nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
AIDA: A 16-channel amplifier ASIC to read out the Advanced Implantation Detector Array for experiments in nuclear decay spectroscopy

We have designed a read-out ASIC for nuclear decay spectroscopy as part of the AIDA project — the Advanced Implantation Detector Array. AIDA will be installed in experiments at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in GSI, Darmstadt. The AIDA ASIC will measure the signals when unstable nuclei are implanted into the detector, followed by the much smaller signals when the nuclei subsequently decay. Implant energies can be as high as 20GeV; decay products need to be measured down to 25keV within just a few microseconds of the initial implants. The ASIC uses two amplifiers per detector channel, one covering the 20GeV dynamic range, the other selectable over a 20MeV or 1GeV range. The amplifiers are linked together by bypass transistors which are normally switched off. The arrival of a large signal causes saturation of the low-energy amplifier and a fluctuation of the input voltage, which activates the link to the high-energy amplifier. The bypass transistors switch on and the input charge is integrated by the high-energy amplifier. The signal is shaped and stored by a peak-hold, then read out on a multiplexed output. Control logic resets the amplifiers and bypass circuit, allowing the low-energy amplifier to measure the subsequent decay signal. We present simulations and test results, demonstrating the AIDA ASIC operation over a wide range of input signals.
Comparison of standards and power supply design options for limiting harmonic distortion in power systems

Harmonic distortion in power systems is growing due to the popularity of switch-mode power electronic equipment. This equipment has recognized advantages, such as reducing weight and improving control and efficiency in power converters and supplies. A disadvantage of switch-mode power converters is that their lowest-cost circuit may burden the power system with harmonic loading. Methods to reduce this distortion are recognized, but economic incentives are yet to be realized. Standardization is the most effective means to influence equipment design and to control distortion in power systems. The authors compare the major European and American standards, as well as some of the electronic equipment design changes that are supposed to limit harmonics.
An optimised multi-baseline approach for on-line MR-temperature monitoring on commodity graphics hardware

Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) can be used for non invasive temperature mapping and is therefore a promising tool to monitor and control interventional therapies based on thermal ablation. The proton resonance frequency shift MRI technique gives an estimate of the temperature by comparing phase changes between dynamically acquired images. These temperature measurements are prone to motion induced errors however, particularly in abdominal organs due to breathing. Several computational approaches have been proposed previously to correct for these motion related errors on the measured temperature. They have required significant time to compute however, and have not been sufficiently fast for several real-time temperature mapping applications. This paper proposes to use modern graphics cards (GPUs) to assess on-line motion corrected thermal maps. The computation times obtained on the GPU are compared to an existing CPU reference implementation. An acceleration factor close to 7 was obtained for the processing of one slice (resolution 128 times 128 pixels), and higher than 21 for 12 slices, allowing a real-time implementation.
Accurate effective mobility extraction in SOI MOS transistors

Accurate effective mobility calculations of MOSFETs are necessary when assessing the importance of various performance limiting carrier scattering mechanisms. A novel and simple to use technique to correct for the absence of drain bias during the split CV measurement is presented. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by application to a quasi planar SOI MOSFET at 300K and 4K. The lateral field and diffusion corrections, which are commonly neglected, are considered and it is shown that they cancel.
2D modeling of TWTs based on serpentine and folded waveguide structures

Travelling Wave Tubes (TWTs) with slow-wave structures, based on a serpentine or folded waveguides, are promising devices for operation at sub-Terahertz and Terahertz frequency ranges. Development of such types of TWTs requires accurate and efficient computational tools suitable for their design, analysis and optimization. Recently we have developed the new model1, which allows us to extend an existed 2D large-signal code TESLA-CC2 on the modeling of amplifiers based on serpentine or folded waveguide structures.
Adaptive classifiers using ontogenetic neural networks with feedback

The authors give the results of software simulation of Hebbian (D. O. Hebb, 1949) associative learning. Ontogenesis in feedback neural networks similar to those devised by Hopfield implies an initial structure and a plan for associative learning with growth. Experimental results are given to show that the advantages of ontogenetic neural networks configured as adaptive classifiers include rapid adaptation, good performance in classifying correctly, and the ability to cope with high levels of noise in training and operation.<<ETX>>
44 GHz fully integrated and differential monolithic VCOs with wide tuning range in AlInAs/InGaAs/InP DHBT

A fully integrated and differential AlInAs/InGaAs/InP DHBT voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with wide tuning range and integrated divide-by-2 static divider was demonstrated for 44 GHz wireless and optical communication applications. To our knowledge, these 44 GHz ICs are the highest frequency fundamental mode fully integrated and differential VCOs with wide tuning range ever reported. The 44 GHz fundamental VCO delivers a typical differential output power of +4 dBm at a center frequency of 44 GHz with a tuning range of up to 4.5 GHz. The measured phase noise shows better than -100 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset and better than -80 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset. We have achieved more than 6 dB improvement in phase noise performance over the differential SHBT VCO results that we reported last year (A. Kurdoghlian et al.,  2001).
Architectural challenges and solutions for collocated LWIP — A network layer perspective

Achieving a tighter level of aggregation between LTE and Wi-Fi networks at the radio access network (a.k.a. LTE-Wi-Fi Aggregation or LWA) has become one of the most prominent solutions in the era of 5G to boost network capacity and improve end user's quality of experience. LWA offers flexible resource scheduling decisions for steering user traffic via LTE and Wi-Fi links. In this work, we propose a Collocated LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration architecture at IP layer (C-LWIP), an enhancement over 3GPP non-collocated LWIP architecture. We have evaluated C-LWIP performance in various link aggregation strategies (LASs). A C-LWIP node (i.e., the node having collocated, aggregated LTE eNodeB and Wi-Fi access point functionalities) is implemented in NS-3 which introduces a traffic steering layer (i.e., Link Aggregation Layer) for efficient integration of LTE and Wi-Fi. Using extensive simulations, we verified the correctness of C-LWIP module in NS-3 and evaluated the aggregation benefits over standalone LTE and Wi-Fi networks with respect to varying number of users and traffic types. We found that split bearer performs equivalently to switched bearer for UDP flows and switched bearer outperforms split bearer in the case of TCP flows. Also, we have enumerated the potential challenges to be addressed for unleashing C-LWIP capabilities. Our findings also include WoD-Link Aggregation Strategy which is shown to improve system throughput by 50% as compared to Naive-LAS in a densely populated indoor stadium environment.
A gigahertz-bandwidth vector signal generation and analysis system for traveling-wave tube amplifiers testing

The calibration procedure for a vector signal system which has over 1.6 GHz of RF bandwidth is described. To achieve the desired bandwidth, two software filters (a prefilter and a postfilter) are used to correct the non-uniform frequency responses in the system. We describe techniques for obtaining the response functions of both the signal generator and the signal analyzer. The measured response functions are used to construct the filters to achieve the flat frequency response. Finally a 1-Gsymbol/s 32-QAM raised-cosine-filtered waveform is generated to demonstrate the application of the system.
Development of the LPD, a high dynamic range pixel detector for the European XFEL

We present the development and prototype test of the LPD instrument, a novel pixel detector for the European XFEL. At XFEL the LPD detector must be capable of operating with a frame rate of 4.5MHz and record images with a dynamic range of 1:100,000 photons (12keV) whilst maintaining low noise. The prototype LPD system has a large in pixel memory depth of 512 images that can be selected with a flexible veto system. Data is then transferred off the detector head in between XFEL pulses with an accompanying high rate data acquisition system. The system has been prototyped and assembled into an LPD detector head that contains custom silicon sensors and ASICs as well as a programmable data acquisition cards and supporting electronics and mechanics. A second version of the ASIC has also been submitted for manufacture. The experiences with our first prototype are presented.
Accelerated life testing of marine cables and connectors: problems, pitfalls, and suggestions for improvements

The ability to scientifically predict the performance, degradation resistance, and usable lifetime of marine cables and connectors is highly desired and valued by design engineers and program managers. The costs associated with these items failing prematurely in their end-use applications can be quite high. On the other hand, significant savings can be realized if the service life of such hardware can be reasonably extended beyond several repair/refit cycles. Historically, the most frequently encountered failure mechanism for marine cables and connectors has been delamination of the polymeric overmolding compound from metal connector backshells. Most outboard cables are connected to cathodically protected metal surfaces which induce a cathodic potential within metal connector backshells. Corrosion reactions occurring on cathodically polarized metal surfaces then cause metal-polymer adhesion failure by a variety of mechanisms. Over the years, several testing protocols have been developed either by or for the U.S. Navy to use increases in temperature to accelerate this so-called "cathodic delamination" process. The purpose of these accelerated life test (ALT) protocols is to determine the resistance to degradation of various metal-primer-polymer combinations used on cables and connectors in a marine environment. Unfortunately, many of the existing ALT protocols exhibit technical and/or scientific deficiencies that compromise their ability to provide meaningful data for the prediction of service life, and the understanding of the cause(s) of hardware failure in the marine environment. These problems include, but are not limited to: choice of failure mechanism model; differences in activation energy for materials/reactions/processes; maintenance of the proper corrosion current density and voltage; and maintenance of the proper ALT fluid medium chemistry. All of these issues are important for the successful completion of an ALT, yet ALTs are often conducted without addressing one or more of these critical issues.
Combining diversity-based active learning with discriminant analysis in image retrieval

Small-sample learning in image retrieval is a pertinent and interesting problem. Relevance feedback is an active area of research that seeks to find algorithms that are robust with only a small number of examples. Much work has been done in both the machine learning and pattern recognition communities to develop algorithms that learn a high-level semantic concept in a low-level image feature space. In this paper we seek to leverage techniques from both these communities to explore a hybrid relevance feedback system which combines the insight gained from discriminant analysis and active learning. Our technique uses a diversity-based pool-query technique along with biased discriminant analysis to improve the query refinement process. Comparative results are observed and thoughts for future work are presented.
A Logic System for Fault Test Generation

This paper describes a logic system specifically designed for fault test generation. The system allows the user to impose a set of initial constraints on the elements of a logic network by indicating those values which an element may (or may not) assume for the test under consideration. He can be as vague or as specific as he wants in imposing these constraints. A set of logic tables is then used to automatically propagate the effects of these constraints throughout the network. As a result of this logic propagtion, the necessary values of the elements in the network become much more precisely (if not completely) defined. The tables also indicate whether or not the generated test (which may include a number of unspecified values) is sufficient to detect the given fault. If several different tests will suffice, the choices remaining are clearly indicated. In the case of a redundant lead (untestable fault), propagation through the tables automatically results in a logical inconsistency.
Deriving facial articulation models from image sequences

Human facial articulation models are derived from frontal and side view image sequences using a connected vibrations non-rigid motion tracking algorithm. First, a 3D head geometric model is fitted to the face subject in the initial frame. The face model is masked with multiple planar membrane patches that are connected with each other. Then, the in-plate facial motions in the image sequences are computed from an over-determined system. Finally, this information is exploited for creating or customizing a facial articulation model.
An improvement to vertex decimation: Finding referencing neighbors for low distortion in 3D steganography

The concept of data hiding has made it possible to effectively transmit data in such a way that there is no compromise in security. Recent 3D steganographic techniques focus on maximizing the amount of data that can be embedded within the cover model and minimal distortion. A technique based on vertex decimation was recently published, which focuses on minimizing the distortion ensued during data embedding. Since the very aim of a steganographic technique is to hide data, this point is extremely relevant. While this technique is effective, it is subject to high time complexity. This paper proposes an improved technique to finding the referencing neighbors, which is the very aim of vertex decimation, in a less complex manner, when compared to the vertex decimation algorithm proposed in .
Automatic construction of 3D human face models based on 2D images

In order to achieve low bit-rate video coding, model-based coding systems have attracted great interests in visual telecommunications, e.g., videophone and teleconferencing where the human faces are the major part in the scenes. The main idea of this approach is to construct a 3D model for human face. Only the moving parts on the face are analyzed and the motion parameters are transmitted, finally the original facial expressions could be synthesized by deforming the face model using the facial motion parameters. We propose an approach to the automatic construction of 3D human face models using a generic face model and several 2D face images. A template matching based algorithm is developed to automatically extract all necessary facial features from the front and side profile face images. Then the generic face model is fitted to these feature points by geometric transforms. Finally, texture mapping is performed to achieve realistic results.
Efficiency Enhancement of Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier with Dynamically Adjusted Collector Bias Voltages

The growing use of multiple-carrier, complex spectrally efficient waveforms such as quadrature-amplitude- modulation (QAM) and code division multiple access (CDMA) in communication systems is placing a growing demand on the power efficiency and linearity of microwave power amplifiers. Continuing reliance on vacuum electronics amplifiers such as traveling-wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs) in space-based transponders and ground terminals requires tube engineers and system designers to constantly develop new techniques to improve the efficiency of the devices.
A Comparison of Linearity and Efficiency in Conventional and Transverse TWT Amplifiers

Traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) based on the transverse interaction between an electron beam and a circularly polarized circuit wave were investigated starting in the 1960s. Small-signal theory based on a pencil beam suggested that these devices would have high efficiency and good linearity. Further analysis showed that the effect of a finite beam radius would limit these advantages. We present results from a short numerical study using a large signal code that compared the predicted performance of a conventional TWT with that of a transverse TWT of the same dc beam power. We find that the transverse TWT retains its advantages under large signal conditions
38 GHz low phase noise CPW monolithic VCOs implemented in manufacturable AlInAs/InGaAs HBT IC technology

We have demonstrated a 38 GHz voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with an integrated buffer amplifier in AlInAs/InGaAs HBT technology. Coplanar waveguide (CPW) circuit designs has been employed for the development of the InP HBT MMIC VCOs to reduce chip cost and make them flip chip compatible. The VCO was realized in a high yield optical lithography triple mesa HBT process. This VCO delivers a typical output power of 10 dBm at a center frequency of 38.4 GHz with a tuning range of up to 850 MHz. The measured phase noise shows -82 dBc/Hz at 100 khz offset and -1.08 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. Uniformity and reproducibility were also demonstrated. Circuit performance was relatively insensitive to process variation indicating a highly robust and manufacturable circuit design and process.
Double-directional and dual-polarimetric indoor measurements at 70 GHz

Double-directional, ultra wideband dual-polarized channel measurements at 70 GHz have been carried out in a small-office environment. The aim of these measurements is to study the temporal, directional, and polarization properties of the channel for modelling purposes of the future wireless communication systems at mm-waves. A highly deterministic behaviour of the channel and the environment has been identified, as well as the limitations of only parameterizing channel models as WINNER for the new mm-wave channel models.
Applications of signal analysis using autoregressive models for amplitude modulation

Frequency Domain Linear Prediction (FDLP) represents an efficient technique for representing the long-term amplitude modulations (AM) of speech/audio signals using autoregressive models. For the proposed analysis technique, relatively long temporal segments (1000 ms) of the input signal are decomposed into a set of sub-bands. FDLP is applied on each sub-band to model the temporal envelopes. The residual of the linear prediction represents the frequency modulations (FM) in the sub-band signal. In this paper, we present several applications of the proposed AM-FM decomposition technique for a variety of tasks like wide-band audio coding, speech recognition in reverberant environments and robust feature extraction for phoneme recognition.
EAVA: A 3D Emotive Audio-Visual Avatar

Emotive audio-visual avatars have the potential of significantly improving the quality of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). In this paper, the various technical approaches of a novel framework leading to a text-driven 3D Emotive Audio-Visual Avatar (EAVA) are proposed. Primary work is focused on 3D face modeling, realistic emotional facial expression animation, emotive speech synthesis, and the co-articulation of speech gestures (i.e., lip movements due to speech production) and facial expressions. Experimental results clearly indicate that a certain degree of naturalness and expressiveness has been achieved by EAVA in both audio and visual aspects. Promising potential improvements can be expected by incorporating various data-driven statistical learning models into the framework.
Distribution system grounding fundamentals

This article is an overview of the various relationships between neutral currents, ground currents, electrode impedances, and voltage potentials that are encountered in the operation of multi-grounded wye distribution systems. This system continuation is the most commonly used configuration among U.S. domestic utilities. Voltages range from 4.16/2.4 kV to 34.5/19.9 kV. The most common system voltages are 15- and 25-kV class systems with nominal operating voltages on rural systems generally being 12.47/7.2 kV and 24.9/14.4 kV. The article aims to review the relationships that might be encountered due to system grounding and provide an overview of common installations and their relative effectiveness.
6 Switch-mode supply power factor improvement via harmonic elimination methods

The authors present power factor improvement methods, for switched-mode power supplies, by using harmonics elimination. Three methods were valuated: a series connected resonant filter, a parallel connected resonant filter, and an active boost converter. The two passive filters are commercial products, and the boost converter is an in-house design using a power MOSFET as the switching device and a dedicated commercial IC for the control circuit. An off-the-shelf PC power supply along with the two passive filters and a boost converter were used as the test specimen. The experimental results show input power factor, distortion factor, crest factor, total harmonic distortion, and harmonic components. Also identified are the power system impacts of nonlinear current, the relative cost of harmonic elimination, and the motivation that may come from new power quality standards.<<ETX>>
Automatic Segmentation of Audio Signals for Bird Species Identification

The identification of bird species from their audio recorded songs are nowadays used in several important applications, such as to monitor the quality of the environment and to prevent bird-plane collisions near airports. The complete identification cycle involves the use of: (a) recording devices to acquire the songs, (b) audio processing techniques to remove the noise and to select the most representative elements of the signal, (c) feature extraction procedures to obtain relevant characteristics, and (d) decision procedures to make the identification. The decision procedures can be obtained by Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, considering the problem in a standard classification scenario. One key element is this cycle is the selection of the most relevant segments of the audio for identification purposes. In this paper we show that the use of short audio segments with high amplitude - called pulses in our work - outperforms the use of the complete audio records in the species identification task. We also show how these pulses can be automatically obtained, based on measurements performed directly on the audio signal. The employed classifiers are trained using a previously labeled database of bird songs. We use a database that contains bird song recordings from 75 species which appear in the Southern Atlantic Coast of South America. Obtained results show that the use of automatically obtained pulses and a SVM classifier produce the best results, all the necessary procedures can be installed in a dedicated hardware, allowing the construction of a specific bird identification device.