nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
RETHINKING SELF-DRIVING : MULTI -TASK KNOWLEDGE FOR BETTER GENERALIZATION AND ACCIDENT EXPLANATION ABILITY
Authors: Zhihao LI, Toshiyuki MOTOYOSHI, Kazuma SASAKI, Tetsuya OGATA, Shigeki SUGANO

Current end-to-end deep learning driving models have two problems: (1) Poor
generalization ability of unobserved driving environment when diversity of train-
ing driving dataset is limited (2) Lack of accident explanation ability when driving
models don’t work as expected. To tackle these two problems, rooted on the be-
lieve that knowledge of associated easy task is benificial for addressing difficult
task, we proposed a new driving model which is composed of perception module
for see and think and driving module for behave, and trained it with multi-task
perception-related basic knowledge and driving knowledge stepwisely.  Specifi-
cally segmentation map and depth map (pixel level understanding of images) were
considered as what & where and how far knowledge for tackling easier driving-
related perception problems before generating final control commands for difficult
driving task. The results of experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of multi-
task perception knowledge for better generalization and accident explanation abil-
ity. With our method the average sucess rate of finishing most difficult navigation
tasks in untrained city of CoRL test surpassed current benchmark method for 15
percent in trained weather and 20 percent in untrained weathers.
Effective Use of Variational Embedding Capacity in Expressive End-to-End Speech Synthesis
Authors: Eric Battenberg, Soroosh Mariooryad, Daisy Stanton, RJ Skerry-Ryan, Matt Shannon, David Kao, Tom Bagby

Recent work has explored sequence-to-sequence latent variable models for expressive speech synthesis (supporting control and transfer of prosody and style), but has not presented a coherent framework for understanding the trade-offs between the competing methods. In this paper, we propose embedding capacity (the amount of information the embedding contains about the data) as a unified method of analyzing the behavior of latent variable models of speech, comparing existing heuristic (non-variational) methods to variational methods that are able to explicitly constrain capacity using an upper bound on representational mutual information. In our proposed model (Capacitron), we show that by adding conditional dependencies to the variational posterior such that it matches the form of the true posterior, the same model can be used for high-precision prosody transfer, text-agnostic style transfer, and generation of natural-sounding prior samples. For multi-speaker models, Capacitron is able to preserve target speaker identity during inter-speaker prosody transfer and when drawing samples from the latent prior. Lastly, we introduce a method for decomposing embedding capacity hierarchically across two sets of latents, allowing a portion of the latent variability to be specified and the remaining variability sampled from a learned prior. Audio examples are available on the web.
Deep Probabilistic Programming
Authors: Dustin Tran, Matthew D. Hoffman, Rif A. Saurous, Eugene Brevdo, Kevin Murphy, David M. Blei

We propose Edward, a Turing-complete probabilistic programming language. Edward defines two compositional representations—random variables and inference. By treating inference as a first class citizen, on a par with modeling, we show that probabilistic programming can be as flexible and computationally efficient as traditional deep learning. For flexibility, Edward makes it easy to fit the same model using a variety of composable inference methods, ranging from point estimation to variational inference to MCMC. In addition, Edward can reuse the modeling representation as part of inference, facilitating the design of rich variational models and generative adversarial networks. For efficiency, Edward is integrated into TensorFlow, providing significant speedups over existing probabilistic systems. For example, we show on a benchmark logistic regression task that Edward is at least 35x faster than Stan and 6x faster than PyMC3. Further, Edward incurs no runtime overhead: it is as fast as handwritten TensorFlow.
Bridging the Gap: Providing Post-Hoc Symbolic Explanations for Sequential Decision-Making Problems with Inscrutable Representations
Authors: Sarath Sreedharan, Utkarsh Soni, Mudit Verma, Siddharth Srivastava, Subbarao Kambhampati

As increasingly complex AI systems are introduced into our daily lives, it becomes important for such systems to be capable of explaining the rationale for their decisions and allowing users to contest these decisions. A significant hurdle to allowing for such explanatory dialogue could be the {\em vocabulary mismatch} between the user and the AI system. This paper introduces methods for providing contrastive explanations in terms of user-specified concepts for sequential decision-making settings where the system's model of the task may be best represented as an inscrutable model. We do this by building partial symbolic models of a local approximation of the task that can be leveraged to answer the user queries. We test these methods on a popular Atari game (Montezuma's Revenge) and variants of Sokoban (a well-known planning benchmark) and report the results of user studies to evaluate whether people find explanations generated in this form useful.
DNA-GAN: Learning Disentangled Representations from Multi-Attribute Images
Authors: Taihong Xiao, Jiapeng Hong, Jinwen Ma

Disentangling factors of variation has always been a challenging problem in representation learning. Existing algorithms suffer from many limitations, such as unpredictable disentangling factors, bad quality of generated images from encodings, lack of identity information, etc. In this paper, we proposed a supervised algorithm called DNA-GAN trying to disentangle different attributes of images. The latent representations of images are DNA-like, in which each individual piece represents an independent factor of variation. By annihilating the recessive piece and swapping a certain piece of two latent representations, we obtain another two different representations which could be decoded into images. In order to obtain realistic images and also disentangled representations, we introduced the discriminator for adversarial training. Experiments on Multi-PIE and CelebA datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and the advantage of overcoming limitations existing in other methods.
Adaptive Self-training for Neural Sequence Labeling with Few Labels
Authors: Yaqing Wang, Subhabrata Mukherjee, Haoda Chu, Yuancheng Tu, Ming Wu, Jing Gao, Ahmed Hassan Awadallah

Neural sequence labeling is an important technique employed for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, such as Named Entity Recognition (NER), slot tagging for dialog systems and semantic parsing. Large-scale pre-trained language models obtain very good performance on these tasks when fine-tuned on large amounts of task-specific labeled data. However, such large-scale labeled datasets are difficult to obtain for several tasks and domains due to the high cost of human annotation as well as privacy and data access constraints for sensitive user applications. This is exacerbated for sequence labeling tasks requiring such annotations at token-level. In this work, we develop techniques to address the label scarcity challenge for neural sequence labeling models. Specifically, we develop self-training and meta-learning techniques for training neural sequence taggers with few labels. While self-training serves as an effective mechanism to learn from large amounts of unlabeled data -- meta-learning helps in adaptive sample re-weighting to mitigate error propagation from noisy pseudo-labels. Extensive experiments on six benchmark datasets including two for massive multilingual NER and four slot tagging datasets for task-oriented dialog systems demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. With only 10 labeled examples for each class for each task, our method obtains 10% improvement over state-of-the-art systems demonstrating its effectiveness for the low-resource setting.
Deep Variational Canonical Correlation Analysis
Authors: Weiran Wang, Xinchen Yan, Honglak Lee, Karen Livescu

We present deep variational canonical correlation analysis (VCCA), a deep multi-view learning model that extends the latent variable model interpretation of linear CCA~\citep{BachJordan05a} to nonlinear observation models parameterized by deep neural networks (DNNs). Computing the marginal data likelihood, as well as inference of the latent variables, are intractable under this model. We derive a variational lower bound of the data likelihood by parameterizing the posterior density of the latent variables with another DNN, and approximate the lower bound via Monte Carlo sampling. Interestingly, the resulting model resembles that of multi-view autoencoders~\citep{Ngiam_11b}, with the key distinction of an additional sampling procedure at the bottleneck layer. We also propose a variant of VCCA called VCCA-private which can, in addition to the ``common variables'' underlying both views, extract the ``private variables'' within each view. We demonstrate that VCCA-private is able to disentangle the shared and private information for multi-view data without hard supervision.
Semi-supervised learning objectives as log-likelihoods in a generative model of data curation
Authors: Stoil Krasimirov Ganev, Laurence Aitchison

We currently do not have an understanding of semi-supervised learning (SSL) objectives such as pseudo-labelling and entropy minimization as log-likelihoods, which precludes the development of e.g. Bayesian SSL. Here, we note that benchmark image datasets such as CIFAR-10 are carefully curated, and we formulate SSL objectives as a log-likelihood in a generative model of data curation that was initially developed to explain the cold-posterior effect (Aitchison 2020). SSL methods, from entropy minimization and pseudo-labelling, to state-of-the-art techniques similar to FixMatch can be understood as lower-bounds on our principled log-likelihood. We are thus able to give a proof-of-principle for Bayesian SSL on toy data. Finally, our theory suggests that SSL is effective in part due to the statistical patterns induced by data curation. This provides an explanation of past results which show SSL performs better on clean datasets without any ``out of distribution'' examples. Confirming these results we find that SSL gave much larger performance improvements on curated than on uncurated data, using matched curated and uncurated datasets based on Galaxy Zoo 2.
Grey-box Extraction of Natural Language Models
Authors: Santiago Zanella-Beguelin, Shruti Tople, Andrew Paverd, Boris Köpf

Model extraction attacks attempt to replicate a target machine learning model from predictions obtained by querying its inference API. Most existing attacks on Deep Neural Networks achieve this by supervised training of the copy using the victim's predictions. An emerging class of attacks exploit algebraic properties of DNNs to obtain high-fidelity copies using orders of magnitude fewer queries than the prior state-of-the-art. So far, such powerful attacks have been limited to networks with few hidden layers and ReLU activations.

In this paper we present algebraic attacks on large-scale natural language models in a grey-box setting, targeting models with a pre-trained (public) encoder followed by a single (private) classification layer. Our key observation is that a small set of arbitrary embedding vectors is likely to form a basis of the classification layer's input space, which a grey-box adversary can compute. We show how to use this information to solve an equation system that determines the classification layer from the corresponding probability outputs.

We evaluate the effectiveness of our attacks on different sizes of transformer models and downstream tasks. Our key findings are that (i) with frozen base layers, high-fidelity extraction is possible with a number of queries that is as small as twice the input dimension of the last layer. This is true even for queries that are entirely in-distribution, making extraction attacks indistinguishable from legitimate use; (ii) with fine-tuned base layers, the effectiveness of algebraic attacks decreases with the learning rate, showing that fine-tuning is not only beneficial for accuracy but also indispensable for model confidentiality.
HUBERT Untangles BERT to Improve Transfer across NLP Tasks
Authors: Mehrad Moradshahi, Hamid Palangi, Monica S. Lam, Paul Smolensky, Jianfeng Gao

We introduce HUBERT which combines the structured-representational power of Tensor-Product Representations (TPRs) and BERT, a pre-trained bidirectional transformer language model. We validate the effectiveness of our model on the GLUE benchmark and HANS dataset. We also show that there is shared structure between different NLP datasets which HUBERT, but not BERT, is able to learn and leverage. Extensive transfer-learning experiments are conducted to confirm this proposition.
Geometric Algebra Attention Networks for Small Point Clouds
Authors: Matthew Spellings

Much of the success of deep learning is drawn from building architectures that properly respect underlying symmetry and structure in the data on which they operate—a set of considerations that have been united under the banner of geometric deep learning. Often problems in the physical sciences deal with relatively small sets of points in two- or three-dimensional space wherein translation, rotation, and permutation equivariance are important or even vital for models to be useful in practice. In this work, we present rotation- and permutation-equivariant architectures for deep learning on these small point clouds, composed of a set of products of terms from the geometric algebra and reductions over those products using an attention mechanism. The geometric algebra provides valuable mathematical structure by which to combine vector, scalar, and other types of geometric inputs in a systematic way to account for rotation invariance or covariance, while attention yields a powerful way to impose permutation equivariance. We demonstrate the usefulness of these architectures by training models to solve sample problems relevant to physics, chemistry, and biology.
Versatile Anomaly Detection with Outlier Preserving Distribution Mapping Autoencoders
Authors: Walter Gerych, Elke Rundensteiner, Emmanuel Agu

State-of-the-art deep learning methods for outlier detection make the assumption that anomalies will appear far away from inlier data in the latent space produced by distribution mapping deep networks. However, this assumption fails in practice, because the divergence penalty adopted for this purpose encourages mapping outliers into the same high-probability regions as inliers. To overcome this shortcoming,  we introduce a novel deep learning outlier detection method, called Outlier Preserving Distribution Mapping Autoencoder (OP-DMA), which succeeds to map outliers to low probability regions in the latent space of an autoencoder. For this we leverage the insight that outliers are likely to have a higher reconstruction error than inliers. We thus achieve outlier-preserving distribution mapping through weighting the reconstruction error of individual points by the value of a multivariate Gaussian probability density function evaluated at those points. This weighting implies that outliers will result overall penalty if they are mapped to low-probability regions. We show that if the  global minimum of our newly proposed loss function is achieved, 
 then our OP-DMA  maps inliers to regions with a Mahalanobis distance less than delta, and outliers to regions past this delta, delta being the inverse Chi Squared CDF evaluated at (1-alpha) with alpha the percentage of outliers in the dataset. Our experiments confirm that OP-DMA  consistently outperforms  the state-of-art  methods on a rich variety of outlier detection benchmark datasets.
The Information-Autoencoding Family: A Lagrangian Perspective on Latent Variable Generative Modeling
Authors: Shengjia Zhao, Jiaming Song, Stefano Ermon

A variety of learning objectives have been recently proposed for training generative models. We show that many of them, including InfoGAN, ALI/BiGAN, ALICE, CycleGAN, VAE, $\beta$-VAE, adversarial autoencoders, AVB, and InfoVAE, are Lagrangian duals of the same primal optimization problem. This generalization reveals the implicit modeling trade-offs  between flexibility and  computational requirements being made by these models. Furthermore, we characterize the class of all objectives that can be optimized under certain computational constraints.
Finally, we show how this new Lagrangian perspective can explain undesirable behavior of existing methods and provide new principled solutions.
Downsampling leads to Image Memorization in Convolutional Autoencoders
Authors: Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan, Caroline Uhler, Mikhail Belkin

Memorization of data in deep neural networks has become a subject of significant research interest. 
In this paper, we link memorization of  images in deep convolutional autoencoders to downsampling through strided convolution.  To analyze this mechanism in a simpler setting, we train linear convolutional autoencoders and show that linear combinations of training data are stored as eigenvectors in the linear operator corresponding to the network when downsampling is used.  On the other hand, networks without downsampling do not memorize training data.  We provide further evidence that the same effect happens in nonlinear networks.  Moreover, downsampling in nonlinear networks causes the model to not only memorize just linear combinations of images, but individual training images.  Since convolutional autoencoder components are building blocks of deep convolutional networks, we envision that our findings will shed light on the important phenomenon of memorization in over-parameterized deep networks.
Hierarchical RL Using an Ensemble of Proprioceptive Periodic Policies
Authors: Kenneth Marino, Abhinav Gupta, Rob Fergus, Arthur Szlam

In this paper we introduce a simple, robust approach to hierarchically training an agent in the setting of sparse reward tasks.
The agent is split into a low-level and a high-level policy. The low-level policy only accesses internal, proprioceptive dimensions of the state observation. The low-level policies are trained with a simple reward that encourages changing the values of the non-proprioceptive dimensions. Furthermore, it is induced to be periodic with the use a ``phase function.'' The high-level policy is trained using a sparse, task-dependent reward, and operates by choosing which of the low-level policies to run at any given time. Using this approach, we solve difficult maze and navigation tasks with sparse rewards using the Mujoco Ant and Humanoid agents and show improvement over recent hierarchical methods.
Quantitative Understanding of VAE as a Non-linearly Scaled Isometric Embedding
Authors: Akira Nakagawa, Keizo Kato

Variational autoencoder (VAE)  estimates the posterior parameters (mean and variance) of latent variables corresponding to each input data. While it is used for many tasks, the transparency of the model is still an underlying issue. This paper provides a quantitative understanding of VAE property by interpreting VAE as a non-linearly scaled isometric embedding. According to the Rate-distortion theory, the optimal transform coding is achieved by using a PCA-like orthonormal transform where the transform space is isometric to the input. From this analogy, we show theoretically and experimentally that VAE can be mapped to an implicit isometric embedding with a scale factor derived from the posterior parameter. As a result, we can estimate the data probabilities in the input space from the prior, loss metrics, and corresponding posterior parameters. In addition, the quantitative importance of each latent variable can be evaluated like the eigenvalue of PCA.
Critical Points in Quantum Generative Models
Authors: Eric Ricardo Anschuetz

One of the most important properties of neural networks is the clustering of local minima of the loss function near the global minimum, enabling efficient training. Though generative models implemented on quantum computers are known to be more expressive than their traditional counterparts, it has empirically been observed that these models experience a transition in the quality of their local minima. Namely, below some critical number of parameters, all local minima are far from the global minimum in function value; above this critical parameter count, all local minima are good approximators of the global minimum. Furthermore, for a certain class of quantum generative models, this transition has empirically been observed to occur at parameter counts exponentially large in the problem size, meaning practical training of these models is out of reach. Here, we give the first proof of this transition in trainability, specializing to this latter class of quantum generative model. We use techniques inspired by those used to study the loss landscapes of classical neural networks. We also verify that our analytic results hold experimentally even at modest model sizes.
Graph-less Neural Networks: Teaching Old MLPs New Tricks Via Distillation
Authors: Shichang Zhang, Yozen Liu, Yizhou Sun, Neil Shah

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are popular for graph machine learning and have shown great results on wide node classification tasks. Yet, they are less popular for practical deployments in the industry owing to their scalability challenges incurred by data dependency. Namely, GNN inference depends on neighbor nodes multiple hops away from the target, and fetching them burdens latency-constrained applications. Existing inference acceleration methods like pruning and quantization can speed up GNNs by reducing Multiplication-and-ACcumulation (MAC) operations, but the improvements are limited given the data dependency is not resolved. Conversely, multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) have no graph dependency and infer much faster than GNNs, even though they are less accurate than GNNs for node classification in general. Motivated by these complementary strengths and weaknesses, we bring GNNs and MLPs together via knowledge distillation (KD). Our work shows that the performance of MLPs can be improved by large margins with GNN KD. We call the distilled MLPs Graph-less Neural Networks (GLNNs) as they have no inference graph dependency. We show that GLNNs with competitive accuracy infer faster than GNNs by 146X-273X and faster than other acceleration methods by 14X-27X. Under a production setting involving both transductive and inductive predictions across 7 datasets, GLNN accuracies improve over stand-alone MLPs by 12.36% on average and match GNNs on 6/7 datasets. Comprehensive analysis shows when and why GLNNs can achieve competitive accuracies to GNNs and suggests GLNN as a handy choice for latency-constrained applications.