nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Maximum likelihood estimation for array processing in unknown noise environments

In array signal processing, the spatially white noise model is most commonly used, and most of the high-resolution methods are established on such a noise model. However, in real environments, the noise model is often either unknown or undeterminable. This may cause the high-resolution methods to suffer severe performance degradation. An approach for consistent and parametric direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in unknown noise environments using two separated arrays is proposed under the assumption that noise correlation is spatially limited. This new method can be also applied in radar or sonar tracking and time series analysis.<<ETX>>
Mid-Infrared Self-Similar Pulse Compression in a Tapered Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber and Its Application in Supercontinuum Generation

In this paper, we design a tapered tellurite photonic crystal fiber (TTPCF) with nonlinear coefficient increasing along the propagation direction, and demonstrate the mid-infrared self-similar pulse compression of the fundamental soliton in such a TTPCF. When the variation of group-velocity dispersion, higher-order dispersion, higher-order nonlinearity, and linear loss are considered, a 1 ps pulse at wavelength 2.5 μm can be compressed to 62.16 fs after a 1.63-m long propagation, along with the negligible pedestal, compression factor Fc of 16.09, and quality factor Qc of 83.16%. Then the compressed pulse is launched into another uniform tellurite PCF, where highly coherent and octave-spanning supercontinuum (SC) is generated. Compared to the initial picosecond pulse, the compressed pulse has much larger tolerance of noise level for the SC generation. Our research results provide a promising solution to realize the fiber-based mid-infrared femtosecond pulse source for nonlinear photonics and spectroscopy.
Resource Scheduling Based on Improved FCM Algorithm for Mobile Cloud Computing

With the development of mobile devices, mobile cloud computing is becoming increasingly important. One of the basic questions in mobile cloud computing is how to match user demand with cloud server resources. Based on Improved FCM (IGAFCM) Algorithm, this paper proposes a scheduling scheme which is provided for mobile resources to cluster continuously, so as to reduce the size of the matching requirements during the search. Moreover, Experiments have proved that matching strategy is dynamically adjusted according to the matching score and feedback training.
FISH image analysis

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a rapidly expanding imaging technique in medical research and clinical diagnosis. Both researchers and clinicians find it helpful to employ quantitative digital imaging techniques with FISH images. This technique is of particular interest for multi-probe mixtures and for the automated analysis of large numbers of specimens. In the preparation of FISH specimens, multiple probes, each tagged with a different fluorophore, are often used in combination. This permits simultaneous visualization of several different molecular components of the cell. Usually, the relative positions of these components within the specimen are of scientific or clinical interest. The authors discuss these techniques and their applications. FISH dot counting is increasingly used in research and clinical studies. Research procedures and clinical tests using FISH almost certainly have an increasingly significant role to play in the future of biology and medicine. In much the same way as cytogenetics has adopted digital imaging, the techniques described here, and similar ones, will become a routine part of research and clinical practice as the use of FISH techniques expand. As in radiology, one can expect digital image processing to become an indispensable part of the activity.
Independent DC capacitance parallel multiple module SVG based on CPS-SPWM

To fit for the demand of extending the power, increasing maintainability and improving performance, a SVG with parallel independent DC capacitance converter modules is presented. In respect that the parameter difference among converters, reactive power of total output sharing has to be resolved. By analyzing the parallel converter mathematics model with DQ analytic transformation, a new control strategy is proposed, which is based on double close-loop decoupling control, reactive power balance current sharing. To reduce tracking error of current, source voltage in d-q coordinators feed forward method is adopted. Active and reactive current, and DC voltage controller is designed. Further, for the purpose of reducing switch frequency of single module, CPS-SPWM is employed to operate the equipment. A based on double FPGA-DSP controller is devised, and a 2Mvar platform is carried out. The simulation and practical performance of SVG are given. The validity and feasibility of the method is demonstrated by the results and the industrial application.
Effect Extraction Methods on Micro/Nano Particles Leaching from E. Camaldulensis Wood

Now Eucalyptus wood begins to be used to pulp. However, water, adhesives and other assistants are severely wasted because the extractive of Eucalyptus wood is enriched. What is worst, water pollution becomes more serious because of the polluting extractives of Eucalyptus wood. Therefore, based on the single-factor method, the fresh E. camaldulensis shavings were treated in the sorbitic extractor and supersonic wave extractor. The extractives were analyzed by ZETA and SIZER to find out the leaching rule of nano particles from E. camaldulensis wood, hence to obtain the way to lower the negative effect of the extractives. The results were following as: (1) the regression curve showed that the extraction mass increases when the extracting time extends in the sorbitic extractor; (2) diameters of leached nano particles distribute from 37.8 to 106 nm by volume evaluating indicator, and 28.2 to 91.3 nm by number evaluating indicator in the sorbitic extractor. The particles with diameters of 4150~5560 nm, 1110~6440 nm and 4150~5560 nm are too few to test, and their volume are only 0.3%, 2.6% and 0.3% respectively, however, they can bring barrier of wood extractives on wood permeability and obstructive action of wood turpentine on pulping; (3) the volume of the particles with diameter of 28.2~78.8 nm was 80.1%, the number of the particles with diameter of 24.4-50.7 nm was 89.0%, and the volume of 190-396 nm particles is 15.2%, but its number was very less. Therefore, not only extraction mass is increased but also the grouping number of leached nano particles from E. camaldulensis is lowered in supersonic wave extractor.
Probing into the cause and efficiency of regional scientific and technical output via grey relational analysis

The analysis object of this paper is the six provinces and one municipality in East China, and the research method which is adopted is grey relational analysis. The research result shows that for the influence of scientific and technical output indexes, the greatest is both "expenditures for scientific and technological activities" and "R&D expenditures". The next is "scientists and engineers," and the lowest is "persons engaged in scientific and technological activities." The two indexes of less influence belong to the input of financial resources, and the two indexes of more affection are part of the input of manpower. Through the grey appraisement of sixteen and four indexes, we can find out the same conclusion: the regional scientific and technical productive efficiency of Shanghai is the highest; Jiangsu is the second; Fujian is the third; Zhejiang is the 4th; Anhui is the 5th; Shandong is the 6th; and the final one is Jiangxi. Further research suggests that when carrying on the analysis of scientific and technical efficiency, compared with sixteen indexes, the selected four indexes may be enough.
Imaging with solid immersion lenses, spatial resolution, and applications

Solid immersion microscopy, similar to liquid immersion microscopy, extends the diffraction limit by filling the object space with a high refractive index material, such as glass (index of refraction n=1.5-2), sapphire (n/spl sim/1.8), and semiconductor materials (n/spl sim/3), which shrink the wavelength of light. But solid immersion technique can achieve significantly higher spatial resolution since the refractive indices of available solids can be much higher than those of liquids (n=1.3-1.5). Besides high spatial resolution, solid immersion microscopy also possesses all the good properties of far-field imaging, such as high transmission efficiency and parallel imaging capability, which make it outstanding among beyond-the-diffraction-limit optical imaging techniques. In this paper, we discuss, from an experimental point of view, the resolution limit of solid immersion microscopy and the implementation of such technique in various applications.
Analyze of the society right structure behind significant pollution incidents — Gas blowout accident in Kaixian county of Chongqing as an example

Parties of the social rights in the structure of significant pollution incident are: the business as the perpetrators, government as managers, the public as the victims, the news media as evangelist and supervisor. In the pollution incident, the business behavior caused the pollution incidents and public loss, the public claimed the business to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests; the business behavior also caused the loss of government, which could punish the business by all means. The government right is from and given by the public. Public obtained information through the news media; media reports help the government improve public policy, the government constraints media reports to limit the scope and direction of media coverage.
Study on energy saving technique of bamboo biobleaching based on water resource protection

In order to eliminate colour difference of bamboo sheets and prevent bamboo moldy, the energy saving biotechnique of bamboo bleaching rapidly based on water resource protection was studied. The results showed that The H2O2 concentration on the impact of white degree was significant at 0.05 level. And white degree increased at first, then decreased with concentration of H2O2. the best concentration of H2O2 was 3%. The treatment time on the impact of white degree was significant at 0.05 level. And white degree decreased with treatment time. the best treatment time was 0.5h. White degree was bad with white degree longer in the H2O2 high concentration solution. Temperature had no significant effect on the bleaching of bamboo. White degree decreased at first, then increased with temperature. the best temperature 90°C. Concentration of the extractives from camphor tree's leaves had no significant effect on the bleaching of bamboo. White degree decreased at first, then increased with concentration of the extractives from camphor tree's leaves.
Globally optimal classification and pairing of human chromosomes

We investigate globally optimal algorithms for automated classification and pairing of human chromosomes. Even in cases where the cell data are incomplete as often encountered in practice, we can still formulate the problem as a transportation problem, and hence find the globally optimal solution in polynomial time. In addition, we propose a technique of homologue pairing via maximum-weight graph matching. It obtains the globally optimal solution by forming all homologue pairs simultaneously under a maximum likelihood criterion, rather than finding one pair at a time as in existing heuristic algorithms. After the optimal homologue pairing, chromosome classification can also be done by maximum-weight graph matching. This new graph theoretical approach to chromosome pairing and classification is more robust than the transportation algorithm, because many attributes of a chromosome have less variations within a cell than between different cells.
A preprocessing method for tracking and counting pedestrians in bus video monitor

This paper presents a preprocessing method for pedestrians tracking and counting in sequences of grayscale images acquired by a stationary camera on the bus. The objective is to integrate this technology with a traffic control application such as bus carrier traffic statistics at every station. The proposed method can also be used to detect and track humans who will get on or get off the bus. Furthermore, the proposed approach can be employed for the multi-object detection. Among these tasks, object segmentation and labeling are perhaps the most important problem in single image processing. So the aim of the paper is to present the key technologies of object segmentation and labeling for the tracking in video sequences taken.
600°C Pyrolysis- GC/MS Analysis of Biomedical and Bioactive Constituents in Extract Oil of Moso Bamboo Root

China has the rich bamboo resource, moreover, the species and yield of bamboo both are the first in the world. The extract of bamboo root was often used to cure some intractable diseases in the countryside of China, but the components of bamboo root extract is still unresolved. In order to expedite medicinal application of bamboo root, and to provide further scientific foundation for its top value-added development, pyrolysis- GC/MS technology was used to identify and analyze the top value-added biomedical and bioactive components of benzene/ethanol extract of Moso bamboo root. The extract was pyrolyzed at 750 °C in helium atmosphere, and then the pyrolyzate was analyzed by online-linked GC/MS. Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. 87 compounds representing 98.31% were identified from 105 peaks. The result showed that the pyrolyzate of benzene/ethanol extract of Moso bamboo root is rich in biomedical components, and also contains some bioactive components which can be used as top value-added materials of high-grade spice, cosmetic, food, and chemical
Modified Technology of Dimensional Stability of Eucalypt Wood Based on Non-Toxic Chemical Pollution

Treatment of dimensional stability of plantation-grown eucalypt timbers should be carried out when they are used as the higher value-added solid-wood products. Chemical modification with non-toxic chemical pollution is one of the most effectual approaches to improve the dimensional stability of eucalypt wood. Therefore, the modified technologies on improvement of the dimensional stability of eucalypt wood have been systematically investigated by using urea-formaldehyde and maleic acid-glycerol, and the related anti-shrinkage indexes have been measured. The results show that the better modified processing, can be obtained when using Maleic Acid-Glycerol solution directly, i.e. the concentration: 30%, temperature: 60degC, molar ratio: 1:1, and penetration concentration of agent: 1.2%. while using urea-formaldehyde solution could not reached such ideal effect. Maleic Acid-Glycerol solution can increase the coefficient of anti-shrinkage, and decrease the coefficient of the radial and tangential shrinkage owing to its filling wood cell. This research will provide the theoretical base for extending utilization of eucalypt wood as the solid-wood products.
Discussion on energy-saving mesures for fly-ash cement particleboard poduction line

Power consumption is very large in fly-ash cement particleboard poduction. By technical innovation, creating the greatest economic benefits with minimal power consumption and the lowest cost is the only route of enterprise development. In this paper, fly-ash cement particleboard production characteristics was analyzed, energy-saving measures for energy-saving transformation of atmospheric pressure heat curing process and steam curing process were researched, and frequency conversion energy-saving transformation of energy-consumption equipment was also discussed. The results showed, the time of heat curing could be significantly reduced by improving atmospheric pressure heat curing process, whose power consumption was decreased; the surplus heat energy can be efficiently recycled by energy-saving transformation for steam curing process; power configuration of poduction line was more reasonable by frequency conversion energy-saving transformation for part energy-consumption equipment, energy-saving effect was significant.
An Artificial Neural Networks Based Dynamic Decision Model for Time-Series Forecasting

The forecasting models for time series forecasting using computational intelligence such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) , genetic programming (GP) and gene expression programming (GEP), especially hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and artificial neural networks (ANNs) have achieved favorable results. However, these studies, have assumed a static environment. This paper investigates the development of a new dynamic decision forecasting model. The input size of the ANNs will be dynamical changed in the process of evolution. Application results prove the higher precision and generalization capacity obtained by this new method than the static models.
Mach–Zehnder Interferometer-Based Integrated Terahertz Temperature Sensor

A plasmonic Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) for temperature sensing is reported in the terahertz (THz) regime. The MZI is formed by embedding a semiconductor (SC) layer into a silicon membrane, where the SC layer supports two independent propagating surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves on both surfaces. The temperature-sensitive phase difference between these two SPP waves gives rise to the modulation of the transmitted intensity. The results show that the MZI sensor possesses a sensitivity and a figure of merit as high as 8.9 × 10−3 THz/K and 117, respectively. Theoretical calculations indicate that the further improvement in sensing performance is still possible through optimization of the structure Moreover, an investigation of structural perturbations indicates that the MZI has a good tolerance to the fabrication errors. The compact MZI-based waveguide structure may find important applications in areas of sensing and integrated THz circuits.
Revisiting Memory Errors in Large-Scale Production Data Centers: Analysis and Modeling of New Trends from the Field

Computing systems use dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) as main memory. As prior works have shown, failures in DRAM devices are an important source of errors in modern servers. To reduce the effects of memory errors, error correcting codes (ECC) have been developed to help detect and correct errors when they occur. In order to develop effective techniques, including new ECC mechanisms, to combat memory errors, it is important to understand the memory reliability trends in modern systems. In this paper, we analyze the memory errors in the entire fleet of servers at Facebook over the course of fourteen months, representing billions of device days. The systems we examine cover a wide range of devices commonly used in modern servers, with DIMMs manufactured by 4 vendors in capacities ranging from 2 GB to 24 GB that use the modern DDR3 communication protocol. We observe several new reliability trends for memory systems that have not been discussed before in literature. We show that (1) memory errors follow a power-law, specifically, a Pareto distribution with decreasing hazard rate, with average error rate exceeding median error rate by around 55×, (2) non-DRAM memory failures from the memory controller and memory channel cause the majority of errors, and the hardware and software overheads to handle such errors cause a kind of denial of service attack in some servers, (3) using our detailed analysis, we provide the first evidence that more recent DRAM cell fabrication technologies (as indicated by chip density) have substantially higher failure rates, increasing by 1.8× over the previous generation, (4) DIMM architecture decisions affect memory reliability: DIMMs with fewer chips and lower transfer widths have the lowest error rates, likely due to electrical noise reduction, (5) while CPU and memory utilization do not show clear trends with respect to failure rates, workload type can influence failure rate by up to 6:5×, suggesting certain memory access patterns may induce more errors, (6) we develop a model for memory reliability and show how system design choices such as using lower density DIMMs and fewer cores per chip can reduce failure rates of a baseline server by up to 57.7%, and (7) we perform the first implementation and real-system analysis of page offlining at scale, showing that it can reduce memory error rate by 67%, and identify several real-world impediments to the technique.
System Thinking Mode of Complexity Science Management: The Forefront of Management Theory

Beginning with the supposition that organization is a brain capable of system thinking, this paper researches the system thinking mode of complexity science management. System thinking, combining science with art, includes thinking mode of solving complicated problems, observation of interrelation between cause and effect, structural and modularized analysis, and visual thoughts of both logic and image. Basing on the point that system thinking is mainly through researches of perspective maps, this paper also puts forward the tools for system thinking: circular map, exploring map, structural map, and some examples for the research.
Empirical Research on the Effect of FDI on Economic Growth-Evidence from Shanghai

Economic globalization, entry into WTO and the status of national economic center make Shanghai the highland for FDI in China. Based on time series data of Shanghai from 1981 to 2008, this paper carries out empirical research on relationship between FDI and economic growth in Shanghai by using ADF test, Granger causality test and multivariate regression model. The result shows that FDI is the Granger cause of economic growth in Shanghai. Meanwhile, in view of capital itself, capital attachment as well as capital circulation, the spillover effect of FDI is also very obvious, and in succession brings positive effect to economic growth of
An Adaptive High-Precision OCP Control Scheme for Flyback AC/DC Converters

Flyback topology has been widely used in low-power applications due to its simplicity, wide input voltage range, low cost, and low standby power. However, conventional over current protection (OCP) control scheme in flyback converters cannot meet the high precision constant current (CC) requirement in battery charger and LED applications. The proposed adaptive high-precision OCP control scheme can be widely used in ac/dc flyback converters to improve their CC accuracy. It consists of an OCP-Comp circuit and a Vpump circuit to detect the primary current in current cycle and adjust it in next cycle adaptively. The proposed OCP control scheme has been implemented in a controller IC adding no extra pin and achieves a significant improvement in output current accuracy compared to conventional OCP schemes. Test results show that the output current variation of the proposed prototype is less than ±0.6% when the input line voltage changes from 85 to 265 Vac.
Stability Analysis of Networked Control Systems with Bounded Input

The issue of modeling and stability for networked control systems with distributed time-delay and bounded input is researched. In view of the common existing problem of communication delays in networked control systems, a continuous time model of multi-input and multi-output is derived. Then a sufficient condition for stability of networked control systems is obtained based on matrix measure method. According to the given condition, the time-delay bound that makes the networked control systems stable can be taken. The simulated results about DC PWM servo system shows that the proposed theory is effective