nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
3-D Kalman filter for image motion estimation

This paper presents a new three-dimensional (3-D) Markov model for motion vector fields. The three dimensions consist of the two space dimensions plus a scale dimension. We use a compound signal model to handle motion discontinuity in this 3-D Markov random field (MRF). For motion estimation, we use an extended Kalman filter as a pel-recursive estimator. Since a single observation can be sensitive to local image characteristics, especially when the model is not accurate, we employ windowed multiple observations at each pixel to increase accuracy. These multiple observations employ different weighting values for each observation, since the uncertainty in each observation is different. Finally, we compare this 3-D model with earlier proposed one-dimensional (1-D) (coarse-to-fine scale) and two-dimensional (2D) spatial compound models, in terms of motion estimation performance on a synthetic and a real image sequence.
Boundary value problem in image restoration

Recursive spatial domain filtering is often used in image restoration. The techniques range from deterministic inverse filter algorithms  to stochastic Kalman filters . However, all the techniques have in common the problem of choosing the appropriate boundary values. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate the importance of the boundary values in image restoration and to show how we can improve the transient response of the steady-state Kalman filters in  and  with better choices for the boundary values.
Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Quality prediction model for wireless 4kUHD H.265-coded video streaming

This paper proposes a prediction model for the perceptual quality of wireless 4kUHD H.265 video streaming. Based on Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System (IT2FLS), the model exploits application and physical layer parameters. The results show that good prediction accuracy was obtained from the proposed prediction model. This study should help in the development of a reference-free video quality prediction model and QoS control methods for 4kUHD video streaming.
On the modeling of LDMOS RF power transistors

In this review we present a technology-independent approach to the construction of a circuit model for a high-power radio-frequency (RF) LDMOS FET. We compare and contrast this approach with other MOSFET modeling approaches used for digital and RF CMOS applications. We describe the structure of our model, the mathematical development of the constitutive relations, and the functions used for their approximation. This model is fully nonlinear, with a self-consistent dynamic electrothermal component, and uses electromagnetic simulations to derive the on-die and in-package components that connect the transistor to the outside world. We also outline some of the characterization and validation measurement challenges that we have overcome in the development of this model.
Achieving deterministic, hard real-time control on an IBM-compatible PC: a general configuration guideline

With the rapid development of personal computers (PCs) in the past 15 years, a trend has emerged in which conventional industrial microcontrollers are being replaced by PCs because they provide more computation power while at the same time support a user-friendly interface for better interoperability. Although there are many research efforts in this direction, a few key issues concerning the determinism of the PC hardware and firmware were overlooked that have critical impact on the hard real-time performance of such systems. Key issues include: the nondeterministic occurrence of system management interrupts (SMI), the nondeterministic I/O latency caused by PCI bus arbitration and hard disk buffering. These issues along with suggested solutions will be addressed in this paper. Due to the diversity of firmware (BIOS) and hardware design from different PC manufacturers, it is impossible to make a comprehensive list of rules to safeguard a deterministic controller PC configuration. The goal of this paper is therefore to present a general design guideline that can be used to analyze and configure a specific system with the help of necessary motherboard/chipset/BIOS manuals.
Identification and restoration of images with symmetric noncausal blurs

A parallel identification and restoration procedure is described for images with symmetric, noncausal blurs. It is shown that the identification problem can be specified as a parallel set of one-dimensional complex autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) identification problems. By expressing the ARMA models as equivalent infinite-order autoregressive (AR) models, an entirely linear estimation procedure can be followed. It is shown that under the condition of blur symmetry, it is possible to reconstruct a useful noncausal set of MA (blur) parameters from the identified minimum-phase set. The identified image model and blur parameters are supplied to a parallel Kalman restoration filter. Several identification and restoration results on image data are given as examples.
A jitter-tolerant scheduling algorithm to improve continuity in scalable video streaming

Retrieving and delivering visual content through multimedia devices has increased rapidly in recent years. The quality of video in packet networks is susceptible to certain traffic characteristics: average bandwidth availability, loss, delay and delay variation (jitter). This paper presents a scheduling algorithm that modifies the stream of the Scalable Video Coder (SVC)- an extension of the H.264/AVC. To combat jitter, the algorithm provides unequal look-ahead by safeguarding the base layer (without the need for overhead) of the scalable video. The results of the experiment show that our scheduling algorithm reduces the number of frames with a violated deadline and significantly improves the continuity of video stream without compromising the average Y PSNR.
Simulated annealing in compound Gaussian random fields

Recently, a stochastic relaxation technique called simulated annealing has been developed to search for a globally optimal solution in image estimation and restoration problems. The convergence of simulated annealing has been proved only for random fields with a compact range space. Because of this, images were modeled as random fields with bounded discrete or continuous values. However, in most image processing problems, it is more natural to model the image as a random field with values in a noncompact space, e.g. conditional Gaussian models. The proof of convergence of the stochastic relaxation method is extended to a class of compound Gauss-Markov random fields. Simulation results are provided to show the power of these methods.
Mechanical stresses in rotating machines and insulation design considerations

The author describes how, in the design of a rotating machine, the temperature of operation is the prime factor in determining the insulation life. However, other factors also affect insulation life, principally mechanical and electrical stresses and chemical activity. He details how rotating machines, specifically turbine driven generators in the range from tens to hundreds of megawatts (and above), are subjected to a variety of mechanical forces which must be taken into account in the detailed design of the machine.
Viewpoint selection for object reconstruction using only local geometric features

A new strategy to select observer (camera) viewpoints for global 3D reconstruction of unknown objects is presented. The method has four steps: local surface feature extraction, shape classification, viewpoint selection and global reconstruction. An active vision system (Biclops) with two cameras aimed by independent pan/tilt axes, extracts 2D and 3D surface features from the scene. These local features are assembled into simple geometric primitives. The primitives are then classified into shapes, which are used to hypothesize the global shape of the object. The next viewpoint is chosen to verify the hypothesized shape. If the hypothesis is verified, some information about global reconstruction of a model can be stored. If not, the data leading up to this viewpoint is re-examined to create a more consistent hypothesis for the object shape. The paper has two main contributions. First, the next viewpoint algorithm uses only the local geometric features of an object. Second, the visibility constraint is not used in the function to compute next viewpoint. Instead it is solved prior to viewpoint selection using volume intersection of prismatic cones generated from camera coordinate center and image plane. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated experimentally by reconstructing the model for simple 3D objects using a two-camera stereo vision system mounted on a 6-DOF manipulator in an uncontrolled (noisy) environment.
InAlGaAs-InGaAs-InP RCE pin photodiode 1300 nm wavelength region

Currently, resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) photodetectors have received a great deal of attention for applications of photoreceivers with wavelength-selective capabilities and higher bandwith efficiency product. In the present work, we report on the design, growth and properties of RCE PIN photodiodes for 1300 nm wavelength region using In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.21/Ga/sub 0.27/As/InP bottom mirror overgrown by In/sub 0.5/3Ga/sub 0.47/As/InP PIN photodiode.
Towards improved calibration in the measurement of partial discharges in rotating machinery

It is pointed out that an improved calibration strategy for partial-discharge (PD) detectors in rotating machine applications can only be achieved if the propagation characteristics of PD pulses are clearly understood, thus enabling the calibration pulse to simulate the discharge pulse more accurately as it appears at the detector terminals. The results of a pulse propagation study are reported, and the available models which may be of use in explaining the observed phenomena are discussed. Two forms of experimental procedure were adopted. In both, a 6.6-kV motor stator was utilized. In the first, a discharge simulating/calibration pulse was injected at one phase terminal and detected at different intercoil links. In the second, similar pulses were injected at the intercoil links and detected at the phase terminals. Pulse response was monitored on a 400-MHz-bandwidth oscilloscope and stored with an associated digitizing camera. Stator models developed in the area of surge propagation are reviewed, providing useful insight into the mechanisms for pulse propagation and providing the basis for the development of a general pulse propagation model. Digital signal processing considerations are also examined.<<ETX>>
Multi-physics modeling of high-power microwave transistors

In this paper, we present a multi-physics approach for the simulation of high-power microwave transistors in which electromagnetic, thermal, and nonlinear transistor models are linked together within a harmonic-balance circuit simulator. This approach is used to analyze an LDMOS transistor operating at 2.14 GHz. The total gate width of the die is 102 mm, and the die is placed in a ceramic package and connected using bond-wire arrays at gate and drain. The effects of three different gate bond-pad metallization on the transistor efficiency are studied. Plots of the spatial distribution of the drain efficiency, and time-domain current and voltage provide a unique insight and understanding of the behaviours induced by the different bond-pads.
Short-range and near ground propagation model for wireless sensor networks

This paper presents the proposed wireless multipath propagation model based on multipath power delay profile for short-range and near to the ground for the frequencies range of 1 to 3GHz. In wireless sensor networks (WSN) localization algorithm, the propagation model has been used as a function of distance to estimate the range. The multipath phenomenon causes the error in estimation of the received power. Without directly use the received power value to estimate the range, we can increase the accuracy by exploiting the periodicity of the deep fade since multipath behave differently in the certain frequency range.
Two-dimensional Markov spectral estimation

A constructive proof is given for the existence and uniqueness of a two-dimensional discrete Markov random field which agrees with correlation values in a nearest neighbor array. The corresponding spectrum is the two-dimensional maximum entropy (ME) spectrum whose form was discovered by Burg. An iterative algorithm is developed for computing an approximation to this Markov spectrum for a regularly spaced array. The algorithm approximates the desired Markov correlation function by a truncated convolution power series (CPS) in an operator h . The algorithm's performance is demonstrated on both simulated data and real noise data. The Markov spectral estimate can offer higher resolution than previously proposed spectral estimates.
. A resolution and frame-rate scalable subband/wavelet video coder

A source coding algorithm is presented which delivers a spatiotemporal scalable encoded bitstream. Motion compensated temporal filtering is combined with a spatial subband/wavelet pyramid to provide an efficient 3-D multiresolution representation. Error-feedback hierarchical coding permits near-optimal results for each subvideo. The proposed ordering of refinement addresses the noncommutative property of motion compensated temporal filtering and spatial subband/wavelet analysis. Finally, adaptive conditional arithmetic coding of quantizer significance maps increases coding efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in performance over earlier published algorithms. The code-and-refine nature of our hierarchical algorithm makes it possible to use the algorithm as a scalable extension to other source coding algorithms. Finally, the complexity of the algorithm is modest and is well suited to parallel implementation.
Challenges of power amplifier design for envelope tracking applications

In this paper, we present the challenges of modeling and characterization of power devices for use in the design of power amplifiers (PA) intended for use in envelope tracking (ET) applications. We will demonstrate our approach to obtaining the necessary design data from a 2x100 um GaN device. Characterization of power transistors generally occurs at a small range of drain voltage biases whereas in envelope tracking applications the PA must be able to perform well over the entire range of drain modulation that is fundamental to ETPAs. Here we used broadband s-parameter data as well as fundamental loadpull to characterize the device. We also discuss the requirements of the transistor models that are needed for successful PA design, including ET applications, highlighting the necessary features.
An Automated Method to Calibrate Industrial Robots Using a Virtual Closed Kinematic Chain

This paper describes an industrial robot calibration algorithm called the virtual closed kinematic chain method. Current robot kinematic calibration methods use measurements of position and orientation of the end effector. The accuracy of these measurements is limited by the resolution of the measuring equipment. In the proposed method, a laser pointer tool, attached to the robot's end effector, aims at a constant but unknown location on a fixed object, effectively creating a virtual 7 DOFs closed kinematic chain. As a result, small variations in position and orientation of the end effector are magnified on the distant object. Hence, the resolution of observations is improved, increasing the accuracy of joint angle measurements that are required to calibrate the robot. The method is verified using both simulation and real experiments. It is also shown in simulation that the method can be automated by a feedback system that can be implemented in real time. The accuracy of the robot after using the proposed calibration procedure is measured by aiming at an arbitrary fixed point and measuring the mean and standard deviation of the radius of spread of the projected points. The mean and standard deviation of the radius of spread were improved from 5.64 and 1.89 mm to 1.05 and 0.587 mm, respectively.
Region-based subband/wavelet image coding

Since we need to handle arbitrary shapes, the sample lattices in the region-based discrete wavelet transform (RBDWT) will be more complicated than in the conventional discrete wavelet transform (DWT). But they can not be arbitrary for certain filters, so we first analyze the influence of sample lattices on filter design. Then we discuss how to use them on the RBDWT. We find the sample lattices of odd length biorthogonal filters are very flexible and suitable for the RBDWT. Furthermore, they can simplify odd length filtering, and perfect reconstruction can be realized without the need to add any new sample. When compared to previously reported results there is a significant improvement.
400-Watt Doherty amplifier linearization using optimized memory polynomials predistorter

This paper deals with the optimization of the memory polynomial predistorter complexity when used to compensate the nonlinear behavior of Power Amplifier (PA) exhibiting strong memory effects. The effectiveness of memory polynomials is validated experimentally using a realistic 400-Watt Doherty high power base station amplifier lineup. The performance of the Digital Predistortion (DPD) was evaluated using realistic test signals: one, and four carrier WCDMA. The use of DPD to compensate for the distortion in Doherty Power Amplifier yielded significant increases in performance: a 100% increase in Power Added Efficiency (PAE). In addition the complexity of the memory polynomial DPD was reduced by over half, as direct results of the reduction of the number of coefficients, while maintaining good performance.
Using trinocular vision to build a real-time world model

The Department of Energy (DOE) in the USA, in its effort to clean up and shut down many of its radioactive facilities, would like to use robots to enhance efficiency and limit worker exposure to hazardous substances. Unlike industry, where the work environment is designed to facilitate robots, the DOE applications often have unknown, unstructured work areas. The paper describes an approach to use a trinocular image processing system to build a real time, simple representation of the objects in the workspace. This representation is needed for safe navigation as well as for manipulation of the objects in the workspace.
Curvilinear Transport of Suspended Payloads

Automated transport of suspended objects is a subject of importance in many manufacturing, construction, and military applications. Suppression of the natural oscillation of payloads after a transport motion has been extensively studied, but generalized planar motion has yet to be examined. Obstacles in a crane or robot workspace may necessitate transport using a sequence of many linear segments or by a sequence of fewer curvilinear ones. The use of curvilinear motions in such cases may have the following advantages: (1) less error buildup in optimization due to the use of fewer segments, and (2) faster transport. We investigate parametrically-defined polynomial spatial paths optimized using dynamic programming. We present simulations and experimental evaluations of these optimizations.
Density and mobility impact on MANET routing protocols in a maritime environment

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETS) are multi hop wireless networks, where a packet hops through a number of intermediate nodes within coverage range of each other to reach the intended destination. The novel application of MANET routing protocols in the marine environment using available technology is one of the contributions of this work. The high cost of other available technologies which require direct connection to IP networks make our approach an attractive proposition for small craft. In this paper we investigate the effect of different maritime traffic patterns on the performance of three different MANET routing protocols which are Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad hoc On-Demand Multi Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). The traffic patterns are represented by different node densities and mobility behaviours which are likely to be found in the marine environment. Performance evaluation of the MANET protocols is compared in terms of packet delivery ratio.
Motion compensated multiresolution transmission of HDTV

Two methods to perform multiresolution transmission of HDTV (high-definition television) through subband coding are compared. A simple compression technique is frame-by-frame encoding of the spatial subbands of the video. The authors have used the subband decomposition in hierarchical estimation of the motion in the video as well as in encoding the error in a progressive transmission system. One can use either pel recursion or block matching for the motion estimation in a 2D QMF pyramid. By simulating on a test sequence, the authors obtained a gain of 2 dB using motion compensation over frame-by-frame coding.<<ETX>>
Insulation Levels for Turbogenerator Rotors

The advent of large generators, requiring higher excitation powers, has led to a steady increase in excitation voltage magnitude. This in turn has meant increases in the pressure test level which the rotor winding must withstand. At present there are differences in the specified pressure test levels in various countries. On the European Continent ent there is a maximum pressure test limit of 3,500 volts, irrespective of the excitation voltage, whilst on the North American Continent the pressure test voltage is 10 times the rated excitation voltage with no maximum limit.
Two-dimensional IIR filter design with magnitude and phase error criteria

Two-dimensional IIR filters are designed using an error criterion consisting of the weighted sum of magnitude, phase, and stability errors, thereby extending the spectral factorization-based method to complex approximation. The weights are adjusted to effectively constrain stability while minimizing a weighted sum of frequency domain magnitude and phase errors. We use a derivative-free variant of the Marquardt optimization algorithm augmented by a one-dimensional search. We present examples of approximation of both linear and nonlinear phase ideal transfer functions, and conduct comparisons across a range of numerator and denominator orders, from FIR to all-pole, while keeping the total number of coefficients approximately constant. We find that the designed IIR filters offer better magnitude response in the case of linear phase ideal functions, even considering coefficient reflection symmetry, but of course, the FIR filter has the better (zero) phase error. When the ideal transfer function has nonlinear phase, and hence no coefficient reflection symmetry, we find that the designed IIR filter can perform better than the FIR filter with regard to both magnitude and phase error, when magnitude error is weighted more heavily than phase error.
Motion compensated multiresolution transmission of HD video using multistage quantizers

Multiresolution (MR) transmission of compressed video is performed using subbands. The subband decomposition is used for both hierarchical estimation of the motion and encoding of the motion-compensated error frame. With this approach, the video at a given resolution embeds lower-resolution video. Frequency roll-off of higher-frequency subbands is used to obtain visually pleasing low-resolution videos at low-bit rates. It is well known that the transmission of higher-resolution video requires finely quantized low-resolution video. The necessary refinement of the coarsely quantized low-resolution video is made by using multistage quantization. A novel technique is introduced to improve the performance of conventional multistage quantization. Simulation of a three-resolution MR coding system were made on a monochrome MIT test HD (high-definition) video, which is 30 frames long at 30 frames/s with 1600*960 8-bit pixels per frame.<<ETX>>