nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Data center energy conservation utilizing a heat pipe based ice storage system

Data centers constantly expand and upgrade their capacity due to the ever-increasing demand for remote file storage. It is estimated that around 50% of the total data center power consumption is for cooling. With this trend, a reduction in the cooling power consumption would result in a substantial reduction in overall power consumption, as well as C02 emission. With the focus going towards renewable and natural sources of energy, a heat pipe based ice storage system is being proposed. This system is being considered as one good solution to reduce the power consumption, as well as CO2 emission of data centers. This Ice storage system is aimed at utilizing the low temperature of cold areas to form ice and cold water. The freezing index, which is the combined duration and magnitude of below freezing temperatures at a given freezing season, would be the criteria for choosing the data center location. The data center will be constructed in cold regions wherein the freezing index is 400°C-days and above. The thermosiphon, which acts as a thermal diode, can effectively cool down the water until ice is formed. This ice storage system can be integrated with the existing cooling system and can be utilized as an alternate cooling system or a back-up cooling system. The existing cooling system may be utilized during the warmer periods of the year. The actual ice storage system container, which is made of concrete, is to be constructed under ground, and integrated in parallel with the existing cooling system.
Automatic fault line selection technology for small current grounding system

The low voltage distribution network in our country widely adopts non-direct grounding system, called as small current grounding system. Single-phase ground fault is the most common occurrence for this system. Now, some power supply departments in our country still recognize fault lines by traditional artificial method, meaning low efficiency and accuracy. To improve the efficiency and reliability of fault line selection for small current grounding distribution network, fast and accurate automatic fault line selection method has always been an important research topic in power system. This paper analyzes current researches of automatic fault line selection methods for small current grounding distribution network, and comprehensively compares the current methods. Besides, based on travelling rule researches of fault travelling wave, a fault line detection approach based on travelling wave natural frequency and amplitude information is put forward in this paper, providing useful reference for scholars.
An X band 5-way multiplexer for high power microwave combination

In this paper, a 5-way multiplexer at X band for HPM combination is proposed. As the key part of the multiplexer, the filters based on cylindrical cavity are designed. The filters operate at TE11 mode and possess high transmission efficiency at pass band and reflection efficiency at stop band. The design of a 5 to 1 multiplexing manifold based on rectangular waveguide is given. An overall optimization is performed and the relative position of the five filters with the manifold is fine tuned. Simulation results indicate that for each channel of the multiplexer, the transmission efficiency is higher than 95%. And through analyzing the E field distribution, the multiplexer can handle several hundreds of MW microwave power. By the multiplexer, 5-way microwave combination, as well as pulse train with simultaneous high repetition rate, can be realized.
Electric field sensors in electromagnetic sounding

A staked and an insulated dipole antenna were used to monitor transmissions from a distant very-low-frequency transmitter. The field strength recorded from the staked antenna was found to be much larger than that recorded from the insulated antenna. It is shown that this can be adequately described as magnetic field induction. It is postulated that an insulated antenna is a far better electric field probe for surface impedance investigations including audio magnetotelluric (AMT), controlled source audio magnetotelluric (CSAMT), and VLF sounding techniques.
Fatigue detection based on the distance of eyelid

A vision-based real-time driver fatigue detection method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, The face is located using the characteristics of skin colors, then the eyes are detected by projections and finding connected components and is used as the dynamic templates for eye tracking in the following frame. Finally, it can decide whether the driver is fatigue by detecting the distance change of the eyelid. The average correct rate for eye location and tracking can reach 98%, the correct rate for fatigue detection is 100%, the average precision rate is 90%.
A 20-pW Discontinuous Switched-Capacitor Energy Harvester for Smart Sensor Applications

We present a discontinuous harvesting approach for switch capacitor dc–dc converters that enables ultralow-power energy harvesting. Smart sensor applications rely on ultralow-power energy harvesters to scavenge energy across a wide range of ambient power levels and charge the battery. Based on the key observation that energy source efficiency is higher than charge pump efficiency, we present a discontinuous harvesting technique that decouples the two efficiencies for a better tradeoff. By slowly accumulating charge on an input capacitor and then transferring it to a battery in burst mode, dc–dc converter switching and leakage losses can be optimally traded off with the loss incurred by nonideal maximum power point tracking operation. Harvester duty cycle is automatically modulated instead of charge pump operating frequency to match with the energy source input power level. The harvester uses a hybrid structure called a moving-sum charge pump for low startup energy upon a mode switch, an automatic conversion ratio modulator based on conduction loss optimization for fast conversion ratio increment, and a <15-pW asynchronous mode controller for ultralow-power operation. In 180-nm CMOS, the harvester achieves >40% end-to-end efficiency from 113 pW to 1.5  $\mu \text{W}$  with 20-pW minimum harvestable input power.
A novel wear-in-pad approach to minimizing spacing at the head/disk interface

Here we demonstrate a new approach to bring the disk drive recording head close to the disk media, while achieving tight control of the final head-media separation. The slider in this approach has a miniature Wear-In-Pad (WIP) at its trailing edge, encapsulating the read/write elements. As the slider flies over the disk, the slider overcoat and head recession are quickly worn off, resulting in the bottom of read and write elements clearing the disk roughness by only a few nanometers. We show that the Wear-In-Pad is a viable way to achieve the sub 7 nm head-media separations believed to be necessary for Tb/in/sup 2/ recording.
Research and Implementation of Intelligent Distribution Network Efficiency Evaluation System

The evaluation of network system effectiveness is the key method to judge whether the system network architecture is stable and effective. This paper adopts the entropy method and the experience of decision makers to establish the evaluation system of the network efficiency of the intelligent distribution network monitoring service system, basing on the evaluation index of network effectiveness obtained during the actual operation to calculate the efficiency value and combining with the true operation of the system to determine whether the distribution network monitoring system can meet the standards. According to the network efficiency evaluation model which was initially designed, the simulation process is finally obtained and the network performance evaluation method can effectively evaluate the network performance when the system is running.
New blind signature scheme based on hyperelliptic curve

Based on the analysis of hyperelliptic curve cryptography and design principle of blind signature, a novel blind signature scheme based on hyperelliptic curve cryptography is proposed by transplanting a proxy signature arithmetic into hyperelliptic curve cryptograph. Then security of the new scheme is analyzed. Cryptanalysis shows that it satisfies unforgeability, undenyability, non-trail, blindness and other security requirements of blind signature. By introducing hyperelliptic curve cryptography this scheme's capability of anti-attacking is improved evidently comparing with existing blind signature schemes based on other public key cryptography.
A model of 'secondary innovation' process

The authors present a conceptual model as a framework of the secondary innovation process in China as well as in less developed countries (LDCs). In contrast with first innovation which dominates the technological paradigm and is usually undertaken in developed countries, secondary innovation might be the major pattern of LDCs' technological innovation. The proposed model consists of five stages: acquisition, imitation, adaptation, improvement, and generation. The model explains the dynamic nature of technology capacity accumulation in the process of secondary innovation. The concept of understanding is applied to analyze the matching of acquired technology with existing technologies, so as to compensate the deficiencies of the learning concept in connection with explaining the nature of the later stages in the process of secondary innovation.<<ETX>>
Finite element modelling and physics of remote field eddy current responses for axially aligned cracks

A simplified physical model for two-dimensional (2-D) finite element analysis of axially aligned crack responses for the remote field eddy current (RFEC) technique is proposed. Two formulations are applied to model the problems. Reasonable agreement between calculated results and some preliminary experimental results is achieved. A hypothesis, based on the physical model, is presented. It explains the RFEC signals from axially aligned cracks and makes some predictions of possible features for future verification.
SAR Images Despeckling via Bayesian Shrinkage Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform

We propose a novel and efficient SAR image despeckling via Bayesian shrinkage based on nonsubsampled contour let transform, which has been recently introduced. Despeckling by means of contour let transform introduce many visual artifacts due to the Gibbs-like phenomena. Nonsubsampled contour let transform is a flexible multiscale, multidirection and shift-invariant image decomposition that can be efficiently implemented via transform. A Bayesian estimator is applied to the decomposed contour let coefficients of the logarithmically transformed image to estimate the best value for the noise-free signal. Experimental results show that compared with conventional wavelet despeckling algorithm, the proposed algorithm can achieve an excellent balance between suppresses speckle effectively and preserves image details, and the significant information of original image like textures and contour details is well maintained.
A cost-benefit analysis for applying RFID to pharmaceutical supply chain

Recently, the advantages of RFID make it the focus of supply chain research areas, so it is critical to do cost-benefit analysis on RFID investment. By assuming a simple scenario of RFID application on pharmaceutical supply chain and comparing the processes before and after RFID application, this paper analyzes RFID cost and benefit quantitatively, and offers the corresponding formula, finally proposes the PV is the initial of the underlying asset. The aim is to provide a solution to determinate the parameter of initial investment in Real Option model (Wu et al. 2009), which advised to evaluate RFID investment with Real Option.
Study on Millisecond and Nanosecond laser-induced damage of TiO2/SiO2 anti-reflectors

The laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) of TiO2/SiO2 anti-reflectors (AR) acted by 10ns–1064nm and 1ms–1064nm lasers are investigated. The LITD at 10ns and 1ms pulse duration are 2.9J/cm2 and 290J/cm2, respectively. The damaged morphologies are observed by metallographic microscope. It is found that the damage during 10ns and 1ms pulse duration are film damage and substrate damage, respectively. Analysis of laser-induced damage on AR coatings is carried out by temperature field calculation. Theoretical results show that 1ms laser induced damage depth is deeper than that of the 10ns and meet experimental well.
Stable model predictive control based on TS fuzzy model with application to boiler-turbine coordinated system

In this paper, we propose a stable fuzzy model predictive controller based on extended-fuzzy Lyapunov function. The main idea of the proposed approach is to design a free control variable and a non-parallel distributed compensation control law in such a way that an extended-fuzzy Lyapunov function is constructed with minimizing the upper bound of the infinite horizon objective function in the fuzzy model predictive control. Therefore, the predictive controller can guarantee both the stability of the closed-loop fuzzy model predictive control system and input constraints while obtaining the optimal transient performance. It is shown that the controller is obtained by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. The extended-fuzzy Lyapunov function reduces the conservatism of common Lyapunov function and fuzzy Lyapunov function, and it also enlarges the feasible area of the predictive controller. Moreover, appropriate slack and collection matrices are used in all linear matrix inequalities, which can further reduce the conservatism. The simulations on a numerical example and a nonlinear boiler-turbine coordinated system demonstrate the advantage and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Monocular Real-Time Foreground Cut Based on Multiple Cues

This paper proposes background segmentation methods that integrate color, lbp contrast and motion cues so as to improve the segmentation results. The background color models based on GMMs are developed to describe the scene. Motion cues is presented to detect the legitimate moved foreground pixels combining with the background subtraction. Lbp contrast features are used to calculate the image contrast robustly. A dynamic binary graph cut is used to implement the final foreground/background segmentation. We valid our method on indoor videos and test it on the benchmark video. Experiment demonstrates our method’s effectiveness.
Visual object tracking via deep neural network

Visual tracking is a fundamental research problem in computer vision field. In this paper, we propose an approach to incorporate visual prior into visual object tracking via deep neural network. Visual prior knowledge is expressed as the parameters of a stacked denoising autoencoder, which is trained from a large collection of natural images. By utilizing natural images, we can obtain generic image features which are more robust against variations. Then we design a classifier for tracking using the same structure as the stacked denoising autoencoder, tracking is then carried out under a particle filter framework by determining the current target's location and updating the parameters. In addition, in order to alleviate the computational burden caused by deep structure, an adaptive updating mechanism is proposed. As a result, we apply a general-to-special strategy for our stacked denoising autoencoder tracker (SDAT), the learned visual prior provides a reasonable initial value for parameters of the neural network, and the deep structure of our tracker is robust to appearance variations. Experiments over 50 challenging videos indicate the effectiveness and robustness of our tracker, and the resulting tracker is outstanding especially against variations with the existing state-of-the-art methods.
Adaptive fuzzy logic control of boost converter fed by stand-alone PEM fuel cell stack

This paper presents a 1kW power system model which consists of a boost converter fed by a stand-alone proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack. A generic model of H- 1000 fuel cell stack is built with max voltage error ±1V as well as a dynamic model of the boost converter. The output voltage level of this power system is controlled by an adaptive fuzzy logic controller. the contribution in this paper is in the usage of adaptive fuzzy logic control based on self-organizing scheme for making smoothly control of the system output voltage under load variation. This model is simulated using POWER-SIM and validated by an experimental work.
Calculation on heating effect due to void discharge in polymers in cumulative breakdown process

The relation between PDs and the growth of the discharge channel in polymers in a cumulative breakdown process under short pulses is investigated. By comparison with the Pachen Curve, it is found that the critical size for voids to discharge is in μm class. The heat deposition on the wall of voids is also calculated with a result that the temperature rise (ΔΤ) after one discharge is in a class of hundreds of Kelvin (K) and ΔΤ under a repetition rate greater than 100 Hz is tens of K for different types of polymers. The temperature rise has two effects on the voids in polymers: one is to cause the voids to crack along the direction of the applied electric field and the other is to cause local thermal breakdowns to occur in the vicinity of the void wall. Both of these effects lead to the growth of a discharge channel in polymers. The images observed in the cumulative breakdown process of PMMA (organic glass) using an on-line microscope under short pulses are presented to support the analysis.
Price Fixing Subsidy and Quota Subsidy Model in Consumer Electronic Products Supply Chain

Consumer Electronics Subsidy Program is Chinese government set out a measure in order to extending domestic demand and response to the global economic crisis. But the subsidy strategy for rural areas in the home appliances that existing two different models which is the price fixing subsidy and the quota subsidy. This article establishing a consumer electronic products supply chain model. Consider maximizing the domestic demand, the price fixing subsidy strategy is superior to the quota subsidy strategy.
Sustainable path to growth: technological capability and innovation strategy for China's private enterprise

In this paper, we give a brief introduction of private economy's important role in economic development of China and recognize the bottlenecks that hinder their sustainable growth. Analyzed from the dynamic resource-based view, we propose the technological evolution of Chinese private enterprise. We classify six types of strategies based on innovation and point out that innovation is the avenue to upgrade their technological capability in the long run. This paper attempts to present possible guidance to private enterprise by matching the evolution process and innovation strategy.
A Similar Resource Auto-Discovery Based Adaptive Fault-tolerance Method for Embedded Distributed System

Because of the resource constraints and high reliability requirement of Embedded Distributed System (EDS), some new fault-tolerance means, which are different from the traditional hardware- redundancy ones, should be studied. In this article, a fault-tolerance method that based on similar resources and related technologies are proposed and discussed. First, several mathematical models of key elements, such as computing nodes, similar nodes and tasks, are constructed. Then, the similarity computation methods and evaluation criteria are evinced by two different views: tasks and resources. Supported by theories above, numerous methods, such as similar nodes auto- discovery (SNAD) and its optimization one (oSNAD), redundant tasks auto-deployment, and reconfiguration policies of fault tasks and nodes are highlighted respectively. Simulation results show that these approaches and schemes can improve the adaptive fault-tolerance abilities of complicated embedded distributed systems.
Alternative Noise Clustering Algorithm

Based on a new distance, a novel noise-resistant fuzzy clustering algorithm called alternative noise clustering (ANC) algorithm is proposed. ANC is an extension of the noise clustering (NC) algorithm proposed by Dave. By replacing the Euclidean distance used in the objective function of NC algorithm, a new distance (non-Euclidean distance) is introduced in NC algorithm. Based on robust statistical point of view and influence function, the non-Euclidean distance is more robust than the Euclidean distance. So the ANC algorithm is more robust than the NC algorithm. Moreover, with the new distance ANC can deal with noises or outliers better than NC and fuzzy c-means (FCM). Performing experiments on data sets shows the better performance of the proposed algorithm
A novel capacitively-coupled instrumentation amplifier employing chopping and auto-zeroing

This paper presents a novel low power high precision instrumentation amplifier (IA) for general sensors. By using capacitively-coupled topology, wide input common-mode range, high gain accuracy and low power consumption is achieved. To reduce high output ripples caused by chopping technique and avoid noise aliasing effect due to auto-zeroing technique, these two techniques are employed simultaneously in this novel IA to alleviate their own adverse effects. The designed IA was implemented in SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process, and its core area is 0.28mm2. Simulations show that it consumes only 4.5μA current at 1V supply and the equivalent input noise power spectrum density (PSD) is 42.66nV/√Hz around 100Hz.
Reliability computing methods for TT&C system using Markov approach

The reliability analysis of tracking, telemetry and command (TT&C) system is very important for performing space mission successfully. Essentially, the TT&C system can be regarded as a phased-mission system (PMS). In this paper, Markov approach is used to construct a distinct model for each phase of the system and a separate evaluation for each of these models.  a method to compute state probability vector of Markov model, which can achieve a good efficiency and accuracy; (2) states mapping mechanism, the rule of states mapping between two task phases is given, and mapping mechanism in three different cases is proposed. Finally, examples with numerical results show efficiency of our states probability vector computing algorithm and states mapping mechanism.
Research of Cardiac Aided Diagnosis System Based on CUDA

Realize the accurate segmentation and tridimensional visualization of cardiac medical image and finish the design of cardiac aided diagnosis.  Combine clinical experts diagnosis experience, CT image prior feature and graph cut algorithm model, adopt GPUs parallel data processing to realize the segmentation of cardiac struction and tridimensional visualization.  Finish the accurate, quick and robust segmentation and visualization of CT image sequence, initially realize the visualized cardiac aided diagnosis system based on GPUs.  The study makes full use of the powerful parallel comouting capacity of computer graphics processing unit, solves the problems in medical image processing and segmentation, and improves the operating efficiency of the program and the user experience.