nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-time multi-level wavelet lifting scheme on a fixed-point DSP for JPEG 2000 and scalable video coding

In this paper, we discuss the design and real-time implementation of a multi-level two-dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform (2D-DWT). The wavelet transform uses the well-known 5/3 filter coefficients and is implemented using the lifting framework. However, the transform allows complexity-scalable solutions with different latencies for scalable video coding. We have extensively utilized SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) and DMA (Direct Memory Access) techniques, where the proposed process of background DMA transfers is so effective, that the ALUs are almost never starved for data input. The obtained execution performs a 4-level transform at CCIR-601 broadcast resolution in 3.65 Mcycles, including memory stalls, on a DM642 DSP. At a clock rate of 600MHz this translates to more than 160 transforms per second, satisfying the performance requirements for a real-time image/video encoding system for e.g. surveillance applications.
A 250 GHz sub-harmonic mixer design implemented in EBG technology

The design that is presented in this paper corresponds to a sub-harmonic mixer with an RF frequency around 250 GHz and combines conventional and EBG technologies. In this design an EBG woodpile structure was used as substrate for a dipole antenna, improving its radiation features, whereas the local oscillator (LO) feeding waveguide is a metallic rectangular waveguide. Although in order to take full advantage of this technology and to avoid losses resulting from the transitions between different technologies, the whole system should be completely realised using EBG technology, this is a first step towards a fully integrated EBG receiver.
Meta-Surfaces for Antenna Applications

The radiation performance of a planar meta-surface based on dipoles and wires are experimentally investigated. A dipole antenna closely placed to the meta-surface is used as a feeding source of the meta-surface obtaining a gain value of 6.8 dBi; the thickness of the whole system is 0.135 λ0 and the aperture efficiency 82 %. A study of the mutual coupling between dipole antenna array elements is also presented. On average, between 3 and 14 dB reduction of the mutual coupling is achieved when the meta-surface is used. (5 pages)
A Novel Circularly-Polarized Periodically-Loaded Mast Antenna for Vehicular Satellite Radio Reception

A novel type of short monopole antenna is proposed. Its structure consists of a periodically slotted coaxial line radiating in linear polarization (LP). The structure can be easily modified by the addition of a thin layer of dipoles in order to generate circular polarization (CP). The number of slots along the structure, their periodicity and the tuning of the terminating load allow control of the antenna main beam' angle and width. One advantage of the proposed design over conventional monopoles is that the antenna does not require a ground plane. Both left-hand and right-hand CP are possible with the same design, simply by inverting the symmetry of the printed dipoles. Design details for the annular slotted coaxial line and for the LP and CP mast antennas are given. Prototypes in both LP and CP were fabricated and their characteristics were measured. Simulations and measurement are in good agreement. The proposed CP mast antenna is compliant with the requirements of the XM digital satellite radio system, with a frequency bandwidth of more than 1.7% in which <2, and an AR<4 in the elevation range of plusmn30deg< thetas < plusmn70deg .
DAC-Less and DSP-Free 112 Gb/s PAM-4 Transmitter Using Two Parallel Electroabsorption Modulators

Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) is widely regarded as the modulation format of choice for the next generation of 400 gigabit Ethernet short-reach optical transceiver. However, generating and receiving PAM-4 at line rates of 112 Gb/s has proven challenging, without relying on power-hungry tools as digital signal processing and digital-to-analog converters, as it requires linearity from the E/O-components in the link and/or predistortion techniques. Moving the binary to multilevel conversion to the optical domain would greatly relax these requirements. Electroabsorption-based transceivers would be ideally suited for this type of data center interconnects as they are capable of combining low-power and high bandwidth operation with a very compact layout, removing the need for large travelling wave structures and dedicated 50 Ω terminations. In this paper, we present a novel transmitter topology for generating PAM-4 using two binary-driven electroabsorption modulators in parallel. Using this approach, we achieve superior performance with respect to a single, but identical multilevel-driven EAM. Finally, we demonstrate the first silicon-based modulator capable of transmitting single-lane 112 Gb/s PAM-4 over 2 km of standard single-mode fiber without any electrical digital-to-analog converter, DSP, or long transmission line structures and terminations.
Clustering of tracklets for on-line multi-target tracking in networked camera systems

This paper considers the problem of tracking a variable number of objects through a surveillance site monitored by multiple cameras with slightly overlapping field-of-views. To this end, we propose to cluster tracklets generated by a commercially available single-camera video-analysis algorithm which is solely based on the position of objects. A first contribution of this paper is the proposal of a novel, extended energy function representing the confidence that two tracklets correspond to the same object. In contrast to previous work, the proposed motion-consistency error enables the clustering of tracklets from arbitrary views and temporal overlap. A second contribution is to evaluate the performance of several clustering algorithms. The results show that the clustering techniques employing only the merging of tracklets yield 10–15% higher F1 score than clustering techniques using various types of clustering moves including split and swap moves.
Real-Time and Distributed AV Content Analysis System for Consumer Electronics Networks

The ever-increasing complexity of generic multimedia-content-analysis-based (MCA) solutions, their processing power demanding nature and the need to prototype and assess solutions in a fast and cost-saving manner motivated the development of the Cassandra framework. The combination of state-of-the-art network and grid-computing solutions and recently standardized interfaces facilitated the set-up of this framework, forming the basis for multiple cross-domain and cross-organizational collaborations. It enables distributed computing scenario simulations for e.g. distributed content analysis (DCA) across consumer electronics (CE) in-home networks, but also the rapid development and assessment of complex multi-MCA-algorithm-based applications and system solutions. Furthermore, the framework's modular nature-logical MCA units are wrapped into so-called service units (SU)-ease the split between system-architecture- and algorithmic-related work and additionally facilitate reusability, extensibility and upgrade ability of those SUs
Occlusion-Robust Pedestrian Tracking in Crowded Scenes

This paper focuses on tracking in typical traffic monitoring scenarios with emphasis on handling occlusions caused by trees, lampposts and cables. We extend the existing TRracking with Occlusion handling and Drift correction (TROD) algorithm with a novel occlusion detection algorithm, based on measuring the changes in the object motion pattern. The motion information is extracted via frame differencing and described a the HOG descriptor. Occlusions are handled by preventing the model update and predicting the object location based on prior observations. Our proposed system clearly outperforms state-of-the-art tracking algorithms for larger occlusions in the specific pedestrian surveillance scenario, that is, the percentage of successfully tracked objects grows with 10-15%. At the same time, for non-specific public datasets, the performance is similar to existing state-of-the-art tracking algorithms.
Image quality analysis of vibration effects in C-arm flat panel X-ray imaging

The motion of C-arm scanning X-ray systems may result in vibrations of the imaging sub-system. In this paper, we connect C-arm system vibrations to Image Quality (IQ) deterioration for 2D angiography and 3D cone beam X-ray imaging, using large Flat Panel detectors. Vibrations will affect the projected image sharpness and the projected image position. The former will appear as blur and the latter as image shift for the 2D projection radiography process. If this phenomenon is not corrected in the post processing (pixel shift), it will manifest as subtraction registration artifacts. We will model and verify the effect of vibrations in 2D subtracted and non-subtracted flat panel imaging. Two effects on 3D IQ are modeled: (1) vibrations during an actual acquisition run inducing movement blur and (2) C-arm movement calibration errors in the iso-center giving remnant blur. The model establishes a relation between vibration amplitudes and image quality for dominant system Eigen-frequencies. The validity and accuracy of the model for 2D and 3D imaging modes is supported and demonstrated by experiments and even provides sufficient quality for defining image quality requirements.
High-impedance surfaces having stable resonance with respect to polarization and incidence angle

The work presented in this paper concerns a theoretical study on frequency selective surfaces (FSS) with application to artificial magnetic conductors or high-impedance surfaces (HIS). Current realizations of HIS are based on a planar FSS at the interface of a metal-backed dielectric slab either including vertical vias or not. A stable resonance was found for the case of series-resonance grids without vias in the slab. The resonance turns out to be unique in theory for all angles of incidence and both polarizations of plane waves illuminating the HIS. It was shown that vias destroy the stabilization effect and introduce a frequency shift. The analytical model was validated by HFSS simulations.
Particle image velocimetry study on dual cooling jet flows

With the advance of the Internet of Things (IoT), electronics are becoming more prevalent in applications outside the traditional consumer electronics environment. Current electronic systems are often challenged by operation at extreme low temperature, high temperature, rapid cycling temperature, vibration, or dust-filled environments. Typical systems for these environments are natural convection cooled and sealed to protect the interior electronics from the exterior environment but this has as consequence that efficient heat removal is challenging, limiting electronics capability. Application of fans is often considered to negatively impact reliability. Dual Cool Jet (DCJ) is a variant of variable orifice synthetic jet(VO-SJ) consisting of piezo actuated metal disks that are mechanically configured to form a miniature thin form factor air mover. The DCJ does not require bearings or a DC motor making the air mover potentially lower cost and more reliable, making it an attractive candidate for electronics in harsher environments. DCJ produces a pulsing jet of high velocity air flow, imparting momentum on the adjacent fluid creating series of counter rotating vortex pairs. The flow field produced by a DCJ has been numerically studied and has proven to be a complex function of the transient aero-mechanical interaction between the disks and the internal air volume. This study provides a unique insight in the air flow field of a DCJ by publishing time-resolved particle image velocimetry and displacement measurement results. These results show that the variable orifice nature of DCJ (2.5X area change) plays a key role in generating a difference between ingestion and expulsion velocity of as much as 8x, resulting in a new flow generated by the device. The study explores the effect of DCJ actuation frequency and its effect on the flow characteristics. The results aid to better understand the application of synthetic jets like DCJ and further help to advance future technology applications.
A software-based high-quality MPEG-2 encoder employing scene change detection and adaptive quantization

The paper presents a new software-only MPEG encoder implementation which uses adaptive quantization and scene change detection to enhance image quality. Scene change detection is coupled to the bit-allocation process, providing a more constant image quality over time. Simultaneously, it is used to assign picture coding types to enable easy, lossless cutting at scene change positions in a later editing process. Furthermore, a new fast bit-rate estimation algorithm is proposed, which is accurate enough to avoid macroblock-level rate-control. Although our current implementation concentrates on an MPEG-2 implementation, all concepts are readily applicable to MPEG-4 encoders.
Using Entropy's Justificatory Knowledge for a Business Process Design Theory

Business processes and the data they generate are often complex, causing uncertainty for managers who have to take decisions based on this information. At this moment, a theoretical understanding of the complexity associated with these business processes and their data is absent. In this paper, we therefore suggest the concept of entropy from thermodynamics as justificatory knowledge for governing design science research efforts. This might lead to a set of prescriptive guidelines for creating business processes exhibiting a low degree of complexity. Our analysis shows that entropy indeed seems a viable concept for this purpose.
A fast pulsed power source applied to treatment of conducting liquids and air

Two pilot pulsed power sources were developed for fundamental investigations and industrial demonstrations of treatment of conducting liquids. The developed heavy-duty power sources have an output voltage of 100 kV (rise time 10 ns, pulse duration 150 ns, pulse repetition rate maximum 1000 pps). A pulse energy of 0.5-3 J/pulse and an average pulse power of 1.5 kW have been achieved with an efficiency of about 80%. In addition, adequate electromagnetic compatibility is achieved between the high-voltage pulse sources and the surrounding equipment. Various applications, such as the use of pulsed electric fields (PEFs) or pulsed corona discharges for inactivation of microorganisms in liquids or air, have been tested in the laboratory. For PEF treatment, homogeneous electric fields in the liquid of up to 70 kV/cm at a pulse repetition rate of 10-400 pps could be achieved. The inactivation is found to be 85 kJ/L per log reduction for Pseudomonas fluorescens and 500 kJ/L per log reduction for spores of Bacillus cereus. Corona directly applied to the liquid is found to be more efficient than PEF. With direct corona we achieve 25 kJ/L per log reduction for both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. For air disinfection using our corona pulse source, the measured efficiencies are excellent: 2 J/L per log reduction.
Experimental demonstration of low Axial-Ratio Circular Polarization Selective Surface

The realization of a Circular Polarization Selective Surface (CPSS) exhibiting low Axial Ratio (AR) has been demonstrated experimentally in the X band, showing good agreement with the simulated response. The fabricated CPSS has been characterized using a free-space collimator system recently acquired by ESA. An AR below 1dB, which is comparatively smaller than previous results shown in the literature, has been achieved for more than 20% bandwidth.
Resource usage prediction for groups of dynamic image-processing tasks using Markov modeling

With the introduction of dynamic image processing, such as in image analysis, the computational complexity has become data dependent and memory usage irregular. Therefore, the possibility of runtime estimation of resource usage would be highly attractive and would enable Quality-of-Service (QoS) control for dynamic image-processing applications with shared resources. A possible solution to this problem is to characterize the application execution using model descriptions of the resource usage. In this paper, we attempt to predict resource usage for groups of dynamic image-processing tasks based on Markov-chain modeling. As a typical application, we explore a medical imaging application to enhance a wire mesh tube (stent) under X-ray fluoroscopy imaging during angioplasty. Simulations show that Markov modeling can be successfully applied to describe the resource usage function even if the flow graph dynamically switches between groups of tasks. For the evaluated sequences, an average prediction accuracy of 97% is reached with sporadic excursions of the prediction error up to 20–30%.
EBG Enhanced Feeds for the Improvement of the Aperture Efficiency of Reflector Antennas

We describe the use of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) super-layers to improve the shape of reflectors illumination function. Following an investigation of the leaky wave pole singularities of the EBG Green's function, the shape of the radiation patterns of small apertures in ground planes are optimized. The maximization of the reflector aperture efficiency can be obtained by properly tuning the super layers geometrical parameters. A prototype of such feed has been designed, manufactured and tested. The results indicate that the inclusion of the EBG, increases the aperture efficiency of the feed+reflector system to values higher than 80%, over a 10% bandwidth. These low profile feeds are compatible with printed circuit board and/or integrated technology.
QoS-enabled Internet-on-train network architecture: inter-working by MMP-SCTP versus MIP

Internet-on-the-train is a rising concept in the last few years. Several trials in different countries have proved the feasibility of offering Internet access to train commuters, but none of them combines broadband access, scalability, seamless handover and quality of service guarantees in one solution. In this paper, we propose a new architecture to satisfy these needs. Using real handover measurement data of several common broadband wireless technologies, we compare two possible inter-working mobility solutions: Mobile Multi-Path SCTP (MMP-SCTP) and Mobile IP (MIP).
Fabrication-Tolerant Four-Channel Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing Filter Based on Collectively Tuned Si Microrings

We demonstrate a robust, compact and low-loss four-channel wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) filter based on cascaded double-ring resonators (2RR) in silicon. The flat-top channel response obtained by the second-order filter design is exploited to compensate for the detrimental effects of local fabrication variations and their associated phase errors on the ring-based filter response. Full wafer-scale characterization of a cascaded, four-channel 2RR filter with channel spacing of 300 GHz shows an average worst-case insertion loss below 1.5 dB and an average worst-case crosstalk below -18 dB across the wafer, representing a substantial improvement over a first-order based ring (1RR) design. The robust 2RR filter design enables the use of a simple collective thermal tuning mechanism to compensate for global fabrication variations as well as for global temperature fluctuations of the WDM filter, the WDM laser source, or both. Highly uniform collective heating is demonstrated using integrated doped silicon heaters. The compact filter footprint of less than 50×50 μm2 per channel enables straightforward scaling of the WDM channel count to 8 channels and beyond. Such low-loss collectively tuned ring-based WDM filters can prove beneficial in scaling the bandwidth density of chip-level silicon optical interconnects.
Sex-specific aspects of left and right ventricular volume regulation in patients following tetralogy of Fallot repair

Ejection fraction (EF) is applied as a clinically relevant metric to assess both left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function. EF depends on the interplay between end-systolic volume (ESV) and end-diastolic volume (EDV). The role of the two constitutive components is of particular interest for the follow-up study of Fallot patients at risk for RV volume overload. The volume regulation graph (VRG) relates ESV to EDV and has been advanced as a central tool to describe LV and RV function. The method permits additional analysis of the impact of clinically relevant determinants such as sex and age. Following Fallot repair and using MRI we evaluated LV and RV volumes in 124 patients (50 females), who were not taking any medication. Volumes were indexed for body surface area (BSA). The VRG regression lines are similar for both sexes, also when stratified for age (i.e. younger or older than 18 years), and different for LV and RV. However, RV ESV is larger (P=0.039) for adult males, as is RV EDV (P=0.026) in boys, relative to their female counterparts. For LV ESV we also found larger volumes, but only in boys (P=0.023) compared to girls. Average EF (only for RV) is lower in adult men compared to women (P=0.012), and to boys (P=0.007). These findings are partly in contrast with common observations made in individuals without a history of cardiac disease, where (with BSA indexation) LV and RV volumes are similar in children, but consistently larger in adult males. These results highlight the age- and sex-specific volumetric aspects of remodeling following surgery in Fallot patients, and emphasize the pivotal role of ESV size in both RV and LV.
Resolving requirement conflicts through non-functional decomposition

A lack of insight into the relationship between (non) functional requirements and architectural solutions often leads to problems in real life projects. This paper presents a model that concentrates on the mapping of nonfunctional requirements onto functional requirements for architecture design. We build a framework that both provides a model and a repeatable method to transform conflicting requirements into a system decomposition. This paper presents the framework, and discusses two cases onto which the method is applied. In one case, the method is successfully used to reconstruct the high-level structure of a system from its requirements. The second case is one in which the method was actually used to create a system design fitting the stakeholders' needs, and that is reproducible from its requirements.
System for semi-automated surveying of street-lighting poles from street-level panoramic images

Accurate and up-to-date inventories of lighting poles are of interest to energy companies, beneficial for the transition to energy-efficient lighting and may contribute to a more adequate lighting of streets. This potentially improves social security and reduces crime and vandalism during nighttime. This paper describes a system for automated surveying of lighting poles from street-level panoramic images. The system consists of two independent detectors, focusing at the detection of the pole itself and at the detection of a specific lighting fixture type. Both follow the same approach, and start with detection of the feature of interest (pole or fixture) within the individual images, followed by a multi-view analysis to retrieve the real-world coordinates of the poles. Afterwards, the detection output of both algorithms is merged. Large-scale validations, covering about 135 km of road, show that over 91% of the lighting poles is found, while the precision remains above 50%. When applying this system in a semi-automated fashion, high-quality inventories can be created up to 5 times more efficiently compared to manually surveying all poles from the images.