nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-adaptive frequency estimation algorithm of improving liquid level measurement precision of LFMCW radar

Based on the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) of sine signal sampling sequence, this article proposed a self — adaptive frequency estimation method using multi — spectral line information which is near the peak of spectral map. To solve the interpolation direction error of rectangular windows Rife ratio method, combining with triangular method, the new method self-adaptively selects different methods according to the different frequency. Experimental simulation results show that the new method has high estimation accuracy and small calculation amount, and is less affected by the signal — to — noise ratio (SNR), and is suitable for real — time signal processing in the low SNR.
Defect Classification Algorithm for IC Photomask Based on PCA and SVM

During IC photomask vision inspection, considering problem that fine image defectpsilas fineness, complex shape, extraction feature difficultly, and effect by noise easily, presented defect identification classification algorithm based on PCA (principal components analysis) and SVM (support vector machine). It resolved the problem that fine and complex defect was difficult to classify, by merits of the extracting image global feature with PCA, and high accuracy and generalization capability with SVM. Regard class distance as criterion to construct the binary tree in multi-class SVM classification algorithm. It resolved the problem that the structure of binary tree affected the accuracy of classifier, and upgraded defect classification accuracy finally. Experiments show that six defects classification accuracy by this method is up to 97.8%, higher than best accuracy 93.3% by BP network and 83.3% by method based on region. And the training and inspecting time is few. In result, itpsilas an effective method for fineness defect identification and classification.
Improving SRC with capacitor bypassing method for universal AC-DC adapter

Technologies associated with power adapters for laptops and cellphones are fast advancing with new protocols and devices unveiled. A universal adapter operating from 100 VAC to 240 VAC has long been a prized feature among consumers, yet a challenge for the designers. This paper proposed a series resonant converter with capacitor bypassing method to accommodate the wide AC voltage range, and achieve high performance. Two resonant capacitors are used for the 120 VAC and 220 VAC lines, respectively. Thus, the resonant inductor size and loss can be significantly reduced as compared to the conventional series resonant converter. This technology is easy to implement in terms of both circuitry and control. The added MOSFET and capacitor are of low voltage rating, and consumes minimum board area. A 30 W prototype was built to verify the feasibility and demonstrate the advantages. A 93.3% efficiency is achieved with silicon operating at 1-MHz level.
Intelligent Evaluation and Intelligent Home Appliances

In order to answer whether there is any intelligence in intelligent systems and how much intelligence do they have if they do have some, we build an evaluation system to evaluate intelligent level of intelligent systems. We break the evaluation process down to system description, evaluation index distribution, distribution test, intelligence calculation, intelligent level estimation and evaluation results output. We use different intelligence arithmetic and gain different results, and then we apply analysis and design methods for intelligent systems to design the organizing layer, Coccesponding layer and testing layer of the system and let them finish different evaluation assignments. Based on the amount of differential intelligence of a system computed from different testing items, we show how much intelligence a typical system and home appliance has.
Comparison of renewable energy consumption modes in active distribution network

Active distribution network (ADN), which is characterized by high penetration of distributed generation (DG) has often appeared reverse power across voltage grades, which leads to unsafe operation. In this paper, ADN is divided into regions based on switches location and region consumption capacity is proposed to obtain regional power flow from now on period of time by using ultra-short-term forecasting. According to the situation awareness results of consumption capacity, this paper highlights three renewable energy active consumption modes including local level consumption, feeder level consumption (intra-feeder and inter-feeder) and substation level consumption. Active local level and intra-feeder level consumption mode control DG output by index of feeder control error (FCE). Active inter-feeder level and substation level consumption mode operate switches based on optimal consumption capacity. Active consumption, which adds the control of DGs and switches, will achieve more efficient and stable operation and the ability of accommodate renewable energy will be improved. The effectiveness and validity of ADN active consumption modes is verified by the simulation of study case.
Feature extraction based on bispectral entropy for gear weak fault

Researched on the vibration signals of the gear test-bed. According to the characteristic of the signals non-Gaussian changes caused by gear weak fault, used bispectral entropy to quantitatively describe the distribution of non-Gaussian components in bifrequency domain. Finally extracted fault information based on bispectral entropy, and the feature trend of crack expansion period could be obtained. Results show that bispectral entropy is less influenced by the non-fault factors and not based on the energy information. Bispectral entropy can inhibit Gaussian noise efficiently, meanwhile it is very sensitive to weak fault. So bispectral entropy provides a new effective method for follow-up fault diagnosis and trend prediction.
A combined multiple sliding mode and backstepping design to robust adaptive neural control for uncertain nonlinear systems

A robust adaptive neural-based multiple sliding mode backstepping control scheme is proposed for a general class of nonlinear systems in strict feedback form with unknown nonlinearities and uncertain disturbances in this paper. In the controller design procedure, the RBF neural networks are employed to approximate the unknown part of the virtual controller, thus the explosion of complexity in traditional backstepping design caused by repeated differentiations of virtual controller and the controller singularity problem are avoided perfectly. The influence of the modelling and parameter estimation errors are minimized by introducing the adaptive compensation term for the unknown upper bound of both neural networks approximation error and uncertain disturbances. All the signals in the closed-loop system are guaranteed to be semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
A Topology Control Algorithm with Respect to Dynamic Spectrum Management in Wireless Video Sensor Network

Dynamic spectrum management (DSM) is a key feature for enhancing cooperation in wireless video sensor network (WVSN) towards supporting communication of high data-rate video information. Unlike traditional spectrum allocation, DSM in WVSN should have topology control and distributed control center. In this paper, we propose an ILST algorithm for constructing distributed DSM topology control with the use of information locally collected. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has low complexity and fast convergent speed, and is valuable on constructing distributed DSM topology  in WVSN.
A Multi-Agent Based Approach for Modeling and Simulation of Bulk Power System Restoration

A multi-agent system (MAS) based approach for modeling and simulation of power system restoration is presented in this paper. The power system restoration process is represented as a multi-agent system with hierarchical architecture. Two major kinds of agents are included, which are management agent (MGAG) and practical components in power system (PCAG). PCAG includes three types of agents: generator agent (GAG), substation agent (SAG) and load agent (LAG). When a subsystem with necessary components such as GAGs, SAGs and LAGs is built up, one MGAG is generated to in charge of the subsystem and provides negotiations between different PCAGs and with other subsystems. Each agent is granted with its own knowledge base, database and decision support base. In order to figure out a feasible restoration plan, a distributed computing structure is proposed. The computation tasks such as constraints check of operations and path search for power transmission are assigned to every agent in the MAS. Both decentralized control and centralized control are employed in this model to make up for the disadvantages of each control method. A sample simulation in a MAS platform is provided to demonstrate the validity of this model
Performance Modeling and Evaluation of Prediction Structures in Multi-View Video Coding

So far, lots of prediction structures have been proposed to exploit the temporal and inter-view redundancy of multi-view video. However, none of them can adapt themselves to different video contents. In this sense, it is desirable to adaptively select different prediction structure for different multi-view video contents. In this paper, a solution is proposed to evaluate the performance of prediction structures. With this solution, the performance of any kind of prediction structure can be evaluated before actually applying them. The solution can also be used for the tradeoff optimization between compression efficiency and other functionalities such as random-access ability and view scalability.
Entropy-based optimum test points selection for analog fault dictionary techniques

An efficient method to select an optimum set of test points for dictionary techniques in analog fault diagnosis is proposed. This is done by searching for the minimum of the entropy index based on the available test points. First, the two-dimensional integer-coded dictionary is constructed whose entries are measurements associated with faults and test points. The problem of optimum test points selection is, thus, transformed to the selection of the columns that isolate the rows of the dictionary. Then, the likelihood for a column to be chosen based on the size of its ambiguity set is evaluated using the minimum entropy index of test points. Finally, the test point with the minimum entropy index is selected to construct the optimum set of test points. The proposed entropy-based method to select a local minimum set of test points is polynomial bounded in computational cost. The comparison between the proposed method and other reported test points selection methods is carried out by statistical experiments. The results indicate that the proposed method more efficiently and more accurately finds the locally optimum set of test points and is practical for large scale analog systems.
Diameter distribution of larch forests baesd on different thinning intensity in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

In this paper, four typical thinning intensity were choose to the larch forests. After thinning, significant differences in stand periodic increment between control and thinning plots appeared. ANOVA indicated significant difference in any stand characteristic among treatments prior to thinning. Information on the distribution of stand characteristics in specific tree-size classes at given is valuable to for managers. So the objective of this study was to develop and compare the two methods (i, e., Normal distribution and Weibull distribution) for estimating the diameter distribution of larch forests Baesd on Different thinning intensity in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China, the results showed that all the thinning intensity followed the Normal distribution, and the correlation coefficients were above 0.918, but only the middle thinning conforms to the Weibull distribution, the correlation coefficient is 0.929. From chi-test results, the diameter structure simulated in this paper is applied, and with small application error and high precision. This showed that the Normal distribution can be chosen the prediction function for the area with stand structure distribution in the future.
Path Planning for UCAV in Dynamic and Uncertain Environments Based on Focused D* Algorithm

According to less attention has been paid to the problem of path planning in partially know environment. An improved Focused D* algorithm is proposed for solving the problem that three-dimensional path planning for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) in dynamic and uncertain environments with both pop-up and unknown threat. First, a grid model of configuration space were constructed which combination of terrain and threat information. Then, the approach could update the environment information instantly when a pop-up threat turn up. Depending on the environment information, the improved Focused D* algorithm is capable of collision avoidance in three-dimensional, and re-planning on line to obtain a new global optimal trajectories. A final set of computer simulations is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the dynamic motion planning algorithm based on the improved Focused D* algorithm which rapid construction of feasible, yet agile, trajectories.
Design and Fabrication of a Micro Electromagnetic Actuator

A new optimized structure for micro electromagnetic actuator is introduced based on the research done before. Three-dimensional structure and new fabricate process is adopted accordingly in this improved design. The new structure can diminish the leak of magnetic circuit and increase the magnetic force. An electromagnetic micro actuator is fabricated based on the MEMS technology. The size of the micro electromagnetic actuator is about 5mm times 5mm times 0.4mm. The micro actuator consist a lower magnetic circuit, a planar exciting coil and a permalloy cantilever. Anisotropic etching, electroplating, polyimide film patterning is adopted in the fabricated process. The exciting coil has 20 turns and the resistance of the coil is about 20Omega. The initial experiments show that the permalloy cantilever displacement can reach 2mum at a current and voltage of 250mA and 5V. This electromagnetic actuator is expected to be useful in making a micro relay
A novel detection approach for statement clones

Activities such as copying, pasting and modifying codes usually lead to a lot of code clones in the software systems. These code clones have a great impact on software development and maintenance. This paper presents a new clone detection approach. That is to uses a algorithm based on suffix array to efficiently search repeated token substrings and finally to detect code clones. We also develop a clone detection tool SaCD in order to implement the method. This tool has detected statement clones in 31 open source software systems of C, C++ and Java language. The experimental results show that the SaCD can efficiently detect code clones at the statement granularity in the software.
Atmospheric profiling synthetic observation system at THz wave band

We introduced a dual-THz-band SIS (Superconductor- Insulator-Superconductor) heterodyne radiometer system which is under developing for the atmospheric profiling synthetic observation system project (APSOS). This THz system is intended to have a durable and compact design to meet the challenging requirements of remote operation at Tibetan Plateau. The system as well as its major components such as antenna tipping, quasi-optics, cryogenics, SIS mixers and FFTS backend will be discussed thoroughly. Some scientific simulation focusing on the atmospheric profiling components at THz bands will also be investigated.
Proposal of a novel protection mechanism for Ethernet PONs

High reliability, low cost and TDM service supporting are the vital factors for Ethernet PONs to be deployed in FTTB (fiber to the business) and FTTB+H (fiber to the business and home) environments. To focus on high reliability and low cost, a novel protection scheme for the Ethernet PONs is proposed in this paper. Compared with the APON protection schemes recommended in ITU G.983.1 and SDH/SONET protection schemes, the novel scheme is more bandwidth-efficient, economical, flexible, and reliable.
A novel infrared and visible face fusion recognition method based on non-subsampled contourlet transform

Near infrared and visible face fusion recognition is an important direction in the field of unconstrained face recognition research. In this paper, a novel fusion algorithm in (NSCT) domain is proposed for infrared and visible face fusion recognition. Firstly, NSCT is used respectively to process the infrared and visible face images, which exploits the image information at multiple scales, orientations, and frequency bands. Then, to exploit the effective discriminant feature and balance the power of high-low frequency band of NSCT coefficients, the local Gabor binary pattern (LGBP) and Local Binary Pattern (LBP) are applied respectively in different frequency parts to obtain the robust representation of infrared and visible face images. Finally, the score-level fusion is used to fuse the all the features for final classification. The proposed fusion face recognition method is tested on HITSZ Lab2 visible and near infrared face database. Experiment results show that the proposed method extracts the complementary features of near-infrared and visible-light images and improves the robustness of unconstrained face recognition.
Fuzzy Control of Electro-hydraulic Servo Systems Based on Automatic Code Generation

This paper presents a fuzzy controller design method by real time workshop (RTW) automatic code generation, which could design fuzzy rules in MATLAB for real time control. The generated C codes files will be adjusted properly and then embedded into Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) developed application. Experimental results on an electro-hydraulic servo system with fuzzy control algorithm are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach
SIFT-based adaptive prediction structure for light field compression

A light field consists of multiple views of a scene, which can be arranged and encoded like a pseudo sequence. Since the correlations between views are not equal and indeed content dependent, a well-constructed coding order and adaptive prediction structure will improve performance. In this paper, we propose an adaptive prediction structure for light field compression. While the coding order is inherited from the 2-D hierarchical coding order, the prediction structure is determined by the differences between scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) descriptors of the views. Experimental results show that the proposed method leads to on average 5.71% BD-rate reduction compared with fixed prediction structure.
Arbitrarily shape object-based video coding technology by Wavelet-based Contourlet Transform

Video object coding is one of the most important functionalities proposed by MPEG4. In this paper, a new Wavelet-based Contourlet Transform method to encode the texture of an arbitrarily shaped object is presented, which both for the still and for video object. The method uses the shape adaptive Wavelet-based Contourlet Transform (SA-WBCT) in MPEG4 still object coding, but with a computationally more efficient lifting implementation. The transformed object coefficients are then quantized and entropy encoded with a partial bitplane embedded coder, which greatly improves the coding efficiency. We denote the coding algorithm as video object Wavelet-based Contourlet Transform (VOWBCT) coder. The results show that the quality of the VOWBCT algorithm is significantly higher than the results of the VOW algorithm in the same bit rate in terms of PSNR. Moreover, This VOWBCT coding method is more convenient in realization.
A high accurate sensor research and its application for VCBs' internal pressure on-line condition monitor

To improve the intelligence and reliability of the vacuum circuit breakers in power gird, a high accurate smart system was designed for On-line condition monitor of vacuum interrupters inner pressure. Through the study of dielectric theory and exploration of the inherent laws of shield potential with different pressure in VIs, it shows that with the deterioration of internal pressure the AC component on shield potential increase while the pressure stays lower than 0.1Pa and the DC component appears when the pressure increases to 0.1Pa. The structure, size and installation location of the sensor were designed with reasonable calculation to detect the weak changing signal. To meet the requirements of sampling signal characteristics, digital filter was developed to eliminate noise interference, the processed signal shows good smoothness and linearity after filtered. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) method is adopted to extract the amplitude of AC component on the shield potential, and fitting the empirical formula is derived based on the offline curve of AC component increment and inner pressure of VIs. Applying the previous theoretical studies to actual 10kV VCB on-line condition monitoring system design, focus was placed on the AC component of shield potential in the monitor devices. The feasibility of the sensor and transformation algorithm was proved in the end of this research.
Design and Fabrication of a Micro Electromagnetic Relay

A new optimization structure for micro electromagnetic relay is introduced based on the research done before. Three-dimensional structure and new fabrication process is adopted accordingly in the improved design. The new structure can decrease the leak of magnetic circuit and increase the magnetic force. An optimization armature is introduced in order to improve the electromagnetic attract force and decrease the rigidity of the armature. A micro electromagnetic relay is fabricated based on the MEMS technology. The size of the micro electromagnetic relay is about 5 mm times 5 mm times 0.4 mm. The micro relay consists a lower magnetic circuit, a planar exciting coil and a permalloy cantilever. Anisotropic etching, electroplating, polyimide film patterning is adopted in the fabrication process. The exciting coil of the micro electromagnetic relay has 16 turns and the resistance of the coil is about 20 Omega. The initial experiments show that the permalloy cantilever displacement can reach 20 mum at a current and voltage of 250 mA and 5 V
Evaluating the cost of energy of a 10 MW direct-drive wind turbine with superconducting generators

Superconducting generators are being proposed and investigated for large offshore wind turbines because of their compactness and light weight. Cost of energy is the key performance indicator to evaluate the feasibility of commercially applying superconducting generators to wind energy. This paper models, estimates and evaluates the cost of energy of a 10 MW direct-drive wind turbine for three superconducting generator designs with MgB2 field windings. These superconducting generator designs are compared regarding the cost of energy as well as other important performance indicators. The results show the fully iron-cored design has the lowest cost of energy and superior overall performance.