nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Influences of forest edges and human activities on the dry season ranging patterns of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda
Year: 2018

Great apes, our closest biological relatives are threatened globally by the increasing anthropogenic pressures on their habitat. The major threats to the eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are hunting for bush meat and illegal trade in chimpanzee infants, habitat loss or fragmentation and disease transmission (IUCN, 2010) Nyungwe National Park (NNP) Rwanda has a population of chimpanzees that face several threats, including hunting for bushmeat, habitat degradation from forest fires and human wildlife conflicts, and much of these impacts are concentrated at forest edges. The main objectives of this research were to assess the use of forest edges by chimpanzees along the border of NNP and determine the influence of human activities on chimpanzee ranging patterns. My assistants and I set five transects inside the forest perpendicular to the forest edges in the vicinity of Gisovu in the north of NNP, and five transects parallel to the forest edges outside the forest. We recorded chimpanzee signs along those transects, and GPS waypoints were taken for each sign recorded. Vegetation sampling was done to identify habitat types along the edges (0 500m) and in the forest interior (500 1000m) In total 100 signs of chimpanzees were recorded, 67 signs near forest edges (0 500m) and 37 signs in the forest interior (500 1000m) I found a significant difference between the number of chimpanzee signs in forest edges and chimpanzee signs in forest interior (Binom. Test, 100, 0.6, p=0.01) There was no significant relationship between density, basal area of nesting trees and chimpanzee distribution, however, there was a tendency toward a positive or a negative relationship depending on the tree species present. I found a significant positive relationship between fruit availability and chimpanzee distribution. Outside the park, chimpanzees were recorded destroying people's beehives. This research is one of the first studies done in Gisovu area and contributes to the
Understanding ACAD9 function and the physiologic consequences of its deficiency
Year: 2019

Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase 9 (ACAD9) is a member of the family of flavoenzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of Acyl CoAs to 2,3 enoyl CoAs in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) Inborn errors of metabolism of nearly all family members, including ACAD9, have been described in humans, and represent significant causes of morbidity and mortality particularly in children. ACAD9 deficiency leads to a combined defect in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to a duel role in the pathways. In addition to its function in mitochondrial FAO, ACAD9 has been shown to have a second function as one of 14 factors responsible for assembly of complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC) Considerable controversy remains over the relative role of these two functions in normal physiology and the disparate clinical findings described in patients with ACAD9 deficiency. In response to previous non viable attempts at creating a mouse null for ACAD9 activity, several models were developed using Cre lox to tailor knockout of the gene in specific tissues as well as allow induction of knockout in all tissues during adulthood. These models proved to have functional and biochemical phenotypes comparable to the affected tissue in humans and allowed testing of several novel therapies to assess their potential for use in humans with ACAD9 deficiency. Tissues from these animals were also used to examine a second complex I assembly factor, Evolutionarily Conserved Signaling Intermediate in Toll pathway (ECSIT) and its interaction with ACAD9. ECSIT levels were significantly reduced in the absence of ACAD9. These data help elucidate the physiological impact of ACAD9 deficiency, as well as provide new options for therapy of this otherwise untreatable disease. ACAD9 is the most common cause of isolated complex I deficiency in humans, underscoring the public health significance of these studies have relative to diagnosis and treatment.
Dynamic Federated Learning Based Economic Framework for Internet of Vehicles
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2021

Federated learning (FL) can empower Internet of Vehicles (IoV) networks by leveraging smart vehicles (SVs) to participate in the learning process with minimum data exchanges and privacy disclosure. The collected data and learned knowledge can help the vehicular service provider (VSP) improve the global model accuracy, e.g. for road safety as well as better profits for both VSP and participating SVs. Nonetheless, there exist major challenges when implementing the FL in IoV networks, such as dynamic activities and diverse quality of information (QoI) from a large number of SVs, VSP's limited payment budget, and profit competition among SVs. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic FL based economic framework for an IoV network to address these challenges. Specifically, the VSP first implements an SV selection method to determine a set of the best SVs for the FL process according to the significance of their current locations and information history at each learning round. Then, each selected SV can collect on road information and offer a payment contract to the VSP based on its collected QoI. For that, we develop a multi principal one agent contract based policy to maximize the profits of the VSP and learning SVs under the VSP's limited payment budget and asymmetric information between the VSP and SVs. Through experimental results using real world on road datasets, we show that our framework can converge 57% faster (even with only 10% of active SVs in the network) and obtain much higher social welfare of the network (up to 27.2 times) compared with those of other baseline FL methods.
Population Growth and Land Use Land Cover Change Scenario in Ethiopia
Year: 2020

Land use and land cover change (LULC) is widespread, accelerating, and significant processes driven by human actions but also producing changes that impact humans. These changes can alter the availability of different biophysical resources including soil, vegetation, water, animal feed and finally it leads to a decreased availability of different products and services for human, livestock, agricultural production and damage to the environment as well. Understanding land use land cover change with relation to population growth at various scales is vital for development of management strategies to tackle further decline of natural resources. In connection to this, a seminar paper was done to assess the relationship between population growth and land use land cover change in Ethiopia. Recently published articles, books, proceedings, dissertations and government reports were used as a secondary data source for this review paper. The result reveals that in Ethiopia there were considerable LULC changes in the second half of 20th century particularly in the highland part of the country. Forest and woodlands coverage of the country was declined from 40% in the early 20th century to 15% Similarly, the population was rapidly growing from 41.2 million in 1985 to 63.5 million in 2000 and it was reached 96.6 million in 2015. Based on these results it can be concluded that, LULC change and population change have a strong relationship; as population increases the need for cultivated land, grazing land, fuel wood; settlement areas also increases to meet the growing demand for food and energy, and livestock population. Similarly, rapid population growth exerts pressure on the existing land resources through increasing the demand for food, wood for fuel and construction purposes, and other necessities.
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Features of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update
Venue: Journal of stroke
Year: 2017

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common subtype of stroke and a critical disease usually leading to severe disability or death. ICH is more common in Asians, advanced age, male sex, and low and middle income countries. The case fatality rate of ICH is high (40% at 1 month and 54% at 1 year) and only 12% to 39% of survivors can achieve long term functional independence. Risk factors of ICH are hypertension, current smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, hypocholesterolemia, and drugs. Old age, male sex, Asian ethnicity, chronic kidney disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) increase the risk of ICH. Clinical presentation varies according to the size and location of hematoma, and intraventricular extension of hemorrhage. Patients with CAA related ICH frequently have concomitant cognitive impairment. Anticoagulation related ICH is increasing recently as the elderly population who have atrial fibrillation is increasing. As non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are currently replacing warfarin, management of NOAC associated ICH has become an emerging issue.
Rationalist Explanations for Two Front War
Venue: Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy
Year: 2020

By extending the extant costly lottery models of dyadic war to three party bargaining scenarios, we offer rationalist explanations for two front war, where a state at the center is fought by two enemies at opposing peripheries. We found that even though private information exists only in one front, war can break out in both fronts. Because the war outcome in one front can affect the outcome in the other through the shift of military balance, a peripheral state may preventively join the war ongoing in the other front to leverage its power (e.g. Napoleonic Wars) or the central state may preemptively initiate war in one front to establish its preponderance in the other (e.g. World War I) These findings echo Waltz's neorealism concern that a multi polar system may not be so stable as the bipolar system that bargaining models of dyadic war commonly presume.
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND IMPACT OF BRAND A STUDY ON SOUTH ZONE OF KOLKATA CITY
Year: 2012

Consumer behaviour is the study of when, why, how and where people do and do not buy products. It attempts to understand the buyer's decision making process, both individually and in groups. Relationship marketing is an influential asset for consumer behaviour as it has a keen interest in the re discovery of the true meaning of marketing through the re affirmation of the importance of the customer or buyer. A greater importance is also placed on consumer retention, customer relationship management, personalization, customization and one to one marketing. The aim of the present investigation is to study the impact of brand on consumer behaviour as expressed by the inhabitants belonging to South zone of Kolkata City. Accordingly, a group of 200 inhabitants (100 male and 100 female) were selected as sample in this investigation. A General Information Schedule and Perceived Impact of Brand on Consumer behaviour Questionnaire were used as tools. The findings reveal that although impact of brand on consumer behaviour is more upon the female than upon the male. Not only this, the more the duration of stay in the same environment, the more is the impact of brand on consumer behaviour. On the contrary, the more the monthly income level, the less is the impact of brand on consumer behaviour. Adequate measures may be taken to create more positive impact of brand on consumer in comparison to the existing scenario.
An Introduction to Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) for Teachers and Teacher Educators
Venue: CLIL. Journal of Innovation and Research in Plurilingual and Pluricultural Education
Year: 2019

Aquest article aspira a familiaritzar a qualsevol persona interessada sigui docent, professional de la formacio del professorat, o persona amb responsabilitats educatives amb l' enfocament Aprenentatge Integrat de Continguts i Llengua (AICLE) L'article situa l'AICLE en el context de la politica linguistica de la Unio Europea (UE) encaminada a promoure un plurilinguisme actiu per a tota la ciutadania, presenta alguns principis teorics que fonamenten aquest enfocament, i adverteix sobre practiques observades en aules AICLE que poden amenacar el seu potencial educatiu.
Measuring the Mathematical Attitudes of Elementary Students: The Effects of a 4 Point or 5 Point Likert Type Scale
Year: 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare how students in Grades 3 to 6 respond to a mathematics attitudes instrument with a 4 point Likert type scale compared with one with an additional neutral point (a 5 point Likert type scale) The 606 participating students from six elementary and middle schools randomly received either the 4 point or 5 point format of the Math and Me Survey. Regardless of whether a neutral midpoint was offered or not, the structure of the instrument was virtually the same, with equal intercepts, means, variances and covariances, pattern coefficients, and nearly all residuals. The 5 point scale is preferred with this population because with this format the reliability estimate for the Mathematical Self Perceptions subscale was higher (p .049) and the pattern coefficients were stronger. Additionally, this format provided less model misfit than the 4 point format. Based on these findings, the authors recommend administration of the Math and Me Survey in the 5 point format. These findings also indicate that despite what some educators and educational experts believe, children in Grades 3 to 6 are capable of discriminating among five response options and do not tend toward the neutral point more so than with a 4 point scale.
Automatic Distractor Generation for Multiple Choice Questions in Standard Tests
Venue: COLING
Year: 2020

To assess knowledge proficiency of a learner, multiple choice question is an efficient and widespread form in standard tests. However, the composition of the multiple choice question, especially the construction of distractors is quite challenging. The distractors are required to both incorrect and plausible enough to confuse the learners who did not master the knowledge. Currently, the distractors are generated by domain experts which are both expensive and time consuming. This urges the emergence of automatic distractor generation, which can benefit various standard tests in a wide range of domains. In this paper, we propose a question and answer guided distractor generation (EDGE) framework to automate distractor generation. EDGE consists of three major modules: (1) the Reforming Question Module and the Reforming Passage Module apply gate layers to guarantee the inherent incorrectness of the generated distractors; (2) the Distractor Generator Module applies attention mechanism to control the level of plausibility. Experimental results on a large scale public dataset demonstrate that our model significantly outperforms existing models and achieves a new state of the art.
Sentido de coherencia y consumo de alcohol en jovenes universitarios
Year: 2018

El Sentido de Coherencia es uno de los factores de proteccion que esta cobrando importancia en la prevencion del uso de drogas. Objetivo Identificar la relacion entre el sentido de coherencia y el consumo de alcohol en jovenes universitarios.  El diseno fue descriptivo correlacional con muestreo probabilistico estratificado, la muestra final fue de 227 jovenes inscritos en una universidad privada.  Las mujeres reportaron mayor consumo sensato y dependiente (30.3% y 33.3% respectivamente) en comparacion con los hombres los cuales reportaron mayor consumo danino (59.1% Se encontro una correlacion negativa y significativa entre el SOC y el consumo de alcohol medido por el AUDIT r s .197, p .004) con el consumo dependiente r s .206, p .003) y danino en los jovenes universitarios r s .275, p .001) Conclusiones: Por lo anterior, se concluye que a mayor SOC menor consumo de alcohol dependiente y danino.
Longitudinal cross lagged analyses between cyberbullying perpetration, mindfulness and depression among Chinese high school students
Venue: Journal of health psychology
Year: 2019

The aim of this study is to examine the longitudinal relationships between cyberbullying perpetration, mindfulness, and depression among Chinese adolescents. The participants in our study included 1390 high school students who were randomly selected from several secondary schools in east China. Participants completed the Chinese version of Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory Cyberbullying Subscale, the Chinese version of the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children at two time points (6 month interval) The results found that cyberbullying, mindfulness and depression would predict each other over time. Contributions to theory, limitations in our research and recommendations for future intervention are discussed in this article.
Feature encoding modulates cue based retrieval: Modeling interference effects in both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences
Year: 2021

Studies on similarity based interference in subject verb agreement dependencies have found a consistent facilitatory effect in ungrammatical sentences but no conclusive effect in grammatical sentences. Existing models propose that interference is caused either by a faulty representation of the input (encoding based models) or by difficulty in retrieving the subject based on cues at the verb (retrieval based models) Neither class of model captures the observed patterns in human reading time data. We propose a new model that integrates a feature encoding mechanism into an existing cue based retrieval model. Our model outperforms the cue based retrieval model in explaining interference effect data from both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. These modeling results yield a new insight into sentence processing, encoding modulates retrieval. Nouns stored in memory undergo feature distortion, which in turn affects how retrieval unfolds during dependency completion.
Comparing Data Sets: Implicit Summaries of the Statistical Properties of Number Sets
Venue: Cogn. Sci.
Year: 2015

Comparing datasets, that is, sets of numbers in context, is a critical skill in higher order cognition. Although much is known about how people compare single numbers, little is known about how number sets are represented and compared. We investigated how subjects compared datasets that varied in their statistical properties, including ratio of means, coefficient of variation, and number of observations, by measuring eye fixations, accuracy, and confidence when assessing differences between number sets. Results indicated that participants implicitly create and compare approximate summary values that include information about mean and variance, with no evidence of explicit calculation. Accuracy and confidence increased, while the number of fixations decreased as sets became more distinct (i.e. as mean ratios increase and variance decreases) demonstrating that the statistical properties of datasets were highly related to comparisons. The discussion includes a model proposing how reasoners summarize and compare datasets within the architecture for approximate number representation.
Extraction free COVID 19 (SARS CoV 2) diagnosis by RT PCR to increase capacity for national testing programmes during a pandemic
Year: 2020

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) a respiratory tract infection. The standard molecular diagnostic test is a multistep process involving viral RNA extraction and real time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT PCR) Laboratories across the globe face constraints on equipment and reagents during the COVID 19 pandemic. We have developed a simplified qRT PCR assay that removes the need for an RNA extraction process and can be run on a real time thermal cycler. The assay uses custom primers and probes, and maintains diagnostic sensitivity within 98.0% compared to the assay run on a high throughput, random access automated platform, the Panther Fusion (Hologic) This assay can be used to increase capacity for COVID 19 testing for national programmes worldwide.
Linear Regression via Elastic Net: Non enumerative Leave One Out Verification of Feature Selection
Year: 2014

The feature selective non quadratic Elastic Net criterion of regression estimation is completely determined by two numerical regularization parameters which penalize, respectively, the squared and absolute values of the regression coefficients under estimation. It is an inherent property of the minimum of the Elastic Net that the values of regularization parameters completely determine a partition of the variable set into three subsets of negative, positive, and strictly zero values, so that the former two subsets and the latter subset are, respectively, associated with "informative" and "redundant" features. We propose in this paper to treat this partition as a secondary structural parameter to be verified by leave one out cross validation. Once the partitioning is fixed, we show that there exists a non enumerative method for computing the leave one out error rate, thus enabling an evaluation of model generality in order to tune the structural parameters without the necessity of multiple training repetitions.
The determinants of bank profitability: empirical evidence from European banking sector
Year: 2016

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between bank specific characteristics and profitability in European banking sector to find the role of internal factors in achieving high profitability.  A regression analysis is built on an unbalanced panel data set comprising 175 observations of 35 top European banks over the period 2009 2013. To this end, the empirical data are collected from Bankscope and a comprehensive set of internal characteristics is examined.  All the determinant variables included in the model have statistically significant impacts on European banks' profitability. However, the effects are not uniform across profitability measures. Regression findings reveal that size and capital ratio are significant company level determinants of bank profitability in Europe, while higher loan loss provisions result in lower profitability levels. Findings also suggest that banks with higher deposits and loans ratio tend to be more profitable but the effects on profitability are statistically insignificant in some cases.  This study has considerable policy implications, as the performance of the European banking sector depends on its efficiency, profitability and competitiveness. In view of these findings, some suggestions may be functional for bank regulatory authorities to intensify and sustain robustness and stability of the banking sector.  The results provide interesting insights into the characteristics and practices of profitable banks in Europe. Few econometric studies have empirically explored the determinants of bank profitability in Europe so far, even though similar studies have been conducted in several developed countries. Therefore, this paper tries to close an important gap in the existing literature improving the understanding of bank profitability in Europe.