nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On-Orbit Single Event Effect of the Digital Signal Processor of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and Discrepancy Analysis for the Rate Prediction

Three hundred commercial off-the-shelf ADSP-2187L chips on AMS-02 have been operating without major problems on the International Space Station since launch. The conversion rates from the single event upset (SEU) to single event function interrupt varied with the operation methods. The correlation between the on-orbit SEU and radiation environments during the 24th solar cycle was studied. The on-orbit SEU rate was much lower than expected. Possible reasons for the higher predicted SEU rate were discussed and thought to be the different circuit operations of the ground test method and the on-orbit one in the sensitive linear energy transfer range.
Multi-generation diffusion: An empirical analysis of Earth Resource Satellite

Earth Resource Satellite (ERS) data product has played such a more and more important role in many industries that it is necessary to master the rule governing the diffusion of ERS data product. The current research has done little on multi-generation diffusion of ERS data product. This paper applied multi-generation diffusion theory to do some try on this topic. We build three models and use users data of three generations of China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite(CBERS) data product to fit them and then select the optimal model. With the selected model, we analyze how the diffusion parameters change across generations and users transformation across generations. The analysis results show that the user usurped from previous generations, especially from China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 02(CBERS-02), constitute majority of users of China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 02B (CBERS-02B)data product. Based on this conclusion, this paper put forward related recommendations to promote the diffusion of ERS data product.
A MPPT control strategy of solar power systems for low irradiance conditions

A novel algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in solar power-generating systems was proposed and compared with the conventional methods of hill climbing, perturbation and observation, and incremental conductance. The three conventional algorithms are prone to divergence under low irradiance levels (<150W/m2), resulting in MPPT difficulties. This study proposed a new MPPT technique based on the relationship between the sun and the horizon, and also circumvented the drawbacks of conventional MPPT algorithms. The proposed algorithm facilitated quick and precise convergence at the maximum power point for a photovoltaic module under a low irradiance level of 100W/m2. Comparisons of the proposed and conventional hill climbing algorithms were conducted for irradiance levels of 650, 500, 250, and 100 W/m2, and the proposed algorithm yielded consistently more favorable results than did the conventional hill climbing algorithm.
No-Load Magnetic Field and Cogging Force Calculation in Linear Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines With Semiclosed Slots

This paper presents an improved analytical subdomain model for predicting the magnetic field in linear permanent magnet synchronous machines (LPMSMs) with semiclosed slots accounting for the finite length of primary iron core and secondary back-iron. The whole field domain is divided into eight subdomains and the magnetic field in each subdomain is solved by applying the variable separation method, adequate boundary conditions, and interface conditions. In this model, both the slot and end effects are considered. The thrust and normal forces are calculated by the Maxwell stress theory. The finite element analysis is carried out to validate the analytical model. Finally, an LPMSM prototype is manufactured and tested. The experimental results show that the developed analytical model has high accuracy for predicting the magnetic field and forces.
Development of a distributed Bernoulli gripper for ultra-thin wafer handling

Ultra-thin wafer (thickness <100 µm) gripper is a challenging component to design since the wafer is one of the thinnest and fragile materials. In this paper, a soft acting non-contact gripper based on the distributed Bernoulli principle for ultra-thin wafer is developed and evaluated. The theoretical analysis and experimental studies of the designed gripper are carried out. The effects of the two key operation parameters: air flow rate and gap height (between the gripper and the wafer) on the gripper performance are investigated. From the experimental results, the appropriate parameters can be recommended. Finally, a performance comparison among the designed gripper and two existing grippers is studied, which shows that the designed gripper can provide a more gentle lifting force.
On K L∗-stability via hybrid-event-time for hybrid dynamical systems

This paper investigates K L<sub>*</sub>-stability for hybrid dynamical systems (HDS). The notions of K L <sub>θ</sub>K<sub>θK</sub>-property and K L <sub>θ</sub>-stability were proposed for HDS with respect to the hybrid-event-time. The K L <sub>θ</sub>-stability unifies the recently reported K L L-stability and event-stability for HDS. The relationships between K L <sub>θ</sub> K<sub>θK</sub>-property and K L <sub>θ</sub>-stability were established via introducing the K L <sub>θK→θL</sub>-condition with the hybrid dwell-time condition (HDT). The HDT generalized and unified the often used average dwell-time condition (ADT) and the converse-ADT in the literature for the stability of HDS. Finally, a criterion of K L <sub>θ</sub>-stability was derived by using the multiple Lyapunov-like functions.
Axiomatics fuzzy sets logic

In this paper, we put forward the AFS (Axiomatics Fuzzy Sets) fuzzy logic which is a new logic system based on AFS theory. Instead of using T-norm, S-norm and negative operator, AFS fuzzy logic is set up by uniform algorithm according to the original data of the real world problems. It is not only similar to human thinking logic, but also convenient for the computers to process and can convert information in database to the fuzzy sets which can been easily apprehended and utilized by human.
Texture Image Retrieval Based on Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix and Singular Value Decomposition

This paper proposed a novel method, which uses gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and singular value decomposition (SVD) to extract the features of texture images for image retrieval. In our algorithm, we take the top ten singular values which are based on SVD as the feature vectors, and then uses the Euclidean distance for similarity measure. Compared with traditional GLCM-based feature extraction methods (such as the mean and variance), our new method can improve the retrieval efficiency. Experiments show that the proposed approach is satisfactory and achieves better retrieval performance.
Infrared Face Recognition Based on Radiant Energy and Curvelet Transformation

In this paper, a infrared face recognition method using radiant energy conversion and Curvelet transformation is proposed. Firstly, to get the stable feature of thermal face, thermal images are converted into radiant energy images according to Stefan-Boltzmann's law. Secondly, Curvelet transform has better directional and edge representation abilities than widely used wavelet transformation and other classic transformations. Inspired by these attractive attributes of Curvelets in sparse representation of the images, we introduce the idea of decomposing images into their curvelet subbands to extract the principal representative feature, which saves the computational complexity and storage units. Finally, the nearest neighbor classifier is chosen to get the system recognition result. The experiments illustrate that compared with traditional PCA based systems, the proposed system has better performance and requires fewer computations and memory units.
The design and implementation of expert supporting system for divisions of forest category based on ArcGIS Engine

In order to solve the problem of automatic division of forest category in forest management, this article based on the C# language of NET technology, combining with the forest division regulation and the method of comprehensive factor evaluation, established a set of forest species division indicator system and developed the divisions of forest category system by the component of ArcGIS Engine. This system can auxiliary realizing functions of automatic forest category division, mapmaking, query and statistics. Comparing with the traditional method, this method is more convenient and accurate, reducing man-made error and improving work efficiency.
Compensation of the offset in numerical integration of a D-dot sensor measurement

Based on the physical principle of D-dot electric field sensors, integration is indispensable to recover the measured electric field. As integrators are not applicable under certain conditions and the offset in numerical integration is vital to the pulse measurement results, it is necessary to compensate the offset in software integration of a D-dot electric sensor measurement. This paper presented a fast and adaptive method to solve this issue. In order to pick up the offset, a delayed trigger is adopted. And the detection is conducted on the integrated waveform instead of the measured raw data. By linear fitting approach, the offset is mathematically modeled and then removed from the original shape. A detailed example is given to illustrate the data process. From the corrected result it can be seen that the presented method is highly beneficial to accurate pulse measurements.
High definition 3D seismic refraction tomography to image underground voids and it's application

A method for 3-D seismic refraction tomography is presented. We have applied a new approach for processing 3D seismic refraction data using waveform modeling to image underground pipes using short channel spacing. This approach successfully obtained accurate high definition 3D ground model. More than 10 surveys were done to image underground pipes and voids. The purpose of this study is to test the ability of a true 3D refraction tomography algorithm using short (1.5') channel spacing to characterize the subsurface. The pipe's types range from concrete wall water pipes, aluminum pipes for electrical wires and PVC water pipes. The true 3D waveform refraction tomography algorithm is based on numerical modeling using the discrete element method and finite difference interpolation. Inversion was calculated simultaneously in three dimensions to obtain true 3D tomography. 3D models of imaged subsurface were generated revealed pipes' locations, shapes and sizes. The pipe walls and the center void volume are clearly distinguished in the 3D model. Results from the field application are presented and show the high accuracy and the benefit of assessing seismic refraction data using the true 3D approach.
Modified Phase Zero Method for Ultrasound Freehand Strain Imaging

Ultrasound elastography is the technique of obtaining tissue stiffness information. In tumor diagnosis, the stiffness of the tissue is one of the most important parameters for tissue characterization, the more accurate stiffness information clinic doctors obtain, the more reliable diagnosis conclusion they can make. In ultrasound elastography, motion tracking between two successive frames plays a key role for strain estimation. Many algorithms have been presented recently; however, most of them are either inefficient for real time or not robust for general clinical applications. In this paper we developed an I/Q based freehand strain imaging technique including methods to handle decorrelation due to side slide, reduce the calculation from the phase zero method, provide a pre-processing for better strain imaging quality, and offer an interactive guidance for freehand manipulation of strain image acquisition. Our method has been integrated into a commercial ultrasound scanner and test imaging from a strain phantom has demonstrated that our method can consistently detect different level of lesion stiffness in real time.
Parasitic arcing in EHV circuit breakers

The normal operation of an EHV circuit breaker involves interrupting a fault current (≤63 kA) at power frequency (50 or 60 Hz) while having the capability to withstand rapid voltage restrikes between the interrupter contacts when fully open. Also, on closing the contacts, some limited prestriking may be tolerated. There is increasing evidence that departures from such operation may occur under some conditions in service. For instance, high-frequency arcing may occur when interrupting inductive loads, and late breakdowns across the PTFE nozzle have also been observed. The paper describes some basic experiments to investigate conditions within an interrupter unit which might explain some of these phenomena. It is demonstrated that charge may be induced on the surface of PTFE nozzles used in such circuit breakers and that this charge invariably appears to be of a negative polarity and accumulative. It is shown that the presence of the surface charge can lead to a reduction in the effective dielectric strength of the circuit interrupter. More seriously, there are situations where there is a probability of the breakdown path not being directly between the interrupter contacts within the nozzle, where proper discharge control might be executed, but rather external to the nozzle with potentially disruptive consequences.
The design ofhybrid simulation testing platform for combined cooling, heating and power system

The optimal operation system is the key instruction system in CCHP (combined cooling, heating and power) systems, while its development and test always keep a challenge due to the structure complexity and high energy coupling degree. To solve this problem, an emulation testing platform was designed for CCHP systems to test and verify the specified optimal operation system. The stability and reliability of this system was also validated.
A Study on Deuterium Retention Behavior of Plasma-Facing Materials for EAST

To investigate the deuterium (D) retention behavior of plasma-facing materials (PFMs) in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), SiC-coated graphite, bulk W, and W coating were exposed to D plasmas employing the material and plasma evaluation system in EAST. A comparative study was performed in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) linear plasma facility as well. For the EAST experiments, the local electron temperature and density were <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{e}\approx$ </tex-math></inline-formula> 10–15 eV and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n_{e}\approx$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (1–3) <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$ </tex-math></inline-formula> 10<sup>18</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. In the ECR facility, the plasma parameters were measured to be <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{e} \approx 2.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> eV and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n_{e} \approx 1.5 \times 10^{17}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> m<sup>−3</sup>. The surface morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and D retention properties of various PFMs were examined by thermal desorption spectroscopy. No significant modification of the surface morphology was observed after tokamak exposure experiments. Bulk W and W coating exhibit similar D retention behavior, while D inventory in SiC-coated graphite has been found to be much larger than that in W materials.
Robust reliable control for a class of uncertain switched fuzzy systems based on observers switching

It is presented a model of uncertain switched fuzzy systems, which each subsystem of switched system is an uncertain fuzzy system, and the robust reliable control problem is studied. When the actuators are serious failure - the residual part of actuators can not make original system stability, using switching technique depend on the states of observers and Lyapunov function method, dynamic fuzzy reliable controller is built to ensure the relevant closed-loop system is asymptotic stability. Moreover, observers switching strategy achieving observer errors decreasing uniformly asymptotically to zero of the uncertain switched fuzzy systems is given. A simulation shows the feasibility and the effectiveness of the method.
Stepwise optimal based islanding algorithm for active distribution network

Islanding operation is a solution to reduce outage area and enhance the reliability of power supply in distribution network during fault processing. With the interconnection of different kinds of distributed energy sources (DERs), how to separate the islands properly within the objectives and constraints has been an area of research focus. To address this issue, model of energy resource output and method of regional load priority index calculation are established, and a stepwise optimal algorithm for islanding separation is proposed in this paper. The priority of load and the restriction of power supply are analyzed in each step. Case study shows the algorithm can form a bigger island while keeping essential load.
Architecture Design of an Integrated Communication and Broadcasting Network

Due to power limitation of nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), how to maximize network lifetime has become a critical issue for deployment of WSNs. Although several schemes have been proposed for 2D WSNs, few for 3D WSNs are known. In this paper, we present a scheme for maximizing network lifetime in 3D WSNs through balancing energy consumption, as an extension of the existing scheme for 2D WSNs proposed recently . Same as , we formulate the energy consumption balancing problem as an problem of optimal distribution of transmitting data by combining the techniques of sphere-corona based network division, mixed-routing and data aggregation. We first present a Tiled-block based routing scheme in order to balance energy consumption among nodes in each sphere-corona. Then we design an algorithm to compute the optimal distribution ratio of transmitting data between direct and hop-by-hop transmissions, with the purpose of balancing energy consumption among nodes across different sphere-coronas. Finally we show how to maximize network lifetime through computing the optimal number of sphere-coronas. Simulation results show that our scheme is superior to conventional direct and multihop transmission schemes in network lifetime.
Design of electron optics system for 0.33THz extended interaction amplifier

For the development of Electron Optics System (EOS) for Extended Interaction Amplifier (EIA) at frequency of 330GHz, the parameters of EOS are studied with a help of EGUN and Superfish. The design of EOS and permanent magnetic field for EIA has been conducted. The simulation results show that electron beam has highly pass rate, low ripple and good laminarity.
Experimental Research on Suppressing VFTO in GIS by Magnetic Rings

Very-fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) is a serious threat to the insulation of extra-high voltage and ultra-high voltage power-system equipment and should be suppressed. A simpler and more reliable VFTO suppressing method than a shunt resistor is presented in this paper, which uses magnetic rings installed on the center conductor of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). Two kinds of magnetic materials that can work under high frequency were adopted, one of which is ferrite R2KB and the other is amorphous FJ37. Measurements in a scale model with an air-insulated busbar show that ferrite R2KB rings have a better suppressing effect than amorphous FJ37 when the ring-cluster length is larger than a certain value. The ferrite R2KB rings were applied to 252-kV GIS. The test results show that ferrite R2KB rings can significantly suppress the peak value and the time to peak of VFTO. When the ring-cluster length is 40 cm and the test voltage is 140 kV of power frequency, the overshoot factor and the front steepness of VFTO can be reduced more than 50% and 20%, respectively. The test results are exiting and indicate that using magnetic rings to suppress VFTO is feasible.
Optimized GPU Framework for Pulsed Wave Doppler Ultrasound

Pulsed Wave (PW) spectrum Doppler ultrasound is a valuable tool for clinical diagnosis for flow velocity distribution in vessels. However, real-time processing of PW spectrum is computationally intensive, involving wall filtering, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), column filtering and linear averaging. In this paper a very efficient implementation of a PW Doppler spectrum ultrasound using the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA™) platform developed by NVIDIA® is presented. By exploiting the explicit parallelism exposed in the graphics hardware we obtain more than one order speed-up gain compared with that from standard CPUs. Finally, we get a rate of 7.60 µs with one line of 256 samples, which is about 92 times faster than the CPU implementation.
Electro-hydraulic Velocity Servo System Based on Expert System to Reduce the Load's Influence and the Inaccuracy of System Modeling

A suitable controller needs to be designed in order to acquire the highest performance of the electro-hydraulic system. A classical PID controller for the models attained has been introduced. The expert system is applied in the PID tunning. In contrast, the traditional tunning method is used. Both methods, simulation and experiment results are given.
Charging and discharging currents and photocurrent transient and polypropylene with the presence of a gas gap between the specimen and the electrodes

The photocurrent transient has been measured during the decay period of the dark charging current in polypropylene both with and without exciting radiation from a series of light pulses from an ultraviolet (UV) lamp or an He-Ne laser beam, using arrangements with and without a gas gap between the specimen and the electrodes. The results show that the charging current for polypropylene decays with time much faster for the metallic electrode separated from the specimen with a gas gap than that for the electrodes in intimate contact with the specimen. The photocurrent depends on the magnitude of the charging current and also on the presence of the gas gap. Analysis of the experimental results indicates that the decay of the dark charging current is associated with the time-dependent trapping and detrapping processes and that both electrons and holes can be injected from electrodes.<<ETX>>
Study on the Flow Field in the Chamber of a Fluidized Bed Opposed Superfine Jet Mill

The flow field in the chamber of a fluidized bed op-posed superfine jet mill was numerically simulated by standard k-ε turbulent model and SIMPLEC algorithm based on CFD. Path lines in the chamber of the mill, grinding region and classifying region were plotted using the predicted results. Velocity fields in grinding region and classifying region of the mill were presented in the paper. Velocity profiles at different height section along diameter were analyzed. Flow field in the chamber of the mill was measured by 5-hole probe testing system. The simulation results agree well with the experiment results. Numerical simulation technology combined with flow testing measured could promote the optimization design for the fluidized bed opposed superfine jet mill.
Simulation test of suppressing VFT in GIS by ferrite rings

Low voltage simulation tests were performed to investigate the possibility of suppressing very fast transients (VFT) in gas insulated substations (GIS) by ferrite rings. It is shown in the tests that putting ferrite rings around a conductor can change its wave impedance and damp the travelling waves propagating through. This suppression effect depends on the characteristics of the ferrite materials, including high frequency response, magnetic conductivity, loss and saturation.