nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of tropical forest above ground biomass estimation techniques based on polarimetrie and tomographic SAR data acquired at P band

To understand and quantify the role of forests on carbon cycle and its impact on climate change, it is critical to accurately quantify and monitor changes in forest AboveGround-Biomass (AGB). New advances in radar technologies have enabled the development of methods to map forest structure in 3-D. These techniques are based on the use of Polarimetric SAR Tomography (PolTomSAR) that enables the estimation of vertical profiles through a tridimensional (3-D) mapping of the backscattered power. The estimated vertically-spaced slices of backscattered power may contain information relative to two uncorrelated layers: the ground defined as a surface backscat-terer and the canopy modeled with its volume vertical structure. Thus, an accurate AGB information may be extracted from the power measured at a domain adapted to the canopy layer and less affected by the ground echo mainly due to the double bounce contribution. An algebraic synthesis of the forest allows a Sum of Kronecker Product (SKP2-) decomposition of the data covariance matrix which makes possible a polarimetric filtering of the ground echo. Moreover, the processing of a vertical domain adapted to the TomSAR vertical resolution and to the tree height allows a spatial filtering of the ground echo. The proposed tomographic biomass estimator is compared to the existing ones using P-band data acquired by the SETHI sensor over the Paracou data site in French Guiana in 2009.
A Wideband 25-35GHz 5-Bit Low Power 2X2 CMOS Beam Forming Network IC for Reconfigurable Phased Arrays

The first reported reconfigurable wideband mm-wave CMOS based beam forming network IC is demonstrated. The IC consists of two independent inputs and two correlated outputs. Each of the four RF paths has 2 bits amplitude control and 3 bits phase control, as well as a wideband amplifier to maintain RF signal power. The measured RMS amplitude and phase error is less than 0.4dB and 4° respectively. Amplifier power gating is added for low-power modes and calibration. An addressable shift register core (ASRC) to command the beam forming IC is included. The ASRC provides intelligent control of adjacent III-V based chips. The IC is 5mmX5mm and consumes 45mW of DC power.
A Robust Global Optimization Algorithm of Electromagnetic Devices Utilizing Gradient Index and Multi-Objective Optimization Method

An effective methodology for a robust global optimization of electromagnetic devices is developed based on the gradient index and multi-objective optimization method. The method transforms a given optimization problem into a multi-objective optimization one by adding another optimization target for minimizing the gradient index. The performance and robustness of the obtained optimal designs from the proposed algorithm are investigated through a numerical experiment with the TEAM Workshop Problem 22.
Cascaded five-level quasi-switched-boost inverter for single-phase grid-connected system

The quasi-switched boost inverter (qSBI) has the advantage over the quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) in reducing one capacitor and one inductor. The qSBI is applied to the cascaded H-bridge (CHB) topology to create a new cascaded single-phase five-level inverter. Besides, a PID controller for DC-link voltage of each module is proposed and implemented based on DSP TMS320F28335. Unlike the DC-link voltage controller in qZSI, the presented controller is directly controlled via controlling the capacitor voltage. By using this controller, the capacitor voltage is kept constant, even though the input voltage or the load is changed suddenly. As a result, the proposed cascaded system solves the imbalance problem of DC-link voltage in the traditional CHB inverters. Also, a grid-connected control strategy for modules in the cascaded five-level qSBI is presented. The proposed inverter offers much less total harmonic distortion of the output voltage. Simulation and experimental results are shown to verify the validity of the proposed control strategy.
A sensitive liquid-cantilever diaphragm for pressure sensor

An absolute pressure sensor based on liquid cantilever diaphragm is described in this paper. The diaphragm was fabricated by using liquid to bridge the gap between a piezo-resistive cantilever and the surrounding walls. Due to surface tension, the liquid filled the cantilever's gap while it did not leak through the gap. A cavity was designed under the diaphragm as a reference pressure. By choosing proper liquid and narrowing the cantilever's gap, we obtained a highly sensitive diaphragm that was able to measure absolute pressure with resolution of sub 1 Pa.
A comprehensive resource management and placement for network function virtualization

Network service providers have to cope with the growing on-demand need from end-users as well as the diversity of usage. The softwerization and cloudification of the network components offer an interesting solution to achieve the agility necessary to dynamically match the requirement with the level of resource consumption. This materializes with the deployment of Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) where Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) may be chained together to create network services. This paper explores important design and architectural issues related to this approach. We study the resource allocation problem in an NFV system for minimizing its cost under constraints on interconnectivity among VNFs, system resources, and service requirements. We formalize the problem in a comprehensive manner taking into account a broad set of relevant parameters. The static (offline) and dynamic (online) cases are considered. We propose and analyze three heuristic algorithms: two for handling large dimensions of the offline problem and one designed to address the online scenario. The evaluation shows that our solutions outperform the state of the art  with respect to critical performance index. Finally, we focus on the online scenario, evaluate the impact of migrating a set of running demands, and propose a simple migration technique.
Chaff point generation mechanism for improving fuzzy vault security

A combination of cryptographic and biometric systems, by performing specific binding technique on cryptographic key and biometric template, the fuzzy vault framework enhances the security level of current biometric cryptographic systems in terms of hiding secret key and protecting the template. Although the original scheme suggests the use of error-correction techniques (e.g. the Reed–Solomon code) to reconstruct the original polynomial, recent implementations do not share the same point of view. Instead, cyclic redundant code (CRC) is applied to identify the genuine polynomial from a set of candidates due to its simplicity. Within the scope of this study, the authors address a significant flaw of current CRC-based fuzzy vault schemes, which allows the potential of successful blend substitution attack. To overcome this problem, an integration of two novel modules into general fuzzy vault scheme, namely chaff point generator and verifier, is proposed. The new modules are designed to be integrated easily into the existing systems as well as simple to enhance. The proposed scheme can detect any modification in vault and, as a result, eliminate the blend substitution attack to improve general security. Moreover, the experimental results of this study with real-world datasets show an increase in genuine acceptance rates.
A study on mechanical strength of pyramid-shaped microneedle

This paper introduces a novel design of hollow microneedle for efficient blood extraction. With special features such as square base and pyramid tip, our proposed microneedle may have better mechanical strength compared with that of previously proposed microneedles. We also provide mathematical frameworks for analyzing both mechanical strength and fluidic transport efficiency of microneedles. To evaluate the performance of our microneedle compared with that of previously proposed microneedles we conduct intensive calculations with various parameter settings. According to calculation results, our proposed microneedle may be optimal for blood collection. Moreover, our proposed microneedle provides continuous blood collection with higher volumes because of its optimal hollow width with recommended applied pressure.
A survey about view-invariant human action recognition

Human action recognition has been extensively studied with a lot of real life application. Many methods have been proposed and achieved promising results when the input video captured from the same viewpoints. However, their accuracy decreases significantly under viewpoint changing. The reason is that action appearance is quite different when looking from a different angle. To overcome this problem, many researchers have shifted their focus on how to develop a robust action recognition method where training and testing are carried on a different viewpoint. The aim of this paper is to give a systematic review of current methods for view-invariant action recognition and how they overcome the viewpoint change. Moreover, this paper also introduces multi-view action recognition datasets which are widely used for testing the view-invariant ability. Benchmarks of various techniques on these datasets are also provided to show the current state of research.
Absolute QoS signalling and reservation in optical burst-switched networks

Recently, some absolute QoS schemes have been proposed to offer quantitative loss guarantees at core nodes in OBS networks. By moving the admission control process to core nodes, which have the most updated information about their own traffic conditions, these schemes can provide reliable and robust per-link loss guarantees. However, the issue of how to provide edge-to-edge guarantees for burst flows over the entire edge-to-edge paths have not been investigated in any of the proposals. In this paper, we propose a signalling and reservation scheme to coordinate the reservation and teardown process over the edge-to-edge path in the absolute QoS model. The key idea is to judiciously divide the edge-to-edge loss requirement into a series of small loss probabilities that are allocated to the intermediate links. The performance of the scheme is evaluated through simulation.
A Bayesian Bounded Asymmetric Mixture Model With Segmentation Application

Segmentation of a medical image based on the modeling and estimation of the tissue intensity probability density functions via a Gaussian mixture model has recently received great attention. However, the Gaussian distribution is unbounded and symmetrical around its mean. This study presents a new bounded asymmetric mixture model for analyzing both univariate and multivariate data. The advantage of the proposed model is that it has the flexibility to fit different shapes of observed data such as non-Gaussian, nonsymmetric, and bounded support data. Another advantage is that each component of the proposed model has the ability to model the observed data with different bounded support regions, which is suitable for application on image segmentation. Our method is intuitively appealing, simple, and easy to implement. We also propose a new method to estimate the model parameters in order to minimize the higher bound on the data negative log-likelihood function. Numerical experiments are presented where the proposed model is tested in various images from simulated to real 3- D medical ones.
Amorphous  ${\rm CoFe}_{2}{\rm O}_{4}$  Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Crystallization Process, and Magnetic Properties

Amorphous CoFe2O4 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by the chemical microwave-assisted method. The crystallization process and the hard magnetic properties of prepared nanoparticles were systematically investigated in terms of thermal analysis and in situ measurement of magnetization dynamics. The as-prepared sample was amorphous, which was confirmed by various techniques, such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy, with electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry showed that crystallization from CoFe2O4 amorphous state to CoFe2O4 crystalline started at 290°C. Crystallization activation energy was determined using the Kissinger model with a value of 1.09 eV. A study of the temperature dependence of magnetization supported the crystallization process of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Magnetic measurement indicated that the as-prepared amorphous particles were superparamagnetic. Compared with the bulk material, the observed value of saturation magnetization of the annealed sample was significantly low (27 emu/g) due to its nanocrystalline nature.
Delay-insensitive traffic detection and transfer on network edges

BG) traffic generated automatically by applications or the operating system on devices is delay-insensitive traffic as it does not immediately affect user experiences. However, this traffic may significantly contend network resources with foreground (FG) traffic which conveys data/content to users. This contention directly affects the QoS and QoE of network services, specifically at the peak times. This paper proposes an integration approach to which delay-insensitive traffic is quickly detected and effectively transferred in accordance with the network conditions hence the best resources are yielded to FG traffic. For the traffic transferring, we propose two methods namely the router centric (RC) and the SDN-based approaches. In the RC method, the edge routers analyze network conditions, compute the suggested sending rates for individual traffic flows and send these values back to clients where the adjustment mechanisms are implemented. In the SDN-based method the course of actions for each traffic flow is computed by a remote controller. Experimental results reveal the effectiveness and the feasibility of the proposed approaches.
Conduction noise reduction method for the three-level V-connection inverter using space vector PWM

This paper proposes a new Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) method for reducing the neutral point potential variation of the three-level V-connection inverter. In the proposed method, by selecting the vectors which has low neutral point potential variation to generate the output voltage command value, the neutral point potential variation of the V-connection inverter can be reduced. In addition, the neutral point potential variation influences the magnitude of the common-mode leakage current of the load. Moreover, the common-mode leakage current is dominant to the generation of the common-mode noise. Therefore, it can be considered that the proposed SVPWM can reduce the common-mode noise by reducing the neutral point potential variation. After that, the experimental comparison about the conduction noise in the frequencies below 150 kHz is discussed. From this result, the effect of the proposed method can be confirmed. In the frequencies below 100 kHz, it can be confirmed that the conducted emission is reduced by maximum 16 dB when using the proposed SVPWM method. Furthermore, based on this result, it can be understood that the volume of the common-mode choke of the EMC filter can be reduced when using the proposed method.
DASC: Dense adaptive self-correlation descriptor for multi-modal and multi-spectral correspondence

Establishing dense visual correspondence between multiple images is a fundamental task in many applications of computer vision and computational photography. Classical approaches, which aim to estimate dense stereo and optical flow fields for images adjacent in viewpoint or in time, have been dramatically advanced in recent studies. However, finding reliable visual correspondence in multi-modal or multi-spectral images still remains unsolved. In this paper, we propose a novel dense matching descriptor, called dense adaptive self-correlation (DASC), to effectively address this kind of matching scenarios. Based on the observation that a self-similarity existing within images is less sensitive to modality variations, we define the descriptor with a series of an adaptive self-correlation similarity for patches within a local support window. To further improve the matching quality and runtime efficiency, we propose a randomized receptive field pooling, in which a sampling pattern is optimized with a discriminative learning. Moreover, the computational redundancy that arises when computing densely sampled descriptor over an entire image is dramatically reduced by applying fast edge-aware filtering. Experiments demonstrate the outstanding performance of the DASC descriptor in many cases of multi-modal and multi-spectral correspondence.
A PID backstepping controller for two-wheeled self-balancing robot

This paper presents a method to design and control a two-wheeled self-balancing robot and it focus on hardware description, signal processing, discrete Kalman filter algorithm, system modelling and PID backstepping controller design. In the system, signals from angle sensors are filtered by a discrete Kalman filter before being fed to the PID backstepping controller. The objectives of the proposed controller are to stabilize the robot while try to keep the motion of robot to track a reference signal. The proposed PID backstepping controller has three control loops, in which the first loop uses a backstepping controller to maintain the robot at equilibrium, the second loop uses a PD controller to control the position of robot and the last uses a PI controller to control the motion direction. Simulations and experimental results show that the proposed control system has good performances in terms of quick response, good balance, stability .
Design of a high gain antenna at 5.8GHz Using a New Metamaterials Structure

Over the past few years, the metamaterials (MTM) have been greatly introduced and rapidly used as a technique to increase the performance of antenna. For 5.8GHz DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication) in Electronic Toll Collection system, an antenna must have a high gain, a low profile, a compatibility with MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) as well as being simple and having low-cost to manufacture. In this paper, we propose a new double negative metamaterials at 5.8 GHz using modern printed-circuit technology that is easy to realize. We use this technique to improve the gain of a microstrip patch antenna from 6.5dB to 15.3dB at 5.8 GHz while the circular polarization of this antenna is maintained. Our design is validated by simulation and measurement.
A new RLS-based adaptive beamforming algorithm for smart antennas applied to an OFDM system

Considers an OFDM system with cochannel interference and the use of adaptive antenna arrays to suppress such interference. Based on the conventional RLS criterion, we derive a new recursive least square (RLS) adaptive beamforming algorithm for antenna arrays applied in an OFDM system. Computer simulation shows that when applied to the OFDM system, the proposed algorithm is capable of combating cochannel interference in both AWGN channel and multipath Rayleigh fading channel with AWGN.
Analysis of Clock Scheduling in Frequency Domain for Digital Switching Noise Suppressions

This paper presents a methodology for digital switching noise suppressions on the power lines at a fundamental frequency as well as its harmonics by using a clock scheduling technique in the frequency domain. Our approach provides a deep insight of the clock scheduling at the arbitrary phase shifts of clock signals. Moreover, an optimization algorithm is applied to find an optimal phase shift of a clock signal in order to maximize noise suppressions at a specific frequency band. The experimental results on a Xilinx field-programmable gate array Spartan-3 (XC3S400-TQ144) show that the estimated noise reduction rates well-match the measured ones. In these tests, dummy logics are used as noise injectors. This paper also presents a design example with a data encryption standard cryptoprocessor to demonstrate the applicability of our approach. The experiments show that the highest error between the estimated and the measured results is about 2.5 dB. Interestingly, our approach seems to be appropriately used with the designs in wireless communications where designers address to minimize the digital switching noise at the specific frequency bands of interest.
Automatic generation of a realistic looking single image stereogram using stereo vision

Stereogram or autostereogram, frequently known as Magic Eye picture, is a two-dimensional (2D) image. Hidden inside each stereogram image is a floating object which appears in three-dimensional. We present a fully featured, web-based, online system that produces on-the-fly stereograms (or autostereograms) from a pair of side-by-side images. The system consists of three steps: (i) two side-by-side near stereo images are processed to reconstruct a disparity map, (ii) multiple regions of left or right images are automatically selected for building stereogram, (iii) base distance is estimated for the best human perception, and (iv) reconstruction of stereogram. Stereogram is built with a variety of transparency options, thus, multiple regions of images can be presented in the final output and display of transparent 3D layers in stereogram is possible. Moreover, the system is portable and can be used in smartphones with an Internet connection. Image pairs can be acquired directly on the phone and stereogram is reconstructed and displayed on the phone screen. These novel features place the system ahead of current alternatives and allows a wide variety of users to experience stereo reconstruction and stereogram generation in a quick and easy manner. Additionally, the system could serve as a platform for online based visual perception studies.
A prognostic method for scheduling maintenance on the P2-Marx modulator

The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is developing a second generation Marx-type modulator for the ILC, the P2-Marx. The modulator is expected to operate reliably in excess of 105 hours with minimum downtime. A prognostic system is being implemented with the development of the P2-Marx to monitor and track the health of key high voltage components. This paper discusses the way in which the prognostic system will be implemented and used to monitor the health of the P2-Marx modulator.
A simplified FEM calculation for 3D-field distribution from transmitter and presentation on geographic digital map

The conventional 2D-finite element method (2D-FEM) has been widely used in calculating the field distributions of transmitter within simple geographic structures (perfectly flat, perpendicular objects of infinite length). In practice, the geographic model of any region always consists of mountains, rivers or buildings, which require a general 3D-FEM calculation. The paper presents a simplified process for the 3D-calculations by exploiting the cylindrical structure of region, if ever, or decomposing its height into layers of truncated-prism elements. The calculation processes are still unchanged but the above tactics enable an efficient gain in microprocessor using time, especially for the 2nd-order finite elements. Moreover, these field distributions can be presented onto a digital GIS-based map, which helps to estimate the "dead zone" of fields within a real geographic region in transmitter design. Some modelized results are presented to illustrate these calculations