nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Distance Metric Learning via Iterated Support Vector Machines

Distance metric learning aims to learn from the given training data a valid distance metric, with which the similarity between data samples can be more effectively evaluated for classification. Metric learning is often formulated as a convex or nonconvex optimization problem, while most existing methods are based on customized optimizers and become inefficient for large scale problems. In this paper, we formulate metric learning as a kernel classification problem with the positive semi-definite constraint, and solve it by iterated training of support vector machines (SVMs). The new formulation is easy to implement and efficient in training with the off-the-shelf SVM solvers. Two novel metric learning models, namely positive-semidefinite constrained metric learning (PCML) and nonnegative-coefficient constrained metric learning (NCML), are developed. Both PCML and NCML can guarantee the global optimality of their solutions. Experiments are conducted on general classification, face verification, and person re-identification to evaluate our methods. Compared with the state-of-the-art approaches, our methods can achieve comparable classification accuracy and are efficient in training.
An active power control strategy for doubly-fed wind turbines which join in active power control of wind farms

Actual operating data shows that the `free' operation of wind farms has a significant anti-regulation characteristics. With the increasing access capacity of wind power, it not only increases the difficulty of scheduling and peaking, but also affects the access capacity of wind farms to the power system. Therefore, the relevant standards and requirements are developed by the state and state grid corporation, which ask wind farms to participate in active power control of the power system by receiving instructions of the scheduling. It is required that wind farms should participate in active power control of the power system. To achieve this goal, it is needed that wind turbines control the active power in accordance with instructions issued by the control system of wind farms. But most of wind turbines use MPPT operation mode at present, it is difficult to meet the requirements of wind farms' active power control. To solve this problem, power drop operation principle of doubly-fed induction wind turbine is analyzed, Then the active power control modes of wind turbines which is fit for different wind power and the control strategy of switch among control modes are proposed. Finally, the validity of proposed control strategy is verified by simulating based on DIgSILENT/PowerFactory.
Design and realization of RLC AM mode in TD-LTE

Long Term Evolution system represents the latest developments in the direction of UMTS standard. Radio Link Control Protocol layer protocol is an important component of LTE, and its data transmission function plays an important role in the LTE R & D. This paper is concerned with a study of the RLC layer protocol framework, state transitions, and AM mode transmission. Mainly realizes AM transmission process of RLC layer, and designs AM mode transport process based on SDL provided by Telelogic Tau.
An a-trous algorithm based threshold shrinkage denoising method for blood oxygen signal

The oxygen saturation (SpO2) has very important significance in medical. But generally the signal-to-noise ratio is relatively low to noninvasive oxygen signals. This gives difficulties to measure oxygen saturation. So denoising is the key pretreatment for measuring. Therefore, in this article we will combine the a-trous algorithm and the Donoho 's shrinkage method for denoising. The experimental results show that this method excels the traditional methods and Donoho's shrinkage denoising method, and the signal-to-noise ratio has increased noticeably, simultaneity it also improves the quality of the signal.
0.07 mm 2 , 2 mW, 75 MHz-IF, fourth-order BPF using source-follower-based resonator in 90 nm CMOS

A highly-transistorised bandpass filter (BPF) using a source-follower-based (SFB) resonator is proposed. It benefits from the advantageous properties of the source follower (e.g. no parasitic pole, linear
 V GS 
I/O relationship, high-input and low-output impedances), while combining it with a compact and low-power grounded differential active inductor to synthesise the complex poles. Fabricated in 90 nm CMOS, a fourth-order 75 MHz-IF BPF prototype merging two such SFB resonators measures a 10 MHz bandwidth at 2 mW of power. The die size is merely 0.07 mm
 2 
.
Assessment of Emergency Evacuation in Tunnel Fire Environment

Previous tunnel fire disasters have shown that serious damage could be caused. The first goal of tunnel fire safety is to guarantee the life safe of tunnel users. It is therefore important to pay much attention to the evacuation system of tunnels. The main purpose of this paper is to provide the approach and reasonable value of walk speed for evacuation assessment in tunnels with cross connections. Experiments were conducted in a tunnel with cross connections to measure the movement of tunnel users. Furthermore, taking the tunnel fire scenario as example, the whole evacuation process in the tunnel fire is assessed by the evacuation model, SGEM and Japanese evacuation empirical equation. The similar calculated evacuation time are obtained by the two approaches. The evacuation time is a crucial data for knowing the efficiency of the tunnel evacuation system, and useful information for supporting fire safety design of the tunnel.
Circuit-switched on-chip photonic interconnection network

In this paper, we propose a novel circuit-switched on-chip photonic interconnection network (CSPIN) architecture. Different from existing circuit-switched photonic networks, CSPIN eliminates the electronic control layer but employs optical signaling to control the circuit switching functions. To implement CSPIN, the CSPIN router is proposed which uses electro-optical tuned micro-ring resonators. The analysis based on the synthesis result of the CSPIN router shows that significant savings in power and path-setup latency are achieved by the proposed CSPIN architecture.
Development and attitude control of a Hexapod bionic-Robot

Since the legged robot has a strong complex terrain adaptability and other advantages, this article is designed to develop a Hexapod Robot used to climbing, track navigation, outdoor adventure, search and rescue in dangerous environment. The aluminum frame design of the robot body uses to achieve a light weight and high strength. The design of the universal foot used to increase the adaptability in the ground environment. In this paper, we proposed a dual PID closed-loop control scheme including both position closed-loop control and attitude closed-loop control. At last we carried on robot prototype experiment and MATLAB simulation experiment. The experimental results show that the Six-legged Robot designed in this paper is provided with high stability, superior flexibility, and particularly good adaptability in slope terrain.
A forwarding acknowledgement based multi-hop broadcast algorithm in vehicular ad hoc networks

As a fundamental element in vehicular ad hoc network, broadcast has been frequently used to exchange and disseminate messages among vehicles. In this paper, a multi-hop broadcast algorithm named forwarding acknowledgement based multi-hop broadcast (FAMB) is proposed. In this proposed algorithm, multi-hop is used to overcome the problem of limited communication range and transmit messages far away. A forwarding candidate set based on vehicles position information and a forwarding node selection mechanism are developed to overcome the broadcast storm. Only a unique forwarding node per hop along transmission direction will be assigned to rebroadcast messages to its neighbors. Two short control packets and a unit timeslot are introduced to carry out the forwarding acknowledgement and reduce the per-hop delay. In addition, over time rebroadcasting approaches in the forwarding node selection link are carried out to guarantee the transmission reliability. The simulation results confirm that FAMB mitigates the broadcast storm significantly and it also performs well in the real time and reliability of data transmission.
A unified model for on-chip CPWs with various types of ground shields

Coplanar waveguides (CPW) are promising candidates for high quality passive devices in millimeter-wave frequency bands. In this paper, CPW transmission lines with and without ground shields have been designed and fabricated on 65nm CMOS technology. A physical-based model is proposed to describe the frequency-dependent per-unit-length L, C, R, and G parameters. Started from a standard CPW structure, influences of different kinds of ground shields have been analyzed and included into the general model. The accuracy of the model is confirmed by experimental results.
An approach of gross error elimination in GNSS receiver hot start

With the rapid development of the GNSS receiver's performance, almost all the commercial receivers have the ability of hot start. The main algorithm of fast positioning is how to get the position before frame synchronization when hot start. Because of the incomplete information of the pseudorange calculation before frame synchronization, the pseudorange is calculated by its estimation of integer millisecond part and inside millisecond part. If the estimation is wrong, the position error will be huge because of the huge pseudorange error, and it need to be researched and improved further. Firstly, the principle of fast positioning when hot start is introduced, the estimation and combination of pseudorange before frame synchronization and the correction of the position of satellite because of the unknown of the send time are derived in detail. The influence of the shift of general position and coarse receiver time error to fast positioning is discussed, the result shows the accuracy of fast positioning when the shifting is not abnormal and original least squares are nearly the same. When the pseudorange combination is just in the middle of a millisecond, a little shift of general position and coarse receiver time error will lead to a huge estimation error in pseudorange. For the gross error coming from the misestimating of the pseudorange, robust least squares are proposed to correct the gross error, the result of the simulation shows it's an effective way to correct the gross error.
Distributed Channel Assignment Algorithm for Multi-channel Wireless Mesh Networks

In multi-channel wireless mesh networks, due to the limited number of available orthogonal channels, interference is still a factor in such networks. In this paper, we consider the channel assignment problem for multi-hop wireless mesh networks in which nodes have multiple interfaces. Given the number of interfaces at each node and available channels in the system, we find a feasible channel assignment to improve network performance. We resolve the channel assignment problem by introducing maximal clique in link conflict graph, which uses greedy algorithm to assign channel in a distributed manner while maintaining network connectivity. Simulation results show that ours algorithm significantly improves network performance in terms of throughput and is comparable to the best prior centralized scheme that jointly considers routing and channel assignment.
A novel surface self-adapting parallel machine tool for blade machining

The finish machining of blade is very difficult because of its very complicated free-form surface. To improve the machining efficiency and quality of blade, a novel machine tool with parallel robotic mechanism is designed to meet the demand for finish machining of blade. At first, the structure of the designed machine tool is introduced and its kinematics analysis is deduced. Moreover, based on the measured data from three-dimensional measuring machine, the impeller blade model is constructed. A group of section profiles are selected and as a numerical example, one of them is fitted with a polynomial function, furthermore, the curvature of the selected profile is analyzed. In addition, the machining movement is programmed, which provides available information for the parameter design of machine tool. From the analytical results, it is proved that the proposed novel configuration of machine tool is feasible to machine free-form surface blades.
Design and Implementation of a Parameterized NoC Router and its Application to Build PRDT-Based NoCs

This paper presents a parameterized router design which can be applied to build large network-on-chips (NoCs) based on a Perfect Recursive Diagonal Torus (PKDT) or mesh/torus topology. In specific, the router is designed to support two routing algorithms (conventional vector routing and a newly proposed Johnson coded vector routing) and wormhole switching. Along these lines, special considerations for the router design are given to different design options concerning scheduling, buffering strategy, and flow control. Correspondingly, the router is partitioned into four components (input channel module, output channel module, crossbar switch, and scheduler) organized to form a three-stage pipeline, and their Verilog models are designed and implemented in a modular fashion with key parameters specified upon instantiations. A 4times4 PRDT-based NoC incorporating multiple copies of the proposed router design is synthesized using TSMC 0.18 mum CMOS technology.
A Novel Boundary Element Method Using Surface Conductive Absorbers for Full-Wave Analysis of 3-D Nanophotonics

Fast surface integral equation (SIE) methods seem to be ideal for simulating 3-D nanophotonic devices, as such devices generate fields in both the interior device volume and in the infinite exterior domain. SIE methods were originally developed for computing scattering from structures with finite surfaces, and since SIE methods automatically represent the infinite extent of the exterior scattered field, there was no need to develop numerical absorbers. Numerical absorbers are needed when SIE methods are used to simulate nanophotonic devices that process or couple light, to provide nonreflecting termination at the optical ports of such devices. In this paper, we focus on the problem of developing an approach to absorbers that are suitable for port termination, yet preserve the surface-only discretization and the geometry-independent Green's function properties of the SIE methods. Preserving these properties allows the absorber approach to be easily incorporated in commonly used fast solvers. We describe our solution to the absorber problem, that of using a gradually increasing surface conductivity, and show how to include surface conductivity in SIE methods. We also analyze numerical results using our absorber approach to terminate a finite-length rectangular cross section dielectric waveguide. The numerical results demonstrate that our surface-conductivity absorber can easily achieve a reflected power of less than 10-7, and that the magnitude of the transition reflection is proportional to 1/L2d+2, where L is the absorber length and d is the order of the differentiability of the surface conductivity function.
A novel clustering oriented closeness measure based on neighborhood chain

Closeness measures are crucial to clustering methods. In most traditional clustering methods, the closeness between data points or clusters is measured by the geometric distances alone. These metrics quantify the closeness only based on the concerned data points' positions in the feature space, and they might cause problems when dealing with clustering tasks with arbitrary clusters shapes and different clusters scales (varying clusters densities). In this paper, a novel Closeness Measure between data points based on Neighborhood Chain (CMNC) is proposed. Instead of using geometric distances alone, CMNC measures the closeness between data points by quantifying the difficulty for one data point to reach another through a chain of neighbors. Experimental results show that by substituting the geometric-distances-based closeness measures with CMNC, modified versions of the traditional clustering algorithms (e.g. k-means, single-link and CURE) perform much better than their original versions, especially when dealing with clustering tasks with clusters having arbitrary shapes and different scales.
Ask the dictionary: Soft-assignment location-orientation pooling for image classification

The pooling step is one of the key components of the well-known Bag-of-visual words (BoW) model widely used in image classification. In this paper, we propose a novel pooling method, which is called Soft-Assignment Location-Orientation Pooling (SALOP). Inspired by the bag of statistical sampling analysis (Bossa), SALOP also explores the effect of dictionary for pooling method, but leverages both location and orientation information between the local descriptors and the atoms of dictionary to aggregate feature codes. Moreover, different from existing pooling methods, SALOP employs a soft-assignment pooling scheme to handle ambiguity and uncertainty existing in the pooling process. The evaluation is conducted on two image benchmarks: Scene15 and PASCAL VOC 2007. The experimental results show our SALOP can achieve promising performances.
Address Remapping for Static NUCA in NoC-Based Degradable Chip-Multiprocessors

Large scale Chip-Multiprocessors (CMPs) generally employ Network-on-Chip (NoC) to connect the last level cache (LLC), which is generally organized as distributed NUCA (non-uniform cache access) arrays for scalability and efficiency. On the other hand, aggressive technology scaling induces severe reliability problems, causing on-chip components (e.g., cores, cache banks, routers) failure due to manufacture defects or on-line hardware faults. Typical degradable CMPs should possess the ability to work around defects by disabling faulty components. For static NUCA architecture, when cache banks attached to a computing node are disabled, however, certain physical address sections will no longer be accessible. Prior approaches such as sets reduction introduced in Intel Xeon processor 7100 series enable turning off cache banks by masking certain sets bits in physical address1, which greatly wastes cache capacity. In this paper, we propose to tackle the above problem in a finer granularity to restrict the capacity loss in NUCA cache. Cache accesses to isolated nodes are redirected based on the utility-driven address remapping scheme that reduces data blocks conflicts in fault-tolerant shared-LLC. We evaluate our technique using GEMS simulator. Experimental results show that address remapping achieves significant improvement over the conventional cache sizing scheme.
A multi-level context fusion network for exudate segmentation in retinal images

Diabetic retinopathy(DR), is one of the major causes of visual loss. Exudates as the early symptoms of DR, are formed by leakage of fluid from injured retinal blood vessels. In clinic, exudate detection is mandatory for accurate analysis of progress of DR. However, because of the large intraclass variation and high interclass similarity, it is very challenging to detect exudate. To address this difficult problem, we propose a multilevel context fusion model that integrate the global abstract features and local refine spatial information simultaneously. Furthermore, the pyramid pooling module is introduced to gather the global information with varied scales. In addition, auxiliary supervision is exploited to alleviate the issue of gradient vanishing and enhance the representative capability of the lower layers of the network. The mechanism of transfer learning is employed to accelerate convergence and mitigate the problem of insufficient medical data. Moreover, compared with traditional approaches, there is no any preprocessing or postprocessing steps in our method, the network can be trained in an end-to-end way. Experiment results on the publicly available e-ophtha EX database illustrate that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art method with a fast speed, which makes it suitable for practical clinical applications.
Based on image wavelet transform calculation improved

Network transmission for image compression is distinctly important as digital image information occupy a lot of storage space. However, the transmission bandwidth is limited, therefore, network transmission for image compression is distinctly important. In the process of image compression and restoration, the aim is to improve efficiency and reduce image quality loss as desired as possible. This paper analyzes the characteristics of image compression, the more common current method and wavelet compression to reduce distortion and other aspects of sub-image has improved, to a smaller mass loss of image reconstruction to obtain the purpose of increasing the compression ratio in image compression ratio and the quality of reconstructed images obtained satisfactory results.
A constrained reference signal based beamformer based on symmetrically distributed antenna arrays

A class of reference signal based (RSB) beamforming algorithms is proposed based on a symmetrically distributed array (SDA) by constraining its weight vector to a specific conjugate symmetric form, which is derived from the beamformer with a minimum mean square error (MSE). The effect of the additional constraint is equivalent to adding a second step in the derived adaptive algorithms. Moreover, since no direction of arrival (DOA) information of the desired signal is available, it leads to a two-stage structure for incorporating the imposed constraint. Compared to the traditional algorithms, the proposed ones, including an LMS (least mean square) based algorithm and an RLS (recursive least square) based algorithm, can achieve a faster convergence speed and a lower steady state mean square error (MSE), given the same stepsize.
A 50% duty cycle wide-locking range divide-by-3 divider up to 6GHz

A synchronous 50% duty cycle divide-by-3 divider up to 6GHz is presented in this paper. The proposed architecture is composed of three identical delay cells with active inductor tank, which are injected by 3 input current with 120° phase splitting. The input current is provided by a double-balanced mixer mixing the outputs of the delay cells with the input clock signal. These cells are not stand alone, but coupled with each other. Thanks to the coupling and input current with 120° phase splitting, the outputs of the three cells are locked at the 1/3 input frequencies with 60°phase splitting, which means that the outputs are of an accurate 50% duty cycle. Injection behavior model is proposed for analysis, and some design guidelines are acquired here. This divider is fabricated in 0.18µm CMOS process and works with a nominal supply voltage of 1.8V. The measured results indicate that the locking range of this divider is 4GHz (from 2.5GHz to 6.5GHz) at an input power of 0dBm with about 4mW power dissipation. As high as 28dB second harmonic suppression of a single-ended output proves that this proposed divider realizes a true 50% duty cycle signal.
A novel series-fed taper antenna array design and analysis

To improve the performance of microstrip antenna array, a new configuration of microstrip series-fed tape array is designed. Compared with the traditional one, the novel antenna array has a better VSWR characteristic. Moreover, the precorrected fast Fourier transform (P-FFT) method is employed to accelerate the entire computational process to reduce significantly both the memory requirement and computational time for large arrays. Very close agreement has been obtained between calculated and measured performance of such arrays.