nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A fast orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm

The problem of optimal approximation of members of a vector space by a linear combination of members of a large overcomplete library of vectors is of importance in many areas including image and video coding, image analysis, control theory, and statistics. Finding the optimal solution in the general case is mathematically intractable. Matching pursuit, and its orthogonal version, provide greedy solutions to this problem. Orthogonal matching pursuit typically provides significantly better solution compared to the nonorthogonal version, but requires much more computation. This paper presents a fast algorithm for implementation of orthogonal matching pursuit which for many coding applications has a computational complexity very close to that of the nonorthogonal version.
An Embedded Silicon-Carbon S/D Stressor CMOS Integration on SOI with Enhanced Carbon Incorporation by Laser Spike Annealing

We report a CMOS-compatible embedded silicon-carbon (eSiC) source/drain stressor technology with NMOS performance enhancement. The integration includes up to 2.6% substitutional carbon (Csub) epitaxial Si:C and laser spike annealing (LSA) for increased Csub incorporation. 26% channel resistance (Rch) reduction and 11% Idlin-Ioff enhancement for 0.5% Csub and 60% Rch reduction for 2.2% Csub are demonstrated.
Alpha-Numerical Sequences Extraction in Handwritten Documents

In this paper, we introduce an alpha-numerical sequences extraction system (keywords, numerical fields or alpha-numerical sequences) in unconstrained handwritten documents. Contrary to most of the approaches presented in the literature, our system relies on a global handwriting line model describing two kinds of information : i) the relevant information and ii) the irrelevant information represented by a shallow parsing model. The shallow parsing of isolated text lines allows quick information extraction in any document while rejecting at the same time irrelevant information. Results on a public french incoming mails database show the efficiency of the approach.
A local-remote telerobot system for time-delayed traded and shared control

A local-remote supervisory telerobot system providing traded and shared control has been implemented. The system has a clear separation of the local site operator control station and the remote site task execution system with a settable time delay for commands between the two. The remote site task execution system provides autonomous control, force reflecting teleoperation, shared control, and a remote system executive. The local site consists of two operator interfaces: the UMI User Macro Interface and a force reflecting teleoperation graphical interface. UMI provides supervisory control of the operator by providing the operator with a hierarchical menu system to specify autonomous and shared control tasks and to invoke the teleoperation menu. The system demonstrates the viability of ground-remote telerobot operations with an Earth-based operator control station and space-based telerobot.<<ETX>>
Approaches to automatic lexicon learning with limited training examples

Preparation of a lexicon for speech recognition systems can be a significant effort in languages where the written form is not exactly phonetic. On the other hand, in languages where the written form is quite phonetic, some common words are often mispronounced. In this paper, we use a combination of lexicon learning techniques to explore whether a lexicon can be learned when only a small lexicon is available for boot-strapping. We discover that for a phonetic language such as Spanish, it is possible to do that better than what is possible from generic rules or hand-crafted pronunciations. For a more complex language such as English, we find that it is still possible but with some loss of accuracy.
A fractal-based image block-coding algorithm

A novel block-coding algorithm for grey-scale images based on a fractal approximation is presented. Image blocks are approximated by a linear combination of a set of almost orthogonal basis blocks made up of a set of simple image-independent blocks and a set of image-dependent blocks generated from transformed blocks of bigger size in the same image. To find the approximation for each block, the block is projected onto the space spanned by the set of basis blocks. For each block, the biggest coefficients plus the index of the corresponding basis blocks and the number of basis blocks used make the code. The number of basis vectors used for coding each block is the number of basis blocks needed to approximate the block within a given error limit. The results of a study of the effect of variations on Jacquin's fractal-based image coding algorithm are also presented.<<ETX>>
A packaged 43-Gb/s clock and data recovery IC

A packaged 43-Gb/s clock and data recovery circuit with 1:2 demux in a 1/spl mu/m InP SHBT technology is reported. A half-rate phase/frequency detector incorporating a four-phase LC-ring oscillator is implemented in the phase and frequency locked loop thus eliminating an external reference clock as a frequency acquisition aid. Measured pull-in and hold-in ranges are 0.9 GHz and 1.1 GHz, respectively, with a peak-to-peak clock jitter of 4.5 ps at 43-Gb/s input data rate.
Diagnosing Power Quality-Related Computer Problems

Total reliance on sensitive electronic systems for such important functions as data processing, communications, and process control is now a way of life in our commercial, industrial, and governmental activities. This development has necessitated a new concern toward the quality of the electric power supply. Intermittent power disturbances, capable of disrupting electronic equipment are inherent to both commercial and industrial power systems. Any disruption causing downtime and financial loss, power-related or otherwise, is likely to precipitate a study to determine appropriate corrective actions. Unfortunately, analyzing the cause and effect of power disturbances can be difficult, particularly when sophisticated computer systems are involved. The ultimate purpose is to assist the electronic equipment users in reducing power-related downtime.
Estimating front end throughput: where has all the data gone (PCB manufacture)

The authors have three objectives. The first is to explain a number of reasons for the unavailability of necessary data for high-fidelity performance modeling for manufacturing. The second objective is to illustrate the importance of matching model detail with data accuracy. The authors provide an example in which an analytical model is compared with simulation for a set of very coarse data and show that the incremental solution detail does not warrant the development effort associated with the simulation. The final objective is to describe a hierarchical approach to developing performance models for next-generation printed circuit card assembly lines that is motivated by the lack of available operating data. The approach provides a mechanism for developing models with more meaningful data.<<ETX>>
Effectiveness of harmonic mitigation equipment for commercial office buildings

Harmonic currents generated by modern office equipment increase power system heat losses and end-users power bills. By looking at the harmonic-related losses in a specific electrical system-representing a commercial office building-energy savings and harmonic reduction benefits of different mitigation measures are quantified. Two single-phase and three three-phase active and passive harmonic filters are added to a typical building electrical system and evaluated by computer simulation. Current and voltage distortions are computed, and the estimated cost of these filters are compared to the predicted loss savings in a power system where harmonic currents are not compensated. Results show some harmonic compensating filters are effective and others are not, depending on the filter type and location in the building.
A 4GHz 4th-Order Passive LC Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulator with IF at 1.4GHz

A 4th-order bandpass DeltaSigma modulator utilizes a novel passive LC continuous-time DeltaSigma architecture to achieve the high IF (pass band) frequency (1.4GHz). A 3-bit quantizer is used to improve wideband performance. A novel architecture of noise-shaped quantizer is used to noise shape the DAC mismatch without introducing extra loop delay. Eight 2nd-order LC modulators are used for noise shaping with minimal transistor count and power consumption. Implemented with 5195 InP HBT transistors, this modulator achieved 76dB SNR and 90dB dynamic range in 1 MHz bandwidth at 1.4GHz with a 4GHz sample rate
Antenna control and optimization

A class of radiation problems is considered where an arbitrary smooth surface on which currents may be induced is treated as an antenna. A variety of measures of antenna performance is defined in terms of functionals of the radiation pattern. These in turn give rise to a class of optimization problems in which the current distribution is sought which maximizes or minimizes one or another of the antenna performance functionals. A general method, based on the use of vector wave functions, of reducing each problem to one in finite dimensions is presented. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate results attainable by these methods.
A system/graph theoretical analysis of attractor coders

This paper provides links between the young field of attractor coding and the well-established fields of systems theory and graph theory. Attractor decoders are modeled as linear systems whose stability is both necessary and sufficient for convergence of the decoder. This stability is dictated by the location of the eigenvalues of the sparse state transition matrix of the system. The relationship between these eigenvalues, spatial causality of the system, and the patterns of interdependency between signal elements (or image pixels) is investigated for several cases using concepts from graph and matrix theory.
DoA estimation with reflectarray according to single pixel camera principle

This paper suggests using a tunable reflectarray as a hardware source of Sensing Functions (SFs) for Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation based on Compressed Sensing (CS). Reflectarray is much more scalable than a conventional antenna array. This higher scalability can be exploited to build a measurement hardware with large aperture and high number of degrees of freedom. We introduce the simplified reflectarray propagation model, based on which we propose a number of possible measurement architectures, for each of them we show how the Sensing Matrix (SM) will be defined. Finally, a typical non-sparse beampattern is obtained using numeric simulation.
An Empirical Study on the Effect of Testing on Code Quality Using Topic Models: A Case Study on Software Development Systems

Previous research in defect prediction has proposed approaches to determine which files require additional testing resources. However, practitioners typically create tests at a higher level of abstraction, which may span across many files. In this paper, we study software testing, especially test resource prioritization, from a different perspective. We use topic models to generate topics that provide a high-level view of a system, allowing developers to look at the test case coverage from a different angle. We propose measures of how well tested and defect prone a topic is, allowing us to discover which topics are well tested and which are defect prone. We conduct case studies on the histories of Mylyn, Eclipse, and NetBeans. We find that 34–78% of topics are shared between source code and test files, indicating that we can use topic models to study testing; well-tested topics are usually less defect prone, defect-prone topics are usually undertested; we can predict which topics are defect prone but not well tested with an average precision and recall of 75% and 77%, respectively; our approach complements traditional prediction-based approaches by saving testing and code inspection effort; and our approach is not particularly sensitive to the parameters that we use.
A high-power millimeter-wave sheet beam free-electron laser amplifier

The results of experiments with a short period (9.6 mm) wiggler sheet electron beam (1.0 mm/spl times/2.0 cm) millimeter-wave free electron laser (FEL) amplifier are presented. This FEL amplifier utilized a strong wiggler field for sheet beam confinement in the narrow beam dimension and an offset-pole side-focusing technique for the wide dimension beam confinement. The beam analysis herein includes finite emittance and space-charge effects. High-current beam propagation was achieved as a result of extensive analytical studies and experimental optimization. A design optimization resulted in a low sensitivity to structure errors and beam velocity spread, as well as a low required beam energy. A maximum gain of 24 dB was achieved with a 1-kW injected signal power at 86 GHz, a 450-kV beam voltage, 17-A beam current, 3.8-kG wiggler magnetic field, and a 74-period wiggler length. The maximum gain with a one-watt injected millimeter-wave power was observed to be over 30 dB. The lower gain at higher injection power level indicates that the device has approached saturation. The device was studied over a broad range or experimental parameters. The experimental results have a good agreement with expectations from a one-dimensional simulation code. The successful operation of this device has proven the feasibility of the original concept and demonstrated the advantages of the sheet beam FEL amplifier. The results of the studies will provide guidelines for the future development of sheet beam FELs and/or other kinds of sheet beam devices.
A real-time control system for a mobile dexterous 7 DOF arm

This paper describes the design and implementation of a real-time control system with multiple modes of operation for a mobile redundant dexterous manipulator. The manipulator under study is a seven degree-of-freedom (DOF) arm from Robotics Research Corporation, mounted on a motorized platform. The manipulator-plus-platform system has 2-DOF for the task of hand placement and orientation. The redundancy resolution is achieved by accomplishing two additional tasks using the configuration control technique. The system allows a choice of arm angle control or collision avoidance for the seventh task and platform placement or elbow angle control for the eighth task. In addition, joint limit avoidance task is automatically invoked when any of the joints approach their limits. The system is robust to singularities, and also provides the capability of assigning weighting factors to end-effector and redundancy resolution tasks. The motion control algorithms are executed at 1.1 ms on two MC68040 processors in a VME-bus environment running the VxWorks real-time operating system. The paper describes the hardware and software components of the VME environment. Experimental results are also presented.<<ETX>>
A unified teleoperated-autonomous dual-arm robotic system

A description is given of a complete robot control facility built as part of a NASA telerobotics program to develop a state-of-the-art robot control environment for performing experiments in the repair and assembly of spacelike hardware to gain practical knowledge of such work and to improve the associated technology. The basic architecture of the manipulator control subsystem is presented. The multiarm Robot Control C Library, a key software component of the system, is described, along with its implementation on a Sun-4 computer. The system's simulation capability is also described, and the teleoperation and shared control features are explained.
Capturing subtle facial motions in 3D face tracking

Facial motions produce not only facial feature points motions, but also subtle appearance changes such as wrinkles and shading changes. These subtle changes are important yet difficult issues for both analysis (tracking) and synthesis (animation). Previous approaches were mostly based on models learned from extensive training appearance examples. However, the space of all possible facial motion appearance is huge. Thus, it is not feasible to collect samples covering all possible variations due to lighting conditions, individualities, and head poses. Therefore, it is difficult to adapt such models to new conditions. In this paper, we present an adaptive technique for analyzing subtle facial appearance changes. We propose a new ratio-image based appearance feature, which is independent of a person's face albedo. This feature is used to track face appearance variations based on exemplars. To adapt the exemplar appearance model to new people and lighting conditions, we develop an online EM-based algorithm. Experiments show that the proposed method improves classification results in a facial expression recognition task, where a variety of people and lighting conditions are involved.
A Multimodality Framework for Creating Speaker/Non-Speaker Profile Databases for Real-World Video

We propose a complete solution to full modality person-profiling for speakers and submodality person-profiling for non-speakers in real-world videos. This is a step towards building an elaborate database efface, name and voice correspondence for speakers appearing in the news videos. In addition we are also interested in only name and face correspondence database for non-speakers who appear during voice-overs. We use an unsupervised technique for creating a speaker identification database and a unique primary feature matching and parallel line matching algorithm for creating a non-speaker identification database. We tested our approach on real world data and the results show good performance for news videos. It can be incorporated as part of a larger multimedia news video analysis system or a multimedia search system for efficient news video retrieval and browsing.
Bandwidth reduction and image distortion characteristics of the LMS image compression algorithm

The Least Mean Squares (LMS) Algorithm may be used to adapt the coefficients of an adaptive prediction filter for image source encoding. It is shown that if one allows a small amount of distortion in the received image, then the LMS algorithm allows a dramatic reduction in the required channel transmission bandwidth. Results are presented which show LMS provides up to a 1-2 bits per symbol reduction in transmitted bit rate (compared to DPCM) when distortion levels are approximately the same in both cases. Further, LMS can equivalently be used in fixed channel bandwidth environments to decrease the image distortion. When compared to results for fixed coefficient DPCM, one is able to reduce reconstructed image distortion by as much as 7-10 dB using LMS.
Bayesian Restoration of Color Images using a Non-Homogenous Cross-Channel Prior

Gauss-Markov random field (GMRF) image models are commonly used in many Bayesian-based imaging techniques to define priors that lead to computationally tractable solutions for the image restoration problem. Recently, the color reconstruction literature has demonstrated, and effectively employed, the high correlation among the bands of a color image for color reconstruction. In this paper, we formulate a compound GMRF prior based on cross-channel spatial derivatives that reflects the smoothness in the color-difference space in addition to the often used intra-channel smoothness assumption. The proposed model is used to develop an effective method for restoring sparsely sampled color images in the presence of noise. The value of the proposed method is demonstrated on the problem of color reconstruction for single-sensor cameras.
Analyzing convolutional neural networks for speech activity detection in mismatched acoustic conditions

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are extensions to deep neural networks (DNN) which are used as alternate acoustic models with state-of-the-art performances for speech recognition. In this paper, CNNs are used as acoustic models for speech activity detection (SAD) on data collected over noisy radio communication channels. When these SAD models are tested on audio recorded from radio channels not seen during training, there is severe performance degradation. We attribute this degradation to mismatches between the two dimensional filters learnt in the initial CNN layers and the novel channel data. Using a small amount of supervised data from the novel channels, the filters can be adapted to provide significant improvements in SAD performance. In mismatched acoustic conditions, the adapted models provide significant improvements (about 10-25%) relative to conventional DNN-based SAD systems. These results illustrate that CNNs have a considerable advantage in fast adaptation for acoustic modeling in these settings.
Conception and design of an automated insertion tool for cochlear implants

Cochlear implants (CI) are electronic devices incorporating an electrode inserted into the human cochlea for direct electric stimulation of the auditory nerve. The implantation has become the standard treatment for patients with severe-to-profound sensorineural loss not aidable with conventional hearing aids. The state of the art operative technique is a facial recess approach to the middle ear, following the opening of the scala tympani (cochleostomy) and insertion of the electrode array. The facial recess approach is applicable only by experienced surgeons and optimal CI results primarily depend on optimal electrode placement and minimal traumatic insertion. This also requires a certain amount of experience. Additionally several groups work on minimally-invasive approaches to the cochlea, resulting in the necessity to insert the implant via a keyhole access, which is not applicable with current techniques. This paper presents a mechatronic device for an automated insertion of the electrode array of a cochlear implant system. Being designed especially for minimally-invasive approaches, the tool is also applicable for regular facial recess approaches. Moreover the device allows reliable and repeatable insertion studies at synthetic models or cadaver specimen. The functionality of the tool is proofed with first experiments on a synthetic model.
Detecting radioactive materials using high-power, terahertz gyrotrons

Researchers at the Russian Academy of Science (RAS) have reported achieving unique advances in the capabilities of gyrotrons. In 1983, by employing pulsed magnets with fields up to 27 Tesla, they achieved gyrotron output power ∼100 kW in 80 ms pulses at several fixed frequencies in the range 375-650 GHz; at 500 GHz the gyrotron efficiency was 8% . More recently, in 2008, using a pulsed magnet with fields up to 40 Tesla, they achieved gyrotron operation at 1.01 THz . At the University of Maryland, we have begun a theory and experimental program aimed at enhancing these capabilities and adapting them to important applications, for example in such areas as shipping container security.
ASIC for hybrid biosynthetic infochemical chemoreceiver

In this paper we report upon the design of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that forms part of a single-board implementation of a smart chemoreceiver within an infochemical communication system. The ASIC, comprising four differential surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR) circuits, enables the sensing of odour blend ratios of either fruit volatiles or sex pheromones for insects. The ASIC chip has a digital interface to an FPGA containing a neuromorphic blend model developed in order to classify specific ratios of chemical compounds in the odour blends and used to control a mobile robot. The ASIC measures small changes in the resonant frequency of functionalized piezoelectric sensors with a resolution of 20 Hz and where the base SAW frequency is selected in the range of 60 to 969 MHz. The BiCMOS ASIC chip has dimensions 3 mm × 3 mm and was fabricated at AustiaMicroSystems (AMS). The smart chemoreceiver can be integrated with a chemoemitter to create a novel insect based infochemical communication system.