nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Combining negative binomial and Weibull distributions for yield and reliability prediction

A key productivity metric in semiconductor manufacturing is wafer test yield - the fraction of dies deemed functional following wafer probe testing. Wafer test yield is directly related to semiconductor manufacturing profitability: The higher the yield, the lower the cost of producing a functional chip, and therefore the greater the potential profit. Because wafer test yield is such a critical variable in a products profit potential, accurate yield projection models are essential to semiconductor manufacturers economic success. It is important to understand the correlation between defects causing yield loss and defects causing reliability failures. This article presents a modeling methodology and supporting data, demonstrating that yield and reliability defects can be directly linked in a unified model.
Comparison between one and two dimensional models of coupled cavity TWT performance

Coupled cavity TWT performance has been modeled using 1D (CHIRISTINE-CC) and 2D (TESLA-CC) approaches. The codes' predictions have been compared in detail for regimes for which application of both codes is valid. It was found that the level of code agreement depends primarily on beam current (beam perveance). The codes predict almost identical gain for the small current regime while differences in gain might reach 10% for high perveance CC-TWTs. The main reason for these differences is non-uniformity in distribution of the RF field associated with the bunched beam. RF space charge effects together with the focusing magnetic fields are major sources of differences between predictions of 1D and 2D codes, while other 2D effects make small contributions.
A new approach to integrate audio and visual features of speech

This paper presents a novel fused-hidden Markov model (fused-HMM) to integrate the audio and visual features of speech. In this model, audio and visual HMMs built individually are fused together using a general probabilistic fusion method, which is optimal in the maximum entropy sense. Specifically, the fusion method uses the dependencies between the audio hidden states and the visual observations to infer the dependencies between audio and video. The learning and inference algorithms described in this paper can handle audio and video features with different data rates and duration. In speaker verification experiments, the results show that the proposed method significantly reduces the recognition error rate as compared to unimodal HMMs and other simpler fusion methods.
Chronic in Vivo Testing of a Fully Implantable Intracranial Pressure Sensor

This paper describes the authors' approach to the problem of long term intracranial pressure measurement. Several prior devices have not proven useful for clinical studies of more than a few days duration. Study of 22 of the authors' devices in primates has established the validity of both engineering and medical design assumptions. Useful pressure data has been collected for up to 2 months. Redesign to decrease tambour permeability should allow a useful life of months or years.
AC Space Charge Effects on Beam Loading of a Cavity

A calculation of the loading of a resonant cavity by an electron beam is presented. This calculation is the first to include all effects of AC space charge. The fields in the cavity are determined in the presence of the beam, including the effects of higher order structure modes. The formulation extends Wessel-Berg's classic treatment of AC space charge effects, explicitly including Ramo's space charge waves of all ranks and higher order structure modes. The result reduces to the conventional ballistic beam loading result for low beam current. Comparison of the complete theory developed here with the ballistic result demonstrates that the ballistic theory is sufficiently accurate, typically accounting for the quality factor to within 5%, and the resonant frequency to within 1%. In addition, the theory is shown to agree well with particle-in-cell simulations
3D facial expression recognition based on properties of line segments connecting facial feature points

The 3D facial geometry contains ample information about human facial expressions. Such information is invariant to pose and lighting conditions, which have imposed serious hurdles on many 2D facial analysis problems. In this paper, we perform person and gender independent facial expression recognition based on properties of the line segments connecting certain 3D facial feature points. The normalized distances and slopes of these line segments comprise a set of 96 distinguishing features for recognizing six universal facial expressions, namely anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Using a multi-class support vector machine (SVM) classifier, an 87.1% average recognition rate is achieved on the publicly available 3D facial expression database BU-3DFE. The highest average recognition rate obtained in our experiments is 99.2% for the recognition of surprise. Our result outperforms the result reported in the prior work, which uses elaborately extracted primitive facial surface features and an LDA classifier and which yields an average recognition rate of 83.6% on the same database.
Application of silicon-based process simulation tools to the fabrication of heterojunction bipolar transistors

Process simulation is not widely used to date in the compound semiconductor industry. This is due in part to several issues that exist in applying commercially available simulation tools that were designed for silicon integrated circuits (ICs), to the fabrication of III-V-based devices. These issues arise from the inherent differences in the fabrication techniques used in the separate device technologies. Computer simulations have been applied to model heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) fabrication at HRL Laboratories, LLC. These silicon-based simulations require calibration to accurately model the profiles produced during III-V device and IC fabrication. The calibration method includes the production of simulated cross sections, which are then compared with focused ion beam cross sections of actual devices.
Distribution system grounding fundamentals

The most common medium voltage electric distribution system in the United States is multigrounded wye using a common neutral for both primary and secondary systems. The effective interconnection of the multigrounded wye neutral conductor with the earth ground reference is very important for safe and effective operation of these systems. Areas of concern include: public safety, operating personnel safety, system reliability, power quality, customer surge protection. This paper is intended to address how grounding system effectiveness affects each of these goals.
Effect of silicon nanowire etching on signal-to-noise ratio of SiNW FETs for (bio)sensor applications

A high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in silicon nanowire (SiNW) field effect transistors (FETs) is crucial for detecting low concentrations of biological material as the signal changes are often small and difficult to be differentiated from the baseline signal. This reported work studies the low-frequency noise (1/ f ) as in Hooge's constant, α H , and the device detection limit of the SiNW FETs to evaluate the influence of the etching process used to define the nanowires (NWs). Two etching methods are compared: plane-dependent etching using potassium borate in water and reactive ion etching in Cl-based chemistry. All investigated devices have similar dopant type, doping concentration and dimensions, and were fabricated with the same process flow with the exception of the NW definition. The extracted average Hooge's constant for wet etching is found to be at least an order of magnitude lower ( α H, avg = 7.96 × 10 -4 ) compared with dry plasma-etched devices ( α H, avg = 4.1 × 10 -2 ), indicating a lower surface roughness and/or a lower amount of surface defects. This study shows that the newly developed method improves the electrical properties of the device, making it an interesting alternative to standard approaches used for fabrication of SiNW FETs as (bio)sensors.
Colaminated single and multichip package development

Next generation single and multichip packages must support flip chip assembly of die with a very high number of I/O. Cofire ceramic technology has been the traditional solution. We report on a new packaging technology that, in many ways, is an organic version Cofire ceramic. This "Colamination" process leverages recent developments in adhesiveless flex circuitry and low temperature sinterable materials to produce multilayer structures with sintered blind and buried vias in a single lamination step. This paper describes the fabrication of a 6-metal layer 751 I/O flip chip test vehicle with the Colamination process. Novaclad/sup TM/ flex circuit layer pairs, ViaPly/sup TM/ bond ply layers, and a metal stiffener are colaminated to form the package substrate. The package design takes advantage of Novaclad/sup TM/ design rules, which includes microvias in die attach and BGA pads. Test vehicle design, substrate fabrication, flip chip assembly, thermomechanical, and environmental test results are described.
Bias and temperature dependence of Sb-based heterostructure millimeter-wave detectors with improved sensitivity

Nearly lattice-matched InAs/AlSb/GaSb-based heterostructure backward diodes for zero-bias millimeter wave detection were fabricated and measured. A record-high curvature, /spl gamma/=39.1 V/sup -1/, at zero bias was measured. On-wafer sensitivity measurements from 1 to 110 GHz gave a record-high average sensitivity of 3687 V/W for zero-bias operation. Further enhancement of detector sensitivity was observed with applied dc bias, with a sensitivity of 7996 V/W obtained for a 0.9 /spl mu/A bias. Extrapolating the conjugately-matched measured sensitivity suggests that 1000 V/W should be achievable at a record-high 541 GHz. The temperature dependence of detector sensitivity was evaluated from measured dc current-voltage characteristics and gave expected sensitivities ranging from 3910 V/W at 293 K to 7740 V/W at 4.2 K.
Compiling More Precise Petri Net Models for an Improved Verification of Service Implementations

Verification of distributed business processes typically relies on Petri-net-based process models, which allow for a natural modeling and analysis of aspects like parallelism and message exchange. Unfortunately, such a process model is seldom complete and precise today, mainly because the available techniques for its derivation neglect process data in favor of a feasible verification. In this paper, we present an approach for deriving more precise process models in terms of a transforming process-to-Petri-net compiler, which takes as input a business process and generates as output a Petri net model for the process which can subsequently be used for verification. However, in contrast to a conventional compiler, its objective is not to result in efficient runtime code but rather to produce a most-precise though still effectively verifiable Petri-net-based process model.
Classification and Feature Extraction by Simplexization

Techniques for classification and feature extraction are often intertwined. In this paper, we contribute to these two aspects via the shared philosophy of simplexizing the sample set. For general classification, we present a new criteria based on the concept of -nearest-neighbor simplex (), which is constructed by the nearest neighbors, to determine the class label of a new datum. For feature extraction, we develop a novel subspace learning algorithm, called discriminant simplex analysis (DSA), in which the intraclass compactness and interclass separability are both measured by distances. Comprehensive experiments on face recognition and lipreading validate the effectiveness of the DSA as well as the -based classification approach.
A non-Markov finite dimensional filter

The state space of a general, not necessarily Markov, finite state space process is identified with the set of unit vectors in an Euclidean space. A filtering problem is considered where the observation process records only jumps between certain subsets of the states. A recursive equation for the filtered estimate of the state is obtained. If the transition rates are measurable with respect to the observations this filter is finite dimensional. The corresponding Zakai equation is also derived.<<ETX>>
ClassAMP: A Prediction Tool for Classification of Antimicrobial Peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are gaining popularity as anti-infective agents. Information on sequence features that contribute to target specificity of AMPs will aid in accelerating drug discovery programs involving them. In this study, an algorithm called ClassAMP using Random Forests (RFs) and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) has been developed to predict the propensity of a protein sequence to have antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral activity. ClassAMP is available at http://www.bicnirrh.res.in/classamp/.
Be-Doped ZnO Thin-Film Transistors and Circuits Fabricated by Spray Pyrolysis in Air

We report the fabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) and simple integrated circuits by spray pyrolysis, and examine the role of beryllium (Be) as the chemical dopant. Doping is achieved through addition of Be-acetylacetonate into the parent Zn-acetate precursor solution followed by film deposition through spray pyrolysis. The microstructural properties of as-grown Be-ZnO films with different dopant concentrations are investigated using a combination of atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques, which show the formation of polycrystalline films. Introduction of Be is found to impact the degree of crystallinity of ZnO films where a dramatic decrease in the average grain size is observed with increasing Be concentration. To assess the effects of Be-doping on the electrical properties of ZnO films we have fabricated Be-ZnO based TFTs using different doping concentrations. The average electron mobility calculated from these transistors is on the order of ~ 2 cm2·V-1·s-1 with the threshold voltage (VTH) exhibiting a strong dependence on Be concentration. The ability to control VTH through the introduction of Be has been exploited for the fabrication of unipolar inverters with symmetric trip-voltages and good noise margins.
Airborne Scan-Converter System

A method of converting very high bandwidth, single-transient information in a rocket-borne experiment to a much lower bandwidth is described. Application of the scan conversion technique to single-transient information of nanosecond rise time permits conversion to bandwidths commensurate with present day telemetry systems. Signal-storage rise time capability is 1 to 10 ns depending on the type of storage tube used. Of special interest is the unique transistorized linear sweep. Its delay between trigger and start of the sweep is less than 6 ns and the sweep voltage is plus and minus 400 volts. Other transistorized circuitry, such as readout sweep, time base generator, and signal amplifier, is also discussed.
Bonding Requirements for Conductive Poles: Preventing Electrical Isolation of Poles

The increasing load density at many electric utilities has driven the trend toward larger distribution conductors and higher settings on overcurrent protective equipment. Not only are the pickup values of feeder breakers and reclosers increasing, but the protective curves are often slower to achieve coordination with downstream devices. Where there are larger conductors and slower protective settings, you will often find more applications of steel and concrete distribution poles to carry the structural loads imposed by the larger conductors.
Compact, efficient, high-power millimeter-wave power boosters

High-power millimeter-wave amplifiers are required for various new and emerging applications, such as point-to-multi-point wireless high-data-rate communications over multi-km ranges for residences and businesses. Driven largely by these requirements, both civilian and defense-related, researchers over the last decade have dramatically increased the power and bandwidth of a variety of vacuum electronic amplifiers in the millimeter-wave regime. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has played a key role in the development of the science and technology that has made possible this increased performance. One attractive class of devices to arise from these efforts is the power booster, a relatively low-gain but very high-power amplifier that can produce significantly higher power than state-of-the-art amplifiers driven by comparable electron beams. At Ka band, NRL power boosters have produced from 1.5 to 4 kW of peak power from electron beams of ∼20 kV and up to 600 mA. The 3–5 dB gain of these amplifiers allows compact designs and high interaction efficiency. For example, with a multistage depressed collector the 4 kW output power device can achieve a power added efficiency of >40%.
Demonstration abstract: BioWatch — A wrist watch based physiological signal acquisition system

A wrist watch based system, which can measure electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG), is presented in this work. By using both ECG and PPG we measure pulse transit time (PTT), which is known to correlate well with the blood pressure (BP) . This system, called BioWatch, can potentially facilitate continuous and ubiquitous monitoring of ECG, PPG and BP.
Blind RRT: A probabilistically complete distributed RRT

Rapidly-Exploring Random Trees (RRTs) have been successful at finding feasible solutions for many types of problems. With motion planning becoming more computationally demanding, we turn to parallel motion planning for efficient solutions. Existing work on distributed RRTs has been limited by the overhead that global communication requires. A recent approach, Radial RRT, demonstrated a scalable algorithm that subdivides the space into regions to increase the computation locality. However, if an obstacle completely blocks RRT growth in a region, the planning space is not covered and is thus not probabilistically complete. We present a new algorithm, Blind RRT, which ignores obstacles during initial growth to efficiently explore the entire space. Because obstacles are ignored, free components of the tree become disconnected and fragmented. Blind RRT merges parts of the tree that have become disconnected from the root. We show how this algorithm can be applied to the Radial RRT framework allowing both scalability and effectiveness in motion planning. This method is a probabilistically complete approach to parallel RRTs. We show that our method not only scales but also overcomes the motion planning limitations that Radial RRT has in a series of difficult motion planning tasks.
Development of MAGY code for modeling of coaxial Gyrotrons

code is a highly efficient code designed to simulate fast wave vacuum electronic devices, such as gyrotrons, gyro-klystrons, gyro frequency multipliers. The model includes a self-consistent, nonlinear solution of the three-dimensional electron equations of motion and the solution of time-dependent field equations. The model differs from the conventional Particle in Cell approach in that the field spectrum is assumed to consist of a carrier frequency and its harmonics with slowly varying envelopes. In particular, the code can treat an arbitrary set of temporal and cyclotron harmonics. Other features include treatments of losses due to the presence of absorbing materials, a realistic profile of guiding magnetic field, and azimuthal inhomogeneity of the electron beam with a local velocity spread. Examples of MAGY usage include NRL/CPI gyro klystrons, UMD frequency multipliers, mode competition in gyrotrons for fusion, and parametric mode coupling due to non-homogeneity of electron beam. MAGY simulations demonstrate good agreement with experimental measurements and with known analytical calculations. Coaxial gyrotrons have superior mode selectivity with respect to gyrotrons with cylindrical cavities, but their design requires extensive computational effort to optimize their complex coaxial structure. Thus, new computer codes are required for successful design of coaxial gyrotrons. Development of MAGY code to allow simulations of coaxial gyrotrons is one step in this direction.
Deep neural network features and semi-supervised training for low resource speech recognition

We propose a new technique for training deep neural networks (DNNs) as data-driven feature front-ends for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) in low resource settings. To circumvent the lack of sufficient training data for acoustic modeling in these scenarios, we use transcribed multilingual data and semi-supervised training to build the proposed feature front-ends. In our experiments, the proposed features provide an absolute improvement of 16% in a low-resource LVCSR setting with only one hour of in-domain training data. While close to three-fourths of these gains come from DNN-based features, the remaining are from semi-supervised training.
Dual high-frequency Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator for ultrafine particle sensing

This paper describes the development of a low-cost robust Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator (SAWR) micro sensor capable of detecting sub-micron size particles below 1 ng. The device comprises two 262 MHz Rayleigh wave SAW resonators fabricated on ST-cut quartz where one is used for particle sensing and the other as a reference channel. Electro-acoustic detection of different particles (including carbon, gold, sucrose, silicon, and PTFE) with different diameters was studied. The mass sensitivity of the SAWR was found to be typically 275 Hz/ng or 4 pg/Hz for the detection of 750 nm diameter gold particles. We believe that the device could be used as a low-cost and low power microsensor for the real-time and ubiquitous monitoring of airborne particulate matter. In particular, our SAWR sensor can be used to detect the typical levels of ultrafine particulate pollutants (PM2.5) found in city air today.
Efficiency characterization of small printed thick-film YBa2Cu3O7-x antennas

Analytical and numerical approximations of the losses in the radiating element and the integrated feeding-matching network (IFMN) of printed thick-film high-Tc, superconductor (HTS) antennas are presented and compared with measured data. Efficiency measurements are performed using four low frequency experimental and hybrid-experimental techniques. Conductor and dielectric losses can degrade the performance of the YBa2Cu3O7¿x antenna circuit and have to be considered in optimum efficiency and SNR designs.
Assessment of fully-depleted planar CMOS for low power complex circuit operation

In this paper, we present results and discuss issues related to implementation of large scale circuits in extremely thin (ET) SOI CMOS for low power applications. We have demonstrated that we can fabricate low power (LP) CMOS with centered Vts and good Vt uniformity across wafer and wafer to wafer. Using this CMOS, we have fabricated low leakage and high performance ring oscillators (with delay ∼20% faster than the standard 28 nm LP bulk). We have also obtained perfect 2.25M SRAM arrays, functioning down to Vdd of 0.5V, and we have shown that a 10-level BEOL process has minimal impact on device stability.