nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
IP-recovery in the DVB-H Link layer for TV on mobile

Recently, DVB-H Internet Protocol based TV on Mobile devices made its entrance in the mobile arena. Due to transmission over an error-prone channel, IP datagrams (packet at network layer) may be corrupted. To improve reception robustness, the DVB-H link layer is equipped with Forward Error Correction (FEC), allowing correction of erroneous IP datagrams, using two-bit signaling information. During reception, locator information is derived prior to FEC, indicating the storage position of correctly received IP datagrams. This is essential due to the variable-length sizes of the IP-based data. For the situation that FEC fails to correct all erroneously received data, the locator information enables retrieval of all correctly received IP datagrams and indicates the location of potentially corrected IP datagrams. Using the derived locator information, experimental research has shown that after FEC, a considerable number of correct IP datagrams can still be recovered from an incorrect MPE-FEC frame. This results in up to 50% data recovery for medium-sized datagrams. This successful recovery depends on the received IP datagram length and the transmission error probability and results in an improved audiovisual decoding quality.
Least squares SVM combined with near infrared spectroscopy for diagnosing endometrial carcinoma

The feasibility of early diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma was studied by least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) that classified near infrared (NIR) spectra of tissues. NIR spectra of 77 specimens of endometrium were collected. The spectra were pretreated by the 1st derivative Savitzky-Golay and direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC) methods to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and remove the influences of background and baseline. The effects of modeling parameters were investigated using grid searching technique and bootstrapped Latin-partition methods. The model was optimized with the destination function of the average RMSE of bootstrapped Latin-partition cross validation. The optimal model of the LS-SVM successfully classified all the samples of the test set into three groups. The proposed procedure was proven to be rapid and convenient, which is suitable to be developed as a non-invasive diagnosis method for cancer tissue.
Antennas for terahertz applications

Interest in terahertz science has expanded rapidly in recent years due largely to the advent of new RF components and new fast-pulse optical time domain spectroscopic techniques. The two traditional development communities that border the terahertz gap - optical and microwave, are beginning to converge as we see more wide spread use of terahertz systems. One technology area where both these communities can benefit is in the design and realization of new forms of terahertz antennas and beam forming networks. Both frequency domain and optical time domain techniques make use of single mode, broad band terahertz antennas. However, most existing instruments utilize very simple structures that have been imported from the microwave community. The very special needs of newly proposed terahertz instruments, especially very wide band-width spectroscopy and high resolution imagers, require new antenna concepts and new ways of implementing already established antenna designs. More traditional applications for terahertz systems, in radio astronomy, remote sensing and radar, generally require large diameter, high surface accuracy antenna dishes that can benefit from active surface correction, new light weight materials and compact designs. This paper provides a brief overview of terahertz antenna issues from large scale reflectors to multipixel imaging systems. It is intended as an introduction to a field with both wide breadth and applications that cross many disciplines
Near-field measurement of a planar meta-surface illuminated by dipole antennas

In this paper, the uniform illumination of a meta-surface that is fed by a single dipole antenna or an array is experimentally investigated by means of near-field measurements. The results of the scanned field, when the dipoles are radiating in free space and when the meta-surface is placed atop them are presented. By means of this measurement, the coupling reduction between dipoles of an array due to the presence of the meta-surface is observed.
Multi-channel video streaming server for surveillance systems

In this paper we describe an architecture for a multi-client, multi-channel video streaming server targeted at the security market. To obtain scalability in bit-rate, multiple compressed video streams are available for each video channel. For transmission to the user, one stream has to be selected for each video channel. Parameters and cost functions to derive the optimal set of streams are defined and heuristic algorithms to find the best combination of video streams are introduced.
Temporal signal energy correction and low-complexity encoder feedback for lossy scalable video coding

In this paper, we address two problems found in embedded implementations of Scalable Video Codecs (SVCs): the temporal signal energy distribution and frame-to-frame quality fluctuations. The unequal energy distribution between the low- and high-pass band with integer-based wavelets leads to sub-optimal rate-distortion choices coupled with quantization-error accumulations. The second problem is the quality fluctuation between frames within a Group Of Pictures (GOP). To solve these two problems, we present two modifications to the SVC. The first modification aims at a temporal energy correction of the lifting scheme in the temporal wavelet decomposition. By moving this energy correction to the leaves of the temporal tree, we can save on required memory size, bandwidth and computations, while reducing floating/fixed-point conversion errors. The second modification feeds back the decoded first frame of the GOP (the temporal low-pass) into the temporal coding chain. The decoding of the first frame is achieved without entropy decoding while avoiding any required modifications at the decoder. Experiments show that quality fluctuations within the GOP are significantly reduced, thereby significantly increasing the subjective visual quality. On top of this, a small quality improvement is achieved on average.
Integrated S-Band transmitter with on-chip DC-DC converter and control loop

A highly integrated high-power transmitter has been designed in a high breakdown GaAs MMIC technology. The transmitter includes, on top of an S-Band 10 W class-F HPA, a DC/DC converter and its associated gate driver, the full voltage regulation control loop, which provides a significant step for phased array transmit chain miniaturization and transmit pulse flexibility. The complete transmitter chip is assembled in a standard QFN package. The DC/DC converter operates at a switching frequency around 100MHz with an efficiency of 82%, including the on-chip control circuits. The overall DC to RF efficiency of the integrated transmitter is 32%.
Fast camera calibration for the analysis of sport sequences

Semantic analysis of sport sequences requires camera calibration to obtain player and ball positions in real-world coordinates. For court sports like tennis, the marker lines on the field can be used to determine the calibration parameters. We propose a real-time calibration algorithm that can be applied to all court sports simply by exchanging the court model. The algorithm is based on (1) a specialized court-line detector, (2) a RANSAC-based line parameter estimation, (3) a combinatorial optimization step to localize the court within the set of detected line segments, and (4) an iterative court-model tracking step. Our results show real-time calibration of, e.g., tennis and soccer sequences with a computation time of only about 6 ms per frame.
Surgical needle reconstruction using small-angle multi-view X-ray

In biopsies, drainages, vertebroplasty, and other needle-based procedures, insight on the 3D position of a needle is crucial for correct navigation by the clinician. In this paper, we present a method for the reconstruction of surgical needles using multi-view X-ray imaging with a small motion of the C-arm. It is required that the extent of the motion is limited (< 30 degrees) to allow use of this method during an intervention. This small motion provides sufficient multi-view information, which is used in combination with a needle model for the 3D reconstruction of the needle. To this end, we describe a system comprising the steps of (a) needle detection in a novel, RANSAC-based framework, (b) tracking of needles in subsequent views using geometric constraints and (c) needle reconstruction. Results are presented in comparison to a volume reconstruction using a full rotation of the C-arm (≈ 207 degrees), showing good accuracy of the proposed method.
Interactive multimedia communications experiment with a networked CD-i prototype

Compact Disc-interactive is a platform which matches the bit rate of the ADSL transmission technology and the MPEG video compression algorithm. ADSL technology, coupled with the MPEG video compression algorithm, provides an ideal medium for delivery of video-on-demand and multimedia services over the existing telephone copper based loop plant. The ADSL allows for video delivery with full user control, simultaneous with existing voice services, over a single non loaded twisted pair up to 18kft or 5.5km in length. A working prototype of the complete end to end system including a networked CD-i player is demonstrated and described. The necessary technologies are now here for possible residential multimedia applications. Our experiment demonstrates feasibility of networking of the existing multimedia platforms which were originally designed for CD-ROM based stand alone systems. The approach to applications porting by virtualization these platforms is advantageous due to the existing popularity of titles as well as the existing application development systems for creation of new applications.
The effect of oxygenation and annealing on the peak effect of the magnetization of melt-grown YBa/sub 2/CU/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta//

The influence of oxygenation and high temperature annealing on the peak effect of the magnetization of melt-grown YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (0</spl delta/<1) material has been studied. A control sample was prepared using a normal melt-growth procedure and oxygenated during cooling. A single grain cut from the control sample was annealed in the temperature region of the crystal growth (1030/spl deg/C-900/spl deg/C) followed by a standard oxygenation. Some of the control sample was powdered and oxygenated for different lengths of time. The peak of the magnetization shifted to a higher field for the sample oxygenated for longer times. Compared with the control sample, the peak of the magnetization of the sample annealed in the higher temperature region shifted to a lower field. The results are discussed within the framework of the collective pinning and collective creep model.
Pattern-Based de-correlation for visual-lossless video compression for wireless display applications

The core of many video coding standards is formed by the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for de-correlating spatial video data. When applied to symmetrical spatial data or patterns as found in graphical data, the DCT results in zerovalued sub-bands at predefined positions in the transform domain. The DCT de-correlation is further improved when scan paths are defined that omit the aforementioned zero-valued sub-bands. When deploying these predetermined scan paths on regular video, Human Visual System (HVS) based quantization is applied to force similar sub-bands to zero, such that the remaining energy matches a particular scan path. As a result, visual-lossless compression of video and graphics up to a factor four (2–4) with a PSNR of 40–45 dB is achieved, making this technique suitable for wireless display applications.
A CAD-based contact force simulator as a learning tool for compliant motions

A graphical and interactive simulator for reaction forces between a robot's end-effector and objects in the environment is presented. The simulator relies on the geometrical information available in a commercial CAD package, and on some basic physical properties such as the compliance of the wrist force sensor. It is fully compatible with state-of-the-art control and specification formalisms as used for real force-controlled robots, and its performance is real-time on a graphical workstation. This results in a powerful learning tool for the interactive or automatic derivation and tuning of the large set of specification and control parameters appearing in force-controlled compliant motions. The physical and algorithmic principles underlying the compliant motion simulator are outlined. Some examples show how the simulator can help the user to understand the influence of all parameters to be tuned while programming a compliant motion task.<<ETX>>
Feasibility of real-Time skin detection on TV DSP and FPGA platforms

This paper investigates the feasibility of three implementations of a skin detection algorithm for TV. We explore the following options: (1) full-precision non real-time SW on DSP, (2) reduced-precision real-time SW on DSP, and (3) full-precision real-time hardware on FPGA. We conclude that even though a real-time SW implementation is possible, its quality is sub-optimal and the solution is too expensive for a practical consumer TV system. Therefore, hardware support is indispensable for full-precision real-time skin detection on HD images.
(Sub)mm-wave components and subsystems based on PBG technology

Photonic band gap (PBG) materials present some interesting properties that may overcome some of the problems of conventional technologies. In particular, PBG architecture provides a practical method for the assembly of RF circuitry having three-dimensional properties. This paper presents some (sub)mm-wave components based on this technology. PBG dipole antennas and PBG waveguides have been studied. In addition, PBG crystals and active devices have been combined for the first time resulting in a PBG mixer. First results suggest that circuits implementing PBG technology can compete with conventional waveguide technology. A PBG based subharmonic mixer operating around 250 GHz exhibits a double sideband noise temperature of 3800 K.
Geometric averaging of X-ray signals in automatic exposure control

Improper dose control in X-ray cardio-vascular systems leads to a reduced Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in regions of interest of the X-ray image. We aim at reducing the influence of direct radiation, entering a measuring field for X-ray dose control in a Flat Detector which gives too bright areas (highlights) in the image. It is our desire to use a norm-like signal size that represents a minimal dose value while maximizing information transfer and thus image quality. In a dose control system, it is common practice to employ a special averaging technique for computing a representative signal level controlling the X-ray. We have found that the geometric averaging outperforms the existing techniques and significantly improves the image quality. Our approach reduces the highlight influence and guarantees an adequate Contrast-to-Noise ratio for decentered objects. We provide convincing experimental results showing a strongly improved image quality with respect to contrast and detail.
Misregistration errors in change detection algorithms and how to avoid them

Background subtraction is a popular algorithm for video object segmentation. It identifies foreground objects by comparing the input images with a pure background image. In camera-motion compensated sequences, small errors in the motion estimation can lead to large image differences along sharp edges. Consequently, the errors in the image registration finally lead to segmentation errors. This paper proposes a computationally efficient approach to detect image areas having a high risk of showing misregistration errors. Furthermore, we describe how existing change detection algorithms can be modified to avoid segmentation errors in these areas. Experiments show that our algorithm can improve the segmentation quality. The algorithm is memory efficient and suitable for real-time processing.
High-Responsivity Low-Voltage 28-Gb/s Ge p-i-n Photodetector With Silicon Contacts

We report a high-performance germanium waveguide photodetectors (WPDs) without doping in germanium or direct metal contacts on germanium, grown on and contacted through a silicon p-i-n diode structure. Wafer-scale measurements demonstrate high responsivities larger than 1.0 A/W across the C-band and low dark current of ~3 nA at -1 V and ~8 nA at -2 V. Owing to its small dimensions, the Ge WPD exhibits a high optoelectrical 3-dB bandwidth of 20 and 27 GHz at low-bias voltages of -1 and -2 V, respectively, which are sufficient for operation at 28 Gb/s. The reduced processing complexity at the tungsten contact plug module combined with the high responsivity makes these Ge WPD devices particularly attractive for emerging low-cost CMOS-Si photonics transceivers.
Patterned magnetic media from self-assembly template methods

Using lyotropic liquid crystalline phases and self-assembly from colloidal suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres, well-ordered, nanostructured templates were prepared. The results of electrochemical deposition of magnetic metals and alloys in the voids of these templates are presented. This technique has enabled the creation of magnetic nanostructures with 3D-achitectures on length scales 4 nm-1 mum. Changes in coercive field, by more than an order of magnitude were found, dominated by the effects of domain wall pinning. Clear transverse magnetisation suggests Bloch type of the domain walls. The in-plane component of the magnetic field drives the magnetic hysteresis. The templated electrodeposition technique offers the potential of a low-cost preparation method for sub-micron patterned magnetic media.
Real-Time Local Contrast Enhancement Algorithm for Video Cameras with Built-in Noise and Artifact Suppression

For real-time imaging with digital video cameras, visibility of details is very important to ensure user confidence. Many complex scenes require local contrast improvements that should bring details to the best possible visibility. However, local enhancement methods mainly suffer from ringing artifacts and over-emphasizing noise. We present a multi-window real-time high-frequency enhancement scheme, in which gain is a nonlinear function of the detail energy. Our algorithm controls perceived sharpness, ringing artifacts (contrast) and noise, resulting in a good balance between visibility of details and non- disturbance of artifacts. The new scheme can be successfully applied to any class of video system that would benefit from contrast improvement.
Efficient Operator for Local Energy Measurements to Enhance an Image Signal

For real-time imaging with digital video cameras and high-quality display with TV systems, the obtained picture quality including visibility of details, local contrast, and absence of artifacts, is very important to ensure user quality acceptance. We present a multi-window real-time high-frequency enhancement scheme, in which gain is a non-linear function of the detail energy. Then we discuss the computation of commonly used local energy measurements and show that a selection of those measurements can be calculated efficiently. In our first contribution, we propose a new local energy measurement APS that can be calculated more efficiently than the existing metrics in a 2-D-separable fashion. In addition, we also show that the new APS measurement gives better performance than standard energy measurements. The second contribution is the use of local contrast and a modified contrast gain formula that can substantially improve the overall algorithm performance, especially when a high-level contrast enhancement is desired. Our algorithm trades off between added contrast and “halo” artifacts, resulting in a good balance between visibility of details and an acceptable level of artifacts. The new scheme can be successfully applied to cameras and TV systems to improve their visual quality.
Robust background estimation for complex video sequences

Knowing the background image of a video scene simplifies the general video-object segmentation problem and therefore it is required by several automatic segmentation algorithms. This paper presents a new background estimation algorithm which is applicable to complex video sequences where many objects are simultaneously visible and the background is visible for a short time period only. The algorithm applies a rough segmentation of the input images into foreground and background regions to exclude the foreground objects from background synthesis. This prevents a bias of the synthesized background image towards the color of foreground objects. Experiments show that the obtained background images differ significantly less from the real background than those obtained with previous algorithms.
Quality improving techniques in DIBR for free-viewpoint video

This paper evaluates our 3D view interpolation rendering algorithm and proposes a few performance improving techniques. We aim at developing a rendering method for free-viewpoint 3DTV, based on depth image warping from surrounding cameras. The key feature of our approach is warping texture and depth in the first stage simultaneously and postpone blending the new view to a later stage, thereby avoiding errors in the virtual depth map. We evaluate the rendering quality in two ways. Firstly, it is measured by varying the distance between the two nearest cameras. We have obtained a PSNR gain of 3 dB and 4.5 dB for the ‘Breakdancers’ and ‘Ballet’ sequences, respectively, compared to the performance of a recent algorithm. A second series of tests in measuring the rendering quality were performed using compressed video or images from surrounding cameras. The overall quality of the system is dominated by rendering quality and not by coding.
New scalable DCT computation for resource-constrained systems

The applicability of MPEG video coding can be improved by scaling the algorithmic complexity and resource usage to the desired application and device. This paper presents a new DCT computation technique of which the quality and amount of computations is maximized for a limited number of operations. For halved computing resources, about 2-4 SNR dB improvement was obtained when compared to a diagonally oriented computation of coefficients, matching with the conventional MPEG scanning.
Color exploitation in hog-based traffic sign detection

We study traffic sign detection on a challenging large-scale real-world dataset of panoramic images. The core processing is based on the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) algorithm which is extended by incorporating color information in the feature vector. The choice of the color space has a large influence on the performance, where we have found that the CIELab and YCbCr color spaces give the best results. The use of color significantly improves the detection performance. We compare the performance of a specific and HOG algorithm, and show that HOG outperforms the specific algorithm by up to tens of percents in most cases. In addition, we propose a new iterative SVM training paradigm to deal with the large variation in background appearance. This reduces memory consumption and increases utilization of background information.