nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of gravity wave momentum fluxes estimated by different methods using mesosphere‐stratosphere‐troposphere radar

Mesosphere‐stratosphere‐troposphere radar measurements have been used to estimate momentum flux of gravity waves in a 2–6 hour period in the lower atmosphere over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), a tropical station. Different methods have been adopted to compute momentum flux profiles, and a comparative study shows that momentum flux estimates produced by a hybrid method (Worthington and Thomas, 1996) which measures the vertical wind with a vertical beam and the horizontal wind with a pair of radial beams and those obtained by direct computation of spatial covariances ( and ) show satisfactory agreement. The symmetric beam radar method of Vincent and Reid (1983) has the unique advantage since it does not require vertical beam measurement, and it is found to produce momentum flux estimates compatible with other methods except in high wind shear zones. It is observed that the result of momentum flux obtained by the symmetric beam method shows excellent matching with other methods when the average of vertical winds derived from E‐W and N‐S beams is used in the formula for both zonal and meridional fluxes.
VLSI implementation of electronics module of a thermal imaging system

Thermal Imaging has been an area of potential military interest in the last three decades and has been shrouded by veil of secrecy. Recently there has been resurgence of the interest in thermal imaging due to its use in non-military applications such as biomedical engineering, conservation of natural resources, astronomy etc., and list of such applications is growing day by day. Major hurdle in putting this technology for commercial applications has been prohibitive cost of equipment. In this paper we present a methodology for designing and implementing the controller for a thermal imaging system from the hardware description languages (HDLs) such as Verilog and VHDL. We have designed and implemented the digital timing and control signal generation module of thermal imaging system in Xilinx FPGA. This approach has given the system much needed reconfigurability to suit the customer's requirement and resulted in reduction of the concept to market time.
Multilevel converter-photovoltaic source based single-phase standalone generating system

This paper presents modeling and simulation of isolated single phase supply system comprises of photovoltaic system tracked for its Maximum Power Point (MPP) and single-phase multi-level Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) technique is proposed for extracting maximum power from the photovoltaic module. Furthermore, single-phase Five-Level unipoler PWM technique is used for producing five-levels in voltage source inverter (VSI), which is used for the conversion of dc voltage into approximately sinusoidal ac supply. The proposed system model is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and tested for different environmental conditions. The extensive simulations are carried out to validate the proposed system.
A critical analysis of polarimetrie signatures on PALSAR 2 data for land cover classification

In this paper, polarization signatures are extracted for utilization of the fully polarimetrie L-band ALOS-PALSAR 2 data. These signatures are extracted for different land cover classes (i.e., urban, water, short vegetation, tall vegetation and bare soil). Critical analysis is performed on the polarization signatures generated of different classes. Further, polarization signatures of different classes are compared with the help of normalized Euclidean distance (NED) and normalized signature correlation mapper (NSCM). Decision tree based algorithm is developed with the help of NSCM, NED and backscattered image for the classification of different land cover classes.
High Performance and Electro-Mechanical Stability in Small Molecule: Polymer Blend Flexible Organic Field-Effect Transistors

High-performance solution processed flexible organic field-effect transistors with 6,13(bis-triisopropylsily-lethynyl) pentacene and polystyrene blend are demonstrated with high electro-mechanical stability. For -5 V operation, field-effect mobility up to 1.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 and threshold voltage as low as -0.1 V were obtained with high current on-off ratios of ~105 due to high quality dielectric-semiconductor interface developed during solvent evaporation. Stable electrical characteristics were achieved with increasing duration of mechanical strain, and after multiple cycles of tensile and compressive strain. Drain current decay of 10%, very large trapping time of ~108 s, and a very small threshold voltage shift of 0.3 V were observed during bias stress of 1 h, signifying low charge carrier trapping and a high quality of dielectric-semiconductor interface, which was retained largely after two days of continuous tensile strain. Moreover, after 100 cycles of tensile and compressive strain, the corresponding shift in threshold voltage due to bias stress was still ~0.5 V. Overall, a high performance and stability were demonstrated under collective effects of mechanical and electrical stress.
A wideband microstrip array antenna with unique dumbbell shaped aperture coupled radiating elements

A wideband 2times2 planar microstrip antenna array with dual circular polarization is proposed for serving mobile satellite communications. The basic array element is an optimized diagonal slotted diamond shaped dumbbell aperture fed patch antenna for improved axial ratio and impedance bandwidth performance. A 2:1 impedance bandwidth of 23% and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 19.2% with a circular directivity of 14.2 dBi is achieved with the optimized array structure. The above features make it an ideal circularly polarized structure for addressing wideband applications as required in mobile satellite communication systems
Rewards-driven control of robot arm by decoding EEG signals

Decoding the user intention from non-invasive EEG signals is a challenging problem. In this paper, we study the feasibility of predicting the goal for controlling the robot arm in self-paced reaching movements, i.e., spontaneous movements that do not require an external cue. Our proposed system continuously estimates the goal throughout a trial starting before the movement onset by online classification and generates optimal trajectories for driving the robot arm to the estimated goal. Experiments using EEG signals of one healthy subject (right arm) yield smooth reaching movements of the simulated 7 degrees of freedom KUKA robot arm in planar center-out reaching task with approximately 80% accuracy of reaching the actual goal.
COMBINING FINGERPRINT, PALMPRINT AND HAND-SHAPE FOR USER AUTHENTICATION

This paper investigates a new approach for personal authentication by combining unique biometric features which can be acquired from hand images alone. The proposed method attempts to improve the performance of fingerprint-based verification system by integrating palmprint and hand-shape features. The matching scores for the fingerprint images are computed using the number of matched minutiae on the overlapping areas while those for palmprint and hand-shape images are based on distance of feature vectors. These matching scores are combined using simple fusion rule which does not require any training. Our experimental results on the database of 100 users achieve promising results and therefore confirm the usefulness of proposed method
Comparative analysis of three phase matrix converter fed induction motor drive

The theory of three-phase to three-phase matrix converter is dealt with and its switching pattern of all switches of converter are generated. Matrix converter operation is based on the switching pattern of all nine switches. Three phase output of the matrix converter is given as the input of three phase induction motor. Simulation results demonstrate its excellent output characteristics. The performance is analyzed using three phase currents, motor d axis and q axis current, motor torque and speed characteristics. In this paper; simulation, design and implementation of three-phase to three-phase matrix converter using Venturini algorithm and Zuckerberger algorithm have been presented and then output of matrix converter is applied to three phase induction motor. In this paper, matrix converter fed motor system is studied, which integrates MC and IM into a single unit, reduces the cost and increases the overall efficiency.
Fast, quasi-optimal, and pipelined instruction-set extensions

Nowadays many customised embedded processors offer the possibility of speeding up an application by implementing it using application-specific functional units (AFUs). However, the AFUs must satisfy certain constraints in terms of read and write ports between AFU and processor register file. Due to these restrictions the size and complexity of AFUs remain small. However, in recent some work has been done on relaxing the register file port constraints by serialising register file access (i.e., by allowing multi cycle read and write). This makes the problem of selecting best AFU significantly more complex. Most previous approaches use a two staged process to solve this problem, i.e., first selecting AFUs under some higher I/O constraints and then serialise them under the actual register file port constraints. Not only these methods are complex but also lead to suboptimal solutions. In this paper we formulate the AFU selection problem as an integer linear programming and solve it optimally. We show experimentally that our methodology produces significantly better results compared to state of art techniques.
9T balanced SRAM cell for low power operation

The increasing market of mobile devices and battery powered portable electronic systems is creating demands for chips that consume the smallest possible amount of power. Static random access memories (SRAMs) consist of almost 90% of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. The power consumption and speed of SRAMs are important issue that has lead to multiple designs with the purpose of minimizing the power consumption during both read and write operations. In this paper, we have proposed a new SRAM cell architecture which consists of an asymmetric inverter pair to reduce the power consumption. The proposed circuit consumes lower power during read and write operations compared to 6T conventional circuit. The main disadvantage of the proposed cell is its larger area occupation. The stability and speed of the cell are deteriorated which can be improved by proper sizing of the tail transistor.
RGB image steganography on multiple frame video using LSB technique

This paper presents the steganography of an Image on a multiple frame video using Frame Decomposition Technique in which LSB Algorithm is used on multiple frame video for Steganography. The aim of the research is to get colored output image so image decomposition and block decomposition of image also required for this type of steganography. It declares that same image which steganography has been done will extract at output phase. The difference between the input image and output image is very less. Password encryption also provided to the video for security purpose. Message hiding technique using LSB algorithm has been used. After applying different attacks on frame, the data or watermarked image has no any effect and it can retrieve as it is. The color map of RGB image is individually watermark on each video frame with encryption of password. Without password it cannot be retrieve and without color map watermark image can be extract. Improved result in Gaussian Noise, Gamma Correction, Rotation and Resizing is gain.
Fan blade shaped slotted patch antenna for wideband circular polarization

A novel structure of a slotted patch antenna loaded with a fan blade-shaped slot for wideband circular polarization is proposed. The proposed structure is aperture fed and matched over a broad frequency band. The antenna exhibits a simulated 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth of 3.27% (2.41-2.49 GHz) with respect to the axial ratio resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz. The computed 1:2 VSWR bandwidth is 23.67% (2.17-2.75 GHz) with respect to the mid-band frequency of 2.45 GHz. The antenna gain is more than 8.0 dBi in the circularly polarized band.
Small- and Large-Signal Performance of III-Nitride RF Switches With Hybrid Fast/Slow Gate Design

We report on the small-signal and power performance of AlGaN/GaN RF switches with novel gate design incorporating regular metal gate deposited over a “slow” gate electrode formed by a low-conducting InGaN film. SPDT RF switch MMICs using hybrid “fast/slow” gate AlGaN/GaN MOSHFETs show superior transmission characteristics while maintaining the same high-power and high-linearity performance as the switches based on conventional MOSHFETs.
A novel index and hybrid optimization approach for optimal placement of multiple DGs in reconfigured distribution networks

A novel approach is anticipated in this paper for optimal feeder reconfiguration and placement of DG units in distribution system with an objective of reduction of real power losses while satisfying operating constraints. Selective Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (SPSO), modified version of Binary Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, is used to obtain reconfigured distribution network. A novel analytical technique has been proposed to solve DG placement problem. The proposed analytical technique for optimal DG placement is developed based on a new mathematical formulation. Type-I and type-II DG units are used here. The results of the proposed technique are validated on IEEE 69 bus distribution system. The level of DG penetration is also considered in a range of 0–50% of total system load. A novel index is also proposed which incorporates level of DG penetration and % reduction in real power losses. The results are promising when compared with recently proposed algorithms.
Design of efficient multicast routing protocol using limited flooding mechanism

A Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is composed of Mobile Nodes without any fixed infrastructure. Multicast routing in mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have many defiance due to implicit characteristics of the network such as node mobility, reliability, finite network resources etc. So, in this paper we have introduced a new scheme to improve the performance and efficiency of multicast routing protocols. Our proposed scheme is called multicast routing using limited flooding mechanism. This mechanism is integrated over MAODV which enhance the multicast routing efficiency. This mechanism manages the data packets flow based on delay characteristics of the contributing nodes. In proposed scheme only the nodes that satisfy the delay requirement can only flow the data packets from source node to a multicast receivers. The proposed scheme calculates the various types of delay such as transmission delay and propagation delay on each contributing mobile nodes to establish the multicast routes. This scheme is inspired by studied some implicit lacks of existing multicast routing protocols such as: weak robustness of dynamic topology, low reliability, low scalability, lack of QoS (Quality of Service) support, less packet delivery ratio and high packet delivery delay.
An approach to design a matrix inversion hardware module using FPGA

This study work is basically aimed at designing and testing of hardware module to perform inversion operation of a matrix in a small time. Here, an approach is made for calculating 3×3 matrix inverse. There are many mathematical methods available for performing matrix inversion and out of them a suitable method, like Adjoint Matrix Method is selected by analysing the computational requirements. The mathematical method of calculating the inverse of matrix is then suitably converted into VHDL code. The code is then tested for simulation using a set of test matrices. After simulation is verified by checking the results of test inputs the code is tested for synthesizability. After the synthesizability is verified then it is finally tested for hardware verification by dumping into FPGA. Altera's DE1 board which consists a Cyclone-II series FPGA EP2C20F484C7 FPGA is used for this study. The test inputs can be fed in either by using on board GPIO or UI or S RAM. The outputs are taken the same way either by GPIO or UI or written to S RAM and are then to be verified by comparing with actual results.
Dynamic performance of a fuzzy PI controlled SVPWM based HVDC Light transmission system

Currently, converter control is one of the major fields of present day research works in the area of HVDC Light transmission systems. In this paper, fuzzy logic controller is utilized for controlling both the converters of the HVDC Light transmission systems. The space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) concept is also used for better DC bus utilization and harmonic reduction. The proposed controller changes the PI gains automatically for different operating conditions. The performance of the proposed controller is compared and validated with the fixed gain conventional PI controller. The simulations are carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The results reveal that the fuzzy logic controller is reducing power fluctuations at both the converters. It also improves the dynamic performance of the test power system markedly when tested for different ac fault conditions.
Comparative analysis of three phase ac-ac Z-source converter topologies

Impedance (Z) source converters have been evolved as a new type of converter in addition to the two other existing converters; voltage source and current source converters. The new converter has many inherent advantages which can be used for many applications such as wind power conversion system, fuel cell and motor drive applications. Current research works focuses mainly on using Z-source network as a dc-link. The three phase ac-ac Z-source converter (TPZC) buck boost capabilities are verified to perform ac-ac conversion directly. Two different topologies of TPZC are compared in this paper. The boost ratio of improved topology is nearly 1.8 which is higher than 1.15 of traditional topology. Mathematical analysis of the proposed converters verified by MATLAB simulation results is presented.
Low power high speed 1-bit full adder circuit design at 45nm CMOS technology

One bit full adder cell is one of the most frequently used digital circuit component in arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and it is the essential functional unit of all computational circuit. Till now lots of improvement has been done in this area to refine the architecture and performance of full adder circuit design. In this paper two designs of novel 1-bit full adder cell at 45nm CMOS technology is implemented by using ten transistors (10-T) along with the three existing 1-bit full adder cell. Later the complete comparison and verification is performed with the different existing and proposed adder cells on different supply voltages at 100MHz operating frequency. From the simulation results by performing the comparison among proposed adder cells and existing adder cells it is found that the proposed adder cells are better than the existing adder cells in terms of power consumption, delay and power delay product (PDP). From the simulation result it is observed that the first proposed adder circuit using XOR module has achieved maximum saving of power 91.65%, saving of delay 59.37% and saving of overall PDP of 91.64% when compared to existing Static Energy Recovery Full (SERF) full adder and Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) full adder circuit respectively. When second proposed adder circuit using XOR module is compared with existing SERF and GDI adder circuit maximum saving of power 93.04%, saving of delay 76.76% and saving of overall PDP of 96.01% is achieved. All above statistical analysis is given by performing the comparison between existing and proposed adder circuits which have same number of transistors count (10-T) in designing at supply voltage 1 volt.
Multiple BDD based matrix multiplication

Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) are the most frequently used data structure for handling Boolean functions because of their excellent efficiency in terms of time and space. Algebraic Decision Diagrams (ADDs) have been used to solve general purpose problems such as Matrix Multiplication, logic synthesis and Formal Verification. We propose a Multiple BDD based Matrix Multiplication and compare the performance with ADD and WBDD based matrix multiplication. The results of the proposed method are promising and can be applied to other matrix related problems.
Towards contactless palmprint authentication

This study examines the issues related to two of the most palmprint promising approaches applied to the contactless biometric authentication and presents a performance evaluation on three different scenarios. The presence of significant scale, rotation, occlusion and translation variations in the contactless palmprint images requires the feature extraction approaches that can accommodate such within class image variations. Therefore the usage and performance of traditional palmprint feature extraction methods on contactless imaging schemes remain questionable and hence all/popular palmprint feature extraction methods may not be effective in contactless frameworks. The experimental results on more than 6000 images from three contactless databases acquired in different environments suggest that the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) features perform significantly better for the contactless palmprint images than the promising orthogonal line ordinal features (OLOF) approach employed earlier on the more conventional touch-based palmprint imaging. The experimental results further suggest that the combination of robust SIFT matching scores along with those from OLOF can be employed to achieve more reliable performance improvement. The use of publicly available databases ensures repeatability in the experiments. Therefore this study provides a new/challenging contactless hand database acquired in uncontrolled environments for further research efforts.
An IoT based home automation using android application

Now a day's technology becomes ever more invasive, the design challenges in home automation are increasingly apparent. Seamless controlling home, monitoring and programming by the end user have yet to enter the mainstream. This could be legitimate to the challenge of developing a fully independent and extensible home system that can support devices and technologies of differing functionalities and protocols. This paper describes how to control and monitor home appliances using android application over internet. There are number of commercial home automation systems available in market. However, these are designed for limited use. Therefore, home appliances can individually be controlled both from within the home and remotely. This is very helpful to physically challenged people. The practical goal of this paper has been to create a virtual, but practically usable, android home automation system. The android mobile is used to send the commands to the Arduino to control all the home appliances. The main feature of this system is to control the voltage levels of home appliance in home like speed of fan based on temperature, intensity of light based on light intensity etc. and another feature is we may get the status of our home appliances from our android mobile phone. In this system we use different sensors like temperature, rain sensor and LDR for different applications.