nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Direct Seeding Cultivation within Ridging and Plastic Film Mulching to Cold Soaked Mud Fields in Southwest of Hubei

Southwest of Hubei, a mountain with high-elevation (1500 m above sea level), distributed lots of cold soaked fields which have a low productivity of rice. In order to raise its productivity, a method of cultivation was tested that is direct seeding cultivation within ridging and plastic film mulching. The results showed that the technique can play a bit to exalt tiller node, increase the effective soil nutrients in cold soaked mud fields, improve economic structure, and develop the technical effect of rice yield. Finally, for its best application in agricultural practice, it gave some suggestion relevant to agricultural machinery use, economic cost and technical standards.
Design and experimental study of a compliant feet quadruped robot with closed-chain mechanism legs

The locomotion performances of a quadruped robot with compliant feet based on closed-chain mechanism legs are presented. The legs of this quadruped robot were made up of six-bar linkage mechanism with one degree of freedom. And a special foot trajectory could be gained through kinematic analysis and optimum design of the six-bar linkage mechanism. In order to reduce the impact force of quadruped robot's walking on the ground, two semicircle feet with different thickness were designed as compliant feet. The experimental results of this quadruped robot with different stiffness feet showed that the semicircle feet could reduce the driving torque and current of motors. This primary investigation illustrated that the compliant feet could improve the locomotion performance of a quadruped robot based on closed-chain mechanism legs.
Development and Application of Spacecraft Collision Warning Expert System

The purpose of this paper is to develop a spacecraft collision warning expert system and apply to the spacecraft collision avoidance maneuver framework. Evasive maneuvering is one of key techniques for spacecraft actively protect. The warning system is an important part in the spacecraft collision avoidance maneuver framework. Expert system is a very successful approximate solution to the classic AI problem of programming intelligence. In this paper, we developed a warning expert system in CLIPS, and applied to the spacecraft collision avoidance maneuver framework. The fixed maneuver box method is used for the warning technique. The results of the simulation show that the warning expert system is credible and achieved the warning purpose.
Error Concealment for Cloud–Based and Scalable Video Coding of HD Videos

The encoding of HD videos faces two challenges: requirements for a strong processing power and a large storage space. One time-efficient solution addressing these challenges is to use a cloud platform and to use a scalable video coding technique to generate multiple video streams with varying bit-rates. Packet-loss is very common during the transmission of these video streams over the Internet and becomes another challenge. One solution to address this challenge is to retransmit lost video packets, but this will create end-to-end delay. Therefore, it would be good if the problem of packet-loss can be dealt with at the user's side. In this paper, we present a novel system that encodes and stores the videos using the Amazon cloud computing platform, and recover lost video frames on user side using a new Error Concealment (EC) technique. To efficiently utilize the computation power of a user's mobile device, the EC is performed based on a multiple-thread and parallel process. The simulation results clearly show that, on average, our proposed EC technique outperforms the traditional Block Matching Algorithm (BMA) and the Frame Copy (FC) techniques.
Design for Ka-band wideband bandpass filter with three-line microstrip structures

Presented in this paper is a systematic procedure for designing wideband bandpass filter based on parallel coupled three-line microstrip structures. An improvement for applying in practice is added. As compared with traditional parallel coupled wideband filters, the proposed three-line design requires less tight line spacing. Two filters with different line spacing are designed on substrates with low dielectric constants. Both of them have a fractional bandwidth (FBW) more than 40% at Ka- band.
Entry trajectory generation based on neural network

A methodology for onboard generation of entry trajectory subject to all common inequality and equality constraints is developed, which makes use of the neural network as a major approach to design a complete and feasible entry trajectory instantaneously. Conventional constrained nonlinear trajectory optimization problems and control parameters generation online can be transformed into the neural network off-line training problem, given the entry initial conditions, values of constraint parameters, and final conditions. Differing with the general neural network, this approach is trained by the principles of optimal theory. The inputs of the neural network are the time-variant state variables, the outputs are the near optimal control parameters. Numerical simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various entry conditions are presented to demonstrate the capability and effectiveness of the approach.
A Method of Flow Field Reconstruction via Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

This paper presents a method for constructing flow fields with proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) basis functions or modes with great reduction on the computational cost. Using this approach, it is possible to construct the entire aerodynamic flow fields from the knowledge of computed aerodynamic data or measured flow data specified on the aerodynamic surfaces, demonstrating a way to effectively combine experimental and computational data. There are three cases here, varying inflow Mach number to RAE2822 airfoil in transonic region and varying inflow Mach number to AGARD445.6 wing. The results demonstrate that the POD procedure could provide highly accurate flow fields reconstruction effectively when just a very little amount of data is known. It is a simple, effective method for digit wind tunnel, flow control, and airfoil design.
Measurement and Analysis of Contribution of Economic Factors to Economic Growth in Six Provinces and Shanghai City of East China Based on the Same Technique

Scientific and quantitative measurement of the function of the economic factors in the development of economy plays a significant part in formulating economic developmental strategy and pulling forward Chinese economic development in a fast, persistent and steady way. On the basis of analyzing the function of economic factors to economic growth, the article measures the contribution of economic factors to economic growth, the technological level and its progressive rates in the six provinces and Shanghai city of East China with the method of using gray clustering to confirm regressive variable and calculating elastic coefficient with improved Cobb-Douglas function model. It also analyzes the contributing rate of economic growth factors in order to make a further recognition of the effective degree of economic factors to economic growth in areas, especially the contribution of technological progresses. Through research the article finds out: (1) Technique progresses ascend continuously in six provinces and Shanghai city of East China from 1990 to 2004; (2) In the six provinces and Shanghai city of East China, the contributing rate of bankroll input to economic growth exceeds 50%, bankroll input is still the current motivation of economic growth in East China: (3) The technological progress in Shanghai and Jiangsu province are of the biggest contribution to the economy, achieving 42.7% and 42.2%. In contrast, Zhejiang province is the lowest, achieving 25.1%.
Wideband millimeter wave waveguide to double-sided parallel-strip line transition

In this paper, a novel millimeter wave transition between waveguide and double-sided parallel-strip line (DSPSL) is proposed. The energy is coupled to the DSPSL from waveguide through the double-sided taper slot on the substrate which inserted into the waveguide. The back-to-back transition configuration is investigated with 0.5dB insertion loss from 31GHz to 39GHz. The proposed transition has more than 22% fractional bandwidth for which the return loss is better than 15dB.
Graphene Covered on Microfiber Exhibiting Polarization and Polarization-dependent Saturable Absorption

Graphene has attracted a lot of research interest, especially as a saturable absorber (SA). However, improvement on thermal damage threshold is critical for the SA. Here, graphene covered on the microfiber is developed for this purpose by use of the light-graphene interaction via the evanescent field of the guided mode in the microfiber. Such interaction is numerically studied by using the theory of the electromagnetic field. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that graphene covered on the upper surface of the microfiber can be used as a polarization-dependent SA as well as an optical polarizer. When the radius size of the microfiber is down to 0.8 μm, its polarization extinction ratio is up to ~27 dB. When the radius of microfiber is up to ~3 μm, a polarization-dependent SA can be obtained with high thermal damage threshold of ~975.82 MWcm-2 for p -polarization and ~1233.2 MWcm-2 for s-polarization, and its polarization-dependent modulation depth varies from ~10.25% to ~12.85%.
Application of comprehensive and designed experiments in experimental teaching of rescue techniques out of hospital

82 Third-year nursing students randomly were divided into experimental group (40 students) and control group (42 students). There was no significant difference in teachers responsible for the two groups. Both of them were taught "emergency and intensive nursing". The students in the control group were taught by using the traditional teaching method and the students in the experimental group were taught not only by using the traditional teaching method, but also by integrating the comprehensive and designed experiments to the experimental teaching process. The two groups were assessed by analyzing cases, including the evaluation items of operation and the evaluation criteria. The results suggest that the integrated and designed experiments can promote students to establish critical thinking and improve innovative sense, do not only help students be trained in the overall content, but in the integrated practice of knowledge, ability and quality, enrich the contents of teaching, and increase the sense of teamwork. The comprehensive and designed experiments are moves from which not only students but also teachers benefit.
Clustering nuclei using machine learning techniques

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women. Meanwhile, cervical cancer could be largely preventable and curable with regular Pap tests. Nuclei changes in the cervix could be found by this test. Accurate nuclei detection is extremely critical as it is the previous step of analysing nuclei changes and diagnosis afterwards. Recently, computer-aided nuclei segmentation has increased dramatically. Although such algorithms could be utilised in the situation for sparse nuclei since they are intuitively detected, the segmentation for the complicated nuclei clusters is still challenging task. This paper presents a new methodology for the detection of cervical nuclei clusters. We first detect all the nuclei from the cervical microscopic image by an ellipse fitting algorithm. Second, we chose some high-relevant features from all the features we obtained in last step via F-score, which is based on to what extent one feature attributes to results. All the ellipses are then classified into single ones and cluster ones by C4.5 decision tree with selected features. We evaluated the performance of this method by the classification accuracy, sensitivity, and cluster predictive value. With the 9 selected features from the original 13 features, we came by the promising classification accuracy (97.8%).
A Large-Signal Statistical Model and Yield Estimation of GaN HEMTs Based on Response Surface Methodology

A novel nonlinear large-signal equivalent circuit statistical model of GaN HEMTs based on response surface methodology (RSM) is proposed in this letter. Thirty-four GaN HEMTs from 10 batches are measured and all the parameters in the large-signal equivalent circuit model are extracted by an in-house parameters extraction program. We choose the four most sensitive parameters of the drain-source current model and the gate charge model. The statistical method is modeled by using response surface methodology to change the range of the four parameters. The statistical model is implemented in Agilent-ADS and three S-band GaN HEMT power amplifier are designed by using the established statistical model for validation. The results show that good accuracy has been achieved by comparing measured and simulated output power (Pout) and power added efficiency (PAE). This method is simple and accurate for GaN HEMT power amplifier design and yield estimation.
A novel 3D active channel high power 4H-SiC MESFETs with improved breakdown characteristic

A novel 3D tri-gate high power 4H-SiC MESFET with improved breakdown characteristic is presented in this paper. Different from the conventional structure, the proposed structure contains both horizontal and vertical active channels which contacted 3D tri-gate. This method, in fact, increases the equivalent channel width and therefore enhances the maximum drain current. And buried-channel technology is used to improve the breakdown characteristic of the proposed structure. Simulation results show that the maximum drain current and breakdown voltage of the proposed structure are 1591 mA/mm and 190 V, 274.4% and 126.7% larger than that of the conventional one, respectively. Due to the above two technologies, the simulated power density gets a significant enhancement, and the simulated value (18 W/mm) is 310.3% larger than that of the conventional one (5.8 W/mm).
Research on relative height measurement based on multi-sensor fusion technology

Real-time relative height measurement is very important for control system of agricultural plant protection UAV. In the paper we research a multi-sensor relative height fusion algorithm which combined radio altimeter, barometric altimeter, GPS satellite navigation receiver and inertial measurement unit. According to association with GPS speed value, a method which base variable coefficient is proposed to eliminate outlier errors of radio altimeter and an algorithm based half-step interpolation is used to reconstruct the radio altimeter data. A Kalman filter is used for fusion the multisensors measurement value and give the optimal estimation of relative height of UAV. Through the experiment data, the method can eliminate 95% outlier error, and the height measurement error is reduced to 0.15m. The method can be used in super low-altitude plant protection UAV flight control system.
Efficient Stochastic Approximation Monte Carlo Sampling for Heterogeneous Redundancy Allocation Problem

Existing optimization methods to heterogeneous redundancy allocation problem often suffer from the local-trap problem in optimization, due to the rugged energy landscapes. In this paper, a new optimization paradigm based on the Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling is proposed for solving the heterogeneous redundancy allocation for multi-state systems. We address this in an optimization-by-sampling framework, and propose to sample the intricate distribution over the combinatorial space by a doubly adaptive sampling approach, where the target adaptation favors free random walk on the rugged energy landscape to substantially alleviate the local-trap problem by updating the target distribution on-the-fly, while the proposal adaptation helps improve the sampling efficiency by learning the proposal distribution based on chain history in optimization. Experimental results performed on a range of benchmark instances demonstrated the superiority of the proposed optimization approach compared with the state-of-the-art alternatives in terms of the solution quality or computational efficiency.
Speed following control for differential steering of 4WID electric vehicle

This paper proposed a control strategy of differential steering specialized for four wheel independent driving (4WID) EVs. Different from traditional single torque-based control method, this strategy is designed to use the advantage of fast speed control of in-wheel motor. Four wheels are regulated to desired differential speed based on the reference vehicle velocity. Combined with Ackermann-Jeantand steering model, kinematic model of the distributed wheels is introduced to achieve electrical differential by speed following control. This method can reduce tyre wearing and increase manual stability. By the simulation and experimental study of differential speed steering control, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated.
Influence of the Al mole fraction on microwave noise performance of AlxGa1-xN/GaN HEMTs

To reveal the influence of Al mole fraction on the microwave noise performance of AlxGa1-xN/GaN HEMTs, numerical analysis is performed on the intrinsic noise by reducing its value from 35% to 25% and 15% in this paper. A model based on measurement results is used and simulations are carried out by commercial TCAD soft Silvaco Atlas. The I–V curves and both of the gate and drain noise spectral density are calculated and compared at different bias. The results show that the reduction of the Al mole fraction degrades the intrinsic microwave noise behavior of HEMT's only at high bias currents due to the poor carrier confinement. The AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with 25 % Al content has the best minimum noise figure (Fmin) at low bias currents due to the reduction of gate noise, and it has the same Fmin with 35% at a few higher bias current.
Broadband planar Luneburg lens composed of artificial impedance surfaces

A two-dimensional Luneburg lens is presented based on artificial impendence surfaces (AIS). The desired refractive index profile is controlled by the variable surface impendence, which obtained by using an array of complementary unipolar compact photonic band gap (UC-PBG) structure inside a parallel plate waveguide. Simulation results have shown that proposed Luneburg lens, which operating in TM mode during X-band, has an excellent focusing ability. The proposed Luneburg lens can be used in direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. The estimation error is smaller than 5°.
Classification of dialogue acts using prosodic features in Chinese spontaneous speech

Dialogue acts (DAs) indicate the meanings of the utterances at the aspect of speech act, e.g., whether an utterance is a question, statement, confirmation and so forth, which helps to understand the utterances. The understanding component of a dialogue system can be improved by knowing the dialogue acts of utterances. In this paper, we investigate the classification of the dialogue acts using prosodic features in EasyFlight, a Chinese spoken dialogue system for querying and booking flight tickets. The experiments are based on the domain-specified Chinese spontaneous speech corpus, which is collected for evaluating the performance of the dialogue system. Dialogue acts are labeled by hand. According to more than thirty prosodic features two types of DAs, Question and Statement are classified in the experiments, and the classification accuracy of 83% is obtained.
Multi-scale blocks based image emotion classification using multiple instance learning

Emotional factors usually affect users' preferences for and evaluations of images. Although affective image analysis attracts increasing attention, there are still three major challenges remaining: 1) it is difficult to classify an image into a single emotion type since different regions within an image can represent different emotions; 2) there is a gap between low-level features and high-level emotions and 3) it is difficult to collect a training set of reliable emotional image content. To address these three issues, we propose an emotion classification method based on multi-scale blocks using Multiple Instance Learning (MIL). We firstly extract blocks of an image at multiple scales using different image segmentation methods pyramid segmentation and simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) and represent each block using the bag-of-visual-words (BoVW) method. Then, to bridge the “affective gap”, probabilistic latent semantic analysis (pLSA) is employed to estimate the latent topic distribution as a mid-level representation of each block. Finally, MIL, which reduces the need for exact labelling, is employed to classify the dominant emotion type of the image. Experiments carried out on three widely used datasets demonstrate that our proposed method with S-LIC effectively improves the state-of-the-art results of image emotion classification 5.1% on average.
Improved characteristics of 4H-SiC MESFETs with partly p-type doped space layer

4H-SiC MESFET with partly p-type doped space layer is proposed and the DC and RF characteristics are analyzed in this paper by 2D numerical simulation. The simulated results show that the breakdown voltage is about 56% larger than that of the conventional structure, and the saturated drain current obtained 4.4% enhancement too. The calculated maximum output power density at operation point VGS=−10V, VDS=40V are 10.8W/mm and 6.2W/mm respectively for 4H-SiC MESFETs with the proposed structure and conventional structure. As compared with the conventional structure, RF simulation results show that the MESFETs with partly p-type doped space layer have a 2.7dB gain improvement at 2GHz.
Utilizing XML Schema for Describing and Querying Still Image Databases

In this paper, still images are modeled by hierarchical tree structures and object relational graphs. These modeling concepts can be described naturally using XML schema. We introduce the notion of complex types and referential integrity to fully describe the physical and semantic properties of images. We further show how complex types of XML can be used to overcome the shortcomings of reported in the literature image database descriptions on an example of DTDs employed in MPEG7. We demonstrate the flexibility of our schema by formulating queries with a similarity function. The latter points to the query image, incorporates a set of features, their relative importance and a technique for their computation
Kriging assisted on-line torque calculation for brushless DC motors used in electric vehicles

Torque is one of the most important control factors for a vehicle's motion. Compared with internal combustion engine, electric motors can have a more accurate torque feedback. In electric vehicles, direct torque control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor has been studied. However, because of non-ideal back EMF phenomenon, direct torque control of brushless DC motors has not been widely used. In this paper, a new method using kriging to calculate back EMF in a real-time on-line fashion is presented. Kriging prediction is used to approximate the back EMF of the motor based on information from sampled points. With motor speed and rotor position as inputs, kriging predicts back EMF as the output that is used to calculate the motor torque with three phase currents. Using this novel method, motor torque can be accurately calculated and implement in micro control units of vehicles, even when facing extremely high/low temperature and aging conditions.