nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal analysis of plastic heat sink for high power LED lamp

Recently, people are seeking lighting source which has higher efficiency and no pollution. Light Emitting Diode (LED) has become important illumination technology for many types of applications. It also has been used in many applications such as watches, indicator lights for many common household devices. LED brought the brightness. In addition, it's eco-friendly to the environment. However, LED's performance and lifetime depend on junction temperature. High power LED produces a great deal of heat. So it's important to decrease the junction temperature of LED. In general, aluminum heat sink is used to reducing junction temperature of LED lamp. When surface area increases, junction temperature of LED will be lower. In order to obtain more surface area of heat sink, plastic heat sink can be considered. Because plastic heat sink can get complex geometric structure by molding. With enough surface area of heat sink and better surface finish, plastic heat sink can replace aluminum heat sink. It's because the heat convection and radiation can remove the heat effectively. In this paper, the thermal analysis was carried out by numerical finite element simulation to investigate the thermal characteristics of LED lamp. Effect of heat sink's material on junction temperature was compared for both aluminum and plastic heat sink. The aluminum heat sink can provide better thermal performance than the latter. In this study, a 7-Watt LED with plastic heat sink was performed. Then, the target temperature of 7-Watt LED with aluminum heat sink is about 74°C. Through numerical simulation observing variations in surface area and surface finish of plastic heat sink are determined to achieve the target temperature of 74°C. Results showed that plastic heat sink obtain 76.6°C by increasing emissivity and surface area of heat sink.
WiFi SiP module using IPD Rx Balun applications

A compact WiFi SiP module using IPD (Integrated Passive Device) Rx Balun is proposed. This WiFi SiP module integrates active chip, RF front end circuit, EEPROM and IPD chip as a full system module that can be easily used for 802.11g WLAN application, especially in handheld products like note book or cell phone. The IPD Rx Balun is designed on a silicon substrate, and soldered on substrate with WiFi chip. The IPD Rx Balun is fabricated on a silicon substrate using thin film process to build up low cost, high performance, and high quality passive component of capacitors, and inductors. Two designs of IPD Rx Balun to meet the WiFi module requirement are presented. Their dimensions are all 1.0×0.895×0.5 mm3 (LxWxH). The simulation results show that the baluns achieves 1.0 dB insertion loss and -15 dB return loss between the 2.4-2.5 GHz operation bandwidth. The phase and amplitude imbalances are less than 10° and 2 dB, respectively. Eventually, this SiP module receiving sensitivity is about -73 dBm at 54Mbps data rate, and meet 802.11g spec.
Self-supervised online learning of appearance for 3D tracking

This paper presents a self-supervised online learning approach for 3D object tracking that requires no pretraining of appearance. Our method focuses on selecting the most relevant parts of the RGBD input by continuously updating appearance classifiers in conjunction with the spatial occupancy of the target. Fine-grained regions selected via the learned bottom-up saliency, together with spatial cues of the 3D shape model, are used to identify and localize the target via shape registration. The subsequent 3-D pose estimate along with positive and negative labels from the registration are used for online learning appearance. The proposed method outperforms competing model-based tracking algorithms on public datasets as well as on a new motion scene dataset that we have collected.
Learning full body push recovery control for small humanoid robots

Dynamic bipedal walking is susceptible to external disturbances and surface irregularities, requiring robust feedback control to remain stable. In this work, we present a practical hierarchical push recovery strategy that can be readily implemented on a wide range of humanoid robots. Our method consists of low level controllers that perform simple, biomechanically motivated push recovery actions and a high level controller that combines the low level controllers according to proprioceptive and inertial sensory signals and the current robot state. Reinforcement learning is used to optimize the parameters of the controllers in order to maximize the stability of the robot over a broad range of external disturbances. The controllers are learned on a physical simulation and implemented on the Darwin-HP humanoid robot platform, and the resulting experiments demonstrate effective full body push recovery behaviors during dynamic walking.
Source and Relay Power Selection Using Biogeography-Based Optimization for Cognitive Radio Systems

In this paper, we present a binary-based low-complexity interference-aware relay selection scheme for a cognitive radio system with one source and multiple relays, using Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) algorithm as one of the novel high-performance Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs). We formulate the joint source and relay power allocation as a mixed integer non-linear programming problem, further reduced to an integer programming problem. Optimally relay assignment using the Exhaustive Search Algorithm (ESA) has a high computational complexity that grows exponentially with the number of relays. We applied the BBO-based relay selection scheme with discrete power control at source and relays for the integer programming problem. We present a low-complex migration model for partial immigration-based BBO, and simulation results show that its performance is close to the optimal ESA.
A 0.88nW/pixel, 99.6 dB Linear-Dynamic-Range Fully-Digital Image Sensor Employing a Pixel-Level Sigma-Delta ADC

We describe a CMOS image sensor employing pixel-level SigmaDelta analog to digital conversion. The design has high fill factor (31%), zero DC offset fixed pattern noise and reduced reset and transistor readout noise in comparison to other analog and digital imager readout techniques. The SigmaDelta pixel design also has low power consumption: 0.88 nW/pixel at 30 fps, high dynamic range of 16 bits, intrinsic linearity, and relative insensitivity to process variations
Sigma-delta analog to digital converter architecture based upon a modulator design employing a mirrored integrator

We present a method to increase the resolution and stability of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ analog to digital converters in which the entire /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator is enclosed in a chopper-stabilization (CHS) structure. Simulations of the proposed architecture show that the effects of integrator opamp non-idealities (1/f noise, DC offset and drift) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) DC offset and even-order distortion harmonics are eliminated and that the effect of integrator saturation distortion is reduced by up to 27dB in comparison to existing designs. Finally, the proposed architecture may be realized in a single-ended design enabling area-conservative circuit layouts.
An RSFQ variable duty cycle oscillator for driving a superconductive qubit

We design an RSFQ oscillator with a variable duty cycle to drive a superconductive qubit. This design has been optimized to minimize the decoherence when coupled to the superconductive persistent current qubit. A continuous RSFQ ring oscillator reads the contents of a Non-Destructive Read Out memory cell. By using two out-of-phase counters to Set and Reset the cell, we can vary the duty cycle of the pulses read from the memory cell. This train of flux quanta is filtered, then used to drive the persistent current qubit. The precision is sufficient to measure relaxation time and possibly Rabi oscillations.
Terahertz detection in Si MOSFET based on thermionic emission

In this work, a new detection method for Terahertz (THz) radiation in a MOSFET transistor based on Thermionic Emission (TE) has been demonstrated. Theoretical analysis and experimental data have shown that under sub-threshold biasing conditions, the detection of THz signals from thermionic emission through a potential barrier between the highly doped source region and depleted channel region is far greater than the plasmonic detection in strongly inverted channel region of the MOSFET. TE detection using conventional CMOS processes offers a better cost and performance alternative to microbolometers and pyroelectric detectors. A photo-voltaic readout mode for THz detectors is described along with a methodology for measuring responsivity.
Musical note segmentation employing combined time and frequency analyses

In this paper we describe a musical stream note segmentation method that employs time-domain and frequency-domain analysis methods working in conjunction. The method has two demonstrated benefits: first, it leads to reliable results with very low probability of either missing or of falsely detecting notes, and second, it has temporal resolution on the order of 1 msec. We have applied the method to a variety of monophonic musical instrument recordings, including the clarinet, piano and violin, with results that vary from 95% to 100% accuracy.
Indirect-Feedback Sigma-Delta Image Sensors: Theory, Modeling and Design

A novel architecture for a CMOS image sensor that incorporates a column-level sigma-delta (ΣΔ) analog-to-digital converter is presented. An indirect-feedback readout architecture where the digital output of the ΣΔ modulator is accumulated by a digital counter and converted to an analog voltage that serves as the reference voltage in the modulator's comparator is employed. A time-domain pixel simulator that enables assessment of the major noise contributions in this type of imager is also presented. Theoretical calculations agree with simulation results, showing a minimum readout noise of 2.18e- and a dynamic range (DR) of over 100 dB. Prototype chip tests without multiple resets show an 87 dB dynamic range with a readout noise of 2.17e-.
Preamplifiers for non-contact capacitive biopotential measurements

Non-contact biopotential sensing is an attractive measurement strategy for a number of health monitoring applications, primarily the ECG and the EEG. In all such applications a key technical challenge is the design of a low-noise trans-impedance preamplifier for the typically low-capacitance, high source impedance sensing electrodes. In this paper, we compare voltage and charge amplifier designs in terms of their common mode rejection ratio, noise performance, and frequency response. Both amplifier types employ the same operational-transconductance amplifier (OTA), which was fabricated in a 0.35um CMOS process. The results show that a charge amplifier configuration has advantages for small electrode-to-subject coupling capacitance values (less than 10 pF - typical of noncontact electrodes) and that the voltage amplifier configuration has advantages for electrode capacitances above 10 pF.
Short-term frequency stability of RSFQ ring oscillators

The temporal stability of the clock signal has a profound effect on the performance of synchronous RSFQ digital systems. Short-term clock fluctuations, or clock jitter, can severely degrade system performance due to the hazard of timing constraint violations. Successful large-scale RSFQ digital systems will require highly stable multi-Gigahertz on-chip clock sources. To meet this need, methods for characterizing and measuring the short-term stability of such sources are required. In this paper we identify the relevant figure of merit to characterize and compare various clocks: the cycle-to-cycle standard deviation of the clock periods. We have developed experimental techniques for the measurement of this figure of merit and applied it to the characterization of an RSFQ ring oscillator. The experimental results are compared with results from a stochastic circuit simulator. We determined the value of jitter to be 1.52% at 10 GHz.
An interface circuit for measuring capacitance changes based upon capacitance-to-duty cycle (CDC) converter

We present a direct-to-digital capacitive sensor readout circuit that converts capacitance changes of a sensor element to changes of the duty cycle of a square-wave oscillator, which, in turn, is converted to a digital output by a counter. The readout circuit resembles a single-slope analog-to-digital converter structure. There are several advantages of this readout scheme. First, due to its simplicity and low number of components, the power consumption of the circuit is expected to be significantly smaller than in similar digital readout designs. Furthermore, linearization of the output may be achieved using an EEPROM lookup table. Another advantage is the possibility of performing adaptive measurements where the sensor resolution and bandwidth may be changed via the readout circuit software. Finally, we present a theory of the adaptive measurement and an analysis of the design tradeoffs. The capacitance-to-duty cycle readout circuit may achieve large bandwidth and high resolution in a modern low-voltage, low-power CMOS implementation. The performance of a prototype readout circuit built from discrete components is 13-bit effective resolution with a 1-kHz bandwidth.
Design of an RSFQ control circuit to observe MQC on an rf-SQUID

We believe that the best chance to observe macroscopic quantum coherence (MQC) in an rf-SQUID qubit is to use on-chip RSFQ digital circuits for preparing, evolving and reading out the qubit's quantum state. This approach allows experiments to be conducted on a very short time scale (sub-nanosecond) without the use of large bandwidth control lines that would couple environmental degrees of freedom to the qubit, thus contributing to its decoherence. In this paper we present our design of an RSFQ digital control circuit for demonstrating MQC in an rf-SQUID. We assess some of the key practical issues in the circuit design including the achievement of the necessary flux bias stability. We present an "active" isolation structure to be used to increase coherence times. The structure decouples the SQUID from external degrees of freedom, and then couples it to the output measurement circuitry when required, all under the active control of RSFQ circuits.
Pitch bends and tonguing articulation in clarinet physical modeling synthesis

A physical modeling approach is used to investigate playing effects in woodwind instruments. This builds upon prior work concerning both empirical studies of the acoustics of the clarinet and extensive development of computer simulations of musical instrument systems. Specifically, explicit implementations of two performance gestures for the clarinet are given and demonstrated: tonguing and pitch bending. Physical modeling for the clarinet is briefly reviewed. Following this we show how both tonguing and pitch bending map to changes in the clarinet physical model itself and in the control parameter data. To our knowledge, tonguing in particular is one effect that has not been widely discussed in the literature, at least in the exact form we present. Finally, some possible future research directions are indicated.
Timing jitter and bit errors in a 64-bit circular shift register

The bit-error rate of a 64-bit single-flux-quantum circular shift register, operating at a clock frequency of 10-16 GHz was measured. Error incidence depends on the values of the clock and data bias currents and on the clock frequency. Timing violation arising from thermal jitter is the dominant error mechanism. The jitter per JTL stage is estimated to be 290 fs based on the error rate data. This corresponds to a noise temperature of 8-9 K.
Robustness analysis of a digital audio steganographic method based on phase manipulation

In this paper, we discuss the robustness of a digital audio steganographic technique, originally presented in Xiaoxiao et al. (2004), that encodes hidden data through manipulation of the relative phase of harmonically related components of a host audio signal. The method described is aurally transparent for stego-data transmission rates up to 160 bits/sec. The data also survives MP3 compression-decompression as well as digital to analog to digital conversion. In the latter case bit error rates of 10% have been achieved which, with appropriate forward error correction, would enable robust steganographic communication.
CMOS image sensor readout employing in-pixel transistor current sensing

We propose an analog CMOS image sensor with 10X faster readout settling time than standard active pixel sensor (APS) designs. The pixel in the proposed design is a standard APS source follower configuration thus retaining high fill factor. Negative feedback is applied to the readout of the pixel from a column shared circuit to increase its current driving capabilities and thereby reduce the settling time between correlated double sampling (CDS) samples, which significantly reduces the 1/f noise contributed by the in-pixel source follower transistor. In addition, we describe an improved active reset utilizing the current sensing method. We present analysis and simulations of the proposed current sensing active pixel (CSAP) sensor design in a standard 0.35 um CMOS process operating from a 3.3 V power supply.
On the security and robustness of encryption via compressed sensing

The compressed sensing (CS) paradigm unifies sensing and compression of sparse signals in a simple linear measurement step. Reconstruction of the signal from the CS measurements relies on the knowledge of the measurement matrix used for sensing. Generation of the pseudo-random sensing matrix utilizing a cryptographic key, offers a natural method for encrypting the signal during CS. This CS based encryption has the inherent advantage that encryption occurs implicitly in the sensing process - without requiring additional computation. Additionally, the robustness of recovery from compressed sensing, allows a new form of ldquorobust encryptionrdquo for multimedia data, wherein the signal is recoverable with high fidelity despite the introduction of additive noise in the encrypted data. In this paper, we examine the security and robustness of this CS based encryption method. The security implications are investigated by considering brute force and structured attacks. Robustness is characterized empirically. Our analysis and results indicate that the computational complexity of these attacks renders them infeasible in practice. In addition, the CS based encryption is found to have fair robustness against additive noise, making it a promising ldquorobust encryptionrdquo technique for multimedia.
RSFQ circular shift registers

The circular shift register is a versatile building block for RSFQ digital circuits. It can be used for local memory and it is essential for the proposed implementation of residue number system arithmetic. It is surprising that the successful recurrent operation of such a shift register has never been reported m the RSFQ literature. Circular shift registers have a design constraint that is unusual in RSFQ circuits-the requirement of zero overall clock skew. We propose and analyze three novel designs and compare their simulated parameter margins as well as their maximum operating frequencies, latencies and areas. These designs differ in the topology of the clock distribution network as well as the type of storage element employed in the data path. Two designs show satisfactory parameter margins and large maximum clock frequency.
Non-contact, capacitive biosensor electrodes for electrostatic charge reduction

Non-contact capacitive sensors are receiving much attention as the desire for long-term portable biological sensing devices grows. However, electrostatic discharge (ESD) generation, arising from the sensor electrodes rubbing against the subjects clothing, is a significant challenge. We propose an actively driven shielding electrode with a grid-multilayer structure. We have considered and compared five electrode prototype designs. The signal-to-ESD noise ratio (SENR) and maximum amplifier noise budget were measured for the purposes of comparing the different electrode designs. The results indicate that the grid electrode has relatively moderate SENR and an acceptable noise design budget better than the other proposed prototypes.
Least-squares estimation of the common acoustical poles in room acoustics and head related transfer functions

Accurate and stable estimation of common acoustical poles is required in many applications such as speech dereverberation, acoustic feedback cancellation, sound field equalization, and virtual auditory display. In this paper, an algorithm for the least-squares estimation of the acoustical poles is presented. In contrast to previous methods, which may have limited accuracy and/or limitations imposed by nonlinear optimization, our method precisely estimates the acoustical poles after a low number of iterations. The proposed method unconditionally guarantees stability of the estimated poles. The method is examined using measured head related and room transfer functions. Experimental results show that estimated common acoustical poles accurately match the resonance frequencies of the ear canal and precisely agree with theoretical poles for a room acoustic response.
Methods to extract respiration information from ECG signals

The reliability of respiratory signal extraction methods from electrocardiogram (ECG) data is investigated. To provide a reference, a breathing sensor using a piezo-electric cable was designed and constructed. Two previously established methods , QRS amplitude modulation and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), are adapted to include the PQRST complex of the ECG. In addition, a third method, which we call the ECG mean, is proposed. The results show that interval methods perform better than envelope methods. However, the ECG mean method performs similarly to the interval methods.
A method for efficient interpolation of discrete-time signals by using a blue-noise mapping method

A method for the efficient interpolation of uniformly sampled discrete time signals is described. The method can be used to interpolate N-dimensional discrete signals such as audio, images, and 3D medical imaging. As opposed to conventional interpolation methods, where uniform zero-insertion (expansion) is performed prior to low-pass filtering, the proposed method inserts zeros in a blue-noise pattern, which has been shown most appropriate for this application. This interpolation method attenuates undesired replicas solely by the act of noisy zero-insertion, resulting in relaxed requirements on the order of the interpolation filter, thereby reducing the required computations. This work shows that an N/sup th/ order blue noise pattern reduces the filter order by N.