nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Synthesis of Compressor Trees: Reevaluating Large Counters

Despite the progress of the last decades in electronic design automation, arithmetic circuits have always received way less attention than other classes of digital circuits. Logic synthesisers, which play a fundamental role in design today, play a minor role on most arithmetic circuits, performing some local optimisations but hardly improving the overall structure of arithmetic components. Architectural optimisations have been often studied manually, and only in the case of very common building blocks such as fast adders and multi-input adders, ad-hoc techniques have been developed. A notable case is multi-input addition, which is the core of many circuits such as multipliers, etc. The most common technique to implement multi-input addition is using compressor trees, which are often composed of carry-save adders (based on (3 : 2) counters, i.e., full adders). A large body of literature exists to implement compressor trees using large counters. However, all the large counters were built by using full and half adders recursively. In this paper we give some definite answers to issues related to the use of large counters. We present a general technique to implement large counters whose performance is much better than the ones composed of full and half adders. Also we show that it is not always useful to use larger optimised counters and sometimes a combination of various size counters gives the best performance. Our results show 15% improvement in the critical path delay. In some cases even hardware area is reduced by using our counters
Switching converter with highly stable delta-sigma modulator

The switching converter with the existing second order, single stage, single bit, unity gain, discrete Delta-Sigma modulator (DSM) cannot be used for full range (-1 to +1) of input signals. The DSM becomes unstable when the input signal is above plusmn0.7. The output of the second integrator saturates the operational amplifier which is used as comparator in the quantizer and hence, the switching converter (SC) becomes unstable. In the present paper, a novel DSM based SC is proposed which can operate for the wider range of input signal without causing unstable situation. The upper bounds on the integrator outputs are directly proportional to the dc input signal and never increase abruptly. The range of converter output voltage is increased by about 30%.
Unscented Kalman filter for arbitrary step randomly delayed measurements

The conventional Bayesian framework of filtering is based on the assumption that the measurements are available at each time-step without any delay. But in real-life problems, measurements may be randomly delayed in time. In this paper, we modified the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for arbitrary time delayed measurements. With the help of simulation results, it has been shown that the proposed filter provides more accurate estimation compared to the ordinary UKF in presence of randomly delayed measurements.
Modified P-Q technique to mitigate power quality problems in distribution system

The use of nonlinear loads and power electronics switches are increasing day by day and causing so many problems like, harmonics pollution, reactive power demand, low power factor etc. These problems are mitigated through Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) but the system robustness is depending on the control algorithm. In this article the Modified P-Q theory is implemented to mitigate power quality problems in distribution system and the results are compared with the existing SRF theory to prove the robustness of the controller. The designed active power filter compensates reactive power, current harmonic from distribution system with maintaining power factor near to unity and also reduces the burden of neutral conductor effectively with balanced source current through Modified P-Q theory over SRF theory.
A comparative study of SPWM and SVPWM controlled HVDC Light systems

Recent upgrades in power electronics technology have lead to the improvements of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based Voltage source converter High voltage direct current (VSC HVDC) transmission systems. These are also commercially known as HVDC Light systems, which are popular in renewable, micro grid, and electric power systems. Out of different pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes, Space vector PWM (SVPWM) control scheme finds growing importance in power system applications because of its better dc bus utilization. In this paper, SVPWM scheme is utilized to control the HVDC Light system in order to achieve better DC bus utilization, harmonic reduction, and for reduced power fluctuations. The simulations are carried out in the MATLAB/ SIMULINK environment and the results are provided for steady state and dynamic conditions in comparison with the existing sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) controlled HVDC light system. Finally, it is shown that SVPWM control enables the output voltage by nearly 15% and low Total harmonic distortion (THD) as compared to SPWM control.
A novel approach for the detection of gunshot events using sound source localization techniques

Acoustic detection of gunshots has many applications in the field of security and military. This paper deals with the detection of gunshots, using microphone sensor arrays placed in different locations which are processed using MATLAB. The time difference of arrivals of acoustic signals at different sensors is used to determine the direction of arrival, elevation and the location of the shooter. The aim of the project is to develop a high speed, low power sensor array which can be used for both military and civilian safety along with efficient network security. A mathematical model will be developed and five microphone system will be used in localizing the gunshot.
A new leakage-tolerant domino circuit for wide fan-in gates with CNTFET

In this paper, a new leakage-tolerant domino circuit is presented which has lower power consumption and higher noise immunity without significant delay increment for wide fan-in gates. In the proposed technique, the voltage swing of the dynamic node can be reduced to decrease the power consumption caused by the heavy switching capacitance in wide fan-in gates. The simulation is provided with 64-input wide OR gates using a 32 nm CNTFET technology model. The simulation results are compared with CMOS of standard domino circuits at the same delay, and 98.4% power consumption reduction and 6.8 × Noise-immunity improvement are observed.
Wavelet based image denoising using weighted highpass filtering coefficients and adaptive wiener filter

An efficient method of removing noise from the image while preserving edges and other details is a great challenge for researcher. Image denoising refers to the task of recovering a good estimate of the true image from the degraded image without altering and changing useful structure in the image such as discontinuities and edges. Various algorithm has been developed in past for image denoising but still it has scope for improvement. In this paper, we introduced an intelligent iterative noise variance estimation system which denoised the noisy image. Proposed algorithm is based on wavelet transform that denoised the noisy image by adding weighted highpass filtering coefficients in wavelet domain that is the novelty of the proposed work. Thereafter denoised algorithm further enhanced by adaptive wiener filter in order to achieve the maximum PSNR. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the denoising performance measured in terms of performance parameter and gives better visual quality. Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RmSE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) used as a performance parameters which measure the quality of an image.
High Performance Wide Stopband Lowpass Filter Using Complementary Split Ring Resonators as Defected Ground Plane

A novel design of a wide stopband, microstrip technology based low pass filter using defected ground plane is reported in this paper. The filter structure has varied dimensions of periodic complementary square split ring resonator (CSSRR) in the ground plane. The periodic arrangement of non-uniformly spaced CSSRR units in the defected ground structure (DGS) provides sharp cutoff frequency and wide stopband behavior. The optimized design has stop bandwidth (2 to 8 GHz) around four times the cutoff frequency. Improvement in stop bandwidth of CSSRR based design is compared with that of the square-split-ring-resonator (SSRR) and non-uniformly Dumbbell shaped DGS resonator based design. An improved Slow-wave factor is found as compared to Dumbbell shaped DGS.
Implementation of nonlinear distortion minimization technique for RoF link using polynomial based predistorter

Radio over Fiber is one most promising approaches for data communication but it is suffer from the nonlinear distortions. There are number of techniques like feedback, feed forward and predistortion etc. which have been studied to mitigate the problem of non-linear distortion in the field of radio over fiber communication. This paper describes memory polynomial (MPM), envelope memory polynomial (EMPM) predistorter along with the implementation steps to carry out the simulation study on OptiSystem 13.0. As per author's best knowledge, this is the first time result, obtained for MPM & EMPM based predistorter for RoF link using MATLAB-OptiSystem co-simulation. The paper concludes with the suggestions of development of new technique named hybrid memory envelope polynomial (HEMPM) which can be implemented by amalgamation of MPM and EMPM. The requisite simulation steps have also been suggested. The authors expect that the suggested technique could improve the results in terms of RoF quality parameters like power spectral density (PSD), Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) etc.
Sleepy lector: A novel approach for leakage reduction in DSM technology

Leakage power consumption is a major contribution of total power dissipation in Deep Sub-Micron (DSM) technology for CMOS circuit design. In this paper we have proposed a Novel circuit technique known as “Sleepy LECTOR” which mitigates various type of leakage current in DSM regime. In proposed technique we insert p-type sleep transistor above pull up network, and n-type sleep transistor below pull down network, which rail of from Vdd to GND for reduction of leakage power. Another Leakage controlled transistor (LCTs) PMOS and NMOS inserted between pull up and pull down network, these transistors are always near cut OFF voltage which increases the path resistance from supply to ground reducing leakage power, it is self controlling transistor. Lector transistors produce the stacking effect and producing high resistance path from Vdd to ground. By using Sleep transistors we can turn off the circuit by rail from power supply (Vdd) during standby mode for reduction of leakage power. The proposed circuit technique reduces the Power with respect to basic NAND gate 37.69%, 83.93%, N AND gate with sleep 79.15%, 86.69%, NAND gate with Lector 36.79%, 12.05% respectively in 65nm and 45nm Process Technology.
A review on VANET security attacks and their countermeasure

In the development of smart cities across the world VANET plays a vital role for optimized route between source and destination. The VANETs is based on infra-structure less network. It facilitates vehicles to give information about safety through vehicle to vehicle communication (V2V) or vehicle to infrastructure communication (V2I). In VANETs wireless communication between vehicles so attackers violate authenticity, confidentiality and privacy properties which further effect security. The VANET technology is encircled with security challenges these days. This paper presents overview on VANETs architecture, a related survey on VANET with major concern of the security issues. Further, prevention measures of those issues, and comparative analysis is done. From the survey, found out that encryption and authentication plays an important role in VANETS also some research direction defined for future work.
Study of Matching Fields in Kagomé Patterned YBCO Thin Films

Superconducting YBCO thin films have been prepared by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. YBCO films have been patterned by kagomé antidot lattice. The optical lithography technique has been used to get the required pattern. We have studied the variation of the critical current with magnetic field in kagomé patterned YBCO films. The longitudinal critical current exhibits jumps which are found to be asymmetrically positioned in magnetic field. These steps are found mainly at nonmatching fields. Around the zero field limit the critical current remains independent of magnetic field. The impact of the DC current and ac-superposition in controlling the vortex motion in patterned film has been discussed.
Ultra low frequency CMOS ring oscillator design

In this paper, the concept of CMOS thyristor has been used to implement low frequency ring oscillator using 2.5 volt power-supply and 1pF load capacitance using 250nm technology. By using the conventional CMOS thyristor structure the frequency of the output sinusoidal waveform is of the order of KHz, which has been further improved in proposed CMOS thyristor based ring oscillator. The frequency of the output sinusoidal waveform in the proposed structures is of the order of few Hz. In addition to this static power dissipation of the CMOS ring oscillator has been further improved in the proposed CMOS thyristor based ring oscillator.
Space vector modulated cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter for grid integration of large scale photovoltaic power plants

The increasing power rating of large scale grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants has opened new opportunities for research in the suitable converter and control techniques considering the existing grid codes. In this paper, a medium voltage multilevel converter is considered based on a three-phase cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel converter and multiple string dc-dc converters. Multilevel converters have reduced switching frequency, good power quality with less THD thus reducing filter requirements. The need of several sources on the dc side of the CHB makes this multilevel technology attractive for photovoltaic applications. Moreover, the converter structure is very flexible and modular. The main challenge of this configuration is to handle the power imbalances among the different cells of one phase of the converter as well as among the three phases. A control strategy based on space vector modulation(SVM) to deal with these imbalances is proposed in this paper. Simulation results of a 5-level CHB for a multistring PV system in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to prove the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Low-power fast static random access memory cell

In this paper, we propose a new circuit-level technique to reduce the delay and power in SRAM cell during write operation. The proposed low-power fast (LPF) static random access memory (SRAM) cell contains two extra tail transistors in the respective inverter to avoid the charging or discharging of the bit-line. The simulated result shows that the write power saving is at least 86.95% in 0.12μm technology compared to the conventional cell. The access delay is also found to be lower than the conventional SRAM cell during write operation. The static noise margin (SNM) is maintained after carefully sizing the tail transistors.
Band width of microstrip antenna improved by using mushroom type EBG structure

In this proposed antenna, mushroom type EBG structures are used for suppressing the surface waves. These structures are periodic metallic patches, which are connected to the ground plane with vias. The most important characteristic of the EBG structure is their stop band frequency. By the help of this stop band, the surface waves of the proposed antenna are suppressed. Thus by the suppression of surface waves, the bandwidth of microstrip antenna is improved at same operating frequency from 9.6% to 15.5% i.e 5.9%.
Dual band π-shaped slotted patch antenna for wireless applications

A new geometry of a square microstrip antenna embedded with a symmetrical n-shaped slot is presented here. The antenna resonates at a dual frequency band from 2.40-2.88 GHz and 3.42-3.58 GHz. This covers the WLAN 2.4-2.5 GHz band, WiMAx 2.5-2.69 GHz band and part of WiMax 3.5 GHz band. The proposed structure is fed with an aperture coupled feed and matched over a broad frequency band using a stub at the open end of the microstrip feed. The antenna gain is more than 7.8 dBi over the dual band. The antenna is suitable for wireless communication systems operating at 2.4/2.5/3.5 GHz band.
Enhanced Text Entry and Transmission Scheme in Mobile Communication

We introduce an enhanced and efficient dictionary based algorithm for single keystroke text input that can be used in various mobile communication devices. We also extend this approach for text transmission through short message service (SMS) servers to have a reduced overload on the underlying network The algorithm presented minimizes the search time to generate all valid words from a given set of key sequences; it also minimizes the time taken to find all words that begin with a given prefix. This technique proposed will not only be used for text entry, but can also has enhanced features that could be used in the wireless/mobile service provider's servers to reduce the overall traffic of SMS messages.
A study of drain current in presence of hot carrier effect for sub-micron MOS devices

In this paper, we studied the drain current in sub-micron MOS device in presence of hot carrier. The current relation is derived after solving the Poisson equation for surface potential. The effect of hot electrons on the drain current is analyzed in detail. The effect of hot carriers on the current can be minimized by choosing moderate substrate doping. The drain current decreases with increase in voltage which is developed at the boundary of the damaged region and non-damaged region (VP). The drain current is almost zero for larger damaged region irrespective of the sign of hot carrier charge density.
On matching cross-spectral periocular images for accurate biometrics identification

Periocular recognition has gained significant importance with the increasing use of surgical masks to safeguard against environmental pollution or for improving accuracy of iris recognition. This paper proposes a new framework for accurately matching cross-spectral periocular images using Markov random fields (MRF) and three patch local binary patterns (TPLBP). We study the problem of cross-spectral periocular recognition from a new perspective and our study indicates that such recognition can be considerably improved if we can preserve pixel correspondences among two matched images. The matching accuracy for cross-spectral periocular matching can be further improved by incorporating real-valued features that can be simultaneously recovered from pixels in the iris regions. We present experimental results from IIITD IMP database and PolyU database. Our experimental results validate the usefulness of this approach and achieve state-of-the-art performance for accurate cross-spectral periocular recognition.
Character segmentation for multi lingual Indic and Roman scripts

Character segmentation has long been a critical area of the Optical Character Recognition. In this paper, we present an algorithm for character segmentation for Indic and Roman scripts. Character segmentation is difficult for Indic scripts because in these scripts characters are connected with the Shirorekha or headline and the regions bounding the two consecutive characters might overlap because of matraas. Horizontal projection profile is used to extract the Shirorekha and a vertical projection profile is used to segment the characters. Results of the algorithm for the scanned and facsimile documents for Devnagari Script are shown.
An efficient implementation of 2-D discrete wavelet transform for high speed DSP applications

This paper presents an efficient VLSI architecture of a high speed, low power two dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform (2-D DWT). The proposed work minimizes the resource requirement and complexity of system. Design modules were realized using basic wavelet in HDL language and MATLAB for optimizing the speed and memory requirements. The system is modeled and implemented using Xilinx VirtexE FPGA device. The simulation results obtained through Mentor graphics simulation software. The system computing rate is up to 290 M samples/s and design uses only 34.376ns combinational path delay for 8×8 image size. In this way, the developed design provides very high-speed processing.
Toward More Accurate Matching of Contactless Palmprint Images Under Less Constrained Environments

Contactless personal identification using biometrics characteristics brings multifaceted advantages with improved hygiene, user security, and the convenience. Such imaging also generates deformation-free palmprint images which can lead to higher matching accuracy as the ground truth information is better preserved as compared with those from contact-based imaging. Advancement of palmprint identification technologies for new domains requires research using larger palmprint databases that are acquired from more realistic populations, under contactless, ambient, and indoor and outdoor environments. This paper presents such a new contactless palmprint database acquired from 600 different subjects, which is the largest to date and is also made available in the public domain. Unlike contactless fingerprints, contactless palmprint images often illustrate pose deformations along the optical axis of the camera, which also degrades the matching accuracy. This paper also introduces a new approach for matching contactless palmprint images using more accurate deformation alignment and matching. The experimental results are validated on three publicly available contactless palmprint databases. Comparative experimental results presented in this paper indicate consistently outperforming results over competing methods in the literature and validate the effectiveness of the investigated approach. These results also serve as baseline performance to advance much needed further research using the most challenging and largest database introduced from this paper.
Network-Based Filtering of Unreliable Markers in Genome Mapping

Genome mapping, or the experimental determination of the ordering of DNA markers on a chromosome, is an important step in genome sequencing and ultimate assembly of sequenced genomes. The presented research addresses the problem of identifying markers that cannot be placed reliably. If such markers are included in standard mapping procedures they can result in an overall poor mapping. Traditional techniques for identifying markers that cannot be placed consistently are based on resampling, which requires an already computationally expensive process to be done for a large ensemble of resampled populations. We propose a network-based approach that uses pair wise similarities between markers and demonstrate that the results from this approach largely match the more computationally expensive conventional approaches. The evaluation of the proposed approach is done on data from the radiation hybrid mapping of the wheat genome.