nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The troposcatter channel fading and diffusion modeling for multi-beamforming in receiving antennas

The tropospheric scatter mechanism is potentially valuable for over-the-horizon (OTH) target detection, in which a fatal limitation is the large propagation loss caused by the long path length and the scattering. High antenna gain is indispensable to compensate the high propagation loss, which results in narrow beamwidth and small spatial coverage by time-consuming mechanical scanning. Array antenna is promising to handle this contradiction between real-time wide spatial coverage and high antenna gain, owning to its multiple beamforming techniques, which is able to cover the whole interest area simultaneously. However, the beamforming performance is severely degraded by the troposcatter channel fading correlation between multiple beams, and the diffusion phases among array antennas. According to the latest Recommendation of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R), and two recent troposcatter fading correlation researches, i.e., ‘ring-scatter model’ and ‘scatter transfer function model’, this paper firstly derives the correlation with adjacent azimuth angle, which describes the correlation coefficients along multiple beams with respect to receiving/transmitting beam angles, beam width, the target distanceetc. Then the phase diffusion in each antenna is derived by substituting its relative distance from the common volume into the scatter transfer function, and the phase diffusion can be written in closed-form with respect to the array interval and other parameters as beamwidth, target distance etc. Based on the above two results, a modified Linear Constrained Minimum Variance (LCMV) multi-beamforming method is proposed, wherein the beam directions and the constrained vector are designed to reach a compromise between the independence and the interval of the multiple beams according to their mutual correlations. Besides, the array manifold matrix of the multi-beam directions is compensated with the diffusion phases to accommodate the common volume scattering source. The simulation results show that the desired multi-beam pattern can be effectively arranged with the given parameters under OTH troposcatter propagating scenarios, and the pattern distortion caused by the troposcatter diffusion is significantly relieved.
Selecting Optimal Subset to Release Under Differentially Private M-Estimators from Hybrid Datasets

Privacy concern in data sharing especially for health data gains particularly increasing attention nowadays. Now, some patients agree to open their information for research use, which gives rise to a new question of how to effectively use the public information to better understand the private dataset without breaching privacy. In this paper, we specialize this question as selecting an optimal subset of the public dataset for M-estimators in the framework of differential privacy (DP) in  . From a perspective of non-interactive learning, we first construct the weighted private density estimation from the hybrid datasets under DP. Along the same line as  , we analyze the accuracy of the DP M-estimators based on the hybrid datasets. Our main contributions are (i) we find that the bias-variance tradeoff in the performance of our M-estimators can be characterized in the sample size of the released dataset; (ii) based on this finding, we develop an algorithm to select the optimal subset of the public dataset to release under DP. Our simulation studies and application to the real datasets confirm our findings and set a guideline in the real application.
Investigation of a novel folded waveguide slow wave structure for traveling wave tube

A novel taper ridge-vane loaded folded waveguide (FWG) slow wave structure (SWS) for 140 GHz traveling wave tube (TWT) has been presented in this paper. The electromagnetic characteristics and beam-wave interaction of this kind of structure are calculated. It is shown from our calculation results that the new kind of circuit is a promising SWS for developing a wide band high-power millimeter wave, even Terahetrz radiation source.
Load restoration optimization based on entropy weight method

Load restoration problem is a hybrid programming problem combining with the zero-one integer programming and the linear programming problem and has many safe constraints. It is the primary objective to maximize the load pickup through load priorities. This paper employs entropy weight method to evaluate load priorities. It concerns about the closely related indexes including load importance, load outage loss, load fluctuation and load reliability. By using the method, the objective weights (entropy weights) deduced from these indexes could be used in conjunction with the subjective weights acquired from knowledge and experience of experts. Obviously, this method can describe load priorities with more accurate results and overcome the defects of conventional methods that only use subjective weights. The optimum model of load restoration is set up and it can be transmitted to a 0–1 knapsack problem with one constraint through constraint relaxations. And hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to solve the problem. The proposed methodology has been validated with the IEEE39 system.
An incremental clustering method of micro-blog topic detection

Micro-blog as a novel individual publication model over the internet, greatly promotes the open and interactive network information, but it has brought explosive growth on the information of micro-blog. Compared with the traditional topic, the text of micro-blog is shorter and less words, and the terms are not standard. Therefore the traditional topic detection method cannot work out effectively. In the paper, micro-blog account and network words are processed to reduce network garbage on micro-blog. Information of word, such as part of speech, frequency, and distribution, is used to extract feature of words. Incremental clustering model has been used to detect hot topic of micro-blog. The results show that the method improves the efficiency of the detection to a certain extent, and reduces the undetected rate and false detection rate. It can effectively discover hot topics on micro-blog in time.
A Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning using Actor-Critic methods

This paper investigates a new algorithm in Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning. We propose a multi-agent learning algorithm that is extend single agent actor-critic methods to the multi-agent setting. To realize the algorithm, we introduced the value of agentpsilas temporal best-response strategy instead of the value of an equilibria. So, our algorithm uses the linear programming to compute Q values. When there are multi Nash equilibrium in the games, the mixed equilibrium was be reached. Our learning algorithm works within the very general framework of n-player, general-sum stochastic games, and learns both the game structure and its associated optimal policy.
A Novel V-Shaped Microstrip Meander-Line Slow-Wave Structure for W-band MMPM

In this paper, a novel V-shaped microstrip meander-line slow-wave structure (SWS) is proposed for use in a low-voltage high-efficiency wide-bandwidth miniature millimeter-wave traveling-wave tube (TWT). The electromagnetic characteristics and the interaction between the sheet electron beam and slow wave in this SWS are obtained by utilizing the CST Microwave Studio and Particle Studio codes, respectively. From our calculations, it is predicted that, at a beam voltage of 3.7 kV and a beam current of 100 mA, an output power greater than 30 W can be obtained ranging from 75 to 100 GHz, and this V-shaped microstrip meander-line TWT will be helpful for a W-band millimeter-wave power module.
Design Institute's Knowledge Sharing System Preliminary Study

Knowledge became the most important strategic resources in the times of Knowledge-based economy and knowledge management is the sources of sustainable development for enterprise. Knowledge Management aims to implement knowledge sharing. However, how to implement knowledge sharing is the hardest challenge in knowledge management. Based on the expatiation of knowledge's characteristics and "prisoner's dilemma" for knowledge sharing of design institute, this paper points out the difficulties of knowledge sharing and present the approaches to construct and consummate the mechanism of design institute's knowledge sharing¿
Capacitor charging power supply based on LCL-T resonant converter with clamp diodes

In this paper, constant current capacitor charging power supply (CCPS) based on LCL-T resonant converter with clamp diodes is investigated. The CCPS proposed in this paper can realize constant current charging without any feedback control and be easily designed. The principle of LCL-T resonant converter having constant characteristics under certain condition is presented. Charging process and performance of the CCPS are analyzed. Based on the theoretical analysis, the parameter design method of the CCPS is proposed. In the end, simulation verifications and experimental results are carried out to prove the validity of theoretical analysis.
A radial graded solid insulation structure in vacuum

A radial graded solid insulation structure was designed and applied in 2.4 MeV electron injector. It operates in high vacuum, which is in the order of 10/sup -5/ Torr. The pulsewidth of applied voltage is 90 ns and its magnitude is -1.2 MV. Simulation with ANSYS code was made on the distribution of electric field. A series of fundamental experiments was performed to study characteristics of the solid insulators in vacuum. A detailed investigation has been made about the some important factors which affect the flashover voltage. The theoretical results and some disciplinarian methods in designing of radial insulation system have been obtained.
Notice of RetractionNew Idea of Project Management: Research on Harmony Project Management Theory

Harmony as well as win-win is the joint expectation of every project participant and also the goal of engineering project management. Presently, the project participants usually regard one another as opponents, which lead to the difficulty of efficiency decreasing and cost increasing. For this reason, the paper proposes a harmony project management theoretical system consisting of harmony theme, harmony basis, harmony operation and harmony evaluation. They are not independent but inter-associated and interactive and meanwhile each element plays its role around the harmony project management culture. The fundamental thought of this theory is as follows: first of all, analyzing the internal and external environment for attaining harmony theme to guide project management behavior; then formulating the concrete management tasks via discomposing harmony theme according to the seven basic elements of harmony basis; besides, fulfilling harmony project management in accordance with the idea of operational function.
Event based Kalman filter observer for rotary high speed on/off valve

A novel hydraulic rotary self-spinning high speed on/off valve is being developed to enable hydraulic systems to be controlled in a more efficient throttle-less manner via pulse- width-modulation (PWM). The valve is designed to operate at a spool frequency of 20 Hz to 40 Hz- A coarse non-contacting optical encoder is proposed to measure the angular position of the valve spool. Measurement events in the form of encoder count changes are obtained at irregular times and infrequently. An event-based Kalman filter is developed to improve on the resolution and to provide continuous estimation of the spool angular position and velocity. Simulation and experimental results show that the event based Kalman filter can provide accurate continuous estimation for both spool angular position and velocity.
Planar Shared Antenna Structure for NFC and UHF-RFID Reader Applications

A novel shared antenna structure is presented in this communication for near-field communication and ultrahigh-frequency (UHF)-radio frequency identification (RFID) reader applications. This design is developed based on a circularly polarized gap-loaded loop antenna and then evolved to contain a two-turn coil for inductive coupling. The design procedure and the operating principles in the two scenarios are interpreted. Experimental results confirm the good performances of the proposed design with low profile and simple structure. The measured 15 dB impedance matching and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths can fully cover the entire UHF-RFID band of 840–960 MHz. In the high-frequency band, the optimal matching circuit of the proposed structure is determined and an average transmission coefficient of 0.61 is achieved within the operating range of 50 mm.
Research on Subcontracting Boundary of Engineering Project

In the view of transaction cost economics, the subcontracting boundary of engineering project is studied. By dividing the total cost of engineering project into three parts, the model of subcontracting boundary is set up to analyze the theoretical basis of subcontracting development. In order to discuss how to solve actual problem with this idea, common subcontracting, specialty project subcontracting and general contracting project are studied separately. The results show that the economic origin of subcontracting is the reduction of the organization cost and the cost of general contractor for its advantage of specialty and scale economy. Moreover, it can promote the core ability of the general contracting management, and along with the development of technology, the boundary of subcontracting will change beneficially.
Image saliency: From intrinsic to extrinsic context

We propose a novel framework for automatic saliency estimation in natural images. We consider saliency to be an anomaly with respect to a given context that can be global or local. In the case of global context, we estimate saliency in the whole image relative to a large dictionary of images. Unlike in some prior methods, this dictionary is not annotated, i.e., saliency is assumed unknown. In the case of local context, we partition the image into patches and estimate saliency in each patch relative to a large dictionary of un-annotated patches from the rest of the image. We propose a unified framework that applies to both cases in three steps. First, given an input (image or patch) we extract k nearest neighbors from the dictionary. Then, we geometrically warp each neighbor to match the input. Finally, we derive the saliency map from the mean absolute error between the input and all its warped neighbors. This algorithm is not only easy to implement but also outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Reducing the “Tax” of Reliability: A Hardware-Aware Method for Agile Data Persistence in Mobile Devices

Nowadays, mobile devices are pervasively used by almost everyone. The majority of mobile devices use embedded-Multi Media Cards (eMMC) as storage. However, the crash-proof mechanism of existing I/O stack has not fully exploited the features of eMMC. In some real usage scenarios, the legacy data persistence procedure may dramatically degrade performance of the system. In response to this, this paper exploits the hardware features of eMMC to improve the efficiency of data persistence while preserving the reliability of current mobile systems. We characterize the existing data persistence scheme and observe that the hardware-agnostic design generates excessive non-critical data and adds expensive barriers in data persistence paths. We alleviate these overheads by leveraging eMMC features. Based on evaluations on real systems, our optimizations achieve 5%-31% performance improvement across a wide range of mobile apps.
Retrieval of grass canopy water content, leaf area index, and dry weight using TM/ETM+ data, a case study in a typical semi-arid steppe in northern china

In this research, three field surveys were carried out in a typical semi-arid steppe in northern China, respectively on early July, late July and late August in 2008. During each survey, 80 plots established according to the cyclic sampling design were investigated, and three bio-parameters including LAI (Leaf Area Index), CWC (Canopy Water Content) and DW (Dry Weight) were measured. Temporalspecific correlation analysis between TM spectral variables and bio-parameters revealed that the strength of the correlation changed dramatically across time. NDVI was more correlated with CWC and DW in late July, whereas LSWI was a better predictor for CWC and DW in late August. LAI was poorly correlated with TM spectral variables, except in late August. When the three survey datasets were analyzed together, TM band 5 and LSWI were the most suitable for bio-parameters estimation, highlighting the importance of SWIR band in ecological monitoring for semi-arid steppe.
Logic operations based on single neuron rational model

This paper focuses on phase analysis to explore the single neuron local arithmetic and logic operations on their input conductances. Based on the analysis of the rational function model of local spatial summation with the equivalent circuits for steady-state membrane potentials, the prototypes spatial summation with the equivalent circuits for steady-state membrane potentials, the prototypes of logic operations are constructed. A mapping from a partition of input conductance space into functionally distinct phases is described and the multiple mode models for logic operations are established. The transitions from output voltage to input conductance in logic operations are also discussed for the connections between neurons in different layers. Our theoretical studies and software simulations indicate that the single neuron local rational logic is programmable and the selection of these functional phases can be effectively instructed by presynaptic activities. This programmability makes the single neuron more flexible in processing the input information.
Facial Age Estimation With Age Difference

Age estimation based on the human face remains a significant problem in computer vision and pattern recognition. In order to estimate an accurate age or age group of a facial image, most of the existing algorithms require a huge face data set attached with age labels. This imposes a constraint on the utilization of the immensely unlabeled or weakly labeled training data, e.g., the huge amount of human photos in the social networks. These images may provide no age label, but it is easy to derive the age difference for an image pair of the same person. To improve the age estimation accuracy, we propose a novel learning scheme to take advantage of these weakly labeled data through the deep convolutional neural networks. For each image pair, Kullback–Leibler divergence is employed to embed the age difference information. The entropy loss and the cross entropy loss are adaptively applied on each image to make the distribution exhibit a single peak value. The combination of these losses is designed to drive the neural network to understand the age gradually from only the age difference information. We also contribute a data set, including more than 100 000 face images attached with their taken dates. Each image is both labeled with the timestamp and people identity. Experimental results on two aging face databases show the advantages of the proposed age difference learning system, and the state-of-the-art performance is gained.
Electrostatic Discharge of Plasma Created by Hypervelocity Impact 2A12 Aluminum Targets With Gradient Potential

Based on the objective reality of gradient potential existence in spacecraft surface caused by charging particles in space-plasma environment or solar wind activities, electrostatic discharge of spacecraft with surface charging or deep dielectric charging would be induced by debris or meteoroids impact. To simulate the gradient potential on the spacecraft surface in the laboratory, spacecraft surface was segmented into different parts, which different spacing reserved in two adjacent surfaces was added resistance to create different potential surfaces, and the highest potential surface as a target in the segmented surface. Circuit system realizing different gradient potential, discharge test system, as well as ultrahigh-speed camera acquired system was built by ourselves; combining with two-stage light gas gun loading system, four set experiments have been performed about hypervelocity impact on 2A12 aluminum target with gradient potential. In the experiments, spacings of 2A12 aluminum target were the same among different potential parts in every experiment, and the spacings of four set experiments were 2, 5, 10, and 15 mm, and high-potential 2A12 aluminum as the target, respectively. The experiments were performed at the impact velocity of about 3 km/s and the incidence angles of 60° (between projectile flying trajectory and target plane). Voltage probes and current probes were used to acquire discharge voltages and currents during the process of the impact. The experimental results showed that the discharge induced by impact plasma was generated between high- and low-potential targets by forming a plasma discharge channel, the gaps with 2–15 mm can evoke discharge among different targets, and the variations of the discharge current along the high- and low-potential targets did not obviously. However, the discharge duration decreased with an increasing of distance between high- and low-potential targets at the near collision velocities and the same incidence angle of the projectile. The whole physical process of discharge had experienced four stages in general, which created by hypervelocity impact 2A12 aluminum targets with gradient potential. The first stage was plasma generated by hypervelocity impact, the second stage was complex mixed plasma including plasma generated by hypervelocity impact and discharge plasma induced by split targets with gradient potential, the third stage was discharge plasma induced by hypervelocity impact, and the fourth stage was the discharge between charging particles due to the reciprocating motion of charging particles in the electromagnetic field.
An ultralow-noise Ag/AgCl electric field sensor with good stability for marine EM applications

This paper presents an ultralow-noise level of Ag/AgCl electric field sensor for detecting seafloor electric field signals. During the anodization process, we used a constant current and a constant potential for achieving the ultralow-noise level and for improving the stability and repeatability of the Ag/AgCl electric field sensor, respectively. We took advantage of newly developed materials to generate high-quality Ag/AgCl electric field sensors. Typical measured noise level is 0.6 nV/rt(Hz) at 1 Hz. The source resistance between pairs of Ag/AgCl electric field sensors is approximately 5 Ω, almost independent of frequency between 0.1 Hz and 10 Hz. The offset potential is typically below 0.1 mV with a drift of less than 5 μV/day and less than 10 μV/°C. This Ag/AgCl electric field sensor has promise for improving the accuracy of marine electric field measurements.
Fast Design and Construction for Network Application Solution Based on .Net 3.5 Framework

The formal publication of the latest brand new generation Microsoft .NET 3.5 framework indicates that this software giant is successful evolving on its plan. This paper introduces the technology based on .NET 3.5 framework and its new features, advocates service oriented architecture to construct and design network application program fast, then provides a system design of a green community Live Green and the implementation of its prototype.
Generalized YUV interpolation of CFA images

This paper presents a simple yet effective color filter array (CFA) interpolation algorithm. It is based on a linear interpolating kernel, but operates on YUV space, which results in a nontrivial boost on the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of red and blue channels. The algorithm can be implemented efficiently. At the end of the paper, we present its performance compared with nonlinear interpolation methods and show that it's competitive even among state-of-the-art CFA demosaicing algorithms.