nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Auto defect detection of A-IGZO thin film transistor backplane on foldable medical array panel application

This article reported on the pixel flaw detection properties of amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O-based active thin film transistors on flexible medical panel substrate application, which is using the non-invasive optoelectronic transforming inspection technique. The experimental data exactly showed good flaw detection rate > 90% and stable uniformity < 5%. Currently, it is a popular method with electrical testing and detection with advantages of ultrahigh resolution and small-pixel-sized medical panel, and no contact damaged to the application of flexible medical panel substrates.
A Dual-Carrier Modulation Technique for Half-Bridge Resonant Converter With Wide Soft-Switching Range

A dual-carrier modulation technique is proposed to improve the performance of the half-bridge resonant converter in this paper. By alternately using two different sawtooth waveforms as a carrier, the dual-carrier modulation combines the characteristics of both variable frequency modulation and fixed-frequency modulation. According to the structure of modulator, there are two kinds of dual-carrier modulation: type A and type B. Type A dual-carrier modulation is suitable for resonant converters operating in inductive region to achieve a wide zero voltage switching (ZVS) range, while type B dual-carrier modulation is preferred for resonant converters operating in capacitive region to obtain a wide zero current switching range. By utilizing both switching frequency modulation and duty ratio modulation, the proposed dual-carrier modulation not only extends soft-switching range of the resonant converter, but also reduces switching frequency variation range. In order to verify the benefits of the proposed modulation, a 500-W dual-carrier modulated LCC resonant converter operating in inductive region is designed and built. Simulation and experimental results show the prototype achieves ZVS soft-switching operation for 200–400 V input voltage and 100–500 W output power, with only about 10 kHz switching frequency variation.
Differential Gene Expression Analysis on Microarray Data of Breast Cancer Based on Subgroup Statistic Methods

Tomlins et al. (2005) found that the differential expressed genes might only exist in a subset of the cancer group, rather than in all samples of the group. From then on, lots of methods have been proposed by considering this point. In this paper, we first surveyed the recent research progress of detection methods for differential gene expression (DGE) in micro array data of cancer subgroup, and then applied six commonly used methods to simulated data and database provided by West. Through analyzing experimental results, we compared the performance of the six detection methods. This paper performs a comprehensive comparison study of currently popular detection methods of differential gene expression for micro array data analysis with regard to over-expressed cancer subgroup. The obtained results are helpful for dealing with micro array data using detection methods.
Distributed consensus protocols for coordinated control of multiple quadrotors under a directed topology

Two distributed consensus problems, including leadless consensus and tracking consensus, for multiple quadrotors with bounded disturbances under a directed topology are solved in this study. First, the model of a single quadrotor is divided into two subsystems. Some coupling terms between the two subsystems are regarded as external perturbations. For the case of leadless consensus, a distributed sliding-mode controller for the first subsystem and a state-feedback controller for the second subsystem are proposed to guarantee that the consensus is achieved with bounded errors that are only associated with disturbances. For the case of tracking consensus, by using the proposed sliding-mode consensus protocols combining with two sliding-mode observers, it is shown that all quadrotors can track the leader with bounded errors which can be manipulated suitably. Simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed control protocols.
A fast hardware implementation of multiplicative inversion in GF(2m)

In this paper, a fast hardware implementation of multiplicative inversion in GF(2m) using the optimal normal basis of type II is presented. The approach followed is based on the Sunar-Koç multiplier and the Itoh-Tsujii algorithm. Our design is able to compute multiplicative inversion in GF(2233) using only 26 clock cycles.
Optimum Design of High-Order Digital Differentiator Based on neural Networks Algorithm

The optimum design approach of higher-order FIR digital differentiator based on the algorithm of neural networks was introduced in this paper. Its main idea was to minimize the sum of the square errors between the amplitude response of the ideal FIR differentiator and that of the designed by training the weight vector of neural networks, then obtaining the impulse response of FIR digital differentiator. The convergence theorem of the neural-network algorithm is presented and proved, and the optimal design approach is introduced by examples of higher-order FIR digital differentiator. The results show that the higher-order digital differentiator designed by training the weights of neural networks has very high precision and very fast convergence speed, and initial weights are random. Therefore, the presented optimum design method of higher-order FIR digital differentiator is significantly effective
Study of Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording System Including Micromagnetic Writer

Micromagnetic writing on 8 nm grains and readback with various readers have been studied. For a conventional writer recording a pseudorandom binary sequence with 2 Tb/in2 channel bit density, user densities of 1.52 and 1.09 Tb/in2 could be achieved with a rotated single sense head (RSH) and a normally oriented single head (NSH), respectively, using 2 nm sampling period, a minimum mean squared error equalizer, and a Viterbi detector. Simulation indicated that an RSH with multiple scans and 2-D equalization provided better resistance to a skew angle of 15° than an NSH. An optimized shingled writer was proposed; simulation indicated that an RSH and rotated head array could reach a user areal density of 3.76 and 4.52 Tb/in2 for two grains per channel bit, which was close to the predicted maximum user areal density (4.66 Tb/in2) for this grain size obtained with an ideal writer and reader.
A multipath video streaming testbed for ad hoc networks

Enabling video transport over ad hoc networks is more challenging than over other wireless networks. The wireless links in an ad hoc network are highly error prone and can go down frequently because of node mobility, interference, channel fading, and the lack of infrastructure. However, the mesh topology of ad hoc networks implies the existence of multiple paths between two nodes. Indeed, multipath transport provides an extra degree of freedom in designing error resilient video coding and transport schemes. In our previous work, we propose schemes combining multistream coding with multipath transport, to show that path diversity provides an effective means to combat transmission error in ad hoc networks. In this paper, we report the implementation of a multiple path video streaming testbed using notebook computers and IEEE 802.11b cards, to validate the viability and performance advantages of these schemes. We implemented a layered coding with selective ARQ scheme and a multiple description motion compensation coding scheme in the testbed. The experimental results show that video transport is viable in ad hoc networks given careful cross-layer design. Combining multistream coding with MPT improves video quality, as compared to traditional schemes where a single path is used.
A wideband complementary noise cancelling CMOS LNA

A complementary noise cancelling CMOS Low-noise amplifier (LNA) for mobile DTV application with enhanced linearity is proposed. Intrinsic noise cancellation mechanism maintains acceptable NF with reduced power consumption due to current reuse principle. Complementary multi-gated transistor (MGTR) technique is further employed to null the third-order distortion and compensate second-order nonlinearity of noise cancelling stage. Implemented in a 0.18-μm CMOS process, measurement results show that the proposed LNA provides a NF of 3 dB, and a maximum gain of 17.5 dB from 0.1 to 2 GHz. An input 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) and an IIP3 of -3 dBm and 14.3 dBm, respectively, are obtained. The circuit core only draws 9.7 mA from a 2.2 V supply.
Foreground–Background Separation From Video Clips via Motion-Assisted Matrix Restoration

Separation of video clips into foreground and background components is a useful and important technique, making recognition, classification, and scene analysis more efficient. In this paper, we propose a motion-assisted matrix restoration (MAMR) model for foreground-background separation in video clips. In the proposed MAMR model, the backgrounds across frames are modeled by a low-rank matrix, while the foreground objects are modeled by a sparse matrix. To facilitate efficient foreground-background separation, a dense motion field is estimated for each frame, and mapped into a weighting matrix which indicates the likelihood that each pixel belongs to the background. Anchor frames are selected in the dense motion estimation to overcome the difficulty of detecting slowly moving objects and camouflages. In addition, we extend our model to a robust MAMR model against noise for practical applications. Evaluations on challenging datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms many other state-of-the-art methods, and is versatile for a wide range of surveillance videos.
Check image compression: a comparison of JPEG, wavelet and layered coding methods

An emerging trend in the banking industry is to digitize checks for storage and transmission. An immediate requirement for efficient storage and transmission is check image compression. General purpose compression algorithms such as JPEG and wavelet-based methods produce annoying ringing and blocking artifacts at high compression ratios. A layered approach to check image compression is proposed, based on which a check image is represented in several layers. The first layer describes the foreground map; the second layer specifies the gray levels of foreground pixels; the third layer is a lossy representation of the background image; and the fourth layer describes the error between the original and the reconstructed image based on the first three layers. The layered coding approach produces images of better quality than traditional JPEG and wavelet coding methods, especially in the foreground, i.e., the text and graphics. In addition, this approach allows progressive retrieval or transmission of different image layers.
Dealing With User Heterogeneity in P2P Multi-Party Video Conferencing: Layered Distribution Versus Partitioned Simulcast

We consider peer-to-peer multi-party video conferencing (P2P-MPVC), where users with different uplink -downlink capacities send their videos using multicast trees. One way to deal with user bandwidth heterogeneity is employing layered video coding, generating multiple layers with different rates, whereas an alternative is partitioning the receivers of each source and disseminating a different non-layered video version within each group. In this paper, we aim to maximize the received video quality for both systems under uplink-downlink capacity constraints, while constraining the number of hops the packets traverse to two. We first show any multicast tree is equivalent to a collection of 1-hop and 2-hop trees, under user uplink-downlink capacity constraints. This reveals that the packet overlay hop count can be limited to two without sacrificing the achievable rate performance. Assuming a fine granularity scalable stream that can be truncated at any rate, we propose an algorithm that solves for the number of video layers, layer rates, and distribution trees for the layered system. For the partitioned simulcast system, we develop an algorithm to determine the receiver partitions along with the video rate and the distribution trees for each group. Through numerical comparison, we show that the partitioned simulcast system achieves the same average receiving quality as the ideal layered system without any coding overhead for the four-user systems simulated, and better quality than the layered system when the layered coding overhead is only 20%. The two systems perform similarly for the six-user case if the layered coding overhead is 10%.
On the Design of Prefetching Strategies in a Peer-Driven Video on-Demand System

In this paper, we examine the prefetching strategies in a peer-driven video on-demand system. In our design, each video is encoded into multiple low bit-rate substreams and copies of the substreams are distributed to the participating peers. When a peer streams in a substream of rate r, it instead streams at rate rcirc, where r>rcirc. In this manner, if one of the peer's suppliers disconnects, the client peer can tap the reservoir of prefetched bits while searching for a replacement server, thereby avoiding any glitches or reduced visual quality. We examine how to assign prefetching rates to each of substreams as a function of their importance. Our studies show that appropriate prefetching strategies can bring significant performance improvements for both multiple description and layered videos
BTI-Aware Sleep Transistor Sizing Algorithm for Reliable Power Gating Designs

Power gating is an effective way to reduce leakage power. This technique uses high Vth transistors, called sleep transistors, to turn off the power supply. However, sleep transistors suffer from the bias temperature instability (BTI) effect, resulting in an increased Vth, and reduced reliability. This paper proposes two BTI-aware sleep transistor sizing algorithms to reduce the total width of sleep transistors based on the distributed sleep transistor network structure. The proposed algorithms reduce total width by more than 16.08%. More area can be reduced if the BTI effect on both sleep and cluster transistors is considered.
A general method of acoustic waves scattering in inhomogeneous material

Based on the complex variable function method, a new analytical approach for solving acoustic scattering in an inhomogeneous material with variable refraction-index profiles is investigated. Reduced Helmholtz equation with variable coefficient is evaluated by algebraic transformation. The potential expression with a infinite superposition algebraic function is derived by conformal mapping. Two cases for different inhomogeneous parameters are discussed. A special mapping form corresponding an inhomogeneous material is treated to examine the validity of the present method in acoustic field.
A Novel Video Coding Framework Using a Self-Adaptive Dictionary

In this paper, we propose to use a self-adaptive redundant dictionary, consisting of all possible inter and intra prediction candidates, to directly represent the frame blocks in a video sequence. The self-adaptive dictionary generalizes the conventional predictive coding approach by allowing adaptive linear combinations of prediction candidates, which is solved by an rate-distortion aware L0-norm minimization problem using orthogonal least squares (OLS). To overcome the inefficiency in quantizing and coding coefficients corresponding to correlated chosen atoms, we orthonormalize the chosen atoms recursively as part of OLS process. We further propose a two-stage video coding framework, in which a second stage codes the residual from the chosen atoms using a modified discrete cosine transform (DCT) dictionary that is adaptively orthonormalized with respect to the subspace spanned by the first stage atoms. To determine the transition from the first stage to the second stage, we propose a rate-distortion (RD) aware adaptive switching algorithm. The proposed framework is further extended to accommodate variable block sizes (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$16\times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4\times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), and the partition mode is derived by a fast partition mode decision algorithm. A context-adaptive binary arithmetic entropy coder is designed to code the symbols of the proposed coding framework. The proposed coder shows competitive, and in some cases better RD performance, compared with the HEVC video coding standard for P-frames.
Error resilient video coding using multiple description motion compensation

A new approach for multiple description video coding using motion compensated prediction is proposed. The temporal predictor is designed to provide a desired trade-off between prediction gain and mismatch between the predictions obtained at the encoder and at the decoder when only one description is available. The mismatch signal is explicitly coded to avoid error propagation. The system can achieve a wide range of redundancy, by varying the predictor and the quantizer for the mismatch signal.
Mechanical Reliability Testing of Air-Gap Through-Silicon Vias

The use of air gaps instead of SiO2 as insulators for through-silicon vias (TSVs) has been demonstrated to reduce the thermal stresses and the TSV capacitance of a 3-D integrated system. However, since the Cu plug in air-gap TSVs lacks support and fixation at the sidewalls, the mechanical strength is a serious concern. This paper for the first time reports the mechanical and humidity reliabilities of air-gap TSVs. Reliability tests including free drop test, vibration test, and accelerated moisture test are performed, and the failure mechanisms are analyzed. The residual stresses in silicon substrates are also measured using micro-Raman Spectroscopy. Experimental results show that the premetal dielectric that acts as the only support for Cu plugs is the weak point causing mechanical reliability issues, and oxidation of Cu plugs at high moisture and high temperature is the main reason for humidity reliability problems. Multilayer bonding of TSV chips to constitute a 3-D system remarkably increases the mechanical and humidity reliabilities of air-gap TSVs because of the support and protection provided by the bonding chips.
Locally Approximate Boundaries in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor nodes located on the boundary of the covered area often cause difficulties in maintaining a wireless sensor network’s lifespan. This study proposes a simple method to approximate boundaries in wireless sensor networks. The approach uses only connectivity information of a network while not requiring nodes localize themselves. The proposed method divides a network into clusters and forms partial boundaries, then extends detected partial boundaries until the whole boundary is formed. Using a node’s 1- and 2- hop neighbors, every node can decide locally whether itself is located near the boundary. The implementation shows that the approach can efficiently determine boundaries in the coverage of a WSN.
Next Generation Planar 1700 V, 20 mΩ 4H-SiC DMOSFETs with Low Specific On-Resistance and High Switching Speed

Due to their fast switching speed, knee-free forward characteristics, and a robust, low reverse recovery body diode, SiC MOSFETs are ideal candidates to replace silicon IGBTs in many high-power medium-voltage applications. 1700 V SiC MOSFETs have already been released to production at Wolfspeed based on its 2nd Gen technology. In this paper, we present our latest results in high voltage 4H-SiC MOSFET development. A low specific on-resistance of 4.7 mΩ⋅cm2 has been achieved on 1700 V, 20 mΩ 4H-SiC DMOSFETs at 250°C based on a 3rd generation planar MOSFET platform, which is less than half of the resistance of the previous generation devices. A detailed analysis has been carried out with respect to the static and dynamic characteristics, third quadrant conduction, and body diode reverse recovery charge, etc.
P2P Video Live Streaming with MDC: Providing Incentives for Redistribution

In this paper, we consider applying multiple description coding in mesh-pull P2P live streaming networks to provide incentives for redistribution. In our system, a video is encoded into multiple descriptions with each description having equal importance. We consider a heterogeneous system with peers having different uplink bandwidths. We design a distributed protocol in which a peer contributing more uplink bandwidth receives more descriptions and consequently better video quality. Previous approaches consider single-layer video, where each peer receives the same video quality no matter how much bandwidth it contributes to the system. The simulation results show that our approach can provide differentiated video quality commensurate with a peer's contribution to other peers.
Lapped orthogonal transform designed for error resilient image coding

This paper describes a new design method for lapped orthogonal transforms (LOTs) that can provide a desired trade-off between coding efficiency and robustness to transmission errors. Traditionally, the LOT bases were designed to maximize the coding efficiency solely. When certain coefficients are lost due to impairments in the transmission channel, these bases often provide unsatisfactory reconstruction quality. In our previous work, we have developed a new reconstruction method, the maximally smooth recovery (MSR) method, which can achieve better image reconstruction quality from incomplete LOT coefficients than simple interpolation methods. We present a new LOT basis design method, which maximizes a weighted average of a coding gain and a reconstruction gain, with the latter being defined according to the MSR method. We show that these new bases can achieve significantly better redundancy-rate-distortion (RRD) performance than the set of basis designed by Hemami (1996).
Silicon micromachining of high aspect ratio, high-density through-wafer electrical interconnects for 3-D multichip packaging

This paper presents a novel silicon micromachining method, which combines tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) etching and deep-reactive ion etching (DRIE) along with bottom-up copper electroplating, to fabricate high-density and high-aspect ratio through-wafer electrical interconnects (TWEIs) for three-dimensional multichip packaging. The silicon wafer was locally etched with TMAH from the backside until the desired membrane thickness was reached, and then DRIE was performed on the membrane until the holes were etched through. TMAH etching preserved large areas of the wafers at the original thickness, thus, ensuring relatively strong mechanical strength and manipulability. DRIE made it possible to realize high-aspect ratio holes with minimized wafer area consumption. A new bottom-up copper electroplating technique was developed to fill the high-aspect ratio through-wafer holes. This method can avoid seams and voids while achieving attractive electrical features. Through-wafer holes, as small as 5 mum in diameter, have been realized by using the combination of TMAH and DRIE, and have been completely and uniformly filled by using bottom-up copper electroplating