nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives
Venue: Metabolic engineering
Year: 2020

Psilocybin is a tryptamine derived psychoactive alkaloid found mainly in the fungal genus Psilocybe, among others, and is the active ingredient in so called "magic mushrooms" Although its notoriety originates from its psychotropic properties and popular use as a recreational drug, clinical trials have recently recognized psilocybin as a promising candidate for the treatment of various psychological and neurological afflictions. In this work, we demonstrate the de novo biosynthetic production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of a heterologous biosynthesis pathway sourced from Psilocybe cubensis. Additionally, we achieve improved product titers by supplementing the pathway with a novel cytochrome P450 reductase from P. cubensis. Further rational engineering resulted in a final production strain producing 627 140 mg/L of psilocybin and 580 276 mg/L of the dephosphorylated degradation product psilocin in triplicate controlled fed batch fermentations in minimal synthetic media. Pathway intermediates baeocystin, nor norbaeocystin as well the dephosphorylated baeocystin degradation product norpsilocin were also detected in strains engineered for psilocybin production. We also demonstrate the biosynthetic production of natural tryptamine derivative aeruginascin as well as the production of a new to nature tryptamine derivative N acetyl 4 hydroxytryptamine. These results lay the foundation for the biotechnological production of psilocybin in a controlled environment for pharmaceutical applications, and provide a starting point for the biosynthetic production of other tryptamine derivatives of therapeutic relevance.
A real driver of US China trade conflict
Venue: International Trade, Politics and Development
Year: 2019

According to the conventional wisdom, trade is not a zero sum game, but a positive sum game. By allowing countries to focus on producing the goods that they can produce relatively efficiently, free trade is largely beneficial for everyone involved. Then, why are the world's two largest economies (i.e. the USA and China) currently engaged in a trade war, which is likely to hurt their own economies? What is the driving force for the trade war between the two economic giants? The purpose of this paper is to offer an explanation of the underlying cause of the US China trade war.  In an effort to make sense of the trade war between the USA and China, the paper draws the insights from the two international relations theories i.e. hegemonic stability theory and power transition theory.  As China continues to threaten US hegemony in the world in general and East Asia in particular, the Sino US competition for hegemony will intensify over time. As a result, the trade war between the two countries may persist longer than many anticipate. Further, even if the trade war between the two superpowers ends soon, a similar type of conflict is likely to occur later as long as the Sino US hegemonic rivalry continues.  The central thesis of this paper is that "US fear" about its declining hegemony and China's rapid rise as a challenger of US hegemony is driving a US launched trade war with China. Since the underlying cause of the trade war between the world's two largest economies is political (i.e. the Sino US hegemonic rivalry) rather than economic (e.g. US attempts to improve the trade balance with China by imposing tariffs on Chinese goods) the paper contends that the full understanding of the trade war requires close attention to the importance of power competition between the two superpowers.
Context aware, user driven, network controlled RAT selection for 5G networks
Venue: Comput. Networks
Year: 2017

It is expected that in the very near future, cellular networks will have to deal with a massive data traffic increase, as well as a vast number of devices. Optimal placement of the end devices to the most suitable access network is expected to provide the best Quality of Service (QoS) experience to the users but also the maximum utilization of the scarce wireless resources by the operators. Several on going proposals attempt to overcome the existing barriers by enabling the use of Wi Fis and femto cells to cater for part of the load generated by the end devices. The evolution of the Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) for the core part of the cellular network, as well as the Hotspot 2.0 approach, are currently being subject to thorough discussions and studies and are expected to facilitate a seamless 3GPP WiFi interworking. During the past years, several Radio Access Technology (RAT) selection schemes have been proposed. However, these schemes do not take into consideration the opportunities offered by these new standardized approaches. Our paper acts in a manifold way: Firstly, it proposes COmpAsS, a Context Aware RAT Selection mechanism, the main part of which operates on the User Equipment (UE) side, minimizing signaling overhead over the air interface and computation load on the base stations. Secondly, we discuss in detail the architectural perspective; i.e. the extensions needed in the network interfaces that enable the exchange of the required context information among the respective network entities and in accordance with the 3GPP trends in relation to the context aggregating entities. Furthermore, we quantify the signaling overhead of the proposed mechanism by linking it to the current 3GPP specifications and performing a comprehensive per parameter analysis. Finally, we evaluate the novel scheme via extensive simulations in a complex and realistic 5G use case, illustrating the clear advantages of our approach in terms of key QoS metrics, i.e. the user experienced throughput and delay, both in the uplink and the downlink.
Approach for high resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of ship target with complex motion
Venue: IET Signal Process.
Year: 2013

High resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of ship target has attracted the attention of many scholars all around the world. For the complex motion of the ship, the Doppler frequency shifts of the scatterers are actually time varying, and the received signals in a range bin can be characterised as multi component amplitude modulated and frequency modulated (AM FM) signals. In this study, the AM FM signals are approximated as a weighted sum of multiple Chirplets, and a novel approach for high resolution ISAR imaging of ship target based on the product cubic phase function (PCPF) for Chirplet decomposition is proposed. The PCPF algorithm can reduce the cross terms between different Chirplet components, and combined with the range instantaneous Doppler technique, the high resolution instantaneous ISAR images can be obtained. Results of simulated and real data demonstrate the effectiveness of the method proposed.
Land use transitions: Socio ecological feedback versus socio economic change
Year: 2010

The concept of land use transition highlights that land use change is non linear and is associated with other societal and biophysical system changes. A transition in land use is not a fixed pattern, nor is it deterministic. Land use transitions can be caused by negative socio ecological feedbacks that arise from a depletion of key resources or from socio economic change and innovation that take place rather independently from the ecological system. Here, we explore whether the sources of land use transitions are mostly endogenous socio ecological forces or exogenous socio economic factors. We first review a few generic pathways of forest transition as identified in national case studies, and evaluate the varying ecological quality of expanding forests associated with these pathways. We then discuss possible explanatory frameworks of land use transitions. We use the case of the recent forest transition in Vietnam as an illustration. Socio ecological feedbacks seem to better explain a slowing down of deforestation and stabilization of forest cover, while exogenous socio economic factors better account for reforestation. We conclude by discussing the prospects of accelerating land use transitions in tropical forest countries.
Multiwavelength surface contouring from phase coded diffraction patterns
Venue: Photonics Europe
Year: 2018

We propose a new algorithm for absolute phase retrieval from multiwavelength noisy phase coded diffraction patterns in the task of surface contouring. A lensless optical setup is considered with a set of successive single wavelength experiments. The phase masks are applied for modulation of the multiwavelength object wavefronts. The algorithm uses the forward and backward propagation for coherent light beams and sparsely encoding wavefronts which leads to the complex domain block matching 3D filtering. The key element of the algorithm is an original aggregation of the multiwavelength object wavefronts for high dynamic range profile measurement. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the developed approach leads to the effective solutions explicitly using the sparsity for noise suppression and high accuracy object profile reconstruction.
Patients' experiences of Parkinson's disease: a qualitative study in glucocerebrosidase and idiopathic Parkinson's disease
Venue: Journal of Patient Reported Outcomes
Year: 2020

% of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients carry a GBA (Glucocerebrosidase) mutation (GBA PD patients) which may influence the disease's clinical course.  This study aimed to explore the patient experience of GBA PD and identify the most important symptoms and impacts to inform clinical trial measurement strategies.  Twenty PD patients n 15 GBA PD; n 5 idiopathic PD) participated in qualitative interviews which explored concepts spontaneously reported or identified through a literature review. Telephone interviews with five expert clinicians included discussion of a preliminary conceptual model derived from literature. Verbatim transcripts were thematically analysed.  Thirty symptoms reported by patients were categorized as motor, non motor, and cognitive/psychiatric. Tremor n 13) memory loss (n 13) rigidity/stiffness n 11) and speech problems (n 11) were considered the most important and impactful symptoms by GBA PD patients, although other symptoms were also relevant to the majority of patients.  sleep disturbances n 13) handwriting changes (n 13) reduced social interaction n 12) dyskinesia n 10) depressed mood n 9) and fear of falling n 8) Key symptoms and impacts reported by GBA PD patients were consistent with those reported by idiopathic PD patients. Clinician interview results supported the patient findings, although some clinicians indicated that cognitive/psychiatric symptoms may present earlier in GBA PD patients. The concepts emerging from the research informed updates to a conceptual model of GBA PD patients' disease experience.  The findings provide in depth understanding of the patient experience of GBA PD. The findings confirm that the concepts relevant to assess in GBA PD are consistent with those relevant to assess in idiopathic PD; however, greater consideration of cognitive/psychiatric symptoms may be warranted in GBA PD populations.
Individual differences in cortical processing speed predict cognitive abilities: a model based cognitive neuroscience account
Year: 2018

Previous research has shown that individuals with greater cognitive abilities display a greater speed of higher order cognitive processing. These results suggest that speeded neural information processing may facilitate evidence accumulation during decision making and memory updating and thus yield advantages in general cognitive abilities. We used a hierarchical Bayesian cognitive modeling approach to test the hypothesis that individual differences in the velocity of evidence accumulation mediate the relationship between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities. We found that a higher neural speed predicted both the velocity of evidence accumulation across behavioral tasks as well as cognitive ability test scores. However, only a small part of the association between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities was mediated by individual differences in the velocity of evidence accumulation. The model demonstrated impressive forecasting abilities by predicting 36% of individual variation in cognitive ability test scores in an entirely new sample solely based on their electrophysiological and behavioral data. Our results suggest that individual differences in neural processing speed might affect a plethora of higher order cognitive processes, that only in concert explain the large association between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities, instead of the effect being entirely explained by differences in evidence accumulation speeds.
Self Monitoring Strategies for Use in the Classroom: A Promising Practice to Support Productive Behavior for Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders.
Year: 2009

W e begin this article by introducing you to Andy. He is a student that all teachers have probably encountered at one time or another. Andy is likable and engaging, but his behaviors pose some challenges for his teacher. He almost never completes his assignments, and when reminded to stay on task, or if scolded for off task behavior, Andy gets angry and upset. It may seem counterintuitive, but Andy is the kind of student who needs to be given more responsibility for his own behavior. In this article, we will illustrate why and how that can be done. Students who have emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) encounter difficulties in the classroom with their teachers, on the playground and lunch area with their peers, and at home with their parents and siblings (Kauffman Landrum, 2009; Walker, Ramsey, Gresham, 2004) In the absence of proactive strategies that help them identify and manage their problem behaviors, these students often find it difficult to be successful in school. This is particularly evident in their low academic performance, low rates of academic engaged time during structured class activities, and high levels of negative social interactions with peers all of which are characteristic of students with EBD (Geenen, Powers, Lopez Vasquez, 2001; Nelson, Benner, Lane, Smith, 2004; Reid, Gonzalez, Nordness, Trout, Epstein, 2004) However, a variety of metacognitive strategies such as selfmonitoring, self evaluation, selfinstruction, goal setting, strategy instruction, as well as combined strategies (e.g. goal setting and selfmonitoring) can be effective tools in eliminating or minimizing maladaptive behaviors and increasing more desirable social and academic behaviors (Mooney, Ryan, Uhing, Reid, Epstein, 2005) In this article, we focus predominantly on the strategy of self monitoring and how it can be used to address a variety of behaviors, with an emphasis on academic outcomes given that students with EBD struggle in all content areas (Lane, 2004) Specifically, we introduce the concept of metacognition and provide an overview of a range of metacognitive strategies that are available for use in promoting academic outcomes with students with and at risk for EBD. We highlight some recent studies that show how such strategies have been used successfully to support academic outcomes for students with EBD across the K 12 continuum. Next, we delineate step by step procedures for designing and implementing self monitoring procedures in your classroom, followed by one illustration of how this strategy can be applied in an elementary/middle school setting. Finally, we conclude with a list of tips to ensure successful implementation of self monitoring procedures by avoiding some common challenges.
A Memristive Multilayer Cellular Neural Network With Applications to Image Processing
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems
Year: 2017

The memristor has been extensively studied in electrical engineering and biological sciences as a means to compactly implement the synaptic function in neural networks. The cellular neural network (CNN) is one of the most implementable artificial neural network models and capable of massively parallel analog processing. In this paper, a novel memristive multilayer CNN (Mm CNN) model is presented along with its performance analysis and applications. In this new CNN design, the memristor crossbar circuit acts as the synapse, which realizes one signed synaptic weight with a pair of memristors and performs the synaptic weighting compactly and linearly. Moreover, the complex weighted summation is executed in an efficient way with a proper design of Mm CNN cell circuits. The proposed Mm CNN has several merits, such as compactness, nonvolatility, versatility, and programmability of synaptic weights. Its performance in several image processing applications is illustrated through simulations.
Examining the ethos of conflict by exploring lay people's representations of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey
Year: 2019

Societies in conflicts develop an 'ethos of conflict' a set of socially shared beliefs about the conflict. We argue that the ethos of conflict can be based on different representations of the conflict, and exploring such representations helps to analyze similarities and differences between and within conflict parties. We explored representations of the Kurdish conflict among 45 laypeople in a multi ethnic city in Turkey based on comprehensive models of conflict analysis using an approach based on Q methodology, which is suitable for uncovering socially shared viewpoints. Representations of conflict were conceptualized along three domains: causes and issues; relationships between the groups, processes and dynamics; and possible solutions. An integrated analysis across these domains revealed five qualitatively distinct viewpoints toward the conflict. The meaning of these viewpoints, their possible links to the ethos of conflict, differences and commonalities within and between conflict parties, the usefulness of our methodological approach to explore conflict viewpoints, and implications for conflict resolution are discussed.
A profitability analysis of small scale plants for biomethane injection into the gas grid
Year: 2018

Biomethane is a promising renewable energy carrier with the potential to diversify and decarbonise natural gas. It is produced from a range of waste sources and can be distributed into the natural gas grid or used as a vehicle fuel or converted into in cogeneration units. The economic evaluation of small plants for biomethane injection into the gas grid is not well defined in literature. This paper proposes a mathematical and economic model useful to evaluate the profitability of these plants in according to Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method. The indicators used are Net Present Value (NPV) Discounted Payback Time (DPBT) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Profitability Index (PI) The baseline case studies analyse three different small scale sizes (50 m3/h, 100 m3/h and 150 m3/h) concerning two typologies of substrates (organic fraction of municipal solid waste (ofmsw) and a mixture of maize and manure residues) Results define that the profitability is verified only for 150 m3/h ofmsw plant in baseline case study (NPV is 615,694 EUR, DPBT is 3 y, IRR is 33% and PI is 0.18) Furthermore, alternative case studies are conducted on the main critical variables (subsidies, investment costs of biogas production, transport costs of substrates and percentage of maintenance and overhead costs in biogas production) The economic feasibility can be reached in the following case studies: 100 m3/h ofmsw plant in sensitivity analysis, 50 m3/h ofmsw plant in scenario analysis, 150 m3/h mixed plant in scenario analysis with a new incentive scheme and 100 m3/h manure residues plant in scenario analysis. The biomethane can contribute to develop the circular economy recovering a wide range of waste.
A modular approach to the design, fabrication, and characterization of muscle powered biological machines.
Venue: Nature protocols
Year: 2017

Biological machines consisting of cells and biomaterials have the potential to dynamically sense, process, respond, and adapt to environmental signals in real time. As a first step toward the realization of such machines, which will require biological actuators that can generate force and perform mechanical work, we have developed a method of manufacturing modular skeletal muscle actuators that can generate up to 1.7 mN (3.2 kPa) of passive tension force and 300 mN (0.56 kPa) of active tension force in response to external stimulation. Such millimeter scale biological actuators can be coupled to a wide variety of 3D printed skeletons to power complex output behaviors such as controllable locomotion. This article provides a comprehensive protocol for forward engineering of biological actuators and 3D printed skeletons for any design application. 3D printing of the injection molds and skeletons requires 3 h, seeding the muscle actuators takes 2 h, and differentiating the muscle takes 7 d.
The development and testing of glaze materials for application to the fit surface of dental ceramic restorations.
Venue: Dental materials official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
Year: 2009

The aims of the study were to develop and test overglaze materials for application to the fit surface of dental ceramic restorations, which could be etched and adhesively bonded and increase the flexural strength of the ceramic substrate.  Three glaze materials were developed using commercial glass powders (P25 and P54, Pemco, Canada) P25 (90 wt% was mixed with P54 (10 wt% to produce (P25/P54) P54 (90 wt% was mixed with P25 (10 wt% to produce (P54/P25) P25 (90 wt% was mixed with 10 wt% of an experimental glass powder (P25/frit) Eighty two disc specimens (14 mm x 2 mm) were produced by heat pressing a leucite glass ceramic and were sandblasted with 50 microm glass beads. Group 1 control specimens (10) were sandblasted. Groups 2 4 (10 per group) were coated using P25/frit (Group 2) P25/P54 (Group 3) and P54/P25 (Group 4) overglazes before sintering. Groups 1 4 were etched for 2 min using 9.5% HF (Gresco, USA) Composite cylinders (Marathon v, Den Mat) were light cured and bonded to the glazed and prepared disc surfaces and groups water stored for 8 days. Groups were tested using shear bond strength (SBS) testing at 0.5mm/min. Disc specimens (42) were tested using the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) test at a crosshead speed of 0.15 mm/min. Group 1 was tested as sandblasted (21) and Group 2 (21) after coating the tensile surface with P25/frit. Xrd, Eds and Sem analyzes were carried out.  Mean SBS (MPa+ S.D. were: Group 1: 10.7+ 2.1; Group 2: 9.8+ 1.9; Group 3: 1.8+ 1.0 and Group 4: 2.6+ 1.7. Groups 1 and 2 were statistically different to Groups 3 and 4 (p<0.001) but there was no difference between Groups 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 (p>0.05) The mean BFS (MPa+ S.D. of the overglazed Group 2 (200.2+ 22.9) was statistically different (p<0.001) to Group 1 (150.4+ 14.3) SIGNIFICANCE The P25/frit overglaze significantly (p<0.001) increased the biaxial flexural strength of the leucite glass ceramic substrate and produced comparable shear bond strengths to an etched and bonded control. The application of etched overglaze materials to dental glass ceramic and ceramic substrates may be useful in adhesive dentistry.