nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Polarization-Reconfigurable Circularly Polarized Planar Antenna Using Switchable Polarizer

A novel polarization-reconfigurable planar antenna is presented. The antenna consists of an electronically reconfigurable polarizer integrated with a printed slot. By changing the states of the p-i-n diodes on the polarizer, the linearly polarized (LP) waves radiated by the slot can be converted into either right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) or left-hand CP (LHCP) waves. The polarizer contains 16 unit cells arranged as a  $4\times 4$  array. The antenna radiates RHCP waves if the p-i-n diodes on the top side of the polarizer are switched ON, while LHCP waves are radiated if the p-i-n diodes of the bottom side of the polarizer are switched ON instead. The physical mechanisms of the antenna are discussed and the parametric study is carried out by full-wave simulations. To verify the concept, one prototype at 2.5 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. Good agreement between the measured and simulated results is obtained. The antenna achieves a gain ≥8.5 dBic in both RHCP and LHCP with an aperture efficiency of 70%. Advantages of the proposed design include electronically reconfigurable polarizations for RHCP or LHCP, low profile, low cost, high isolation between the dc bias circuit and RF signals, high power handling capability, and easy extension to large-scale arrays without increasing the complexity of the dc bias circuit. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an electronically polarization-reconfigurable CP antenna with a single-substrate polarizer.
Load forecasting based on wavelet analysis combined with the fuzzy support vector kernel regression method

In the analysis of power system with respect to the load forecast, the currently used methods appeared to be insufficient. Based on this, the wavelet analysis (WA) combined with the fuzzy support vector kernel regression method was proposed by considering the characteristics of the load power in load forecast. To start with, wavelet transform was employed to acquire the wavelet decomposition of power load sequence, including the low-frequency profile sequence and high-frequency detail sequence. Then, the fuzzy support vector kernel regression method was introduced to get forecasts on sub-sequences, respectively. Finally, the prediction on the final sequences was reconstructed as a result of prediction, which was compared with the fractal prediction. The results showed that in the case of a small sample number, the prediction method could prevent the kernel function method from over-learning, and further improve the forecast accuracy. It indicates that it is possible for the method to be used for online operation of power load forecasting.
The truth of Russian economic reform

This study continues the issue of Russian economic reform in the study by Quast and Locatelli (1997) and extends the same reform in many aspects. In this article, in-depth study is also made in the reform strategies (vertical and horizontal integration and diversity) and the business performance of Gazprom, Russia's natural gas company, as Russian had tried to save its domestic political and economic problems by means of the organizational reform (privatization) of Gazprom since 1993. Such study discovers that Gazprom had been truly a private corporation before 2005, however, it became practically a state-run business since 2005. This article further discloses that Gazprom's business performance after the reform did not come from the corporate organizational reform, but rather resulted from the increase of natural gas price and was irrelevant to the production capacity. Data in many aspects, such as the adoption of privatization, LNG, sole proprietorship, merger and the strategy of market diversification, are used in this study to sustain Gazprom's business performance after reform; however, it is believed that the key factor of these changes was whether Russia's ruling party could really transform a state-run business into a private enterprise, as, otherwise, any economic reform would be a transient happening for Russian economy.
Nonstationary color tracking for vision-based human-computer interaction

Skin color offers a strong cue for efficient localization and tracking of human body parts in video sequences for vision-based human-computer interaction. Color-based target localization could be achieved by analyzing segmented skin color regions. However, one of the challenges of color-based target tracking is that color distributions would change in different lighting conditions such that fixed color models would be inadequate to capture nonstationary color distributions over time. Meanwhile, using a fixed skin color model trained by the data of a specific person would probably not work well for other people. Although some work has been done on adaptive color models, this problem still needs further studies. We present our investigation of color-based image segmentation and nonstationary color-based target tracking, by studying two different representations for color distributions. We propose the structure adaptive self-organizing map (SASOM) neural network that serves as a new color model. Our experiments show that such a representation is powerful for efficient image segmentation. Then, we formulate the nonstationary color tracking problem as a model transduction problem, the solution of which offers a way to adapt and transduce color classifiers in nonstationary color distributions. To fulfill model transduction, we propose two algorithms, the SASOM transduction and the discriminant expectation-maximization (EM), based on the SASOM color model and the Gaussian mixture color model, respectively. Our extensive experiments on the task of real-time face/hand localization show that these two algorithms can successfully handle some difficulties in nonstationary color tracking. We also implemented a real-time face/hand localization system based on such algorithms for vision-based human-computer interaction.
A New Timing System for the Duke Booster and Storage Ring

A dedicated booster synchrotron is being constructed at the Duke FEL Laboratory to provide fullenergy injection into the main electron storage ring. A new timing system has been developed to coordinate the injection of electron bunches from the linac to the booster, the ramping of energy in the booster, and extraction of bunches into the main ring. The timing system will allow the extraction of any bunch in the booster into any selected bucket in the main ring to provide top-off injection for any of the various operational bunch patterns of the main ring. A new master oscillator has also been developed for the RF system of the booster. The oscillator may be tuned independently or phase-locked to the master oscillator of the main ring. The issues of the soft phase locking process of the new master oscillator are discussed. The timing system and new oscillator have been fabricated and tested and are ready for operation.
A 10-bit 50-MS/s SAR ADC for dual-voltage domain portable systems

The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an essential component providing the interface between the sensed analog signal and the corresponding digital representation for a portable ultrasonic systems. In order to extend the battery life for the portable system, a low-voltage ADC is crucial for saving the power. However, the sensed analog signal is usually larger than the tolerable range of a low-voltage ADC. A level shifter, which possibly consumes more power than ADC, is therefore adopted to solve this problem. This paper presents a 10-bit 50-MS/s successive approximation register (SAR) ADC by manipulating simple but effective circuit design techniques to operate at dual-voltage domain without the need of an additional level shifter for shrinking the input signals. Particularly, we propose a technique to implement the ADC with 3.3-V I/O devices and 1.2V MOS transistors. The proof-of-concept design was fabricated in TSMC 130-nm 1P8M CMOS technology. It consumes 1.6 mW at a 50 MS/s sampling frequency and about 2 MHz sinusoidal input signal with 1.65V input common-mode voltage and 2Vp-p differential input amplitude. The measurement result shows an ENOB of 9.15 bits, and both the DNL and INL are within 1 LSB. The active area is 0.226 mm2.
Sentiment analysis on Chinese movie review with distributed keyword vector representation

In the area of national language processing, performing machine learning technique on customer or movie review for sentiment analysis has been? frequently tried. While methods such as? support vector machine (SVM) were much favored in the 2000s, recently there is a steadily rising percentage of implementation with vector representation and artificial neural network. In this article we present an approach to implement word embedding method to conduct sentiment analysis on movie review from a renowned bulletin board system forum in Taiwan. After performing log-likelihood ratio (LLR) on the corpus and selecting the top 10000 most related keywords as representative vectors for different sentiments, we use these vectors as the sentiment classifier for the testing set. We achieved results that are not only comparable to traditional methods like Naïve Bayes and SVM, but also outperform Latent Dirichlet Allocation, TF-IDF and its variant. It also tops the original LLR with a substantial margin.
Evaluation method of system-of-systems architecture using knowledge-based executable model

The quantitative evaluation of system-of-systems architecture is a very important content in the research area of system-of-systems. The framework of system-of-systems analysis process and method of system-of-systems architecture description are reviewed. A new approach of system-of-systems architecture evaluation is proposed. The proposed evaluation approach is a bi-level approach. In the higher level, a bottom-up synthesis process is employed to calculate the overall measure of performance (OMOP) of system-of-systems, while in the lower level, modeling and simulation is employed to obtain the delivery degree of each capability requirement. A new method of developing executable model of system-of-systems architecture is presented, called knowledge-based executable model, in which the experts' opinion and experience are extracted as domain knowledge to integrate in the development of executable model. The three steps of knowledge-based executable model are presented. At last, the case study of Object Detect and Engage System-of-Systems evaluation demonstrates that the proposed approach is feasible and effective in evaluation of system-of-systems.
Comparative Studies of Common Control Schemes for Reference Tracking and Application of End-point Prediction

This paper analyzes the reference tracking behavior of Buck converters using several control schemes including voltage-mode, current-mode and V2-control from both large-signal and small-signal domains. Loop gains applicable to reference tracking are highlighted, and reference-to-output transfer functions are derived for the cases when end-point prediction (EPP) is applied to enhance the response. A novel V2-controlled Buck converter with EPP is fabricated. The measured reference tracking response shows 10 times improvement in speed.
A research of Color Universal Design for hospital's Orientational sign

Color Universal Design(CUD) is a design concept about the colors and communications and is mainly used to enrich the color of social environment in order to improve recognizabilities of the people who with various color-abilities which can recognize the information related to color easily, accurately and can communicate it accessibly. The Orientation sign in hospital provides spatial cognition and perspectives of overall space which easily make users feel confused, because of its functional complexity and special design. Accordingly, designers should pay attention to understand the demand of people with various color-abilities when doing their design work, and to achieve the goal of Color Universal Design, this work should be revised as repeatedly and continuously as possible.
Commissioning of the booster injector synchrotron for the HIGS facility at duke university

A booster synchrotron (Duke booster) has been built and recently commissioned at Duke University Free Electron Laser Laboratory (DFELL) as part of the High Intensity Gamma-ray Source (HIGS) facility upgrade. HIGS is collaboration between the DFELL and Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL). The booster provides top-off injection into the Duke FEL storage ring in the energy range of 0.24 -1.2 GeV. When operating the Duke storage ring to produce high energy Compton gamma ray beams above 20 MeV, continuous electron beam loss occurs. The lost electrons are replenished by the booster injector operating in the top-off mode. The present operational injection and extraction rate of the machine allows us to routinely replenish up to 5-108 electrons per second. The compactness of the booster posed a challenge for its development and commissioning. The booster has been successfully commissioned in 2006. This paper reports experience of commissioning and initial operation of the booster.
High sensitivity temperature sensor based on a long, suspended single-walled carbon nanotube array

Considering the electron-phonon scattering mechanisms as well as the number of conduction channels, the long single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) has larger temperature coefficient of resistivity than that of the short SWCNT or that of the multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT). A tens of micrometres length, suspended SWCNT array-based temperature sensor was proposed, and its fabrication technique was presented. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results showed that the long SWCNT array device had high sensitivity and low power consumption than ordinary platinum thermal resistor. The long SWCNT array sensor also featured a simple and application-oriented process and was easier to use than a single CNT-based device. Thus, it has the potential to be applied in high sensitivity temperatures or flow measurements in an ultra small scale.
Application of Time-Frequency Analysis to Finite Duration Communication Signals

In this paper, an evaluation of time-frequency analysis techniques is presented as applied to the detection of finite duration communication signals. This class of signals includes both phase and amplitude modulated, pulsed signals. Time-frequency analysis based on quadratic distributions are of particular importance in analyzing these signals since this class covers the most common types of time-frequency analysis techniques. Typical performance criteria used in the design of time-frequency distributions include high frequency resolution as well as suppression of cross modulation products that are present in a multi-component signal environment. In addition to these criteria, we are also interested in the time resolution properties of these algorithms. The ultimate goal of this work is to determine the best time-frequency algorithms for a given application based on both performance and computational considerations
Discriminative Dimensionality Reduction for Multi-Dimensional Sequences

Since the observables at particular time instants in a temporal sequence exhibit dependencies, they are not independent samples. Thus, it is not plausible to apply i.i.d. assumption-based dimensionality reduction methods to sequence data. This paper presents a novel supervised dimensionality reduction approach for sequence data, called Linear Sequence Discriminant Analysis (LSDA). It learns a linear discriminative projection of the feature vectors in sequences to a lower-dimensional subspace by maximizing the separability of the sequence classes such that the entire sequences are holistically discriminated. The sequence class separability is constructed based on the sequence statistics, and the use of different statistics produces different LSDA methods. This paper presents and compares two novel LSDA methods, namely M-LSDA and D-LSDA. M-LSDA extracts model-based statistics by exploiting the dynamical structure of the sequence classes, and D-LSDA extracts the distance-based statistics by computing the pairwise similarity of samples from the same sequence class. Extensive experiments on several different tasks have demonstrated the effectiveness and the general applicability of the proposed methods.
Scribble Tracker: A Matting-Based Approach for Robust Tracking

Model updating is a critical problem in tracking. Inaccurate extraction of the foreground and background information in model adaptation would cause the model to drift and degrade the tracking performance. The most direct yet difficult solution to the drift problem is to obtain accurate boundaries of the target. We approach such a solution by proposing a novel model adaptation framework based on the combination of matting and tracking. In our framework, coarse tracking results automatically provide sufficient and accurate scribbles for matting, which makes matting applicable in a tracking system. Meanwhile, accurate boundaries of the target can be obtained from matting results even when the target has large deformation. An effective model combining short-term features and long-term appearances is further constructed and successfully updated based on such accurate boundaries. The model can successfully handle occlusion by explicit inference. Extensive experiments show that our adaptation scheme largely avoids model drift and significantly outperforms other discriminative tracking models.
A multiband fully integrated high-linearity power amplifier using a 0.18-μm CMOS process for LTE applications

This paper presents a multiband high-linearity power amplifier (PA) for long-term evolution (LTE) applications at 1.8/2.1/2.3/2.5/2.6 GHz in the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18-μm 1P6M CMOS process. The proposed PA includes a switch, which is a CMOS varactor, a driver stage, which is a CMOS resistor inverter, and a power stage, which uses a cascode structure and feedback technique. The fully integrated PA delivers 21-dBm output power in the overall band for a 50-Ω load with an average power gain of 22.98 dB.
Induction motor stator and rotor winding temperature estimation using signal injection method

A new method to estimate the induction motor stator and rotor resistance (R<sub>s</sub> and R<sub>r</sub>) and temperature (T<sub>s </sub> and T<sub>r</sub>) was proposed in this paper. Two signals with proper frequencies that yield high sensitivities of terminal measurement to R<sub>s</sub> and R<sub>r</sub> at a given rotor speed are injected to the induction machine to estimate R<sub>s</sub> and R<sub>r</sub>. The estimated R<sub>s</sub> and R<sub>r</sub> are then used to estimate T<sub>s</sub> and T<sub>r</sub> respectively, according to the relationships between R<sub>s</sub> and T<sub>s</sub>, and R<sub>r</sub> and T<sub>r</sub>. Simulation and experimental work have been carried out to verify the proposed method. The proposed method can estimate both stator and rotor resistance and temperature with high accuracy and the estimated R<sub>s</sub> and R<sub>r</sub> can be updated in real time. It does not require additional hardware or a large amount of finite-element analysis (FEA) or experimental data for implementation
Energy-saving design and application for electrostatic precipitation monitor system

In order to solve high energy consumption and avoid energy wasted in industry, an energy-saving pulse power supply is used in this paper. According to the principle of electrostatic precipitation, the paper analyzes the reason of anti-corona when higher resistivity powder is removed. Electrostatic precipitation can work with high efficiency and energy-saving by using new technique of power supply to avoid anti-corona. It can also auto-adjust the range and the number of pulse with high energy and low energy as closed-looping according to the running voltage value. As well as it can reduce the thickness of powder by technique rebuilding for the electric control power supply, each electric field is finely controlled with different power supply style. For illustration, there gives a project of technique rebuild for energy-saving and reduction of powder discharged in XiBaiPo Electric Power Plant Corporation HeBei province. Practice has proved it will have widespread application and broad prospect to be implemented.
A novel design for UHF near-field RFID reader antenna based on traveling wave

A novel planar antenna is presented for ultra high frequency (UHF) near-field radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. The antenna is composed of grounded coplanar waveguide, coplanar stripline, a lumped balun, multiple resistances and a finite-size ground plane. The load impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the coplanar stripline, so traveling wave can transmit along the coplanar stripline. The proposed structure can make large currents along the coplanar stripline so that a strong and uniform magnetic field distribution is excited in the region around the antenna. The antenna geometry, design concept, simulated and measured results are carefully discussed throughout the paper. Measurements show that the antenna operating with a commercial reader demonstrates good performance of tag identification with inductive coupling for near-field RFID applications.
Construction of the Enterprise-level RFID Security and Privacy Management Using Role-Based Key Management

The RFID technique is extensively applied in e-Business scope. It mainly supports the quickly and accurately work for the advanced assets management. But it is still lack of privacy protection on the EPC code. For the worse case, some hackers may steal the code content easily during the cooperative business transmissions. It will cause the business secret leaking or even the consumer privacy damage. To encrypt the EPC code, we propose a two phase identification and authentication protocol with RBAC architecture to assure security. The EPC code is separates randomly into two parts by the secret sharing method. Only the one half of the EPC code is encrypted and stored in the RFID tags. The other part of the EPC code was encrypted by the private key and stored at the backend system for later decrypted used. The EPC code is decrypted when these two parts are decrypted and merged. When the owner of the tag is changed, the encrypt EPC code is merged then separated again. In this way, it is impossible has the same encrypt EPC code on the RFID tag when the owner is changed. The reader must be authorized to get the secret key before scanning and extracting the corresponding product information. Hence, it can ensure that RFID tag will not reveal important information even though it is scanned by fake or non-authorization reader. We also proposed a key management based on role-base access control method to distribute the access key and the encryption/decryption key, which aligns well with the role and the business process in a supply chain. The secret keys are managed by the role-based assignment at the enterprise level rather than at the individual level. It not only provides with more efficiency and flexibility on the role's key management, but also enhances the security of the enterprise-level RFID system. Therefore, the number of the secret key to be managed is also reduced. With the proposed identification and authentication protocol, the RFID content is can encrypted efficiently to avoid the information eavesdropping on the RFID system.