nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The search for interoperability

Today's Internet search engines are not providing adequate digital-content search. With the growth in the quantity of online digital content and growing interest from users, search engines will need to provide better capabilities for finding relevant content. A significant part of the solution can come from increased use of standardized metadata. Unfortunately, limitations to the breadth and depth of search will remain as commercial competition among search engines is preventing the convergence on a single international standard for search services. The result is a highly fragmented and frustrating digital-content search experience. However, the narrow silos of content and constrained search can be improved through cooperation among search engines by building on a common interoperable search framework. While the general problem is being explored through applications and extensions of the Z39.50 standard, new focused efforts, such as JPSearch and MPEG MAFs, might provide the needed breakthroughs.
An e-marketplace infrastructure for model-based matchmaking between consumers and providers of multi-modal earth science data

As the earth science data and information products begin to proliferate due to the increased number of earth observing instruments and platforms, it has become increasingly difficult for the end consumer to leverage the wide variety of available earth science data and information products. In this paper, we propose an innovative infrastructure to enable the consumers to locate and tradeoff possible alternative earth science data and information sources in an electronic marketplace setting. Specifically, this architecture provides mechanisms to annotate the requests and offerings of the data and information products, to decompose the concepts of the requests and offerings to facilitate the matchmaking and inferencing. Based on the knowledge models developed for each application domain and science discipline, the matchmaking mechanism will be able to fuse and combine multiple alternative data and information sources so that the quality of the results can be maximized while the cost for data acquisition is minimizing.
Analysis of DIII-D upgraded neutral beamline bending magnet thermal shields

The ion bending magnets in the DIII-D neutral beamlines are protected by 12.7 mm thick copper thermal shields. These shields are inertially cooled by single pass water lines. After years of operations, these shields have suffered from thermal cracking, which once initiated, can propagate through a water cooling line causing water leaks into the beamline. The cracks in the thermal shields are always in the same area. Recent modeling of the beam ion distribution across the thermal shields shows very uneven heating. This modeling shows peak heat fluxes (on the order of 6 MW/m2) and very high stresses near the crack locations.
FDA Regulation of Implantable Sensors: Demonstrating Safety and Effectiveness for Marketing in the U.S.

Implantable sensors are gaining considerable attention in the research and medical communities due to their potential to enhance the detection and monitoring of medical conditions such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. The use of implantable sensors for these exciting applications bring them under the regulatory oversight of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As medical devices intended for long-term implantation that inherently involve some risk, the FDA will carefully evaluate these products prior to allowing them to enter the U.S. market. This paper provides a brief overview of the FDA medical device regulatory framework under which implantable sensors for medical purposes are regulated. It also addresses particular concerns the FDA may raise with respect to these products including, potential sensor breakage and migration in vivo, biocompatibility, electromagnetic compatibility, electromagnetic interference, wireless telemetry, risk/benefit, and clinical utility.
Solarspire: querying temporal solar imagery by content

In this paper, we describe a novel content-based retrieval application which permits astrophysicists to search large image sequence archives for solar phenomenon, such as solar flares, based on the spatio-temporal behavior of the solar phenomenon. Specifically, images are preprocessed to identify bright and dark spots based on their relative intensity with respect to their neighboring regions. Temporally persistent objects are then extracted from the collection of spots, and their spatio-temporal behavior represented as intensity and size time series. Users define a query in terms of a model of spatio-temporal behaviors through a Web-based interface. The stored intensity and size time series are searched, and series segments that match the specified specified spatio-temporal behavior are returned. The benchmark results based on 2500 satellite images show that the proposed methodology demonstrated better than 85% accuracy on a solar phenomenon previously identified by astrophysicists.
A Review of Possible Methods for Defining Tree Retardant Crosslinked Polyethylene (TRXLPE)

This article documents the activities and discussions of the ICC discussion group A4D comparing the performance of TRXLPE and XLPE insulation material used in medium voltage underground power cables. It was not possible at the time to use water tree growth tests, carried out according to ASTM 6097-97, to provide a definition of a water tree retardant material. This was due to the relatively small number of tests carried out, the large scatter in the data of repeat tests on the same material, and the overlap in the data observed between XLPE and TRXLPE insulations.
The Even and Odd Mode Capacitance Parameters for Coupled Lines in Suspended Substrate

This paper describes the calculation of fringing capacitances in the suspended substrate transmission medium. In this medium, conductors are photoetched on one side of a dielectric card supported approximately halfway between two parallel ground planes. Usually a large number of thin film circuits are supported on a single card and are therefore coupled. The parameters needed to characterize coupled microwave structures are the surge impedances and phase velocities of the normal modes. For lumped circuits, or combinations of lumped circuits and distributed structures, which are quite common, the parasitic capacitances between adjacent conductors and the capacitances to ground are required. All these parameters can be found from the odd and even mode static capacitances for two parallel coupled lines. The transmission medium is inhomogeneous (the dielectric medium that supports the conductors is suspended in air as seen in Figure 1) so that not only are the system capacitances required with dielectrics present, but also required are these capacitances with all dielectrics removed. From this last, homogeneous, case the line inductance in an assumed TEM mode is found. The methods of calculation outlined here of the even and odd mode capacitances for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous cases are based on a variational approximation and on several conformal transformations. Their use at an interactive time share terminal has proven very valuable in the design of low loss, high performance microwave circuits.
Design of a High Power Single-Sideband VHF Communications System

When high-power transmission is considered in the vhf region, it is implied that ionospheric scatter propagation is contemplated. The type of modulation that best fits the propagation mode is considered-especially fm and SSB. This discussion shows that SSB is a logical choice for this type of circuit and that adequate frequency stability is the only requirement necessary to insure improved communications at vhf using this method of modulation. Some of the factors influencing the design of a 40-kw, duplex, vhf system are presented.
Improved text overlay detection in videos using a fusion-based classifier

In this paper, classifier fusion is adopted to demonstrate improved performance for our text overlay detections in the NIST TREC-2002 video retrieval benchmark. A normalized ensemble fusion is explored to combine two text overlay detection models. The fusion incorporates normalization of confidence scores, aggregation via combiner function, and an optimize selection. The proposed fusion classifier resulted best out of 11 detectors submitted to the NIST text overlay detection benchmarking and its average precision performance is 227% of the second best detector in the benchmark.
Multimedia semantic indexing using model vectors

In this paper we propose a novel method for multimedia semantic indexing using model vectors. Model vectors provide a semantic signature for multimedia documents by capturing the detection of concepts broadly across a lexicon using a set of independent binary classifiers. While recent techniques have been developed for detecting simple generic concepts such as indoors, outdoors, nature, manmade, faces, people, speech, music, and so forth [W.H. Adams et al., November 2002], these labels directly support only a small number of queries. Model vectors address the problem of answering queries for which relationships to specific concepts is either unknown or indirect by developing a basis across across the lexicon. In the simplest case, each model vector dimension corresponds to the confidence score by which a corresponding concept from the lexicon is detected. However, we show how other information such as relevance, reliability and concept correlation can also be incorporated. Overall, the model vectors can be used in a variety of methods for multimedia indexing, including model-based retrieval, relevance feedback searching and concept querying. In this paper, we present the model vector method and study different strategies for computing and comparing model vectors. We empirically evaluate the retrieval effectiveness of the model vector approach compared to other search methods in a large video retrieval testbed.
Strain enhanced electron spin polarization observed in photoemission from InGaAs

Electron spin polarization in excess of 70% has been observed in photoemission from a 0.1- mu m-thick epitaxial layer of In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As, with x approximately=0.13 grown on a GaAs substrate. Under these conditions, the epitaxial layer is expected to be highly strained by the 0.9% lattice mismatch, as confirmed by X-ray diffractometer measurements of the lattice parameter. The electron polarization and the quantum efficiency have been measured as a function of the excitation photon energy from 1.25 to 2.0 eV. A significant enhancement of the electron polarization occurs in the vicinity of 1.33 eV, where the expected strain-induced level splitting permits optical excitation of a single band transition. Measurements made on a control sample of 1.14- mu m thickness, significantly larger than the critical thickness for pseudomorphic strain, show no polarization enhancement.<<ETX>>
Distributed Control System for the National Synchrotron Light Source

Until recently, accelerator and similar control systems have used modular interface hardware such as CAMAC or DATACON which translated digital computer commands transmitted over some data link into hardware device status and monitoring variables. Such modules possessed little more than local buffering capability in the processing of commands and data. The advent of the micro-processor has made available low cost small computers of significant computational capability. This paper describes how micro-computers including such micro-processors and associated memory, input/output devices and interrupt facilities have been incorporated into a distributed system for the control of the NSLS.
Managing nonenergy marine mineral development-Genesis of a program

The Office of Strategic and International Minerals of the Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, has been established to develop a leasing program for nonenergy minerals in the Outer Continental Shelf/ Exclusive Economic Zone (OCS/EEZ) of the United States. The OCS/EEZ nonenergy minerals leasing program is an important element of the Administration's national strategic and critical minerals policy to decrease America's vulnerability to mineral supply disruptions and political pressures from other nations possessing those resources. This paper discusses the heavy and growing dependence of the U.S. on mineral imports, describes the major Executive actions that have been taken to support development of the nonenergy minerals leasing program, briefly reviews the status of global marine mining operations, and discusses the goals and status of the OCS/EEZ leasing program.
Distributed application service for Internet information portal

As Internet information portals become prevalent for both Internet and Intranet, most existing Internet Application Server architectures are not scalable to support the large amount of personalization, customization and content adaptation required. We propose a framework to capture the information and content dissemination process. Furthermore, we propose a methodology to map this process to a distributed application server environment. By fully exploiting the intersections of user preference at multiple content processing stages, this new framework enables high hit ratio on processing, storage, and transmission of content and thus scales well to support a large number of clients.
Image retrieval evaluation

One of the most significant problems in content-based image retrieval results from the lack of a common test-bed for researchers. Although many published articles report on content-based retrieval results using color photographs, there has been little effort in establishing a benchmark set of images and queries. Doing so would have many benefits in advancing the technology and utility of content-based image retrieval systems. We address the growing need for establishing a common content-based image retrieval test-bed.
Query reformulation strategies for an intelligent search intermediary

The authors describe an intelligent search intermediary to help end-users locate relevant passages in large online full-text databases. Passage retrieval has advantages in efficiency and effectiveness over traditional document retrieval yet is more computationally tractable than question-answering systems under development by researchers in artificial intelligence. However, casual users need assistance with search strategies for full-text databases. The authors provide an expert system which automatically reformulates contextual Boolean queries to improve search results and ranks the retrieved passages in decreasing order of estimated relevance. It differs from other intelligent database functions in two ways: it works with semantically and syntactically unprocessed text and the expert system contains a knowledge base of domain-independent search strategies. A simple search scenario is presented.<<ETX>>
Transverse oscillations of a long-pulse electron beam on a laser-formed channel

An intense relativistic electron beam may be transported in low-pressure gas using an ion channel which focuses and guides the beam. The beam can be unstable to the growth of transverse oscillations caused by the electric force between the beam and channel-the ion hose instability. Beam propagation on channels created by photoionization of gas with an excimer laser is discussed. Ion hose oscillations have been recorded which have a betatron wavelength of approximately 1.5 m. The growth rate of the ion hose instability in the linear regime was measured as 1.67+or-0.45. At this level of growth, the amplitude of beam oscillations equals the channel radius after a period of one-third of an ion oscillation time.
Status of the National Synchrotron Light Source Control System

The control system for the National Synchrotron Light Source is implemented using dual central computers and many remote microprocessors. This paper describes developments in four areas: 1) System organization. 2) Hardware status, particularly control desk and operator support facilities. 3) Central computer software system organization to support data base structures and access, and communication between application programs and hardware. 4) High level control programs which allow the operator to examine and control the transport lines and rings in terms of beam and machine parameters using mathematical models of the system. The output of these programs can be viewed on a color graphical display.
Self focusing in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes

High multimode CW powers have been achieved from vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes (VCSEL's). However, due to the problems of thermal lensing and spatial hole burning, single mode powers have been limited to several mW. We show experimentally and with a simple model that, in weakly index guided VCSEL's, self focusing causes the fundamental mode width to decrease with increasing power in the mode, resulting in a rapid transition to multimode operation and limiting the maximum single fundamental mode power.<<ETX>>
Multi-granular detection of regional semantic concepts [video annotation]

A large number of interesting visual semantic concepts occur at a sub-frame granularity in images and occupy one or more regions at the sub-frame level. Detecting these concepts is a challenge due to segmentation imperfections. We propose multi-granular detection of visual concepts that have regional support. We build a single set of support vector machine based binary concept models from the training set with manually marked up regions. In this paper, we show that detection can be significantly improved by scoring these models over multiple granularities in the test set images, where the regions are automatically detected as a preprocessing step in detection. Using 27 regional semantic concepts from the NIST TRECVID 2003 common annotation lexicon and the corpus, we demonstrate that multi-granular detection leads to improvement in detection.
Radiographic performance of Cygnus 1 and the Febetron 705

Spot sizes are measured for medium energy X-ray generators. The Cygnus X-ray source [J. R. Smith et al., 2002] is developed for support of the Sub-Critical Experiments Program at the Nevada Test Site. Cygnus uses proven pulsed power technology to drive a rod pinch diode at 2.25 megavolts. Four rads at one meter is achieved in a 50-ns FWHM pulse and the radiographic spot size is as small as 1 mm-diameter. Radiographic spot size is measured employing roll bars and resolution targets. Images are recorded on film and storage phosphor, digitized, and analyzed. The Febetron 705 X-ray source operates at 2.3 megavolts and is rated at 500 millirads at one meter. A demountable diode tube provides the ability to replace the standard diode with custom hardware. Spot sizes for standard hardware are measured. New diode designs are investigated in an effort to generate smaller radiographic spot sizes to produce improved radiographic images.
NSLS control system upgrade status

The NSLS control system initially installed in 1978 has undergone several modifications but the basic system architecture remained relatively unchanged. The need for faster response, increased reliability and better diagnostics made the control system upgrade a priority. Since the NSLS runs continuously, major changes to the control system are difficult. The upgrade plan had to allow continuous incremental changes to the control system without having any detrimental effect on operations. The plan had to provide for immediate improvement in a few key areas, such as data access rates, and be complete in a short time. At present, most accelerator operations utilize the upgraded control system.<<ETX>>
Controlled reduction of intussusceptions: a case study in effective medical device technology

Intussusceptions, defined as an invagination or telescoping of one portion of the intestine into the contiguous distal segment, have an incidence of between 1 and 2 per 1000 live births and generally affects those in the age range of 2 mos. to 3 years. The resultant damage to the intestine, if not corrected in a timely manner, is life threatening. Methods used for reduction include surgical intervention, infusion of barium with fluid pressure regulated using a controlled height, and more recently the use of controlled air pressure. The technique of last resort is surgical intervention. The use of controlled air pressure is compared with the use of barium, and the results demonstrate that the former technique reduces the number of surgical interventions required in order to achieve reduction. A simple pneumatic device, providing controlled air pressure, is an effective medical device technology for intussusception reduction.
Fusion Development Facility

A Fusion Development Facility (FDF) is proposed to fill the technological gaps between ITER and a Fusion DEMO. FDF is a steady state copper, water-cooled coil machine with a primary goal to test multiple blanket configurations in its lifetime. For efficient remote exchange of the breeding blankets, it is planned to exchange them through vertical motions in large segments. Two principal remote handling approaches are under study, one exchanging large rings and the second poloidal wedge sections. For either scenario, a joint is required in the toroidal coils to allow for the vertical blanket exchange. Two approaches to making the joint are under study along with the respective structural models for reacting the magnetic loads. Initial stress analysis is reported showing the structural feasibility of either concept. Coolant flow is important in such a steady state device and manifold and piping layout concepts are developed as part of the remote handling study. The base machine design parameters are reported including size and cooling requirements. The different machine configuration options are presented which consider the design aspects for the machine including alignment of the first wall and divertor, coolant access, and exchange of the blankets.
Data Modeling Strategies for Imbalanced Learning in Visual Search

In this paper we examine a novel approach to the difficult problem of querying video databases using visual topics with few examples. Typically with visual topics, the examples are not sufficiently diverse to create a robust model of the user's need. As a result, direct modeling using the provided topic examples as training data is inadequate. Otherwise, systems resort to multiple content-based searches using each example in turn, which typically provides poor results. We propose a new technique of leveraging unlabeled data to expand the diversity of the topic examples as well as provide a robust set of negative examples that allow direct modeling. The approach intelligently models a pseudo-negative space using unbiased and biased methods for data sampling and data selection. We apply the proposed method in a fusion framework to improve discriminative support vector machine modeling, and improve the overall system performance. The result is an enhanced performance over any of the baseline models, as well as improved robustness with respect to training examples, visual features, and visual support of video topics in TRECVID. The proposed method outperforms a baseline retrieval approach by more than 18% on the TRECVID 2006 video collection and query topics.