nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Band-Edge Work Function Obtained by Plasma Doping TiN Metal Gate for nMOS Device Application

This paper proposed, for the first time, that the band-edge effective work functions (EWFs) are achieved by employing PH3 plasma doping (PLAD) TiN metal gate for nMOS device application under replacement metal gate and high dielectric constant (k) dielectric/metal gate last nMOS device. The effects of PLAD energy, dose, gas mixture, and postdoping cleaning procedure on the EWF, EOT, and properties of TiN/HfO2/ILSiO2 gate-stack are investigated; the corresponding possible mechanisms are discussed. Suitable low threshold voltages of nMOSFETs are obtained, while shrinking the EOT. It reduces the corner effect on trench gate doping uniformity, which is induced by shadowing effect in the beam-line implantation technology, to a minimum. It has the potential for the further aggressively scaled 3-D CMOS device and beyond application.
Facial feature extraction and tracking in video sequences

In this paper, we describe a new approach for facial feature extraction, The features considered include eyes and mouth. A novel nonlinear filter is proposed for valley detection, which forms the low-level processing stage. A combination of temporal difference, color, image intensity and geometrical constraint is used to determine facial features in an initial frame. A temporal matching technique is used to track these features in the following frames. We also present a simple profile scanning method which can accurately locate special feature points such as corners in the eyes and mouth.
A register-transfer level testability analyzer

This paper presents a statistic-based method to estimate the testability of a design at Register-Transfer Level. This testability estimation technique is composed of a new proposed high-level design representation and a Monte Carlo simulation which exploits a statistic model to bound the error rate and confidence level of simulation results. The experimental results show that the proposed method can efficiently report more than 60% hard-to-test points of an RL design on average prior to the synthesis task.
Finger Vein Image Denoising Based on Compressive Sensing

To extract venous information from noise-added images acquired by infrared sensor, in this paper, we presents a compressive sensing (CS) based application -- gradient projection for sparse reconstruction (GPSR) -- to reduce noise in synthetic vein images and real finger vein images respectively. Then compares the result with the reconstruction by wavelet threshold denoising algorithm. The results show that the GPSR has better performance than the wavelet threshold method in reducing noise, avoids losing the edge information of finger vein, and thus provides more accurate information for vein recognition and extraction.
An Automatic Level Adjustment Device Based on STM32

Higher requirements of the placement of numerous instruments are necessary in Industry, Medical and Metering System. The device now available is of low efficiency and accuracy. In view of the problem, a new device was designed based on STM32, According to the feedback of the angle sensor, the PID closed-loop control algorithm was adopted. The stepper motor and reduction gearbox we reconnected by gears, and the gearbox made the screw rod rotate. Then, the scissor jacks move up or down. The device makes a more accuracy, much faster and high load ratings way to get a horizontal plane.
Micromagnetics-Based Analysis of Multi-Track Detection With Simplified 2-D Write Precompensation on Shingled Magnetic Recording

In shingled magnetic recording systems, a shingled writer is used to write narrow tracks by overlapping the previous tracks, which also leads to severe inter-track interference, jitter, and nonlinear transition shift (NLTS) in the cross-track direction. To deal with these challenges, we propose a simplified 2-D write precompensation (WPC) scheme that adjusts the write current magnitude instead of the timing, to mitigate the 2-D NLTS in the writing process. In the proposed WPC scheme, the WPC is only implemented for the few specific patterns that seem to cause large media noise mean and variance. During the training period, the optimum write field for current transition being written is obtained by subtracting demagnetizing field from the previous neighboring bits in the current and nearest previous tracks from a fixed write field, and the optimum writing current is determined by minimizing the mean-squared error between the needed field and the available fields within a writer field library. Then, the specific bits producing the dominant demagnetizing field and the obtained optimum writing current are stored in a lookup table during the training period. During the writing process, we can obtain the optimum writing current by matching the specific previous written bits against the bit patterns in the lookup table, avoiding the need for computing the demagnetizing field and optimum writing current for every written bit. Here, two simplified WPC schemes are investigated corresponding to precompensating two sets of data patterns. For readback, a joint pattern-dependent noise-predictive (PDNP) detector is investigated to further whiten the 2-D media noise. Simulations indicate that at the target bit error rate of 10-2, the proposed simplified WPC schemes combined with the joint PDNP detector can provide the density gains of as high as 22% compared with the system without WPC and detected with a joint Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv detector.
Layered video multicast using diversity embedded space time codes

In traditional wireless multicast systems, the system is optimized to provide high reliability to users with the worst channel conditions. However this results in a waste of available bandwidth for users with a good channel conditions. In particular for transmission of video, this wasted bandwidth can be used to deliver higher quality video to some of the users. This paper addresses this problem by using diversity embedded space time codes (DESTC) to send multiple layers of video simultaneously. DESTC provides unequal error protection to different video layers, thereby delivering high quality video to users with good channel conditions while still providing acceptable quality to users with poor channel conditions. The performance of DESTC is compared to a single-layer orthogonal space-time code used for single-layer video delivery as well as layered video delivery with time division multiplexing. The results show that the use of DESTC is advantageous over both strategies in multicast video delivery.
Bit number prediction for VLC coded DCT coefficients and its application in DV encoding/transcoding

We present a simple and efficient scheme to predict the number of bits needed to code a DCT block with variable length code (VLC). Utilizing this new approach, a massive computing effort is averted in the rate-constrained video encoding process. The scheme defines an easily computable parameter that has a strong correlation with the number of bits needed to code the DCT data. A second order polynomial is developed to approximate the correlation and is used to predict the number of VLC bits. This approach is further used to streamline the encoding/transcoding process for DV, and has a potential to be used in other DCT/VLC based coding schemes to facilitate rate control.
Different influencing factors of housing price of developed zones in similar geographical location in China - A case study of Xi'an high-tech zone and Feng Wei New district

In order to explore the root causes of different housing prices in similar geographical location regions, this paper selectes High-tech Developed Zone in southwest and Feng Wei New Zone in northwest of Xi'an as two research objects, collectes commercial housing price samples of the main corridor connecting the central area in both zones, and extracts three influencing factors of housing prices: geographical location, public transport services and environmental quality. Using multiple linear regression to analyze the relationship of the maximum, intermediate, minimum of housing price in the samples and influencing factors. The results showed that the main driver of causing housing prices differences is the regional economic development level. Although the development zone still follows the distance attenuation law of central area housing prices, with the higher degree of industrial cluster, housing prices decreased dependence on mother city; and the public lawn factor will be an important factor of residential purchase intention in development zones.; Meanwhile, the different public transport accessibility and timeliness factor caused by the administrative belonging and traffic management system is an another impact factor.
Proxy-Based Multi-Stream Scalable Video Adaptation Over Wireless Networks Using Subjective Quality and Rate Models

Despite growing maturity in broadband mobile networks, wireless video streaming remains a challenging task, especially in highly dynamic environments. Rapidly changing wireless link qualities, highly variable round trip delays, and unpredictable traffic contention patterns often hamper the performance of conventional end-to-end rate adaptation techniques such as TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC). Furthermore, existing approaches tend to treat all flows leaving the network edge equally, without accounting for heterogeneity in the underlying wireless link qualities or the different rate utilities of the video streams. In this paper, we present a proxy-based solution for adapting the scalable video streams at the edge of a wireless network, which can respond quickly to highly dynamic wireless links. Our design adopts the recently standardized scalable video coding (SVC) technique for lightweight rate adaptation at the edge. Leveraging previously developed rate and quality models of scalable video with both temporal and amplitude scalability, we derive the rate-quality model that relates the maximum quality under a given rate by choosing the optimal frame rate and quantization stepsize. The proxy iteratively allocates rates of different video streams to maximize a weighted sum of video qualities associated with different streams, based on the periodically observed link throughputs and the sending buffer status. The temporal and amplitude layers included in each video are determined to optimize the quality while satisfying the rate assignment. Simulation studies show that our scheme consistently outperforms TFRC in terms of agility to track link qualities and overall subjective quality of all streams. In addition, the proposed scheme supports differential services for different streams, and competes fairly with TCP flows.
An Implicit Approach to Minimizing Range-Equivalent Circuits

Simplifying a combinational circuit while preserving its range has a variety of applications, such as combinational equivalence checking and random simulation. Previous approaches use the binary decision diagram (BDD) technique to compute the range of one circuit and then reconstruct the circuit using the computed range. Although the size of the new circuit is significantly reduced due to the range rearrangement, this method suffers from the BDD blowup problems for large circuits since performing range computation using BDD is memory intensive. Thus, in this paper, we propose a new method for simplifying combinational circuits without explicit range computation. We first introduce a new concept of a stuck-at fault test for a circuit's range, showing that a range untestable stuck-at fault on a primary input (PI) indicates that this PI is range redundant, i.e., it can be removed without affecting the circuit's range. We then present a procedure to determine if a given range stuck-at fault on a PI is untestable. Our method iteratively identifies and removes range-redundant PIs to simplify a combinational circuit without performing range computation. Accordingly, large circuits that BDD-based methods cannot deal with can be handled using our method. We conduct experiments on a set of ISCAS'85 and MCNC benchmarks, and the experimental results show that our approach can minimize circuits such that fewer PIs are left. On average, our approach gets 37.06% reduction in terms of the number of PIs and 36.31% reduction in terms of the node counts.
The Improvement of the Trustworthiness of Android App Stores in China

The absence of Google Play has created a booming area for Android app distribution through third-party app stores in China. Since the study showed that the trustworthy level of app stores was fairly low in 2014, much attention should be paid on the changes of the trustworthiness of Android app stores. In this paper, we present a method to analyze the changes of trustworthiness of the top popular Android app stores in China. In this method, we evaluate the target app stores by analyzing the sampled apps hosted in them. Further more, we have used this method to track the changes of trustworthy level of Android app stores in China about two years. The results indicate that the trustworthy level of the top popular Android app stores in China has been improved 24% on average. It can be seen that the positive changes may be related to the development of the China's mobile market, the improvement of Android system, and the introduced policies. Although the trustworthy level of top popular Android app stores in China is still low, it is predicted to be improving in the future.
An Optomechatronics Inspection Technique of TFT Array Flaw Applied to Medical Display

For medical display, the pixels on array panels are getting smaller. Therefore, flaw detection and measurement are getting more difficult and critical for managing yield and quality in a thin-film-transistor (TFT) array process. The TFT array testing technique has been used for flaw detection and process yield control. As the TFT array pixel size is getting smaller and the resolution is getting higher, both of them have encountered a performance limitation in detecting the critical small-pixel defect for the ultrahigh-resolution TFT array such as medical display applications. In this study, a novel approach for flaw detection is proposed. The proposed optomechatronics technique with interdigitized shorting bar design configuration is used for inspection. The experimental results show that, by using the voltage imaging technique, the flaw detection rate for small-pixel size, high-resolution TFT array has been effectively improved from 50% to 80%. The detected subpixel size for a TFT array panel can be smaller than 53 μm for a 30-inch ultrahigh-definition medical display application.
The recognition of shapes in binary images using a gradient classifier

The authors consider a prototype-based binary image classifier that makes comparisons based on blurred representations of the images. The blurring induces a metric on the space of all images that varies continuously under continuous deformation of the image plane. This blurred representation is suitable for direct implementation of a nearest-neighbor classifier. However, it is still desirable to have a representation which is invariant under certain spatial deformations, such as rotation, translation, and scaling of the image plane. A representation which is invariant under these transformation is produced by transforming an input to a local minimum of its distance from each prototype simultaneously. These minima are found by performing a gradient descent on an appropriate error surface over the transformation parameters. The error functional is the L/sub 2/-norm of the difference between the blurred prototype and the blurred input. The resulting classifier makes more efficient use of prototypes than does the nearest-neighbor classifier.
Hybrid fast damping control strategy for doubly fed induction generators against power system inter-area oscillations

Here, a hybrid fast damping control strategy based on bang–bang modulation is proposed for doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) against inter-area oscillations. Since the changes in active power modulation of DFIG may result in its interactive effect with torsional oscillations, this study relies on the modulation of DFIG reactive power to rapidly attenuate the system's critical oscillation mode. In order to overcome the buffeting of the bang–bang modulation, the proposed control strategy is designed as a hybrid scheme consisting of three operating modes which are switched based on the amplitude of the detected critical oscillation mode. The required lead phase for the proposed control strategy is determined using frequency domain analysis using detailed dynamic model of the DFIG. A comprehensive test is carried out by conducting simulation studies on a modified two-area system including an aggregated wind farm. It has been shown that the proposed strategy damps inter-area oscillations much quicker than the conventional continuous damping controller. Simulation results also showed that the control scheme is robust to the operation point variation and identification errors for practical application.
Notice of RetractionOperation and management research on Tianjin Airport Economic Park river course ecological restoration project

In recent years, researchers pay increasingly attention on river ecological restoration at home and abroad. According to the practical situation of Tianjin Airport Economic Park river water environment and inter-external experiences, several ecological techniques, such as phytoremediation, artificial aeration and ecological riverbank, were adopted to river ecological restoration. And related operation and management measures were also proposed to effectively recover water ecological function and landscape effect and to provide certain reference for the restoration of this kind of river course and late maintain of water quality.
Reliable transmission of video over ad-hoc networks using automatic repeat request and multipath transport

The increase in the bandwidth of the wireless channels and the computing power of the mobile devices makes it possible to offer video service for wireless networks in the near future. In an ad-hoc network, strong error protection is required because of the lack of a fixed infrastructure. On the other hand, the mesh structure of an ad-hoc network implies that there may be multiple paths existing between a source and destination, which can be used to enhance video transmissions. We propose a simple but robust scheme for reliable transmission of video in bandwidth limited ad-hoc networks. In our scheme, a video stream is layer coded. The base layer (BL) packets and the enhancement layer (EL) packets are transmitted separately on two disjoint paths using multipath transport (MPT). BL packets are protected by automatic repeat request (ARQ), and a lost BL packet is retransmitted through the path where EL packets are transmitted. An EL packet has lower priority than a retransmitted BL packet and may be dropped at the sender when congestion occurs. Simulation results show that this scheme can guarantee a graceful video quality in adverse channel conditions. It is effective for video transmission over the high loss environment found in ad-hoc networks.
Modeling the impact of frame rate and quantization stepsizes and their temporal variations on perceptual video quality: A review of recent works

In networked video applications where the sustainable bandwidths vary greatly among the receivers and in time, one must be able to code a video or adapt a precoded-bitstream to a wide range of bit rates. It is critical to choose appropriate frame size, frame rate and quantization stepsize (QS) to optimize the perceptual quality for a target bit rate. Furthermore, it is important to understand the effect of temporal variation of these parameters, so that appropriate constraints can be imposed when adapting these parameters in response to bandwidth changes. However, well-established models that relate the perceptual quality with the spatial, temporal, and amplitude resolutions (STAR) and the variation of STAR do not exist today. We will review prior works in this area with a focus on our own recent findings, which has so far considered the effect of frame rate and QS as well as the temporal variation of the frame rate on the perceptual quality.
New Method to Analyze the Shift of Floating Gate Charge and Generated Tunnel Oxide Trapped Charge Profile in NAND Flash Memory by Program/Erase Endurance

A new test system was devised and used to separate the amount of floating gate (FG) charge (QFG) from the oxide trapped charge (QOX) generated by program-and-erase (P/E) cycles. We also extracted the pure Vmid shift caused by the generation of QOX, which is separated from the part of Vt shift coming from QFG deviation. The identification of QFG and Vmid shift makes it possible to analyze the detailed the oxide trapped charge profile. The QFG shift generated by P/E cycles displays asymmetry between the programmed and erased states: the absolute value of QFG exhibits a maximum at ~100 cycles in the programmed states, while QFG monotonically decreases in the erased one. Considering that the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current is sensitive to the oxide trap near the cathode, itself the source of electron tunneling current, our results indicate that the hole trap is dominant near to Si, whereas the electron trap is dominant near FG.
Multiple priority CSMA-type multichannel local area network

We introduce a new network access protocol for a CSMA-type multichannel local area network (MLAN). This new protocol has the capability of providing different network access priority among the various applications. From the earlier research, it has been shown that the CSMA-type MLAN is superior to a single channel of equal network bandwidth. On the basis of the developed MLAN architecture, we construct a new network access protocol to provide multiple transmission priorities for various applications e.g., text, voice, video, image, etc. This protocol is called multiple-priority multichannel local area network (MP-MLAN). The data transmission of MP-MLAN is collision-free, and we can find the throughput characteristics of MP-MLAN are higher and more stable than the conventional CSMA/CD or multichannel CSMA/CD network from the analysis results. A queueing analysis model for representing the MP-MLAN protocol is established and simulation results are also provided to evaluate the performance of this network.
Force-frequency coefficient of symmetrical incomplete circular quartz crystal resonator.

The changes in the resonance frequencies of the thickness-shear vibration of symmetrical incomplete circular AT-cut quartz crystal resonators (QXRs), which are used as sensing elements in digital force sensors or pressure transducers, by the application of diametrical forces are discussed by considering the piezoelectric effect and the anistropic characteristics of crystal plates. Two-dimensional motion equations for predicting the frequency changes are derived from three-dimensional piezoelectricity equations, and equations deduced by Janiaud for solving the stress distribution in crystal plates are used to calculate the force-frequency coefficients of incomplete circular resonators. The results show that the piezoelectric effect of crystal plates decreases the force-frequency coefficient of the azimuth angle 0 degrees by 7% as compared with no piezoelectricity assumption. The incomplete circular shape can be applied to a larger load than the circular disc because the flat regions of the incomplete shape provide a distributed load application without the problems of stress concentration of a point force inherent to a circular disc. The incomplete shape gives an increased force sensitivity when compared with the complete disc near azimuth angle 0 degrees. The theoretical curves agree well with Ratajski's experimental results.