nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion sensing improvements of hafnium oxide by nitrogen incorporation

This is the first time that hafnium oxynitride (HfO/sub x/N/sub y/) have been applied to hydrogen ion sensing technology. HfO/sub x/N/sub y/ and HfO/sub 2/ were prepared in different ratio Ar/N/sub 2//O/sub 2/ gas mixture by sputter with hafnium target. The sensitivity for all samples could be improved for at least 3.3mV/pH by 12 hours R.O. water immersion. The optimized condition for HfO/sub x/N/sub y/-EIS was sputtering in the ambient of N/sub 2/ ratio 10% and achieved highest sensitivity (56.64mV/pH) and lowest drift (1.42mV/hr) and hysteresis (1.7mV). This material and process could also improve membrane thermal stability and integrate easily with standard CMOS process.
Fingerprint recognition using translation invariant scattering network

Fingerprint recognition has drawn a lot of attention during the last few decades. Different features and algorithms have been used for fingerprint recognition in the past. In this paper, a powerful image representation called scattering transform/ network is used for recognition. Scattering network is a convolutional network where its architecture and filters are predefined wavelet transforms. The first layer of scattering representation is similar to SIFT descriptors and the higher layers capture higher frequency content of the signal. After extracting the scattering features, their dimensionality is reduced by applying principal component analysis (PCA). In the end, multi-class SVM is used to perform template matching for the recognition task. The proposed algorithm in this paper is one of the first works which explores the application of deep architecture for fingerprint recognition. The proposed scheme is tested on a well-known fingerprint database and has shown promising results with the best accuracy rate of 98%.
Joint source and space-time block coding for MIMO video communications

The problem of efficient video communications over MIMO wireless systems is of great significance, due to the high capacity of the multiple antenna system. The high data rates provided by the MIMO system can be traded off with diversity gain by using different channel coding schemes. Also, by using different video source coding methods, high compression gain can be traded off with the error resilience gain. One should jointly consider source coding and channel coding when designing a MIMO wireless video system. However, little is known so far about what combinations of channel coding and source coding methods have the best overall performance in a MIMO system. By comparing the performances of several different typical combinations through both theoretical and simulation studies, we show that no single combination is the best for the entire range of channel conditions, rather different combinations may be best for a sub-range.
Cooperative Layered Video Multicast Using Randomized Distributed Space Time Codes

With the increased popularity of mobile multimedia services, efficient and robust video multicast strategies are of critical importance. In a conventional multicast system, the source station transmits at the base rate of the underlying network so that all the nodes can receive the data correctly. The performance of such a multicast system is limited by the node with the worst channel conditions, which usually corresponds to the nodes at the edge of the multicast coverage range. To overcome this problem, we propose a two-hop cooperative transmission scheme where in the first hop the source station transmits the packets and the nodes who receive the packets forward the packets simultaneously in the second hop using Randomized Distributed Space Time Codes (R-DSTC). We further integrate this randomized cooperative transmission with layered video coding to provide users different video quality based on their channel conditions. The performance of the system is evaluated and compared with a conventional multicast system. Our results show that the proposed cooperative system significantly improves the performance compared to conventional multicast.
Robust vehicle tracking for urban traffic videos at intersections

We develop a robust, unsupervised vehicle tracking system for videos of very congested road intersections in urban environments. Raw tracklets from the standard Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi tracking algorithm are treated as sample points and grouped to form different vehicle candidates. Each tracklet is described by multiple features including position, velocity, and a foreground score derived from robust PCA background subtraction. By considering each tracklet as a node in a graph, we build the adjacency matrix for the graph based on the feature similarity between the tracklets and group these tracklets using spectral embedding and Dirichelet Process Gaussian Mixture Models. The proposed system yields excellent performance for traffic videos captured in urban environments and highways.
Moving Boundary Simulation and Experimental Verification of High Aspect-Ratio Through-Silicon-Vias for 3-D Integration

Because of the pinch-off effect, filling high aspect- ratio, void- and seam-free through-silicon-vias (TSVs) using damascene copper electroplating is one of the technical challenges in realizing 3-D integration and packaging. This paper presents simulation investigation and experimental verification of bottom-up copper electroplating (BCE) to verify its capability in fabricating high aspect-ratio void-free TSVs. Theoretical models for blind- and through-via copper electroplating are derived, and a generic solving method is developed by employing a moving boundary simulation to address the challenge of time-dependent process. The time-resolved evolution of electroplating profiles is simulated after the ion concentration distribution and the electric current density are obtained. The simulation results predict the behaviors of copper electroplating of blind- and through-vias, and reveal the mechanism of void formation. By employing a transfer wafer to provide seed layers, improved BCE is developed and high aspect-ratio void-free TSVs are successfully fabricated. The experimental results verify the theoretical model and the moving boundary simulation method, and prove the capability of BCE in filling high aspect-ratio TSVs.
Survivable traffic grooming with differentiated end-to-end availability guarantees in WDM mesh networks

Traffic grooming is critical in WDM optical metropolitan area networks (MANs), where low-rate connections are packed onto high-rate wavelength paths (lightpaths). Various applications in the MAN demand different levels of reliability. Therefore, it is necessary to provision connections with differentiated reliability guarantees in the MAN. In this paper, we first present an analytical model to calculate the availability of connections using different protection schemes in WDM optical MANs with general mesh topologies. Then we propose and simulate two grooming algorithms which can provision availability guaranteed connections based on per-connection requirements.
Comparative research of digital-PID and sliding mode control strategy for DC/DC converter

Based on the fixed frequency PWM control strategy, this paper introduced a DSP-based digital PID control technology and a sliding mode variable structure control theory for high frequency DC/DC converter in detail. Firstly, a traditional analogy sliding mode controller with the reaching law and a digital PID controller are designed. Then experimental prototypes for two kind of DC/DC converters are constructed and comparative experiment are implemented. The experiment results show that DC/DC converter by using digital PID controller have fast dynamic response and high accuracy in the presence of the input voltage fluctuation and load variation.
Sensitization criterion for threshold logic circuits and its application

Threshold logic has been known as an alternative representation of Boolean logic due to its compactness characteristic. Recently, the developments in advanced nanotechnologies have also promised efficient implementations of threshold logic gates. Thus, many synthesis methodologies for threshold logic circuits have been proposed. Since threshold logic has a different mechanism in functional evaluation compared to the traditional Boolean logic, a threshold logic gate can represent a more complex function. As a result, the sensitization criterion in threshold logic circuits is also different. In this work, we propose a sensitization criterion for threshold logic circuits, and show its application to the static timing analysis problem. The experimental results show the accuracy of the proposed criterion.
Optimal design of a DC/DC converter for photovoltaic applications

Renewable energy is taken into consideration as the only viable alternative for the future energy demand in response to the undesired global warming perspective caused by the increase in CO/sub 2/ level which is associated with the excessive exploitation of the fossil energy supplies in the last century. As the wind energy already became industrially competitive, most of the research effort is now directed on cutting down the cost of capturing and utilizing the solar energy, which is another source of clean energy. This paper presents an approach on how to design and minimize the power losses and the cost of a DC-DC converter suitable for photovoltaic applications.
A decentralized and personalized spam filter based on social computing

Spam is an imperative problem to the email communication today. Different users may have different views on judging spam which makes it difficult to filter spam from normal emails for email server. We found users with similar interest may have similar opinions. So in this paper, we proposed a spam filtering approach in which a collaborative and personalized spam filter based on social network is developed. The key idea is to enable users to push spam reports to their social network friends with similar interest, which reflects collaboration and personalization. Our proposal takes advantage of push technology to share user's individual spam knowledge with others via social network, which utilizes wisdom of crowds to resist spam. According to interest similarity among users, a user can determine whether to push spam reports to his friends with the purpose of taking user's individual interest into consideration. We integrate an interest-based spam filter with a basic Bayesian filter to discriminate spam from legitimate emails. The evaluation of our proposal shows that it significantly improves the performance compared with Bayesian filter according to the accuracy rate.
Dependent latch identification in the reachable state space

The large number of latches in current designs increase the complexity of formal verification and logic synthesis, since the growth of latch number leads the state space to explode exponentially. One solution to this problem is to find the functional dependencies among these latches. Then, these latches can be identified as dependent latches or essential latches, where the state space can be constructed using only the essential latches. This paper proposes an approach to find the functional dependencies among latches in a sequential circuit by using SAT solvers with the Craig interpolation theorem. In addition, the proposed approach detects sequential functional dependencies existing in the reachable state space only. Experimental results show that our approach could deal with large sequential circuits with up to 1.5K latches in a reasonable time and simultaneously identify the combinational and sequential dependent latches.
Handwritten Character Recognition Using A Gradient Classifier

We consider a prototype-based character recognizer that makes comparisons based on blurred representations of the images. The blurring induces a metric on the space of all images that varies continuoitsly under continuous deformations of the image plane. This blurred representation is suitable for direct implementation of a nearest neighbor classifier. However, it is still desirable to have a representation which is invariant under rotation, translation and scaling of the image plane. A representation which is locally invariant under these transformations is produced by transforming an input to a local minimum of its distance from each prototype simultaneously. These minima are found by performing a gradient descent on an appropriate error surface over the 4 transformation parameters. The error functional is the L/sub 2/-norm of the difference between the blurred prototype and the blurred input. The resulting classifier makes more efficient use of prototypes than the nearest neighbor classifier.
Multiple Moving Objects Tracking under Complex Scenes

This paper presents a method of tracking multiple objects under complex scenes with a stationary camera for real time surveillance. The adaptive background is used for subtracting foreground objects based on chromaticity and gradient. In tracking module, the motion parameters are predicted by Kalman filter, and a "tracking matrix" is built to determine whether the objects occur occlusion, camouflage, etc., if not, the results of scanning the matrix can be used for object clustering and matching. If objects are tracked under occlusion, their color appearance is acquired by the adaptive binning color histogram. Their color histogram and predicted parameters are utilized to form a matching score which is the element of "tracking matrix", the best solution for objects matching is got by the improved Hungarian algorithm. The method has been tested on image sequences to show the validity of the approach
Optimal Design Study of High-Order FIR Digital Filters Based on Neural-Network Algorithm

This paper traverses the optimal design approach of high order FIR digital filters based on the parallel algorithm of neural networks, which its activation matrix is produced by cosine basis functions. The main idea is to minimize the sum of the square errors between the amplitude response of the desired FIR filter and that of the designed by training the weight vector of neural networks, then obtaining the impulse response of FIR digital filter. The convergence theorem of the neural-network parallel algorithm is presented and proved, and the optimal design approach is introduced by examples of 2000th order FIR digital filters. The results of the amplitude responses show that attenuation in stop-band is more than 230 dB with no ripple and pulse existing in pass-band, and cutoff frequency of pass-band and stop-band is easily controlled precisely. Therefore, the presented optimal design approach of high order FIR digital filters is significantly effective
Development of a low-power wearable powered waist exoskeleton with mechanical clutch

This research introduces a low-power, light-weight wearable powered waist exoskeleton with mechanical clutch. By processing the signals from multiple sensors, the human movement intention can be precisely identified and estimated. The exoskeleton can help reduce the work done by human muscle and has a loading capacity up to 20kg. Through the mechanical clutches applied, the exoskeleton can lock the joint and supply support when the human upper body is from bending to an upright position. The joint lock resets and the motor stop working after the supporting progress, and human can move freely. In this way, the energy consumed is greatly reduced and the use time is increased. The exoskeleton can actively support the flexion and extension of the hip joints, and passively support the abduction of the hip joints. The structure of the exoskeleton is simplified by obtaining the approximate dimensions of the lumbar vertebrae joints using human posture analysis (HPA) and designing the dimensions of the exoskeleton to match the movement. Human body mechanics analysis and finite element analysis (FEA) are done to optimize the structure of the exoskeleton and the simplification of the bind points. The main purpose of the design is to protect the waist in a long time duration and decrease the risks of waist injuries when moving heavy loads.
Multiple description coding for video using motion compensated prediction

We propose multiple description (MD) video coders which use motion compensated predictions. Our MD video coders utilize MD transform coding and three separate prediction paths at the encoder, to mimic the three possible scenarios at the decoder: both descriptions received or either of the single descriptions received. We provide three different algorithms to control the mismatch between the prediction loops at the encoder and decoder. The results show that when the main prediction loop is the central loop, it is important to have side prediction loops and transmit some redundancy information to control mismatch.
Robust H∞ intelligent tracking control for robot manipulators

A novel robust Hinfin intelligent control (RHIC) strategy is proposed for the trajectory following problem of robot manipulators. The proposed system is comprised of a computed torque controller and neural robust controller. Based on Lyapunov stability theorem, it is shown that the proposed controller can guarantee Hinfin tracking performance of robotic system, in the sense that all variables of the closed-loop system are bounded and the effect due to the external disturbance on the tracking error can be attenuated to any pre-assigned level. The proposed approach indicates that computed torque control method is also valid for controlling uncertain robotic manipulators as long as compensative controller is appropriately designed.
Low-Capacitance Through-Silicon-Vias With Combined Air/SiO2 Liners

Through-silicon-vias (TSVs) with air-gap insulators have the advantages of low capacitance and low thermal stress. This paper reports the design, fabrication, and characterization of new TSVs with combined air/SiO2 insulators. Sacrificial technologies based on heat decomposition of poly(propylene carbonate) and reactive ion etching of benzocyclobutene have been developed to fabricate uniform and high aspect-ratio air gaps. Air gaps with a thickness of 0.8 μm and an aspect ratio of 62.5:1 have been successfully fabricated. Measurement results show that the SiO2 liner is able to eliminate the impacts of residues of the sacrificial polymers, and the TSVs with air/SiO2 have low capacitances and leakage currents at both room temperature and high temperature, constant minimum capacitance, and good temperature stability.
Studies on Biosorption Equilibrium and Kinetics of Pb(II) by a Novel Extracellular Biopolymer Produced by Pseudomonas Fluorescence C-9

In the present study we reported the feasibility of extracellular biopolymer(PF-9) produced by Pseudomonas fluorescence C-9 as an alternative biosorbent to remove Pb(II) metallic ions from environmental and industrial wastewater.The ability of PF-9 to remove the metallic ions was investigated by using batch biosorption procedure. The effects such as, pH, biosorbent dosage, sorbate concentrations and sorbate-sorbent contact time on the adsorption capacities of PF-9 were studied. Biosorption equilibriums were rapidly established in about 60 min and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetics model. The equilibrium adsorption data fitted well with Langmuir isotherm. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity determined according to Langmuir isotherm were 92.66 mg /g PF-9 at pH 6.0 ,at 25&#9702;C and shaker speed 150 rpm, respectively. The carboxyl ,hydroxyl and amino groups of the PF-9 were involved in chemical interaction with the Pb(II) ions depicted by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) results. The study points to the potential of new use of extracellular biopolymer PF-9 as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from environmental and industrial wastewater.
One-pass mode decision for low-complexity and high-efficiency encoding of quality scalable video

This paper presents a novel one-pass mode decision algorithm for encoding multiple quality layers, following the coarse grain scalability coding structure in the H.264/SVC standard. In our solution, motion estimation (ME) is carried out only once at the base layer using the reconstructed picture from the highest enhancement layer. The same motion vectors are used for all layers to not only avoid multiple ME processes at different layers, but also save the overhead bits. In addition, early SKIP/DIRECT mode decision is introduced to further boost the encoding speed. The encoder produces fully compliant SVC bit streams. Although the method is applicable to both coarse grain scalability (CGS) and medium grain scalability (MGS), we have examined its performance over CGS only. We demonstrate that more than 2x speedup for three-layer coding against the conventional H.264/SVC encoding using the reference software over 7 test sequences. Significantly, this complexity saving is achieved simultaneously with increase in the coding efficiency! Although the base layer requires slightly higher bit rate (2.5% in terms of the BD-Rate), the enhancement layers enjoy lower rates (5.7% and 2.2% reduction for the total of two and three layers, respectively), on average of 7 test sequences.
Effect of Circuit Parameters on the Stability and Boundaries of Peak Current Mode Single-Inductor Dual-Output Buck Converters

Peak current mode (PCM) control has been widely used for the control of switching dc–dc converters due to its excellent transient performance. With the development of single-inductor dual-output (SIDO) dc–dc converters, PCM control technique is introduced to the control of SIDO dc–dc converters. Conventional PCM buck converter has only one reference current, with two inductor current borderlines are used to divide the operation modes of inductor current. However, PCM SIDO buck converter has more inductor current borderlines as it has one more reference current than that of PCM buck converter. In this paper, inductor current borderlines of PCM SIDO buck converter are investigated, and unified discrete iterative model of PCM SIDO buck converter is established. The effect of the difference of reference currents, initial inductor current and input voltage on the stability of PCM SIDO buck converter has been discussed by using bifurcation diagrams. The study results show that the stability of PCM SIDO buck converter is sensitive to the difference of reference currents, initial inductor current and input voltage. The stability boundary of the difference of reference currents, stability region of initial inductor current, and stability boundary of input voltage are derived. Lyapunov exponent and experimental results are carried out to verify the theoretical analysis results.
A wireless power transfer system with automatic frequency tracking in parallel-series model via magnetic resonance coupling

In order to reduce the operating frequency of magnetically-coupled resonant wireless power transfer(WPT) system and to avoid the complex design for frequency tracking system, the parallel-series topology was utilized and an inverter circuit with automatic frequency tracking function was proposed. The theoretical analysis for both the parallel-series topology and the inverter was provided. Two methods were put forward to improve the quality factor of WPT system and curb the fluctuation of operating frequency respectively. A low-power WPT system which operates at 105kHz is designed to validate the circuit topology. The experimental results are presented to verify the analysis and demonstrates the performance of the two methods proposed.
Saliency based objective quality assessment of decoded video affected by packet losses

In this work, we propose a novel saliency-based objective quality assessment metric, for assessing the perceptual quality of decoded video sequences affected by packet loses. The proposed method weights the error at each pixel by the visual saliency of the pixel. Different weighting methods are explored and compared. Our test results show that the predicted scores by the proposed metrics correlate very well with mean subjective scores, significantly better than the mean square error (MSE), mean absolute difference (MAD) or structure similarity (SSIM).