nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Medical Instrument Detection in 3-Dimensional Ultrasound Data Volumes

Ultrasound-guided medical interventions are broadly applied in diagnostics and therapy, e.g., regional anesthesia or ablation. A guided intervention using 2-D ultrasound is challenging due to the poor instrument visibility, limited field of view, and the multi-fold coordination of the medical instrument and ultrasound plane. Recent 3-D ultrasound transducers can improve the quality of the image-guided intervention if an automated detection of the needle is used. In this paper, we present a novel method for detecting medical instruments in 3-D ultrasound data that is solely based on image processing techniques and validated on various ex vivo and in vivo data sets. In the proposed procedure, the physician is placing the 3-D transducer at the desired position, and the image processing will automatically detect the best instrument view, so that the physician can entirely focus on the intervention. Our method is based on the classification of instrument voxels using volumetric structure directions and robust approximation of the primary tool axis. A novel normalization method is proposed for the shape and intensity consistency of instruments to improve the detection. Moreover, a novel 3-D Gabor wavelet transformation is introduced and optimally designed for revealing the instrument voxels in the volume, while remaining generic to several medical instruments and transducer types. Experiments on diverse data sets, including in vivo data from patients, show that for a given transducer and an instrument type, high detection accuracies are achieved with position errors smaller than the instrument diameter in the 0.5–1.5-mm range on average.
Hysteretic flux dynamics in a detwinned YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// crystal from SQUID picovoltmeter measurements

We report measurements of resistivity hysteresis in both temperature and magnetic field performed on a detwinned YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// single crystal in the region of the vortex lattice melting transition. We have found evidence that the observed hysteresis cannot be explained by current-induced nonequilibrium effects. The measured voltage-current characteristics for the sample in the overheated state also display hysteretic behaviour. This strongly supports the idea that the vortex solid can be melted by transport current.
C-Band Single-Chip Radar Front-End in AlGaN/GaN Technology

This paper presents the design and measurement results of a single-chip front-end monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC), incorporating a high-power amplifier, transmit–receive switch, low-noise amplifier, and calibration coupler, realized in 0.25  $\mu \text{m}$  AlGaN/GaN-on-SiC MMIC technology of UMS (GH25-10). The MMIC is operating in C-band (5.2–5.6 GHz) and is targeting the next generation spaceborne synthetic aperture radar. The use of GaN technology has resulted in a design that is robust against antenna load variation in transmit as well as against high received power levels, without the need for an additional limiter. By including a transmit-receive switch on the MMIC there is no need for an external circulator, resulting in a significant size and weight reduction of the transmit–receive module. The measured output power in transmit is higher than 40 W with 36% PAE. The receive gain is higher than 31 dB with better than 2.4 dB noise figure. To the best of the author’s knowledge this is the first time such performance has been demonstrated for a single-chip implementation of a C-band transmit–receive front-end.
Color-Based Free-Space Segmentation Using Online Disparity-Supervised Learning

This work contributes to vision processing for Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS) and intelligent vehicle applications. We propose a color-only stixel segmentation framework to segment traffic scenes into free, drivable space and obstacles, which has a reduced latency to improve the real-time processing capabilities. Our system learns color appearance models for free-space and obstacle classes in an online and self-supervised fashion. To this end, it applies a disparity-based segmentation, which can run in the background of the critical system path, either with a time delay of several frames or at a frame rate that is only a third of that of the color-based algorithm. In parallel, the most recent video frame is analyzed solely with these learned color appearance models, without an actual disparity estimate and the corresponding latency. This translates into a reduced response time from data acquisition to data analysis, which is a critical property for high-speed ADAS. Our evaluation on two publicly available datasets, one of which we introduce as part of this work, shows that the color-only analysis can achieve similar or even better results in difficult imaging conditions, compared to the disparity-only method. Our system improves the quality of the free-space analysis, while simultaneously lowering the latency and the computational load.
Effects of information usefulness, visual attractiveness, and usability on web visitors' trust and behavioral intentions

To explore the effects of information usefulness, visual attractiveness and (actual and perceived) usability, an experiment was conducted in which 40 customers visited the website of a Dutch Internet hosting company. Half of the participants were given search tasks (condition 1), the other half were allowed to explore the website without such a task (condition 2). The participants had to think aloud in both conditions. Afterwards, they judged the website's visual attractiveness, the usefulness of its content, and its usability, as well as answered questions about their trust in the company and their behavioral intentions. The results underline the importance of an effective web presence for organizations: 27% of the variance in the participants' trust in the company was explained by the website characteristics included in this study; on top of the participants' trust in the company, the website characteristics explained another 15% of the variance in participants' intentions regarding the company. Of the website characteristics included, both usability and visual attractiveness had a significant relationship with the participants' trust in the company.
Low-Level Profiling and MARTE-Compatible Modeling of Software Components for Real-Time Systems

In this paper, we present a method for (a) profiling of individual components at high accuracy level, (b) modeling of the components with the accurate data obtained from profiling, and (c) model conversion to the MARTE profile. The resulting performance models of individual components are used at the component composition (design) phases for detailed evaluation of the performance of the designed system. Furthermore, the profiled models serve as a valid source for architecture optimization of the composed system. The presented method is a constituent part of our complete Design Space Exploration (DSE) methodology [1, 2], which involves modeling of individual components, component composition, performance analysis of the designed composition, and architecture optimization. The contribution of this new profiling method is attractive in various ways: (a) The profiling is fast and detailed, which leads to accurate models, (b) it is generic, since it allows multiplatform execution and (c) it can be used by MARTE-based analysis tools, due to the model compatibility. Our discussed experiment has resulted in cycle-accurate models in less than 1 hour profiling effort per component.
Constructing groups of acoustically confusable words

Method for constructing groups of acoustically similar words in a large vocabulary speech recognition system are studied. The study is based on the idea that given a dictionary of words one should be able to take each word and construct a reasonably short list of words from the vocabulary that sound similar to the chosen word. Groups of acoustically similar words are constructed using the hidden Markov models for the words. They are then used in a fast match scheme in an isolated utterance recognition system. The experiments show that a short list of words can be constructed during recognition in a very quick fashion using this scheme and that the list will contain the correct word with a high probability.<<ETX>>
Dense range images from sparse point clouds using multi-scale processing

Multi-modal data processing based on visual and depth/range images has become relevant in computer vision for 3D reconstruction applications such as city modeling, robot navigation etc. In this paper, we generate high-accuracy dense range images from sparse point clouds to facilitate such applications. Our proposal addresses the problem of sparse data, mixed-pixels at the discontinuities and occlusions by combining multi-scale range images. The visual results show that our algorithm can create high-resolution dense range images with sharp discontinuities, while preserving the topology of objects even for environments that contain occlusions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we propose an iterative perspective-to-point algorithm that aligns the edges between the color image and the range image from various viewpoints. The experimental results from 46 viewpoints show that the camera pose can be corrected when using high-accuracy dense range images, so that 3D reconstruction or 3D rendering can obtain a clearly higher quality.
Two-Dimensional Mid- and Near-Infrared Correlation Spectroscopy for Rhubarb Identification

Two-dimensional midand near-infrared correlation spectroscopy has been an attractive and rapidly developing spectral technique and has been applied in many fields. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate the potential of the 2D MIR-NIR correlation spectroscopy in investigating the differences between official and unofficial rhubarb samples. The characters of official and unofficial rhubarbs can be discriminated quickly and nondestructively by using this technique. The resolution of spectra can be enhanced and more information can be obtained by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Some issues related with correlation bands and characteristic peaks in the measurement spectra and their relationship with medicinal functions of rhubarb are discussed. Results show that the two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy of mid-infrared and near-infrared spectra can be a useful tool for investigating the characteristic differences of official and unofficial rhubarb samples.
Constructing candidate word lists using acoustically similar word groups

A method for identifying a set of candidate words that matches well with a given utterance is discussed. The method uses precomputed groups of acoustically similar words. Given a vocabulary, for each word a short list of words that are acoustically similar to it is computed. These groups are constructed using training utterances recorded by several speakers and used in an isolated utterance recognition system to construct candidate word lists during recognition. Experiments show that the correct word appears on the short list of candidate words constructed during recognition using this scheme over 98% of the time.
Bandwidth reduction for video processing in consumer systems

The architecture of the present video processing units in consumer systems is usually based on various forms of processor hardware, communicating with an off-chip SDRAM memory. Examples of these systems are currently available MPEG encoders and decoders, and high-end television systems. Due to the fast increase of required computational power of consumer systems, the data communication to and from the off-chip memory has become the bottleneck in the overall system performance (memory wall problem). This paper presents a strategy for mapping pixels into the memory for video applications such as MPEG processing, thereby minimizing the transfer overhead between memory and the processing. A novelty in our approach is that the proposed communication model considers the statistics of the application-dependent data accesses in memory. With this technique, a 26% reduction of the memory bandwidth was obtained in an MPEG decoding system containing a 64-bit wide memory bus. For double-data-rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), the proposed mapping strategy reduces the bandwidth in the system by even 50%. This substantial performance improvement can readily be used for extending the quality or the functionality of the system.
A new algorithm for the estimation of hidden Markov model parameters

Discusses the problem of estimating the parameter values of hidden Markov word models for speech recognition. The authors argue that maximum-likelihood estimation of the parameters does not lead to values which maximize recognition accuracy and describe an alternative estimation procedure called corrective training which is aimed at minimizing the number of recognition errors. Corrective training is similar to a well-known error-correcting training procedure for linear classifiers and works by iteratively adjusting the parameter values so as to make correct words more probable and incorrect words less probable. There are also strong parallels between corrective training and maximum mutual information estimation. They do not prove that the corrective training algorithm converges, but experimental evidence suggests that it does, and that it leads to significantly fewer recognition errors than maximum likelihood estimation.<<ETX>>
Aerosol-Jet Printed Interconnects for 2.5 D Electronic and Photonic Integration

We demonstrate a flexible face-up 2.5 D packaging technique for a hybrid electro-photonic integration. The process is based on an aerosol-jet technology to print the high-speed electrical interconnects between electronic and photonic chips as a potential alternative for the traditional bonding wires. The technology is realized by creating a transparent mechanical polymer support to bridge the gap between the photonic and electronic chips and subsequently printing the electrical interconnects on top. First, the daisy-chain test chips were used to prove the functionality of the technology by printing the electrical interconnects between the test chips. Then, a standard 85 ° C/85 RH test was performed to investigate the reliability of the printed interconnects and no failure or degradation was observed over 700 h. Afterwards, the technology was successfully applied on functional chips. An optical transmitter based on vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) was demonstrated at 50 Gb/s by printing 200-μm-long high-speed silver interconnects between a 4-channel SiGe BiCMOS driver and four VCSELs. In addition, the technology showed the potential to interconnect silicon photonics chips. An assembly of an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) and a CMOS driver was successfully demonstrated. Clear open eye diagrams were obtained at 40, 50, and 56 Gb/s for the EAM-driver assembly even after 2 km of a standard single-mode fiber.
Silicon-on-Insulator Nanowire Resonators for Compact and Ultra-High Speed All-Optical Wavelength Converters

We present the development of application-specific silicon-on-insulator SOI nanowire ring and racetrack resonators designed to assist semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based all-optical wavelength conversion. We demonstrate the fabrication of fix resonance racetrack resonators exhibiting coupling gaps as low as 160 nm and tunable ring resonators with coupling gaps <; 90 nm. The resonators are cascaded after commercial 40 Gb/s SOAs to realize chirp filtering of the optical data signals through high-resolution spectral sampling. We experimentally demonstrate inverted and non-inverted SOI resonator-assisted all-optical wavelength conversion at 40 Gb/s and 160 Gb/s with power penalties <; 3 dB.
Performance comparison of a slotted ALOHA DS/SSMA network and a multichannel narrow-band slotted ALOHA network

Throughput, delay, and stability for two slotted ALOHA packet radio systems are compared. One system is a slotted direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access (DS/SSMA) network where each user employs a newly chosen random signature sequence for each bit in a transmitted packet. The other system is a multiple-channel slotted narrow-band ALOHA network where each packet is transmitted over a randomly selected channel. Accurate packet success probabilities for the code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system are computed using an improved Gaussian approximation technique which accounts for bit-to-bit error dependencies. Average throughput and delay results are obtained for the multiple-channel slotted ALOHA system and CDMA systems with block error correction. The first exit time (FET) is computed for both systems and used as a measure of the network stability. The CDMA system is shown to have better performance than the multiple-channel ALOHA system in all three areas.
Ultra-broadband, polarization-insensitive SMF-28 fiber edge couplers for silicon photonics

We have designed, fabricated and tested edge couplers for silicon photonics targeting industry-standard SMF-28 fibers. These edge couplers are based on a SiN inverse taper fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform combined with an etch-based substrate removal process that prevents leakage of the expanded mode to the underlying silicon substrate. The measured couplers exhibited a 0.5 dB bandwidth exceeding 100 nm, polarization dependent loss (PDL) of less than 0.5 dB and coupling efficiency of approximately −3 dB in O-band. Similarly, a 1 dB bandwidth exceeding 100 nm, PDL less than 1 dB and coupling efficiencies of −3 dB and better than −4 dB for TE and TM modes respectively were demonstrated across the C- and L-bands.
Obtaining real-time sub-meter accuracy using a low cost GNSS device

Autonomous vehicles require accurate position at all times in different environments at an affordable price. This accurate position can only be achieved when combining multiple positioning methods. One of these methods is presented in this paper: positioning based on a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to obtain absolute position. This solution should be at an affordable price with sub-meter position accuracy. At the University of Delft, the Netherlands, a low cost solution was developed in Matlab for open areas which is called Single Frequency Precise Point Positioning (SF-PPP). It uses a low cost receiver with single frequency, single antenna and single GNSS constellation (GPS). The receiver provides raw measurements to the SF-PPP algorithm which corrects them for different kind of errors. This method was ported to a low cost Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) embedded platform in C++. The selected platform is a Raspberry Pi version 2 with a u-Blox NEO 7P GPS receiver. The corrections for the raw measurements are received from a network service via a 4G modem. The PPP method is validated with an RTK system which is cm accurate. We evaluated the PPP method in different environments and conditions, with focus on open area, but also for harsh conditions on the highway and in an urban environment to know the current limitations of the method. For the open area environment a horizontal root mean square error (RMSe) of 0.5 m on position coordinates was achieved which fulfills our target of submeter accuracy. In harsh environments we suffer from reflections (caused by multipath receptions) and poor satellite availability due to obstructions from trees and buildings which makes the accuracy varying from 0.5 m up to 3 m. Future plans to improve the results involve using more satellites from other constellations like GLONASS, using the Doppler shift to estimate the vehicle speed, using dual frequency receiver for ionosphere removal and closer integration with other low-cost sensors and vehicle model.
Experiences With Tungsten Plasma Facing Components in ASDEX Upgrade and JET

ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) has been converted to all W plasma facing components (PFCs) in 2007 and JET has implemented the ITER like wall (ILW) project (2011) using the same PFC configuration as ITER during its active phase, namely Be in the main chamber and tungsten in the divertor. As a result of the all metal PFCs in both devices much less surface conditioning is needed to arrive at reproducible wall conditions. Specifically, the Be PFCs of JET led to a very small low- Z content (reduction of C and O by at least a factor of 10), reducing the edge radiation in steady-state operation as well as during disruptions. Both devices successfully employ massive gas injection to mitigate disruption forces and power loads to PFCs by radiating up to 100% of the available energy. Hydrogen retention is strongly reduced (AUG: factor 5, JET: factor 10) and the remaining retention is still dominated by codeposition with residual C in AUG and intrinsic Be in JET. The very low edge and divertor radiation could be compensated by impurity seeding either by a single gas species (N2) (AUG and JET) or by combining N2 and Ar (AUG) injection for divertor and main chamber radiation, respectively. The W sputtering in the divertor increases when seeding small amounts of N2, but decreases for higher fluxes due to the plasma cooling provided by the nitrogen radiation. The tungsten content is controlled by the source as well as by its edge and central transport. It could be kept sufficiently small by using a minimum gas fueling to reduce the W erosion and to diminish the W penetration. The control of the central W transport by central (wave) heating had been well established in AUG, however, in both devices the W content is increased during ICRH operation most probably due to increased W sputtering caused by rectified sheaths. The H-Mode threshold is reduced by 20%-30% in AUG and JET, but on average the confinement is lower in JET-ILW than with C PFCs. To date it is not yet clear, whether the reduced H-Mode confinement has to be attributed to the use of W PFCs, since such a clear trend as in JET was not found in AUG. The increase of confinement with N2 seeding observed in both devices hints to the fact, that low- Z impurities like carbon or nitrogen play a beneficial role for the pedestal confinement.
Compact multichannel in-line power monitor

We report a pigtailed compact eight-channel in-line optical power monitor module based on a polymeric waveguide splitter array with a surface mounted photodetector (PD) chip. This prototype device comprised 50/50 power splitters and exhibited an average fiber-to-fiber insertion loss of 5.2 dB at 1310 nm and 5.3 dB at 1550 nm. An average PD coupling efficiency of -2.6 dB and crosstalk of -17.1 dB to adjacent channels was observed. We confirmed low variation of these values (standard deviation /spl sigma/<0.1 dB) in the 1290-1330 nm and 1525-1565 nm optical windows and over an input power range of 12 dB.
Corridor scissors: a semiautomatic segmentation tool employing minimum-cost circular paths

We present a new semiautomatic segmentation tool, which is motivated by the intelligent scissors algorithm, but which uses a modified concept of user-interaction. This new interface provides better capabilities for modifying previous segmentation results. The advantage of the new approach is that it enables to gradually increase the quality of the segmentation. The segmentation tool is based on a shortest circular path search within a corridor that is drawn by the user along the object boundary. For this purpose, we present a new algorithm for computing the shortest circular paths. Our algorithm is so fast that it almost achieves the speed of a regular noncircular shortest path search, while still ensuring an optimal solution.