nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The design and fabrication of a toroidally continuous cryocondensation pump for the DIII-D advanced divertor

A cryocondensation pump will be installed in the baffle chamber of the DIII-D tokamak in the spring of 1992. The design is complete and fabrication of this pump is in progress. The purpose of the pump is to study plasma density control by pumping the divertor. The pump is toroidally continuous, approximately 10 m long, in the lower outer corner of the vacuum vessel interior. It consists of a 1-m/sup 2/ liquid-helium-cooled surface surrounded by a liquid-nitrogen-cooled shield to limit the heat load on the helium-cooled surface. The stainless steel liquid nitrogen shell has a copper coating on it to enhance thermal conductivity but the coating is broken to keep the toroidal electrical resistance high. The liquid-nitrogen-cooled surface is surrounded by a radiation/particle shield to prevent energetic particles from impacting and releasing condensed water molecules. The whole pump is supported off the water-cooled vacuum vessel wall. A testing program was used to develop coating techniques to enhance heat transfer and emissivity of the various surfaces. Fabrication tests were done to determine the best method of attaching the liquid nitrogen flow tubes to their shield surfaces. A prototype sector of the pump was built to verify fabrication and assembly techniques.<<ETX>>
Top Rank Supervised Binary Coding for Visual Search

In recent years, binary coding techniques are becoming increasingly popular because of their high efficiency in handling large-scale computer vision applications. It has been demonstrated that supervised binary coding techniques that leverage supervised information can significantly enhance the coding quality, and hence greatly benefit visual search tasks. Typically, a modern binary coding method seeks to learn a group of coding functions which compress data samples into binary codes. However, few methods pursued the coding functions such that the precision at the top of a ranking list according to Hamming distances of the generated binary codes is optimized. In this paper, we propose a novel supervised binary coding approach, namely Top Rank Supervised Binary Coding (Top-RSBC), which explicitly focuses on optimizing the precision of top positions in a Hamming-distance ranking list towards preserving the supervision information. The core idea is to train the disciplined coding functions, by which the mistakes at the top of a Hamming-distance ranking list are penalized more than those at the bottom. To solve such coding functions, we relax the original discrete optimization objective with a continuous surrogate, and derive a stochastic gradient descent to optimize the surrogate objective. To further reduce the training time cost, we also design an online learning algorithm to optimize the surrogate objective more efficiently. Empirical studies based upon three benchmark image datasets demonstrate that the proposed binary coding approach achieves superior image search accuracy over the state-of-the-arts.
An overview of the iter in-vessel coil systems

ELM mitigation is of particular importance in ITER in order to prevent rapid erosion or melting of the divertor surface, with the consequent risk of water leaks, increased plasma impurity content and disruptivity. Exploitable “natural” small or no ELM regimes might yet be found which extrapolate to ITER but this cannot be depended upon. Resonant Magnetic Perturbation has been added to pellet pacing as a tool for ITER to mitigate ELMs. Both are required, since neither method is fully developed and much work remains to be done. In addition, in-vessel coils enable vertical stabilization and RWM control. For these reasons, in-vessel coils (IVCs) are being designed for ITER to provide control of Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) in addition to providing control of moderately unstable resistive wall modes (RWMs) and the vertical stability (VS) of the plasma.
Cygnus Diverter Switch Analysis

The Cygnus Dual Beam Radiographic Facility consists of two 2.25-MV 60-kA 50-ns X-ray sources fielded in an underground laboratory at the Nevada Test Site. The tests performed in this laboratory involve the study of the dynamic properties of plutonium and are called subcritical experiments. From end to end, the Cygnus machines utilize the following components: Marx generator, water-filled pulse-forming line (PFL), water-filled coaxial transmission line, three-cell induction voltage adder (IVA), and rod-pinch diode. The upstream transmission line interface to the PFL is via a radial insulator with coaxial geometry. The downstream transmission line terminates in a manifold where the center conductor splits into three lines which individually connect to each of the IVA cell inputs. There is an impedance mismatch at this juncture. It is a concern that a reflected pulse, due to anomalous behavior in the IVA or diode, might initiate breakdown upon arrival at the upstream PFL/transmission line insulator. Therefore, near the beginning of the transmission line, a radial diverter switch is installed to protect the insulator from overvoltage and breakdown. The diverter has adjustable gap spacing and an in-line aqueous-solution (sodium thiosulfate) resistor array for energy dissipation. There are capacitive voltage probes at both ends of the transmission line and on the diverter switch. These voltage signals will be analyzed to determine diverter performance.
Optimising the Windkessel model for cardiac output monitoring during changes in vascular tone

Algorithms for estimating cardiac output (CO) from the arterial blood pressure wave have been observed to be inaccurate during changes in vascular tone. Many such algorithms are based on the Windkessel model of the circulation. We investigated the optimal analytical approaches and assumptions that make up each algorithm during changes in vascular tone. Several analytical approaches and assumptions were evaluated on data from 15 critically ill patients by comparison with thermodilution measurements. We found that the most accurate algorithms assumed a constant compliance for the duration of the beat. They produced a percentage error of ±31% by maintaining the compliance and outflow terms in the Windkessel model. For any algorithm, the following assumptions gave highest accuracy: (i) outflow pressure into the microcirculation is zero; (ii) end of systole is identified using the second derivative of pressure. None of the tested algorithms reached the clinically acceptable accuracy of ±30%.
An overview of the modern light dimmer: design, operation, and application

The light dimmer is a specialized circuit that utilizes switching techniques to control the brightness of a light fixture. Thyristors (unidirectional semiconductor device) and triacs (bidirectional semiconductor device) are the basic power electronic devices used to control the switching. Once the current crosses the zero-crossing of AC power, the brightness is determined. The sine wave is cut in accordance to the zero-crossing to determine the output power. The light dimmer is an efficient and practical application of power electronic devices in an industrial or consumer product.
Application of Induction Motor Simulation Models to Power Station Auxiliary Pump Drives

Transient operation, such as that caused by faults or switching, often results in auxiliary drive motors departing significantly from their normal operating speed. Under these conditions it is necessary to take account of parameter changes caused by saturation and eddy current effects. The paper presents a mathematical model which utilises a modal technique to represent eddy currents and includes saturation effects. The model also included a representation of the mechanical system. A number of important operating conditions are simulated and comparisons of test and computed results are presented for a test machine.
Dispersion Matrices And Their Application To Ultra-highspeed Time Division Multiplexed Systems

E9.4 Dispersion Matrices and their Application to Ultra=highspeed Time Division Multiplexed Systems S.P. Dijaili, J.S. Smith, J.R. Whinnery, and A. Dienes, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. The propagation of Gaussian pulses in a single-mode fiber can be shown to be analogous to the propagation of Gaussian beams in free space. The analog of the ABCD matrix for Gaussian beams (a dispersion matrix), is used to analyze the propagation of achirped Gaussian pulse arising from a gain-switched DFBLD. We show that 80 Gbitlsec can be transmitted over 10 Km.
Exploiting temperature dependency in the detection of NQR signals

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) offers an unequivocal method of detecting and identifying land mines. Unfortunately, the practical use of NQR is restricted by the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the means to improve the SNR are vital to enable a rapid, reliable, and convenient system. In this paper, an approximate maximum-likelihood detector (AML) is developed, exploiting the temperature dependency of the NQR frequencies as a way to enhance the SNR. Numerical evaluation using both simulated and real NQR data indicate a significant gain in probability of accurate detection as compared with the current state-of-the-art approach.
A statistical modeling approach to content based retrieval

Statistical modeling for content based retrieval is examined in the context of recent TREC Video benchmark exercise. The TREC Video exercise can be viewed as a test bed for evaluation and comparison of a variety of different algorithms on a set of high-level queries for multimedia retrieval. We report on the use of techniques adopted from statistical learning theory. Our method, as in most statistical methods, depend on training of models based on large data sets. A plethora of statistical models such the Gaussian mixture models, support vector machines etc. can be thought of, only a few of which are exploited in this preliminary report. Training requires a large amount of annotated (labeled) data. Thus, we explore use of active learning for the annotation engine that minimizes the number of training samples to be labeled for satisfactory performance.
Transcoding Internet content for heterogeneous client devices

There is a growing diversity of client devices that have access to the Internet. However, much of the content on the Internet cannot be handled by the devices that have limited communication, processing, storage and display capabilities. In order to improve the utility of a wide range of client devices, we propose a network-based solution for transcoding Internet content. The system uses an InfoPyramid for representing and transcoding video, images, audio and text. The InfoPyramid manipulates the content along the dimensions of fidelity and modality, and aggregates the methods for content analysis, translation, filtering and selection. The InfoPyramid utilizes a policy engine, which incorporates user and publisher preferences, various transcoding policies, device descriptions, and real-time network constraints in order to adapt the Internet content to the client devices.
Cygnus precision dosimetry — Calibration and measurements

The Cygnus Dual Beam Radiographic Facility consists of two identical radiographic sources each with a dose rating of 4-rad at 1 m, and a 1-mm diameter spot size. The development of the rod pinch diode was responsible for the ability to meet these criteria1. The rod pinch diode in a Cygnus machine uses a 0.75-mm diameter, tapered tip, tungsten anode rod extended through a 9-mm diameter, aluminum cathode aperture. When properly configured, the electron beam born off the aperture edge can self-insulate and pinch onto the tip of the rod creating an intense, small x-ray source. The Cygnus sources are utilized as the primary diagnostic on Subcritical Experiments that are single-shot, high-value events. In such an application, there is a necessity for reliability and reproducibility, as well as a precise measurement of these qualities. On Cygnus, the primary diagnostic for reliability and reproducibility is dosimetry. Thermoluinescent2 dosimeters (TLDs) are used for time-integrated dose, and PIN diodes are used for time-resolved dose. Precision dosimetry calibration methods and results will be presented. Cygnus reliability and reproducibility using TLD dosimetry measurements will be given.
Unleashing Video Search

Video is rapidly becoming a regular part of our digital lives. However, its tremendous growth is increasing userspsila expectations that video will be as easy to search as text. Unfortunately, users are still finding it difficult to find relevant content. And todaypsilas solutions are not keeping pace on problems ranging from video search to content classification to automatic filtering. In this talk we describe recent techniques that leverage the computerpsilas ability to effectively analyze visual features of video and apply statistical machine learning techniques to classify video scenes automatically. We examine related efforts on the modeling of large video semantic spaces and review public evaluations such as TRECVID, which are greatly facilitating research and development on video retrieval. We discuss the role of MPEG-7 as a way to store metadata generated for video in a fully standards-based searchable representation. Overall, we show how these approaches together go a long way to truly unleash video search.
Exploiting Spin Echo Decay in the Detection of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Signals

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is a radio-frequency technique that can be used to detect the presence of quadrupolar nuclei, such as the 14N nucleus prevalent in many explosives and narcotics. In a typical application, one observes trains of decaying NQR echoes, in which the decay is governed by the spin echo decay time(s) of the resonant line(s). In most detection algorithms, these echoes are simply summed to produce a single echo with a higher signal-to-noise ratio, ignoring the decaying echo structure of the signal. In this paper, after reviewing current NQR signal models, we propose a novel NQR data model of the full echo train and detail why and how these echo trains are produced. Furthermore, we refine two recently proposed approximative maximum-likelihood detectors that enable the algorithms to optimally exploit the proposed echo train model. Extensive numerical evaluations based on both simulated and measured NQR data indicate that the proposed detectors offer a significant improvement as compared to current state-of-the-art detectors
Semantic Labeling of Multimedia Content Clusters

In this paper we present a novel approach for labeling clusters of multimedia content that leverages supervised classification techniques in conjunction with unsupervised clustering. Recent research has produced significant results for automatic tagging of video content such as broadcast news. For example, powerful techniques have been demonstrated in the context of the NIST TRECVID video retrieval benchmark. However, the information needs of users typically span a range of semantic concepts. One of the challenges of these multimedia retrieval systems is to organize the video data in such a way that allows the user to most efficiently navigate the semantic space for the video data set. One important tool for video data organization is clustering. However, clustering results cannot be leveraged effectively when they are not labeled. We propose to build on clustering by aggregating the automatically tagged semantics. We propose and compare four techniques for labeling the clusters and evaluate the performance compared to human labeled ground-truth. We present examples of the cluster labeling results obtained on the BBC stock shots from the TRECVID-2005 video data set
Multi-object multi-feature content based search using MPEG-7

We describe methods for content-based searching of images using MPEG-7 descriptions. The search problems range from matching of images based on global features to matching based on multiple objects, multiple features, and structural or semantic constraints and relationships. We provide a taxonomy of the different searching and matching problems and present query methods for each type. Furthermore, we examine methods for computing approximate answers for some of the searching problems in order to allow a trade-off of query response time and precision.
A review of a statistical tool set for the yield enhancement of integrated circuits

The authors describe a system that Harris Semiconductor has developed to aid in the analysis of circuit failures and predictions of functional yeilds. This system is based on a relational database in conjunction with the application of statistical tools. The core of the system is the relational database that uses the commercially available INGRES software. The system design is reviewed along with the supporting software and hardware tools used to create a tool box for yield analysis. Given the current levels of sophistication involved in manufacturing semiconductors, the flexibility of a relational database coupled with the correct analytical and statistical tools provides a powerful system for a yield enhancement resource.<<ETX>>
Integration of fluidically self-assembled optoelectronic devices using a silicon-based process

Fluidic self-assembly (FSA) is a technique for efficient wafer-scale placement of large numbers of small or microscopic devices into receptor sites etched in a substrate. This paper reports the first complete planar process for integrating optoelectronic devices on a silicon wafer using fluidic self-assembly. Methods for bonding the devices into the receptor sites and subsequently contacting, planarizing, and interconnecting them are outlined.<<ETX>>
Renewable energy research leases: Prospects and opportunities on the Hawaiian Outer Continental Shelf (OCS)

The oceans represent a vast and largely untapped source for energy production. Our oceans have the potential to provide wave, wind, solar and other resources that can be used to produce abundant, clean and renewable energy to meet the demands of growing consumption. The Department of the Interior's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) plays a significant role in the Nation's efforts to gain energy independence by providing access to the federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) for responsible development of energy and mineral resources that realizes a fair return to the American people. However, the technology for harnessing these renewable resources to produce energy, as well as knowledge of the potential environmental impacts of these devices, is still in its early stages of development, with great need for additional research. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 provided the Secretary of the Interior with the authority to administer OCS renwable energy activities (i.e. production, transportation, or transmission of energy from sources other than oil and gas) not otherwise authorized by existing law. The Secretary delegated this authority to the Minerals Management Service (now BOEMRE). In April of 2009, final regulations were published in the Federal Register that established a program for granting leases, easements, and rights-of-way for renewable energy activities on the OCS. The regulations authorize BOEMRE to issue research leases and grants on the OCS for research supporting future renewable energy development. These research leases can only be held by a federal agency or a state and can only be issued in areas where there is no commercial interest in renewable energy development. This paper describes opportunities for obtaining OCS research leases, particularly in Hawaii, and outlines the process under the BOEMRE regulations for issuing research leases.
Accelerated cable life testing of EPR-insulated medium voltage distribution cables

This paper presents results aimed at developing a reliable accelerated aging tank test for EPR-insulated cables. Aging was performed at 2 to 4 times rated voltage on load cycling to temperatures of 45/spl deg/C, 60/spl deg/C, 75/spl deg/C, and 90/spl deg/C at the conductor with water in the conductor strands and outside the cable. Results show that cable failure is more rapid at the highest electrical stress and lowest conductor load cycle temperature. Cables aged at higher temperatures and various levels of electrical stress rarely failed and retained in excess of 40% of their original breakdown strength after 1500+ days of aging. Aging performed at 90/spl deg/C load cycle temperature and 4 times rated voltage with air on the outside and water at the conductor of the cable showed more rapid loss of life than with water outside. Results indicate the optimum aging conditions for EPR-insulated cables in the accelerated cable life test (ACLT) differ significantly from those previously observed for XLPE-insulated cables, and that the appropriate test methodology for EPR-insulated cables requires additional study.
Verification test for helium panel of cryopump for DIII-D advanced divertor

It is planned to install a cryogenic pump, in the lower divertor portion of the DIII-D tokamak with a pumping speed of 50000 l/s and an exhaust of 2670 Pa-l/s (20 torr-l/s). A coaxial counterflow configuration has been chosen for the helium panel of this cryogenic pump. The cool-down rates and fluid stability of this configuration are evaluated. A prototypic test was performed to increase confidence in the design. That the helium panel cooldown rate agreed quite well with analytical prediction and was within acceptable limits. The design flow rate proved stable and two-phase pressure drop can be predicted quite accurately. Results confirm that a cooldown of the helium panel from 300 K to liquid helium temperature can be achieved in the few minutes available between plasma shots. Helium flow results indicate that, at the design flow rate of 5 g/s, flow will be stable for heat loads up to 54 W. The expected heat load on the helium panel during operation is about 10 W.<<ETX>>
Making the threshold algorithm access cost aware

Assume a database storing N objects with d numerical attributes or feature values. All objects in the database can be assigned an overall score that is derived from their single feature values (and the feature values of a user-defined query). The problem considered here is then to efficiently retrieve the k objects with minimum (or maximum) overall score. The well-known threshold algorithm (TA) was proposed as a solution to this problem. TA views the database as a set of d sorted lists storing the feature values. Even though TA is optimal with regard to the number of accesses, its overall access cost can be high since, in practice, some list accesses may be more expensive than others. We therefore propose to make TA access cost aware by choosing the next list to access such that the overall cost is minimized. Our experimental results show that this overall cost is close to the optimal cost and significantly lower than the cost of prior approaches.
Robust Multichannel Detection of Mixtures Using Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) is a radio-frequency (RF) spectroscopic technique, able to detect the presence of many high explosives and narcotics. In practice, the weak NQR signal is often corrupted by strong RF interference (RFI); therefore, various multichannel detection algorithms have recently been proposed for NQR. However, these algorithms allow for only a single compound/polymorph, whose associated amplitudes are assumed to be known to within a scaling. Regrettably, these amplitudes are typically prone to some level of uncertainty; and, in several cases of interest, signals from a mixture of NQR compounds/polymorphs may be present, leading to performance degradation in the aforementioned algorithms. In this paper, we develop a robust multisensor hybrid algorithm able to process NQR signals from mixtures while also allowing for errors in the assumed amplitudes. Numerical investigations indicate that the proposed algorithm provides significant performance gains as compared to existing algorithms in the case when there are multiple polymorphs present and/or when uncertainties in the amplitudes exist.