nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A unified approach to noniterative linear signal restoration

The main goal of this paper is to describe a unified framework for several noniterative algorithms for signal extrapolation reported in the literature. This unification is achieved through integral equation and Hilbert space theories. The importance of this unification is that we can bring to bear the vast body of techniques in these theories to the solution of the extrapolation problem. We will show that the so-called two-step procedures for extrapolation with different underlying models can be unified by means of noniterative algorithms for solving optimization problems in Hilbert spaces. In particular, we show that two-step procedures under a discrete-continuous model ,  belong to a general class of well-known algorithms for solving linear integral equations of the first kind: given g(x), x \in A find f(t), t \in \Omega such that g(x) = \int\min{\Omega} K(x,t)f(t)dt, x \in A (1) In addition, we will show that the prolate spheroidal expansion technique is also a special case of the well-known Picard's eigenfunction procedure for the general integral problem (1). This theoretical unification, together with that presented in  for iterative least-squares algorithms, demonstrates that most of the well-known procedures for band-limited extrapolation can be considered as special cases of standard techniques in integral equations and operator theory.
A ponderomotive guiding center particle-in-cell code for efficient modeling of laser-plasma interactions

A novel particle simulation code is described that self-consistently models certain classes of laser-plasma interactions without resolving the optical cycles of the laser. This is accomplished by separating the electromagnetic field into a laser component and a wake component. Although the wake component is treated as in a fully explicit particle-in-cell (PIC) code, the laser component is treated in the high-frequency limit, which allows the optical cycles to be averaged out. This leads to enormous reductions in computer time when the laser frequency is much greater than all other frequencies of interest. This work is an extension of the work of Mora and Antonsen, Jr. (1996 and 1997), who derived the time-averaged equations coupling the laser with the particles and developed a code to solve these equations in the quasi-static limit. The code presented is distinguished by the fact that it is useful when the plasma length is much less than the laser pulse length. Also, it is already parallelized and should be straightforward to extend to three dimensions.
A UWB active sensor localization method based on time-difference back-projection

Time of arrival (TOA) based techniques are widely used in many ranging and localization problems. But because their performance highly depends on the accuracy of the TOA estimation of direct-paths, it's challenging to achieve accurate position estimations under dense multipath or Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) condition. In this paper, an algorithm which combines Time difference of arrival (TDOA) technique and back-projection technique is proposed. Based on a coarse estimate of the direct-path, a certain data segment containing direct-path is extracted from each channel. Then a back-projection operation is applied on the extracted data segments so as to strengthen the information of direct-path. A final position estimate is obtained at the same time.
Development and testing of a high-average power, 94-GHz gyroklystron

The development of a 10-kW average power, 94-GHz gyroklystron amplifier is described. This average power was obtained with 11% radio frequency (RF) duty factor and 92-kW peak power in the TE/sub 01/ circular cavity mode. The instantaneous bandwidth was 420 MHz, and the efficiency was 33.5%. Low-duty-factor testing also yielded a peak power of as much as 115 kW with 600-MHz instantaneous bandwidth. This development effort was carried out over the past three years and represents record average power performance in an amplifier at this frequency.
Comparison of Algorithms for Speaker Identification under Adverse Far-Field Recording Conditions with Extremely Short Utterances

In this paper, we compare the state-of-the-art algorithms for text-independent speaker identification under adverse far-field recording conditions with extremely short training and testing utterances. The algorithms include both the generative and discriminative methods. For the generative methods, three variants of the original Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and the Universal Background Model adapted Gaussian Mixture Model (UBM-GMM) are involved. For the discriminative methods, two kernel-based algorithms, namely, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), are considered. The comparison mainly focuses on the speaker identification accuracy and the speed of the individual algorithms (for both training and testing) as well as the sparseness of the resulting model for the kernel-based methods. Finally, we demonstrate through experiments that multi-channel fusion of the far-field recordings yields improved performance across all the above algorithms.
Development of THz gyrotrons with pulse solenoids for detecting concealed radioactive materials

This paper describes the first steps in the development of a high-power THz-range gyrotron with pulsed solenoids for remote detection of concealed radioactive materials. We present design data on a 670GHz, 300 kW gyrotron with pulsed solenoid, report the progress in fabrication and testing the 28 T pulsed solenoid and its power supply and discuss the detection concept based on focusing high-power THz wave beams in small spots where the wave electric field amplitude exceeds the threshold required for initiating the breakdown.
Analysis of mismatched downlink beamforming over non-stationary channels with interference

Inter-cell interference is the limiting factor in next generation cellular networks with frequency reuse factor 1. A promising approach to mitigate the effects of downlink interference is the use of transmit beamforming; however, only few measurement-based performance evaluations are currently available to assess realistic gains and limitations. We study the achievable performance of inter-cell interference-limited networks with single-user detection for slow and fast fading channels that are non-stationary but doubly underspread. The evaluation is based on channel measurements at 2.53 GHz in an urban macrocell scenario. Different beamforming techniques, a non-cooperative and two cooperative ones, are used and their robustness to the non-stationarity of the channel is evaluated. The cooperative techniques are found to be much less robust to the non-stationarity of the channel. Furthermore, an approximation of the mutual information is evaluated; it is more accurate for the cooperative techniques.
Data compression for check processing machines

A technique of compressing image data derived from personal checks which possess several gray levels is described. Check images consist of both essential information such as printed and handwritten characters and nonessential background pattern or picture. Only the character plane is to be coded. Our proposed technique is divided into two phases: character plane extraction and character plane coding. In the first phase, a character plane which is composed of character pels on a uniform background is extracted from an original digital check image by using a combination of fundamental techniques of image segmentation. In the second phase, the extracted character plane is separated into a bit plane and a gray-level plane. The bit plane which preserves the position information of character pels on the character plane is conditional entropy coded. An adaptive two- or one-dimensional predictive coding scheme is applied to the gray-level plane which consists of only the character pels on the character plane. The check data are stored for further use as a combination of the codes derived from the bit plane encoder and the gray-level encoder in a check processing machine. A comparative study shows that the proposed coding scheme performs much better than conventional predictive coding schemes. For 8 gray-level image data, a compression factor of about 8:1 has been achieved.
Electromagnetic loss investigation and mitigation in switched flux permanent magnet machines

This paper presents the electromagnetic loss analysis and mitigating methods of switched flux permanent magnet (SFPM) machines. The 2-dimentional finite element (2-D FE) method is used to calculate the flux density in all the mesh elements within stator and rotor iron cores, then the stator and rotor hysteresis, eddy current and excess losses are calculated. The PM eddy current losses have been calculated as well by using 2-D FE method. The methods such as segmenting (either radially or axially) the permanent magnets or modifying the ratio of rotor pole to pole pitch have been employed for eddy current reduction. The FE results have shown that the proposed methods are very effective in reducing PM eddy current losses without sacrificing the average torque of the investigated SFPM machines.
Advancements in Distributed Generation Issues Interconnection, Modeling, and Tariffs

The California Energy Commission is cost-sharing research with the Department of Energy through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to address distributed energy resources (DER) topics. These efforts include developing interconnection and power management technologies, modeling the impacts of interconnecting DER with an area electric power system, and evaluating possible modifications to rate policies and tariffs. As a result, a DER interconnection device has been developed and tested. A workshop reviewed the status and issues of advanced power electronic devices. Software simulations used validated models of distribution circuits that incorporated DER, and tests and measurements of actual circuits with and without DER systems are being conducted to validate these models. Current policies affecting DER were reviewed and rate making policies to support deployment of DER through public utility rates and policies were identified. These advancements are expected to support the continued and expanded use of DER systems.
A Nuclear Intracranial Pressure Sensor

Knowledge of the intracranial pressure would prove medically valuable in the treatment of congenital hydrocephalus and severe head trauma. An indwelling sensor, utilizing a radioactive material as the pressure transmission signal has been developed. The unit is compact, totally implantable, requires no electrical power, and is self-compensating for external temperature and pressure. Development of the sensor has proceeded through in vitro and primate in vivo testing. Clinical trials are expected in early 1974.
Advances in modeling and simulation of vacuum electronic devices

Recent advances in the modeling and simulation of vacuum electronic devices are reviewed. Design of these devices makes use of a variety of physical models and numerical code types. Progress in the development of these models and codes is outlined and illustrated with specific examples. The state of the art in device simulation is evolving to the point such that devices can be designed on the computer, thereby eliminating many trial and error fabrication and test steps. The role of numerical simulation in the design places can be expected to grow further in the future.
A Simple commutation method for PMBLDC motor used in speed servo system

This paper presents speed control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor using TMS320F2812 DSP controller. The DSP controller used here has the specific peripherals dedicated for digital motor control applications. Control algorithms used for the speed control has been implemented through assembly language programming in DSP controller. According to the input command, feedback and the control algorithm, the PWM pulses for each phase is generated by the DSP and is fed to the MOSFET driver driving a 3 phase BLDC motor. The output of the driver is 6 independent PWM pulses that have to be given to the corresponding gates of the six MOSFETs power switches used in the three-phase bridge inverter whose output is given to the stator of the Brushless DC Motor. The complete system model is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The experimentation validation on a TMS320F2812 platform has been carried out using TMS320F2812eZDSP.
Balanced Two-Stage Residual Networks for Image Super-Resolution

In this paper, balanced two-stage residual networks (BTSRN) are proposed for single image super-resolution. The deep residual design with constrained depth achieves the optimal balance between the accuracy and the speed for super-resolving images. The experiments show that the balanced two-stage structure, together with our lightweight two-layer PConv residual block design, achieves very promising results when considering both accuracy and speed. We evaluated our models on the New Trends in Image Restoration and Enhancement workshop and challenge on image super-resolution (NTIRE SR 2017). Our final model with only 10 residual blocks ranked among the best ones in terms of not only accuracy (6th among 20 final teams) but also speed (2nd among top 6 teams in terms of accuracy). The source code both for training and evaluation is available in https://github.com/ychfan/sr_ntire2017.
Closed-loop afferent electrical stimulation for recovery of hand function in individuals with motor incomplete spinal injury: Early clinical results

Afferent electrical stimulation is known to augment the effect of rehabilitative therapy through use-dependent cortical plasticity. Experiments pairing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) have shown a timing-dependent effect on motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude suggesting that PNS applied in closed-loop (CL) mode could augment this effect through positive reinforcement. We present early results from a clinical trial in which an EEG brain-machine interface (BMI) was used to apply PNS to two subjects in response to motor intent detected from sensorimotor cortex in a cue-driven hand grip task. Both subjects had stable incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) with impaired upper limb function commensurate with the injury level. Twelve sessions of CL-PNS applied over a 4-6 week period yielded results suggesting improved hand grip strength and increased task-related modulation of the EEG in one hand of both subjects, and increased TMS-measured motor map area in one. These observations suggest that rehabilitation using such interactive therapies could benefit affected individuals.
A probabilistic framework for segmentation and tracking of multiple non rigid objects for video surveillance

This paper presents a probabilistic framework for segmenting and tracking multiple non rigid foreground objects for video surveillance, using a static monocular camera. The algorithm combines information in a probabilistic sense and poses the problem of matching the segmented foreground objects with blobs in the next frame as a non bipartite matching problem. To solve this problem, probability is calculated for each possible matching. Initialization of new objects is also treated in a probabilistic manner. The new framework is shown to be able to handle a greater set of difficult situations and to improve performance significantly.
Audio visual word spotting

The task of word spotting is to detect and verify some specific words embedded in unconstrained speech. Most word spotters based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) have the same noise robustness problem as a speech recognizer. The performance of a word spotter drops significantly under a noisy environment. Visual speech information has been shown to improve noise robustness of speech recognizers (Neti, C. et al., 2000; Nefian, A.V. et al., 2002; Potamianos, G. et al., 2003). We add visual speech information to improve the noise robustness of the word spotter. In visual frontend processing, the information-based maximum discrimination (IBMD) algorithm (Colmenarez, A. and Huang, T.S., 1997) is used to detect the face/mouth corners. In audio-visual fusion, feature-level fusion is adopted. We compare the audio-visual word-spotter with the audio-only spotter and show the advantage of the former approach over the latter.
Current switched Josephson latching logic gates with sub-100ps delays

This paper describes the fabrication and testing of Josephson latching logic gates with an average delay per gate of between 37 to 96 picoseconds, depending on gate design. The gates are of the type developed by Fulton, Pei, and Dunkleberger. The gates employ two 7 micron square Josephson tunnel junctions and a small resistor in a loop. Series chains of 30 to 90 gates were tested. The control current from a previous gate is added to the bias current of the first junction in a gate and causes it to switch out of the zero voltage state. The second junction then switches and diverts most of the bias current to the fanout line. The second junction also diverts the control current from the previous gate through the small resistor to provide isolation between input and output. The experimentally measured margins and the sources of gate delay are discussed.
2-D large-signal modeling of an S-band CCT device using GATOR

GATOR is a multi-frequency, time-domain simulation code used to predict small- and large-signal performance of helix and coupled-cavity traveling-wave tubes (TWTs). For coupled-cavity TWTs (CCTWTs), GATOR makes use of the generalized Curnow Equivalent circuit parameters to represent the cavities. Any cavity structures, regardless of the cavity and slot shapes, can be represented using this code. The resistive loading of a cavity is included in the Equivalent Circuit Model by adding resistive components. The equivalent-circuit parameters can be extracted from GATOR itself by running the code in cold-test simulation mode or from any other equivalent-circuit programs. Measured or theoretical values of dispersion data are required when using any of the cold-test equivalent-circuit codes. Once the equivalent-circuit parameters are known for the entire traveling-wave-tube rf structure, GATOR can be used for hot-test simulation of the device to predict its small- or large-signal performance.
A sixteen-bit monolithic bipolar DAC

Describes a fully monolithic 16-bit digital-analog converter (DAC) which is fabricated with dielectric isolation and thin film nichrome resistors. The design uses a straightforward extension of techniques successfully used in lower resolution DACs. To achieve the greater accuracy needed for a 16-bit DAC, special layout techniques are used. An auxiliary R-2R ladder is introduced to provide a ground current cancellation scheme. The experimental results show that 16-bit resolution is possible with a typical settling time of 1 /spl mu/s. Improved performance over a temperature range of 0/spl deg/C-75/spl deg/C is observed with units exhibiting one-half an LSB differential and integral linearity of 14-bit resolution. The initial 16-bit accuracy approaches that of expensive hybrid modules, while the accuracy over wide temperature ranges surpasses anything presently reported.
Application of thermal test chips to stacked chip packages

Thermal metrics for single-chip packaged semiconductors have been defined with respect to junction temperature and a thermal reference. The methodologies include thermal resistance analysis in varying degrees of accuracy. The single-value metric of θjx [1,2,3], or thermal resistance defined as the temperature difference from a semiconductor junction (j) to some specified reference (x) divided by the heat flux through the path (Eq. 1), is used extensively to evaluate the thermal performance of a given device. Simply put, the maximum junction temperature is measured or modeled and this value is used to determine if the product needs heat removal beyond the package and intended end-use application board. As integrated circuit feature size decreases the use of single-value metrics often times may not fully solve the maximum temperature problem or the cooling solution may be over- or under designed. The compact model [4,5,6,7] is a further refinement of the thermal resistance analysis method which uses multiple resistances to produce a boundary condition independent model. This method allows a more detailed analysis of complex thermal interactions within the package or system model which generally only describes one heat source, but may be extended to multiple chips or heat sources and suggest one possible solution .
Analyzing Sentiment Markers Describing Radical and Counter-Radical Elements in Online News

In this study, we aim to obtain “natural groupings” of 151 local non-government organizations and institutions mentioned in a news archive of 77,000 articles spanning a decade (May 1999 to Jan 2010) from Indonesia. One of our goals is to enhance our understanding of counter-radical movements in critical locations in the Muslim world. We present information extraction techniques to recognize entities, and their beliefs and practices in text as a step towards identifying socially significant scales with explanatory power. Then, we proceed to cluster organizations based on these scales. We present experimental results, and discuss challenges in reasoning with the complex interactions of many simultaneous beliefs, practices and attitudes held by the leaders and followers of various organizations.
Behavior and Loss Modeling of a Three-Phase Resonant Pole Inverter Operating with 120° Double FlatTop Modulation

This paper describes the loss modeling and optimization of a grid-connected resonant pole inverter operating with 120deg double flattop modulation (Rigbers et al., 2005). The proposed architecture achieves soft-switching with highly reduced current stresses compared to the conventional resonant pole inverter (Divan and Skibinski, 1987) and (Divan et al., 1988) without additional components. This concept is based on the fact that a symmetrical three-phase system delivers or draws always constant power to/from the grid with 120deg phase shifted sinusoidal phase voltages of same amplitude and coherent sinusoidal phase currents. Simple analytic behavior and loss models for all active and passive components are derived and verified using a 5 kW prototype
A real time automatic access control system based on face and eye corners detection, face recognition and speaker identification

We have recently developed a real time automatic access control system suing both face and voice identification. We show that combining these two modalities achieves high recognition accuracy, especially in difficult recognition scenarios. Our system also supports online training of the user models, i.e., a person who has not been registered in the database can be added on the spot in real time. This system is composed of a face and eye corners detection module, a face recognition module, a speaker identification module, and a user interface module. We present the algorithm of each module with more emphasis on our information maximization based face and eye corners detection and user interface design. We discuss some issues related to the integration of components into the total system. We report the experimental results of the system performance together with comparison with those of some other systems.
Analytical rate versus distortion characteristics for LMS adaptive source coding

This paper investigates analytically and experimentally the rate (transmitted bandwidth) versus signal distortion introduced by transmitting and reconstructing the signal from the quantized LMS prediction residual. The contribution of this paper is the analytical determination of the received signal distortion as a function of quantizer wordlength (which determines the transmitted bit rate), LMS filter parameters and input signal correlation properties. This distortion is computable for both the transient adaptation stage and in the steady state converged stage.