nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Research on microwave properties of CVD graphene by using multiple-layer CPW resonator

In this paper, the microwave properties, including the phase shift and the loss characteristics of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene, are investigated. The multiple-layer CPW resonator is used as measurement fixture. The effective permittivity is deduced by partial capacity techniques (PCT), the cascade matrix is analyzed by microwave network theory, and the resonance is measured by vector network analyzer (VNA). The first and second orders of the resonance mode in GHz range have been measured and studied. The experimental results based on four graphene samples show that, the resonant frequencies are shifting downward by ~15MHz and the quality factors are remarkably decreased by loading the graphene into the resonator, which indicates the large microwave loss of the CVD graphene.
Design of Light Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Test System

The core component of the light hybrid vehicle is the hybrid power system. According to the structure characteristics and working process of a light hybrid vehicle, the development program of the testing system has been put forward in this paper. CAN bus and the modular design idea have been adopted in the test system. The system is divided into dynamometer module, motor module, battery module, load simulation module and PC management system, etc. The performance of the key components is tested through two kinds of standard and the pattern of custom. The control of data recording and processing and output test results are completed by the management system.
0.2-$\mu{\rm m}$ AlGaN/GaN High Electron-Mobility Transistors With Atomic Layer Deposition ${\rm Al}_{2}{\rm O}_{3}$ Passivation

We report a successful application of atomic layer deposition (ALD) aluminum oxide as a passivation layer to gallium nitride high electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). This new passivation process results in 8%-10% higher dc maximum drain current and maximum extrinsic transconductance, about one order of magnitude lower drain current in the sub-threshold region, 10%-20% higher pulsed- IV drain current, and 27%-30% higher RF power with simultaneously 5-8 percentage point higher power-added efficiency. The achieved improvement in device performance is attributed to the outstanding quality of the interface between III-N and the ALD aluminum oxide resulting from the uniqueness of the adopted ALD process, featuring a wet-chemical-based wafer preparation as well as a pregrowth self-cleaning procedure in the growth chamber. This technology can be readily integrated into the HEMT-based integrated circuit fabrication process, making the ALD aluminum oxide-passivated GaN HEMTs excellent candidates for multiple microwave and millimeter-wave power applications.
Inhibition by low-temperature plasma jet on the viability of hepatoma cells and its mechanism

Many recently studies have demonstrated that low-temperature plasma (LTP) can induce apoptosis and necrosis in a variety of carcinoma cells in vitro. However, the inhibition mechanisms of LTP on carcinoma cells have been still largely unknown. This study is aimed to investigate the inhibition effect and mechanism of LTP on hepatoma cells. An argon atmospheric pressure plasma jet is used to generate LTP for the treatment of Hep3B human hepatoma cells cultured in vitro. LTP treatment time intervals are set as 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 s, respectively. After being treated with LTP, cell viability, cell apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay of hepatoma cells are respectively measured. Experimental results show that, compared with the control cells, treatment of hepatoma cells with 15, 20 and 25 s of plasma result in a significant reduction in cell viability. Based on the exploration of related mechanisms, it is suggested that ROS generated in LTP may reduce hepatoma cell viability by inducing cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis.
The conjugate-gradient nonuniform fast Fourier transform (CG-NUFFT) method for one- and two-dimensional media

The conjugate-gradient fast Fourier transform (CG-FFT) method has been widely used to solve integral equations in electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering problems. A novel method combining the conjugate-gradient and nonuniform fast Fourier transform (CG-NUFFT) algorithms for solving integral equation in electromagnetics is presented. The CG-NUFPT method has been applied to one- and two-dimensional inhomogeneous media. Numerical results show the advantages of the CG-NUFFT method over the CG-FFT method for problems with both electrically large and small regions.
Estimation of shrub canopy cover based on a geometric-optical model using HJ-1 data

Vegetation fractional cover which defines the amount of vegetation on the surface of the land, is a key parameter in land surface models. Based on a geometric-optical model in combination with linear spectral mixture analysis, this paper discusses the estimation of shrub fractional cover in Wushen Banner of Inner Mongolia in the Mu Us Sandland using HJ-1B image. Firstly, we acquire the surface reflectance after geometric correction and atmospheric correction of the HJ image. Then we assume that the reflectance of the mixed pixel is a simple linear combination of two components, and further calculate the areal proportion of the illuminated background within each pixel based on linear spectral mixture analysis. After that, combined with the measured shrub structural parameters, the shrub fractional cover is estimated using an inverted geometric-optical model. Finally, the result is validated through the measured shrub cover of 13 sample plots. The R2 of the result is 0.898 with the root-mean-squared error of 0.136 which indicates the reliability of the combined method.
Tunable substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter using liquid crystal material

A microwave tunable substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter using nematic liquid crystals is researched in this paper combined with the complementary split-ring resonators. The nematic liquid crystal is used to control the corresponding working frequency, with its permittivity changing caused by deflection angle of the liquid crystal molecules. And its deflection angle changing is controlled by the bias voltage. The simulation results show that the permittivity of liquid crystal changes from 2.79 to 3.56 to make the passband frequency achieve 490 MHz frequency offset.
The Research on the Knowledge Characteristics of Chinese Large and Medium Size Industrial Enterprises

The paper presents the index system guiding the research on the characteristics of Chinese large and medium size industrial enterprises based on the in-depth study of their present situations. With the assistance of the SPSS software, the paper further studies on the level of scientific and technological progress and regional innovation capacity of some large and medium-size enterprises in 30 different regions in China on the basis of the principal component analysis and cluster analysis to identify the relation between knowledge characteristics, regional scientific and technological progress and innovation capacity.
Research on yields estimation and yields increasing potential by irrigation of spring maize in Northeast China

The rain-fed agriculture dominates the agricultural production in Northeast China, which leads to the drought risk for crops growing. To assess the yields and necessity of irrigation for maize in the Three Northeast Provinces of China, the calibrated and validated WOrld FOod STudies (WOFOST) model was used to estimate maize yieldss in the regional scale after it was optimized by assimilating leaf area index retrieved from remote sensing data based on Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) algorithm. Then the gaps between potential and water limiting yieldss (the irrigation was equal to zero) were computed and mapped to detect the area where the crop irrigation improvement was demanded. The presented result could support the decision from government on the crop management which suggested that crops in the northwest of Liaoning Province, the west of Jilin Province and the southwest of Heilongjiang Province lacked the irrigation most.
Financial revenue analysis based on association rules mining

In financial system, the general use of financial data has also been unable to meet the inherent need of the deepening of financial information and management modernization. The financial informationization is faced with needs of the growing use of financial data analysis. Under this background, this paper analyzes the financial income of certain city in a certain period. Association rules are mined in Weka by using apriori algorithm to those data, which have be collected, preprocessed and converted. By finding the rules and knowledge, it can provide a scientific basis for decision-making and gain valuable information for comprehensive analysis and evaluate the financial balance of payments situation in certain region.
DriftInsight: Detecting Anomalous Behaviors in Large-Scale Cloud Platform

Detecting anomalous behaviors of cloud platforms is one of critical tasks for cloud providers. Every anomalous behavior potentially causes incidents, especially some unaware and/or unknown issues, which severely harm their SLA (Service Level Agreement). Existing solutions generally monitor cloud platform at different layers and then detect anomalies based on rules or learning algorithms on monitoring metrics. However, complexity of nowadays cloud platforms, high dynamics of cloud workloads and thousands of various types of metrics make anomalous behavior detection more challenging to be applied in production, especially in large scale cloud production environments. In this paper, we present a practical cloud anomalous behavior detection system called DriftInsight. It firstly analyzes multi-denominational metrics of each component and identifies a set of representative steady components based on the convergences of their states. Then it generates a state model and a state transit model for each steady cloud component. Finally, it detects behavior anomalies of these steady components in near real-time and meanwhile evolve behavior models on the fly. The evaluation results of this approach in a commercial large-scale PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service) cloud are demonstrated its capability and efficiency.
Area and timing estimation for lookup table based FPGAs

The importance of efficient area and timing estimation techniques is well-established in High-Level Synthesis (HLS), since it allows more efficient exploration of the design space while providing HLS tools with the capability of predicting the effects of technology-specific tools on the design space. Much of previous work has focused on estimation techniques that use very simple cost models based solely on the gate and/or literal count. Those models are not accurate enough to allow effective design space exploration since the effects of interconnect can indeed dominate the final design cost. The situation becomes even worse when the design is targeted to Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technologies since the wire delay may contribute up to 60% of the overall design delay. In this paper, we present an approach of estimating area and timing for lookup table based FPGAs that takes into account not only gate area and delay but also the wiring effects. We select Xilinx XC4000 series as our main concentration because of their popularity. We tested our estimator with several benchmarks and the results show that we can get accurate area and timing estimates efficiently.
Kinematics study on pectoral fins of Koi Carp by digital image processing

Attracted by the fact that pectoral fins exhibit complex three-dimensional movements and play very important role in fish maneuvers, a study on Koi Carp is conducted to investigate the kinematics of pectoral fins. In this paper, an efficient high speed photography system is introduced to obtain the double perspective simultaneously, a typical maneuver motion while Koi carp retreating is presented; we discover that the motion of pectoral fin in retreating is an extraordinary complicated three-dimensional pattern. The three-dimensional shape and the maximum bending angle of single fin ray in a fin beat are presented by using digital image processing. Then, we demonstrate the angle of the root of marked fin ray motion in retreating and the correspondence analysis of the surface area of pectoral fin. Finally, three representative motions of pectoral fin: relaxation, expansion and bending are extracted from the three-dimensional grid graph. The results of kinematic of flexible pectoral fins will provide a foundation to mimic a bio-inspired flexible pectoral fin and underwater propeller.
Hardware Design and Implementation of Intelligent Teaching Aid Based on FDD Theory

To solve the limitations of linear equations determinant coefficient, an embedded intelligent teaching aid system is designed based on MicroBlaze with the FDD theory. We present the entire design flow as well as the FPGA-based platform for embedded software and hardware development. We implement an LCD IP core using VHDL and FDD algorithm using C on this platform. Experimental results indicate that the embedded intelligent teaching aid system is both fast and accurate in finding approximate formulas.
The Rough Set Analysis Approach to Water Resources Allocation Decision in the Inland River Basin of Arid Regions(II): The Conflict Analysis of Satisfactions of the Decision

In this paper, the method of conflict analysis based on rough set is applied to investigate the satisfactions of the optimized decision of the water resources allocation in the inland river basin of arid regions. Analyzing the support of the decision for the special districts (e.g., upriver, middle-river and downriver), respectively, in the inland river basin of arid regions, the feasibility of an allocation scheme is investigated. Using the conflict analysis, the injustice of the water resources allocation will be decreased as much as possible. Furthermore, it can also decrease the risk of the fault for some decisions. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper could offer a scientific, dependable theory basis for the decision-makers of the government management branches
Edge/structure preserving smoothing via relativity-of-Gaussian

This paper presents a novel edge/structure-preserving image smoothing via relativity-of-Gaussian. As a simple local regularization, it performs the local analysis of scale features and globally optimizes its results into a piecewise smooth. The central idea to ensure proper texture smoothing is based on cross-scale relative that captures the weak textures from the most prominent edges/structures. Our method outperforms the previous methods in removing the detail information while preserving main image content.
A kriging assisted direct torque control of brushless DC motor for electric vehicles

Torque is one of the most important control factors for a vehicle's motion. Compared with internal combustion engine, electric motors can have a more accurate torque feedback. It is possible for EVs that are driven by electric motors to have better vehicle dynamic control performance. In EVs, direct torque control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor has been studied. However, because of non-ideal back EMF, direct torque control of brushless DC motors, which is different from that of permanent magnet synchronous motors, has not been widely used up to now. In this paper, a new method using kriging to calculate back EMF in real-time is presented. Kriging prediction can approximate the response of unobserved points based on information from observed points. With motor speed and rotor position as inputs, kriging prediction calculates back EMF as an output. Motor torque is then calculated using back EMF and three phase currents. Using kriging, motor torque can be directly estimated and be used as a feedback to the motor's controller. With this novel method, motor torque can be well controlled and the speed response is satisfactory.
Research on soft manipulator actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) springs

A soft actuator module (SAM) actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) springs was proposed in this paper. The SAM can realize a three-dimensional bending movement. Taking the SAM as module unit, a four-joint soft manipulator was modularly assembled. Based on the characteristics of SMA resistance, a self — feedback control system was established, and the parametric analysis of the SAM was carried out. Furthermore, a multi-model locomotive control system of the soft manipulator was built to grasp objects by curling its arm, which proves the flexibility in spatial motion of the soft manipulator.
Experimental validation of ultra-thin metalenses for N-beam emissions based on transformation optics

In this letter, we propose an ultra-thin transformation optics metalens to achieve N-beam emissions. Theoretical design is firstly verified by full-wave simulation. Then a four-beam TO metalens antenna is proposed, fabricated and measured to further verify theoretical approach. Compared with the single dipole source, the realized gain of the proposed four-beam antenna is increased by 6 dB, while operational frequency and the bandwidth are kept unchanged.
An SFI-5 compliant 16:4 multiplexer for OC-768 systems

A fully integrated SFI-5 compliant 16:4 multiplexer for OC-768/STM-256 systems is implemented in a 0.18 /spl mu/m 120 GHz SiGe technology. The chip recovers sixteen 2.488 Gb/s inputs, aligns them according to the deskew channel and multiplexes them onto 4 streams of 10 Gb/s data. The measured BER is <10/sup -12/. The chip dissipates 4.8 W from 1.8 V and 3.3 V power supplies.
Interplay of theory and experiment in analysis of the advantage of the novel semi-elliptical leg moving on loose soil

A new method to reveal the effect on the novel semi-elliptical leg moving on loose soil was developed. The method combined an infinitesimal thought based model and bar drag experiment. In the theory model, the effect on the leg was obtained by integrating the effect on each element under the ground, which was mimicked by the bar drag experiment performed under the condition of different angles between its longitudinal direction and its own speed direction, different depths, as well as different speeds. The result predicted by our method corresponded well with the experimental result under the same condition. It was found that the force and torque have little relationship with the angular velocity of the leg in the range we considered. Different types of legs described by elliptical equation were also analyzed to reveal leg shape's influence on robot's performance. Analysis based on the study revealed the internal reasons for the novel leg's advancement in loose soil overcoming, in addition, some general design principle and control strategy were also discussed to utilize the characters of the force and torque.
Neural Network Ensemble Based on Vowel Classification for Chinese Speaker Recognition

As we known, features of speech signal not only reflect the identity information, but also contain the semantical information. In this paper, we describe a novel neural network ensemble architecture based on the finding that the diphthong and multi-vowel in Chinese can approximately be considered as the complex of mono- vowel and transitional part in the standpoint of short-term analysis. Several neural networks are trained, each for the eigenspace of one mono-vowel, and their results are combined by another combinational neural network. The architecture can effectively improve the recognition accuracy by eliminating the disturbance of semantical information. Experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of our proposed approach is higher than conventional methods such as a single neural network and other proposed ensemble structures.
A Thru-Halfthru-Short De-Embedding Method for Millimeter-Wave On-Wafer HBT Characterization

In this letter, a cascade-based de-embedding method with thru-halfthru-short structures is presented for millimeter-wave on-wafer device characterization. Distributed effects of interconnect, discontinuity between pad and interconnect, and transistor-access-via-holes are all well considered using only three dummy structures, and forward coupling is also investigated. By providing both extracted junction capacitors and S-parameter results of 0.5-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> InP DHBT transistor using proposed and existing de-embedding methods up to 220 GHz, better high frequency performance and particularly 21° improvement in phase accuracy for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\text {S}}_{11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> as well as 12° for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\text {S}}_{21}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 220 GHz are obtained compared with the state-of-the-art cascade-based method.
A Novel Signal Control Method for Offset Intersection

Offset intersection commonly exists in city road intersections, the special geographical characteristics of which consists of two T-legged intersections tend to make the passing vehicles stop twice in very short distance, thus often leading to severe travel time delay and low traffic service level. It is accordingly very important to set up a proper traffic control method to raise the discharge efficiency of the offset intersection. Based on analysis of geographical characteristics and traffic characteristics of a specific kind of offset intersection, a new traffic control method is proposed in this paper. Simulation results show that the discharge efficiency of the offset intersection is improved and the average delay is significantly reduced. The setting up steps, advantages and limitations of the control method is also analyzed
Using context saliency for movie shot classification

Movie shot classification is vital but challenging task due to various movie genres, different movie shooting techniques and much more shot types than other video domain. Variety of shot types are used in movies in order to attract audiences attention and enhance their watching experience. In this paper, we introduce context saliency to measure visual attention distributed in keyframes for movie shot classification. Different from traditional saliency maps, context saliency map is generated by removing redundancy from contrast saliency and incorporating geometry constrains. Context saliency is later combined with color and texture features to generate feature vectors. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used to classify keyframes into pre-defined shot classes. Different from the existing works of either performing in a certain movie genre or classifying movie shot into limited directing semantic classes, the proposed method has three unique features: 1) context saliency significantly improves movie shot classification; 2) our method works for all movie genres; 3) our method deals with the most common types of video shots in movies. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is effective and efficient for movie shot classification.
A millimeter-wave 4-bit digital phase shifter

A technique for designing millimeter-wave 4-bit digital phase shifter circuit is presented. The proposed phase shifter were fabricated using a reflection-type circuit for 180/spl deg/ and 90/spl deg/ and a loaded-line-type circuit for 45/spl deg/ and 22.5/spl deg/ which is operated at center frequencies from 33.9GHz to 34.5GHz. Especially, the circuit is made in 7111 main microstrip and each cell of 180/spl deg/ and 90/spl deg/ consist of a 3dB coupler loaded by four PIN diodes. Compared with the traditional circuits, they can reduce insertion loss and return loss while reduced maximum phase error. The simulation result shows that the insertion loss and return loss of the phase shifter is very low over the whole band of 33.9GHz-34.5GHz, and the phase shifter accuracy is /spl plusmn/1/spl deg/ while the VSWR is less than 1.2. It is shown that the reflection-type is more efficient for the phase control method.