nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Design, development and performance evaluation of a light diesel hybrid electric pickup vehicle using a new parallel hybrid transmission system

Hybrid electric vehicles are widely seen as potential solutions to the problems of exhaust emissions, fuel consumption and technical challenges to increase vehicle functionality. The present paper focuses on the design, development and performance evaluation of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle based on the concept of a new parallel hybrid transmission. A light pickup diesel vehicle is selected as a platform for hybridization because this category of vehicles consumes a lot of fuel. A prototype of the new transmission system comprised of a coupled planetary gear set, clutches and brakes is built. This transmission utilizes two planetary gear trains coupled for multispeed capability and, has the ability to operate two power sources and to control such power sources independently from one another. To demonstrate the practical applicability of the transmission and this hybrid configuration, one prototype vehicle is built integrating the new transmission system. Since lead acid batteries are available in Indian market, so these batteries are considered in the development. The prototype vehicle is tested on a chassis dynamometer and on test tracks. The acceleration performance of the hybrid vehicle is improved by about 25% over that of the baseline vehicle. An improvement of about 21% in the fuel economy of the hybrid vehicle is measured. The greenhouse gas emissions from the hybrid vehicle are reduced in proportion to fuel consumption. It is a fail-safe design. The new transmission system is proved to be a viable option for parallel hybrid electric vehicles in light duty applications.
Separation of artifacts from electroencephalogram signal using sequential singular spectrum analysis

This paper presents a sequential singular spectrum analysis (SSA) also known as multistage SSA method to separate the artifacts from the single channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Firstly, the (SSA) was applied on the contaminated EEG signal with window length L1□ and decomposed into three components (EOG, EEG and EMG). After observing these deco-composed components, if any artifacts are still present in the EEG components, SSA is again applied with different window length L2. Finally the artifacts such as electrooculogram (EOG) and electromyogram (EMG) are separated from the EEG signal and it is found that the seizure activity (5.45/7z)□ is preserved and all the artifact components are separated efficiently. It is also found that in terms of computational complexity the proposed sequential SSA technique is more efficient than the Local SSA.
An Efficient Approach for Latent Fingerprint Recognition

The online fingerprints by biometric system is not widely used now a days and there is less scope as user is friendly with the system. This paper represents a framework and applying the latent fingerprints obtained from the crime scene. These prints would be matched with our database and we identify the criminal. For this process we have to get the fingerprints of all the citizens. This technique may reduce the crime to a large extent. Latent prints are different from the patent prints. These fingerprints are found at the time of crime and these fingerprints are left accidentally. By this approach we collect these fingerprints by chemicals, powder, lasers and other physical means. Sometimes, fingerprints have a broken curve and it is not so clear due to low pressure. We apply the M_join algorithm to join the curve to achieve better results. Thus, our proposed approach eliminates the pseudo minutiae and joins the broken curves in fingerprints.
A novel DG allocation method for power loss reduction in radial distribution system

The objective of this paper is to minimize active power losses of radial distribution system by optimal Distributed Generations (DGs) allocation. The significance of optimal DG allocation is to offer the appropriate position and sizes of DG units. A novel constant, Power Voltage Sensitivity Constant (PVSC), has been proposed in this paper to solve the problem. The type-I DG, which gives only active power, is considered here. The level of DG penetration is considered in a range of 0–50%. The achievability of the technique has been verified on 69 bus standard system at different load level. The results are encouraging when compared with latest approach.
Road quality management system using mobile sensors

One of the major problems in developing countries is maintenance of roads. Well maintained roads contribute a major portion to the country's economy. Identification of road distress such as potholes and bumps, helps drivers to avoid accidents, vehicle damages and it also helps authorities to maintain roads. In this paper, we discuss the previous pothole detection methods that has been developed and proposes a cost-effective solution to identify the potholes and bumps on roads. In our system, mobile phone sensors are used to identify the potholes and bumps. The proposed system captures the geographical location of the potholes and bumps using GPS sensor in the Mobile phone. These sensed-data are send to the cloud storage for further processing. This serves as a valuable source of information for the government authorities and vehicle drivers. An android and web application can be used to display the road condition in the map.
Robust watermarking technique using Arnold's transformation and RSA in discrete wavelets

Copyright protection is a major concern in digital data transmission over public channel. For copyright protection, watermarking technique is extensively used. A robust watermarking scheme using Arnold's transformation and RSA algorithm in the DWT domain has been proposed in our paper. The combined encryption has been taken to provide more security to the watermark before the embedding phase. The PSNR value shows the difference between original cover and embedded cover is minimal. Similarly, NC values show the robustness and resistance capability of the proposed technique from the common attacks such as JPEG compression, scaling etc. Thus, this combined version of Arnold's transformation and RSA algorithm can be used in case of higher security requirement of the watermark signal.
A Novel Compact Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wireless Sensor Network Application

In this article, a compact stacked cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna loaded with a patch is proposed for the wireless sensor network (WSN). Stacking of two dielectric material techniques is used to enhance the bandwidth of the antenna, and the metallic patch is used as a reflector for improving the gain and enforce compactness. The dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is excited by the central coaxial probe feed with TM21  mode being observed at 6.7GHz resonant frequency. The proposed antenna is fabricated, and a close agreement is found between simulated and measured results. The proposed structure offers wide impedance bandwidth of 7.5GHz from 5.7 to 13.2GHz. A peak gain of 6.8 dBi is measured over the desired frequency band. The proposed DRA finds scenarios in WSNs and sensor node application.
Performance of SVPWM based vector controlled HVDC light transmission system under balanced fault condition

The recent developments in power electronics technology have lead to the improvements of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based Voltage source converter High voltage direct current (VSC HVDC) transmission systems. These are also commercially known as HVDC Light transmission systems, which are popular in renewable, micro grid, and electric power systems. Out of different pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes, Space vector PWM (SVPWM) control scheme finds growing importance in HVDC Light applications because of its better dc bus utilization. In this paper, SVPWM scheme is utilized to control the HVDC Light system in order to achieve better DC bus utilization, harmonic reduction, and for reduced power fluctuations. The simulations are carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the results are provided for steady state and dynamic conditions. Finally, the performance of SVPWM based vector controlled HVDC Light transmission system is compared with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) based HVDC Light system in terms of output voltage and total harmonic distortion (THD).
High performance n-MOS finFET by damage-free, conformal extension doping

A solution for conformal n-type finFET extension doping is demonstrated, yielding ION values of 1.23 mA/µm at IOFF=100 nA/um at 1V. This high device performance results from 40% reduced external resistance, which in term is stemming from 130% increased fin sidewall doping (confirmed by SIMS, SSRM and Atom Probe) relative to ion implant process. In this work we also report lowered gate leakage due to the damage-free extension doping.
Quad Bands U-Shaped Slot Loaded Probe Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna

The micro strip U-shape slotted patch antennas have been drawing attention in various wireless interoperability microwave access (WiMAX) applications since last two decade. The U-shape slotted micro strip antennas have grown as a dominant part of research with their vital roles in mobiles and satellite communication. In this paper design of U shape slotted micro strip antenna is proposed which work at four bands with appreciable gains. It can be used in S-band, C-band and X band communication systems. The substrate Teflon based material of permittivity 2.08 is selected for U-shape microstrip patch antenna design. Proposal to measure different bandwidths has been exercised for the HFSS 13.0 (High Frequency Structure Simulator) based model.
Random node sampling approach for energy efficient data gathering in wireless sensor networks

This article proposes a novel data gathering scheme for wireless sensor networks to reduce energy consumption for a prolonged network lifetime. Data gathering is modeled as random node sampling method, where fusion center collects data from arbitrarily deployed randomly selected nodes and takes the global decision. We evaluate performance of our method with metrics: energy consumption and error performance of the global decision. The results of extensive simulations on synthetic and real data sets show that at an average our proposed method can save up to 57.38% energy with 50.23% error performance gain compared to auction-based data gathering method.
Dopant and carrier profiling in FinFET-based devices with sub-nanometer resolution

Atom probe tomography (APT) in conjunction with scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) is demonstrated for the first time to profile dopant and carrier distributions in FinFET-based devices with sub-nanometer resolution. These two techniques together provide information on the degree of conformality, the dose retention and the dopant activation. These results are also compared with a methodology involving secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Ion implantation for increased conformality of source/drain extensions is demonstrated for tilted implants, which clearly leads to improved device performance.
Load Frequency Control of three area hydro thermal power system with HFTID Controller

This Paper presents, the Load Frequency Control(LFC) of three area system controlled with the help of PID, Fuzzy Logic Controller(FLC), and Hybrid Fuzzy Tilt-Integral Derivative(HFTID) Controller. In this study two Non-Reheated Thermal and one Hydro system is connected by Tie-line. Fuzzy Logic Controller is Rule based which depends upon various inputs. It provides better performance and efficiency. Simulation is done using three Controllers for different inputs in MATLAB\SIMULINK software.
ANPR Indian system using surveillance cameras

Number Plate Recognition technique is widely used in identifying vehicle identity across the world where a standard plate size and font are maintained which makes recognition easy. For implementing number plate recognition specifically in India a lot number of issue comes up like hundreds of different forms of fonts being used, size of plate not maintained, five different color number plate, double line number plate etc. All these problems are being taken care while developing a software for Indian number plate recognition and is tested in real Indian road conditions. Support Vector machines are trained & used for detection of number plate contours. ANN is used for character recognition from number plate and various algorithm for plate enhancement, noise reduction and ultimately neural networks are most efficient for result with erasing lot of camera constraints. The ANPR software is designed in C++ using Qt for GUI designing, OpenCV as image processing libraries and SQL as database management thereby making it a complete software implementation of idea.
I2P air purifier with air quality monitoring device

Air pollution is an addition of harmful substances in the atmosphere, which results in environmental damage. The industrial development and reduction in forests which are two main root cause of air pollution has increased the death rates people dying from diseases like breathing problem and lung cancer. So, to fight against this serious threat to mankind, we decided to standby this society and we made our mind to do something to detect the amount of impurities in the air and considerably reduce the amount of impurity present in the air. In the project, we are detecting impurities using gas sensor. Impure air is input to the gas sensor. The sensor is connected to the Arduino which consist of code which will help us in detecting the amount of impurities in the air. After taking the inputs regarding the amount of impurities from the doctor we have set a limit up to which extent impurities are not harmful. If the limit exceeds then a buzzer sounds along with LCD display which gives us the information that it's time to switch ON the filtering device. After that filtering device gets turned ON and air gets purified. Coming to applications it can be used in the place where there is a need of oil mist collectors, dust collectors, UV air purifiers etc.
A reliable covert channel over IEEE 802.15.4 using steganography

The proliferation of Internet of Things has propelled the popularization of IEEE 802.15.4 standard. For the secure transmission of confidential data over 802.15.4, multiple encryption-based security techniques have been proposed in the literature. But these techniques do not ensure undetectable communication which is crucial in multiple scenarios like covert military operations. It is not sufficient enough to maintain the secrecy of the data using these techniques as it can arouse suspicion and even the encryption might be defeated by the adversary using advanced methods. For covert data communication, some steganographic techniques have been studied for 802.15.4 but unreliability makes it difficult to use for practical applications. In this paper, we propose a reliable method for covert data communication using redundancy in the direct spread spectrum sequences. We propose a secret acknowledgment and error detection method to ensure reliable communication in the covert channel. Results show that we can transfer confidential data reliably at a significant rate without considerably affecting the performance of primary data reception.
Lightweight cipher algorithms for smart cards security: A survey and open challenges

Smart cards are secure and multifunctional devices that have become the important part of our daily life applications i.e. from finance, transportation, telecommunication to education, entertainment, health care. Increased use of these devices leads to much advancement in the field of smart cards, yet there are some security threats related to smart cards that needed to be explored. In this paper, smart cards applications and its security threats are discussed. The smart cards authentication and data encryption schemes have been surveyed which lead to comparative survey of various works proposed in this area. This survey results in some research issues; and future directions to resolve these issues are defined.
AlGaN/GaN Microwave Switch With Hybrid Slow and Fast Gate Design

We present a novel approach to reduce the off-state capacitance of microwave transistor switches. The new design includes a “slow gate” layer, which allows for complete depletion of the channel in the source-drain region, thus reducing the gate-channel capacitance. Due to very high impedance at high frequencies, the “slow gate” shunting effect and its own capacitance contributions are negligibly small. This novel approach is validated by demonstrating an AlGaN/GaN single-pole double-throw switch with the “slow gate” layer formed by InGaN film. The new gate design decreases the insertion loss of the fabricated switch by approximately 0.5 dB and increases the isolation by approximately 5 dB.
Three dimensional particle-in-cell simulation study of Relativistic Magnetron with Diffraction Output in CST

The A6 Relativistic Magnetron with Diffraction Output (MDO) with two cathode geometries have been investigated. The cathode radius of the magnetron structure has been decreased to make it operate in π-mode. The radiation from the magnetron is extracted axially by tapering onto a conical antenna only those cavities of the anode that correspond to the symmetry of the radiated modes. CST Electromagnetic finite-difference-time domain Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code has been used to simulate the structure. With an input voltage of 240kV, the magnetic field has been varied to maximize the output RF voltage amplitude.
Control of PCB track impedance by adequate buffering, proper termination, careful routing strategies establishes signal quality in microprocessor based system

Approximate methods have been suggested for improving the speed performance of a microprocessor based system. This can be achieved by providing adequate buffering, termination, and careful routing of the tracks. This paper addresses the problems encountered in signals where the the effective line length is larger or capacitive loading is high (data bus, address, etc.). The effective characteristic impedance (Ze) of a PCB track can vary from 25 ohms to 300 ohms. A line with a characteristic impedance of 25 ohms might be good for a power supply line but it will degrade the rise time in a data line, resulting in a reduction of the overall speed performance of the system. The output impedance of CMOS and TTL ICs vary from 45 ohms to 150 ohms, so it is better to keep Ze above 25 ohms.
Supervised classification of snow cover using hyperspectral imagery

Snow cover classification maps are a significant input in snowmelt runoff models for understanding the hydrological processes. While hyperspectral remote sensing provides significant opportunities in the assessment of land cover features, it is yet underexplored in the snow-covered areas. Dimensionality reduction is extremely significant due to a large number of spectral bands in hyperspectral imagery and also because of relatively small number of training pixels in difficult snow covered terrains. Hyperspectral band selection is indeed a key preliminary step for classification. In this study, a hyperspectral band selection technique is proposed which utilizes the mutual information (MI) between different spectral bands and the reference data. Different variants of the proposed method were experimented, which includes pre-clustering of bands before the computation of MI. The paper emphasizes computationally efficient techniques for the selection of optimal bands in the supervised classification of hyperspectral imagery corresponding to snow-covered mountainous regions. The proposed methods are evaluated with a data set corresponding to the Solang, Himachal Pradesh, India. The methods from the proposed approach are evaluated against state of the art techniques based on statistical accuracy and computational time.
Small signal stability analysis of a battery connected standalone photovoltaic system

This paper presents the small signal stability (SSS) analysis of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system with battery as backup source for power management between the source and the load. The stability of this system needs to be analysed for its proper and smooth operation. Lead-acid battery is commonly used in high power PV applications due to its low cost and availability in large size. Three independent control loops are proposed to control the standalone PV system; MPPT control loop to extract maximum power from PV module under varying solar irradiation, battery control loop for bidirectional power flow between battery, dc-link through buck-boost converter to maintain constant dc input voltage, and inverter control loop for maintaining tight voltage regulation and achieving fast dynamic response under sudden load fluctuations. State-space modeling of the standalone system is discussed for the SSS analysis. The stability of the above control loops are verified by using Bode diagram. Finally the proposed method is applied to 2 kW, 110 V, 50 Hz two-stage single-phase standalone PV system. The simulation and the experimental results are presented to validate the proposed control strategy and its stability.
Junction strategies for 1x nm technology node with FINFET and high mobility channel

Junction strategies for FINFETs and high mobility channel devices in 1× nm node are discussed. Doping conformality and doping damage control are the keys for high performance scaled FINFETs. Damage-less conformal fin doping can be provided by Self Regulatory Plasma Doping (SRPD) process, based on radical absorption in low energy plasma and subsequent drive-in anneal. SRPD demonstrates 20% Ion gain as compared to an ion implantation reference. The Implant Free Quantum Well (IFQW) device, featuring high mobility QW channel and doped epi raised Source/Drain (rSD), is one of the most promising device architectures for high mobility channel devices. Carrier confinement in QW channel enables good short channel control without halo, which in turn leads to reduced variability. Doped epi rSD enables low temperature junction anneal that maintains high channel mobility. SiGe IFQW device with eSiGe epi SD shows very high Ion of 1.28mA/μm at Ioff = 160nA/μm at gate length/width of 30nm/0.16μm.
Scanning spreading resistance microscopy for carrier profiling beyond 32nm node

With the continued scaling of CMOS devices down to 32nm node and beyond, device performance is very sensitive to the lateral diffusion mechanisms influencing the effective channel length. Tools are thus, required to measure with sufficient resolution and accuracy the carrier distribution. Scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) has evolved as a successful carrier-profiling technique with sub-nm resolution, less than 2 nm/decade gradient resolution and high dynamic range 1015 to 1021 cm-3. In this work, we present the approaches (methodology and special test structures) to obtain a 3D-carrier concentration map for FinFET-based devices. We also correlate the results obtained with SSRM for various process conditions and its implications on device performance.