nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Transitioning to Physics-of-Failure as a Reliability Driver in Power Electronics

Power electronics has progressively gained an important status in power generation, distribution, and consumption. With more than 70% of electricity processed through power electronics, recent research endeavors to improve the reliability of power electronic systems to comply with more stringent constraints on cost, safety, and availability in various applications. This paper serves to give an overview of the major aspects of reliability in power electronics and to address the future trends in this multidisciplinary research direction. The ongoing paradigm shift in reliability research is presented first. Then, the three major aspects of power electronics reliability are discussed, respectively, which cover physics-of-failure analysis of critical power electronic components, state-of-the-art design for reliability process and robustness validation, and intelligent control and condition monitoring to achieve improved reliability under operation. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for achieving more reliable power electronic systems in the future are discussed.
Significance of including substrate capacitance in the full chip circuit model of ICs under CDM stress

In the CDM type of ESD, the IC is both the source and part of the discharge current path. To study the CDM performance of an IC, a full-chip circuit model that includes the various static charge sources and its discharge path through the circuit as it occurs in reality is needed. Static charge sources in a CDM event are the various package capacitors. CDM circuit models presented before include only the capacitors formed by the IC circuit design on the package and not the capacitance of the die attachment plate on which the die is placed. The paper emphasizes the need to include this capacitance and presents a simple method of including this capacitor and its discharge path through the circuit during CDM stress.
Automatic video-object segmentation employing multi-sprites with constrained delay

This paper proposes an automatic video-object segmentation system for consumer media, based on the background subtraction technique. In order to allow for camera motion, the input images are aligned to a large panoramic background-sprite image. A multi-sprite technique is applied to minimize the size of the synthesized sprite images. In contrast to previous algorithms, which required multiple passes over the input data, the proposed algorithm enables online processing with a fixed processing delay. This is important for implementation in consumer devices which have to run in real-time with constrained resources. We provide example results illustrating that a real-time segmentation on memory-constrained hardware is feasible.
Enhanced prediction for motion estimation in Scalable Video Coding

In this paper, we present a temporal candidate generation scheme that can be applied to motion estimators in Scalable Video Codecs (SVCs). For bidirectional motion estimation, usually a test is made for each block to determine which motion compensation direction is preferred: forward, bidirectional or backward. Instead of simply using the last computed motion vector field (backward or forward), giving an asymmetry in the estimation, we involve both vector fields to generate a single candidate field for a more stable and improved prediction. This field is generated with the aid of mode decision information of the codec. This single field of motion vector candidates serves two purposes: (1) it initializes the next recursion and (2) it is the foundation for the succeeding scale in the scalable coding. We have implemented this improved candidate system for both HPPS as EPZS motion estimators in a scalable video codec. We have found that it reduces the errors caused by occlusion of moving objects or image boundaries. For EPZS, only a small improvement is observed compared to the simple candidate scheme. However, for HPPS improvements are more significant: when looking at individual levels, motion compensation performance improves by up to 0.84 dB and when implemented in SVC, HPPS slightly outperforms EPZS.
Measurements of the 664 GHz feed horn for the ICI instrument of the MetOp-SG satellite

This paper presents the results of the antenna pattern measurements conducted on the Ice Cloud Imager 664 GHz feed horn at the ESTEC Sub-mmwave Scanner (SmS) in support to the ICI instrument of the MetOp-SG program. Very good agreement between simulations and measurements was obtained, both in the co- and cross-polar component. The measured peak directivity was 26.28 dBi ± 0.13 dB while the simulated one was 26.35 dB.
Enabling arbitrary rotational camera motion using multisprites with minimum coding cost

Object-oriented coding in the MPEG-4 standard enables the separate processing of foreground objects and the scene background (sprite). Since the background sprite only has to be sent once, transmission bandwidth can be saved. We have found that the counter-intuitive approach of splitting the background into several independent parts can reduce the overall amount of data. Furthermore, we show that in the general case, the synthesis of a single background sprite is even impossible and that the scene background must be sent as multiple sprites instead. For this reason, we propose an algorithm that provides an optimal partitioning of a video sequence into independent background sprites (a multisprite), resulting in a significant reduction of the involved coding cost. Additionally, our sprite-generation algorithm ensures that the sprite resolution is kept high enough to preserve all details of the input sequence, which is a problem especially during camera zoom-in operations. Even though our sprite generation algorithm creates multiple sprites instead of only a single background sprite, it is fully compatible with the existing MPEG-4 standard. The algorithm has been evaluated with several test sequences, including the well-known Table-tennis and Stefan sequences. The total coding cost for the sprite VOP is reduced by a factor of about 2.6 or even higher, depending on the sequence.
Multiple Model Estimation for the Detection of Curvilinear Segments in Medical X-ray Images Using Sparse-plus-dense-RANSAC

In this paper, we build on the RANSAC method to detect multiple instances of objects in an image, where the objects are modeled as curvilinear segments with distinct endpoints. Our approach differs from previously presented work in that it incorporates soft constraints, based on a dense image representation, that guide the estimation process in every step. This enables (1) better correspondence with image content, (2) explicit endpoint detection and (3) a reduction in the number of iterations required for accurate estimation. In the case of curvilinear objects examined in this paper, these constraints are formulated as binary image labels, where the estimation proved to be robust to mislabeling, e.g. in case of intersections. Results for both synthetic and real data from medical X-ray images show the improvement from incorporating soft image-based constraints.
EBG enhanced feeds for high aperture efficiency reflector antennas

Typical feed horns can be lengthy and bulky, especially at low frequencies. This aspect alone constitutes a significant drive to nd alternative technologies, more suited to mass production, that can be used to obtain equally performing feeds. In particular it is useful to explore the possibility of using printed circuit board technology to upgrade the performances of a moderately sized (in terms of the wavelength) waveguide horn, so that the resulting feed can be used to efciently illuminate a reector antenna.
Predictive 3D search algorithm for multi-frame motion estimation

Multi-frame motion estimation introduced in recent video standards such as H.264/AVC, helps to improve the rate-distortion performance and hence the video quality. This, however, comes at the expense of having a much higher computational complexity. In multi-frame motion estimation, there exists strong temporal correlation between the reference frames, which is not efficiently exploited in single-frame block-matching algorithms. In this paper, we propose a 3D motion search scheme which exploits the temporal correlation by using new 3D search patterns and motion vector predictors to obtain more accurate search centers. Compared to full search, our proposed algorithm results in PSNR losses of within 0.2 dB, while achieving a significantly lower motion estimation time by at least 96%. Furthermore, our results show that the proposed scheme is also significantly better than existing fast motion estimation algorithms for high-motion sequences.
Pathonic bandcap technology

Photonic bandgap materials are one of the most rapidly advancing sectors in the electromagnetic arena. They allow engineering control over the propagation of electromagnetic waves to an extent that was previously not possible. The synergetic interaction between theory and experiment, together with substantial technological potential, has driven rapid development of photonic bandgap technology. Emphasis is now placed on finding tangible applications combined with detailed modelling. Owing to the tremendous potential of photonic bandgap (PBG) structures, there is a plethora of applications in which they can be used. These include using PBG in handset antenna designs to enable radiation to be reduced, and sub-millimetre wave antennas.
Evolution of a software maintenance organization from cost center to service center

The paper describes experiences with the evolution of a software maintenance organization for digital set-top boxes of a leading electronics company from a cost center towards a service center. Several years ago a dedicated software maintenance group was constituted. As the costs for software maintenance were not recovered from the customers, the software maintenance group was merely considered a cost center. Through starting a metrics program for software maintenance and defining a service strategy with various service levels, the software maintenance group generated sufficient revenues to become self-supporting. An important conclusion is that the use of ITIL (IT infrastructure library) service support has helped to develop a better customer focused approach, which is considered as the most important critical success factor for a professional, self-supporting maintenance organization.
Electromagnetic Models of Plasma Breakdown in the JET Tokamak

This paper presents the electromagnetic modeling of the plasma current breakdown phase of the JET tokamak. The first part of this paper models the presence of the JET iron core up-down asymmetry and the effects of the eddy currents in the reconstruction of the magnetic topology needed for the plasma start. The second part describes the approach used to evaluate the ionized particle connection length inside the vacuum chamber at breakdown. The results obtained are validated using JET experimental measurements.
Carrier detection range control in multihop packet radio networks

The use of carrier sense multiple access as a channel access algorithm in multihop packet radio networks is considered. When the performance of these networks is analyzed, it is usually assumed that a station will detect the presence of transmissions (carrier detection) only up to maximum transmission range for actual packet transmission (data detection). The authors use the reasonable assumption that the carrier detection range (CDR) can be larger than the data detection range and show that the performance of a network using the most forward within range routing algorithm is considerably improved using a larger CDR.<<ETX>>
Combination of AMC and PEC cells for RCS applications

A combination of perfect electric conductor (PEC) and artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) cells with a periodicity around lambda can be applied to improve the RCS, by reducing the power scattered in the specular direction. A 180deg phase difference is created between the contribution from the PEC and AMC cells, obtaining destructive interference. A theoretical model is presented based on array theory which agrees with the simulated results using the commercial software Ansoft HFSS. The structure has been breadboarded and tested. Results match the predictions and will be presented at the conference.
Bayesian image deconvolution and denoising using complex wavelets

This paper proposes a new algorithm for image restoration (deconvolution and denoising) which employs the recently developed dual-tree complex wavelet transform in an iterative Bayesian framework. Complex wavelets are selected for their key features: shift invariance, directional selectivity and efficiency. The aim is to find an optimal description of the restored image in the complex wavelet domain, which minimises a quadratic energy function of the wavelet coefficients. The algorithm searches for this minimum using an efficient conjugate gradient method. We show that this can improve the SNR performance of a good minimax deconvolution method, WaRD, which is used to initialise the iterations, by typically 1.2 dB. Convergence is quite rapid, achieving 80% of the ultimate performance gain in about 20 iterations. Each iteration takes around 5 seconds using MatLab on a 400 MHz Pentium computer with 256/spl times/256 pixel images.
DECT: Meeting needs and creating opportunities for public network operators

Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), is a powerful and comprehensive standard capable of addressing multiple applications. The base standards were completed in 1992, and the first products became available during 1993. The early products were for the business and the residential markets; later products for cordless LANs, local loop and public mobility applications were being developed. This paper presents the DECT standard and different applications that can benefit the operator and the user.
Properties of the Input Impedance of a THz Dipole Antenna on Top of a Woodpile Structure

The input impedance of a dipole placed on top of an Electromagnetic Band Gap structure, namely a woodpile structure, is studied. The impact of the material properties and of the woodpile parameters is analyzed for different positions and orientations. “Parallel” configurations are found to have a very low input impedance, whereas “perpendicular” ones have a higher impedance at resonance. This behavior has been found to be determined by the reflection phase of the woodpile for the different polarizations.
Investigation and application of an advanced dual piezoelectric cooling jet to a typical electronics cooling configuration

In recent years, electronics have significantly reduced in size at maintained or increased functionality. This trend has led to an increased demand for more capable thermal management solutions at smaller scales. However, miniaturization of conventional fan and heat sink cooling systems introduces significant size, weight and efficiency challenges. In this study the flow performance of a novel thin form-factor cooling solution, the advanced dual piezoelectric cooling jet (DCJ), is evaluated. A DCJ is a micro-fluidic device that disturbs the boundary layer over a hot component and hence increases heat transfer. The design of an equivalent fan-curve experiment is described in detail. A first ever fan curve for a bimorph DCJ device is presented. This is coupled to a thermal performance analysis using an experiment simulating thin profile consumer electronics.
Monolithic integration of a spot size transformer with a planar buried heterostructure InGaAsP/InP-laser using the shadow masked growth technique

We present a vertically tapered InGaAsP/InP planar buried heterostructure (PBB) laser for low loss coupling to single-mode fibers. To achieve the vertical tapering we make use of the shadow masked growth technique. Tapered lasers with beam divergences of 15/spl deg/ in both lateral and transverse directions were realized. In comparison with untapered lasers, the coupling losses to cleaved single-mode fibers could be reduced by 4.8 dB down to 5.8 dB.<<ETX>>
Extending the Stixel World with online self-supervised color modeling for road-versus-obstacle segmentation

This work concentrates on vision processing for ADAS and intelligent vehicle applications. We propose a color extension to the disparity-based Stixel World method, so that the road can be robustly distinguished from obstacles with respect to erroneous disparity measurements. Our extension learns color appearance models for road and obstacle classes in an online and self-supervised fashion. The algorithm is tightly integrated within the core of the optimization process of the original Stixel World, allowing for strong fusion of the disparity and color signals. We perform an extensive evaluation, including different self-supervised learning strategies and different color models. Our newly recorded, publicly available data set is intentionally focused on challenging traffic scenes with many low-texture regions, causing numerous disparity artifacts. In this evaluation, we increase the F-score of the drivable distance from 0.86 to 0.97, compared to a tuned version of the state-of-the-art baseline method. This clearly shows that our color extension increases the robustness of the Stixel World, by reducing the number of falsely detected obstacles while not deteriorating the detection of true obstacles.
Plane segmentation and decimation of point clouds for 3D environment reconstruction

Three-dimensional (3D) models of environments are a promising technique for serious gaming and professional engineering applications. In this paper, we introduce a fast and memory-efficient system for the reconstruction of large-scale environments based on point clouds. Our main contribution is the emphasis on the data processing of large planes, for which two algorithms have been designed to improve the overall performance of the 3D reconstruction. First, a flatness-based segmentation algorithm is presented for plane detection in point clouds. Second, a quadtree-based algorithm is proposed for decimating the point cloud involved with the segmented plane and consequently improving the efficiency of triangulation. Our experimental results have shown that the proposed system and algorithms have a high efficiency in speed and memory for environment reconstruction. Depending on the amount of planes in the scene, the obtained efficiency gain varies between 20% and 50%.
Complex wavelet features for fast texture image retrieval

Digital libraries and multimedia databases are being rapidly developed and efficient search algorithms must now be developed. Gabor features have been experimentally shown to be the most accurate but have the disadvantage of slow computation. This paper shows how a new complex wavelet transform can be used to approximate the Gabor features and derives a distance metric based on statistical hypothesis testing that gives a better performance than the usual metric. The new features are experimentally compared with both Gabor and standard wavelet techniques.
Electrostatic actuation of microscale liquid-metal droplets

This paper reports sliding of micro liquid-metal droplets by electrostatic actuation for MEMS applications, bi-stable switching in particular. Basic theory concerning droplets on a plane solid surface is exposed followed by experimental study. Being a major parameter in the modeling of sliding droplets, the contact angle has been characterized in the case of mercury on an oxidized silicon wafer. The method used involves both traditional optical microscope and confocal laser imaging. The contact angle is found to be around 137/spl deg/ with an associated standard deviation of 8/spl deg/. The sample preparation is detailed. The droplets deposition method is based on selective condensation of mercury vapor on gold dots acting as preferred nucleation sites. This technique provides control of droplet dimensions and locations and is suitable for batch fabrication. Experimental study of electrostatic actuation coupled with finite-element method (FEM) analysis is described, leading to the determination of the sliding condition parameter, which represents a contact angle hysteresis of about 6/spl deg/. Experimental results also confirm the proportionality between minimum driving force and droplet dimension. Finally, a design optimization methodology is proposed, based on the use of finite-element model simulations.
Dual-camera 3D head tracking for clinical infant monitoring

This paper presents a new algorithm for dual-camera 3D head tracking, intended for clinical infant monitoring. The paper includes a brief motivation with reference to the state-of-the-art in face-related image analysis. The proposed algorithm uses a clipped-ellipsoid head model and 3D head pose recovery by joint alignment of paired templates based on dense-HOG features. In the algorithm, template pairs are dynamically extracted and a limited number of template pairs are stored and re-used for drift reduction. We report experimental results on real-life videos of infants in bed in a hospital, captured in visual light as well as near-infrared light. Results show consistently good tracking behavior. For challenging video sequences, the mean tracking error in terms of endocanthion location error relative to the innercanthal distance remains below 30%. This error has proven to be sufficiently low for 3D head tracking to support infant face analysis. For this reason, the proposed algorithm is used successfully in an infant monitoring system under development.
Robust methods for using context-dependent features and models in a continuous speech recognizer

In this paper we describe the method we use to derive acoustic features that reflect some of the dynamics of frame-based parameter vectors. Models for such observations must be context dependent. Such models were outlined in an earlier paper. Here we describe a method for using these models in a recognition system. The method is more robust than using continuous parameter models in recognition. At the same time it does not suffer from the possible information loss in vector quantization based systems.<<ETX>>
Performance comparison of slotted and unslotted DS/SSMA networks

Throughput and delay for both slotted and unslotted direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access (DS/SSMA) packet radio networks are compared. In both systems, each user employs a newly chosen random signature sequence for each bit in a transmitted packet. Accurate packet success probabilities for both systems are computed using an improved Gaussian approximation technique. Average throughput and delay results are obtained for varying levels of block error correction. The slotted system is shown to have better performance than the unslotted system in all cases.<<ETX>>
Fast semantic region analysis for surveillance & video databases

Video databases are broadly applied both in consumer and professional domains. The importance of real-time surveillance video monitoring has increased for security reasons, while also for consumers video databases are rapidly growing. Quickly searching in databases is facilitated by region analysis, as it provides an indication for the contents of the video. For real-time and cost-efficient implementations, it is important to develop algorithms with low computational complexity. In this paper, we analyze the complexity of a newly develop semantic region labeling approach , e.g. road, sky, etc., which aims at extracting spatial contextual information from a video. In the analyzed semantic region labeling approach, color and texture features are combined with the vertical position to label the key regions. The algorithm is analyzed by its native DSP computations and memory usage to prove its practical feasibility. The analysis results show that the system has a low complexity while offering high-accuracy region labeling. A comparison with the state-of-the-art algorithm convincingly reveals that our system outperforms the state-of-the-art with fewer computations.