. GFP LC3 is degraded by autophagy, while RFP LC3DG remains in the cytosol, serving as an internal control. Thus, autophagic flux can be estimated by calculating the GFP/RFP signal ratio. Using this probe, we re evaluated previously reported autophagy modulating compounds, performed a high throughput screen of an approved drug library, and identified autophagy modulators. Furthermore, we succeeded in measuring both induced and basal autophagic flux in embryos and tissues of zebrafish and mice. The GFP LC3 RFP LC3DG probe is a simple and quantitative method to evaluate autophagic flux in cultured cells and whole organisms.
Market Based Optimization for Detection and Tracking of Resident Space Objects
Year: 2009

Future space based sensors have more complex data processing requirements and thus need more efficient sensor management tools to ensure their effective operation. Moreover, the dynamic, real time nature of the domain requires a solution capable of adaptive scheduling. Here, we propose a market based approach to optimize the detection and tracking of resident space objects that encompasses the sensor system as a whole, including the network resources and computational power that support sensor tasks. Our market based optimization approach applies solutions from economic theory, particularly game theory, to the resource allocation problem by creating an artificial market for sensor information and computational resources. Intelligent agents are the buyers and sellers in this market, and they represent all the elements of the sensor network, from sensors to sensor platforms to computational resources. These agents interact based on a negotiation mechanism that determines their bidding strategies. This negotiation mechanism and the agents bidding strategies are based on game theory, and they are designed so that the aggregate result of the multi agent negotiation process is a market in competitive equilibrium, which guarantees an optimal allocation of resources throughout the sensor network. This approach was chosen in large part for its superior computational efficiency, based on the mathematical foundations of economic theory.
First principles intensity calculations of the methane rovibrational spectra in the infrared up to 9300 cm( 1)
Venue: Physical chemistry chemical physics PCCP
Year: 2013

We report global calculations of rovibrational spectra and dipole transition intensities of methane using our recent ab initio dipole moment and potential surfaces [Nikitin et al.  2011, 501, 179; 2013, 565, 5] For the full symmetry account, a recently published variational tensor formalism in normal modes [Rey et al.  2012, 136, 244106] is applied, the convergence of high J calculations being improved by the use of vibrational eigenfunctions to make a compressed basis set for solving the rovibrational problem. Comparisons of theoretical predictions up to J 25 for various complex polyads of methane involving strongly coupled vibration rotation bands support the validity of this new approach. For the first time, positions and line intensities at 80 K and 296 K are shown to be in excellent agreement with raw experimental data, even for high energy ranges. The theoretical predictions also correctly describe the isotopic effects in line positions and intensities due to the CH4 CD4 substitution which is considered as the test for the method. This work is a first step toward the theoretical interpretation of numerous methane bands which remain still unassigned and detailed line by line absorption/emission spectra analyses for atmospheric and planetological applications.
Enabling Shared Leadership in Virtual Project Teams: A Practitioners' Guide
Year: 2016

Many virtual project teams perform better when leadership is shared (rather than centralized with the formal team leader) however, team leaders are often neither prepared to identify shared leadership potential nor to actually share leadership responsibility. Based on a study of 96 globally dispersed software development teams we show that team leaders tend to underestimate the team members' capacity to lead themselves. As a consequence, these leaders monopolize decision making authority and provide insufficient levels of autonomy for team members to tackle their tasks. Preventing the team members from unfolding their true potential, these leaders unconsciously jeopardize virtual team performance. Paradoxically, it is thus team leaders themselves hindering leadership effectiveness in virtual teams.