nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A process to simulate GNSS-R delay-Doppler map of tsunami-dominant sea surface

In this paper, a process is presented to simulate Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSSR) delay-Doppler maps (DDMs) of a tsunami-dominant sea surface. In this method, the bistatic scattering Z-V model, the sea surface mean square slope model of Cox and Munk and the tsunami-induced wind perturbation model are employed. By taking advantage of the first two models, the DDMs of tsunami-free region can be simulated. In order to accomplish the DDM simulation of tsunami-dominant surface, the tsunami-induced wind perturbation model is utilized on top of that. The simulations of the scattering coefficient distribution and the corresponding DDMs of a fixed region of interest before and during the tsunami are exhibited. On the final stage of analysis, by subtracting the simulation results that are free of tsunami from simulations with presence of tsunami, the tsunami-induced variations can be clearly observed. The process is implemented based on the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami.
First-Order Bistatic High-Frequency Radar Power for Mixed-Path Ionosphere-Ocean Propagation

A theoretical mixed-path ionospheric clutter model for bistatic high frequency radar is presented. Based on previous monostatic work, the first-order received electric field for bistatic radar is derived by considering the scattering processes on both the ionosphere and the ocean surface. Then, the first-order received power model is developed by incorporating a vertically polarized pulsed dipole antenna. In order to investigate the power spectrum of this ionospheric clutter model and its relative intensity to that of the ocean clutter, a normalized ionospheric clutter power is simulated. Numerical simulation results are compared with that of monostatic radar looking at the same ocean scattering patch. Subsequently, the simulations show how the bistatic angle and the ionospheric conditions affect the power spectrum for this bistatic mixed-path ionosphere clutter.
E-Tax Network System Design Based on IP

The paper analyzes the basic needs about E-tax network system, On this basis, discussed the tax LAN technical requirements in the network system from the network capacity and load-bearing capacity, reliability and high availability, QOS, scalability, network interconnection, communication protocols, comprehensive introduced HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol) technology, proposed E-tax network system three-layer solutions on expansion of the switch network in the central switch room of city' tax bureau, as well as the network structure and network construction the way of network expansion and improvement of grass-roots units, raised network node design to the city, county and grass-roots units, and applies to the actual e-tax design of network systems.
Weighted Support Vector Regression Algorithm Based on Data Description

In order to overcome the overfitting problem caused by noises and outliers in support vector regression (SVR) ,a weighted coefficient model based on support vector data description (SVDD) is presented in this paper. The weighted coefficient value to each input sample is confirmed according to its distance to the center of the smallest enclosing hypersphere in the feature space. The proposed model is applied to weighted support vector regression (WSVR) for 1-dimensional data set simulation. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method actually reduces the error of regression and yields higher accuracy than support vector regression (SVR) does.
The Effect of the Bistatic Scattering Angle on the High-Frequency Radar Cross Sections of the Ocean Surface

High-frequency (HF) bistatic Doppler cross sections of the ocean surface are examined with respect to their dependency on the bistatic angle. Previously derived results which incorporate a pulsed dipole source and two orders of scatter are considered. It is trivially seen that the first-order result has a linear dependence on the cosine of the bistatic angle. The second-order echo accounts for a double scatter of incident radiation from first-order surface waves - the so-called electromagnetic term - and a single scatter from a second-order ocean wave. The latter, generally referred to as the second-order hydrodynamic term because it originates from coupling between first-order ocean waves, predominates the Doppler continuum in most regions of interest. The analysis presented here verifies that in addition to a cosine-dependent reduction in cross section magnitude with increasing bistatic angle, both components of the second-order scatter tend to zero under the condition of near-forward scatter for bistatic HF radar operation. Of course, this imposes practical limitations on the region over which a bistatically configured HF radar system may be used to remotely sense ocean surface parameters.
A Cascaded Microsecond-Pulse Generator for Discharge Applications

Gas discharges using pulsed power are a promising and efficient approach for producing low-temperature plasmas at atmospheric pressure. Pulsed power generators vary widely in performance and should be chosen according to the load and application requirements. In this paper, a microsecond-pulselength high voltage (HV) generator is developed for atmospheric-pressure plasma jets that use a cascade-type voltage circuit. The electrical parameters including voltage amplitude, pulse repetition frequency, and pulsewidth, are determined by the trigger system. The voltage amplitude can be up to 10 kV and the pulse repetition frequency varies from 1 Hz to 5 kHz. The unipolar output pulse can be either positive or negative, with either square or triangular wave profile that can also be controlled by the optical trigger system. When the output pulse is a square wave, the rising edge is about 100 ns, the falling edge is approximately 2~μs, and the pulsewidth at the top varies from 0.5 to 30 μs. When the output pulse is a triangular wave, the base of the pulse is from 7 to 62 μs, and the stepped rising edge is from 5 to 30 μs. The HV pulse generator is used for producing helium plasma jets into open air. Preliminary experimental data show the effects of the pulse voltage amplitude, pulse repetition frequency, and pulsewidth on plasma jets, and confirm that the generator can provide a good performance for driving cold plasma jets.
Stenosis detection and quantification on cardiac CTCA using panoramic MIP of coronary arteries

In this work, we proposed to demonstrate the entire 3D coronary tree using panoramic maximum intensity projection (MIP) of coronary arteries, and to detect and quantify coronary stenosis from computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA). The performance of the proposed method was assessed in comparison with invasive coronary angiography (ICA) as reference standard. Six anonymized CTCA datasets were tested. MIP method achieved a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 95% for the stenosis detection with a good reproducibility (i.e. Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.74 for the intra-rater agreement, and 0.45 for the inter-raters agreement). In stenosis quantification, three image options are provided. The original density images resulted in an accuracy of 0.85. The edge map images resulted in an accuracy of 0.79. The image combination had a better accuracy of 0.89 than any single image option. In conclusion, the panoramic MIP provided fast and accurate way for the stenosis detection and quantification. It may be helpful to assist the radiologist in identifying the location of the greatest narrowing in clinical practice.
The Second-Order High Frequency Radar Ocean Surface Foot-Scatter Cross Section for an Antenna on a Floating Platform

While the first-order and a portion of the second-order scattering mechanism for high frequency surface wave radar signals from the ocean surface for the case of the antennas being mounted on a floating platform have been addressed earlier, here the case of one of two scatters occurring near the transmitting and/or receiving antenna is considered. The relevant fields, reduced to monostatic form for the case of a pulsed dipole source and a time-invariant rough surface, are extended to include the ocean surface, which is considered to be a zero-mean Gaussian process. The new contributions to the radar cross section (RCS) again appear as Bessel functions, which give rise to additional features in the overall RCS. The effects are generally much smaller than those associated with the first-order scattering except at specific frequencies in the spectral regions beyond the peaks of the usual second-order energy and also near zero Doppler.
Dual-curve-fitting-based wind parameter extraction from shipborne nautical X-band radar data

In this paper, techniques for retrieving wind direction and speed from shipborne X-band nautical radar images are presented. First, by analyzing the radar backscatter intensity histogram and zero-pixel percentage, each individual image is designed to go through a data quality control process. With this processing, the rain cases and all-black images can be recognized. Then, a harmonic function that is least-squares fitted to the radar backscatter intensity as a function of antenna look direction is applied to determine the wind direction. Furthermore, for wind speed retrieval, an empirical third-order polynomial model is derived using the average radar backscatter intensity and the reference wind speed. To improve the accuracy of wind retrieval, a modified technique, which involves a dual-curve-fitting approach, is implemented. For the data presented in this paper, it was found that the second stage of the curve-fitting performed optimally when the data at angles of 60° to the left and right of the first-guess upwind direction were used. Also, only the data for the dual-curve-fitting were used to calculate the average intensity of the radar images for wind speed estimation. The modified method is applied to the radar data and the results are compared with the reference data measured by a ship-based anemometer. It is shown that the dual-curve-fitting algorithm produces improvements in the mean differences between the radar and the anemometer results for wind direction and speed of about 7° and 0.4 m/s, respectively, under low sea state.
Sea surface oil slick detection from GNSS-R Delay-Doppler Maps using the spatial integration approach

This paper investigates the methodology of applying the spatial integration approach (SIA) to the scattering coefficient retrieval from GNSS-R signals for sea surface oil slick detection. The SIA has been traditionally used in the generation of simulated Delay-Doppler Maps, which emphasizes the power contribution of every sea surface point. While in this paper, the SIA is applied to the scattering coefficient retrieval with a reasonable approximation to relate the Delay-Doppler domain and the spatial domain. To validate this approach, a simulated Delay-Doppler Map over an oil slicked area based on the measured oil data and wind speed of an actual oil spill event is analyzed. Particularly, the configuration of the UK-DMC GNSS-R receiver, which includes its sampling rate and noise level, is considered in the oil slick detection process. A theoretical comparison between the commonly used Jacobian approach and the SIA reveals their differences in methodology and the cause of errors. The result indicates that with acceptable extra time consumption, the SIA increases the accuracy of the scattering coefficient retrieval algorithm, especially in the area surrounding the ambiguity-free line.
Fast segmentation and modeling of hepatic components for the planning of robot-assisted liver tumor ablation

Segmentation and modeling of hepatic components from pre-operative images is very important for treatment planning and guidance in robot-assisted liver tumor ablation. An in-house developed system for hepatic component segmentation and modeling using CT data is presented in this paper. This system includes gross liver segmentation by a 3D mesh deformation model, liver vasculature segmentation by a vessel context-based voting and grouping method, liver tumor segmentation by a support vector machine framework, and other segmentation/modeling tool. This system was tested using 20 data sets from human patients and 5 sets of porcine CT scan. It is suggested by experimental results that the developed system is able to conduct fast segmentation and modeling of hepatic components for both human and large animal, with a satisfying accuracy, to support treatment planning.
A vertical reflection ionospheric clutter model for high frequency surface wave radar

The performance of high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) may be significantly impacted by ionospheric clutter. A theoretical model of the ionospheric clutter for the case of vertical reflection is presented in this paper. The equation of the received electric field after vertical reflection by the ionosphere is first derived for a pulsed dipole source. Then the spectral density model of ionospheric irregularities is incorporated into the ionospheric clutter power model. The normalized ionospheric clutter power is simulated with various horizontal ionospheric plasma drift velocities.
A particle filtering framework with indirect measurements for visual tracking

Particle filtering is a stochastic approach to Bayesian recursive inference. In many computer vision applications with limited number of random samples, however, conventional particle filters may find it difficult to accurately represent the desired a posteriori distribution especially for target objects with narrow likelihood functions. This paper proposes a new particle filtering framework which, by incorporating a special indirect measurement model, can significantly improve the representation capability of the particle set, yielding an accurate estimation of a posteriori distribution for the purpose of tracking. In particular, an add-on resampling technique is proposed to incorporate the indirect measurement. In this way, we can alleviate the problem with large numbers of particles required in conventional particle filtering. Positive experimental results on both synthetic sequences and real world videos are obtained.
Queue based fast background modelling and fast hysteresis thresholding for better foreground segmentation

Background subtraction is a real time effective technique for detecting moving foreground objects in image sequences from a static camera. Background modelling plays an important role in this technique of foreground object detection. Active real time background modelling in presence of moving foreground objects in the scene and adaption of background model to gradual changes due to gradual illumination changes and addition of new immoveable objects into the scene are addressed in this paper. We present a queue based algorithm for real time, active, and adaptive background modelling. Segmentation of the foreground and robust detection of shadow is performed via comparison with background statistics in YCrCb color space. The problem of a single foreground object splitting into two or more segments due to similarity of foreground pixel color with the background in most cases can be ameliorated with the use of a fast single pass the hysteresis thresholding technique. We demonstrate various results of background modelling, segmentation and shadow detection results for both indoor and outdoor scenes.
A simulation framework for estimating wall stress distribution of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture is believed to occur when the mechanical stress acting on the wall exceeds the strength of the wall tissue. In endovascular aneurysm repair, a stent-graft in a catheter is released at the aneurysm site to form a new blood vessel and protect the weakened AAA wall from the pulsatile pressure and, hence, possible rupture. In this paper, we propose a framework to estimate the wall stress distribution of non-stented/stented AAA based on fluid-structure interaction, which is utilized in a surgical simulation system (IRAS). The 3D geometric model of AAA is reconstructed from computed tomography angiographic (CTA) images. Based on our experiments, a combined logarithm and polynomial strain energy equation is applied to model the elastic properties of arterial wall. The blood flow is modeled as laminar, incompressible, and non-Newtonian flow by applying Navier-Stokes equation. The obtained pressure of blood flow is applied as load on the AAA meshes with and without stent-graft and the wall stress distribution is calculated by fluid-structure interaction (FSI) solver equipped in ANSYS. Experiments demonstrate that our analytical results are consistent with clinical observations.
Simultaneous bias correction and image segmentation via L0 regularized Mumford-Shah model

This paper presents a novel discrete Mumford-Shah model for the simultaneous bias correction and image segmentation(SBCIS) for images with intensity inhomogeneity. The model is based on the assumption that an image can be approximated by a product of true intensities and a bias field. Unlike the existing methods, where the true intensities are represented as a linear combination of characteristic functions of segmentation regions, we employ L0 gradient minimization to enforce a piecewise constant solution. We introduce a new neighbor term into the Mumford-Shah model to allow the true intensity of a pixel to be influenced by its immediate neighborhood. A two-stage segmentation method is applied to the proposed Mumford-Shah model. In the first stage, both the true intensities and bias field are obtained while the segmentation is done using the K-means clustering method in the second stage. Comparisons with the two-stage Mumford-Shah model show the advantages of our method in its ability in segmenting images with intensity inhomogeneity.
Comparison of Spectral Estimation Methods for Rapidly Varying Currents Obtained by High-Frequency Radar

A comparative study of the periodogram method and high-resolution techniques (the autoregressive and multiple signal classification methods) for current mapping by a high-frequency (HF) surface wave radar is undertaken for the case of 66-s-long data. This analysis is extended from a previous study that used the commonly adopted 6–13-min coherent integration times. This reduction in the sample size will result in poor Doppler resolution and reduction in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the conventional periodogram method. Two Bragg-peak identification methods for current estimation, the conventional centroid method and the symmetric-peak-sum (SPS) method, are examined in conjunction with each of the spectral estimation techniques. A weighted sum of the current estimates using the two Doppler shift identification methods is also recommended to provide a lower root mean square (RMS) difference. The weight is optimized using a genetic algorithm. Field data comparison with current measurements obtained from a current meter indicates that the high-resolution spectral estimation method is capable of providing the same RMS difference level for short and long time series, while the RMS difference for currents obtained from the periodogram method increases dramatically for short time series. Significant improvement in the current velocities retrieved from a short time series indicates the potential for measuring rapidly changing currents using the suggested technique.
Research of Listed Company Violation Forewarning Model Based on Support Vector Machine

The violation of listed company doesn 't only cause loss to listed company itself but also cause great negative impact to social economy. Consequently, prevention weighs more than punishment and remedial measure afterwards. Foreseeing the violation risk of listed company by taking advantage of Support Vector Machine, the violation forewarning model established has the advantage of being highly accurate and has high generalization performance. It is a "new weapon" for supervising and regulating authority to prevent the violation of listed company in a scientific and efficient way.
A Vertical Reflection Ionospheric Clutter Model for HF Radar Used in Coastal Remote Sensing

A theoretical model of the high frequency (HF) radar ionospheric clutter for the case of vertical incidence is presented in this letter. Assuming a pulsed dipole source, the equation of the received electric field after vertical reflection by the ionosphere is first derived. Then the relationship between the ionospheric reflection coefficient and the ionospheric electron density is incorporated into the development of the ionospheric clutter power model. In order to investigate the power spectrum of this ionospheric clutter and its relative intensity to that of the first-order ocean clutter, the normalized ionospheric clutter power is simulated. Simulation results show that the horizontal ionospheric plasma drift velocity results in a Doppler spreading while the vertical motion introduces a simple Doppler shift.
Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Development of Regional Economy Based on Research into Rough Set and Entropy Theory

In the preceding papers of analyzing the factors of effecting region economic development, the researchers mostly select some factors by subjective experience, then analyze positively the effect of the selected factors to economic development by econometric model. This paper applicant the theories of the rough set and entropy to analyze the data without subjective experience, so can get the conclusion comprehensively and objectively. To take Szechwan province as an example, the analytic result shows that the main factors of effecting region economic development is: third industry, city ward level, freight transportation, second industry.
Segmentation of hepatic tumor from abdominal CT data using an improved support vector machine framework

An improved support vector machine (SVM) framework has been developed to segment hepatic tumor from CT data. By this method, the one-class SVM (OSVM) and two-class SVM (TSVM) are connected seamlessly by a boosting tool, to tackle the tumor segmentation via both offline and online learning. An initial tumor region was first pre-segmented by an OSVM classifier. Then the boosting tool was employed to automatically generate the negative (non-tumor) samples, according to certain criteria. The pre-segmented initial tumor region and the non-tumor samples generated were used to train a TSVM classifier. By the trained TSVM classifier, the final tumor lesion was segmented out. Tested on 16 sets of CT abdominal scans, quantitative results suggested that the developed method achieved significantly higher segmentation accuracy than the OSVM and TSVM classifiers.
Synchronous simulation for deformation of liver and gallbladder with stretch and compression compensation

One challenge in surgical simulation is to design stable deformable models to simulate the dynamics of organs synchronously. In this paper, we develop a novel mass-spring model on the tetrahedral meshes for soft organs such as the liver and gallbladder, which can stably deform with large time steps. We model the contact forces between the organs as a kind of forces generated by the tensions of repulsive springs connecting in between the organs. The simulation system couples a pair of constraints on the length of springs with an implicit integration method. Based on the novel constraints, our simulator can efficiently preserve the volumes and geometric properties of the liver and gallbladder during the simulation. The numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed simulation system can provide realistic and stable deformable results.