nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Survivable traffic grooming with path protection at the connection level in WDM mesh networks

Survivable traffic grooming (STG) is a promising approach to provide reliable and resource-efficient multigranularity connection services in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. In this paper, we study the STG problem in WDM mesh optical networks employing path protection at the connection level. Both dedicated-protection and shared-protection schemes are considered. Given network resources, the objective of the STG problem is to maximize network throughput. To enable survivability under various kinds of single failures, such as fiber cut and duct cut, we consider the general shared-risk-link-group (SRLG) diverse routing constraints. We first resort to the integer-linear-programming (ILP) approach to obtain optimal solutions. To address its high computational complexity, we then propose three efficient heuristics, namely separated survivable grooming algorithm (SSGA), integrated survivable grooming algorithm (ISGA), and tabu-search survivable grooming algorithm (TSGA). While SSGA and ISGA correspond to an overlay network model and a peer network model, respectively, TSGA further improves the grooming results from SSGA and ISGA by incorporating the effective tabu-search (TS) method. Numerical results show that the heuristics achieve comparable solutions to the ILP approach, which uses significantly longer running times than the heuristics.
The impact on device characteristics with STI formed by spin-on dielectric in high density NAND flash memory

The electrical impact from adopting spin-on dielectric (SOD) for shallow trench isolation is demonstrated in this paper. Although perfect STI gap filling and suppressed re-oxidation of tunneling oxide near the active area (AA) edge are achieved through SOD process, some unexpected side effects occur. In peripheral area, severe corner thinning of thick gate oxide and positive fixed charge inside STI are observed, leading to distorted transistor I–V characteristics and deteriorated junction/well isolation capability. They are attributed to the mechanical stress from volume shrinkage when SOD material is transformed into pure silicon dioxide.
Exploiting Multi-grain Ranking Constraints for Precisely Searching Visually-similar Vehicles

Precise search of visually-similar vehicles poses a great challenge in computer vision, which needs to find exactly the same vehicle among a massive vehicles with visually similar appearances for a given query image. In this paper, we model the relationship of vehicle images as multiple grains. Following this, we propose two approaches to alleviate the precise vehicle search problem by exploiting multi-grain ranking constraints. One is Generalized Pairwise Ranking, which generalizes the conventional pairwise from considering only binary similar/dissimilar relations to multiple relations. The other is Multi-Grain based List Ranking, which introduces permutation probability to score a permutation of a multi-grain list, and further optimizes the ranking by the likelihood loss function. We implement the two approaches with multi-attribute classification in a multi-task deep learning framework. To further facilitate the research on precise vehicle search, we also contribute two high-quality and well-annotated vehicle datasets, named VD1 and VD2, which are collected from two different cities with diverse annotated attributes. As two of the largest publicly available precise vehicle search datasets, they contain 1,097,649 and 807,260 vehicle images respectively. Experimental results show that our approaches achieve the state-of-the-art performance on both datasets.
Emission-Concerned Wind-EV Coordination on the Transmission Grid Side With Network Constraints: Concept and Case Study

This paper presents a study of emission-concerned wind-electric vehicle (EV) coordination on the transmission grid side. An aggregator model representing a cluster of controllable EVs is proposed, and is coordinated with large-scale wind power on the transmission side. Using these EV aggregators, a conceptual framework is developed for wind-EV coordination, based on a three-level hierarchy. At the top level, the control center determines the optimal plant outputs and EV charging strategies from the proposed wind-EV dispatch model, where emission costs, thermal plant generation, controllable EVs, and CO2 capture power plants are taken into account and set as multi-objectives. The time-varying number of EV connections, plant ramp rate limits, and network constraints, including interface and branch transmission capacities, are also considered in the model. The model is used to verify the benefits of wind-EV coordination in an IEEE 14-bus system. Compared with uncoordinated charging, wind curtailment, emissions, total optimized cost, and EV charging fees are all greatly reduced by coordination. Moreover, interface transmission capacity and discharging price are found to be important factors in coordination, and the impacts are investigated.
An Estimation of Distribution Algorithm-Based Memetic Algorithm for the Distributed Assembly Permutation Flow-Shop Scheduling Problem

In this paper, an estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA)-based memetic algorithm (MA) is proposed for solving the distributed assembly permutation flow-shop scheduling problem (DAPFSP) with the objective to minimize the maximum completion time. A novel bi-vector-based method is proposed to represent a solution for the DAPFSP. In the searching phase of the EDA-based MA (EDAMA), the EDA-based exploration and the local-search-based exploitation are incorporated within the MA framework. For the EDA-based exploration phase, a probability model is built to describe the probability distribution of superior solutions. Besides, a novel selective-enhancing sampling mechanism is proposed for generating new solutions by sampling the probability model. For the local-search-based exploitation phase, the critical path of the DAPFSP is analyzed to avoid invalid searching operators. Based on the analysis, a critical-path-based local search strategy is proposed to further improve the potential solutions obtained in the EDA-based searching phase. Moreover, the effect of parameter setting is investigated based on the Taguchi method of design-of-experiment. Suitable parameter values are suggested for instances with different scales. Finally, numerical simulations based on 1710 benchmark instances are carried out. The experimental results and comparisons with existing algorithms show the effectiveness of the EDAMA in solving the DAPFSP. In addition, the best-known solutions of 181 instances are updated by the EDAMA.
Air-Gap Through-Silicon Vias

This letter reports for the first time the fabrication and characterization of through-silicon vias (TSVs) using air-gap insulators to enable high-performance 3-D integration. To address the challenge in fabricating extremely high-aspect-ratio air gaps, a CMOS-compatible sacrificial technology based on pyrolysis of poly (propylene carbonate) has been developed, upon which air-gap TSVs have been successfully achieved. The measured capacitance density and leakage current density of air-gap TSVs are 1.22 nF/cm2 and 10 nA/cm2, respectively, about one order and two orders lower in magnitude than TSVs using SiO2 insulators.
Dynamic rate and FEC adaptation for video multicast in multi-rate wireless networks

Video multicast over Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) faces many challenges due to varying channel conditions and limited bandwidth. A promising solution to this problem is the use of packet level Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanisms. However, the adjustment of the FEC rate is not a trivial issue due to the dynamic wireless environment. This decision becomes more complicated if we consider the multi-rate capability of the existing wireless LAN technology. In this paper, we propose a novel method which dynamically adapts the transmission rate and FEC for video multicast over multirate wireless networks. In order to evaluate the system experimentally, we implemented a prototype using open source drivers and socket programming. Our experimental results show that the proposed system significantly improves the multicast system performance.
Secure Dynamic Memory Scheduling Against Timing Channel Attacks

This paper presents SecMC, a secure memory controller that provides efficient memory scheduling with a strong quantitative security guarantee against timing channel attacks. The first variant, named SecMC-NI, eliminates timing channels while allowing a tight memory schedule by interleaving memory requests that access different banks or ranks. Experimental results show that SecMC-NI significantly (45% on average) improves the performance of the best known scheme that does not rely on restricting memory placements. To further improve the performance, the paper proposes SecMC-Bound, which enables trading-off security for performance with a quantitative information theoretic bound on information leakage. The experimental results show that allowing small information leakage can yield significant performance improvements.
Localized Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Films on Suspended Microstructures by Laser-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition

A laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) method has been developed for in situ synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) films on suspended microstructures. Focused laser beams are used to heat locally the suspended microstructures with low thermal mass and low thermal dissipation to high temperatures for localized CNT growth. Other substrate areas than the microstructures remain at low temperatures, preventing the devices on the substrate from being destroyed by high temperatures. The synthesizing parameters and the influences on CNT morphology and structures are systematically investigated and optimized, and solutions for uniform temperature distribution are proposed. Upon optimization, uniform, localized, and rapid growth of CNT synthesis has been achieved on suspended microstructures, and aligned CNTs with length and uniformity comparable to conventional hot-wall CVD have been successfully obtained. The experimental results show LCVD is a promising technology for in situ and localized synthesis of CNT films on suspended microstructures for CNT-CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) integration.
Sensing incline terrain for mobile robot autonomous navigation under unknown environment

In order to correctly sense incline terrain, its geometrical calculated model is analyzed. Based on the change trend of distance between the mobile robot and slope, their relative position can be determined. Then a novel method which takes the use of the powerful nonlinearity approach capability of RBF network is introduced to estimate the slope of the terrain with respect to the robot's current angular tilt. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can be used for mobile robot incline terrain perception and has the merits of easy, trustiness and robustness.
The interference of foreign language anxiety in the reading comprehension of agricultural engineering students

Anxiety, as an essential personality factor, plays an important affective role in second language acquisition. This paper attempts to find out whether anxiety and the reading comprehension proficiency are in relation to a number of independent variables such as gender and family background etc, and thus try to locate the sources of the foreign language anxiety. This paper concludes with a discussion of some suggestions for English language teachers and learners in China to improve the second language learning process.
Coded excitation for synthetic aperture ultrasound imaging

Peak acoustic power limits the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of real-time ultrasound images. For most conventional scan formats, however, the average power is well below heating limits. This means the SNR can be significantly increased using coded excitation. A coded system transmits a broadband, temporally elongated excitation pulse with a finite time-bandwidth product. The received signal must be decoded to produce an imaging pulse with improved SNR resulting from the higher average power in the elongated excitation. Decoding can produce significant range side lobes, however, greatly reducing image quality. All practical coding designs, therefore, represent a trade-off between SNR gain and range side lobes. A specific coding scheme appropriate for synthetic aperture imaging is presented. A 14.5 dB SNR improvement with acceptable range side lobes is demonstrated on a forward-looking imaging system appropriate for intravascular applications.
Load sharing for mobile agents using genetic algorithms

With the growth of service types and users in the mobile networks, the dynamic load sharing for mobile agents is required to improve service provision and throughput. To achieve the load sharing, effective resource allocation for mobile agents is necessary. The resource allocation for mobile agents is usually a combinatorial optimization problem. Because it is NP-hard, many different heuristics schemes were proposed to yield near optimal solutions. This study presents a new dynamic load sharing system that evaluates the agent host workload with a genetic algorithm (GA). The load sharing system contains two agents: load index agents (LIA), and load transfer agents (LTA). The performance results show that the proposed system outperforms other existing techniques for task throughput, transfer overhead, and communications overhead under most conditions.
Automatic interconnection rectification for SoC design verification based on the port order fault model

Embedded cores are being increasingly used in large system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs. The high complexity of SoC designs lead the design verification to be a challenge for system integrators. This paper presents an automatic interconnection rectification (AIR) technique based on the port order fault model to detect, diagnose, and correct the misplacements of interconnection that occurred in the integration of a SoC design automatically. The experiments are conducted on combinational and sequential benchmarks. Experimental results show that the AIR can correct the misplaced interconnection exactly within reasonable efforts and, therefore, accelerates the integration verification of SoC designs.
2-D Write/Read Channel Model for Bit-Patterned Media Recording With Large Media Noise

A 2-D write/read channel model, which can accurately capture the media, writer, and reader characteristics, is proposed and investigated for very-high-density bit-patterned media recording (BPMR) system with large media noise. For the write process, a 2-D data-dependent write channel combined with a micromagnetic model of the writer is investigated for BPMR. In order to better understand the proposed channel model, several 2-D patterns are investigated, and the corresponding write failure events are studied. It is observed that the write error rates (WERs) are different for different 2-D patterns due to the 2-D data-dependent nature of the write-in errors, even though the write failure rates are the same for these different 2-D patterns. For the readback process, a read channel, including media noise, is combined with the write channel, and the bit error rates (BERs) are studied for various 2-D patterns as a function of media jitter and write clock phase drift. It is observed that the 2-D pattern corresponding to four identical bits in a square pattern provides the best performance at a target BER of 10-2, because it can provide adequate tolerance to media noise and interference in down-track and cross-track (CT) directions. The difference between the WER and the BER after readback is studied for various 2-D patterns, and the pattern corresponding to 4 bits with transitions in the CT direction is found to exhibit the largest difference among the studied patterns due to the fact that inter-track interference is more severe than the inter-symbol interference. These results motivate possible inclusion of 2-D modulation codes in BPMR channel to avoid certain bit patterns.
Junction temperature estimation for LED lamp with forward voltage method

For estimating the junction temperature (Tj) of LED lamp, the Tj of LED module powering by rated current (135mA DC) and working in the thermal environment of LED lamp is measured with traditional forward voltage method in experiment 1. To calculate the Tj of LED lamp in actual working conditions (220V AC), a correction factor is introduced into the original model to process the deviation of output currents of LED driver electronics, as demonstrated in experiment 2. Compared with the surface temperature of LED obtained by infrared imaging method, the result in experiment 2 can effectively reflect the change in Tj of LED lamp under different ambient temperatures, which differs the surface temperature by 3~4°C. While due to a significant effect on the thermal environment of LED lamp introduced by LED driver electronics, the result in experiment 1 is approximately 9~10°C lower than that in experiment 2.
Fingerprint Image Enhancement Based on Morphological Filter

Fingerprint image enhancement is a essential preprocessing step to ensure good performance in Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). In this paper, we proposed a new fingerprint enhancement algorithm based on morphological filter. This algorithm first employs the idea of median filtering based on the Mehtre method to obtain a reliable ridge orientation field. And then it designes a morphological structuring element database to save structuring element templates of all directions. Finally, in order to remove the empty and rupture in the ridge, the morphological closing operation is employed through selecting the corresponding template according to the local ridge orientation. We have tested the algorithm on FVC2004 fingerprint database DB2. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can obtain great results at both the orientation field estimation and the minutiae detection performance.
Estimate crop evapotranspiration of spring wheat in the middle reaches of Heihe River basin, Northwestern China

Sustainability of irrigated agriculture depends primarily on the efficient management of irrigation water. Understanding crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is essential in planning the most effective use of water resources in the arid northwest China. The objective of this study is to analyze the variation of water requirement in the middle reaches of Heihe River basin. First, reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) was calculated using eight different models including Penman-Monteith, Priestley-Taylor, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves, FAO-Radiation, Irmark-Allen, FAO-Penman and Penman with daily data obtained from 14 meteorological stations in and around the study area. Secondly, the crop coefficients (Kc) of spring wheat in different growing stages were adjusted according to the investigation data. Finally, the water requirement of spring wheat was estimated in the middle reaches of Heihe River basin. From the study, the results show that ETc varies from 544 mm to 769 mm during the entire growing season, the ETc in Gaotai, Zhangye, Linze, Minle and Shandan is 631.28, 660.90, 630.02, 682.66, 722.42 and 690.88 mm, respectively, the ETc of mid-season stage is the largest percentage during the entire growing season, accounting for 60.8%, 77.5%, 62.1%, 78.3%, and 61.5% of total ETc at five meteorological stations, respectively.
A low power precise current balance LED driver with −0.228% ∼ 0.198% imbalance among three output channels

In this paper, a 3-channel LED driver with precise current balance is proposed. Artful layout topologies instead of complicated circuit structure are created and analyzed to achieve accurate current balance among LED channels with excellent insensitivity to process, temperature and voltage (PVT) variations and small standard deviation for trimming-free bandgap reference voltage. With a high yield rate of 99.5%, the maximum imbalance among LED driving currents for 199 test chips is measured to be merely -0.228% ~ 0.198% which is not only much better than 2% deviation of the conventional one  but also very close to the simulated imbalance of -0.18% ~ 0.09% under gradients up to the 2nd-order. In addition, the 1.21V bandgap reference voltage accomplishes a 3σ inaccuracy of 3.78% only. This circuit was fabricated in a Vanguard 0.5μm 5V and 12V 2P3M process with a chip size of 1.25 mm2. Except for the LED driving and setting currents, the power consumption is measured to be 340 μW only.
The application of data mining to customer credit analysis in medicament enterprise

Credit sale acts a very important role in the operation of one company. Nowadays, in order to reduce the credit risks, ensure the benefits of companies, and communicate effectively with the customers, analysis of customerspsila credit has become a very popular research question. In this paper, the author develops a credit evaluation model for medicament enterprise based on data mining methods clustering and neural network. By using this model, a company can predict that if the customer will default of contract.
A Versatile Model for Temperature-Dependent Effects in Tm-Doped Silica Fiber Lasers

We have derived a model to provide a unique insight into the temperature-dependent effects in Tm-doped silica fiber lasers with consideration of important energy transfer processes and full spectra of laser transition. By fitting experimental measurements, the dependence of emission and absorption cross sections on temperature was characterized. With careful thermal management to control the influence of thermomechanical and thermooptical effects, a good agreement was achieved between simulations and experiments, even in the kilowatt power domain. On the basis of the model, the investigation shows that the thermal distribution of ions over the Stark sublevels contributes a higher threshold and a lower laser power as the temperature increase. Fortunately, this degradation of laser performance can be largely weakened when higher pump intensity is employed. The simulations also show that lower output coupling and longer operational wavelength can mitigate the output power variation arising from the temperature. The model was further used to analyze the dependence of laser spectrum on the fiber length and pump power when temperature changes. In addition, the laser output power and temperature distribution in kW-level are also studied.
Single-mode 1 x 3 equal-power divider using a substrate microprism and two waveguide expanders

A new single-mode 1/spl times/3 equal-power divider using a substrate microprism and two waveguide expanders has been proposed and analyzed. Simulation results show that with appropriate phase-front tilt and field modification, equal power division and low insertion loss can be attained for a large branching angle. The effects of device parameters are also discussed to facilitate the design of the proposed equal-power divider. Because of not requiring extra regions of indices different from those of the waveguide and substrate, the proposed equal-power divider can be easily fabricated.
A Statistic-Based Approach to Testability Analysis

This paper presents a statistic-based approach for evaluating the testability of nodes in combinational circuits. This testability measurement is obtained via Monte Carlo simulation governed by the formulated Monte Carlo model. The Monte Carlo simulation is terminated when the predefined error with respect to the Monte Carlo model, under a specified confidence level, is achieved. We conduct the experiments on a set of ISCAS '85 and MCNC benchmarks. As compared with previous work, our approach more efficiently evaluates the testability with less error rate.