nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of power optimal PLL design using five-stage CS-VCO in 180nm

This paper presents the design of PLL (Phase Locked Loop) using PFD (Phase Frequency Detector) based on 22 transistors TSPC (True Single Phase Clock) D-FF (Flip Flop), Tri-state charge pump (CP), passive loop filter of first order and five- stage CS-VCO (Current Starved VCO) circuit. In such design, large VCO gain with increased lock range from (357MHz-900MHz) and reduced lock time is achieved using first order passive lag loop filter. The oscillation frequency range (431.683 MHz-1.7966 GHz) for VCO is increased due to reduced number of inverter stages and power dissipated by overall PLL is getting improved (7.08mW) with less design cost. Area occupied by such PLL is also reduced. This reduction in area and power is achieved with the help of five-stage CS-VCO instead of LC-Tank VCO and five-stage multiple pass ring VCO [8],[12]. The prototype is simulated using 0.18um CMOS technology with supply voltage of 1.8V. In such context the lock time of 54ns is achieved by properly selecting the design parameters for low pass filter (R and C) with reasonable damping factor (ζ=0.7).
Process and Reliability of Embedded Micro-Wafer-Level Package (EMWLP) Using Low Cure Temperature Dielectric Material

In this paper, we present the evaluation results of low cure temperature (less than 200°C) dielectric materials (LCTDMs) in terms of processability and adhesion to silicon nitride and mold compound substrates. The results showed that the LCTDMs have good adhesion to the above substrates. Integration of thin-film passives such as inductors, capacitors, and band-pass filters were also demonstrated on mold compound wafer platform using electroplated copper (Cu) and LCTDM. Thin-film passives fabricated on the mold compound platform using LCTDM showed better performance by two times when compared to the passives fabricated on a high-resistivity silicon wafer. Reliability test vehicles of multichip embedded micro-wafer-level package (EMWLP) were fabricated using Cu redistribution line (RDL), LCTDM, and electroplated Cu under bump metallization with lead-free (Pb-free) solder bump interconnects. Test vehicles were subjected to various package-level and board-level reliability tests as per the JEDEC standards, and failure analysis was carried out after reliability tests. EMWLP with LCTDM passed package-level reliability tests such as unbiased highly accelerated stress test, thermal cycling (TC), and moisture sensitivity test level 3. Test vehicles with underfill passed board-level TC and drop tests. A complete description of dielectric material evaluation for EMWLP, process development of thin-film passives fabrication, and multilayer RDL integration on reconfigured mold compound wafer and its reliability results are discussed.
Two dimensional color calibration for four primary displays

The process to ensure a fixed and desired response from a color display generally consists of a per-channel calibration transform combined with a multi-dimensional characterization transformation. In this paper We focus on the former, i.e., the channel calibration. Conventional one-dimensional channel calibration strategies are inadequate for high resolution LCD displays because of inter-channel crosstalk. We address this problem by developing a color calibration strategy for a four primary LCD display, based on a two dimensional structure for channel calibration, which allows for simultaneously meeting the dual objectives of perceptual linearization of individual channels and gray balance along the device gray axes, despite inter-channel crosstalk. The two-dimensional nature of the transform represents a good balance between the dual objectives of low complexity and accurate control of key attributes of the displayed colors via channel calibration and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme accomplishes its objectives offering a significant improvement over the per channel calibration for our four primary display system.
A secure routing in ad-hoc network

Today, security has become main concern in mobile ad-hoc network during the transmission of data in un-trusted wireless environment. Mobile ad-hoc network is affected by various types of attack like Black hole, Wormhole, Grayhole, Rushing and Sinkhole. To prevent or minimized effect of attacks the researchers proposed corresponding solutions. Attack takes place due to the malicious node, which influences resources of ad-hoc wireless network. Among them, wormhole attack is one of the harmful attacks because two or more malicious nodes create a virtual tunnel in the network and harm network traffic. Hidden attack and exposed attack are two categories of wormhole attack. In Exposed attack, malicious nodes are participating in route discovery process. Malicious nodes also show their identity and affect network traffic. The motive of the work is to detect exposed wormhole attack and offers secure routing approach of mobile ad-hoc network. In this dissertation, an approach is proposed to detect wormhole attack which considers delay or transmission power parameters of nodes. The proposed approach is simulated in network simulation (NS-2) considering some simulation parameters and reactive routing protocol. The result of proposed approach is also evaluated on the basis of network evaluation parameters such as end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, throughput and energy of nodes.
Probabilistic structural alignment of RNA sequences

We propose an algorithm for estimating the common secondary structure, alignment, and posterior base pairing probabilities for two RNA sequences. A definition of structural alignment is presented based on a novel concept of matched helical regions that generalizes the common secondary structure and alignment constraints used in prior work. A probabilistic framework for scoring structural alignments is developed based on a pseudo free energy model. Utilizing the model, maximum a posteriori probability estimates of secondary structure and alignment, and a posteriori probabilities for base pairing are computed using an efficient dynamic programming algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method offers significant improvements in structure and alignment prediction accuracy in comparison with single sequence thermodynamic methods for secondary structure prediction and purely sequence based alignment.
Dynamic modulation of refractive index in Y-X LiNbO3 slab through lamb wave

Refractive index contrast generation, due to induced modulation of refractive index in Y-X LiNbO3 slab by Lamb wave has been studied theoretically. Acoustic frequency and corresponding wavelength is chosen to excite S0 Lamb mode in 400nm thick slab using Rayleigh-Lamb frequency relations. Propagation of Lamb wave produces strain in the slab and modulates refractive index. This modulation is responsible to produce refractive index contrast. Sinusoidal variation of refractive index has been found in slab with a period equals to wavelength of excited Lamb mode. The obtained maximum variation in refractive index along X is of order 0.0166 with respect to unperturbed value 2.28 in 400nm thick Y-X LiNbO3 slab at 5GHz Lamb wave frequency. These contrast variations along both X and Y directions decrease with increase in slab thickness.
Continuous Phase-Modulated Halftones

A generalization of periodic clustered-dot halftones is proposed, wherein the phase of the halftone spots is modulated using a secondary signal. The process is accomplished by using an analytic halftone threshold function that allows halftones to be generated with controlled phase variation in different regions of the printed page. The method can also be used to modulate the screen frequency, albeit with additional constraints. Visible artifacts are minimized/eliminated by ensuring the continuity of the modulation in phase. Limitations and capabilities of the method are analyzed through a quantitative model. The technique can be exploited for two applications that are presented in this paper: (a) embedding watermarks in the halftone image by encoding information in phase or in frequency and (b) modulating the screen frequency according to the frequency content of the continuous tone image in order to improve spatial and tonal rendering. Experimental performance is demonstrated for both applications.
Performance evaluation of burst-error-correcting codes on a Gilbert-Elliott channel

The performance of single burst-error-correcting (BEC) codes used over bursty channels is evaluated. The channel is represented by the Gilbert-Elliott (1960, 1963) model, which has been used by numerous authors to evaluate the performance of random-error-correcting (REC) codes over bursty channels. Recursive expressions are derived, which are used in evaluating the probability of a codeword error. These expressions and an approximate closed-form expression are applied to the performance of a single (23,12) BEC code.
High Quality and Low Loss Millimeter Wave Passives Demonstrated to 77-GHz for SiP Technologies Using Embedded Wafer-Level Packaging Platform (EMWLP)

With the increasing demand for system integration to cater to continuously increasing number of I/Os as well as higher operating frequencies, reconfigured wafer-level packaging, or embedded WLP (EMWLP) is emerging as a promising technology for integration. This platform allows integrated passives to be designed in the redistribution layers using the mold compound as a substrate, which significantly improves the passives performance compared to those of on-chip. In this paper, we present low loss passives on EMWLP platform demonstrated in a 5.5-GHz band pass filter targeted for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. To ascertain the feasibility of designing for low loss millimeter wave passives on EMWLP, transmission lines were designed and their loss characteristics investigated up to 110 GHz, which are reported here. Subsequently we demonstrate for the first time a narrowband low loss 77-GHz band pass filter on EMWLP platform, with a good correlation obtained between simulation and measurement results. In addition, a temperature dependence characterization was performed on the 77-GHz filter, with little variation in the measured filter characteristics observed.
SOLARCAP: Super capacitor buffering of solar energy for self-sustainable field systems

Intelligent systems like automatic highway traffic management, area surveillance, and geological activity monitoring require substantial data collection and processing in the field. Energy self-sustainability is a critical foundation for successful field systems that are away from the power grid infrastructure. Instead of the conventional battery-based energy storage, this paper argues that the super capacitor buffering of solar energy (SOLARCAP) has the advantages of precise energy lifetime awareness, low maintenance, and operational robustness. By designing and developing a prototype implementation of the circuitry required for management and harvesting of energy, we demonstrate a SOLARCAP system that ensures safe device operation within the permitted voltage range.
Visually informed multi-pitch analysis of string ensembles

Multi-pitch analysis of polyphonic music requires estimating concurrent pitches (estimation) and organizing them into temporal streams according to their sound sources (streaming). This is challenging for approaches based on audio alone due to the polyphonic nature of the audio signals. Video of the performance, when available, can be useful to alleviate some of the difficulties. In this paper, we propose to detect the play/non-play (P/NP) activities from musical performance videos using optical flow analysis to help with audio-based multi-pitch analysis. Specifically, the detected P/NP activity provides a more accurate estimate of the instantaneous polyphony (i.e., the number of pitches at a time instant), and also helps with assigning pitch estimates to only active sound sources. As the first attempt towards audio-visual multi-pitch analysis of multi-instrument musical performances, we demonstrate the concept on 11 string ensembles. Experiments show a high overall P/NP detection accuracy of 85.3%, and a statistically significant improvement on both the multi-pitch estimation and streaming accuracy, under paired t-tests at a significance level of 0:01 in most cases.
Physical Security Aspects of E-Cash

Almost half century back the "barter system" was common when the commodities could be exchanged. But with the advancement of technologies in various fields, a revolutionary change has come into effect. The main effect has been in the monetary system. Internet has been a prime factor which has made life simple and fast one such innovation is e-cash. E-cash has brought tremendous change in payment method. It has replaced the conventional method of transactions, now money has become the intangible item and can easily travel across the world. In this paper, we have discussed about the e-cash system, money flow and its payment process followed by the psychological antecedents over less use of e-cash and the proposed model that requires the maintenance of database among the consumer and financial institution in aspects of security.
An Empirical Evaluation of Visual Question Answering for Novel Objects

We study the problem of answering questions about images in the harder setting, where the test questions and corresponding images contain novel objects, which were not queried about in the training data. Such setting is inevitable in real world&#x2013;owing to the heavy tailed distribution of the visual categories, there would be some objects which would not be annotated in the train set. We show that the performance of two popular existing methods drop significantly (21&#x2013;28%) when evaluated on novel objects cf. known objects. We propose methods which use large existing external corpora of (i) unlabeled text, i.e. books, and (ii) images tagged with classes, to achieve novel object based visual question answering. We systematically study both, an oracle case where the novel objects are known textually, as well as a fully automatic case without any explicit knowledge of the novel objects, but with the minimal assumption that the novel objects are semantically related to the existing objects in training. The proposed methods for novel object based visual question answering are modular and can potentially be used with many visual question answering architectures. We show consistent improvements with the two popular architectures and give qualitative analysis of the cases where the model does well and of those where it fails to bring improvements.
Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding

We present a novel lossless (reversible) data-embedding technique, which enables the exact recovery of the original host signal upon extraction of the embedded information. A generalization of the well-known least significant bit (LSB) modification is proposed as the data-embedding method, which introduces additional operating points on the capacity-distortion curve. Lossless recovery of the original is achieved by compressing portions of the signal that are susceptible to embedding distortion and transmitting these compressed descriptions as a part of the embedded payload. A prediction-based conditional entropy coder which utilizes unaltered portions of the host signal as side-information improves the compression efficiency and, thus, the lossless data-embedding capacity.
Correcting illumination variations in photomicrograph mosaics of daguerreotypes

The Cincinnati Waterfront Daguerreotype Panorama, owned by the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, was brought to George Eastman House in 2007 for conservation treatment. At George Eastman House the plates were imaged under a microscope to capture details at nearly their full resolution and composited mosaic images comprised of 756 images per plate were created. Although the mosaic yields an otherwise unattainable contiguous high resolution and detailed view of the Cincinnati waterfront at the time of capture, non-uniformity of the capture illumination introduced a patterning that impairs the visual and analytic value of the mosaic. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model for the mosaic image capture to analyze the degradation caused by the illumination non-uniformity. Motivated by the analysis, we develop a simple signal processing solution to correct for the lighting variation by utilizing suitably tuned frequency domain filtering. Using the proposed method, we demonstrate that the patterning due to non-uniformity of illumination is corrected, resulting in a significantly improved mosaic.
Reversible data hiding

We present a novel reversible (lossless) data hiding (embedding) technique, which enables the exact recovery of the original host signal upon extraction of the embedded information. A generalization of the well-known LSB (least significant bit) modification is proposed as the data embedding method, which introduces additional operating points on the capacity-distortion curve. Lossless recovery of the original is achieved by compressing portions of the signal that are susceptible to embedding distortion, and transmitting these compressed descriptions as a part of the embedded payload. A prediction-based conditional entropy coder which utilizes static portions of the host as side-information improves the compression efficiency, and thus the lossless data embedding capacity.
Self-Modulated Halftones

We propose an analytic method to overcome the trade-off between the spatial and tonal resolution of traditional clustered dot halftones. Continuous phase modulated halftones that allow variations in screen frequency in different regions of the printed image are employed and halftone screen frequency is varied according to the frequency content of the image to be halftoned. The method, which we term self-modulated halftoning, has a computational complexity similar to screening and is significantly lower than that of other adaptive methods that have previously been used to address the same problem. We demonstrate the experimental performance of self-modulated halftones and discuss its capabilities and limitations.
Using Geo-location method for lost node in location based services

The “geo-location” or “location-based services” is an authentication driven system that gives a strong layer in field of lost node localization and that limits the access of information content to specified locations or times with respective to lost node. Yet, the difficulty arises with the GPS related services makes it impractical to incorporate GPS in all the mobile nodes (MN) and subject to availability of GPS signals. The physical location of a particular user or network node at any instant in time is uniquely characterized by a location signature with trace its exact location. These location signature obtain from location node, where several analyst have described how the use of location information can make approach more secured. According to our empirical study the approach can meet the confidentiality, substantiate, clarity, accessibility and practicability of localization of lost node issues in Geo-location authentication systems.
Patterned Metallic Nanowire Arrays Based Flip Chip Interconnects

Chip to substrate interconnect density is continuously being scaled down to support the rapidly decreasing minimum feature size of IC components. At very fine interconnect pitches not many chip to substrate interconnects can meet the requirements of reliability and performance. One potential solution to improve the interconnect reliability is the use of compliant structures as interconnects. In this article a novel and flexible chip to substrate interconnect scheme that comprises of multiple metallic nanowires as nano interconnects is proposed. In the proposed scheme an individual flip chip interconnect pad on the chip comprises of multiple metallic nanowires, which bond to the substrate solder pad. Patterned micropads made of metallic nanowires (MMN) are fabricated on silicon substrate by electrodeposition in patterned nanoporous alumina (PNA) templates. High aspect ratio PNA templates are fabricated by selective anodization of an aluminum thin film patterned with SiO2. The PNA templates are then filled by copper metal electrodeposition. The aluminum that is underneath SiO2 is protected from anodization. I-V characteristics of MMN, Sn solder coated and reflowed MMN display ohmic behavior with extremely low resistance values of few m ¿. Eutectic Sn-Pb solder and multiple copper nanowires based interconnect joint displays shear strength of 42 MPa which is comparable to conventional flip chip package joints.
Conditions for Color Misregistration Sensitivity in Clustered-dot Halftones

Misregistration between the color separations of a printed image, which is often inevitable, can cause objectionable color shifts in average color. We analyze the impact of inter-separation misregistration on clustered-dot halftones using Fourier analysis in a lattice framework. Our analysis provides a complete characterization of the conditions under which the average color is invariant to displacement misregistration. In addition to known conditions on colorant spectra and periodicity of the halftones, the work reveals that invariance can also be obtained when these conditions are violated for suitable dot shapes and displacements. Examples for these conditions are included, as is the consideration of traditional halftone configurations.
Dichromatic color perception in a two stage model: Testing for cone replacement and cone loss models

We formulate a two stage model of dichromatic color perception that consists of a first sensor layer with gain control followed by an opponent encoding transformation. We propose a method for estimating the unknown parameters in the model by utilizing pre-existing data from psychophysical experiments on unilateral dichromats. The model is validated using this existing data and by using predictions on known test images for detecting dichromacy. Using the model and analysis we evaluate the feasibility of cone loss and cone replacement hypotheses that have previously been proposed for modeling dichromatic color vision. Results indicate that the two stage model offers good agreement with test data. The cone loss and cone replacement models are shown to have fundamental limitations in matching psychophysical observations.
Imply logic based on TiO2 memristor model for computational circuits

Memristor's main attribute is a varying resistance with the memory, Hence the name memory and resistor. So far the primary applications explored for memristors where in the field of memory arrays and neuromorphic networks. This paper explores the utilization of logic with memristors. Due to the fact that the field is in its early stages of research, various types of memristor models exist, and there is no wide consensus as to which one best describes the physical properties. In order for the research to relevant in any case, hybrid memristor model is considered. Logic family of memristor is considered. memristors as logic within memory, memristors as computation units. The paper also include the preferred logic family for each type of memristor, and advantages and disadvantages of each logic family.