nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation of Second-Harmonics Near Ultraviolet Wavelengths From Femtosecond Pump Pulses

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) near ultraviolet wavelengths is experimentally demonstrated by coupling femtosecond pump pulses into the normal dispersion region far away from the zero-dispersion wavelength of the fundamental mode in a silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF) fabricated in our laboratory. When the pump pulses with average input power Pav of 500 mW and center wavelength λp of 820 nm are used, the maximum conversion efficiency ηSH of the second harmonics centered at 410 nm can be up to 1.6 × 10-6, corresponding to the output power PSH of 520 nW. By measuring PSH at different PCF lengths and studying the temporal dependence of SH, it is confirmed that the physical mechanism of SHG is dominated by surface nonlinearity polarization, which is resulted from the local inhomogeneities in the silica core region and at the coreair-silica cladding interface of PCF. Finally, a theoretical model is established to analyze the nonlinear optical process.
Image enhancement using multiscale differential operators

Differential operators have been widely used for multiscale geometric descriptions of images. Efficient computation of these differential operators can be obtained by taking advantage of the spline techniques. We make use of a special class of these operators for image enhancement, with a particular application to chromosome image enhancement. These operators constitute a translation invariant wavelet transform well suited for the structural description of chromosome geometry. Based on the fact that the geometrical features like edges are correlated between different scales in the representation, a novel algorithm is designed to enhance the salient features of the image. Comparisons of this algorithm with other approaches are presented.
The relationship between high-technology export and low-and-medium-technology export: Evidence and policy implications

This study attempts to find the quantitative relationship between high-technology (HT) export and low- and-medium-technology (LMT) export. We take the data from the website of World Bank and select 86 economies (countries and regions) in 2005 to explore the problem from three aspects. The research results show that there are significant relationship of ln-ln model between HT exports and LMT exports, between HT exports per capita and LMT exports per capita, and between HT exports and LMT exports per capita (every p-value of F-statistic is less than 0.001). In each relationship, the former is the dependent variable, and the latter is the independent variable. The coefficients of independent variables are 1.194, 1.250 and 1.232 respectively. And the ln-ln model fits better than other common regression model. In order to draw more valuable conclusion, this paper adds two dummy variables into the three ln-ln models: one is population; and another is income. Based on the empirical study of six models, a main policy implication is that for HT export, the support effect of LMT export is clear, and economies of different types have the obvious difference. When policy makers emphasize the importance of stimulating HT export, they should pay more attention to the significance of strengthening LMT export.
Combination of Adaptive Object Model for Basketball Tracking

Theoretically it is certified that basketball tracking question belongs to the NP-Hard question. In this paper, by combining the bipartite graph of adaptive object model, the basketball tracking is formed, and by this way the calculation complexity can be reduced effectively, thus the combination of adaptive object model for basketball tracking (AOMBT) is put forward. After introducing the adaptive object model, the calculation can be obtained at the first time when conducting the basketball tracking; and the calculation complexity can be reduced by the incremental coverage method. Lastly, through the simulation experiment it shows that the method proposed in this paper represents relatively high detection degree in the basketball tracking, meanwhile the tracking error is kept in a lower level, and as a whole, even though some questions, such as false, unobservable etc., exist partly, this algorithm still has relatively strong advantage in the aspect of detection rate of basketball tracking, and can adapt large-scale basketball tracking.
Cascaded differential and wavelet compression of chromosome images

This paper proposes a new method for chromosome image compression based on an important characteristic of these images: the regions of interest (ROIs) to cytogeneticists for evaluation and diagnosis are well determined and segmented. Such information is utilized to advantage in our compression algorithm, which combines lossless compression of chromosome ROIs with lossy-to-lossless coding of the remaining image parts. This is accomplished by first performing a differential operation on chromosome ROIs for decorrelation, followed by critically sampled integer wavelet transforms on these regions and the remaining image parts. The well-known set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) (Said and Perlman, 1996) algorithm is modified to generate separate embedded bit streams for both chromosome ROIs and the rest of the image that allow continuous lossy-to-lossless compression of both (although lossless compression of the former is commonly used in practice). Experiments on two sets of sample chromosome spread and karyotype images indicate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms current compression techniques used in commercial karyotyping systems and JPEG-2000 compression, which does not provide the desirable support for lossless compression of arbitrary ROIs.
An approach of flow simulation in virtual reality

The flow simulation in virtual reality can make invisible flow phenomena existing in nature visible in three-dimension scene. It can aid researchers to observe, comprehend and analyze the natural phenomena. The architecture based-VR presented in this paper has been designed to make flow simulation easy and universal. A spatial class hierarchy is proposed to extract the abstract objects from flow phenomena and construct various models such as flow field, streamline, etc. We also introduce the functions of data integration, pre-processing and flow track during the modeling process. Furthermore, we present a concrete example to demonstrate the application of the proposed method to groundwater simulation for Beijing, China. The result of flow simulation in VR can allow researchers to walk into the model, as well as help decision-making in the investigation, forecasting and management of natural resource.
Construction of E-learning Platform

With the rapid development of information technology, the knowledge increases by the way of explosion, and the rapid updating of knowledge challenges the traditional education so as to appeal people to change the learning concepts and the learning methods. Internet, with its abundant resources, advanced technology and convenient way to obtain information, is favored by people. Web-based distance learning will become lifelong learning as a major way. In this paper, the basic framework of network learning platform has been built on the basis of discussion of fundamental theory about th network learning platform, and the different functions of the modules are analyzed, then the understanding and ideas to adapt to the new form of e-learning platform are put forward.
An Efficient Data Mining System Using Multi-agent of e-Commerce

The development of computer science and network technology, and the rapid emergence of e-commerce bring limitless business opportunity to trade company. For the trade company, any consumer-related information is very valuable, but searching for the enormous amount of data restricts the development of e-commerce. The combination of data mining technology with multi-Agent technology can decrease the amount of data transmission, lighten network load, improve mining performance and effectively guarantee the security of the data. This paper has introduced the performance of every Agent in detail and the basic thoughts of the mining method adopted. Furthermore, in view of the business backgrounds and characteristics of e-commerce trade, we design the data mining system based on Multi-Agent under the circumstance of e-commerce. It can achieve the goal of mining data accurately and effectively, and offer the personalized service to users, and improve operational efficiency for system.
Sensing range improvement of brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) using inline erbium-doped fibre amplifier

In this paper, we demonstrate sensing range improvement of Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (BOTDR) using an inline erbium-doped fibre amplifier to compensate the sensing fibre loss. In addition, a passive depolarizer is used based on the polarization beam splitter to suppress the polarization noise. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated experimentally using a 50 km sensing fibre with a 5 m spatial resolution. The strain and temperature errors at end of the sensing fibre are 23 με and 1.08°C, respectively.
Detection of volatile organic compounds using an optical fiber sensor coated with a sol-gel silica layer containing immobilized Nile red

A simple volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor based on a tapered small core singlemode fiber (SCSMF) structure is reported. The tapered SCSMF fiber structure with a waist diameter of 7.0 μm is fabricated using a customized microheater brushing technique. Silica based material containing immobilized Nile red was prepared by a sol-gel method and was used as a coating applied to the surface of the tapered fiber structure. Different coating thicknesses created by a 2-pass and 4-pass coating process are investigated. The experiments demonstrate that both sensors show a linear response at different gas concentrations to all three tested VOCs (methanol, ethanol and acetone). The sensor with a thicker coating shows better sensitivities but longer response and recovery times. The best measurement resolutions for the 4-pass coating sensor are estimated to be 2.3 ppm, 1.5 ppm and 3.1 ppm for methanol, ethanol and acetone, respectively. The fastest response and recovery time of 1 min and 5 min are demonstrated by the sensor in the case of methanol.
K=0.266 immersion lithography patterning and its challenge for NAND FLASH

In immersion lithography, a single exposure resolution of 36.5 nm half pitch (k = 0.255) has been demonstrated with a numerical aperture of 1.35. However the practical resolution limit in production will be closer to 40 nm half pitch (k = 0.28), without involving double patterning alike strategies, such as self-aligned double patterning (SADP). While for the practical resolution limit with k value less than 0.28 in NAND-Flash production, single exposure solution has been adopted though it can create some significant challenge. In this paper, we will present an experimental study of the resolution limit with k value pushed to 0.266 on an ASML TWINSCAN NXT: 1950i. Compared to what we do before, big fidelity degradation was observed at K1=0.266, presenting as worse linewidth roughness (LWR). To improve the LWR, we studied the effect of BARC thickness based on Foot Exposure simulation as well as different illumination condition. The process window on the production mask will be demonstrated. And finally we will also show a comparison in the final after etch inspection (AEI) linewidth performance between single exposure and SADP.
SKRWM based descriptor for pedestrian detection in thermal images

Pedestrian detection in a thermal image is a difficult task due to intrinsic challenges:1) low image resolution, 2) thermal noising, 3) polarity changes, 4) lack of color, texture or depth information. To address these challenges, we propose a novel mid-level feature descriptor for pedestrian detection in thermal domain, which combines pixel-level Steering Kernel Regression Weights Matrix (SKRWM) with their corresponding covariances. SKRWM can properly capture the local structure of pixels, while the covariance computation can further provide the correlation of low level feature. This mid-level feature descriptor not only captures the pixel-level data difference and spatial differences of local structure, but also explores the correlations among low-level features. In the case of human detection, the proposed mid-level feature descriptor can discriminatively distinguish pedestrian from complexity. For testing the performance of proposed feature descriptor, a popular classifier framework based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is also built. Overall, our experimental results show that proposed approach has overcome the problems caused by background subtraction in  while attains comparable detection accuracy compared to the state-of-the-arts.
Study on Bioenergy Recovery of Chemical Components of Bambusa Blumeana by Py-GC/MS

Bambusa blumeana is the one of the most impotent bamboo species in South China. In order to exploit the high- grade resource utilization as bioenergy, determination of chemical components in Bambusa blumeana was made by using Py-GC/MS. Results indicated that the main components of Bambusa blumeana by Py-GC/MS analysis were carbon dioxide (30.99%), acetic acid (13.67%), tuaminoheptane (9.81%), diazene, dimethyl- (9.62%), 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy- (8.39%), butanoic acid, 2-oxo- (5.26%), 1-propanol (4.11%), 2,4(1h,3h)- pyrimidinedione, 5-(trifluoromethyl)- (2.81%), 6-anhydro-.beta.- d-glucopyranose (2.49%), 1,6-anhydro-.beta.-d-glucopyranose (2.02%), 9h-carbazole, 9-methyl- (1.7%), 2-fluorenamine (1.42%), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (0.9%), 3-methylcarbazole (0.83%), phenol, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)- (0.75%), benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- (0.71%), methylcarbazole (0.69%), etc. Thus, the pyrolysis byproducts of Bambusa blumeana may be used as raw materials of bioenergy.
Adaptive Control of MIMO Nonlinear Systems using Nussbaum Gain

A new output feedback adaptive control scheme for multi-input and multi-output nonlinear systems with parametric uncertainty is presented based on the Nussbaum gain method and the backstepping approach. The high frequency gain matrix of the linear part of the system is not necessarily positive definite, but can be transformed into a lower or upper triangular matrix whose signs of diagonal elements are unknown. The new required condition for the high frequency gain matrix can be easily checked for certain plants so that the proposed method is widely applicable. The global stability of the closed-loop systems is guaranteed through this control scheme, at the same time the tracking error converges to zero.
Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) process even-odd uniformity improvement

Self-aligned spacer double patterning (SADP) scheme has been proposed as an alternative to litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE) scheme because if its superior control of the lines that are patterned by a uniform and conformal deposition of a spacer layer along sidewalls of the sacrificial patterning lines. However, it adds process complexity in the film stacks and extra challenges on both the linewidth and overlay variations induced by film thickness and etch uniformity, which was also called even-odd bias induced by the spacer. Effects of lithography and etch process deviations during sacrificial core formation are thought to be predominantly for the final space even-odd performance. In this paper, we will present an experimental study of process effect on the space even-odd uniformity, including the lithographic critical dimension uniformity (CDU), sacrificial core etch, spacer etch, hard mask etch and final Si etch. The contribution to the even-odd uniformity will be focused and analyzed step by step. DOMA application on 3X nm FLASH process was also carried out to improve the sacrificial core CDU, and its contribution and limitation to the final even-odd uniformity will be clarified as well.
A Pipelined Memory-efficient Architecture for Ultra-long Variable-size FFT Processors

A scheme of ultra-long variable-size pipelined FFT processor is presented and a prototype is implemented with one FPGA, which may compute various 4n (n = 1 ~ 10) points FFT at a speed as high as 150 MHz. The solutions are to transform the one-dimension FFT to two-dimension repeatedly, and propose an efficient twiddle-factor memory compression method. Based on two techniques storage resource of FFT processor can be reduced largely.
Greenhouse Effect Reduction and Energy Recovery from Landfill: A Case Study

Waste management systems are a non-negligible source of greenhouse gases. In particular, methane and carbon dioxide emissions occur in landfills due to the breakdown of biodegradable carbon compounds operated by anaerobic bacteria. A case study of landfill gas recovery project in Handan city, Hebei province of China is discussed in this paper. The project will collect landfill gas and the generators will combust the methane in the landfill gas to produce electricity for export to the grid. Excess landfill gas, and all gas collected during periods when electricity is not produced, will be flared. The analyses are conducted based on using the US EPA first order decay model and methodology ACM0001 of Clean Development Mechanism for the estimation of greenhouse effect reduction for the project's baseline. It is found that the project capacity by combustion and flaring combined will reduce emissions of about 3.998 million tones of CO2e over the next 21-year lifetime, and at the same time, 653GWh electricity will be produced.
Hydration of Gases to Reduce Major Greenhouse Gases Emission into the Atmosphere

A technology on replacement methane (CH4) from natural gas hydrate (NGH) with carbon dioxide (CO2) is described. And the technology is demonstrated in theoretics and experiment, respectively. Moreover, combined with the main emission channel of CH4 in coal industry, the reducing emission technology of coalbed methane(CBM) based on hydration is narrated. The formation and dissociation technique of CH4 hydrates are elaborated. The process of hydrate formation of CBM with different methane concentrations is investigated using self-developed experiment apparatus. The results show that the CBM hydrates are prone to be formed under appropriate conditions. The analysis of the experimental data and results in the former literature indicates that the reducing emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2 and CH4 on hydrate technology is feasible.
A Framework of Simulation for Cluster Supply Chain Collaboration

Owing to its inherent modeling flexibility, simulation is often regarded as the proper means for supporting decision making on supply chain management. The ultimate success of CSC (cluster supply chain), however, is determined by a combination of the analyst's skills, the chain members' involvement, and the modeling capabilities of the simulation tool. In this paper, a distributed simulation framework is presented to facilitate collaborative cluster supply chains simulation. This integrated framework is meant to construct a cross-chain simulation while hiding model details within the enterprises. This can be realized by building the simulation components as web service agents on top of the Runtime Infrastructure of the HLA (High level Architecture) and integrating simulation application on top of SOA (Web Service-Oriented Architecture).
A New View-Invariant Feature for Cross-View Gait Recognition

Human gait is an important biometric feature which is able to identify a person remotely. However, change of view causes significant difficulties for recognizing gaits. This paper proposes a new framework to construct a new view-invariant feature for cross-view gait recognition. Our view-normalization process is performed in the input layer (i.e., on gait silhouettes) to normalize gaits from arbitrary views. That is, each sequence of gait silhouettes recorded from a certain view is transformed onto the common canonical view by using corresponding domain transformation obtained through invariant low-rank textures (TILTs). Then, an improved scheme of procrustes shape analysis (PSA) is proposed and applied on a sequence of the normalized gait silhouettes to extract a novel view-invariant gait feature based on procrustes mean shape (PMS) and consecutively measure a gait similarity based on procrustes distance (PD). Comprehensive experiments were carried out on widely adopted gait databases. It has been shown that the performance of the proposed method is promising when compared with other existing methods in the literature.
Studies on the application of particle system in the virtual battlefield situation expression

During the expressed of the virtual battlefield situation, a lot of irregular objects have to be simulated. Particle system is an effect way for the modeling of fuzzy object, which need dynamic modeling. We expatiate on the application of the particle system from the aspect of tactics situation express and from two aspects: combat entity simulation and environment entity simulation, and analyzing the optimize method of the particle system from Particle reuse, Frustum, Billboard and Texture Mapping, LOD. Finally, we design and establish an antitype system with the design pattern, which verify the result of the research.
Converting AVS coefficients to H.264/AVC transform coefficients

The AVS video coding schemes, which is developed by China, uses a different transform (ICT) than before. The recently completed video coding standard, H.264/AVC, also uses an integer transform, (HT). In this paper, we propose an efficient method to convert ICT coefficients to HT coefficients entirely in the transform domain. We show that the conversion is essentially a 2D transform. We derive the transform kernel matrix and provide a fast algorithm. We show that the proposed transform domain conversion outperforms the conventional pixel domain approach. It is expected to have applications in transform domain video transcoding.
Electrically induced joint movement control with iterative learning algorithm

This paper proposes to apply iterative learning control (ILC) method to achieve electrically induced joint movement as expected. In order to compensate the effects of external disturbances and muscle fatigue during electrical stimulation, an iterative learning control law is designed and a few simulation experiments are conducted based on a musculoskeletal dynamic model. The control performance is evaluated in comparison with the traditional PID control. The results indicate that the proposed iterative learning control can not only achieve better performance of the joint angle tracking than PID control, but also can initiatively adjust the stimulation level to compensate the deviations of joint movement resulting from the external disturbances and muscle fatigue.