nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of horizontal viewing angle on visual and audiovisual speech perception

Discovering how humans extract visual speech from faces viewed at different horizontal angles remains an outstanding goal for understanding brain function and for implementing human speech perception in machines. We report on two experiments which investigated effects of different horizontal viewing angles on visual speech perception by normal seeing and hearing adults using a talking face presented at three different perspectives: 0 degrees (full-face), 45 degrees (three-quarter) and 90 degrees (profile). Auditory and visual forms of the syllables /ba/, /bi/, /ga/, and /gi/ were used to produce the following stimulus types: auditory; visual; congruent audiovisual; and incongruent audiovisual. Identification of unimodal visual speech and identification of the auditory components of congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech were unaffected by changes in viewing angle when clearly audible auditory signals were used and when auditory signals were presented in noise. The findings suggest that human visual speech processing can be viewpoint independent.
3D facial expression recognition based on automatically selected features

In this paper, the problem of person-independent facial expression recognition from 3D facial shapes is investigated. We propose a novel automatic feature selection method based on maximizing the average relative entropy of marginalized class-conditional feature distributions and apply it to a complete pool of candidate features composed of normalized Euclidean distances between 83 facial feature points in the 3D space. Using a regularized multi-class AdaBoost classification algorithm, we achieve a 95.1% average recognition rate for six universal facial expressions on the publicly available 3D facial expression database BU-3DFE , with a highest average recognition rate of 99.2% for the recognition of surprise. We compare these results with the results based on a set of manually devised features and demonstrate that the auto features yield better results than the manual features. Our results outperform the results presented in the previous work  and , namely average recognition rates of 83.6% and 91.3% on the same database, respectively.
Compact, harmonic multiplying gyrotron amplifiers

A compact, harmonic multiplying gyrotron traveling wave amplifier is being developed. The device is a three-stage tube with the output section running as a fourth harmonic gyro-TWT, the input section running as a fundamental gyro-TWT, and the middle operating at the second harmonic of the cyclotron frequency. Radiation is suppressed by servers between the sections. The operating beam of the tube is produced by a magnetron injection gun (MIG). A TE/sub 0n/ mode selective interaction circuit consisting of mode converters and a filter waveguide is employed for both input and output sections to solve the mode competition problem, which is pervasive in gyro-TWT operation. The input section has an input coupler designed as a TE/sub 0n/ mode launcher. It excites a signal at the fundamental cyclotron frequency (17.5 GHz), which is amplified in the first TWT interaction region. The bunched beam emerging from the first section has a frequency component at the second harmonic (35 GHz), which is amplified in the second section. So far the device is similar to a two-stage harmonic gyro-TWT. The distinction is that in the three-stage device the second section will be optimized not for output power but for fourth harmonic bunching of the beam. The beam then passes through a third TWT section which amplifies the fourth harmonic signal (70 GHz). Preliminary analysis indicates significant efficiency enhancement (by a factor >2) will result from this type of staged harmonic multiplication compared with an amplifier in which the penultimate stage operates at the fundamental of the electron cyclotron frequency. A gyroklystron amplifier has also been designed.
Cu wire and beyond - Ag wire an alternative to Cu?

Gold (Au) and aluminum (Al) has been used for wire bonding interconnect for decades. Recently, copper (Cu) is used in high temperature applications and general cost down approaches. Cu induces a higher stress on the bond pad and underlying structure due to its inherent hardness value. In this paper, we will investigate silver (Ag) as fairly new alternative for bonding wire. An overlap in terms of application exists with all other wire materials, but the package and product requirements may justify the introduction of an additional material. To assess the impact of Ag as bonding wire we have investigated the bonding on chips with active area and compared the responses with Au and Cu wires. A robust Cu based bond pad with Nickel (Ni) and Palladium (Pd) layers as the pad stacks were used. Initial bonding responses show similar results for Ag and Au. Both Ag and Au show less impact on the bond pad than Cu. This encourages further investigation of Ag as a bonding wire alternative.
Development of automated test equipment for ESP controllers

The complexity of electronic-device testing varies widely, ranging from the simplest type manual testing to the most complex Automatic Test Equipment (ATE). Presently power controllers for electrostatic precipitator at industry are tested using simulators at the E-shop and controller development lab. The simulated inputs and outputs are generated manually through mechanical keys and push button switches. The verification process and documentation are also done manually and hence time consuming. To overcome these disadvantages, an intelligent, multipurpose simulator cum test equipment was proposed. ATE was developed using LPC2378 ARM processor with required input and output channels. The ATE has multiple communication interfaces like RS485, RS 232, CAN and Ethernet. It is also provided with Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), keypad and Local Area Network (LAN) communication. ATE completes the testing of controller without any manual intervention. Upon completion of testing, ATE sends out test reports to any computer connected to its LAN Port. The test report is generated in the form of Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML) pages with time stamping and controller particulars.
Analytical probability density functions for LMS adaptive filters using the Fokker-Planck equation

Analytical expressions for the theoretical probability density function (pdf) of the LMS (least mean square) adaptive filter weights are obtained for the steady state. The LMS update is formulated as a stochastic differential equation and the weight PDF is derived as the solution to the Fokker-Planck equation. The application of systems identification is examined, and closed-form solutions are obtained for the steady-state PDF for the LMS weights. Only the steady-state PDFs are found for a system identification problem, although the theory developed can also be applied to finding the time-varying PDFs during the adaptation phase.<<ETX>>
Bonding requirements for conductive poles

Increasing load density at electric utilities has driven the trend toward larger distribution conductors and higher settings on overcurrent protective equipment. Not only are pickup values of feeder breakers and reclosers increasing, the protective curves are often slower to achieve coordination with downstream devices. Where there are larger conductors and slower protective settings you will often find more application of conductive distribution poles to carry the structural loads imposed by larger conductors. The potential problem arises with the possibility of the distribution pole becoming electrically detached from the distribution neutral. If a conductor makes direct contact with an unbonded pole the fault current is limited to a much lower value. Proper tripping of the faulted line section may not take place due to the combination of limited fault current and high pickup levels on the feeder protection equipment. This paper will examine typical feeder ground trip settings and the effect these will have on the sizing of bonding jumpers for conductive distribution poles. The effect of loss of bonding jumpers on contact voltage is addressed.
Benchmark calculations with an unstructured grid flow solver on a SIMD computer

An unstructured grid flow solver was implemented on a massively parallel computer, and benchmark computations were performed. The solver was a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code that performs first-order, steady-state solutions of the Euler equations. The parallel computer employed was the Connection Machine made by Thinking Machines, Corp. The CFD code was programmed in *Lisp, the accuracy of the code was verified, and numerous optimizations were implemented. Several benchmark runs were then made to assess and understand the impact of the code modifications and to obtain meaningful performance comparisons with other advanced computers.
A simulation study of beam loading in a cavity

This paper presents a simulation study of beam loading in a cavity using the two-dimensional particle-in-cell code, MAGIC. We vary the beam voltage, the beam current, the degree of current modulation on the DC beam before the beam enters the cavity, and the degree of charge neutralization on the beam. We deduce the beam-loaded quality factor Q and the beam-loaded resonant frequency from a Lorentzian fit of the numerical data on the gap voltage response as a function of the driving frequency.
DGO-1: A metal coating/surface treatment resistant to cathodic delamination

Finding coatings/surface treatments that are resistant to cathodic delamination is not an easy task. Both the materials used and the inter-material bonds must be able to survive exposure to a very high pH (13-14) environment. During the last two years, the U.S. Navy has been testing non-conductive ceramic (NCC) coatings and a proprietary polymeric coating made by Teledyne/D.G. O'Brien called “DGO-1” for resistance to cathodic delamination. These experiments utilized an elevated temperature accelerated life test (ALT) in which solid, cylindrical monel 400 alloy samples were placed in a 66°C salt solution (3.5% sodium chloride) with zinc sacrificial anodes attached to simulate cable connectors subjected to an environment conducive to cathodic delamination. The DGO-1 coated samples were overmolded with PR-420 primer and PR-1547 polyurethane (PRC-DeSoto). The Arrhenius time-temperature correlation for this ALT was based upon the rate of cathodic delamination observed on bare metal monel 400 flat coupon samples made with the same primer and polyurethane encapsulant. One equivalent year (EY) of exposure was calculated to be 31.2 days in the ALT tank. Circumferential peel test data from the DGO-1 coated samples indicate that cable connectors of similar dimensions could be expected to last for 18 EYs under environmental conditions that promote cathodic delamination. DGO-1 coated samples lasted much longer than bare-metal samples made with PR-420 primer and PR-1547 polyurethane, and they also survived significantly longer than monel 400 samples with NCC coatings and standard seal coats overmolded with the same primer and polyurethane encapsulant.
A real-time performance evaluation of tightly coupled LTE Wi-Fi radio access networks

A tight coupling of LTE and Wi-Fi interfaces can be achieved by integrating them at their radio protocol stacks. LTE and Wi-Fi radio level integration with IPSec tunnel (LWIP) was introduced by 3GPP as part of Rel-13. This tighter level of interworking replaces the traditional way of cellular-Wi-Fi interworking through a packet gateway and it can react to the dynamic changes in the wireless link quality. In this paper, we present a variant of LWIP prototype that works with commercial UE (Nexus 5). The developed LWIP prototype uses OpenAirInterface (OAI) for LTE network and Cisco Access Point (AP) as Wi-Fi AP. We also present the design and implementation of LWIP prototype and interesting results for tight interworking of LTE and Wi-Fi at IP level. We have evaluated the LWIP performance with different Link Aggregation Strategies (LAS) using both UDP and TCP. We have observed that, in a highly loaded Wi-Fi channel, when LWIP employs Wi-Fi only in Downlink (WoD) LAS, then sum of individual TCP flow throughput has improved by 28% as compared to LWIP operating with Flow Split (FS) LAS. We have enumerated the challenges which has to be addressed in LWIP to reap the maximum benefits.
Breath Analysis of Lung Cancer Patients Using an Electronic Nose Detection System

The measurement of gaseous compounds in exhaled breath, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), may provide a noninvasive technique for assessing lung pathology, some of which are associated with lung cancer (LC). VOC analysis is laborious while electronic noses are emerging as rapid detectors of an array of gaseous markers recognizing a characteristic “smellprint.”  To conduct a pilot breath analysis using an electronic nose to test the hypothesis that there would be significant differences in the smellprint patterns between newly diagnosed LC patients and control subjects.  Eighty-nine subjects were recruited, consisting of nonsmokers (33), ex-smokers (11), smokers (18), patients with respiratory disorders (11), and LC patients (16). Subjects exhaled into gas-impermeable bags for offline eNose measurements with a six-channel electronic detection module ENS Mk 3 (E-Nose Pty, Sydney). The time-response curve from each channel was evaluated for four parameters: rate to peak height, peak height, rate to recovery, and area under the curve.  The results showed significant differences between lung cancer and control groups when measuring peak height in channel 1 (p = 0.025); rate to recovery in channel 3 (p = 0.045); and rate to peak height in channel 3 (p = 0.001).  The results show promise in that there were significant differences in the smellprint of subjects with lung cancer compared with control subjects. Further standardization of the technique will assist in improving the sensitivity and specificity of the method, with potential to use the analysis in a number of diseases where characteristic signatures occur in the breath.
Boundary correction for total variation regularized L^1 function with applications to image decomposition and segmentation

The total variation model with L1 norm fidelity term (TV-L1) has been proposed to serve as an effective cartoon-texture image decomposition tool because of its unique scale-dependent decomposition ability. Nevertheless, one of its largely overlooked limitations is its inability to perfectly retain the original contours of the selected patterns when the fidelity term is not sufficiently weighted. In this paper, we propose a boundary correction method to refine the contours of extracted patterns under such circumstances. A scale-driven image segmentation algorithm extended from the boundary correction method is presented as an application. Experimental results demonstrate that our works overcome the drawbacks of existing TV-L1 model and provide an alternative segmentation method
‘Bag of segments’ for motion trajectory analysis

We propose a novel method to represent motion trajectory - 'bag of segments'. Motivated by the 'bag of words' approach in text mining and more recently in image categorization, we represent each trajectory as a collection of segments, each assigned a membership to a codeword of a dictionary. The trajectory segments are represented by their shape and motion information while the inter-segment relationship is ignored. In the 'bag of trajectory segments' representation, the trajectories are transformed to a vector in the codeword space. The codebook is generated by clustering a large amount of trajectory segments using expectation maximization (EM) algorithm and each codeword is a weighted regression model. Given the codebook, trajectories are segmented and associated with a soft-frequency vector in codeword space as an intermediate representation. With the 'bag of segments' representation, trajectory analysis can be carried out in vector space as traditional data. Experiments show the 'bag of segments' method is very effective in trajectory similarity search and classification.
Design and Analysis of CMOS-Controlled Tunable Photodetectors for Multiwavelength Discrimination

In this paper, a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) based photodetector for multiple wavelength discrimination is fully introduced and analyzed. Its spectral response is programmable electrically through a set of low-voltage binary patterns that can be generated from CMOS circuits. Consequently, the wavelength reconfiguration time of the detector is set primarily by the electronics switching time, which is on the order of nanoseconds. Additionally, the spectral response of the detector can be arbitrarily shaped for any specific system need based on algorithms we introduce here. The nanosecond wavelength reconfigurability feature of the detector offers flexibility for designing high-efficiency wavelength reconfigurable optical networks.
Effect of Metallic Dust on Operation of Repetition-Rate High-Power Microwave Devices

In the circuits of high-power microwave (HPM) devices, such as HPM sources and/or high-gradient accelerating structures, small quantities of metallic dust may exist. These metallic particles of a micrometer size being located in the region of high RF magnetic field can absorb enough energy for significant heating and even melting. The melted clumps can then impinge on structure surface and create nonuniformities, leading to the RF field enhancement and subsequent breakdown events. This heating process in single long-enough RF pulses was analyzed in our previous paper (“Possible role of RF melted microparticles on the operation of high-gradient accelerating structures,”  2009). In this paper, we consider similar processes in HPM devices operating in repetition-rate regimes. The process of particles cooling between RF pulses is first analyzed under an assumption of blackbody radiation. Then, the applicability of this assumption is discussed, and the effect of deviation from it is estimated. It is shown that the melting of metallic particle of a size comparable to the skin depth in HPM devices is possible when the RF magnetic field, microwave pulse duration, and repetition frequency are large enough.
Development of compact thermal models for advanced electronic packaging: methodology and experimental validation for a single-chip CPGA package

A methodology for creating compact thermal models of a single-chip CPGA package was developed and rigorously evaluated. Detailed package thermal models were exposed to a set of "hard" boundary conditions representing directional cooling scenarios. Studies were performed to compare the predicted temperature distributions in the package first when the metallic/ceramic sub-layers of the substrate and each pin in the array were individually modeled and secondly by combining the sub-layers as well as the pins and interstitial air into smeared layers. The smeared layer approach was found to be quite reasonable The detailed model was experimentally validated using a novel apparatus that allowed imposing temperature boundary conditions on the pin grid array and on the other surfaces, one at a time. Thermal response data were generated with the experimentally validated detailed model for a set of eight boundary conditions that were derived from a design of experiments approach using the minimum and maximum values of average heat transfer prevailing on the package external surfaces. Compact models of three different network topologies were generated utilizing a nonlinear programming algorithm. The simplest, five-resistor star-shaped network was unable to capture either the junction temperatures or the heat flows leaving the prime lumped areas within the required accuracy. Shunted networks with and without a floating node were also optimized, both topologies yielding good accuracy for both the junction temperatures and heat flows.
Coupling of external radiation to circuitry inside complex EM environments

In this paper, we present a hybrid statistical model for confined electromagnetic environments with arbitrary geometry, coupled by electrically wide apertures, in presence of spatially localized sources and sinks. An external (oblique) plane wave is supposed to illuminate the aperture, which radiates inside a wave-chaotic cavity with distributed losses. The dependence of couple voltages on the external radiation is found to take place through a transfer-impedance that is a functional of the hybrid random coupling model. We compute this impedance numerically by the Montecarlo technique.
Design of a SiC implantable rectenna for wireless in-vivo biomedical devices

Radio frequency energy harvesting methods for wireless applications have been widely investigated, however limited number of these methods have been capable of generating sufficient energy levels, in which can be leveraged as feasible sources for implantable medical devices, in particular implantable rectenna. Such rectennas can provide unlimited energy for the lifespan of implanted devices. This paper presents a fabricated rectenna using the biocompatible material Silicon Carbide (SiC) and a rectifier system including matching network of 47.7% power efficiency. The developed SiC rectenna is intended for wireless biomedical power transmission. This proposed SiC rectenna has the potential to extend the battery life of implantable medical devices.
A Bayesian Predictive Method for Automatic Speech Segmentation

Implicit speech segmentation is basically to find time instances when the spectral distortion is large. Spectral variation function is a widely used measure of spectral distortion. However, SVF is a data-dependent measure. In order to make the measurement data-independent, a likelihood ratio is constructed to measure the spectral distortion. This ratio can be computed efficiently with a Bayesian predictive model. The prior of the Bayesian predictive model is estimated from unlabeled data via an unsupervised machine learning technique - Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The experimental results show that effectiveness of this novel method. The performance on TIMIT corpus indicates the potential applications in speech recognition, synthesis and coding
Effect of circuit fabrication tolerances on the gain and phase of a W-band folded-waveguide TWT

We demonstrate a practical numerical approach to the analysis of the effects of finite fabrication tolerances on the performance of a folded-waveguide TWT. The approach involves the simulation of a numerically generated ‘ensemble’ of TWTs that differ from each other by small random variations in certain key physical circuit dimensions. By computing the ensemble averages and standard deviations of the computed values of various performance metrics (gain, phase, and output power, for example) we can predict the average values and ranges of these and other metrics to be expected in as-built devices. Such studies also can help discover those physical dimensions to which the performance is most sensitive, and therefore can help to optimize a TWT design for maximum performance and/or manufacturing yield.