nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A proposal of HIR (human-oriented image restructuring) system for ITS

We discuss the problems of AHS and propose a new HIR system that aims to solve the problems of AHS. HIR is a human-assisting system in which we integrate and restructure images to make them helpful. The main feature of the proposed system is that it is human, not the mechanical cars, that recognizes the situation and controls the car; and for that purpose, we only generate and show easy-to-understand images for human. The process is first to integrate and restructure numerous camera images, such as cars and roads, from all driving environment and non-image information like the vehicle information and communication systems information. It then selects the most important information according to the situation and shows it in the form of "image". We also present examples of the proposed driver-assisting images in several situations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the integrated and restructured images.
Classification of wind turbine blade incidents regarding lightning risk management

The authors already proposed a classification of incidents in wind turbine blades with four-level categories and corresponding countermeasures depending upon the incident levels. In this report, we try to verify the proposed classification after the resent incidents of turbine blades due to lightning that occurred in Japan. Though some of the resent incidents do not look like catastrophic nor serious, social influence was not ignored because of the turbines were installed nearby residential area in the local communities. These incidents suggested us importance of consideration on the risk management regarding social acceptance. This report will discuss the newly proposed classification of turbine blade incidents considering with risk management methodology and social acceptance.
Right Turn Assistance System at Intersections by Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperation

Advanced cruise-assist highway systems (AHS) are being developed in the intelligent transport systems (ITS) field. AHS purpose is to prevent traffic accidents by supporting driver behavior with real-time information about roads and nearby vehicles. Based on this idea, we previously proposed a right turn assistance system at intersections. In the previous system, we captured the images of oncoming vehicles using a camera installed behind the opposing right-turning vehicles. However, an assistance image offered by this camera does not have enough stability because a range captured by this camera depends on traffic circumstances. So we cannot establish practical system. To solve these problems, we proposed a new capture method that uses an infrastructure camera installed on top of traffic lights. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to generate assistance images from an infrastructure camera
Vehicle Motion and Pixel Illumination Modeling for Image Sensor Based Visible Light Communication

Channel modeling is critical for the design and performance evaluation of visible light communication (VLC). Although a considerable amount of research has focused on indoor VLC systems using single-element photodiodes, there remains a need for channel modeling of VLC systems for outdoor mobile environments. In this paper, we describe and provide results for modeling image sensor based VLC for automotive applications. In particular, we examine the channel model for mobile movements in the image plane as well as channel decay according to the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. Optical flow measurements were conducted for three VLC situations for automotive use: infrastructure to vehicle VLC (I2V-VLC); vehicle to infrastructure VLC (V2I-VLC); and vehicle to vehicle VLC (V2V-VLC). We describe vehicle motion by optical flow with subpixel accuracy using phase-only correlation (POC) analysis and show that a single-pinhole camera model successfully describes these three VLC cases. In addition, the luminance of the central pixel from the projected LED area versus the distance between the LED and the camera was measured. Our key findings are twofold. First, a single-pinhole camera model can be applied to vehicle motion modeling of a I2V-VLC, V2I-VLC, and V2V-VLC. Second, the DC gain at a pixel remains constant as long as the projected image of the transmitter LED occupies several pixels. In other words, if we choose a pixel with highest luminance among the projected image of transmitter LED, the value remains constant, and the signal-to-noise ratio does not change according to the distance.
A New Receiving System of Visible Light Communication for ITS

This paper discusses a new receiving system for visible light communication applied to intelligent transport systems (ITS). We use a light emitting diode (LED) traffic signal as a transmitter that sends information to vehicles that feature a receiver. There are, however, several problems associated with applying visible light communication to the field of ITS. First, we have to transmit information over long distances; second, the relationship between the transmitter and the receiver position changes with time; and third, the communication is affected by a lot of optical noise. Here, we propose a new receiving system to solve these problems and construct a prototype. Evaluation experiments on the system demonstrate its validity.
Detection of driver's posture in the car by using far infrared camera

Various measurement equipments are used for the detection of the driver in a car, such as a CCD camera, an infrared camera, and a depth sensor. The space of the car is narrow so that it limits driver's action. We can expect that the driver can stay in one position in order to capture the image. But captured image can be easily influenced from the environment, such as the outside scene and illumination. The capturing method, which is suitable for detecting person in such environment, needs to be considered. First, we investigated the character of the light wavelength used for capturing. And then we examined the capturing method which is suitable for detecting in a car. Finally we acquired the information of driver with the proposed method and detected the driver's posture by performing image processing.
FTV format using global view and depth map

We propose a novel 3D space representation for multi-view video, using epipolar plane depth images (EPDI). Multi-view video plus depth (MVD) is used as common data format for FTV (Free-viewpoint TV), which enables synthesizing virtual view images. Due to the large amount of data and complexity of the multi-view video coding (MVC), compression of MVD is a challenging issue. We address this problem and propose a new representation that is constructed from MVD using ray-space. MVD is converted into image and depth ray-spaces. The proposed representation is obtained by converting each of ray-spaces into a global depth map and a global view using EPDI. Experiments demonstrate the analysis of this representation.
Color based depth up-sampling for depth compression

3D scene information can be represented in several ways. In applications based on a (N-)view plus (N-)depth representation, both view and depth data is compressed. In this paper we present a depth compression method containing an depth up-sample filter which uses the color view as prior. Our method of depth down-/up-sampling is able to maintain clear object boundaries in the reconstructed depth maps. Our experimental results show that the proposed depth re-sampling filter, used in combination with a standard state-of-the art video encoder, can increase both the coding efficiency and rendering quality.
Improving communication rate of visible light communication system using high-speed camera

We focus on the road-to-vehicle visible light communication that system is composed of LED matrix as transmitter and high-speed camera as receiver. Conventionally, the transmitting rate has been reduced to half of the frame rate of the camera, to avoid intersymbol interference because of exposure time of camera frame. We propose a method to improve the communication rate. The transmitting rate is set same to receiver's frame rate, and the sent data is estimated from pattern mixed image. Using 8b/10b encoding instead of conventional reversal pattern to reduce the flickering of transmitter's lighting is also proposed.
A New Automotive VLC System Using Optical Communication Image Sensor

As a new technology for next-generation vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, visible-light communication (VLC) using light-emitting diode (LED) transmitters and camera receivers has been energetically studied. Toward the future in which vehicles are connected anytime and anywhere by optical signals, the cutting-edge camera receiver employing a special CMOS image sensor, i.e., the optical communication image sensor (OCI), has been prototyped, and an optical V2V communication system applying this OCI-based camera receiver has already demonstrated 10-Mb/s optical signal transmission between real vehicles during outside driving. In this paper, to reach a transmission performance of 54 Mb/s, which is standardized as the maximum data rate in IEEE 802.11p for V2X communication, a more advanced OCI-based automotive VLC system is described. By introducing optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (opticalOFDM), the new system achieves a more than fivefold higher data rate. Additionally, the frequency response characteristics and circuit noise of the OCI are closely analyzed and taken into account in the signal design. Furthermore, the forward-current limitation of an actual LED is also considered for long operational reliability, i.e., the LED is not operated in overdrive. Bit-error-rate experiments verify a system performance of 45 Mb/s without bit errors and 55 Mb/s with BER <; 10-5.
A third-order multistage sigma-delta modulator with reduced sensitivity to nonidealities

A multistage third-order sigma-delta modulator, which is unconditionally stable and has a low sensitivity to component mismatch and op-amp performance limitations, has been designed and fabricated in a 1.2- mu m CMOS double-poly technology. The modulator, consisting of cascaded second- and first-order stages, is scaled to prevent performance degradation from integrator overload. In addition, the first-stage integrator output is used directly, instead of its quantization error, to facilitate ratioless input circuitry in the second stage. Experimental results indicate a signal-to-noise ratio of 93 and 90 dB at a signal-to-distortion ratio of 93 dB for sample rates of 24 and 80 kHz, respectively.
A hybrid representation for multi-view images

There are several representations for 3D scene that are used for 3DTV and free viewpoint imaging systems. A well-known representation is sparse view-plus-depth. Based on view-plus-depth, layered depth video (LDV), and FTV data Unit (FDU) were proposed. The represented images by them are based on residual values. For view data in view-plus-depth, we propose a novel representation; consist of original and hybrid images that are repeated consecutively. A hybrid image has residual and reminder pixels. A virtual image is synthesized in both generation and reconstruction of the hybrid image. The reconstruction is the compensation of the virtual image using the hybrid image. The reconstructed hybrid image has higher PSNR and fewer visible artifacts than the virtual view compensated by residual or reminder image. The data size of the hybrid images is also less than residual and reminder images.
12-Inch LCD Module with 640 x 200 Pixels

A 12-inch LCD module with 640 x 200 picture elements has been developed. The module is designed to replace CRT monitors; it has a separate video signal CRT interface circuit, and its aspect ratios of both display area and dot size are very similar to those of CRTs. It can display not only graphic patterns but numerals, alphabets and symbols up to 25 lines x 80 characters (2,000 characters).
Modeling and parameter estimation of vehicle vibration inducing transmitter displacement in ITS image sensor communication

Image sensor communication (ISC), which is derived from visible light communication (VLC), is a novel form of wireless communication that uses an image sensor as a receiver. ISC is an attractive solution for outdoor mobile environments and is particularly well-suited to intelligent transport systems (ITS). The purpose of this paper is to derive the dominant components of vehicle vibrations and road surface irregularities that induce transmitter displacement in ITS-ICS in paved road scenarios. Such displacements make it difficult for a ISC receiver to select the correct pixels. We measured vehicle vibrations during an actual driving scenario using a six-axis acceleration sensor installed in a smartphone. Using the results obtained, we performed a frequency analysis of the vehicle vibrations and determined the parameters of vehicle vibrations based on the frequency characteristics. This paper explains that the vehicle vibrations that affect the communication performance can be modeled by solely using Gaussian random processes when a high frame rate (e.g. 1000 fps) image sensor is used as the ISC receiver.
Automated testing system for switching systems with multiple modules

Efficient testing of switching systems is essential to provide new services quickly and to reduce development costs. This paper presents an automated testing system for switching systems with multiple modules. This system allocates hardware resources, which include test equipment and inter-module connector ports, automatically constructs a test environment for each test item, and executes test scripts. It can reduce the complexity of scheduling hardware and setting up the test environment, reduce the testing cycle time, and improve hardware resource utilization. We also show the effects of this system through our experiences developing the NTT's NS8000 Series switching systems.
3DAV integrated system featuring arbitrary listening-point and viewpoint generation

In this paper, we propose two novel methods for arbitrary listening-point generation for 3D audio-video (3DAV) integration in a large-scale multipoint cameras and microphones system with abilities to process, and display information of any recorded 3D scene in realtime. With this system, users are able to control their own viewpoint/listening-point position, freely. Arbitrary listening-point can be generated by either (i) ray-space representation of sound wave field (i.e. source sound independent) for multi frequency layers, or (ii) acoustic transfer function estimation (i.e. source sound dependent) and blind separation of sources of sounds. Arbitrary viewpoint generation is based on ray-space method, which is enhanced by using multipass dynamic programming for geometry compensation. Integration is done by either (i) ray-space representation of sound wave and image together, or (ii) integrating each camera video signal and acoustic transfer function of the same location as integrated 3DAV data. The prototype system of integrated audio-visual viewer achieves both good image and sound qualities with 15 frames/second.
Range estimation scheme for integrated I2V-VLC using a high-speed image sensor

High-speed image sensors, designed for machine vision and control, provide the “eyes” for autonomous and connected vehicle. A noteworthy feature of high-speed image sensors is their ability to be used as a reception device for visible light communication (VLC) signals. Due to the massive number of pixels available and the ability to spatially separate sources, a signal-receiving pixel in the image sensor plane represents the actual position of the transmitter. The VLC signal can be represented not only by a VLC time domain signal but also by the position of the transmitter. In this paper, we propose a robust range estimation scheme that integrates with a VLC function for infrastructure-to-vehicle visible light communication (I2V-VLC). The scheme is composed of an LED array transmitter and a high-speed image sensor receiver. It measures a range by taking phase-only correlation (POC) and avoids vehicle vibration from road irregularity. Field trials confirm an accuracy range of 0.3 m, even on rough road conditions, with the measurement time of 2 ms, which is much faster than that of light detection and ranging (LIDAR).
Channel fluctuation measurement for image sensor based I2V-VLC, V2I-VLC, and V2V-VLC

In image sensor based VLC, transmitter acquisition and tracking are critical issue. However, the fluctuation of the VLC transmitter in the image plane caused by vehicle movement, complicates correct data reception. Therefore, in this paper, we present results of channel fluctuation measurements for infrastructure-to-vehicle VLC (I2V-VLC), vehicle-to-infrastructure VLC (V2I-VLC), and vehicle-to-vehicle VLC (V2V-VLC). We analyze channel fluctuation in terms of optical flow from measured data.
LED acquisition methods for image-sensor-based visible light communication

This invited paper focuses on a high-speed image sensor as a visible light communication (VLC) reception device to develop the intelligent transport systems (ITS) application using VLC technique. We refer to the VLC using a high-speed image sensor as image-sensor-based VLC. A major advantage of the image sensor is the ability to spatially separate multiple sources. Based on this ability, we proposed several methods for the image-sensor-based VLC in our previous researches. Especially, we focused on unique characteristics of the image sensor and proposed the hierarchical coding and the overlay coding to improve the data reception performance. However, to perform the image-sensor-based VLC in an actual environment, the receiver has to acquire the VLC transmitter from captured images before recovering data. Namely, the VLC transmitter acquisition and tracking are critical problem. the image-sensor-based VLC technique. This invited paper introduces two proposed methods to acquire the VLC transmitter from images captured by the image sensor.
Channel information estimation for error correcting code in road-to-vehicle visible light communication systems

This paper focuses on a road-to-vehicle visible light communication (VLC) system using LED traffic lights and high-speed cameras on cars. So as to improve the transmission reliability, an error correcting code like a low-density parity-check (LDPC) is applied to the road-to-vehicle VLC system. The decoder of the LDPC code needs channel information in order to maximize decoding performance. Usually, it is calculated from a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or bit error rate (BER) of a channel, where noise is a dominant factor of the channel characteristic. In the road-to-vehicle VLC system, not noise but interference among LEDs decides the channel characteristic. In this paper, we propose a channel information estimation method for the road-to-vehicle VLC system. The proposed method estimates a signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) from the receiving image, and calculates the channel information using the SIR. The proposed method is evaluated by experiment. As a result, the proposed method can achieve almost the same performance with the optimum case, and then maximize the decoding performance.
Equivalent equation of earth resistance for ring electrode of wind turbine

Earth resistance is a one of the most important issues for wind turbine lightning protection. Although various equations have been proposed to simulate earth resistance, it is still difficult to accurately estimate an actual wind turbine earth impedance because of its complex shape combined with a concrete foundation, auxiliary vertical and ring electrodes. This report clarified how the shape and size of the foundation and the auxiliary electrodes affects to the earth resistance using FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) calculation. An equivalent equation to practically simulate wind turbine earthing can be proposed with some correction parameters and improved conventional equations.
Reduction of gaseous contamination by UV/photoelectron method

We have previously reported that UV/photoelectron method, in which particles are charged by photoelectrons emitted from the UV irradiated metal surface and collected on the electrodes by the electric field, is effective to collect particles in the gas phase. This paper represents that the UV/photoelectron method is effective not only to collect particles but also to reduce the gaseous contamination such as hydrocarbon or organic compounds and water molecules. By using the UV/photoelectron method the carbon atom concentration on the Si surface is reduced to 1/4 compared with that stored in the clean room for the storage period of about 40 h. The oxygen concentration is reduced to 1/7 in the same condition.
A new vision system for traffic sign recognition

In this paper, we introduce a new vision system for traffic sign recognition. The new vision system is a hybrid camera system, including a wide angle camera, a narrow angle camera and control part. The traffic sign candidates are detected in the image of the wide angle camera, based on shape and local feature. The control part of the vision system is adjusted to the correct positions, which makes the narrow angle camera of this system to get a high resolution image of each detected candidate. This high resolution image is used for traffic sign classification. In the new vision system, the traffic sign detection and classification are processed in different resolution images separately. This advantage of the system makes traffic sign recognition at long distance possible.
A new fractal image coding scheme employing blocks of variable shapes

In the fractal coding schemes proposed so far based on iterated function systems, an image is represented by a self-affine set of square blocks. We propose a scheme of fractal image coding with blocks of variable shapes. In this scheme, the range blocks are determined by the so-called splitting-and-merging method. Also, we define two kinds of range blocks, shade blocks and non-shade blocks, according to the variance of the brightness level inside blocks. By this method, range blocks both of various size and of various shapes are extracted from an input image. The larger range blocks result in the a greater reduction of the total number of blocks and, hence, the amount of encoded bits. Because of the specified order used in merging of primitive blocks, only a few more bits are added for each range block to encode its shape. The results of computer simulation with a test gray-scale image show that compared with the conventional scheme using square range blocks, the proposed coding scheme reduces about 0.2 bits/pel to achieve almost the same reproduced quality.
The sound wave ray-space

This paper addresses the problem of 3D sound representation without sound source localization and proposes a theory based on the ray-space representation of light rays, which is independent of object's specifications. An array of beam-formed microphone-arrays (MAs), are set and each MA generates a sound-image (SImage) by scanning the viewing range of a camera in the same location. SImage has the same size of an image and contains of blocks of sound wave with duration of one image-frame. Captured SImages with the array of MAs generate the sound wave ray-space. To make a dense SImage ray-space, we propose to use the geometry compensation of corresponding images in the location of each MA. By a dense sound ray-space, any virtual SImage, which corresponds to an arbitrary listening-point, can be generated. The listening-point sound is generated by averaging the sound wave in each pixel or group of pixel of the virtual SImage.