nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantization Noise Suppression in Fractional-$N$ PLLs Utilizing Glitch-Free Phase Switching Multi-Modulus Frequency Divider

A novel programmable frequency divider for quantization noise (QN) suppression in fractional-N phase-locked loops (PLLs) is presented in this paper. The proposed phase switching multi-modulus frequency divider (PS-MMFD) utilizes a novel glitch-free phase switching (PS) divide-by-0.5/1/1.5/2 cell to reduce the frequency division step to 0.5 and its QN induced by ΔΣ modulation is thus suppressed by additional 6 dB. Compared with other frequency dividers used for QN suppression, the proposed glitch-free PS-MMFD is more robust, can operate at higher input frequency and consumes less power. Detailed analysis and implementation of the proposed glitch-free PS-MMFD is demonstrated, followed by experimental results from a fully integrated ΔΣ fractional-N PLL utilizing the proposed QN suppression technique. Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process, the proposed glitch-free PS-MMFD occupies an area of 0.38 mm × 0.25 mm and consumes 5 mA from a 1.8-V supply at an input frequency of 2 GHz. Measurement results also demonstrate the additional 6-dB QN suppression by the proposed technique.
Demographic Estimation from Face Images: Human vs. Machine Performance

Demographic estimation entails automatic estimation of age, gender and race of a person from his face image, which has many potential applications ranging from forensics to social media. Automatic demographic estimation, particularly age estimation, remains a challenging problem because persons belonging to the same demographic group can be vastly different in their facial appearances due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this paper, we present a generic framework for automatic demographic (age, gender and race) estimation. Given a face image, we first extract demographic informative features via a boosting algorithm, and then employ a hierarchical approach consisting of between-group classification, and within-group regression. Quality assessment is also developed to identify low-quality face images that are difficult to obtain reliable demographic estimates. Experimental results on a diverse set of face image databases, FG-NET (1K images), FERET (3K images), MORPH II (75K images), PCSO (100K images), and a subset of LFW (4K images), show that the proposed approach has superior performance compared to the state of the art. Finally, we use crowdsourcing to study the human perception ability of estimating demographics from face images. A side-by-side comparison of the demographic estimates from crowdsourced data and the proposed algorithm provides a number of insights into this challenging problem.
Towards Large-Pose Face Frontalization in the Wild

Despite recent advances in face recognition using deep learning, severe accuracy drops are observed for large pose variations in unconstrained environments. Learning pose-invariant features is one solution, but needs expensively labeled large-scale data and carefully designed feature learning algorithms. In this work, we focus on frontalizing faces in the wild under various head poses, including extreme profile view's. We propose a novel deep 3D Morphable Model (3DMM) conditioned Face Frontalization Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), termed as FF-GAN, to generate neutral head pose face images. Our framework differs from both traditional GANs and 3DMM based modeling. Incorporating 3DMM into the GAN structure provides shape and appearance priors for fast convergence with less training data, while also supporting end-to-end training. The 3DMM-conditioned GAN employs not only the discriminator and generator loss but also a new masked symmetry loss to retain visual quality under occlusions, besides an identity loss to recover high frequency information. Experiments on face recognition, landmark localization and 3D reconstruction consistently show the advantage of our frontalization method on faces in the wild datasets.
Research on Intelligent Vacuum Circuit Breaker Controller based on Embedded Network Control System

An intelligent releaser with embedded network control function is introduced. And the field bus technology, embedded technology, Ethernet technology and intelligent protection control technology are integrated and applied to the actual products. Based on the front edge of the world's intelligent electric appliance, the mining vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) of low voltage and large current, which has protective and communication function, has been developed. Moreover, the intelligent protection and control function, network communication and monitor function are implemented by adding the intelligent control module and adopting embedded system and TCP/IP protocol. The system covers the main functions, such as, the protection of short circuit, over-voltage, under voltage, overload and earthing, the real-time communication between Ethernet and terminal computer, the display about the current and voltage of circuit and faults information, the historical data review and print. In order to increase the efficiency, realize the monitoring on-line for remote distance, the intelligent VCB based on the network, communication, openness and compatibility has been developed
Video based human motion capture

Proposes a new approach to capture human motion in video. This approach does not aim at a given human motion mode, but instead analyzes large-scale motion from frame to frame in a complex variational background and sets up a 3D motion skeleton under perspective projection. This approach is composed of two steps. First, we track every part of a human body from top to bottom on the basis of a human model. Then we perform a camera calibration using the line correspondences between the 3D model and the image, and establish the 3D motion skeleton by using the human model knowledge. The experimental results are presented at the end of the paper.
Electric field optimization design of a vacuum interrupter based on the Tabu search algorithm

During interruption in the vacuum interrupter, the re-ignition between the contact and the shield is influenced by the shape of the contact and size of the shield. The design of the contact and the shield is an intricate optimization problem. In this paper, the Tabu search algorithm is applied to optimize the contacts of a 35 kV vacuum interrupter. The optimization design is based on electric field computation using the finite element method. By solving the inverse problem, the optimization of the contacts is achieved, and a reasonable distribution of the electric field is obtained. Based on the combinatorial optimization Tabu search algorithm, an improved universal algorithm for continuous variables global optimization is proposed.
The research on the response surface-geometric feature charge simulation method

A new approach for the computation of electric fields is described, based on the response surface methodology(RSM) and geometric feature charge simulation method (GFCSM). And the novel combination of RSM and GFCSM is applied to calculate the electric field of the high voltage SF6 arc quenching chamber in this paper. The electric field distribution with higher calculation precision has been achieved. The results of the comparison between the conventional and proposed techniques are presented. Moreover, the new approach proves to be more efficient, minimizing computation of the electric field with multi dielectric medium.
Monocular Video-Based Trailer Coupler Detection Using Multiplexer Convolutional Neural Network

This paper presents an automated monocular-camera-based computer vision system for autonomous self-backing-up a vehicle towards a trailer, by continuously estimating the 3D trailer coupler position and feeding it to the vehicle control system, until the alignment of the tow hitch with the trailers coupler. This system is made possible through our proposed distance-driven Multiplexer-CNN method, which selects the most suitable CNN using the estimated coupler-to-vehicle distance. The input of the multiplexer is a group made of a CNN detector, trackers, and 3D localizer. In the CNN detector, we propose a novel algorithm to provide a presence confidence score with each detection. The score reflects the existence of the target object in a region, as well as how accurate is the 2D target detection. We demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the system on a large trailer database. Our system achieves an estimation error of 1.4 cm when the ball reaches the coupler, while running at 18.9 FPS on a regular PC.
The inversion-law in MEMS microstrip array antenna manufacturing

In the microwave system it is very important to the manufacture of MEMS microstrip array antennas, microstrip array antenna's geometrical parameters are closely related to its electrical parameters. In the manufacturing process of MEMS, it is very difficult to measure the geometry parameters. However, currently it is easy to test the electrical parameters of microwave systems. The real geometry parameters of the microstrip array antenna were obtained through the simulation results of HFSS software and the testing results of microstrip array antenna's electrical parameters. The geometrical dimension error of the microstrip antenna's structure is determined. In this paper, according to the analysis and test results of C-band microstrip array antenna, the inversion law in the microstrip array antenna manufacturing is obtained.
A planar antenna having two realizable circular polarizations

This paper proposes a planar antenna having two realizable circular polarizations. The proposed antenna can radiate with either right hand circular polarization (RHCP) or left hand circular polarization (LHCP) by using different feeding ports. The substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity is used in the antenna designs, and a single grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) is employed as the feeding element to excite the TE120 and TE210 modes in the SIW cavity. Four rectangular radiation slots are used as the radiating element in order to radiate the desired high gain and circularly polarized wave. From the simulated and measured results, it is seem that the novel polarization antenna which have two realizable circular polarizations possess the advantages of low profile, simple realization and easy integration with planar circuits.
Robust optimal power flow with transmission switching

To deal with the increasing penetration of uncertainties caused by renewable generations and uncertain loads, this paper proposes a novel robust optimization model for the optimal power flow (OPF) problem of power systems. In the model proposed, the generation and the network topology are co-optimized, and then the proposed robust optimal power flow with transmission switching (ROPF_TS) model is converted to be a two-stage mixed-integer optimization model based on the duality theory. Based on Benders decomposition, the model is decomposed into a master problem and a slave problem, the master problem corresponds to the resolution of the deterministic optimal power flow with transmission switching problem under base-point mode, the slave problem corresponds to the robust optimal power flow with the given network topology, and then the feasible domain of the master problem is restrained by the Benders cuts developed by the slave problem. Finally, Example analyses are conducted to verify the validity of the proposed model and its solution methodology.
Arc igniting mechanism analysis of high voltage interrupter based on PIC-MCC method

In order to explain the mechanism of high voltage interrupter, a particle in cell method is used in our work to simulate the breakdown process before arc formation of vacuum and SF6 circuit breaker. The electrons and ions which play vital roles in this process are traced by Newton equation. The electrons from field emission, impact ionization and secondary electron emission are all considered in our simulation. The effect of space charge on the motion of charged particles is considered here. Constant time step method of Monte Carlo is used to cope with the collisions between the particles. For vacuum breaker, the exciting, elastic and ionizing collisions between electrons and metallic vapor atoms have been considered here and for SF6, momentum transfer, excitation, dissociative ionization and attachment are considered. The simulation results explore the breaking mechanisms of different circuit breaker and have some values on arc quenching research.
Research on terahertz reflectarray based on graphene surface and PET substrate

Complex surface conductivity at THz frequencies allowing the propagation of relatively slow plasmonic modes results from the unique electronic band structure of graphene, which is followed by a drastically reduced electrical size of the array unit cell and thereby reconfigurable performance. The reflectarray element based on silicon dioxide substrate and Boron Nitride substrate has been developed in our lab. The extraordinary properties of graphene would be damaged once coating the silicon dioxide with graphene due to its rough surface. Moreover, the processing thickness of silicon dioxide in reality should be thicker than that in theory. Thus, a design of graphene reflective cell based on PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) substrate at terahertz would be illustrated in this paper. Ansoft HFSS software is used to simulate and optimize the proposed structure. It is manifest that a full range of 0°∼360° can be successfully achieved for the reflection phase at 1.095 Thz. In practice, the magnitude of reflection coefficient should be larger than 0.7 as a requirement to guarantee the efficiency of reflectarray. Additionally, the reflectarray has been implemented with properly arranged and biased graphene reflective cells. The method mentioned above is regarded as a qualified one to meet reflection coefficients and enable the accomplishment of beam scanning characteristics.
Electric Field Calculation for Vacuum Interrupter by Optimized Charge Simulation Method

In the charge simulation method (CSM), the determination of simulated charges in electrode depends, to a great extent, on the experience of calculators. Meanwhile, the problem is encountered in arranging the simulated charges in the thin electrode. Many investigators have been dedicating for solving these problems, one of the better way is using optimization strategy. Due to the optimized variables are so large that it will turn the optimization unworkable. In this paper, the method of selecting a proper function to determine the coordinate of simulated charges is proposed which makes optimized variables much reduced. In addition, the boundary displacement technique is proposed which brings the thin electrode problem well resolved
Optimization design for shields of vacuum interrupter

The shields of vacuum interrupter play an important role in absorbing the metal vapor and uniforming the electric field distribution. Thus, the breaking and closing performances of vacuum circuit breaker arc much influenced by the shields. In this paper, a 12kV vacuum interrupter has been taken as the investigation object, the Emax the size, shape, location of the shields have been chosen as the objective function and optimization variables respectively. The optimization design is performed by solving the inverse electric field problem using the simulated annealing optimization strategy. The optimum size, shape and location of the shields to be designed are obtained. By comparing with present 12kV vacuum interrupter, it shows that a modern design technique for the shields of vacuum interrupter is provided in this paper.
Geology automatic plotting based on secondary development of Surpac

Geological plotting is the bridge and link between three-dimensional model of deposits and the actual engineering design. Automatic plotting and file plotting of Surpac are introduced, combined with the advantages of both, complex geologic mapping process based on secondary development of Surpac is studied. Combined with the actual needs of Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine closely, on the base of creating the geological database, surface, ore bodies, faults, stratum and laneway three-dimensional models, the mode and map of entity, page property, map and format conversion are studied. The secondary development of Surapc is carried out and the program of complex geologic mapping process automatically, which can fit much more levels. The practice indicated that the deposit three-dimensional models are reliable. Comparing with the traditional plotting, the geological section created by automatic plotting program has many outstanding advantages of plotting quality, convenience, which could be used in the work of mine resource evaluation, exploitation plans making and mining designs.
Design of a tanh profiled compact Gaussian corrugated horn for Cassegrain antenna application

A design method of a tanh profiled corrugated horn coupling to the fundamental Gaussian beam mode with low sidelobe levels and symmetry radiation pattern is presented working at Terahertz(THz) frequency. The calculation of slot depth of feedhorn has a variable-pitch-to-width-slot mode converter in order to produce the HE11 hybrid mode, whilst increasing a linear phase stability section reaches the purpose of coincidence stationary phase in the aperture of horn. This feedhorn design methodology has been validated experimentally in CHAMP and GRASP having obtaining -40dB side-lobe levels and -58dB cross polarization levels at 322GHz At last, the designed tanh profiled corrugated horn is applied into a Cassegrain antenna with a very stable output phase which reveals a good accuracy and superior performance comparing the far-field patterns with ideal Gaussian feed and sin-profiled feed.
Improving face recognition with a quality-based probabilistic framework

This paper addresses the problem of developing facial image quality metrics that are predictive of the performance of existing biometric matching algorithms and incorporating the quality estimates into the recognition decision process to improve overall performance. The first task we consider is the separation of probe/gallery qualities since the match score depends on both. Given a set of training images of the same individual, we find the match scores between all possible probe/gallery image pairs. Then, we define symmetric normalized match score for any pair, model it as the average of the qualities of probe/gallery corrupted by additive noise, and estimate the quality values such that the noise is minimized. To utilize quality in the decision process, we employ a Bayesian network to model the relationships among qualities, predefined quality related image features and recognition. The recognition decision is made by probabilistic inference via this model. We illustrate with various face verification experiments that incorporating quality into the decision process can improve the performance significantly.
Improving semantic role labeling using high-level classification in complex networks

While traditional supervised learning methods perform classification based only on the physical features of the data (e.g. distribution, similarity or distance), the high-level classification is characterized by its ability to capture topological features of the input data by using complex network measures. Recent works have shown that a variety of patterns can be detected by combining both features of the data, although the physical features alone are unable to uncover them. In this article we investigate such a hybrid method for the Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) task, which consists of the identification and classification of arguments in a sentence with roles that indicate semantic relations between an event and its participants. Due to its potential to improve many other natural language processing tasks, such as information extraction and plagiarism detection to name a few, we consider the SRL task over a Brazilian Portuguese corpus named PropBank-br, which was built with texts from Brazilian newspapers. Such a corpus represents a challenging classification problem as it suffers with the scarcity of annotated data and very imbalanced distributions, like the majority of non-English corpus. Experiments were performed considering the argument classification task over the whole corpus and, specifically, over the most frequent verbs. Results in the verb-specific scenario revealed that the high-level system is able to obtain a considerable gain in terms of predictive performance, even over a state-of-the-art algorithm for SRL.
Research of the chaos characteristic of the vacuum circuit breaker with coupled physical field simulation

In this paper, a 72.5kV vacuum arc extinguishment chamber is studied through establishing 3D field domain models based on the structures of 1/2 and 1/3 turn coil longitudinal magnetic field contacts with different numbers of slots, at the same time, 3D static simulation and eddy current field simulation were conducted using the finite element method and physical environment method to analyze the influence of different numbers of slots and coil structure on the distribution of longitudinal magnetic field and lag time. To reflect the coupling effect between electric field, magnetic field and air current field, a vacuum arc magnetic fluid model was established after analyzing the existing vacuum arc models and characteristics of vacuum arc under different breaking conditions. After analyzing the instability of vacuum arc, we obtained a non-linear third order ordinary differential equation for electric arc in vacuum breakers. Through adjusting the parameter values relating to vacuum arc in the equation, it is found that the system exhibits a chaotic behavior.
Analyses on insulation performance of breaking processes for vacuum circuit breaker

In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) is applied to calculate the unbounded electric field of a 40.SkV vacuum interrupter (VI). During calculating, multi-dielectrics (such as; air, porcelain casing, vacuum) have been taken into consideration, 4nd the potential variations of each floating electrode under different operating instants hare been obtained. Moreover, the whole electric field distributions of the VI with different opening strokes have been computed and figured out dynamically.
Study on the insulation performance using the response surface-geometric feature charge simulation method

A new approach for the computation of electic fields is described, based on the response surface methodology (RSM) and geometric feature charge simulation method (GFCSM). And the novel combination of RSM and GFCSM is applied to calculate the electric field of the high voltage SF6 arc quenching chamber in this paper. The electric field distribution with higher calculation precision has been achieved. The results of the comparison between the conventional and proposed techniques are presented. Moreover, the new approach proves to be more efficient, minimizing computation of the electric field with multi dielectric medium.
Ion-molecule collision modeling of plasma discharge

In order to certify the function of ion to the gas discharge, a model of direct current discharge of argon, which includes the elastic and charge exchange collisions between ions and neutral gases, is examined using the particle-in-cell (PIC)/Monte Carlo collision (MCC) simulation. The structure of our electrode is one dimension and for the velocity of the particles, three dimensions calculation is considered in our study. The temperature of the gas is 293 K and the voltage between the electrodes is 500 V. We traced the motions of the electrons and the ions until they reached the electrode and the surface emitting from cathode is also considered here. The actions of the particles are given by the Newton laws of the motion and the potential field model related to the energy is adopted here to describe the processes of collisions which will modify the motions of the ions. In this method, the functions of gamma and beta process in gas discharge are certified.