nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Allegations of Failure to Obtain Informed Consent in Spinal Surgery Medical Malpractice Claims
Venue: JAMA surgery
Year: 2017

Predictive factors associated with increased risk of medical malpractice litigation have been identified, including severity of injury, physician sex, and error in diagnosis. However, there is a paucity of literature investigating informed consent in spinal surgery malpractice.  To investigate the failure to obtain informed consent as an allegation in medical malpractice claims for patients undergoing a spinal procedure.  In this retrospective cohort study, a national medicolegal database was searched for malpractice claim cases related to spinal surgery for all years available (ie, January 1, 1980, through December 31, 2015)  Failure to obtain informed consent and associated medical malpractice case verdict.  A total of 233 patients (117 [50.4% male and 116 [49.8% female; 80 with no informed consent allegation and 153 who cited lack of informed consent) who underwent spinal surgery and filed a malpractice claim were studied (mean [SD] age, 47.1 [13.1] years in the total group, 45.8 [12.9] years in the control group, and 47.9 [13.3] years in the informed consent group) Median interval between year of surgery and year of verdict was 5.4 years (interquartile range, 4 7 years) The most common informed consent allegations were failure to explain risks and adverse effects of surgery (52 [30.4% and failure to explain alternative treatment options (17 [9.9% In bivariate analysis, patients in the control group were more likely to require additional surgery (45 [56.3% vs 53 [34.6% P .002) and have more permanent injuries compared with the informed consent group (46 [57.5% vs 63 [42.0% P .03) On multivariable regression analysis, permanent injuries were more often associated with indemnity payment after a plaintiff verdict (odds ratio [OR] 3.12; 95% CI, 1.46 6.65; P .003) or a settlement (OR, 6.26; 95% CI, 1.06 36.70; P .04) Informed consent allegations were significantly associated with less severe (temporary or emotional) injury (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28 0.97; P .04) In addition, allegations of informed consent were found to be predictive of a defense verdict vs a plaintiff ruling (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.17 0.98; P .046) or settlement (OR, 0.01; 95% CI, 0.001 0.15; P .001)  Lack of informed consent is an important cause of medical malpractice litigation. Although associated with a lower rate of indemnity payments, malpractice lawsuits, including informed consent allegations, still present a time, money, and reputation toll for physicians. The findings of this study can therefore help to improve preoperative discussions to protect spinal surgeons from malpractice claims and ensure that patients are better informed.
A thermostable, closed, SARS CoV 2 spike protein trimer
Year: 2020

The spike (S) protein of SARS CoV 2 mediates receptor binding and cell entry and is the dominant target of the immune system. S exhibits substantial conformational flexibility. It transitions from closed to open conformations to expose its receptor binding site, and subsequently from prefusion to postfusion conformations to mediate fusion of viral and cellular membranes. S protein derivatives are components of vaccine candidates and diagnostic assays, as well as tools for research into the biology and immunology of SARS CoV 2. Here we have designed mutations in S which allow production of thermostable, crosslinked, S protein trimers that are trapped in the closed, pre fusion, state. We have determined the structures of crosslinked and non crosslinked proteins, identifying two distinct closed conformations of the S trimer. We demonstrate that the designed, thermostable, closed S trimer can be used in serological assays. This protein has potential applications as a reagent for serology, virology and as an immunogen.
Le destinazioni balneari: un modello integrato per lo studio della fidelizzazione del segmento turistico giovanile
Year: 2016

The study aims to develop a theoretical framework to analyze tourist loyalty relative to choice of destination.  The research model proposed is tested by means of an empirical study conducted on a sample of students who travel regularly for pleasure or leisure. To verify reliability relative to the measurement model, a confirmatory factor analysis was carried out. The path analysis was conducted using a structural equation model (SEM) Findings The paper confirms the hypothesis that in addition to traditional motives of push and pull, tourist fidelity is also influenced by commitment.  The main limitation is the sample population, in that it is not representative of all tourist segments.  The paper helps organizations, managers and politicians to better manage tourist services and tourist destination offer, in particular with respect to actions to put in place relative to destination and communication models.  The work attempts to integrate various models in order to study tourist fidelity, in particular incorporating and combining in the model of push (internal) and pull (external) factors the theory of commitment.
Twin cocoon derived self standing nitrogen oxygen rich monolithic carbon material as the cost effective electrode for redox flow batteries
Venue: Journal of Power Sources
Year: 2019

Developing cost effective and environmental friend electrode material is critical to accelerate the large scale commercialization of the all vanadium redox flow batteries. Herein, we propose and develop a twin cocoon derived self standing carbon material by a green and safe preparation method. This facile degumming and carbonization process allows the twin cocoon derived monolithic carbon material to be decorated with nitrogen defects and oxygen functional groups. It has been demonstrated that this nitrogen oxygen rich monolithic carbon electrode material yields a promoted electrochemical activity for both V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2+ couples, causing a 50% decrease in redox potential difference and a 192% increase in diffusion slope as compared with the commercial carbon paper, thereby improving the electrochemical reversibility and enhancing the mass transfer kinetics. It is also found that the flow battery using nitrogen oxygen rich monolithic carbon electrode material shows 83% higher average discharge capacity and 20% higher energy efficiency than that with carbon paper at the current density of 100 mA cm 2, promising a high performance and low cost all vanadium redox flow battery. This work opens a new way to developing monolithic carbon electrode material that possesses great potential applications in flow battery and other electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems.
HUBUNGAN VARIASI GAYA MENGAJAR GURUDAN KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR SISWA DENGANHASIL BELAJAR IPS KELAS V SDN KECAMATANPETARUKAN KABUPATEN PEMALANG
Year: 2019

IPS merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran yang diajarkan di SD. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan guru kelas V SDN Kecamatan Petarukan Kabupaten Pemalang diketahui banyak siswa memperoleh hasil belajar IPS dibawah KKM dikarenakan antara lain variasi gaya mengajar guru yang monoton dan rendahnya kemandirian belajar siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menguji hubungan antara variasi gaya mengajar guru dengan hasil belajar IPS kelas V; (2) menguji hubungan antara kemandirian belajar siswa dengan hasil belajar IPS kelas V; dan (3) menguji hubungan antara variasi gaya mengajar guru dan kemandirian belajar siswa secara bersama sama dengan hasil belajar IPS kelas V SDN di Petarukan Kabupaten Pemalang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian korelasi dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 197 siswa dan sampel berjumlah 143 siswa dengan teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket, observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu statistik deskriptif, uji hipotesis, dan koefisien determinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) terdapat hubungan antara variasi gaya mengajar guru dengan hasil belajar IPS kelas V dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,616; (2) terdapat hubungan antara kemandirian belajar siswa dengan hasil belajar IPS kelas V dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,569; (3) terdapat hubungan antara variasi gaya mengajar guru dan kemandirian belajar siswa secara bersama sama dengan hasil belajar IPS kelas V dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,738. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan variasi gaya mengajar guru dengan hasil belajar IPS kelas V, terdapat hubungan kemandirian belajar siswa dengan hasil belajar IPS kelas V, dan terdapat hubungan variasi gaya mengajar guru dan kemandirian belajar siswa secara bersama sama dengan hasil belajar IPS kelas V. Saran untuk guru hendaknya memaksimalkan pengadaan variasi dalam gaya mengajarnya untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa, dan untuk kemandirian belajar siswa hendaknya guru mengetahui karakteristik siswa sehingga dapat membantu meningkatkan kemandirian belajar siswa tersebut.
The Influence of Rotary Blood Pump Speed Modulation on the Risk of Intraventricular Thrombosis
Venue: Artificial organs
Year: 2018

Rotary left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are commonly operated at a constant speed, attenuating blood flow pulsatility. Speed modulation of rotary LVADs has been demonstrated to improve vascular pulsatility and pump washout. The effect of LVAD speed modulation on intraventricular flow dynamics is not well understood, which may have an influence on thromboembolic events. This study aimed to numerically evaluate intraventricular flow characteristics with a speed modulated LVAD. A severely dilated anatomical left ventricle was supported by a HeartWare HVAD in a three dimensional multiscale computational fluid dynamics model. Three LVAD operating scenarios were evaluated: constant speed and sinusoidal co and counter pulsation. In all operating scenarios, the mean pump speed was set to restore the cardiac output to 5.0 L/min. Co and counter pulsation was speed modulated with an amplitude of 750 rpm. The risk of thrombosis was evaluated based on blood residence time, ventricular washout, kinetic energy densities, and a pulsatility index map. Blood residence time for co pulsation was on average 1.8 and 3.7% lower than constant speed and counter pulsation mode, respectively. After introducing fresh blood to displace preexisting blood for 10 cardiac cycles, co pulsation had 1.5% less old blood in comparison to counter pulsation. Apical energy densities were 84 and 27% higher for co pulsation in comparison to counter pulsation and constant speed mode, respectively. Co pulsation had an increased pulsatility index around the left ventricular outflow tract and mid ventricle. Improved flow dynamics with co pulsation was caused by increased E wave velocities which minimized blood stasis. In the studied scenario and from the perspective of intraventricular flow dynamics, co pulsation of rotary LVADs could minimize the risk of intraventricular thrombosis.
On the Relationship Between the OpenAI Evolution Strategy and Stochastic Gradient Descent
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2017

Because stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has shown promise optimizing neural networks with millions of parameters and few if any alternatives are known to exist, it has moved to the heart of leading approaches to reinforcement learning (RL) For that reason, the recent result from OpenAI showing that a particular kind of evolution strategy (ES) can rival the performance of SGD based deep RL methods with large neural networks provoked surprise. This result is difficult to interpret in part because of the lingering ambiguity on how ES actually relates to SGD. The aim of this paper is to significantly reduce this ambiguity through a series of MNIST based experiments designed to uncover their relationship. As a simple supervised problem without domain noise (unlike in most RL) MNIST makes it possible (1) to measure the correlation between gradients computed by ES and SGD and (2) then to develop an SGD based proxy that accurately predicts the performance of different ES population sizes. These innovations give a new level of insight into the real capabilities of ES, and lead also to some unconventional means for applying ES to supervised problems that shed further light on its differences from SGD. Incorporating these lessons, the paper concludes by demonstrating that ES can achieve 99% accuracy on MNIST, a number higher than any previously published result for any evolutionary method. While not by any means suggesting that ES should substitute for SGD in supervised learning, the suite of experiments herein enables more informed decisions on the application of ES within RL and other paradigms.
A Novel Teaching Learning Strategy for Teamwork based on Agreement Technologies
Year: 2011

The new framework introduced by the European Space for Higher Education entails the reformulation of teaching strategies, which must not only be based on the teaching process, but also on the learning process. Given the importance of teamwork in nowadays' engineering labour market, we propose a teaching learning strategy, which applies a competency based education approach and aims to reinforce the generic teamwork competence. Its foundations are drawn from the research on agreement technologies and multi agent systems, which are key research topics in the field of Artificial Intelligence. General Terms Agents, Internet and Distributed Computer Systems.  Teaching learning strategy, teamwork competence, multi agent systems, cooperative learning, continuous assessment, learning management systems. 1.  In the convergence process to the European Space for Higher Education, competency based education has become particularly relevant [1,2] This new approach allows the student to acquire specific competences related to a certain subject, and generic competences common to several subjects of the curriculum. From the latter group stands out the
Turn On Fluorescence Enantioselective Sensing of Hydroxyl Carboxylic Enantiomers by Metal Organic Framework Nanosheets with a Homochiral Tetracarboxylate of Cyclohexane Diamide.
Venue: ACS applied materials interfaces
Year: 2021

Two dimensional (2D) metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted growing interest due to excellent performance in gas separation, energy conversion and storage, catalysis, and sensing, but their homochirality and exfoliation as well as related enantioselective catalysis and sensing remain a stage of pending exploration owing to the scarcity of homochiral MOFs and intrinsic aggregation of nanosheets. Herein, a homochiral 2D MOF (HMOF 3) with polymeric chirality, good thermostability, and solvent stability is designed and constructed by a homochiral organic ligand 5,5' (1R,2R) cyclohexane dicarbonyl bis(azanediyl) diisophthalic acid (R,R CHCAIP) a ditopic coligand 4,4' bipyridine, and Zn salts. Remarkably, HMOF 3 can be exfoliated via solvent assisted sonication to achieve 2D HMOF 3 nanosheets (HMOF 3 NS) which exhibit a sensitive turn on effect with the fluorescence enhancement up to 63.5 times in the presence of R/S mandelic acid, d/l tartaric acid, d/l lactic acid, d/l alanine, and d/l tryptophan. More importantly, the high surface area, polymeric chirality environment, and highly accessible functional sites on the surface of HMOF 3 nanosheets enable close contact with probed enantiomers, leading to highly enantioselective and sensitive sensing. The turn on mechanism of host guest assisted electronic transfer is confirmed by DFT calculation and the relative experiment. This work highlights the promise of homochiral 2D MOF nanosheets for enantioselective sensing applications.
Content is king But who is the king of kings? The effect of content marketing, sponsored content user generated content on brand responses
Venue: Comput. Hum. Behav.
Year: 2019

Despite a growing focus on content marketing as a modern marketing tool, research on it is sparse. Missing completely is a comparison of content marketing with other forms of content, namely sponsored and user generated content, although these content types are of high relevance for the marketing strategy of a company. To fill this research gap, the present study examines how different content types are perceived and how they influence brand responses through persuasion knowledge. A serial mediation model is developed, which posits that different content types lead to a varying conceptual persuasion knowledge, which then influences the activation of attitudinal persuasion knowledge and in turn results in different brand attitudes. The corresponding model is tested in an experimental study, using different content types in the context of the video game industry. The findings indicate that, through the proposed serial mediation, sponsored content leads to a more negative brand attitude than user generated content and content marketing. These results suggest that, although coming directly from a company, content marketing seemingly is perceived in a similar way as user generated content. The implications for marketing managers concerning content marketing strategies are discussed.
Colloquium: Physical constraints for the evolution of life on exoplanets
Venue: Reviews of Modern Physics
Year: 2019

Since the 1990s over 4000 exoplanets have been discovered: which of them could also develop and harbor life? It is posited that the planet must have liquid water, a surrounding atmosphere, and must be both biocompatible and possess the bioessential elements to be habitable. This Colloquium explores what features of the central star are conducive to these requirements with an eye toward optimizing our search for extraterrestrial life.
Quantitative ROS bioreporters: A robust toolkit for studying biological roles of ROS in response to abiotic and biotic stresses.
Venue: Physiologia plantarum
Year: 2019

While the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through spontaneous generation or as the by products of aerobic metabolism can be toxic to plants, recent findings demonstrate that ROS act as signaling molecules that play a critical role in adapting to various stress conditions. Tight regulation of ROS homeostasis is required to adapt to stress and survive, yet in vivo spatiotemporal information of ROS dynamics are still largely undefined. In order to understand the dynamics of ROS changes and their biological function in adapting to stresses, two quantitative ROS transcription based bioreporters were developed. These reporters use ROS responsive promoters from RBOHD or ZAT12 to drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. The resulting GFP expression is compared to a constitutively expressed mCherry that is contained on the same cassette with the ROS responsive promoter: This allows for the generation of ratiometric images comparing ROS changes (GFP) to the constitutively expressed mCherry. Both reporters were used to assess ROS levels to oxidative stress, salt stress, and the pathogen defense elicitor flg22. These bioreporters showed increases in the ratio values of GFP to mCherry signals between 10 and 30 min poststress application. Such stress associated ROS signals correlated with the induction of abiotic/biotic stress responsive markers such as RbohD, ZAT12, SOS2 and PR5 suggesting these ROS bioreporters provide a robust indicator of increased ROS related to stress responses. Based upon the spatiotemporal response patterns of signal increase, ZAT12 promoter dependent ROS (Zat12p ROS) bioreporter appears to be suitable for cellular mapping of ROS changes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses.
CNN based Indoor Localization using RSS Time Series
Venue: 2018 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)
Year: 2018

Indoor localization of mobile nodes is receiving great interest due to the recent advances in mobile devices and the increasing number of location based services. Fingerprinting based on Wifi received signal strength (RSS) is widely used for indoor localization due to its simplicity and low hardware requirements. However, its positioning accuracy is significantly affected by random fluctuations of RSS values caused by fading and multi path phenomena. This paper presents a convolutional neural network (CNN) based approach for indoor localization using RSS time series from wireless local area network (WLAN) access points. Applying CNN on a time series of RSS readings is expected to reduce the noise and randomness present in separate RSS values and hence improve the localization accuracy. The proposed model is implemented and evaluated on a multi building and multi floor dataset, UJIIndoorLoc dataset. The proposed approach provides 100% accuracy for building prediction, 100% accuracy for floor prediction and the mean error in coordinates estimation is 2.77 m.
Local D2 to D1 neuron transmodulation updates goal directed learning in the striatum
Venue: Science
Year: 2020

A learning mechanism in the striatum An intriguing characteristic of the striatum is the random spatial distribution and high degree of intermingling between expression of dopamine receptor types 1 (D1) and 2 (D2) within striatal projection neurons (SPNs) The resulting highly entropic mosaic extends through a homogeneous space and is mostly devoid of histological boundaries. The rules established locally by D1 and D2 expressing SPNs (D1 SPNs and D2 SPNs) are thus likely critical in defining how functional territories develop throughout the striatum. Matamales et al. found that activated D2 SPNs access and modify developing behavioral programs encoded by regionally defined ensembles of transcriptionally active D1 SPNs. This process is slow because it depends on the molecular integration of additive neuro modulatory signals. However, with time, it creates the regional functional boundaries that are necessary to identify and shape specific learning in the striatum. Science, this issue p. 549 Local and dynamic D2 to D1 neuron modulation in the striatum is necessary for reshaping goal directed learning. Extinction learning allows animals to withhold voluntary actions that are no longer related to reward and so provides a major source of behavioral control. Although such learning is thought to depend on dopamine signals in the striatum, the way the circuits that mediate goal directed control are reorganized during new learning remains unknown. Here, by mapping a dopamine dependent transcriptional activation marker in large ensembles of spiny projection neurons (SPNs) expressing dopamine receptor type 1 (D1 SPNs) or 2 (D2 SPNs) in mice, we demonstrate an extensive and dynamic D2 to D1 SPN transmodulation across the striatum that is necessary for updating previous goal directed learning. Our findings suggest that D2 SPNs suppress the influence of outdated D1 SPN plasticity within functionally relevant striatal territories to reshape volitional action.
Mechanisms of Shear Resistance of Concrete Beams Strengthened in Shear with Externally Bonded FRP
Year: 2008

In recent years, numerous investigations have addressed the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Despite this research effort, the mechanisms of shear resistance that are developed in such a strengthening system have not yet been fully documented and explained. This clearly inhibits the development of rational and reliable code specifications. This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the shear resistance mechanisms involved in RC beams strengthened in shear with externally bonded FRP. It is based on results obtained from an experimental program, involving 17 tests, performed on full size T beams, and using a comprehensive and carefully optimized measuring device. The resistance mechanisms are studied by observing the evolution of the behavior of the strengthened beams as the applied loads are increased. The local behavior of the FRP and the transverse steel, in particular in the failure zones, are thoroughly examined. The operative resistance mechanisms are also studied through the load sharing among the concrete, the FRP, and the transverse steel, at increasing levels of applied load.