nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Data Collection Scheme Based on Wake-Up in Body Area Nanonetworks

Recent advances in wireless communication, nanotechnology and networking paradigms made it possible to envision and design innovative healthcare services that were not feasible before. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) represents a class of emerging and important network model, which can provide continuous health monitoring and the real-time reporting of patients' vital signs. One typical and promising application scenario of WBAN is Body Area Nanonetwork (BANN), where nanosensors are distributed in the human body to measure all kinds of body parameters (e.g., the presence of glucose in blood, cholesterol, and infectious agents), gather related data and transmit these data to external entities for further use. The extremely limited energy storage in nanosensors necessitates the design of energy efficient protocols (e.g., data collection schemes) for such networks. Based on this, we propose the design of data collection scheme based on wake-up mechanism in BANNs. More specially, this scheme involves a hierarchical (i.e., nanointerface, nanorouter, and nanonode) collection structure with nanointerface receiving external requests and returning the requested data, nanorouter collecting data from nanonodes and nanonodes gathering data from human body. In the data collection process, each nanorouter first activates the nanonodes in a rectangle region (i.e., wake-up region) and obtains the available energy level of each nanonode in this region. Each nanorouter then selects the nanonode with the largest available energy in the wake-up region to return the requested data. Finally, simulation results are provided to illustrate the performances of our scheme in terms of the average available energy and path loss. These results show that better performances can be achieved when size of the network (i.e. density of nanonodes) is from 1.0 to 1.5 nanonodes/mm2.
Reliability Analysis of Molecular Communication Based on Drift Diffusion

Molecular communication is a novel nanoscale communication method. The information can be encoded by using different molecules for transmission. However, as a result of various symbol molecules are easy to interfere with each other and the stochastic behaviour of the molecules, molecular communication is easily susceptible to a low reliability. Therefore, reliability is a vital issue in the field of molecular communication. At present, the reliability analysis of existing molecular communication has not taken the drift velocity into consideration. In this paper, we introduce the drift velocity of molecules and propose a reliability model of molecular communication based on drift diffusion in the single link and single path. Furthermore, retransmission mechanism is introduced on the condition of the transmission failure. Finally, our simulation experiments show how the parameters in the model affect the reliability of molecular communication based on drift diffusion, which can guide us how to improve the reliability of molecular communication based on drift diffusion in the future.
Optimal array signal processing in unknown noise environments via parametric approaches

Under the assumption that noise correlation is spatially limited, using two separated arrays, the authors propose a new parametric approach for consistent directions-of-arrival estimations in unknown noise environments. The theoretical performance analysis of the proposed DOA estimations is presented. With the use of the theoretical performance, the best weighting matrices of the parametric criteria have been derived. More significantly, it has been shown that within the best weighted criteria, using canonical decomposition, one can achieve optimal performance among a large set of eigendecompositions.<<ETX>>
Integral Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control for Variable Speed Wind Power System

An integral fuzzy sliding mode control method is proposed for control objects with uncertain parameters and force disturbances in this paper. An auxiliary function is selected to overcome the strict constraint of model format in conventional sliding mode control, and an integral control is introduced to eliminate the assumption that the derivative of desired signal must be known. A fuzzy inference mechanism is used to estimate the lumped uncertainty. The sign function of the switching surface is replaced by a proper continuous function to eliminate the system chattering. The proposed method is applied to generator speed tracking control of a large-scale variable speed wind power system. Simulation results indicate that the control method has good tracking performance and strong robustness for parameter variations and external disturbances.
Effect of extraction motheds on micro/nano particles leaching from C. lanceolata wood

Based on the single-factor method, the fresh Cunninghamia lanceolata shavings were treated by means of the alkali liquor extraction under pulsed electromagnetic fields to obtain the best extraction technology. The results are as follows: (1) During the the sorbitic-extracting process, Extraction time had significant effect on the leaching rates at 0.1 level. And sort of alkaline had significant effect on the leaching rates at 0.05 level. The optimum concentration of NaOH liquor, KOH liquor, LiOH liquor was 18.5%, 22.5%, and 18.5%, separately. The leaching rates was the highest when extraction time was 24 h. The optimum alkali liquor was KOH liquor. The next was NaOH liquor, LiOH liquor. (2) During the pulsed electromagnetic fields -extracting process, the leaching rates under pulsed electromagnetic fields were obviously higher than those of Soxhlet Extraction. The leaching rates first increased and then decreased with the power of pulsed electromagnetic fields. And 70 W was the most suitable for pulsed electromagnetic fields in caustic alkali extraction for wood extractives and hemicellose form C. lanceolata wood.
Part-Based Data Association for Visual Tracking

We present a method that integrates a part-based sparse appearance model in a Bayesian inference framework for tracking targets in video sequences. We formulate the sparse appearance model as a set of smoothed colour histograms corresponding to the object windows detected by the Deformable Part Model (DPM) detector. The data association of each body part between frames is solved based on the position constraint, appearance coherence, and motion consistency. To deal with missing and noisy observations, the part detection window in the following frame is also predicted using an interacting multiple model (IMM) tracker. We have tested our tracking method on all the video sequences that involve people in upright poses from the TB-50 and TB-100 benchmark videos datasets. Our experimental results show that our tracking method outperforms six state-of-the-art tracking techniques.
Study on Bioenergy Utilization Benzene/Ethanol Extractives of Eucalyptus Urophylla Wood by Py-GC/MS

Wood extractives for bioenergy with high additional value is looked upon as a strategy task. In this paper, the chemical components in the benzene/ethanol extractives of Eucalyptus urophylla wood were isolated and identified by Py- GC/MS so as to increase economic benefits. The relative content of each component was determined by peak area normalization. 73 compounds in the extractives were identified. The mainly abundant constituents were ergosta-4,6,22-trien-3.beta.-ol (11.6%), .beta.-sitosterol (10.02%), hexadecanoic acid (7.18%), phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy- (6.46%), carbon dioxide (5.62%), 9,12- octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (5.5%), 2-octanamine, n-(l- methylheptyl)- (3.27%), benzene, 2-methoxy-l,3,4-trimethyl- (3.16%), ethyne, fluoro- (2.77%), 4.alpha.-methylcholest-7-en-3- one (2.36%), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroanisole (2.22%), squalene (2.13%), oleic acid (2.13%), (z)6,(z)9-pentadecadien-l-ol (2.06%), phenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxy- (2.03%), etc. The most components from benzene/ethanol extractives of Eucalyptus urophylla wood could be used as fine bioenergy, biomedicine, and other high additional value products.
Resolution Improvement of a Ratiometric Wavelength Measurement System by Using an Optical Microfibre Coupler

The application of microfibre couplers in a comb-filter-based ratiometric wavelength measurement system is discussed. The fabrication of microfibre coupler is presented and its temperature-dependent performance is investigated. The resolution of the ratiometric wavelength measurement system with a microfiber coupler is significantly improved in comparison with a conventional ratiometric system to better than 4 pm maintaining the potential for high measurement speed and wide measurable wavelength range.
Machinery Fault Diagnosis Based on Improved Algorithm of Support Vector Domain Description and SVMs

In order to improve accuracy of fault diagnosis based on SVMs, an improved algorithm of support vector domain description (ISVDD) is proposed, used to pretreat the fault data. ISVDD constructs the recognizer of fault data by introducing an optimal sphere instead of the minimum sphere. The recognizer can sift out the fault data belonging to new unknown fault types and avoid erroneous diagnosis. A new method of fault diagnosis is given based on ISVDD and hierarchy structure SVMs for the multi-fault problem. Numerical experiments are performed on a real dataset. The results show that ISVDD can be used to pretreat the fault data effectively and that the new method of fault diagnosis has higher precision and can be used in practice.
Determination of Bioenergy Components in Benzene/Ethanol Extractives of Cunninghamia Lanceolata Wood by Py-GC/MS

As a ideal raw material in bioenergy, extractives of Cunninghamia lanceolata wood are severely wasted. Therefore, the chemical components from Cunninghamia lanceolata wood were extracted with benzene /ethanol and identified by Py- GC/MS after concentration. Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. 83 compounds of the extractives were identified. The main constituents were anthracene, 9-dodecyltetradecahydro- (11.78%), cedrol (9.12%), 1H- cycloprop(e)azulene, 1a,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7b-octahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl- (6.22%), 1H-3a,7-methanoazulene, 2,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,6,8,8- tetramethyl- (5.46%), 1-naphthalenepropanol, .alpha.-ethenyldecahydro- .alpha.,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-2-methylene- (4.09%), 1-naphthalenepropanol, .alpha.-ethenyldecahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-.alpha.,5,8a-trimethyl-2- methylene- (3.64%), phenol, 2-methoxy-4-propyl- (3.34%), .alpha.- bisabolol (3.27%), germacrene B (3.19%), 2(1H)-pyridinone, 1,4,6- trimethyl- (3.14%), hexadecanoic acid (3.09%), etc. The benzene /ethanol extractives could be used as bioenergy and biomedicine.
New thermal fatigue life prediction method for BGA/FBGA solder joints with basic crack propagation study

Evaluation of the thermal fatigue life of the solder joints that connect the BGA package to the system board electrically and mechanically, and the improvement of precision are important issues in the development of BGA/FBGA packages. The fatigue life of the BGA solder joint consists of a process of micro-crack initiation followed by its propagation. This results in the increase of electrical resistance and the lifetime of solder joint. It is necessary to develop an evaluation method using crack growth - which defines most of the total life - for more accurate prediction of the lifetime of BGA/FBGA solder joints. The fatigue crack growth rate of BGA solder joints was measured by using actual BGA solder joint specimens in order to evaluate the thermal cycle life of BGA packages. Eutectic solder was used for the solder joint material. Isothermal mechanical fatigue tests were performed on these specimens and thermal cycle tests were performed under the temperature condition of 0/spl lrarr2/+100/spl deg/C. The crack propagation length was measured by observing the fracture surface of the solder joint before the joint was broken interrupting the fatigue test. The fatigue crack growth rate was then evaluated. A structural analysis using FEM was made to determine the equivalent plastic strain and the plastic strain energy density of BGA solder joints in consideration of the nonlinear stress-strain relation of the solder material. The fatigue crack growth curve of BGA solder joints was evaluated combining the above experimental and analytical results.
Estimating EV integration patterns considering spatial dispersion in distribution systems

The integration pattern of an electric vehicle (EV) fleet usually consists of 4 parameters including arrival time, departure time, state-of-charge and the number of integrations. Though such patterns have been widely studied in the past few years, how the EVs are dispersed in power distribution systems, are not studied yet. However, neglecting the spatial aspect of EV integration is equivalent to neglecting the mobile nature of EVs, thus cause misestimating the impact or benefit brought by EVs. Therefore, this paper proposes to associate traveling purpose with nodal load types in a distribution system, so as to characterize the geographical aspect of EVs as much as possible. The proposed method is based on database statistics and state transition probabilities. Results reveal that significant differences can exist regarding the EV integration patterns at different locations.
Theoretical research on the distributed construction of concept lattices

The method of concept lattice building is one of the most important contents in the formal concept analysis. Concept lattice is corresponding with the formal context, so the distributed treatment of concept lattice certainly relates to some operations such as the decomposition and combination of context. This paper defines the horizontal and vertical combination operations in formal contexts and discusses three relations between same-field formal contexts, then especially present a novel similarity method to convert the inconsistent contexts into independent or consistent contexts. This paper also defines some basic operations among concepts and proves that the concept lattice of sub-contexts vertically combined is isomorphic to the union of sub-lattices of these sub-contexts in same-field and consistent contexts, which establishes the theoretical foundation for the distributed construction of concept lattices.
Multiple Stress Effect Analysis on Pneumatic Cylinders Accelerated Life Testing

Accelerated life testing is a valuable tool to get information quickly on lifetime distribution which is achieved by subjecting the test units to conditions that are more severe than the normal ones. This paper firstly describes a model for multiple stress-type accelerated life data which is based on the widely known Log-Linear Model (Ref. 1) and is formulated with Weibull model for a variety of censoring schemes using likelihood theory. In addition, the multiple stress effect analysis on pneumatic cylinders based on this model is given. Here in this paper, four stresses are used, including air temperature, motion frequency, working pressure and operation velocity. The solution to this model provides the ALT engineers with an opportunity to expand their selection on of types of stresses and test conditions when testing products.
A Novel Classification-Rejection Sphere SVMs for Multi-class Classification Problems

A new algorithm called classification-rejection sphere support vector machines (C-R sphere SVMs) is proposed based on the human thoughts of recognition and support vector machine (SVM) technology for multi-class classification problems. The new algorithm constructs a classifying sphere for each class instead of a minimum sphere. Like human being, C-R sphere SVMs can not only classify the multi-class data but reject the data which do not belong to any class known. In comparison with hyperplane SVMs, the algorithm can construct a new classifying sphere for a new class without affecting other classifying spheres so that it can reduce computational complexity obviously. The effect of the increment coefficient lambda and Gaussian kernel parameter sigma on the performance of C-R sphere SVMs is analyzed. Numerical simulations are performed on a real dataset (from the UCI dataset repository). The results show that the C-R sphere SVM algorithm exhibits good performance when appropriate values of lambda and sigma are taken.
Anti-stokes signal conversion of femtosecond pulses at near-ultraviolet wavelength in photonic crystal fibre

Anti-Stokes signals at the near-ultraviolet wavelength are efficiently generated based on degenerate four-wave mixing by coupling the femtosecond pulses into the fundamental mode of a photonic crystal fibre. When the pump pulses with the central wavelength of 840 nm and the average power of 300 mW are used, the conversion efficiency η s of the anti-Stokes signal at 432 nm can be up to 40℅, and the pulse width is measured to be 42 fs by the Talbot effect.
Study on Dissolving Rules of Nano Particles from E. camaldulensis Wood Flour

Now Eucalyptus wood begins to be used to pulp. The leaching rule of nano particles from E.camaldulensis Wood has an important significance in the forestry research and paper making engineering. Therefore, based on the single-factor method, the fresh E. camaldulensis shavings were treated by LiOH in a concentration range of 0.5%~25% g/mL and the duration is 3, 16 and 24 hours respectively. The extraction mass was analyzed and the results were discussed. The filtrates were analyzed by ZETA and SIZER. The results were following as: (1)The extraction mass arrived at the maximum value when concentration is about 17.5%. (2)The micro/nano particles in the diameter of 531-1720 nm, 531-17200 nm, 164-531nm is the most at the extracting time of 3h, 16h, 24h, respectively (2) The diameter the micro/nano particles of wood extractives and hemicellulose is chiefly between 164-1720 nm according to number fraction. However, there are micro particles in the diameter of more than 1720nm when LiOH concentration is biger than 15%. The micro/nano particles in the diameter of 531-1720 nm, 531-1720 nm, 164-531 nm is the most at the extracting time of 3h, 16h, 24h, respectively.
GC/MS Determination of Bioactive Constituents of Benzene/Ethanol Extractive of Leaves of Two Eucalyptus Cultivars

In order to better utilize and recover the productive wastewater from the Eucalyptus oil and hence decrease its pollution to water environment, we used GC/MS to analyze the possible top value-added components of benzene/ethanol extractives of leaves of two Eucalyptus cultivars, i.e. E. camaldulensis and E. citriodora . Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. 22 compounds representing 92.12% of the benzene/ethanol extractive of E. camaldulensis leaves were identified, and the main constituents were 5-(acetylaminomethyl)-4-amino-2-methyl- (15.40%), hexadecanoic acid (10.25%), benzaldehyde,4-hydroxy- (8.64%), xylitol (7.57%), cyclopentanol (7.10%), 2-propenoic acid,3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- (4.41%), eucalyptol (1.38%), etc. 28 compounds representing 98.41% of the benzene/ethanol extractive of E. citriodora leaves were also identified, and the main constituents were ethanol,2-butoxy- (21.70%), benzene,methyl(l-methylethyl)- (15.61%), 17-octadecenal (15.25%), 1-hexacosanal (9.45%), 1-eicosanol (6.92%), cyclotetracosane (6.67%), .alpha.-phellandrene (3.75%), etc. The results of function analyses showed that the benzene/ethanol extractives of leaves of both E. camaldulensis and E. citriodora are abundant in materials of noble natural medicines, and also contains constituents which can be developed into top value-added materials of cosmetic, biofuel and industrial solvent.
Three-stages hard exudates segmentation in retinal images

This paper proposes a three-stages method of hard exudate segmentation in retinal images. The first stage is the pre-processing. The color transfer is applied to make all retinal images to have the same color characteristics, based on statistical analysis. Then, only a yellow channel of each image is used in the further analysis. The second stage is the blob initialization. The blob detection based on color, size, and shape including circularity and convexity is used to identify initial pixels of hard exudates. The detected blobs must not be inside the optic disk. The third stage is the segmentation. The graph cut is iteratively applied on partitions of the image. The fine-tune segmentation in sub-images is necessary because the portion of hard exudates is significantly less than the portion of non-hard exudates. The proposed method is evaluated using the two well-known datasets, namely e_ophtha and DIARETDB1, in both aspects of pixel-level and image-level. Based on the comprehensive comparisons with the existing works, the proposed method is shown to be very promising. In the image-level, it achieves 96% sensitivity and 94% specificity for the e_ophtha dataset, and 96% sensitivity and 98% specificity for the DIARETDB1 dataset.
Py-GC/MS Analysis on Acetone Extractives of Phyllostachys heterocycla Chips in Pulping Wastewater

Phyllostachys heterocycla is mainly used for pulping. But water and other chemical aids are severely wasted because the content of extractives is high. What's worse, water pollution from the extractives is very serious in South China. Therefore, the acetone extractives of Phyllostachys heterocycla chips were identified by Py-GC/MS. The acetone extractives contains 80 compounds namely lupan-3-one (8.27%), benzofuran, 2,3- dihydro- (8.08%), 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)- (5.97%), lup-20(29)-en-3-one (5.89%), phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy- (5.71%), trimethylamine (5.2%), olean-12-ene (3.79%), ethanone, l-(3-methoxyphenyl)- (3.6%), nonadecane (3.46%), carbon dioxide (2.98%), phenol, 2-methoxy- (2.97%), acetic acid (2.88%), .beta.-sitosterol (2.22%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (1.99%), phenanthrene, 9,10-dihydro- (1.86%), hexadecanoic acid (1.85%), 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy- (1.67%), heptadecane (1.55%), 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5- dihydroxy-6-methyl- (1.55%), phenol (1.52%), phenol, 2,6- dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)- (1.46%), stigmasterol (1.36%), phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)- (1.33%), 2(1H)- phenanthrenone, ,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,10,10a-decahydro-l,l,4a,7,7- pentamethyl- (1.23%), .alpha.-amyrin (1.12%), 2-pentanone, 4- hydroxy-4-methyl- (1.1%), 1-butanone, l-(2,4,6-trihydroxy-3- methylphenyl)- (1.1%), etc. So the acetone extractives can be used as biomedicine, bioenergy, and so on.
Automatic choroid layer segmentation using normalized graph cut

Optical coherence tomography is an immersive technique for depth analysis of retinal layers. Automatic choroid layer segmentation is a challenging task because of the low contrast inputs. Existing methodologies carried choroid layer segmentation manually or semi-automatically. The authors proposed automated choroid layer segmentation based on normalised cut algorithm, which aims at extracting the global impression of images and treats the segmentation as a graph partitioning problem. Due to the structure complexity of retinal and choroid layers, the authors employed a series of pre-processing to make the cut more deterministic and accurate. The proposed method divided the image into several patches and ran the normalised cut algorithm on every patch separately. The aim was to avoid insignificant vertical cuts and focus on horizontal cutting. After processing every patch, the authors acquired a global cut on the original image by combining all the patches. Later the authors measured the choroidal thickness which is highly helpful in the diagnosis of several retinal diseases. The results were computed on a total of 525 images of 21 real patients. Experimental results showed that the mean relative error rate of the proposed method was around 0.4 when compared with the manual segmentation performed by the experts.