nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Economic savings linked to future Arctic shipping trade are at odds with climate change mitigation
Year: 2016

This paper assesses costs, emissions, and climate impact by freight shipping in the Arctic with main focus on the Northern Sea Route. The entire route lies in Arctic waters, which due to global warming, has become ice free during summer and autumn. The route goes from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Russian Arctic coast and reduces voyage distance by 40% between Northern Europe and Japan. Traditionally, comparisons of the climate impact of transport solutions have been based on fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) while other trace emissions in the exhaust gas have been ignored. It is becoming increasingly well known however, that aerosols, and their precursors emitted from shipping are strong climate forcers, with a magnitude that is intimately connected to the specific region of emission. Taking into account these considerations, we apply region specific Global Warming Potential (GWP) characterization factors to estimate the relative magnitude of the short lived climate forcers in the Arctic compared to traditional shipping regions and to the impact of CO2 emissions in light of reduced overall fuel consumption. The results indicate that there are no general climate benefits of utilizing the Northern Sea Route, even with cleaner fuels, since the additional impact of emissions in the Arctic more than offsets the effect of shorter voyages. In terms of climate change mitigation, managing this trade off will be challenging, as the Northern Sea Route offers cost savings per ton of freight transported.
Blockchain Technology in Cloud Computing A Systematic Review
Year: 2018

A blockchain is essentially a distributed database of records or public ledger of all transactions or digital events that have been executed and shared among participating parties. Each transaction in the public ledger is verified by consensus of a majority of the participants in the system. And, once entered, information can never be erased. The blockchain contains a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made. Bitcoin, the decentralized peer to peer digital currency, is the most popular example that uses blockchain technology. The digital currency bitcoin itself is highly controversial but the underlying blockchain technology has worked flawlessly and found wide range of applications in both financial and nonfinancial world. The main hypothesis is that the blockchain establishes a system of creating a distributed consensus in the digital online world. This allows participating entities to know for certain that a digital event happened by creating an irrefutable record in a public ledger. It opens the door for developing a democratic open and scalable digital economy from a centralized one. There are tremendous opportunities in this disruptive technology and revolution in this space has just begun. This white paper describes blockchain technology and some compelling specific applications in both financial and nonfinancial sector. We then look at the challenges ahead and business opportunities in this fundamental technology that is all set to revolutionize our digital world.
Analisis Perbandingan Risiko Total Investasi Saham Melalui Diversifikasi Portofolio Saham Domestik Dan Internasional
Year: 2019

Stock investment has become one of the most interesting and promising ways to provide a faster rate of return compared to other investments in the 21st century. Harry Markowitz has set the foundations about how to take a good investment decission by considering the expected return and standard deviation. Modern portfolio theory is one of the most important tool in making investment decisions, especially in stock investment. This research applies mean standard deviation, paired t test, and simple regression analysis on the American, German, and Indonesian stocks markets. Aim of this research is to compare the total portfolio risk between international and domestic portfolio diversification and also to find the relationship between portfolio size and portfolio risk. The results of this study show that international diversification gives more significant total risk reduction compared to domestic diversification. Another results show a significant relationship between portfolio size and risk reduction, it means that the more number of stock in portfolio the lesser risk that will be taken. The least risk can be achived by holding 15 stocks whether in domestic or international portfolio diversification. The results have revealed that diversification has a positive impact through the stock investment and this study strongly recommends to diversify the investment internationally and increase the portfolio size to gain the lower risk.
The restricted logic equivalence relation in two valued propositional logic and its applications
Year: 2012

A kind of logical equivalence decomposition of the formula in is presented and applied to discuss the calculating issues of the truth degree,pseudo metric and similarity degree of the formula.With the introduction of restricted logic equivalence,an equivalence relation is established and applied to obtain the subset's partition of the solution set of logical equation based on the truth degree by the equal 'diameter' method,which provides useful methods for further research of the logical reasoning and grading in two valued propositional logic system.
Antimicrobial prescribing in South Africa using a large pharmacy database: A drug utilisation study
Year: 2015

The primary aim was to determine the general prescribing trends of antimicrobial drugs to patients whose prescriptions were dispensed by community pharmacies. A retrospective, cross sectional drug utilization study was conducted on 2010 data of a national community pharmacy group in South Africa. A total of 660 500 patients received 1 576 593 antimicrobial products during 2010. The average age of patients was 34.23 (SD=19.92) years. Most patients were female (58.32% Patients between 40 and 49 years received the highest average of 3.22 antimicrobial prescriptions during the year. Beta lactams were the most often prescribed (34.56% of antimicrobial prescriptions) followed by antiviral agents (20.92% and quinolones (11.12% Differences were observed between females and males with respect to the prescribing frequency of different antimicrobial classes (c2=12763; d.f.=11; p 0.0001) especially between antifungal agents and beta lactam antibiotics. Within the beta lactam class, penicillins accounted for 76.47% of products and cephalosporins for 23.44% The most frequently prescribed trade name product was a generic combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Antiviral agents were the most expensive (R195.67) followed by aminoglycosides (R188.42) Prescribing peaked during the winter months. This study provides a general overview of antimicrobial prescribing that can be used for comparative studies with other population groups, African countries and for more specific investigations.
Density Functional Theory Studies of the Methanol Decomposition Reaction on Graphene Supported Pt13 Nanoclusters
Year: 2016

Defective graphene has been shown experimentally to be an excellent support for transition metal electrocatalysts in direct methanol fuel cells. Prior computational modeling has revealed that the improved catalytic activity of graphene supported metal clusters is in part due to increased resistance to catalyst sintering and to CO poisoning, but the increased reaction rate for the methanol decomposition reaction (MDR) is not yet fully explained. Using density functional theory, we investigate the adsorption and reaction thermodynamics of MDR intermediates on defective graphene supported Pt13 nanoclusters with realistic, low symmetry morphologies. We find that the support induced shifts in catalyst electronic structure correlate well with an overall change in adsorption behavior of MDR intermediates and that the reaction thermodynamics are modified in a way that suggests the potential of greater catalytic activity. We also show that adsorption energy predictors established for traditional heterogeneous cata.
Detection of eye contact with deep neural networks is as accurate as human experts
Venue: Nature communications
Year: 2020

Eye contact is among the most primary means of social communication used by humans. Quantification of eye contact is valuable as a part of the analysis of social roles and communication skills, and for clinical screening. Estimating a subject's looking direction is a challenging task, but eye contact can be effectively captured by a wearable point of view camera which provides a unique viewpoint. While moments of eye contact from this viewpoint can be hand coded, such a process tends to be laborious and subjective. In this work, we develop a deep neural network model to automatically detect eye contact in egocentric video. It is the first to achieve accuracy equivalent to that of human experts. We train a deep convolutional network using a dataset of 4,339,879 annotated images, consisting of 103 subjects with diverse demographic backgrounds. 57 subjects have a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The network achieves overall precision of 0.936 and recall of 0.943 on 18 validation subjects, and its performance is on par with 10 trained human coders with a mean precision 0.918 and recall 0.946. Our method will be instrumental in gaze behavior analysis by serving as a scalable, objective, and accessible tool for clinicians and researchers.
Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns in South Africa's national parks
Year: 2016

Air temperatures have increased globally over the past decades, while rainfall changes have been more variable, but are taking place. In South Africa, substantial climate related impacts are predicted, and protected area management agencies will need to respond actively to impacts. It is critical for management agencies to understand the way in which climate is changing locally to predict impacts and respond appropriately. Here, for the first time, we quantify observable changes in temperature and rainfall in South African national parks over the past five to ten decades. Our results show significant increases in temperatures in most parks, with increases being most rapid in the arid regions of the country. Increases in the frequency of extreme high temperature events were also most pronounced in these regions. These results are consistent with other climate studies conducted in these areas. Similar increases were identified for both minimum and maximum temperatures, though absolute minimum temperatures increased at greater rates than absolute maxima. Overall, rainfall trends were less obvious, but a decrease in rainfall was observed for the southern Cape (in three parks) and an increase was detected in one park. The observed temperature changes over the last 20 50 years have in several instances already reached those predicted for near future scenarios (2035) indicating that change scenarios are conservative. These results provide individual parks with evidence based direction for managing impacts under current and projected changes in local climate. They also provide the management agency with sub regional information to tailor policy and impact monitoring. Importantly, our results highlight the critical role that individual weather stations play in informing local land management and the concerns for parks that have no local information on changes in climate.
The symptom experience in the first 100 days following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
Venue: Supportive Care in Cancer
Year: 2008

Goals of workDespite advances in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) post transplant complications are common, and patients' symptom experience has not been well documented.PurposeTo characterize the symptom experience of adult patients pre transplantation and days 0, 30, and 100 after allogeneic HSCT.MethodsData from 76 participants enrolled in a prospective health related quality of life (HRQL) study were used. Symptom occurrence, distress, and clusters were determined based on the 11 symptoms of the Symptom Distress Scale (SDS).ResultsParticipants were on average 40 years old (SD 13.5) The majority (54% received reduced intensity conditioning. Prevalent symptoms included fatigue (68% and worry (68% at baseline, appetite change (88% at day 0, and fatigue at days 30 (90% and 100 (81% Participants reported the following symptoms as severely distressing: worry (16% [baseline] insomnia (32% [day 0] appetite change (22% [day 30] and fatigue (11% [day 100] The total SDS score was highest at day 0 (M 26.6 7.6) when the highest number of symptoms were reported [median 8 (1 11) Symptoms formed clusters comprised of fatigue, appearance change, and worry at baseline, and fatigue, insomnia, and bowel changes at days 0 and 30. Compared to those with low symptom distress, participants with moderate/severe symptom distress reported poorer HRQL.ConclusionAllogeneic HSCT patients present for transplantation with low symptom distress yet experience multiple symptoms and high symptom distress after HSCT conditioning. Understanding the symptom experience of allogeneic HSCT patients can guide management strategies and improve HRQL.
River basin salinization as a form of aridity
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Year: 2020

Combining observations and model results, we show that soil salinization does affect the long term soil water balance of saline river basins, eventually acting as an aridity enhancer. The strength of this control depends on the capability of vegetation to cope with salt stress through specific functional traits i.e. salt tolerance and is key to the understanding of vegetation water relations in arid and transitional watersheds. Our approach can also be applied to infer crucial data about the salinization level and vegetation salt tolerance of river basins. Such information is essential to develop reverse engineering measures to mitigate catchment scale aridity and salinization, based on salt tolerance plant traits. Soil salinization affects, to a different extent, more than one third of terrestrial river basins (estimate based on the Food and Agriculture Organization Harmonized World Soil Database, 2012) Among these, many are endorheic and ephemeral systems already encompassing different degrees of aridity, land degradation, and vulnerability to climate change. The primary effect of salinization is to limit plant water uptake and evapotranspiration, thereby reducing available soil moisture and impairing soil fertility. In this, salinization resembles aridity and similarly to aridity may impose significant controls on hydrological partitioning and the strength of land vegetation atmosphere interactions at the catchment scale. However, the long term impacts of salinization on the terrestrial water balance are still largely unquantified. Here, we introduce a modified Budyko's framework explicitly accounting for catchment scale salinization and species specific plant salt tolerance. The proposed framework is used to interpret the water budget data of 237 Australian catchments 29% of which are already severely salt affected from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP) Our results provide theoretical and experimental evidence that salinization does influence the hydrological partitioning of salt affected watersheds, imposing significant constraints on water availability and enhancing aridity. The same approach can be applied to estimate salinization level and vegetation salt tolerance at the basin scale, which would be difficult to assess through classical observational techniques. We also demonstrate that plant salt tolerance has a preeminent role in regulating the feedback of vegetation on the soil water budget of salt affected basins.
Pengendalian OPT Ramah Lingkungan pada Brokoli Mendukung Good Agricultural Practices Review
Year: 2020

Brokoli memiliki kandungan nutrisi tinggi dan dimanfaatkan bunganya untuk sayur dalam kondisi mentah maupun matang. Bunga brokoli untuk sampai ke tangan konsumen harus memiliki kualitas baik. Bunga brokoli yang berkualitas dapat diperoleh salah satunya dengan teknik pengendalian hama dan penyakit yang baik selama budidaya. Pengendalian hama penyakit harus dilakukan secara efektif dan efisien serta diusahakan tidak merugikan lingkungan. Pengendalian organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) ramah lingkungan berupaya memanfaatkan mikroorganisme hayati melalui proses proses alami. Konsep pengelolaan hama terpadu (PHT) mempertimbangkan ekosistem, stabilitas, dan kesinambungan produksi sesuai tuntutan praktik pertanian yang baik. Praktek kultur teknis terbukti efektif menekan hama dan mampu diterima luas dalam implementasi teknologi PHT. Oleh karena itu, praktik kultur teknis tanaman brokoli dilakukan berdasarkan kondisi lingkungan. Konsep PHT lebih banyak memanfaatkan bahan dan metode hayati, antara lain penggunaan tanaman refugia, penyemprotan pestisida nabati dan Beauveria bassiana dan aplikasi PGPR. Budidaya brokoli secara organik akan melindungi ekosistem dari kerusakan sehingga tercipta sistem pertanian yang berkelanjutan. Sistem ini menjadi tujuan jangka panjang PHT dengan sasaran pencapaian produksi tinggi, produk berkualitas, peningkatan sumber daya lingkungan, pembangunan perekonomian desa, dan kehidupan yang lebih baik bagi komunitas pertanian pada umumnya.
Ground Vibrational State SiO Emission in the VLA BAaDE Survey
Year: 2020

Using a subsample of the Bulge Asymmetries and Dynamical Evolution (BAaDE) survey of stellar SiO masers, we explore the prevalence and characteristics of 28SiO J 1 0, v 0 emission. We identify 90 detections of maser, thermal, or composite 28SiO J 1 0, v 0 emission out of approximately 13,000 candidate spectra from the National Science Foundation's Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) We find that the detected sources are likely asymptotic giant branch stars belonging to a bright, foreground Milky Way stellar disk population. For the 32 sources showing thermal components, we extract values for outflow velocity by fitting thermal line profiles. We find a range of circumstellar envelope expansion velocities, and compare to previously recorded OH and CO expansion velocities. This preliminary survey is already the largest study of stellar ground vibrational state SiO masers to date, and will be expanded to include the entire VLA BAaDE data set when data reduction for the 18,988 target sources is completed.
Nonparametric regression using deep neural networks with ReLU activation function
Year: 2020

Consider the multivariate nonparametric regression model. It is shown that estimators based on sparsely connected deep neural networks with ReLU activation function and properly chosen network architecture achieve the minimax rates of convergence (up to \log n$ factors) under a general composition assumption on the regression function. The framework includes many well studied structural constraints such as (generalized) additive models. While there is a lot of flexibility in the network architecture, the tuning parameter is the sparsity of the network. Specifically, we consider large networks with number of potential network parameters exceeding the sample size. The analysis gives some insights into why multilayer feedforward neural networks perform well in practice. Interestingly, for ReLU activation function the depth (number of layers) of the neural network architectures plays an important role and our theory suggests that for nonparametric regression, scaling the network depth with the sample size is natural. It is also shown that under the composition assumption wavelet estimators can only achieve suboptimal rates.
Acceleration Based Iterative Learning Control for Pugachev's Cobra Maneuver with Quadrotor Tail sitter VTOL UAVs
Venue: ArXiv
Year: 2019

This paper considers the well known control problem of Pugachev's Cobra maneuver, a dramatic and demanding maneuver requiring the aircraft to fly at extremely high Angle of Attacks (AOA) where stalling occurs. We present a simple yet very effective feedback iterative learning control structure to regulate the altitude error during the maneuver. Both the feedback controller and the iterative learning feed forward controller are based on the aircraft acceleration model, which is directly measurable by the onboard accelerometer. Moreover, the acceleration model leads to an extremely simple dynamic model that does not require any model identification, greatly simplifying the implementation of the iterative learning control. Real world outdoor flight experiments on the "Hong Hu" UAV, an aerobatic yet efficient quadrotor tail sitter UAV of small size, are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Regulating Digital Currency: Taming the Unruly
Venue: Emerging Issues in Islamic Finance Law and Practice in Malaysia
Year: 2019

Regulation of digital currency is still at its infancy as authorities around the world grapple with its mechanics, and study its impact and the best method to regulate it. Significant increase in the use of digital cryptocurrency based on Blockchain technology post Bitcoin phenomenon had challenged the conventional idea of central bank monopoly in currency issuance. This had also raised concern that digital currency being used as an instrumentality of crime given its anonymity feature that allows for the flow of funds without tracing and the fact that it is built on trustless system that provides security of transaction. This concern, plus other consideration including the prospect of issuing central bank digital currency, had driven some authorities around the world to adopt countermeasures either via an outright ban or a regulatory regime that suits the nature of digital currency, which is purely virtual and anonymous. However, in coming out with an appropriate legal regime, authorities faced multiple difficulties especially when the pace of legal development does not sync congruently with the rapid progress of technology. In addition, given the growing prominence of Islamic finance around the world, questions also arise pertaining to the legality of digital cryptocurrency from the Islamic perspective. Through a qualitative study of relevant literatures as well as legislations in different countries, this chapter discusses the various categories of digital currency, its position from the Islamic perspective, regulatory regimes of digital cryptocurrency in selected jurisdictions and challenges faced by authorities around the world in regulating this new medium of exchange.
Significant Nusselt number increase in microchannels with a segmented flow of two immiscible liquids: An experimental study
Year: 2011

Increasingly smaller electronics requires improvement in performance of cooling systems to keep it operating reliably. We present herein a novel experimental study of convective heat transfer in serpentine microchannels with segmented liquid liquid emulsions. It is demonstrated that this concept yields significant Nusselt number enhancement in microchannel heat sinks compared to that obtained using single phase liquid cooling. Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) is employed to measure temperature of the coolant with and without droplets, and micro PIV is used to determine velocity field. For the segmented flow, up to four fold increase of the Nusselt number was observed compared to pure water flow.