nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
High Color Uniformity of White Light-Emitting Diodes Using Chip-Scaled Package

Chip-scaled package light-emitting diodes (CSP LEDs) are promising for illumination applications because of their advantages of compact size and high luminous density. Contrary to traditional conformal package structures, the material and thickness of top and sides, respectively, are controllable, showing great potential to achieve high color uniformity. In this letter, different kinds of CSP LEDs were comprehensively compared, and the requirements to gain high color uniformity were further investigated with simulation and experiment. Results show that a top volume proportion of phosphor <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\mathrm {top}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> between 75% and 85% contributes to high color uniformity for the universally used 35 and 45 mil flip chips. The fabricated CSP LEDs with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {top}}=77.8\% $ </tex-math></inline-formula> can gain an extra uniform color distribution with a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>CCT of only 92 K at a CCT of approximately 6000 K, which is 82.1% lower than that of traditional conformal LEDs. These results indicate that the CSP structure is an important alternative for illumination applications requiring high color uniformity.
A new four-dimensional hyperchaotic Lü system and its adaptive control

Based on the Lü chaotic system, a new four-dimensional hyperchaotic Lü system with higher order nonlinear term is constructed, and the basic dynamic behaviors of the system are studied. The Routh-Hurwitz theorem is applied to derive the stability conditions of the proposed system. Furthermore, based on Lyapunov stability theory, an adaptive controller is designed and the new four-dimensional hyperchaotic Lü system is controlled to equilibrium point. Numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of this method.
Research on interactive operation considered physical attributes by using force feedback device

Haptics is a new and important interaction method for virtual reality. As an important haptic interaction device, force feedback device can improve the reality of interactive operation. In this paper, the force feedback interface (OpenHaptics) is fully analyzed. Physical models are constructed with physical attributes such as friction, stiffness, inertia and gravity added. The principle of simulated physical properties of force feedback device is discussed in detail. The principle of simulated physical properties by force feedback device is described. Taking reducer as an example and using Visual Studio 2008 as a development platform, combined with OpenHaptics library, complete the integration of physical attributes with geometric models and interactive operation simulation of force feedback device.
Scaling up discrete distribution clustering using ADMM

The discrete distribution as a sparse representation, equipped with the Kantorovich-Wasserstein metric, has been proven effective in learning tasks on imagery data. However, clustering based on the Kantorovich metric under a principled optimization criterion is computationally challenging, and has not been adequately explored. In this paper, we focus on the scalability issue and develop a new algorithm for clustering distributions. An optimal centroid or representative distribution in the sense of the Kantorovich metric is solved for each cluster. The key idea is to adapt the state-of-the-art distributed optimization approach called alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The new algorithm achieves linear complexity in the update of each centroid and can be easily parallelizable, improving significantly over the existing method. It is also observed that in practice, satisfactory results can be obtained after a few tens of iterations. We conduct experiments on both synthetic and real data to demonstrate the computational efficiency and accuracy of the new algorithm.
A genetic algorithm approach to Web-based NSS

With the significant development of e-commerce, negotiation online has changed from a simulated negotiation experiment to negotiating in reality. WNSS (Web-based negotiation support system) are paid more and more attention by many researchers. This paper presents a new evaluation approach based on genetic algorithms to find acceptable solutions for negotiation. The method provides a framework in which genetic-based learning is applied to a changing problem representation. Experimental results show that the GA performs better than other traditional approaches.
Application of entity automata to railway transportation system modeling and simulation

A railway transportation system is a typical spatio-temporal dynamic system. Cellular automata method is often used for road traffic flow research, but its homogeneity restriction makes it impossible to model railway transportation systems, because in railway transportation systems the objects cannot be divided into cells with same size and same transformation rule. Based on the research on railway transformation system's characteristics and cellular automata theory, the entity automata micro model is put forward in this paper. Entity automata divide the objects in railway transportation systems into several classes and every class entity has its own characteristics and transformation rule. It inherits the spatio-temporal computation characteristics of cellular automata and integrates object-oriented method. Simulation experiment result shows that it is feasible to model and simulate railway transportation systems by using entity automata.
A novel technique for defending hardware Trojan circuit

Hardware security to ensure trust in IC has emerged as important research topic in recent years, several Trojan detection approaches have been developed to prevent the damages caused by Trojans, making Trojan insertion more and more difficult.  Trojans use a novel technique, which can avoid activate Hardware Trojan in testing time. The simulation results on s38584 benchmark demonstrate that, with a negligible area overhead and power consume, our proposed method can significantly reduce the probability of Trojan detection.
Electro-optically tunable multiple channels reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer

Being the fundamental device of wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM) employed dozens of optical tunable filters classified by their tuning methods. Unfortunately, most of those techniques, due to their tuning principles, had low response speed and were unable to add or drop more than a single channel simultaneously. An electro-optically tunable ROADM was designed and analyzed. Fabricated on x-cut, y- propagation Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides, the electrodes converted the two polarizations of certain wavelengths with electro-optic effect, and hence realized the add/ drop function combined with two polarization beam splitters. Profiting from the separated structure of the interdigital electrodes, the sidelobe suppression, the bandwidth control and the multi-channel download were available as long as the voltages were applied properly.
Coded modulation with APSK constellations for power line communication

This paper proposes a novel coded-modulation scheme using amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) constellations with Gray mapping for the broadband power line communication systems for the first time. In this scheme, three key techniques including the Gray-APSK constellation design, the bit mapping technique, and the method of simplified soft APSK demapper are jointly employed to enhance the error-control performance while ensuring low complexity. Simulation results over AWGN and power line channels show that the proposed scheme provides a remarkable receiving performance gain, compared to its counterpart specified in the G.hn standard.
A New Dual-Primal Domain Decomposition Approach for Finite Element Simulation of 3-D Large-Scale Electromagnetic Problems

A novel dual-primal non-overlapping domain decomposition method (DDM) for the finite element solution of three-dimensional (3D) large-scale electromagnetic problems is proposed. This method reduces the computational complexity from solving the original 3D problem to an equivalent interface problem by utilizing the idea of the dual-primal finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI-DPEM) method. The new method, which is referred to as the FETI-DPEM2, combines the dual-primal idea with two Lagrange multipliers and implements Robin-type transmission condition at the subdomain interfaces to significantly improve the convergence of the interface solution in the high-frequency region. Similar to the original version, a global coarse problem related to the degrees of freedom at the subdomain corner edges is designed to propagate the residual error to the whole computational domain at each iteration, which further increases the convergence. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity and the capability of this method. The results show that the proposed method produces fast solutions to large-scale problems in any frequency band.
Rotational, Vibrational, and Excitation Temperatures in Bipolar Nanosecond-Pulsed Diffuse Dielectric-Barrier-Discharge Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure

A bipolar high-voltage pulse with a rising time of 20 ns was employed to generate diffuse dielectric-barrier-discharge plasmas in N2 and air using a wire-plate electrode configuration at atmospheric pressure. Both the discharge images and the optical emission spectra of the discharges were recorded successfully. Rotational, vibrational and excitation temperatures of the diffuse discharges in different discharge parameters and different gaseous admixtures were diagnosed using the means of optical emission spectroscopy. Rotational temperature from 300 to 510 K and vibrational and excitation temperatures from 1600 to 2400 K were measured over all conditions. It is also found that rotational temperature increases with rising pulse peak voltage, pulse repetition rate, and the concentration of admixture of Ar but decreases with rising the concentration of admixture of O2. However, vibrational and excitation temperatures vary completely opposite to rotational temperature.
Numerical Analysis on Dynamic Responses of Earth-Rock Dam with Polymer Anti-seepage Wall under Seismic Load

Aiming at lacking of study on dynamic responses of earth-rock dam with polymer anti-seepage wall, considering the nonlinear property of earth-rock dam materials, finite element model of earth-rock dam with polymer anti-seepage wall is established based on the prototype of Jiu-long reservoir in Xinyang city. Dynamic responses of earth-rock dam with polymer anti-seepage wall are studied such as displacement, stress and accelerated velocity of the dam, and stress and accelerated velocity of the wall. The results show the middle and lower part of the dam is the stress concentration area, where has bad stability and is easy to be destroyed. Meanwhile, in the strong earthquake (0.4g), the polymer anti-seepage wall can't reach its ultimate strength and will not be destroyed, which shows its good anti-seismic property. The achievements can provide references for dynamic analysis and aseismic design for earth-rock dam with polymer anti-seepage wall.
A Work-Centered Visual Analytics Model to Support Engineering Design with Interactive Visualization and Data-Mining

To support the knowledge discovery and decision making from large-scale, multi-dimensional, continuous data sets, novel systems of visual analytics need the capability to identify hidden patterns in data that are critical for in-depth analysis. In this paper, we present a work-centered approach to support visual analytics of complex data sets by combining user-centered interactive visualization and data-oriented computational algorithms. We design and implement a specific system prototype, Learning-based Interactive Visualization for Engineering design (LIVE), for engineering designers to handle overwhelming information such as numerous design alternatives generated from automatic simulating software. During the exploration within a "trade space" consisting of possible designs and potential solutions, engineering designers want to analyze the data, discover hidden patterns, and identify preferable solutions. The proposed system allows designers to interactively examine large design data sets through visualization and interactively construct data models from automatic data mining algorithms. We expect that our approach can help designers efficiently and effectively make sense of large-scale design data sets and generate decisions. We also report a preliminary evaluation on our system by analyzing a real engineering design problem related to aircraft wing sizing.
A quality adaptable multilayer video content protection scheme

With the growing popularity of the Internet, more and more contents providers are shifting their focus from the theater to the network users. In order to protect the copyright, DRM system is applied to encrypt the films to prevent them from being illegally downloaded and replayed. To motivate subscribers to buy the high quality encrypted video content, trailers are usually produced in a variety of media. However, producing two kinds of films not only spends extra time and storage space but also increases the cost of production. In this paper, we propose a new solution to solve this problem which splits a film into two layers: a preview layer with low quality content and a protected layer which can be recovered to retrieve the entire video data. In such a way, the preview layer could be used to attract users to buy the content and the protected layer protected by the DRM system is used to recover the original resolution. Especially, to facilitate the proposed scheme, the quality of the content is adjustable according to the application environment.
Effects of water temperature on spawning ground of Chinese Sturgeon in Three Gorges Reservoir

In the present study, the change of water temperature in Three Gorges Reservoir is predicted in the normal year using the laterally averaged 2D k-ε temperature model. It can be concluded that there is a slight stratification temperature structure in front of Dam only in March and April with the vertical temperature difference 5.4°C. A retarding period happens in spring and winter. And Characteristic indexes of temperature about the Chinese Sturgeon's spawning actions are put forward, and the influence of water temperature variation due to reservoir operation on the spawning ground of Chinese Sturgeon is analyzed quantitatively combining with observed data from other scholars. There are more days that water temperature is suitable spawning period after reservoir was built up with deferment at 16.1°C, 18.0°C and 20.6°C. Research method in this paper can give reference to researching the influence of water temperature variation from the Three Gorges Reservoir on other fish species.
A low-melting-point alloy filled epoxy conductive adhesives as thermal interface materials

In this paper, we reported the performances of epoxy conductive adhesives filled with a low-melting-point Sn-Bi-Ag alloy. Results revealed the excellent stability, mechanical property of the Sn-Bi-Ag epoxy adhesives. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity increased by increasing the content of Sn-Bi-Ag filler and 18 W m−1 K−1 can be obtained with 85% Sn-Bi-Ag filler content.
A case-based reasoning system for mechanical design

Mechanical design, mainly depending on the expert experience, is a complicated, uncertain and unstructured activity. Although mechanical products can be designed by skilled designers, the design process is still time-consuming and experience-dependent. To solve this problem, this paper develops a system applying case-based reasoning (CBR) methodology to support mechanical design process. In the CBR system, the case-base is divided into two parts, one is standard case-base and the other is design case-base, which can improve the matching efficiency of the standardization parts. A retrieval algorithm integrated with the clustering technique is proposed to locate the similar cases in the case-base. In addition, a test case-base is proposed to illustrate the feasibility of the CBR system.
A Novel Evaluate Method of Urban Region Transportation Level of Service

Congestion in urban traffic is critical points in the all problems of traffic. Foundational work for improving network traffic condition and preventing traffic congestion is to identify traffic network states effectively. In this paper, a novel evaluate method of urban region transportation level of service is proposed based on the attribute mathematics. The approach proposed in this paper is convenient and simple for application. The illustrative example shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Especially, this approach has achieved quite successful application to the practical problem of estimation the level of service.
Microstrip dual-mode triangular patch resonator bandpass filters with two or four transmission zeros

An in-line feed-line configuration for design microstrip dual-mode triangular patch resonator bandpass filters (BPFs) is presented in this paper. By properly arranging the feed-line positions, it generates two or four transmission zeros adjacent to cutoff frequencies of the passband, which improves the selectivity. The computed current distributions of a pair of degenerate modes show slight difference from that of conventional triangular patch resonators. Meanwhile, without coupling gaps between the resonator and feed-lines, the introduced structure can reduce etching uncertainties and improve the passband insertion loss. Two demonstrating filters are optimally designed, fabricated and tested. Both theoretical and experimental results are presented.
Calculation of stator harmonic leakage inductances for multiphase induction motor under open-circuit fault

In order to calculate phase stator harmonic leakage inductances of a multiphase induction motor under open-circuit fault, an analysis method is introduced to determine relationships between phase windings and coils. Firstly, the harmonic leakage inductance between two coils is calculated by subtracting the fundamental inductance from the total inductance, thus obtaining harmonic leakage inductances for any two stator coils. By using graph theory, the incidence matrix between coil branches and one-phase winding loops is established, from which the normalized and unified programming approach is performed to harmonic leakage inductance calculation. Calculated inductances and reactances under different conditions are given. The proposed analysis methods are of versatility and convenience, which is especially suited to calculate stator harmonic leakage inductances of the multiphase induction motor under open-circuit fault.
Effect of chips surface morphology on optical performance of remote and conformal phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes

In this paper, we use optical simulations to study the influence of chips surface morphology on remote phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (rpcLEDs) and conformal phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (cpcLEDs), respectively. Their radiant efficacy, luminous efficacy, spectra and correlated color temperature (CCT) are given and discussed. Results show that the rough surface more contributes to the light extraction of rpcLEDs compared with that of cpcLEDs; moreover, rpcLEDs have a more excellent CCT consistency when using vertical LED chips with different surface morphology. It can provide a new perspective to understand the differences between the remote and conformal phosphor structures.
High-Sensitivity Optical Preamplifier for WDM Systems Using an Optical Parametric Amplifier

We propose and demonstrate a novel preamplifier to improve receiver sensitivity for a 10-Gb/s return-to-zero on-off keying format by using a fiber optical parametric amplifier. Receiver sensitivity can reach down to -42 dBm at bit-error rate = 10-9. This sensitivity is only 1.1 dB off the quantum limit. The crosstalk issue is also investigated for this dual-end detection scheme in a wavelength-division-multiplexing system.
Improved transfer function with phase response from quasi-static field modeling for galvanic-type intra-body communication

Transfer function of intra-body communication (IBC) helps the understanding of signal transmission mechanism and hints for efficient communication system design. In this paper, transfer function with phase information based on quasi-static electromagnetic (EM) field modeling for a galvanic-type IBC limb is briefly reviewed. Then the compensation factor, which is calculated by the minimum mean square error (MMSE) method, is introduced to correct the inevitable deviation in actual shapes of human limb and electrical properties of tissues. To verify the effectiveness of correction factor, the square wave response is calculated and experimentally measured. Eventually, our results demonstrate good agreement between theoretical calculation and experimental measurement.
MTDS: A Multicast Tree Dynamic Switching Approach Based on Rate

Shared tree needs less state information stored in routers, but RP (rezendous point) can bring congestion easily. Source tree is in favor of balancing network traffic, but the cost of constructing the tree is relatively high in light traffic. A multicast tree dynamic switching approach based on rate, which takes advantages of both source and shared trees is proposed to promote multicast QoS in MPLS networks. At most time shared tree is adopted to optimize network resource assignments. When the total arriving rate at RP or some sources' transmitting rates exceed respective maximum threshold, some high rate sources are switched to source tree to avoid the congestion at RP. If the rates decrease, they can be switched back to shared tree. The simulation results show that the packet loss rate and end-to-end delay is improved by deploying the switching approach in MPLS networks.
Directional radiative temperature observations for improvement of land-atmosphere interactions

Along with a brief account of the characteristics of the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) data onboard of the ENVISAT satellite, field observations of directional radiometric temperatures are analysed to examine the possibilities of using AATSR data to improve the estimates of the energy and water balances on land surfaces, especially for the purpose of numerical weather forecasts and climate research. In the summer of 1998, the authors have participated in the Inner Mongolia Grassland-Atmosphere Surface Study (IMGRASS) campaign. Apart from many other measurements (tower, eddy correlation, tethered-balloon, total and spectral radiation, soil temperature gradients, etc.), intensive measurements were carried out for directional radiative temperatures. Preliminary analysis of the data indicates that the difference in radiative temperature between different view angles is primarily caused by the vegetation fraction viewed. The difference between nadir and 23 degree is around 0.5 K, and that between nadir and 52 degree reaches 1.5 to 2 K dependent on the time of the measurements. This finding is similar for two independent measurement set-ups at two separate locations, both having similar sparse grass covers of around 10 cm high, and a leaf area index of 0.5.