nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Separating Fluorescent and Reflective Components by Using a Single Hyperspectral Image

This paper introduces a novel method to separate fluorescent and reflective components in the spectral domain. In contrast to existing methods, which require to capture two or more images under varying illuminations, we aim to achieve this separation task by using a single hyperspectral image. After identifying the critical hurdle in single-image component separation, we mathematically design the optimal illumination spectrum, which is shown to contain substantial high-frequency components in the frequency domain. This observation, in turn, leads us to recognize a key difference between reflectance and fluorescence in response to the frequency modulation effect of illumination, which fundamentally explains the feasibility of our method. On the practical side, we successfully find an off-the-shelf lamp as the light source, which is strong in irradiance intensity and cheap in cost. A fast linear separation algorithm is developed as well. Experiments using both synthetic data and real images have confirmed the validity of the selected illuminant and the accuracy of our separation algorithm.
Evaluation of multispatial scale measurements for monitoring wetland vegetation, Kushiro wetland, Japan: application of SPOT images, CASI data, airborne CNIR video images and balloon aerial photography

Our study was designed to evaluate the potential use for various spectral and spatial resolutions to classify the wetland vegetation into the species level. The objectives of our study is to investigate which combination of remote sensing systems is the most appropriate for delineating and mapping of specific and preservative vegetation. That is, to clarify appropriate remote sensing data and platforms for detecting and mapping of high-resolution of multispartial scale measurements for classification of wetland vegetation and to elucidate spatial character for classification of specific and typical patterns and community types. The site specification, Kushiro wetland, northeastern Japan, is designated as a Ramsar wetland of international importance. Plant ecologists have emphasized the importance of preservation of the vegetation characterized by high biodiversity and high spatial heterogeneity. The elaborate vegetation mapping to monitor the distribution has been imperative. The mission we employed had four main stages, 1) Spectra of each representative wetland vegetation canopy were collected in situ by a field portable multi-spectral radiometer (operating at 380-900 nm). 2) Photo-interpretation of mosaicking balloon aerial photos with high resolution (15cm/pixel) and classification of wetland vegetation including extensive ground truth, in the summer of 1998 and 2001, and the spatial analysis of patches in landscape level. 3) Using high spatial airborne Color Near Infrared (CNIR) sequence video images at a resolution of 30 cm/pixel with 3 bands, including off-nadir observation and airborne CASI data, 4) Utilization of SPOT-2 (HRV) images and evaluation for mapping . Those images obtained in summer were classified to produce an accurate base map of wetland vegetation as reference data. Each classified image was assessed using a combination of field mapping techniques and patch analysis. We got twenty-seven categories of individual vegetation and ten typical types of vegetation community with higher classification accuracy. In addition, the extract conservative wetland communities, twenty-two genera and thirty-nine species were mapped. It was apparently suitable for delineating and mapping the specific temperate vegetation types at genus and species levels, especially small shrubs mixed with herbaceous plants, moss bog with pools and dwarf shrubs with sedge, moss and alpine plants with environmental conditions of vitality and phenology in Carex. spp. and Phragmites australis. This paper provides the capabilities for monitoring the typical type of temperature wetland vegetation.
Thermal birefringence effect in Nd/sup 3+/-doped YAG ceramics

The thermal birefringence effect in Nd/sup 3+/-doped YAG ceramics has been investigated. The amount of depolarization induced by thermal birefringence is the same for ceramics and single crystals at the same Nd/sup 3+/ concentration, but increases with increasing Nd/sup 3+/-doping.
Two Extensional Applications of the Zero-Forcing Equalization Method

The zero-forcing automatic equalization technique is extended to equalization in quadrature amplitude modulation data transmission and TV transmission systems. A general cost function, whose minimization problem can be applied to the automatic equalization in the above two systems, is first presented. Based on this cost function, the zero-forcing equalizability condition is solved. Under this condition, simple algorithms, namely unit-increment or amplitude-dependent tap adjusting schemes, can be applied.
Uncalibrated photometric stereo based on elevation angle recovery from BRDF symmetry of isotropic materials

This paper addresses the problem of uncalibrated photometric stereo with isotropic reflectances. Existing methods face difficulty in solving for the elevation angles of surface normals when the light sources only cover the visible hemisphere. Here, we introduce the notion of “constrained half-vector symmetry” for general isotropic BRDFs and show its capability of elevation angle recovery. This sort of symmetry can be observed in a 1D BRDF slice from a subset of surface normals with the same azimuth angle, and we use it to devise an efficient modeling and solution method to constrain and recover the elevation angles of surface normals accurately. To enable our method to work in an uncalibrated manner, we further solve for light sources in the case of general isotropic BRDFs. By combining this method with the existing ones for azimuth angle estimation, we can get state-of-the-art results for uncalibrated photometric stereo with general isotropic reflectances.
Aesthetic quality classification of photographs based on color harmony

Aesthetic quality classification plays an important role in how people organize large photo collections. In particular, color harmony is a key factor in the various aspects that determine the perceived quality of a photo, and it should be taken into account to improve the performance of automatic aesthetic quality classification. However, the existing models of color harmony take only simple color patterns into consideration–e.g., patches consisting of a few colors–and thus cannot be used to assess photos with complicated color arrangements. In this work, we tackle the challenging problem of evaluating the color harmony of photos with a particular focus on aesthetic quality classification. A key point is that a photograph can be seen as a collection of local regions with color variations that are relatively simple. This led us to develop a method for assessing the aesthetic quality of a photo based on the photo's color harmony. We term the method ‘bags-of-color-patterns.’ Results of experiments on a large photo collection with user-provided aesthetic quality scores show that our aesthetic quality classification method, which explicitly takes into account the color harmony of a photo, outperforms the existing methods. Results also show that the classification performance is improved by combining our color harmony feature with blur, edges, and saliency features that reflect the aesthetics of the photos.
New fabrication process of anisotropic laser ceramics

Transparent polycrystalline media are expected to provide the next generation lasers due to their capability for engineered structure and productivity of large volume media that brings power scalability of high power laser oscillators . However, conventional laser ceramics were limited to cubic materials, since optical scattering at randomly oriented grain boundaries should be occurred if materials have anisotropic crystallographic nature. The grain orientation techniques of anisotropic ceramics have been investigated using various methods, though it is difficult to obtain a large and homogeneously oriented transparent material. Actually, there is no report of anisotropic materials such as transparent YVO4 ceramics and FAP ceramics in our knowledge. In this research, a new method of “advanced electromagnetic processing” has been established for fabricating transparent rare-earth doped anisotropic ceramics toward the Giant Micro Photonics . We applied it for RE:FAP (RE:Ca10(PO4)6F2) materials that have excellent optical properties such as high absorption efficiency, high emission cross-section and long lifetime.
A Method of Multi-Dimensional Blind Equalization

The blind equalization problem for the multi-channel data transmission is investigated. The algorithm is based on the principle of distribution matching, i.e., the total system must be transparent when both the transmitted signal and the equalizer output depend on the same distribution, where the transmitted signal is assumed to be IID sequence. The difficulty in its extension toward multi-dimensional cases is to reduce simultaneously cross-interference between channels and inter-symbol interference in each channel. The cost function, which measures the distance between the joint-distribution of equalizer output vector (z/sub k) and that of transmitted vector (a/sub k), is able to solve the difficulty. The proposed algorithm is closely related to the minimum entropy deconvolution (MED), whose cost function measures the distance from the Gaussian to the distribution of equalizer output. By extending kurtosis used in MED theory to multi-dimensional cases, we derive another cost function which appears to be equivalent to the first proposed cost function excepting power normalization.
Head Pose Classification from Low Resolution Images Using Pairwise Non-Local Intensity and Color Differences

In this work, we propose novel image descriptors for identifying head poses in low resolution images. The key novelty of our method is to exploit two types of non-local metric for estimating head poses: non-local intensity difference feature (iDF) and non-local color difference feature (cDF). Unlike the existing methods that one pixel can only represent one head pose information, our proposed features are designed to capture geometry of head pose image via relative information of two-randomly picked pixels. The iDF is designed to capture relative head image regions represented by the two pixels ( e.g. one pixel represent hair while the other represent skin ) without explicitly labeling any of the pixels. On the other hand, the cDF is designed to capture information about whether or not the two randomly-selected pixels belong to the same head image regions, again, without explicitly labeling any of the regions. Our experimental results demonstrate that our descriptors using pair wise differences in intensity and color outperform current state-of-the-art for head pose estimation from extremely low-resolution images.
Tailored Spectral Designing of Layer-by-Layer Type Composite Nd:Y $_{3}$ ScAl $_{4}$ O $_{12}$ /Nd:Y $_{3}$ Al $_{5}$ O $_{12}$ Ceramics

We have proposed an optical design by tailoring a spectral profile in a ceramic composite of layer-by-layer type Nd:Y3Al5O12/Nd:Y3ScAl4O12. The composite ceramics with enough optical properties to amplify the stimulated emission were fabricated by the sintering method with solid state reaction. After the investigation of spectroscopic property, the laser oscillation was demonstrated with slope efficiency of 39% by using an un-coated sample. This paper shows that novel developments in the technology of composite ceramics are useful because they offer a new possibility of existing laser materials.
A scalable approach for understanding the visual structures of hand grasps

Our goal is to automatically recognize hand grasps and to discover the visual structures (relationships) between hand grasps using wearable cameras. Wearable cameras provide a first-person perspective which enables continuous visual hand grasp analysis of everyday activities. In contrast to previous work focused on manual analysis of first-person videos of hand grasps, we propose a fully automatic vision-based approach for grasp analysis. A set of grasp classifiers are trained for discriminating between different grasp types based on large margin visual predictors. Building on the output of these grasp classifiers, visual structures among hand grasps are learned based on an iterative discriminative clustering procedure. We first evaluated our classifiers on a controlled indoor grasp dataset and then validated the analytic power of our approach on real-world data taken from a machinist. The average F1 score of our grasp classifiers achieves over 0.80 for the indoor grasp dataset. Analysis of real-world video shows that it is possible to automatically learn intuitive visual grasp structures that are consistent with expert-designed grasp taxonomies.
Appearance-based head pose estimation with scene-specific adaptation

We propose an appearance-based head pose estimation method that can be automatically adapted to individual scenes. Appearance-based estimation methods usually require a ground-truth dataset taken from a scene which is similar to test video sequences. However, it is almost impossible to acquire many manually-labeled head images for each scene. To address the problem, we introduce a new approach for aggregating ground truth head pose labels automatically by inferring head pose labels from walking direction. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves better accuracy in head pose estimation than the conventional approach using a scene-independent generic dataset.
From Intensity Profile to Surface Normal: Photometric Stereo for Unknown Light Sources and Isotropic Reflectances

We propose an uncalibrated photometric stereo method that works with general and unknown isotropic reflectances. Our method uses a pixel intensity profile, which is a sequence of radiance intensities recorded at a pixel under unknown varying directional illumination. We show that for general isotropic materials and uniformly distributed light directions, the geodesic distance between intensity profiles is linearly related to the angular difference of their corresponding surface normals, and that the intensity distribution of the intensity profile reveals reflectance properties. Based on these observations, we develop two methods for surface normal estimation; one for a general setting that uses only the recorded intensity profiles, the other for the case where a BRDF database is available while the exact BRDF of the target scene is still unknown. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations are conducted using both synthetic and real-world scenes, which show the state-of-the-art accuracy of smaller than 10 degree without using reference data and 5 degree with reference data for all 100 materials in MERL database.
Hybrid process for measurement of spectroscopic properties of Nd:GdVO4

Spectroscopic properties in Nd:GdVO<inf>4</inf>were studied. In order to estimate the radiative quantum efficiency, authors proposed the Hybrid Process. Estimated radiative quantum efficiency of 1.0-at.% Nd:GdVO<inf>4</inf>was found to be smaller than for 1.0-at.% Nd:YVO<inf>4</inf>.
Discovering Objects of Joint Attention via First-Person Sensing

The goal of this work is to discover objects of joint attention, i.e., objects being viewed by multiple people using head-mounted cameras and eye trackers. Such objects of joint attention are expected to act as an important cue for understanding social interactions in everyday scenes. To this end, we develop a commonality-clustering method tailored to first-person videos combined with points-of-gaze sources. The proposed method uses multiscale spatiotemporal tubes around points of gaze as a candidate of objects, making it possible to deal with various sizes of objects observed in the first-person videos. We also introduce a new dataset of multiple pairs of first-person videos and points-of-gaze data. Our experimental results show that our approach can outperform several state-of-the-art commonality-clustering methods.
Spectroscopic properties of all-ceramic composite with layer-by-layer of Nd:Y/sub 3/Al/sub 5/O/sub 12/ and Nd:Y/sub 3/ScAl/sub 4/O/sub 12/

We have fabricated the all-ceramic layered composite of Nd:YAG and Nd:Y/sub 3/ScAl/sub 4/O/sub 12/, and investigated spectroscopic properties. Solid-solution based composite technology can provide the designing of spectral profiles and will produce the complex function.
Temporal-color space analysis of reflection

A method to analyze a sequence of color images is proposed. A series of images is examined in a four-dimensional space, which is called the temporal-color space, the axes of which are the three color axes (RGB) and one temporal axis. The significance of the temporal-color space lies in its ability to represent the change of image color with time. A conventional color space analysis yields the histogram of the colors in an image only at an instance of time. Conceptually, the two reflection components from the dichromatic reflection model, the specular reflection component and the body reflection component, form two subspaces in the temporal-color space. These two components can be extracted by principal component analysis. Using this fact, real color images are analyzed, and the two reflection components are separated successfully.<<ETX>>
A 4800 Bit/s Microprocessor Data Modem

The development of a new 4800 bit/s data modem, based on real-time digital signal processing by program controlled microprocessors, is described. The modem is fully compatible with the CCITT Recommendations V.27 bis and V.27 ter. In the microprocessor modem, all the digital signals are processed by one general purpose microprocessor unit only and no hardware multiplier is employed. A series of processing cycle reduction tactics have allowed an off-the-shelf microprocessor to handle all the modem functions in a real-time environment. Particularly noteworthy, among these tactics, is the use of a decision feedback equalization algorithm. Numbers of multiplications, which are required for a conventional linear equalization, are shown to be obviated with the DFE algorithm. It is also shown that the DFE facilitates a certain timing phase control method. The microprocessor modem is extremely flexible because of its software controlled nature, and through programming it will provide a variety of additional functions.
A Method of Self-Recovering Equalization for Multilevel Amplitude-Modulation Systems

A self-recovering equalization algorithm, which is employed in multilevel amplitude-modulated data transmission, is presented. Such a self-recovering equalizer has been required when time-division multiplexed (TDM) voice or picturephone PCM signals must be transmitted over the existing frequency-division multiplexed (FDM) transmission channel. The present self-recovering equalizer is quite simple, as is a conventional binary equalizer. The convergence processes of the present self-recovering equalizer are shown by computer simulation. Some theoretical considerations on this convergence process are also added.
Deep learning consideration with novel approach — Look-up-table based processing conjugated memory

This paper is the progressing study of our previous one(1) on the IMPACT 2015 and 2017 as the MLCS (Memory Logic Conjugated System) that is applied with LUT processing. It has been researched about how to fit the MLCS for Deep Learning (DL). Nvidia(2), Google(3), Fujitsu(4) Intel-Altera, Intel-Nervana(5) and Renesas(6) recently said that 8bits processing keeps efficient and flexible execution for AI, especially in DL on which we already discussed in the previous study. In this paper is discussed by the actual MLCS circuit implemented in a FPGA for a DL approach. Perceptron method for DL is examined and resulted fairly fitting for DL. Our study also has done by LUT processing to apply to DL that is just memory operation comparing with normal calculation method. The conclusion reads the all memory system (MLCS) can be achieved dynamic reconfiguration, the highest IO band and lowest power consumption with high speed.
Design of a hardware security-embedded multimedia mobile processor

With respect to privacy on the Internet, it is a matter of keen interest to provision security for multimedia mobile communication. This is characterized by the power conscious high speed cryptography of large quantities of image data. Such demand should be covered by a single VLSI processor system. We describe in this article a hardware security-embedded multimedia mobile processor named HSgorilla by sophisticatedly unifying five up-to-date processor techniques. They are single processor SMT (simultaneous multithreading), VLIW (very long instruction word), wave-pipeline, Java, and random addressing. RAC (random addressing cryptography) achieved by HSgorilla is very promising compared with regular cryptographic operations in view of running time and security strength. Carefully considering the features of image cryptography by RAC, it is a very promising technique in the era of ubiquitous computing.
A Blind Sequence Detection and Its Application to Digital Mobile Communication

A method of sequence detection without the knowledge of the channel response is proposed. The Viterbi algorithm is extended to a blind form by introducing a new branch-metric, defined as the minimum of the short time-average of the squared error (y/spl circ/k-yk)/sup 2/, where yk and y/spl circ/k are the received signal and its replica, respectively. All possible candidate sequences contained in the short time squared error are defined as trellis states, for which the short time squared error is minimized in respect to a variable of the unknown channel response. The proposed implicit blind sequence detection need not keep each variable after the branch metric is calculated. The consistency of the algorithm is justified by proving that a unique sequence is detected in noise free case. The proof is accomplished under condition that the period of the time-average is longer than the channel response. If the additive white Gaussian noise is assumed, the short time squared errors are minimized beyond the desired minimum by the standard Viterbi algorithm using an apriori known channel response. We call this phenomenon over-minimization. The over-minimization is a major reason of the unavoidable error rate degradation in the blind receiver. An objective of this paper is to establish blind sequence detection for digital mobile communication. Provided the channel response can be regarded as time-invariant during the period of the short time-average of the squared error, the blind sequence detection keeps the same performance as in time-invariant case. In order to improve the error rate performance, an algorithm based on the fractional sampling scheme is introduced. Several error rate performances and behaviors of error events are investigated by computer simulation.
Information Layout and Interaction on Virtual and Real Rotary Tables

Many tabletop systems have been developed, but few of them deal with the problems of visualizing and manipulating a large amount of information such as files on a table-top that is physically limited in size. In order to address this issue, we developed a rotary table system. The system recognizes users' hand gestures, and the users can rotate the table virtually. The table acts as a scroll wheel, and users can see a great deal of information by scrolling the table. We investigated three layout methods: sequential, classification, and spiral. We investigated these on the system and conducted user studies. Moreover, we also developed a real rotary table by using a roller bearing and a round table- top. Then, we conducted comparative experiments on the usability and intuitiveness of the two rotary tables.