nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis and design of connection between flexible PCB and hard PCB for 25 Gb/s optical subassembly module

The rapid development of information and communication technologies has driven the rapid growth of data traffic and the large requirement of high-speed optical transceiver modules. Usually, optical subassemblies through flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) connect with the hard PCBs to compose as optical transceiver modules. Because of the impedance mismatch of connection between flexible PCB and hard PCB, the operation bandwidth of the module can be limited. In this paper, the design of connection between flexible PCB and hard PCB in optical subassembly modules will be investigated for increasing the operation speed of the module. First, the transmission bandwidth of flexible PCB is analyzed. High-frequency performances of three transmission line structures, micro-strip line, grounded coplanar waveguide, and top ground micro-strip line, are investigated in flexible PCB. High-frequency performances of flexible PCB with different bending types are also investigated. The flexible PCB has been verified to be suitable to use in 25 Gb/s applications. Next, the high-speed transmission performance is analyzed through the connection between flexible PCB and hard PCB, because the impedance mismatch usually occurs at the connection. The ground pads are added near the signal line of flexible PCB, and the ground pads are connected to the ground layer in PCB through ground vias. The anti-pad in hard PCB is added under the signal solder pad. The dip of S21 response can be eliminated by the optimized ground pad. The impedance mismatch can be reduced by the optimized anti-pad, the impedance increases from 40-Ω to 49-Ω at the connection between flexible PCB and hard PCB, and the transmission bandwidth can increase from 16.5 GHz to 23.5 GHz. TO-46 header is a common and low-cost packaging solution for DFB laser and photodiodes. The connection between flexible PCB and TO-46 header is also investigated. While the connection has a gap, the dip of frequency response will occur at lower frequency. While the connection is very close, the bandwidth can be larger than 25 GHz. The flexible PCB, hard PCB, and TO-46 header are combined together, and the 23 GHz transmission bandwidth can be obtained. The 25 Gb/s transmission eye diagram is also measured, and the eye height, rise time, fall time, and Q-factor are 268.14 mV, 13.78 ps, 13.56 ps, and 8.76, respectively. The combined flexible PCB, hard PCB, and TO-46 header are verified to be suitable to apply in 25 Gb/s optical subassembly modules, and will be able to be used in 100G Ethernet.
A Doubly Degenerate Diffusion Model Based on the Gray Level Indicator for Multiplicative Noise Removal

Multiplicative noise removal is a challenging task in image processing. Inspired by the impressive performance of nonlinear diffusion models in additive noise removal, we address this problem in the view of nonlinear diffusion equation theories rather than the traditional variation methods. We develop a nonlinear diffusion filter denoising framework, which considers not only the information of the gradient of the image, but also the information of gray levels of the image. Furthermore, under this framework, we propose a doubly degenerate diffusion model for multiplicative noise removal, which is analyzed with respect to some of its properties and behavior in denoising process. In numerical aspects, we present an efficient scheme which uses a stabilization by fast explicit diffusion for the implementation of the multiplicative noise removal model. Finally, the experimental results illustrate effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model.
Approximate error considered fuzzy proportional–integral control of DFIG with regional pole placement for FRT improvement

A novel fuzzy proportional-integral (PI) control with fault ride-through (FRT) capability is investigated for double fed induction generators (DFIGs), where an approximation error considered Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy observer is employed to approximate the non-linear model of DFIG. Based on the obtained observer, a H
 2
 controller with PI structure is used to achieve specified engineering purposes, such as maximum power point tracking and automatic voltage regulator. A H
 ∞
 controller is proposed to cope with the undetected disturbances in the H
 2
 control, and a robust technique is also proposed to override the effect of approximation error due to the fuzzy approximation. Then, the controller design is formulated as a mixed H
 2
/H
 ∞
 suboptimisation problem with the regional pole placement constrain, which can be solved easily by using linear matrix inequality technology. In order to further improve the FRT capability, a power angle compensator is proposed to reduce terminal voltage drop via limiting DFIG power angle jump during faults. The results of dominant eigenvalue analysis and simulation are presented and discussed, which shows the capabilities of DFIG with the proposed control strategy to improve system damping, fault-tolerant control and FRT, and its contribution on power system transient stability support.
Discriminative Transformation for Multi-Dimensional Temporal Sequences.

Feature space transformation techniques have been widely studied for dimensionality reduction in vector-based feature space. However, these techniques are inapplicable to sequence data because the features in the same sequence are not independent. In this paper, we propose a method called max-min inter-sequence distance analysis (MMSDA) to transform features in sequences into a low-dimensional subspace such that different sequence classes are holistically separated. To utilize the temporal dependencies, MMSDA first aligns features in sequences from the same class to an adapted number of temporal states, and then, constructs the sequence class separability based on the statistics of these ordered states. To learn the transformation, MMSDA formulates the objective of maximizing the minimal pairwise separability in the latent subspace as a semi-definite programming problem and provides a new tractable and effective solution with theoretical proofs by constraints unfolding and pruning, convex relaxation, and within-class scatter compression. Extensive experiments on different tasks have demonstrated the effectiveness of MMSDA.
Optimizing reliable timetable for bus transit network: Model formulation and solution

Timetabling for bus transit network is one of knotty optimization problems in public transit planning process for transit agencies, because it must consider the synchronization of vehicle timetables when determining the departure time of each trip so that transfers within the network are well timed. Furthermore, the reliability of timetable that transit operators always struggle to ensure is also an important factor, which can enhance the probability of coordination of vehicles at transfer stations in the coming actual operations. In this paper we first propose a reliable timetable design problem for transit network by taking into account the stochastic bus travel times. A novel optimization model is developed to decide the departure time of each trip and the slack time associated with each transfer station to make a trade-off between operational cost and waiting time cost for transfer. Considering the feature of the optimization model, this paper subsequently proposes a simulation procedure based on simulated annealing algorithm. Finally, the proposed model is verified by the solution method under a hypothetical transit network and the computational results are reported.
Performance and operation modes of the Duke FEL storage ring

We present the recent status and performance of the Duke Free Electron Laser (FEL) storage ring. We report a large transverse and energy aperture observed in the storage ring. We describe the consequences of this large aperture on the operation of the storage ring. Several unusual phenomena are reported in this paper, including large amplitude transverse multibunch coherent oscillations (Saturn rings) and beam capture from outside the RF separatrix. We also present the established operation modes for the storage ring, including energy ramping, working point tuning, and different bunch-mode operations to optimize the ring as a synchrotron light source, an FEL, and a gamma-ray source. Finally, we summarize the achieved storage ring parameters since its first operation in November 1994.
Grid-Enabled High-Throughput In Silico Screening Against Influenza A Neuraminidase

Encouraged by the success of the first EGEE biomedical data challenge against malaria (WISDOM) , the second data challenge battling avian flu was kicked off in April 2006 to identify new drugs for the potential variants of the influenza A virus. Mobilizing thousands of CPUs on the Grid, the six-week-long high-throughput screening activity has fulfilled over 100 CPU years of computing power and produced around 600 gigabytes of results on the Grid for further biological analysis and testing. In the paper, we demonstrate the impact of a worldwide Grid infrastructure to efficiently deploy large-scale virtual screening to speed up the drug design process. Lessons learned through the data challenge activity are also discussed
Modeling the constraints of human hand motion

Hand motion capture is one of the most important parts of gesture interfaces. Many current approaches to this task generally involve a formidable nonlinear optimization problem in a large search space. Motion capture can be achieved more cost-efficiently when considering the motion constraints of a hand. Although some constraints can be represented as equalities or inequalities, there exist many constraints which cannot be explicitly represented. In this paper, we propose a learning approach to model the hand configuration space directly. The redundancy of the configuration space can be eliminated by finding a lower-dimensional subspace of the original space. Finger motion is modeled in this subspace based on the linear behavior observed in the real motion data collected by a CyberGlove. Employing the constrained motion model, we are able to efficiently capture finger motion from video inputs. Several experiments show that our proposed model is helpful for capturing articulated motion.
A segmentation method of Ultrasonic CT image based on Wavelet Neural Network

Due to the characteristic of the intuitivism of image, Ultrasonic tomography technology in non-destructive testing of concrete structure is attached importance. The combination of Wavelet and Neural Networks will constructs a kind of wavelet neural network, which can be used to study the segmentation method of Ultrasonic CT color image. Instead of the traditional Sigmoid function, Wavelet basis function can organically fuse the good time-frequency domain feature and the adaptive advantage of neural network, and overcome the limitations of the slow convergence rate and easily felling into the local minimum of BP neural network.
A novel hybrid image inpainting model

In this paper a hybrid image inpainting model is proposed. The novel model uses the TV-L1 equation to decompose the image into a structure part and a texture part, and then more dynamic information is contained in the texture part. The equivalence between inpainting Partial differential equation (PDE) and inviscid Helmholtz vorticity equation is proved in this paper and then a bi-directional diffusion PDE is used to inpaint the structural part. The texture part is restored by exemplar-based inpainting model which is constrained by a cross-isophote diffused data term. The novel hybrid model can inpaint image with texture information and preserve linear structure simultaneously. Both theoretical analysis and experiments have verified the validity of the novel model proposed in this paper.
Research on Dynamic Generating Algorithms of Large Itemsets of Distributive Data Mining Architecture

Dynamic generating algorithms of association rules mined large itemsets are presented in this paper. According to the distributive data mining calculation architecture, database is replaced by an order set enumerate tree, and the information of all transactions are kept in the dynamic generating trees. Meantime, the generating enumerate trees flowing a local node of transaction orderly is ensured. The storage and communication traffic are reduced greatly. Therefore, the local space is saved, and the disk operation is reduced through the generating algorithms of large itemsets. By examples and performance analysis of the dynamic generating algorithms introduced, the store space of processed nodes is cut down, and the calculation time of support is also reduced through the traversal process of tree. Thereby, the calculation efficiency of search is improved greatly
Zhejiang's strategy making facing Shanghai's construction of an international financial center — A grey relation analysis from a financial structural perspective

Through the perspective of financial industrial structure, this paper adopts the Grey-Relation-Analysis method to explore the impacts on the macro-economic growth exerted by financial development in Zhejiang and Shanghai. By making detailed analyses on three main branches in financial industry (banking, securities, and insurance) based on their impact-index ranks, this paper tries to identify the most influential branch, thus to provide constructive suggestions for strategy making of Zhejiang Province against the background of making Shanghai an international financial center. The paper comes to a conclusion that the banking branch of Zhejiang should adopt a dislocation-development strategy while the branches of securities and insurance should follow the steps of Shanghai and choose a coordinated-development strategy.
Effect of wind direction on heat loss of a fully open cylindrical cavity with only the bottom wall heated

An experimental investigation with only bottom wall (opposite wall of opening) heated electrically at a constant heat flux was performed to explore the effects of wind directions in full range on the heat losses of a fully open cylindrical cavity. The results reveal that the bottom surface temperatures fluctuate in a small region, while the temperatures of side surface first decrease and then increase along with the increasing distance from bottom surface. The radiation heat loss is always more than conduction heat loss, but both of them are far less than the convection heat loss. Both the conduction and radiation heat losses reach the maximum value when the wind direction α equals to 30°, where the convection heat loss is the lowest. In addition, it is found that the convection heat loss Nusselt number Nuc fluctuates drastically with the varying of wind direction, while the radiation heat loss Nusselt number Nur almost keeps constant.
Intelligent Collaborative Tracking by Mining Auxiliary Objects

Many tracking methods face a fundamental dilemma in practice: tracking has to be computationally efficient but verifying if or not the tracker is following the true target tends to be demanding, especially when the background is cluttered and/or when occlusion occurs. Due to the lack of a good solution to this problem, many existing methods tend to be either computationally intensive with the use of sophisticated image observation models, or vulnerable to the false alarms. This greatly threatens long-duration robust tracking. This paper presents a novel solution to this dilemma by integrating into the tracking process a set of auxiliary objects that are automatically discovered in the video on the fly by data mining. Auxiliary objects have three properties at least in a short time interval: (1) persistent co-occurrence with the target; (2) consistent motion correlation with the target; and (3) easy to track. The collaborative tracking of these auxiliary objects leads to an efficient computation as well as a strong verification. Our extensive experiments have exhibited exciting performance in very challenging real-world testing cases.
A Study of Impact of Instant Messaging on Job Performance through Employee Empowerment

This electronic document is a "live" template and already defines the components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] in its style sheet. The Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate. In particular, Instant Messaging (IM) as a social media platform can meet the demands of omnipresent communication, and hence constantly using IM has become routine activities of most people. Through constantly receiving organizational ingredients with IM, employees may feel equipped with more job related knowledge, closely connected with the organization and authorized in decision making. There have been few studies that directly discussed the use of IM at work in view of employee empowerment, therefore, this study is aimed to provide some insight into this issue to show how the employee could feel empowered. This study is to explore the impact of employees' usage of IM as a communication tool on employee behavior from the perspective of "employee empowerment" with the following purposes: (1) the IM usage with the relationship of "job satisfaction", "job performance" and "organizational commitment" (2) the impact of the IM usage on employee empowerment (3) with the relationship of "IM usage" and "Empowerment", "Job Satisfaction", "Job Performance" as well as "Organizational Commitment."
Variational maximum a posteriori by annealed mean field analysis

This paper proposes a novel probabilistic variational method with deterministic annealing for the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of complex stochastic systems. Since the MAP estimation involves global optimization, in general, it is very difficult to achieve. Therefore, most probabilistic inference algorithms are only able to achieve either the exact or the approximate posterior distributions. Our method constrains the mean field variational distribution to be multivariate Gaussian. Then, a deterministic annealing scheme is nicely incorporated into the mean field fix-point iterations to obtain the optimal MAP estimate. This is based on the observation that when the covariance of the variational Gaussian distribution approaches to zero, the infimum point of the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the variational Gaussian and the real posterior would be the same as the supreme point of the real posterior. Although global optimality may not be guaranteed, our extensive synthetic and real experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.
Self-powered intelligent door handle based on triboelectric nanogenerator

People are increasingly dependent on intelligent electronic products. However, the vast majority of these intelligent electronic devices are highly dependent on external power supply. If there is no continuous power supply to the equipment for some unknown reasons, the equipment will not be able to work properly, or even will bring us some serious unpredictable consequences, which poses a new challenge to the endurance of electronic products. Here we report a smart door handle that can efficiently collect and utilize ambient energy to power itself. A Triboelectric Nanogenerator(TENG) is embedded in the door. When rotating the door handle, TENG can convert the mechanical energy to about 0.023W of electricity. At the same time, the internal circuit will send a single to identify the action of opening the door, and then the wireless receiver will make appropriate responses after receiving the signal. In this work, we designed a wireless transmission circuit to ensure that the transmitter and receiver can communicate in real time. Because TENG output power can't directly drive the load, we have designed two power management circuits to manage and optimize the output performance of TENG. The output characteristics of the two circuits were analyzed and compared respectively. Both methods can convert the original power supply to an electrical signal of approximately 5 V and a current of 3 mA, but the use of LTC3330 after the conversion of the voltage signal is more stable.
Optimizing timetable synchronization for regional public transit with minimum transfer waiting times

The time passengers spending on waiting at transfer stations is one of crucial criteria which measures the quality of public transit service. Regional public transportation timetable synchronization can reduce the transfer waiting times so that improve the service quality. As a result, this paper presents a mixed integer nonlinear programming model for public transit schedule synchronization problem with the objective of minimizing transfer waiting times. The model includes the weights of transfer stations and a specific delay which most of the vehicles can expect due to the uneven passenger flow at transfer stations and road congestion during rush hours. Then, the proposed model is expanded to a second model which optimized the stopping time based on the necessary time in order to avoid just missing the connecting vehicles. Finally, a genetic algorithm approach is presented by considering the characteristics of the models and applied into a case study. The computational results demonstrate that the proposed models and the genetic algorithm approach are efficient and feasible.
Failure analysis of Cu electroplating process with Polyimide substrate fabricated for flexible packaging

Failures like short circuit are always encountered in PCBs (printed circuit boards) due to defects in the flexible interconnection. In this paper, systematic analysis such as macro and micro observation was carried out on shorting trace in Polyimides (PI) films used for flexible substrates interconnection (FSI) packaging applications. The thin flexible PI films have desirable properties for use in the electrical and electronics industry because they are a group of good thermal stability, high flexibility, low dielectric constants, excellent mechanical strength, low loss tangent and electrical insulating properties. Since, they offer so many excellent characteristics, this enables a wide range of applications, particularly for flexible packaging. The fine traces with 50 μm pitch (25 μm line/space) built on a flexible 12.5 μm thick polyimide film using wet fabrication process are reported in this paper. The thick copper (Cu) film was obtained from the Cu plating process using evaporated thin film of Cu as the adhesion layer. The fabricated fine-pitch test vehicles are the failure analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray spectrometry technologies.
Coordinating remote sensing for Earth observing satellites

As the number of Earth observing satellites increases, the opportunity of observation is much enhanced. Through coordination, several satellites can observe more area than single satellite in a given time horizon. Counterwise to this advantage, the scheduling problem of observations is NP-hard in computational complexity. Although the study on satellites scheduling problem has attracted much attention for years, those proposed researches are merely concerning spot targets which can not satisfy the requirements of observing area targets. This article presents the study of a satellites coordinating system, which can effectively coordinate imaging activities of satellites to meet the requirement of observing area targets