nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic focus control for preventing motion blur

This paper introduces motion focus as a complement to conventional camera focusing. We show how a relative shift between the image sensor and lens of a camera offers the ability to focus on specific motion in a scene. Focusing on motion allows the use of a longer exposure time while preventing motion blur of the object of interest. As a result, the object is captured with a significantly improved image quality. We derive a theoretical performance gain and compare it to existing imaging methods. Furthermore, we demonstrate an experimental motion focus implementation using modified off-the-shelf optical image stabilization hardware, which can obtain an effective exposure time extension of a factor of 94.
Flexible re-sampling topology for widescreen television systems

The multitude of video formats in television and multimedia systems requires extensive use of video scaling. For this purpose, we present a new topology for flexible sample-rate conversion with polyphase FIR filters. For any desired number of filter taps, a topology can be designed featuring up and down panoramic (or other) distortions without stalling the video data stream as has been a limitation in previous proposals. This new approach enables a flexible one-scaler implementation for all applications (e.g. video, audio, graphics).
Advanced Structures For Integrated Optics Realized With Shadow Masked Growth

The fabrication of integrated optic devices in semiconductor materials requires advanced processing techniques. In this paper, we propose the shadow masked growth (SMG) as an alternative to other techniques such as multi-step etching, mass transport, selective growth, shadow masked etching, etc. Two applications will be described: refractive lenses and tapered structures. The lenses can easily be integrated with LEDs or vertical cavity substrate-emitting laser diodes, or can be used for the realisation of 3-D microcavities. The tapered structures find interesting applications in optical mode shape transformers (e.g. for improved waveguide fibre coupling) and in bandgap engineering (when using quantum wells).
Low-voltage waveguide Ge APD based high sensitivity 10Gb/s Si photonic receiver

We demonstrate low-voltage Ge waveguide avalanche photodetectors (APDs) with gain-bandwidth product over 100GHz. A 5.8dB avalanche sensitivity improvement (1×10-12 bit error ratio at 10Gb/s) is obtained for the wire-bonded optical receiver at -5.9V APD bias.
Robust detection, classification and positioning of traffic signs from street-level panoramic images for inventory purposes

Accurate inventories of traffic signs are required for road maintenance and increase of the road safety. These inventories can be performed efficiently based on street-level panoramic images. However, this is a challenging problem, as these images are captured under a wide range of weather conditions. Besides this, occlusions and sign deformations occur and many sign look-a-like objects exist. Our approach is based on detecting present signs in panoramic images, both to derive a classification code and to combine multiple detections into an accurate position of the signs. It starts with detecting the present signs in each panoramic image. Then, all detections are classified to obtain the specific sign type, where also false detections are identified. Afterwards, detections from multiple images are combined to calculate the sign positions. The performance of this approach is extensively evaluated in a large, geographical region, where over 85% of the 3; 341 signs are automatically localized, with only 3:2% false detections. As nearly all missed signs are detected in at least a single image, only very limited manual interactions have to be supplied to safeguard the performance for highly accurate inventories.
25-Gb/s 1310-nm Optical Receiver Based on a Sub-5-V Waveguide-Coupled Germanium Avalanche Photodiode

We demonstrate low-voltage waveguide-coupled germanium avalanche photodetectors (APDs) with a (wafer-scale mean) gain×bandwidth product of 140 GHz at -5 V by utilizing a 185-nm-thick Ge layer. An optical receiver based on such an APD operating up to 25 Gb/s is demonstrated.
Enhanced patch-antenna performance by suppressing surface waves using photonic-bandgap substrates

The microstrip patch antenna is a low-profile robust planar structure. A wide range of radiation patterns can be achieved with this type of antenna and, due to the ease of manufacture, is inexpensive compared with other types of antennas. However, patch-antenna designs have some limitations such as restricted bandwidth of operation, low gain, and a potential decrease in radiation efficiency due to surface-wave losses. In this paper, a photonic-bandgap (PBG) substrate for patch antennas is proposed, which minimizes the surface-wave effects. In order to verify the performance of this kind of substrate, a configuration with a thick substrate is analyzed. The PBG patch antenna shows significantly reduced levels of surface modes compared to conventional patch antennas, thus improving the gain and far-field radiation pattern.
Electrodeposition of Ni-Si Schottky barriers

Data on electrodeposited Ni on Si for different Si substrate resistivities is presented. It is shown that the Schottky barriers formed are of high quality with low ideality factor and very small reversed leakage. The versatility of electrodeposition on Si has been demonstrated. Size dependence and edge effects are discussed, both for the electrodeposition process and the electrical properties. It is also shown that electrodeposition on Si can be used on high resistivity substrates without back contact.
Resonant Meta-Surface Superstrate for Single and Multifrequency Dipole Antenna Arrays

The design of a multifrequency dipole antenna array based on a resonant meta-surface superstrate is proposed. The behavior of a single element that is closely placed to a meta-surface is experimentally investigated. The proposed meta-surface is based on resonating unit cells formed by capacitively loaded strips and split ring resonators. By tuning a dipole antenna to the pass band of the meta-surface, the physical area is effectively illuminated enhancing the radiation performance. The gain, radiation efficiency and effective area values of the whole configuration are compared to the ones obtained with a single dipole without superstrate. Radiation efficiency values for the proposed configuration of more than 80% and gain values of more than 4.5 plusmn 1 dB are obtained. Based on this configuration, simulated results of a multifrequency antenna array are presented. Distinctive features of this configuration are high isolation between elements (20 dB for a distance of lambda0/4), and low back radiation.
Accurate thermal noise model for deep-submicron CMOS

Extensive measurements of drain current thermal noise are presented for 3 different CMOS technologies and for gate lengths ranging from 2 /spl mu/m down to 0.17 /spl mu/m. Using a surface-potential-based compact MOS model with improved descriptions of carrier mobility and velocity saturation, all the experimental results can be described accurately without invoking carrier heating effects or introducing additional parameters.
Towards real-time and low-latency video object tracking by linking tracklets of incomplete detections

This paper considers tracking of objects for video-based intrusion detection systems. Current tracking algorithms can be used for surveillance, but in that use-case, these algorithms execute with too high latency and are not suitable for real-time applications. In this paper, we propose novel techniques for tracking algorithms based on tracklets in order to improve the execution time by limiting the number of tracklets and connection updates between tracklets. An additional improvement is that tracklet clustering has previously been applied to tracking with complete detections, i.e. a detection has a one-to-one correspondence to an object, while our proposed algorithm can handle incomplete detections as well. We show that the algorithm yields only two avoidable false positives on the i-LIDS SZTE dataset. To show that the algorithm can be executed in real-time, we have measured the worst-case execution time on a popular DSP which is only 31 ms per frame. Furthermore, the tracking algorithm requires only 35 seconds to process the complete i-LIDS dataset on a PC.
Context-based object-of-interest detection for a generic traffic surveillance analysis system

We present a new traffic surveillance video analysis system, focusing on building a framework with robust and generic techniques, based on both scene understanding and moving object-of-interest detection. Since traffic surveillance is widely applied, we want to design a single system that can be reused for various traffic surveillance applications. Scene understanding provides contextual information, which improves object detection and can be further used for other applications in a traffic surveillance system. Our framework consists of two main stages: Semantic Hypothesis Generation (SHG) and Context-Based Hypothesis Verification (CBHV). In the SHG stage, a semantic region labeling engine and an appearance-based detector jointly generate the visual regions with specific features or of specific interests. The regions may also contain objects of interest, either moving or static. In the CBHV stage, a cascaded verification is performed to refine the results and smooth the detection by temporal filtering. We model the context by jointly considering spatial and scale constraints and motion saliency. Our proposed framework is validated on real-life road surveillance videos, in which objects-of-interest are moving vehicles. The results of the obtained vehicle detection outperform a recent object detection algorithm, in both precision (92.7%) and recall (92.0%). The framework is both conceptually and in the applied techniques of a generic nature and can be reused in various traffic surveillance applications, that operate, e.g. on a road crossing or in a harbor.
50 Watt S-band power amplifier in 0.25 μm GaN technology

A 50 W S-band High Power Amplifier in the UMS GH25-10 technology is presented. In order to increase the output power per area the size of the transistors is increased beyond the maximum size modelled by the foundry. For this reason the design procedure included the measurements of a transistor and the creation of a scalable Angelov-GaN model with the use of EM simulations. An output matching design approach is adopted which intrinsically optimizes the transistor harmonic load impedance. The results show that the amplifier delivers an output power of over 50 W within the frequency range from 3.05 to 3.5 GHz at a PAE of more than 62 %. The maximum measured output power is 63 W with a PAE of 65 %.
Experimental verification of the reduction of coupling between dipole antennas by using a woodpile substrate

In this paper, the mutual coupling between dipole antennas placed on top of a woodpile structure is experimentally investigated. The coupling between dipoles backed by a woodpile substrate is compared with that obtained when the dipole antennas are placed on a dielectric substrate and when they radiate into free space. On average, between 2 and 7 dB reduction of the mutual coupling is achieved with respect to the dielectric substrate case when the woodpile substrate is used. The free space coupling is also reduced in the H-plane configuration case. However, the E-plane coupling slightly increases due to modification of the radiation pattern. Imaging array applications could potentially benefit from the use of EBG substrates due to the improved isolation between pixels.
Body-Worn Antennas Making a Splash: Lifejacket-Integrated Antennas for Global Search and Rescue Satellite System

The Cospas (Cosmicheskaya Sistyema Poiska Avariynich Sudov)-Sarsat Search-and-Rescue (SAR) satellite system provides distress alert and location data to assist rescue operations at sea, in the air, or on land. This paper summarizes the design, development, and verification for a body-worn antenna system interfaced with commercial Cospas-Sarsat personal locator beacons (PLBs), where the implemented system is integrated within an inflatable live vest. The modular approach adopted in the work allows different antenna configurations for different platforms. The electrical and mechanical requirements for antenna materials and antennas were derived from the Cospas-Sarsat system requirements, possible antenna platforms, and the maritime operational environments. The antennas were used in field tests organized in cooperation with the local Cospas-Sarsat search-and-rescue authorities. The field tests were a success. In both cases, low-earth orbit search-and-rescue (LEOSAR) satellites detected the distress signal within minutes, and accurately resolved the location. An additional detection by Geostationary Orbit Search and Rescue (GEOSAR) satellite confirmed the successful operation of the body-worn antenna system.
Near-lossless complexity-scalable embedded compression algorithm for cost reduction in DTV receivers

This paper presents a novel complexity-scalable technique to reduce the memory costs of an MPEG-2 decoder by a factor of four to six, by recompressing the I- and P-reference pictures prior to motion-compensated reconstruction. The proposed scheme features some unique characteristics, like robustness for multiple encodings and high memory and memory-bandwidth reduction factors. At the same time, the near-lossless quality obtained is preserved, independently of the ratio between the input and display resolution and transmission/storage bit-rates, because no interference between the memory reduction algorithm and the MPEG-2 decoder occurs. Due to the inherent scalability of the presented algorithm, trade-offs between memory, silicon costs or over-all system costs, and image quality can be easily made. The proposed embedded compression algorithm can also be used for memory and memory-bandwidth reduction in alternative systems, like video coding ICs (e.g. MPEG-4) and memory intensive image processing ICs (e.g. de-interlacing and 100-Hz conversion).
Supporting Mobility in Body Sensor Networks

Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) form a promising technology to supply healthcare to an ageing population. A large number of sensor devices, radios and MAC protocols are being developed. However, current solutions all assume a single-hop topology, while research results confirm the need for multi-hop topologies. In these multi-hop networks, because of the small scale of a BSN, node mobility will arise frequently. This work presents the first algorithm to support such Mobile BSNs, while remaining energy efficient.
Real-time semantic context labeling for image understanding

The use of context information in a scene is an important aid for full semantic scene understanding in security and surveillance applications. To this end, this paper presents an innovative semantic context-labeling algorithm for three context classes, trading-off quality and real-time execution. Our system consists of three consecutive stages: image segmentation, region-based feature extraction and classification. We propose the joint use of the features color in HSV space, texture from Gabor filters and spatial context, in combination with the Directional Nearest Neighbor (DNN) method for constructing the undirected graph for segmentation. Compared to recent literature, this combination is over 35 times faster and achieves a coverability rate that is 65% higher.
Planar circularly symmetric EBG's to improve the isolation of array elements

A trade off has to be made between bandwidth and isolation of array elements when designing phased arrays. When the isolation is achieved via a PCS-EBG that is aimed at reducing the TM/sub 00/ mode only, the reduction of bandwidth could be even more important rather than the one obtained when using a more standard cavity backing. This is due to the need of using a higher dielectric constant.
PVR system design of advanced video navigation reinforced with audible sound

This paper presents an advanced video navigation concept for Personal Video Recording (PVR), based on jointly using the primary image and a Picture-in-Picture (PiP) image, featuring combined rendering of normal-play video fragments with audio and fast-search video. The hindering loss of audio during conventional fast-search trick play is eliminated, by adding the sound associated to the normal-play video fragments. The normal-play fragments provide detailed information, whereas the fast-search signal simultaneously presents a coarse overview, where it will be shown that the audio enhances the overall navigation efficiency. This system setup requires a specific DTV decoding process, combining multiple, independent audiovisual information signals. Experiments revealed that it is possible to decode all signals by efficient signal processing, thereby re-using the standard DTV decoding platform for decoding, both the normal-play audiovisual fragments and associated fast-search information signal. By applying a decoding concept for the fast-search navigation signal that allows exchanging the navigation refresh rate against execution cycles, it is ensured that real-time performance is obtained on an embedded CPU, as typically deployed in DVT platforms for PVR1.
A large signal non-quasi-static MOS model for RF circuit simulation

A large-signal non-quasi-static (NQS) model for RF CMOS circuit simulation is presented that can be built from channel segments described by conventional QS models like BSIM3 or MOS Model 9. This large-signal NQS model is shown to give a very accurate prediction of the high-frequency behaviour of the intrinsic transconductance, the power gain and input resistance.
View Interpolation for Medical Images on Autostereoscopic Displays

We present an approach for efficient rendering and transmitting views to a high-resolution autostereoscopic display for medical purposes. Displaying biomedical images on an autostereoscopic display poses different requirements than in a consumer case. For medical usage, it is essential that the perceived image represents the actual clinical data and offers sufficiently high quality for diagnosis or understanding. Autostereoscopic display of multiple views introduces two hurdles: transmission of multi-view data through a bandwidth-limited channel and the computation time of the volume rendering algorithm. We address both issues by generating and transmitting limited set of views enhanced with a depth signal per view. We propose an efficient view interpolation and rendering algorithm at the receiver side based on texture+depth data representation, which can operate with a limited amount of views. We study the main artifacts that occur during rendering-occlusions, and we quantify them first for a synthetic model and then for real-world biomedical data. The experimental results allow us to quantify the peak signal-to-noise ratio for rendered texture and depth as well as the amount of disoccluded pixels as a function of the angle between surrounding cameras.
Optimal control of admission to a multi-server queue with two arrival streams

The problem of finding an optimal admission policy to an M/M/c queue with one controlled and one uncontrolled arrival stream is addressed There are two streams of customers that are generated according to independent Poisson processes with constant arrival rates. The service time probability distribution is exponential and does not depend on the class of the customers. Upon arrival a class 1 customer may be admitted or rejected, while incoming class 2 customers are always admitted. A state-dependent reward is earned each time a new class 1 customer enters the system. When the discount factor is small, there exists a stationary admission policy of a threshold type that maximizes the expected total discounted reward over an infinite horizon. A similar result is also obtained when considering the long-run average reward criterion. The proof relies on a new device that consists of a partial construction of the solution of the dynamic programming equation. Applications arising from teletraffic analysis are proposed.
Electromagnetic bandgap antennas and components for microwave and (Sub)millimeter wave applications

This paper reviews the primary application areas of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) technology at microwave and (sub)millimeter wave frequencies. Examples of EBG configurations in the microwave region include array antennas, high precision GPS, mobile telephony, wearable antennas and diplexing antennas. In the submillimeter wave region a 500 GHz dipole configuration and a novel heterodyne mixer is shown for the first time. Some emphasis is also placed on EBG waveguides and filters. As most fundamental components will be available in EBG technology, a fully integrated receiver could be developed in order to take full advantage of this technology. True integration of passive and active components can now begin to materialise using EBG technology.
A 10 Watt S-Band MMIC Power Amplifier With Integrated 100 MHz Switch-Mode Power Supply and Control Circuitry for Active Electronically Scanned Arrays

The integration of a Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) with a High Power Amplifier (HPA) offers various benefits for application in array antennas for radar purposes. Among the most distinct advantages are removal of a single point of failure from the antenna system, individual bias control for local efficiency optimization, the high switching frequency which separates the spurious contributions from the carrier and the improved control of the HPA supply voltage rise- and fall times. The latter provides the possibility to control the RF pulse shapes thereby reducing the temporal side lobes and enhancing the output signal spectrum. An S-band HPA with integrated SMPS is designed, fabricated and tested. The SMPS includes the control circuitry for the switches. The SMPS is optimized to operate at a switching frequency of 100 MHz. The MMIC delivers an output power of 10 W with an HPA efficiency of more than 40% and an SMPS efficiency of more than 75%. This paper presents an overview of the design aspects and the obtained results.
Highly-parallelized motion estimation for Scalable Video Coding

In this paper, we discuss the design of a highly-parallel motion estimator for real-time Scalable Video Coding (SVC). In an SVC, motion is commonly estimated bidirectionally and over various temporal distances. Current motion estimators are optimized for frame-by-frame estimation, and such estimators are designed without serious implementation constraints. To support efficient embedded applications, we propose a Highly Parallel Predictive Search (HPPS) motion estimator while preserving an accurate estimation performance. The motion estimation algorithm is optimized for processing on parallel cores and utilizes a novel recursive search strategy. This strategy is based on hierarchically increasing the temporal distance in the estimation algorithm while using the state of the previous hierarchical layer as an input. Due to the absence of local recursions in the algorithm, the proposed motion estimator has a constant computational load, regardless of video activity or temporal distance. We compared our proposed motion estimator to the well-known full search, ARPS3, 3DRS and EPZS motion estimators for the SVC case, and obtain a performance close to full search (0.2dB), while outperforming other algorithms in prediction.
Practical design aspects for textile antennas

Antennas made out of textile materials suffer from performance perturbing effects whose impact mainly depend on the mechanical properties of the fabrics. The soft and flexible nature of the fabrics is essential for user comfort in wearable systems, but makes the antenna performance sensitive to bending, stretching, compression, and the manufacturing process. This paper discusses on practical design issues related to textile antenna design process. Examples are given for robust antenna designs for satellite communication and life jacket integrated antennas.