nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of ethylene content on bowtie trees and wet electrical performance in filled EPR insulation materials

The insulation for extruded medium voltage power cables currently used world-wide are based on two broad categories of polymeric materials: crosslinkable elastomers, consisting of Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR)*, and crosslinkable low density polyethylene, consisting of Crosslinked Polyethylene (XLPE) or Tree Retardant Crosslinked Polyethylene (TRXLPE). These two broad categories have over 40 years of proven field performance. A considerable amount of research has been done on water treeing in unfilled semi-crystalline and amorphous elastomers. Very little research has been done on filled elastomeric systems, as water trees are more difficult to detect. One paper reports a link between ethylene content and crystallinity in an unfilled EPR base resin and other ethylene base resins. In reality, unfilled EPR resin is not a commercially viable insulation material for high demanding medium voltage applications. In filled EPR resin-based insulation materials, surface-treated clays are chemically bonded to the polymer chains. This changes the whole interpretation of degree of crystallinity (related to ethylene content) with respect to bowtie tree formation and long-term wet electrical performance. This paper will report data that shows bowtie tree counts in carefully formulated higher ethylene content filled EPR insulation materials can be less than those for lower ethylene content and more amorphous EPR insulation materials in long-term wet electrical tests. This paper examines the influence of the ethylene content of base resins in suitably reinforced (with treated clay) filled EPR insulation materials with respect to its level of dispersion, formation of bowtie trees and ac voltage breakdown strength after accelerated wet-aged testing. However, the long-term wet ac breakdown strength testing via a step-rise high voltage time test (HVTT) after an accelerated water treeing test (AWTT) are found to be comparable in higher ethylene content (semi-crystalline) and lower ethylene content (more amorphous) filled EPR insulation materials.
Cygnus trigger system

The Cygnus Dual Beam Radiographic Facility consists of two radiographic sources (Cygnus 1, Cygnus 2) each with a dose rating of 4 rads at 1 m, and a 1-mm diameter spot size. The electrical specifications are: 2.25 MV, 60 kA, 60 ns. This facility is located in an underground environment at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). These sources were developed as a primary diagnostic for subcritical tests, which are single-shot, high-value events. In such an application there is an emphasis on reliability and reproducibility. A robust, low-jitter trigger system is a key element for meeting these goals. The trigger system was developed with both commercial and project-specific equipment. In addition to the traditional functions of a trigger system there are novel features added to protect the investment of a high-value shot. Details of the trigger system, including elements designed specifically for a subcritical test application, will be presented. The individual electronic components have their nominal throughput, and when assembled have a system throughput with a measured range of jitter. The shot-to-shot jitter will be assessed both individually and in combination. Trigger reliability and reproducibility results will be presented for a substantial number of shots executed at the NTS.
Induction voltage adder architectures and electrical characteristics

In this paper we use three different designs for induction voltage adders to be used in radiographic X-ray sources to illustrate the differences between possible IVA architectures, and between their electrical characteristics as these affect the radiographic diodes that the IVAs drive. The architectures are chosen considering the spaces in which the FVAs must fit, and the electrical characteristics are determined by the approaches chosen for the IVA electrical subsystems. We describe the status of the various IVA technologies. The IVAs, (RITS, the AWE HRF and URSA) are large systems with similar output parameters in the 12-16 MV range.
Analysis and Synthesis of Asynchronous Sequential Networks Using Edge-Sensitive Flip-Flops

Standard flow table methods for analysis and synthesis of asynchronous sequential switching networks are difficult to apply when edge-sensitive flip-flops are used. Use of a differential mode (DM) state table, which specifies the next state as a function of the present state and input change, avoids such difficulties. Difference operators, which are used to specify changes in logic variables, provide a convenient means for defining terminal behavior of edge-sensitive flip-flops. The inhibited toggle flip-flop is introduced as a general-purpose edge-sensitive flip-flop. Sequential networks are analyzed by writing difference operator equations from which a DM table can be constructed. Synthesis of asynchronous networks is accomplished by first constructing a DM table to describe the desired network and then deriving input equations for inhibited-toggle flips-flops. Such realizations are free of hazards and critical races and usually require fewer gates and flip-flops than solutions by standard flow table methods.
High density, low parasitic direct integration by fluidic self assembly (FSA)

Fluidic self assembly is a novel technique for accurately assembling large numbers of very small devices. The resulting assemblies are planar, and planarization and metallization of the assemblies result in demonstrated interconnect densities of greater than 50 interconnects per millimeter of perimeter, or a density of 10/sup 5/ per cm/sup 2/ with multilevel metallization. This high density is possible due to the planar structure, and an alignment precision of /spl plusmn/1 micron. The small size of the interconnects also results in very low parasitic capacitance, comparable to on die traces. Demonstrated yields are 0.9999 for assemblies with thousands of elements. This paper will discuss this recent progress in self assembly technology, and applications including integration of high capacity optoelectronic I/O devices.
Unusual overvoltages caused by the generating effect of induction motors

An overvoltage phenomenon that occurred at a nuclear power station in Taiwan is investigated. Simulations of the event reveal that two individual low-frequency overvoltages were caused by the interaction of induction motors (with flywheels) with the power line capacitance after they had lost power. Although these low-frequency overvoltages are insufficient to cause the failure of a circuit breaker they could have caused sufficient damage to the bushing insulation of the breaker that when a subsequent switching surge could cause the failure of the breaker. This failure lead to a blackout event.
Learning by focusing: A new framework for concept recognition and feature selection

In this paper, we develop a new method for feature selection and category learning. We first introduce two observations from our experiments: (1) It is easier to distinguish two concepts than to learn an isolated concept. (2) To distinguish different concept pairs we can find different selections of optimal features. These two observations may partly explain the success of human vision learning, especially why an infant can simultaneously capture distinguished visual features when learning new concepts. Based on these two observations, we developed a new learning-by-focusing method which first constructs focalized concept discriminators for pairs of concepts, and then builds nonlinear classifiers using the discrimination scores. We build datasets for four concept structure: vehicle, human affliction, sports, and animals, and experiments on all the four datasets verify the success of our new approach.
ABCD matrices for dispersive pulse propagation

The use of the ABCD matrices for the calculation of pulse propagation in second-order dispersive media is developed rigorously. Their usefulness is demonstrated by obtaining the results for the propagation of a Gaussian pulse with an arbitrary linear chirp. By analogy with ray optics, the concept of a time ray is introduced to give further insight. The analogy with paraxial optics is carried further by extending the matrix method to a complete Hermite-Gaussian basis and thus to arbitrarily shaped and nonlinearly chirped pulses. Some practical applications of the matrix method are discussed.
A digital feedback system for orbit stabilization

We are reporting on the design and preliminary results of a prototype digital feedback system for the storage rings at the NSLS. The system will use a nonlinear eigenvector decomposition algorithm. It will have a wide dynamic range and will be able to correct noise in the orbit over a bandwidth in excess of 60 Hz. A Motorola-167 CPU board is used to sample the PUE's at a minimum rate of 200 Hz and an HP-742rt board is used to read the sampled signals and to generate a correction signal for the orbit correctors.<<ETX>>
Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system

The Bell System is proposing to provide high capacity mobile telephone service in the 850-MHz band via a cellular system that employs frequency reuse within a geographic area. In this system, mobile units respond to orders received from base station sites, which are in turn controlled by data links from a telephone central office. Since all phases of the mobile telephone call, including call setup, handoff between base stations, and disconnect require extensive data signaling, a reliable data transmission facility must exist between the central office and the mobile units. The transmission facility consists of a land link and a radio link. The reliability of the radio transmission path is relatively low, and therefore error control techniques are necessarily more elaborate for the radio link than for the land link. Descriptions are given of the signaling requirements and of the signaling schemes devised for both the switching office-to-base station land path and base station-to-mobile unit radio path. The anticipated performance of the error control procedures for these paths is also presented.
Frequency-selective detection of nuclear quadrupole resonance signals

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) offers an unequivocal method of detecting and identifying both hidden explosives, such as land mines, and a variety of narcotics. Unfortunately, the practical use of NQR is restricted by a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and means to improve the SNR are vital to enable a rapid, reliable, and convenient system. In this paper, we introduce a frequency-selective approximate maximum-likelihood (FSAML) detector, operating on a subset of the available frequencies, making it robust to the typically present narrow-band interference. The method exploits the inherent temperature dependency of the NQR frequencies as a way to enhance the SNR. Numerical evaluations, using both simulated and real NQR data, indicate a significant gain in probability of accurate detection as compared to a current state-of-the-art approach.
Design of DIII-D Advanced Divertor

The Advanced Divertor is a modification being designed for the plasma chamber of the DIII-D tokamak in order to optimize the divertor configuration and allow a broader range of experiments to be carried out. The design of the Advanced Divertor is described. It will enable two classes of physics experiments to be run in the DIII-D: divertor biasing and divertor baffling. The Advanced Divertor's two principal components are a toroidally symmetric baffle and a continuous ring electrode. The tokamak can be run in baffle, bias, or standard DIII-D divertor modes by accurately positioning the outer divertor strike point with the DIII-D plasma control system. The baffle will provide approximately 50000 L/s pumping for particle removal in the outer bottom corner of the vacuum vessel. The strike point will be positioned at the entrance aperture for the baffle mode. The aperture geometry is designed to facilitate a large particle influx plus a high probability that backstreaming particles will be reionized and redirected to the aperture. Where the baffling plates meet, gas sealing is required to prevent recycling of neutrals back into the plasma. The supports for the ring are radially flexible to handle the differential thermal growth between the ring and the vessel wall, but are stiff in the vertical direction to restrain the ring against large disruption forces. Tests of insulators, performed in the DIII-D during plasma operations prior to deciding on the final design, and other testing and analyses performed to evaluate insulating materials and concepts are described.<<ETX>>
Innovative aspects of the SDL control system

The Source Development Lab at BNL consists of a 230 MeV electron linac and 10 m long wiggler for short wavelength FEL development. The control system is based on that in use at the NSLS. Two new extensions of the control system using VXI equipment are described. The first extension is the replacement of patch panels and lab oscilloscopes to monitor RF equipment. Instead, the RF waveforms are fed through a multiplexor into VXI digitizers. The waveforms can then be monitored remotely on any control console. The second extension is the replacement of the analog RF hardware needed to process beam position monitor signals. A digital system based on very fast (sub-nanosecond) VXI waveform digitizers is under development. The difficult operations requiring precise time alignment are then done in software.
Mission and Overview of a Fusion Development Facility

The objective of the Fusion Development Facility (FDF) under consideration is to fill the gaps between ITER and current experiments and a fusion demonstration power plant (DEMO). FDF should carry forward advanced tokamak (AT) physics and enable development of fusion's energy applications. Near-term AT physics and nonsuperconducting magnet technology will be used to achieve steady state with burn, producing 100-250 MW fusion power with modest energy gain (Q<5) in a modest sized device (between DIII-D and Joint European Torus). FDF will further develop all elements of AT physics for an advanced performance DEMO. With neutron flux at the outboard midplane of 1-2 MW/m2, continuous operation for periods of up to two weeks, and a goal of a duty factor of 0.3 per year, FDF can produce fluences of 3-6 MW·year/m2 in ten years of operation, for fusion nuclear component research and development. The development of blankets suitable for tritium, electricity, and hydrogen production will be done first in port modules. Then, the most promising candidates will be deployed as full blankets in FDF. Two to three full blankets and about a dozen port-blanket types could be tested. The goal of FDF is to demonstrate closure of the fusion fuel cycle, producing its own tritium. FDF, ITER, International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility, and other AT devices will provide the basis for a fusion DEMO power plant of the ARIES-AT type.
Unsupervised One-Class Learning for Automatic Outlier Removal

Outliers are pervasive in many computer vision and pattern recognition problems. Automatically eliminating outliers scattering among practical data collections becomes increasingly important, especially for Internet inspired vision applications. In this paper, we propose a novel one-class learning approach which is robust to contamination of input training data and able to discover the outliers that corrupt one class of data source. Our approach works under a fully unsupervised manner, differing from traditional one-class learning supervised by known positive labels. By design, our approach optimizes a kernel-based max-margin objective which jointly learns a large margin one-class classifier and a soft label assignment for inliers and outliers. An alternating optimization algorithm is then designed to iteratively refine the classifier and the labeling, achieving a provably convergent solution in only a few iterations. Extensive experiments conducted on four image datasets in the presence of artificial and real-world outliers demonstrate that the proposed approach is considerably superior to the state-of-the-arts in obliterating outliers from contaminated one class of images, exhibiting strong robustness at a high outlier proportion up to 60%.
Collaborative nautical charting and scientific seabed mapping missions: a case study in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

New positioning, depth sounding, and seabed imaging technology has revolutionized hydrography in the past 15 years. Unfortunately, many government hydrographic offices will probably never be able to apply this technology to their entire area of responsibility, because of limited resources and pressing need for modern surveys in the regions of highest traffic volume. However, high resolution mapping equipment and techniques are now in widespread use throughout the academic research fleet, and many groups now have the ability to acquire high quality bathymetric data. This presents an opportunity for hydrographic offices to assist these "nontraditional" users of seabed mapping technology by providing expertise in the application of procedures and corrections while gathering modern data for updating nautical charts in areas where they will possibly never be able to dedicate their own resources. This paper describes a recent cooperative mapping project undertaken by several NOAA offices and the University of Hawaii's Undersea Research Laboratory in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve. NOAA's Office of Coast Survey was asked to assist with this effort to ensure that the data acquired met the appropriate International Hydrographic Organization quality standards. The resulting high quality data will support generation of boundaries for newly established reserve protected areas, ecosystem mapping, and the first new hydrographic data on nautical charts of this region in over 70 years. We plan to use this project as a model for future collaboration between scientific and government ocean mapping organizations.
Universal MPEG content access using compressed-domain system stream editing techniques

An MPEG system layer compressed-domain editing technique is proposed to facilitate the delivery and integration of multiple segments of MPEG files, residing on remote databases. Various multimedia applications, including retrieval and summarization, split MPEG files into small segments along shot boundaries and store them separately. This traditional method requires extra management and storage payload, provides only fixed segmentations, and may not be play smoothly. In order to solve this problem, our MPEG system-domain editing tool directly extracts video-audio information from the original MPEG sources and combines them to generate a single MPEG file. Manipulated wholly in the system bitstream domain, this method does not require decoding, re-encoding, and re-synchronization of audio and video data. Thus, it operates in real-time and provides great flexibility. This composite MPEG file can be transmitted and displayed through general Web interfaces. The proposed method is applied to our video retrieval, video summarization, and video editing systems, and has shown its great advantages.
50-kw Antenna Switching System

There are many HF radio installations today that illustrate the need for an improved antenna switching technique. Today there is a growing requirement to connect rapidly any one of several 50-kw transmitters to any one of many antennas. An antenna switching system must be broad-band, convenient to use, fast, safe for operating personnel, and free of appreciable impedance discontinuities. This paper describes several components and techniques that solve the transmitter-antenna selection problem up to a 50-kw power level. The influence of switching techniques on RF transmission, impedance conversion and antennas are also discussed.
The Effect of Hysteretic Damping on Turbogenerator Shaft Torsional Oscillations

Electromechanical interaction between an electrical system and turbogenerator units may, in certain circumstances, lead to shaft oscillatory behaviour which has an onerous effect on the life expenditure of the shaft. The rate of decay of the oscillations produced as a result of a system disturbance is determined by both the electrical and mechanical components of damping. Due to the advances made in the modelling of electrical machines over the past fifty years the effect of the electrical component of damping is well understood and easily incorporated into a system model. The mechanical components of damping are known to be variable, but nevertheless are usually represented as constant viscous coefficients in the shaft system equations of motion. The present paper proposes a method for the evaluation of a variable damping coefficient which depends on the property of the shaft material when undergoing high stress cyclic variations. The effect of this term is to more rapidly reduce the high torque oscillations and reduce low torque oscillations less rapidly. This effect has been observed in practice and hitherto not predicted from simulation studies. The investigation relies on previous work when taking account of the effects of various steam conditions. Emphasis is placed on the derivation of a shaft model which includes equivalent variable viscous damping and representative results are collected to show the effect of this important parameter on the pattern of derived shaft torques based on a representative 600 MW turbo-generator.
Extreme overcurrent analysis for the protection of automotive circuit components

A methodology for the protection of automotive circuit components, against the possible damaging effects of an overcurrent, is developed. In particular, a theoretical analysis of electrical fused-circuits, under extreme overcurrent conditions, is outlined. It is shown that the temperature rise of the fuse-element can be expressed in terms of the temperature rise of a particularly vulnerable circuit component, and vice versa. Furthermore, a precise condition is formulated which may be used as an aid to determine the range of nominal current ratings for fuses that will adequately protect the vulnerable component against the effects of over-heating. For pre-defined situations, results are presented which illustrate how the useful range of nominal current ratings depends on the steady-state properties of the circuit and the physical and geometrical properties of the circuit components.
Digital Simulation of Marine Electromechanical Drive Systems

The main requirements of a marine system simulation model are surveyed. Such a model for a complete electromechanical marine system including variable pitch propeller drives is described. It is used in the prediction of the current and torque requirements of these drives, and it takes account of nonlinearities inherent in the electrical machines and drive systems. Results of a computer study showing the conditions that arise following various operational changes are presented.
Digital Media Indexing on the Cell Processor

We present a case study of developing a digital media indexing application, code-named MARVEL, on the STI cell broadband engine (CBE) processor. There are two aspects of the target application that require significant computing power: image analysis for feature extraction, and support vector machine (SVM) based pattern classification for concept detection. We discuss the mapping of a large application like MARVEL onto a multicore processor, and show how feature extraction and concept detection can be implemented on the CBE. We discuss how the synergistic processing units of a CBE can be used to gain dramatic performance improvements. The empirical results of our experiments, conducted on a Cell blade running at 3.2 GHz, show that the CBE provides a significant performance speed-up in our digital media indexing application.